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Women's Cricket World Cup records

2026-05-26T20:12:14Z

Jhonny: stub

{{Short description|Records from the Women's Cricket World Cup}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2023}}
{{International cricket competitions sidebar}}

{{Season sidebar
| title = Tournament records
| list =
* [[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup#Statistics|1973]]
* [[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup#Statistics|1978]]
* [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup#Statistics|1982]]
* [[1988 Women's Cricket World Cup#Statistics|1988]]
* [[1993 Women's Cricket World Cup#Statistics|1993]]
* [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup#Records and statistics|1997]]
* [[2000 Women's Cricket World Cup#Statistics|2000]]
* [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup#Statistics|2005]]
* [[2009 Women's Cricket World Cup statistics|2009]]
* [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup#Statistics|2013]]
* [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup statistics|2017]]
* [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup#Statistics|2022]]
* [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#Statistics|2025]]
}}
<section begin="World Cup Summary"/>
The first ever [[Women's Cricket World Cup|Cricket World Cup]] was organised for [[Women's cricket|women]] in [[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973]] by the English [[Women's Cricket Association]], based on an idea by cricketer [[Rachael Heyhoe Flint|Rachel Heyhoe Flint]] and businessman [[Jack Hayward]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Heyhoe Flint | first=Rachael | author-link1=Rachel Heyhoe Flint | last2=Rheinberg | first2=Netta | author-link2=Netta Rheinberg | title=Fair Play | publisher=Angus & Robertson | date=1976 | isbn=0-207-95698-7 | p=168}}</ref> After the success of the [[Women's Cricket World Cup]], the [[Cricket World Cup|men's tournament]] took place two years later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England women's cricketers aiming to lift World Cup for third time |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/5023853/England-womens-cricketers-aiming-to-lift-World-Cup-for-third-time.html |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>

Seven teams competed in the inaugural tournament in [[England]] which took place over five and a half weeks. Each [[Women's One Day International cricket|ODI]] match was 60 [[Over (cricket)|overs]] and every team played each other in a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin league]] format.{{sfn|Heyhoe Flint|Rheinberg|1976|p=169}} Subsequent tournaments were hampered by lack of funds for women's teams meaning that their scheduling for many years was inconsistent.{{sfn|Heyhoe Flint|Rheinberg|1976|pp=170-171}} The [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|1997 World Cup]] was the first to be played with 50 overs and a knock-out stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC Women's World Cup History |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/womens-world-cup/history |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

Since the inaugural tournament, there have been a total of 13 World Cups.<section end="World Cup Summary"/> [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australia]] have won the most World Cups, having won 7 out of the 12 tournaments. Several important records have been set at the Women's World cup, including the first 400+ score in ODI cricket and the first ODI double century, both of which predate the records in [[One Day International cricket|men's ODIs]].<ref name="5 Facts">{{Cite web |last=Cricket |first=Team Female |date=2022-03-17 |title=5 Lesser-Known Facts About Women's Cricket That Will Blow Your Mind! |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/22941-5-lesser-known-facts-about-womens-cricket-that-will-blow-your-mind.html |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Female Cricket |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notation ==
'''Team notation'''
* (300–3) indicates that a team scored 300 [[run (cricket)|runs]] for three [[wicket]]s and the [[Innings (cricket)|innings]] was closed, either due to a successful [[wikt:run chase|run chase]] or if no [[Over (cricket)|overs]] remained (or are able) to be bowled. 
* (300) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out, either by losing all ten wickets or by having one or more [[Batter (cricket)|batters]] unable to bat and losing the remaining wickets.

'''Batting notation'''
* (100) indicates that a batter scored 100 runs and was [[dismissal (cricket)|out]].
* (100*) indicates that a batter scored 100 runs and was [[not out]].

'''Bowling notation'''
* (5–100) indicates that a bowler has captured five wickets while giving away 100 runs.

== Team records ==

{{Women's Cricket WC winners}}

=== Team wins, losses, ties, and no results ===
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left"
|-
! Team !! First Appearance !! Last Appearance !! Matches !! Won !! Lost !! Tied !! No result !! % Win
|-
| {{crw|AUS}} || [[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973]] || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]] || 100 || 85 || 12 || 1 || 2 || 86.73%
|-
| {{crw|BAN}} || [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]] || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]] || 14 || 2 || 11 || 0 || 1 || 15.38%
|-
| {{crw|DEN}} || [[1993 Women's Cricket World Cup|1993]] || [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|1997]] || 13 || 2 || 11 || 0 || 0 || 15.38%
|-
| {{crw|ENG}} || [[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973]] || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]] || 100 || 67 || 29 || 2 || 2 || 68.36%
|-
| {{crw|IND}} || [[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup|1978]] || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]] || 79 || 42 || 34 || 1 || 2 || 54.54%
|-
| {{crw|International XI}} || [[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973]] || [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982]] || 18 || 3 || 14 || 0 || 1 || 16.66%
|-
| {{crw|IRE}} || [[1988 Women's Cricket World Cup|1988]] || [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|2005]] || 34 || 7 || 26 || 0 || 1 || 20.58%
|-
| {{crw|JAM}} || colspan=2|[[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973]] || 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 20.00%
|-
| {{crw|NED}} || [[1988 Women's Cricket World Cup|1988]] || [[2000 Women's Cricket World Cup|2000]] || 26 || 2 || 24 || 0 || 0 || 7.69%
|-
| {{crw|NZ}} || [[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973]] || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]] || 94 || 55 || 34 || 2 || 3 || 60.43%
|-
| {{crw|PAK}} || [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|1997]] || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]] || 37 || 3 || 31 || 0 || 3 || 8.82%
|-
| {{crw|SA}} || [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|1997]] || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]] || 55 || 26 || 27 || 0 || 2 || 49.05%
|-
| {{crw|SL}} || [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|1997]] || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]] || 41 || 9 || 29 || 0 || 3 || 23.68%
|-
| {{nowrap|{{crw|TRI|name=Trinidad & Tobago}}}} || colspan=2|[[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973]] || 6 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 33.33%
|-
| {{crw|WIN}} || [[1993 Women's Cricket World Cup|1993]] || [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]] || 46 || 16 || 28 || 0 || 2 || 34.78%
|-
| {{flagdeco|ENG}} [[Young England women's cricket team|Young England]] || colspan=2|[[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973]] || 6 || 1 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 16.66%
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="9" |Last updated: 2 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy team results summary |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-results-summary/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

The win percentage excludes no results; a tie counts as half a win. Doesn't include forfeited matches.
|}

=== Result records ===
==== Greatest win margin (by runs) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Margin !! Teams !! Venue !! Date !! Ref.
|-
! 363 runs
| {{crw|AUS}} (412–3) beat {{crw|DEN}} (49)
| [[Middle Income Group Club Ground]], [[Bandra|Bandra, Mumbai]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1997|12|16}}
| <ref name="ODI256">{{Cite web |title=AUS-W vs DNK-W, Hero Honda Women's World Cup 1997/98, 18th Match at Mumbai, December 16, 1997 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/hero-honda-women-s-world-cup-1997-98-61222/australia-women-vs-denmark-women-18th-match-67194/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 255 runs
| {{crw|AUS}} (284–1) beat {{crw|NED}} (29)
| Willetton Sports Club, [[Perth]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1988|11|29}}
| <ref name="ODI100">{{Cite web |title=AUS-W vs NL-W, Shell Bicentennial Women's World Cup 1988/89, 1st Match at Perth, November 29, 1988 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/shell-bicentennial-women-s-world-cup-1988-89-61196/australia-women-vs-netherlands-women-1st-match-67022/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 239 runs
| {{crw|ENG}} (286–3) beat {{crw|DEN}} (47)
| [[Recreation Ground, Banstead]], [[Surrey]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1993|07|20}}
| <ref name="ODI160">{{Cite web |title=ENG-W vs DNK-W, Women's World Cup 1993, 2nd Match at Banstead, July 20, 1993 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-world-cup-1993-61205/england-women-vs-denmark-women-2nd-match-67019/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 230 runs
| {{crw|ENG}} (376–2) beat {{crw|PAK}} (146–3)
| [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Vijayawada|Indira Gandhi Stadium]], [[Vijayawada]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1997|12|12}}
| <ref name="ODI248">{{Cite web |title=ENG-W vs PAK-W, Hero Honda Women's World Cup 1997/98, 10th Match at Vijayawada, December 12, 1997 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/hero-honda-women-s-world-cup-1997-98-61222/england-women-vs-pakistan-women-10th-match-67189/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 223 runs
| {{crw|NZ}} (373–7) beat {{crw|PAK}} (150)
| [[Drummoyne Oval]], [[Sydney]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|03|19}}
| <ref name="ODI704">{{Cite web |title=NZ-W vs PAK-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2008/09, 21st Match, Super Six at Sydney, March 19, 2009 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2008-09-351827/new-zealand-women-vs-pakistan-women-21st-match-super-six-357975/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |Last updated: 31 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=amount;result=1;template=results;trophy=68;type=team;view=results |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

==== Lowest win margin (by runs) ====
As well as these narrow victories, there have been three matches where the scores finished level, two in the [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982 World Cup]] and one in the [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|1997 World Cup]].<ref name="Smallest margin"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Margin !! Teams !! Venue !! Date !! Ref.
|-
! 1 run
|{{crw|SA}} (196) beat {{crw|WIN}} (168)
| [[Laudium Oval]], [[Pretoria]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|03|24}}
| <ref name="ODI515">{{Cite web |title=SA-W vs WI-W, Women's World Cup 2004/05, 8th Match at Pretoria, March 24, 2005 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-world-cup-2004-05-61271/south-africa-women-vs-west-indies-women-8th-match-67358/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 2 runs
| {{crw|AUS}} (147) beat {{crw|ENG}} (145)
| [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2013|02|08}}
| <ref name="ODI858">{{Cite web |title=AUS-W vs ENG-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2012/13, 13th Match, Super Six at Mumbai, February 08, 2013 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2012-13-587632/australia-women-vs-england-women-13th-match-super-six-594904/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=3|3 runs
| {{crw|ENG}} (179) beat {{crw|IND}} (176)
| [[Memorial Ground, Finchampstead|Finchampstead Park]], [[Berkshire]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1993|07|25}}
| <ref name="ODI173">{{Cite web |title=ENG-W vs IND-W, Women's World Cup 1993, 15th Match at Finchampstead, July 25, 1993 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-world-cup-1993-61205/england-women-vs-india-women-15th-match-67116/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{crw|ENG}} (259–8) beat {{crw|AUS}} (256–8)
| [[Bristol County Ground|County Ground]], [[Bristol]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|09}}
| <ref name="ODI1073">{{Cite web |title=ENG-W vs AUS-W, ICC WWC 2017, 19th Match at Bristol, July 09, 2017 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-wwc-2017-1085935/england-women-vs-australia-women-19th-match-1085963/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{crw|WIN}} (259–9) beat {{crw|NZ}} (256)
| [[Bay Oval]], [[Tauranga]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2022|03|04}}
| <ref name="ODI1244">{{Cite web |title=WI-W vs NZ-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2021/22, 1st Match at Mount Maunganui, March 04, 2022 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2021-22-1219028/new-zealand-women-vs-west-indies-women-1st-match-1243908/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |Last updated: 31 July 2023.<ref name="Smallest margin">{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy team smallest margins |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-smallest-margins/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Team scoring records ===
==== Highest innings totals ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Score !! Team !! Opponent !! Venue !! Date !! Ref.
|-
! 412–3 (50 overs)
| {{crw|AUS}} || {{crw|DEN}} || [[Middle Income Group Club Ground]], [[Bandra|Bandra, Mumbai]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|12|16}} || <ref name="ODI256"/>
|-
! 377–7 (50 overs)
| rowspan=2|{{crw|ENG}} || rowspan=3|{{crw|PAK}} || [[Grace Road]], [[Leicester]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|06|27}} || <ref name="ODI1060">{{Cite web |title=ENG-W vs PAK-W, ICC WWC 2017, 5th Match at Leicester, June 27, 2017 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-wwc-2017-1085935/england-women-vs-pakistan-women-5th-match-1085949/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 376–2 (50 overs)
| [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Vijayawada|Indira Gandhi Stadium]], [[Vijayawada]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|12|12}} || <ref name="ODI248"/>
|-
! 373–7 (50 overs)
| {{crw|NZ}} || [[Drummoyne Oval]], [[Sydney]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|03|19}} || <ref name="ODI704"/>
|-
! 373–5 (50 overs)
| {{crw|ENG}} || {{crw|SA}} || [[Bristol County Ground|County Ground]], [[Bristol]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|05}} || <ref name="ODI1067">{{Cite web |title=ENG-W vs SA-W, ICC WWC 2017, 13th Match at Bristol, July 05, 2017 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-wwc-2017-1085935/england-women-vs-south-africa-women-13th-match-1085957/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="6" |Last updated: 31 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy team highest innings totals |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-highest-innings-totals/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Lowest innings totals ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Score !! Team !! Opponent !! Venue !! Date !! Refs.
|-
! 27 (13.4 overs)
| {{crw|PAK}} || rowspan=2|{{crw|AUS}} || [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|12|14}} || <ref name="ODI251">{{Cite web |title=PAK-W vs AUS-W, Hero Honda Women's World Cup 1997/98, 13th Match at Hyderabad, December 14, 1997 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/hero-honda-women-s-world-cup-1997-98-61222/australia-women-vs-pakistan-women-13th-match-67180/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 29 (25.1 overs)
| {{crw|NED}} || Willetton Sports Club, [[Perth]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1988|11|29}} || <ref name="ODI100"/>
|-
! 37 (25 overs)
| {{crw|IND}} || rowspan=2|{{crw|NZ}} || [[Cornwall Cricket Club|Cornwall Park]], [[Auckland]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1982|01|14}} || <ref name="ODI37">{{Cite web |title=NZ-W vs IND-W, Hansells Vita Fresh Women's World Cup 1981/82, 6th Match at Auckland, January 14, 1982 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/hansells-vita-fresh-women-s-world-cup-1981-82-61183/new-zealand-women-vs-india-women-6th-match-66921/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 40 (54.2 overs)
| {{crw|NED}} || [[Lindfield Cricket Club Ground]], [[Sussex]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|07|25}} || <ref name="ODI174">{{Cite web |title=NL-W vs NZ-W, Women's World Cup 1993, 16th Match at Lindfield, July 25, 1993 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-world-cup-1993-61205/netherlands-women-vs-new-zealand-women-16th-match-67117/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 47 (33.5 overs)
| {{crw|DEN}} || {{crw|ENG}} || [[Recreation Ground, Banstead]], [[Surrey]] || {{dts|dmy=format|1993|07|20}} || <ref name="ODI160"/>
|-
| colspan="6" |Last updated: 31 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy team lowest innings totals |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-lowest-innings-totals/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Highest match aggregate ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Score !! Teams !! Venue !! Date !! Ref.
|-
! 679–15 (98.2 overs)
| {{crw|AUS}} (338) v {{crw|IND}} (341–5) || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|10|30}} || <ref name="ODI1519">{{Cite web |title=IND-W vs NZL-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2025/26, 2nd semifinal at Navi Mumbai, October 30, 2025 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2025-26-1478193/india-women-vs-australia-women-2nd-semi-final-1490442/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 678–14 (100 overs)
| {{crw|ENG}} (373–5) v {{crw|SA}} (305–9) || [[Bristol County Ground|County Ground]], [[Bristol]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|05}} || <ref name="ODI1067"/>
|-
! 661–17 (97.5 overs)
| {{Crw|IND}} (330) v {{Crw|AUS}} (331–7) || [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium|ACA-VDCA Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|10|12}} || <ref name="ODI1498">{{Cite web |title=IND-W vs AUS-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2025/26, 13th Match at Visakhapatnam, October 12, 2025 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2025-26-1478193/india-women-vs-australia-women-13th-match-1490425/full-scorecard |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 641–15 (93.4 overs)
| {{crw|AUS}} (356–5) v {{crw|ENG}} (285) || [[Hagley Oval]], [[Christchurch]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|04|03}} || <ref name="ODI1274">{{Cite web |title=AUS-W vs ENG-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2021/22, Final at Christchurch, April 03, 2022 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2021-22-1219028/australia-women-vs-england-women-final-1243938/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 611–11 (93 overs)
| {{crw|IND}} (340–3 (49 overs)) v {{crw|NZ}} (271–8 (44 overs)) || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|10|23}} || <ref name="ODI1513">{{Cite web |title=IND-W vs NZL-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2025/26, 24th Match at Navi Mumbai, October 23, 2025 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2025-26-1478193/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-24th-match-1490436/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |Last updated: 30 October 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy team highest match aggregates |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-highest-match-aggregates/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Lowest match aggregate ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Score !! Teams !! Venue !! Date !! Ref.
|-
! 55–11 (19.5 overs)
| {{crw|AUS}} (28–1) v {{crw|PAK}} (27) || [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|12|14}} || <ref name="ODI251"/>
|-
! 81–10 (67.4 overs)
| {{crw|NED}} (40) v {{crw|NZ}} (41–0) || [[Lindfield Cricket Club Ground]], [[Sussex]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|07|25}} || <ref name="ODI174"/>
|-
! 97–10 (28.1 overs)
| {{crw|NED}} (48–8) v {{crw|NZ}} (49–2) || [[Mohan Meakins Cricket Stadium]], [[Ghaziabad]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|12|11}} || <ref name="ODI244">{{Cite web |title=NL-W vs NZ-W, Hero Honda Women's World Cup 1997/98, 6th Match at Ghaziabad, December 11, 1997 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/hero-honda-women-s-world-cup-1997-98-61222/netherlands-women-vs-new-zealand-women-6th-match-67184/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 99–12 (61.0 overs)
| {{crw|NZ}} (50–2) v {{crw|IND}} (49) || [[University of Canterbury|Ilam University]], [[Christchurch]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1982|02|02}} || <ref name="ODI57">{{Cite web |title=IND-W vs NZ-W, Hansells Vita Fresh Women's World Cup 1981/82, 26th Match at Christchurch, February 02, 1982 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/hansells-vita-fresh-women-s-world-cup-1981-82-61183/new-zealand-women-vs-india-women-26th-match-66966/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 99–10 (31.4 overs)
| {{crw|SA}} (51–0) v {{crw|WIN}} (48) || [[Grace Road]], [[Leicester]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|06|02}} || <ref name="ODI1066">{{Cite web |title=WI-W vs SA-W, ICC WWC 2017, 12th Match at Leicester, July 02, 2017 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-wwc-2017-1085935/south-africa-women-vs-west-indies-women-12th-match-1085956/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |Last updated: 31 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy team lowest match aggregates |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-lowest-match-aggregates/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Highest run chase ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Score !! Team !! Opposition !! Venue !! Date !! Ref.
|-
! 341–5 (48.2 overs)
| {{crw|IND}} || {{crw|AUS}} || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|10|30}} || <ref name="ODI1519" />
|-
! 331–7 (49 overs)
| rowspan="2"|{{Crw|AUS}} || rowspan="3"|{{Crw|IND}} || [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium|ACA-VDCA Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|10|12}} || <ref name="ODI1498"/>
|-
! 280–4 (49.3 overs)
| [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|03|19}} || <ref name="ODI1261">{{Cite web |title=IND-W vs AUS-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2021/22, 18th Match at Auckland, March 19, 2022 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2021-22-1219028/australia-women-vs-india-women-18th-match-1243925/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 275–7 (50 overs)
| {{crw|SA}} || [[Hagley Oval]], [[Christchurch]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|03|27}} || <ref name="ODI1271">{{Cite web |title=IND-W vs SA-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2021/22, 28th Match at Christchurch, March 27, 2022 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2021-22-1219028/india-women-vs-south-africa-women-28th-match-1243935/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 272–5 (45.2 overs)
| {{crw|AUS}} || {{crw|SA}} || [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|03|22}} || <ref name="ODI1264">{{Cite web |title=SA-W vs AUS-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2021/22, 21st Match at Wellington, March 22, 2022 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2021-22-1219028/australia-women-vs-south-africa-women-21st-match-1243928/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="6" |Last updated: 30 October 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_fielding_first=2;class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=team_score;result=1;template=results;trophy=68;type=team;view=innings |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

===Most extras===
An [[Extra (cricket)|extra]] is a [[run (cricket)|run]] scored by a means other than a [[Batter (cricket)|batter]] hitting the [[cricket ball|ball]]. Other than runs scored off the bat from a [[no-ball]], a batter is not given credit for extras and the extras are tallied separately on the scorecard and count only towards the team's score.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Extras !! Team credited !! Team conceded !! [[Bye (cricket)|{{tooltip|b|Byes}}]] !! [[Leg bye|{{tooltip|lb|Leg byes}}]] || [[Wide (cricket)|{{tooltip|w|Wides}}]] !! [[No-balls|{{tooltip|nb|No-balls}}]] !! class="unsortable" | Venue !! Date !! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
! 51
| {{crw|SA}} || {{crw|PAK}} || 1 || 4 || 46 || 0 || [[IPCL Sports Complex Ground]], [[Vadodara]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|12|16}} || <ref name="ODI258">{{Cite web |title=SA-W vs PAK-W, Hero Honda Women's World Cup 1997/98, 20th Match at Vadodara, December 16, 1997 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/hero-honda-women-s-world-cup-1997-98-61222/pakistan-women-vs-south-africa-women-20th-match-67196/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 46
| {{crw|NZ}} || {{crw|WIN}} || 4 || 10 || 32 || 0 || [[Sector 16 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|12|15}} || <ref name="ODI255">{{Cite web |title=NZ-W vs WI-W, Hero Honda Women's World Cup 1997/98, 17th Match at Chandigarh, December 15, 1997 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/hero-honda-women-s-world-cup-1997-98-61222/new-zealand-women-vs-west-indies-women-17th-match-67192/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 45
| {{crw|IRE}} || {{crw|NED}} || 0 || 3 || 41 || 1 || [[Hagley Oval]], [[Christchurch]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|12|14}} || <ref name="ODI356">{{Cite web |title=IRE-W vs NL-W, CricInfo Women's World Cup 2000/01, 25th Match at Christchurch, December 14, 2000 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/cricinfo-women-s-world-cup-2000-01-61240/ireland-women-vs-netherlands-women-25th-match-67289/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 43
| {{crw|AUS}} || {{crw|SA}} || 0 || 7 || 33 || 3 || [[LC de Villiers Oval]], [[Pretoria]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|03|28}} || <ref name="ODI520">{{Cite web |title=AUS-W vs SA-W, Women's World Cup 2004/05, 13th Match at Pretoria, March 28, 2005 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-world-cup-2004-05-61271/south-africa-women-vs-australia-women-13th-match-67394/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 | 39
| {{crw|SL}} || {{crw|ENG}} || 0 || 1 || 38 || 0 || Harlequins, [[Pretoria]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|03|24}} || <ref name="ODI513">{{Cite web |title=ENG-W vs SL-W, Women's World Cup 2004/05, 6th Match at Pretoria, March 24, 2005 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-world-cup-2004-05-61271/england-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-6th-match-67387/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{crw|IRE}} || {{crw|SA}} || 2 || 3 || 33 || 1 || [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Nehru Stadium]], [[Pune]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|12|14}} || <ref name="ODI253">{{Cite web |title=IRE-W vs SA-W, Hero Honda Women's World Cup 1997/98, 15th Match at Pune, December 14, 1997 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/hero-honda-women-s-world-cup-1997-98-61222/ireland-women-vs-south-africa-women-15th-match-66982/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan=10 | Last updated: 6 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy team most extras innings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-most-extras-innings/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

=== Tournament Leaders ===
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left"
|-
|+ 100% win record
|-
! Team || Year || Matches played
|-
| rowspan=5|{{crw|AUS}} || [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982]] || 13{{efn|One match tied.}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]] || 9
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|1997]] || 7
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|2005]] || 7{{efn|Includes one match which had No Result.}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| [[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup|1978]] || 3
|-
| colspan=3 | Updated 30 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=win_loss_ratio;template=results;trophy=68;type=team;view=series |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
{{notelist}}
|}
{{col-break}}

=== Streaks ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

==== Consecutive matches undefeated ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Matches !! Team !! Years !! Ref.
|-
! 21
| rowspan=3|{{crw|AUS}} || [[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup|1978]]–[[1988 Women's Cricket World Cup|1988]] || rowspan="3"|<ref name="Aus Streak">{{Cite web |title=Team records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=100;team=289;template=results;trophy=68;type=team;view=results |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2|15
| [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|1997]]–[[2000 Women's Cricket World Cup|2000]]
|-
| [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]]–[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
! 11
| {{crw|NZ}} || [[1988 Women's Cricket World Cup|1988]]–[[1993 Women's Cricket World Cup|1993]] || <ref name="NZ Streak">{{Cite web |title=Team records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=100;team=2614;template=results;trophy=68;type=team;view=results |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! 10
| {{crw|ENG}} || [[1993 Women's Cricket World Cup|1993]]–[[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|1997]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=100;team=1026;template=results;trophy=68;type=team;view=results |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=4 | Updated 30 October 2025.
|}
{{col-break}}

==== Consecutive defeats ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Losses !! Team !! Years !! Ref.
|-
! 18
| {{crw|PAK}} || [[2009 Women's Cricket World Cup|2009]]–[[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=100;team=3022;template=results;trophy=68;type=team;view=results |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! 12
| {{crw|International XI}} || [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=100;team=146;template=results;trophy=68;type=team;view=results |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! 9
| rowspan=3|{{crw|NED}} || [[1988 Women's Cricket World Cup|1988]]–[[1993 Women's Cricket World Cup|1993]] || rowspan="3"|<ref name="NED Streak">{{Cite web |title=Team records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=100;team=2461;template=results;trophy=68;type=team;view=results |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! 8
| [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|1997]]–[[2000 Women's Cricket World Cup|2000]]
|-
! 7
| [[1993 Women's Cricket World Cup|1993]]–[[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|1997]]
|-
| colspan=4 | Updated 30 October 2025.
|} {{col-end}}{{col-end}}

== Batting ==
[[File:Debbie Hockley CNZM (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Debbie Hockley]], the World Cup's leading batter]]

=== Runs ===
==== Most career runs ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] !! Batter !! {{tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! {{tooltip|NO|Not Out}} !!{{tooltip|HS|Highest Score}} !! {{tooltip|Avg|Average}} !! 100s !! 50s !! Period
|-
! 1,501
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Debbie Hockley]] || 45 || 43 || 8 || 100* || 42.88 || 2 || 10 || 1982–2000
|-
! 1,328
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Laura Wolvaardt]] || 24 || 24 || 3 || 169 || 63.23 || 2 || 12 || 2017–2025
|-
! 1,321
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Mithali Raj]] || 38 || 36 || 8 || 109 || 47.17 || 2 || 11 || 2000–2022
|-
! 1,299
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Jan Brittin]] || 36 || 35 || 5 || 138* || 43.40 || 4 || 3 || 1982–1997
|-
! 1,231
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Charlotte Edwards]] || 30 || 28 || 5 || 173* || 53.52 || 4 || 7 || 1997–2013
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="10" |Last updated: 2 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy batting most runs career |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-runs-career/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Highest individual scores ====
{| class="wikitable"
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] !! Batter!! Balls !! 4s !! 6s !! {{tooltip|SR|Strike rate}} !! Opposition !! Venue !! Date !! Ref.
|-
! 229*{{efn|This was the first [[Double Century|double century]] (men's or women's) in ODI cricket.<ref name="5 Facts"/>}}
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Belinda Clark]] || 155 || 22 || - || 147.74 || {{crw|DEN}} || [[Middle Income Group Club Ground]], [[Bandra|Bandra, Mumbai]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|12|16}} || <ref name="ODI256"/>
|-
! 178*
| {{crwicon|SL}} [[Chamari Athapaththu]] || 143 || 22 || 6 || 124.47 ||{{crw|AUS}} || [[Bristol County Ground|County Ground]], [[Bristol]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|06|29}} || <ref name="ODI1062">{{Cite web |title=SL-W vs AUS-W, ICC WWC 2017, 8th Match at Bristol, June 29, 2017 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-wwc-2017-1085935/australia-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-8th-match-1085952/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 173*
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Charlotte Edwards]] || 155 || 19 || - || 111.61 || {{crw|IRE}} || [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Nehru Stadium]], [[Pune]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|12|16}} || <ref name="ODI257">{{Cite web |title=ENG-W vs IRE-W, Hero Honda Women's World Cup 1997/98, 19th Match at Pune, December 16, 1997 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/hero-honda-women-s-world-cup-1997-98-61222/england-women-vs-ireland-women-19th-match-66983/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 171*
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] || 115 || 20 || 7 || 148.69 || {{crw|AUS}} || [[County Ground, Derby|County Ground]], [[Derby]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|20}} || <ref name="ODI1084">{{Cite web |title=IND-W vs AUS-W, ICC WWC 2017, 2nd Semi-Final at Derby, July 20, 2017 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-wwc-2017-1085935/australia-women-vs-india-women-2nd-semi-final-1085974/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 171
| {{crwicon|WIN}} [[Stafanie Taylor]] || 138 || 26 || - || 123.18 ||{{crw|SL}} || [[Middle Income Group Club Ground]], [[Bandra|Bandra, Mumbai]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|02|03}} || <ref name="ODI852">{{Cite web |title=WI-W vs SL-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2012/13, 8th Match, Group A at Mumbai, February 03, 2013 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2012-13-587632/sri-lanka-women-vs-west-indies-women-8th-match-group-a-594898/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="10" |Last updated: 30 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy batting most runs innings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-runs-innings/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
{{notelist}}
|}

==== Most centuries ====
{{See also|List of centuries in women's One Day International cricket}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] !! Batter !! {{tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! Runs !! {{tooltip|HS|Highest Score}} !! Span
|-
! 5
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] || 26 || 23 || 1,067 || 148* || 2017-2025
|-
! rowspan=4 | 4
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Alyssa Healy]] || 22 || 19 || 906 || 170 || 2017–2025
|-
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Charlotte Edwards]] || 30 || 28 || 1231 || 173* || 1997–2013
|-
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Suzie Bates]] || 34 || 31 || 1,219 || 168 || 2009–2025
|-
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Jan Brittin]] || 36 || 35 || 1,299 || 138* || 1982–1997
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="7" |Last updated: 30 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy batting most hundreds career |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-hundreds-career/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Most 50+ scores ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No. !! Batter !! {{tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! Runs !! {{tooltip|HS|Highest Scores}} !! 100s !! 50s !! Span
|-
! 14
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Laura Wolvaardt]] || 24 || 23 || 1,328 || 169 || 2 || 12 || 2017–2025
|-
! 13
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Mithali Raj]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-19 |title=Mithali equals sensational Women's WC record with valiant fifty vs Australia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/mithali-raj-equals-sensational-world-record-with-valiant-knock-in-women-s-world-cup-match-against-australia-101647659071104.html |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> || 38 || 36 || 1,321 || 109 || 2 || 11 || 2000–2022
|-
! 12
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Debbie Hockley]] || 45 || 43 || 1,501 || 100* || 2 || 10 || 1982–2000
|-
! 11
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Charlotte Edwards]] || 30 || 28 || 1,231 || 173* || 4 || 7 || 1997–2013
|-
! rowspan=3 | 9
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Karen Rolton]] || 28 || 22 || 974 || 154* || 3 || 6 || 1997–2009
|-
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] || 35 || 30 || 1,136 || 171* || 3 || 6 || 2009–2025
|-
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Suzie Bates]] || 34 || 31 || 1,219 || 168 || 4 || 5 || 2009–2025
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="9" |Last updated: 2 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy batting most fifties career |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-fifties-career/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Fastest 50 ====
{| class="wikitable"
! Balls !! Batter !! Opposition !! Venue !! Date !! Ref.
|-
! 20
| {{crwicon|WIN}} [[Deandra Dottin]] || {{crw|SL}} || [[Middle Income Group Club Ground]], [[Bandra|Bandra, Mumbai]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|02|03}} || <ref name="ODI852"/>
|-
! 25
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Chloe Tryon]] || {{crw|ENG}} || [[Bristol County Ground|County Ground]], [[Bristol]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|05}} || <ref name="ODI1067"/>
|-
! 26
| {{crwicon|SL}} [[Nilakshi de Silva]] || {{crw|NZ}} || [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|10|14}} || <ref name="ODI1501">{{Cite web |title=SL Women vs NZ Women, 15th Match at Colombo, Women's World Cup, Oct 14 2025 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2025-26-1478193/sri-lanka-women-vs-new-zealand-women-15th-match-1490427/full-scorecard |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 27
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Sophie Devine]] || {{crw|PAK}} || rowspan=2|[[County Ground, Taunton|County Ground]], [[Taunton]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|08}} || <ref name="ODI1071">{{Cite web |title=PAK-W vs NZ-W, ICC WWC 2017, 17th Match at Taunton, July 08, 2017 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-wwc-2017-1085935/new-zealand-women-vs-pakistan-women-17th-match-1085961/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 29
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Rachel Priest]] || {{crw|WIN}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|06}} || <ref name="ODI1070">{{Cite web |title=WI-W vs NZ-W, ICC WWC 2017, 16th Match at Taunton, July 06, 2017 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-wwc-2017-1085935/new-zealand-women-vs-west-indies-women-16th-match-1085960/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="7" |Last updated: 14 October 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Home of CricketArchive |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/Womens_World_Cup/Overall/Batting/Fastest_Fifties_by_Balls.html |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=cricketarchive.com}}</ref>
|}

==== Most ducks ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Duck (cricket)|Ducks]] !! Batter !! Matches !! Innings !! Span
|-
! 6
| {{crwicon|DEN}} [[Susanne Nielsen]] || 13 || 11 || 1993–1997
|-
! rowspan=6 | 5
| {{crwicon|NED}} [[Irene Schoof]] || 8 || 8 || 1988
|-
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Lopamudra Bhattacharji]] || 15 || 12 || 1978–1982
|-
| {{crwicon|SL}} [[Udeshika Prabodhani]] || 14 || 12 || 2009–2025
|-
| {{crwicon|DEN}} [[Dorte Christiansen]] || 13 || 13 || 1993–1997
|-
| {{crwicon|WIN}} [[Kycia Knight]] || 17 || 16 || 2013–2022
|-
| {{crwicon|SL}} [[Chamani Seneviratne]] || 17 || 17 || 1997–2013
|-
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 27 October 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy batting most ducks career |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-ducks-career/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Averages ===
[[File:KAREN ROLTON (3345868526).jpg|thumb|[[Karen Rolton]], the batter with the highest [[Batting average (cricket)|batting average]] in the World Cup, photographed at the [[2009 Women's Cricket World Cup|2009 World Cup]].]]

==== Highest average ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[Batting average (cricket)|Average]] !! Batter !! {{tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! {{tooltip|NO|Not Out}} !! Runs !! Span
|-
! 74.92
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Karen Rolton]] || 28 || 22 || 9 || 974 || 1997–2009
|-
! 63.23
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Laura Wolvaardt]] || 24 || 24 || 3 || 1,328 || 2017–2025
|-
! 61.14
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Claire Taylor]] || 19 || 18 || 4 || 856 || 2000–2009
|-
! 60.57
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Belinda Clark]] || 29 || 26 || 7 || 1,151 || 1993–2005
|-
! 60.44
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Rachael Heyhoe Flint]] || 18 || 16 || 7 || 544 || 1973–1982
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="7" | Qualification: Minimum 10 innings. Last updated: 2 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy batting highest career batting average |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-highest-career-batting-average/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Highest strike rate ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[Strike rate]] !! Batter !! {{tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! Runs !! {{tooltip|BF|Balls Faced}} !! Span
|-
! 113.81
|{{crwicon|AUS}} [[Alyssa Healy]] || 22 || 19 || 906 || 781 || 2017–2025
|-
! 95.35
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] || 26 || 23 || 1,067 || 1,119 || 2017–2025
|-
! 94.22
| {{crwicon|WIN}} [[Deandra Dottin]] || 29 || 28 || 718 || 762 || 2009–2022
|-
! 93.11
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] || 35 || 30 || 1,136 || 1,220 || 2009–2025
|-
! 91.85
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Sophie Devine]] || 32 || 27 || 958 || 1,043 || 2009–2025
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="7" | Qualification: Minimum 500 balls faced. Last updated: 2 November 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy batting highest career strike rate |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-highest-career-strike-rate/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Boundaries ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

==== Sixes ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Boundary (cricket)|Sixes]] !! Batter !! {{tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! Span
|-
! 23
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Sophie Devine]] || 32 || 27 || 2009–2025
|-
! rowspan=2|22
| {{crwicon|WIN}} [[Deandra Dottin]] || 29 || 28 || 2009–2022
|-
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] || 35 || 30 || 2009–2025
|-
! 17
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Smriti Mandhana]] || 25 || 25 || 2017–2025
|-
! 13
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Chloe Tryon]] || 27 || 22 || 2013–2025
|-
| colspan=5| Last updated: 2 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy batting most sixes career |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-sixes-career/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}
{{col-break}}

==== Fours ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Boundary (cricket)|Fours]] !! Batter !! {{tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! Span
|-
! rowspan=2|158
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Laura Wolvaardt]] || 24 || 24 || 2017–2025
|-
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Charlotte Edwards]] || 30 || 28 || 1997–2013
|-
! 150
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Suzie Bates]] || 34 || 31 || 2009–2025
|-
! 132
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Alyssa Healy]] || 22 || 19 || 2017–2025
|-
! 131
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Mithali Raj]] || 38 || 36 || 2000–2022
|-
| colspan=5| Last updated: 2 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy batting most fours career |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-fours-career/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}{{col-end}}

==== Most sixes in an innings ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sixes !! Batter !! Opposition !! Runs !! Balls !! class="unsortable" | Venue !! Date !! class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
! 9
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Sophie Devine]] || {{crw|PAK}} || 93 || 41 || [[County Ground, Taunton|County Ground]], [[Taunton]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|08}} || <ref name="ODI1071"/>
|-
! rowspan=2|7
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Lizelle Lee]] || {{crw|IND}} || 92 || 65 || [[Grace Road]], [[Leicester]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|08}} || <ref name="ODI1072">{{Cite web |title=SA-W vs IND-W, ICC WWC 2017, 18th Match at Leicester, July 08, 2017 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-wwc-2017-1085935/india-women-vs-south-africa-women-18th-match-1085962/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] || {{crw|AUS}} || 171 || 115 || [[County Ground, Derby|County Ground]], [[Derby]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|20}} || <ref name="ODI1084"/>
|-
! rowspan=3|6
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Suzie Bates]] || {{crw|PAK}} || 168 || 105 || [[Drummoyne Oval]], [[Sydney]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|03|19}} || <ref name="ODI704"/>
|-
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Sophie Devine]] || {{crw|SA}} || 145 || 131 || [[DRIEMS Ground]], [[Cuttack]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|01|01}} || <ref name="ODI848">{{Cite web |title=NZ-W vs SA-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2012/13, 4th Match, Group B at Cuttack, February 01, 2013 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2012-13-587632/new-zealand-women-vs-south-africa-women-4th-match-group-b-594893/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{crwicon|SL}} [[Chamari Athapaththu]] || {{crw|AUS}} || 178 || 143 ||[[Bristol County Ground|County Ground]], [[Bristol]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|06|29}} || <ref name="ODI1062"/>
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan=8 | Last updated: 3 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy batting most sixes innings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-sixes-innings/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Most fours in an innings ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Fours !! Batter !! Opposition !! Runs !! Balls !! class="unsortable" | Venue !! Date !! class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
! 26
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Alyssa Healy]] || {{crw|ENG}} || 170 || 138 || [[Hagley Oval]], [[Christchurch]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|04|03}} || <ref name="ODI1274"/>
|-
! 24
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Sarah Taylor (cricketer)|Sarah Taylor]] || {{crw|SA}} || 147 || 104 || [[Bristol County Ground|County Ground]], [[Bristol]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|05}} || <ref name="ODI1067"/>
|-
! rowspan=3|22
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Belinda Clark]] || {{crw|DEN}} || 229* || 155 || [[Middle Income Group Club Ground]], [[Bandra|Bandra, Mumbai]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|12|16}} || <ref name="ODI256"/>
|-
| {{crwicon|SL}} [[Chamari Athapaththu]] || {{crw|AUS}} || 178* || 143 || [[Bristol County Ground|County Ground]], [[Bristol]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|06|29}} || <ref name="ODI1062"/>
|-
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Tammy Beaumont]] || {{crw|SA}} || 148 || 145 || [[Bristol County Ground|County Ground]], [[Bristol]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|05}} || <ref name="ODI1067"/>
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan=8 | Last updated: 3 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy batting most fours innings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-fours-innings/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Boundary runs in an innings ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[Boundary (cricket)|Boundary Runs]] !! Batter !! 4s !! 6s !! Opposition !! class=unsortable | Venue !! Date !! class=unsortable | Ref.
|-
! 124
| {{crwicon|SL}} [[Chamari Athapaththu]] || 22 || 6 || rowspan=2|{{crw|AUS}} || [[Bristol County Ground|County Ground]], [[Bristol]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|06|29}} || <ref name="ODI1062"/>
|-
! 122
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] || 20 || 7 || [[County Ground, Derby|County Ground]], [[Derby]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|20}} || <ref name="ODI1084"/>
|-
! 112
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Suzie Bates]] || 19 || 6 || {{crw|PAK}} || [[Drummoyne Oval]], [[Sydney]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|03|19}} || <ref name="ODI704"/>
|-
! rowspan=2|104
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Alyssa Healy]] || 26 || 0 || rowspan=2|{{crw|ENG}} || [[Hagley Oval]], [[Christchurch]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|04|03}} || <ref name="ODI1274"/>
|-
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Laura Wolvaardt]] || 20 || 4 || [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium, Guwahati|Assam Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Guwahati]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|10|29}} || <ref name="ODI1518">{{cite web |title=SA Women vs ENG Women, 1st Semi Final at Guwahati, Women's World Cup, Oct 29 2025 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2025-26-1478193/england-women-vs-south-africa-women-1st-semi-final-1490441/full-scorecard |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Last updated: 29 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy batting most runs from fours sixes innings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-runs-from-fours-sixes-innings/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Home of CricketArchive |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/Womens_World_Cup/Overall/Batting/Most_Innings_Boundaries.html |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=cricketarchive.com}}</ref>
|}

=== One tournament ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultleft col1center"
|-
|+ Most 50+ scores
|-
! 50+ !! HS !! Batter!! Tournament
|-
! rowspan=4 | 5
| 90* || {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Debbie Hockley]] || [[1988 Women's Cricket World Cup|1988]]
|-
| 71 ||{{crwicon|AUS}} [[Ellyse Perry]] || [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]]
|-
| 90 || {{crwicon|SA}} [[Laura Wolvaardt]] || [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]]
|-
| 169 || {{crwicon|SA}} [[Laura Wolvaardt]] || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
| colspan=4 style="text-align:left;" | Last updated: 2 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batting records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;runsmin2=50;runsval2=runs;template=results;trophy=68;type=batting;view=year |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

{{col-break}}
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultleft col2center col3center"
|-
|+ Most runs
|-
! Runs !! {{tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! Batter!! Tournament
|-
! 571
| 9 || 9 || {{crwicon|SA}} [[Laura Wolvaardt]] || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
! 509
| 9 || 9 || {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Alyssa Healy]] || [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]]
|-
! 497
| 9 || 9 || {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Rachael Haynes]] || [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]]
|-
! 456
| 7 || 7 || {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Debbie Hockley]] || [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|1997]]
|-
! 448
| 8 || 8 || {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Lindsay Reeler]] || [[1988 Women's Cricket World Cup|1988]]
|-
| colspan=5 | Last updated 2 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy batting most runs series |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-runs-series/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}
{{col-end}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultleft col2center col3center"
|-
|+ Most sixes
|-
! Sixes !! {{tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! Batter!! Tournament
|-
! rowspan=3|12
| 7 || 7 || {{crwicon|WIN}} [[Deandra Dottin]] || [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup|2013]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|7 || 7 || style="text-align: left;"|{{crwicon|SA}} [[Lizelle Lee]] || [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|8 || 8 || style="text-align: left;"|{{crwicon|IND}} [[Richa Ghosh]] || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
! 11
| 9 || 8 || {{crwicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] || [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]]
|-
! 10
| 9 || 7 || {{crwicon|SA}} [[Nadine de Klerk]] || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 2 November 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batting records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=sixes;template=results;trophy=68;type=batting;view=season |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

{{col-break}}
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultleft col2center col3center"
|-
|+ Most fours
|-
! Fours !! {{tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! Batter!! Tournament
|-
! 73
| 9 || 9 || {{crwicon|SA}} [[Laura Wolvaardt]] || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
! 69
| 9 || 9 || {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Alyssa Healy]] || [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]]
|-
! 57
| 9 || 9 || {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Rachael Haynes]] || [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]]
|-
! 55
| 7 || 7 || {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Suzie Bates]] || [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup|2013]]
|-
! rowspan=2 | 54
| 9 || 9 || {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Tammy Beaumont]] || [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|9 || 9 || style="text-align: left;"|{{crwicon|ENG}} [[Sarah Taylor (cricketer)|Sarah Taylor]] || [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]]
|-
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 2 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batting records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=fours;template=results;trophy=68;type=batting;view=season |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}
{{col-end}}

== Bowling ==
=== Wickets ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

==== Most career wickets ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[Wicket]]s !! Bowler !! {{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{Tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! {{Tooltip|Avg.|Average}} !! {{Tooltip|Econ|Economy Rate}} !! {{Tooltip|BBI|Best Bowling}} !! Span
|-
! 44
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Marizanne Kapp]] || 31 || 29 || 22.15 || 4.46 || {{sort|05080|5–20}} || 2009–2025
|-
! 43
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Jhulan Goswami]] || 34 || 34 || 21.74 || 3.45 || {{sort|04084|4–16}} || 2005–2022
|-
! rowspan=2|39
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Lyn Fullston]] || 20 || 20 || 11.94 || 2.22 || {{sort|05073|5–27}} || 1982–1988
|-
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Megan Schutt]] || 29 || 29 || 26.56 || 4.50 || {{sort|03060|3–40}} || 2013–2025
|-
! rowspan=2|37
|{{crwicon|ENG}} [[Sophie Ecclestone]] || 16 || 16 || 6/36 || 15.02 || 3.92 || 2022–2025
|-
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Carole Hodges]] || 24 || 24 || 14.86 || 2.35 || {{sort|04097|4–3}} || 1982–1993
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="8" | Last updated: 2 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy bowling most wickets career |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-most-wickets-career/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jhulan Goswami">[https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/india-s-jhulan-goswami-equals-lyn-fullston-as-joint-highest-wicket-taker-in-icc-women-s-cricket-world-cup-news-186176 Jhulan Goswami Equals Lyn Fullston As Highest Wicket-Taker In ICC Women’s Cricket World Cups]</ref>
|}
{{col-break}}
[[File:Marizanne Kapp 2017–18 WNCL NSWB v ACTM 17-11-26 Kapp portrait (01).jpg|thumb|[[Marizanne Kapp]], the leading [[Wicket|wicket taker]] at the World Cup.]]
{{col-end}}

==== Best bowling figures ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Figures !! Bowler !! Overs !! Maidens !! {{Tooltip|Econ|Economy Rate}} !! Opposition !! class=unsortable | Venue !! Date !! class=unsortable | Ref.
|-
!{{sort|07082|7–18}}
|{{crwicon|AUS}} [[Alana King]] || 7.0 || 2 || 2.57 || {{crw|SA}} || [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|10|25}} || <ref name="ODI1515">{{Cite web |title=AUS-W vs RSA-W, Women's World Cup 2025, 26th Match at Indore, October 25, 2025 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2025-26-1478193/australia-women-vs-south-africa-women-26th-match-1490438/full-scorecard |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! {{sort|06090|6–10}}
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Jackie Lord]] || 8.0 || 2 || 1.25 || {{crw|IND}} || [[Cornwall Cricket Club|Cornwall Park]], [[Auckland]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1982|01|14}} || <ref name="ODI37"/>
|-
! {{sort|06080|6–20}}
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Glenys Page]] || 6.2 || 0 || 3.15 || {{crw|TRI}} || [[Clarence Park (St Albans)|Clarence Park]], [[St Albans]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1973|06|03}} || <ref name="ODI3">{{Cite web |title=NZ-W vs TTWmn, Women's World Cup 1973, 4th Match at St Albans, June 23, 1973 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-world-cup-1973-61179/new-zealand-women-vs-trinidad-tobago-women-4th-match-66868/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! {{sort|06064|6–36}}
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Sophie Ecclestone]] || 8.0 || 0 || 4.50 || {{crw|SA}} || [[Hagley Oval]], [[Christchurch]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|03|31}} || <ref name="ODI1273">{{Cite web |title=ENG-W vs SA-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2021/22, 2nd Semi Final at Christchurch, March 31, 2022 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2021-22-1219028/south-africa-women-vs-england-women-2nd-semi-final-1243937/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! {{sort|06054|6–46}}
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Anya Shrubsole]] || 9.4 || 0 || 4.75 || {{crw|IND}} || [[Lord's]], [[London]] || [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup final|{{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|23}}]] || <ref name="ODI1085">{{Cite web |title=ENG-W vs IND-W, ICC WWC 2017, Final at London, July 23, 2017 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-wwc-2017-1085935/england-women-vs-india-women-final-1085975/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="9" |Last updated: 30 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy bowling best figures innings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-best-figures-innings/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Most four-wicket hauls ====
{{see also|List of five-wicket hauls in women's One Day International cricket}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! 4W+ !! Bowler !! {{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{Tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! {{Tooltip|Avg.|Average}} !! {{Tooltip|BBI|Best Bowling}} !! 5W+ !! Span
|-
! rowspan=2 | 4
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Dane van Niekerk]] || 16 || 14 || 12.66 || {{sort|04100|4-0}} || 0 || 2009–2017
|-
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Lyn Fullston]] || 20 || 20 || 11.94 || {{sort|05073|5–27}} || 2 || 1982–1988
|-
! rowspan=4 | 3
|{{crwicon|ENG}} [[Sophie Ecclestone]] || 16 || 16 || 15.02 || {{sort|06064|6–36}} || 1 || 2022–2025
|-
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Anya Shrubsole]] || 23 || 22 || 20.35 || {{sort|06054|6–46}} || 2 || 2009–2022
|-
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Marizanne Kapp]] || 31 || 29 || 22.15 || {{sort|05080|5–20}} || 2 || 2009–2025
|-
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Carole Hodges]] || 24 || 24 || 14.86 || {{sort|04097|4–3}} || 0 || 1982–1993
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Last updated: 2 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy bowling most 4wi career |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-most-4wi-career/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== List of [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-tricks]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bowler !! Opposition !! Dismissals !! Venue !! Date !! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Carole Hodges]] || {{crw|DEN}} ||
*[[Susanne Nielsen]]
*[[Pia Thomsen]]
*[[Heidi Kjær]]
| [[Recreation Ground, Banstead]], [[Surrey]] || {{dts|dmy=format|1993|07|20}} || <ref name="ODI160"/>
|-
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Julie Harris (cricketer)|Julie Harris]] || {{crw|WIN}} ||
*[[Eugena Gregg]]
*[[Cherry-Ann Singh]]
*[[Patricia Felicien]]
| [[King's House Sports Ground|Civil Service Sports Ground]], [[Chiswick]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|07|26}} || <ref name="ODI178">{{Cite web |title=WI-W vs NZ-W, Women's World Cup 1993, 20th Match at Chiswick, July 26, 1993 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-world-cup-1993-61205/new-zealand-women-vs-west-indies-women-20th-match-67118/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 4 August 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women ODI matches / Bowling records / Hat-tricks |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/hat-tricks-936009 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Averages ===
==== Best average ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[Batting average (cricket)|{{Tooltip|Avg.|Average}}]] !! Bowler !! {{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{Tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! {{Tooltip|Wic|Wickets}} !!{{Tooltip|Econ|Economy Rate}} !! Overs !! Span
|-
! 9.72
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Katrina Keenan]] || 15 || 15 || 25 || 1.97 || 123.0 || 1997–2000
|-
! 11.50
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Charmaine Mason]] || 14 || 14 || 26 || 2.53 || 118.0 || 1997–2000
|-
! 11.94
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Lyn Fullston]] || 20 || 20 || 39 || 2.22 || 209.1 || 1982–1988
|-
! 12.66
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Dane van Niekerk]] || 16 || 14 || 27 || 3.88 || 88.0 || 2009–2017
|-
! 12.72
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Jackie Lord]] || 15 || 13 || 25 || 2.40 || 132.3 || 1973–1982
|-
| colspan=8 | Qualification: Minimum 500 deliveries. Last updated: 28 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=bowling_average;qualmin2=500;qualval2=balls;template=results;trophy=68;type=bowling |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy bowling best career bowling average |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-best-career-bowling-average/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Best strike-rate ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[Strike rate|Strike-rate]] !! Bowler !! {{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{Tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! {{Tooltip|Wic|Wickets}} !! Overs !! Span
|-
! 19.5
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Dane van Niekerk]] || 16 || 14 || 27 || 88.0 || 2009–2017
|-
! 22.9
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Sophie Ecclestone]] || 16 || 16 || 37 || 141.4 || 2022–2025
|-
! 25.3
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Annabel Sutherland]] || 13 || 11 || 20 || 84.2 || 2022–2025
|-
! 26.5
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] || 14 || 14 || 21 || 92.5 || 1978–1982
|-
! 26.7
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Kathryn Ramel]] || 16 || 16 || 19 || 84.4 || 1997–2000
|-
| colspan=7 | Qualification: Minimum 500 deliveries. Last updated: 30 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=bowling_strike_rate;qualmin1=500;qualval1=balls;template=results;trophy=68;type=bowling |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy bowling best career strike rate |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-best-career-strike-rate/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Best economy rate ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[Economy rate]]s !! Bowler !! {{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{Tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! {{Tooltip|Wic|Wickets}} !! Runs !! Overs !! Span
|-
! 1.53
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Sue Brown (cricketer)|Sue Brown]] || 12 || 12 || 11 || 176 || 114.3 || 1982
|-
! 1.57
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Brigit Legg]] || 9 || 9 || 11 || 240 || 100.2 || 1988
|-
! 1.69
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Karen Brown (cricketer)|Karen Brown]] || 14 || 14 || 18 || 240 || 142.0 || 1988–1993
|-
! 1.72
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Marie Cornish]] || 14 || 14 || 15 || 237 || 137.2 || 1978–1982
|-
! 1.77
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Denise Martin]] || 9 || 9 || 14 || 180 || 101.4 || 1982
|-
| colspan=8 | Qualification: Minimum 500 deliveries. Last updated: 28 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=economy_rate;qualmin1=500;qualval1=balls;template=results;trophy=68;type=bowling |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy bowling best career economy rate |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-best-career-economy-rate/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== One tournament ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ Most wickets in a tournament
|-
! Wickets !! Bowler !! {{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{Tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! {{Tooltip|Avg|Average}} !!{{Tooltip|Econ|Economy Rate}} !! {{Tooltip|BBI|Best Bowling}} !! Tournament
|-
! 23
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Lyn Fullston]] || 12 || 12 || 12.00 || 2.24 || {{sort|05073|5–27}} || [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982]]
|-
! rowspan=2 | 22
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Deepti Sharma]] || 9 || 9 || 20.40 || 5.52 || {{sort|05061|5–39}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Jackie Lord]] || 12 || 11 || 12.40 || 2.40 || {{sort|06090|6–10}} || [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982]]
|-
! 21
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Sophie Ecclestone]] || 9 || 9 || 15.61 || 3.83 || {{sort|06064|6–36}} || [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]]
|-
! rowspan=2 | 20
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Neetu David]] || 8 || 8 || 8.35 || 2.54 || {{sort|05068|5–32}} || [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|2005]]
|-
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] || 12 || 12 || 11.70 || 2.89 || {{sort|03081|3–19}} || [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Last updated: 2 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy bowling most wickets series |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-most-wickets-series/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Fielding==
===Overall===
====Most Catches====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Caught|Catches]] !! Player !! {{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{Tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! {{tool tip|Max|Maximum Dismissals in an innings}} !! Dis/Inn !! Period
|-
! rowspan=2 |19
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Suzie Bates]] || 34 || 34 || 4 || 0.558 || 2009–2025
|-
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Jan Brittin]] || 36 || 36 || 2 || 0.527 || 1982–1997
|-
! 18
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Jhulan Goswami]] || 34 || 34 || 3 || 0.529 || 2005–2022
|-
! rowspan=2 | 15
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Beth Mooney]] || 24 || 22 || 3 || 0.681 || 2017–2025
|-
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Smriti Mandhana]] || 25 || 25 || 3 || 0.600 || 2017–2025
|-
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 2 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy fielding most catches career |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/fielding-most-catches-career/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Most catches in an innings ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[Caught|Catches]] !! Player !! Opposition !! class=unsortable | Venue !! Date !! class=unsortable | Ref.
|-
! 4
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Suzie Bates]] || {{crw|AUS}} || [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|10|01}} || <ref name="ODI1487">{{Cite web |title=AUS-W vs NZ-W, Women's World Cup 2025, 2nd Match at Indore, October 1, 2025 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2025-26-1478193/australia-women-vs-new-zealand-women-2nd-match-1490414/full-scorecard |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 30 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy keeping most dismissals innings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/fielding-most-catches-innings/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== One tournament ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Most catches in a tournament
|-
! [[Caught|Catches]] !! Player !! {{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{Tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! {{tool tip|Max|Maximum Dismissals in an innings}} !! Dis/Inn !! Tournament
|-
! rowspan=5 | 8
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Amy Satterthwaite]] || 6 || 6 || 3 || 1.333 || [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]]
|-
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Suzie Bates]] || 7 || 7 || 4 || 1.142 || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Lydia Greenway]] || 7 || 7 || 3 || 1.142 || [[2009 Women's Cricket World Cup|2009]]
|-
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Smriti Mandhana]] || 9 || 9 || 3 || 0.888 || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Laura Wolvaardt]] || 9 || 9 || 2 || 0.888 || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 2 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy fielding most catches series |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/fielding-most-catches-series/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Wicketkeeping ==
=== Overall ===
==== Most dismissals ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Dismissals]] !! Wicket-keeper !! {{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{Tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! [[Caught|Catches]] !! [[Stumped|Stumpings]] !! {{tool tip|Max dis|Maximum Dismissals in an innings}} !! Dis/Inn !! Period
|-
! 40
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Jane Smit]] || 29 || 28 || 22 || 18 || 4 || 1.428 || 1993–2005
|-
! 33
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Trisha Chetty]] || 25 || 24 || 27 || 6 || 5 || 1.375 || 2009–2022
|-
! 32
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Rebecca Rolls]] || 22 || 21 || 24 || 8 || 4 || 1.523 || 1997–2005
|-
! 31
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Anju Jain]] || 24 || 23 || 14 || 17 || 5 || 1.347 || 1993–2005
|-
! 29
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Shirley Hodges]] || 22 || 22 || 17 || 12 || 4 || 1.318 || 1973–1982
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last updated: 27 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy keeping most dismissals career |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/keeping-most-dismissals-career/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Most dismissals in an innings ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Dismissals]] !! Wicket-keeper !! [[Caught|Catches]] !! [[Stumped|Stumpings]] !! Opposition !! class=unsortable | Venue !! Date !! class=unsortable | Ref.
|-
! rowspan=2 | 6
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Sarah Illingworth]] || 4 || 2 || {{crw|AUS}} || [[HSBC Sports and Social Club]], [[Beckenham]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|07|29}} || <ref name="ODI183">{{Cite web |title=AUS-W vs NZ-W, Women's World Cup 1993, 25th Match at Beckenham, July 29, 1993 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-world-cup-1993-61205/australia-women-vs-new-zealand-women-25th-match-67122/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Venkatacher Kalpana]] || 1 || 5 || {{crw|DEN}} || [[Slough Cricket Club]], [[Slough]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|07|29}} || <ref name="ODI184">{{Cite web |title=DNK-W vs IND-W, Women's World Cup 1993, 26th Match at Slough, July 29, 1993 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-world-cup-1993-61205/denmark-women-vs-india-women-26th-match-67123/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=4 | 5
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Fowzieh Khalili]] || 2 || 3 || {{crw|ENG}} || [[Cooks Gardens]], [[Whanganui]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1982|01|20}} || <ref name="ODI43">{{Cite web |title=IND-W vs ENG-W, Hansells Vita Fresh Women's World Cup 1981/82, 12th Match at Wanganui, January 20, 1982 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/hansells-vita-fresh-women-s-world-cup-1981-82-61183/england-women-vs-india-women-12th-match-66940/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Anju Jain]] || 3 || 2 || {{crw|NZ}} || [[Tshwane University of Technology|Technikon Oval]], [[Pretoria]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|03|30}} || <ref name="ODI526">{{Cite web |title=NZ-W vs IND-W, Women's World Cup 2004/05, 19th Match at Pretoria, March 30, 2005 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-world-cup-2004-05-61271/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-19th-match-67381/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Trisha Chetty]] || 5 || 1 || {{crw|SL}} || [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|02|13}} || <ref name="ODI865">{{Cite web |title=SA-W vs SL-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2012/13, 20th Match, Super Six at Cuttack, February 13, 2013 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2012-13-587632/south-africa-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-20th-match-super-six-594911/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Richa Ghosh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Richa Ghosh story: from part-time keeper to World Cup record-breaker |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/womens-world-cup-2022-richa-ghosh-from-part-time-bengal-keeper-to-world-cup-record-breaker-1304569 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> || 4 || 1 || {{crw|PAK}} || [[Bay Oval]], [[Mount Maunganui]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|03|06}} || <ref name="ODI1247">{{Cite web |title=IND-W vs PAK-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2021/22, 4th Match at Mount Maunganui, March 06, 2022 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2021-22-1219028/india-women-vs-pakistan-women-4th-match-1243911/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Last updated: 5 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy keeping most dismissals innings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/keeping-most-dismissals-innings/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== One tournament ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Most dismissals in a tournament
|-
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Dismissals]] !! Wicket-keeper !! {{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{Tooltip|Inn|Innings}} !! [[Caught|Catches]] !! [[Stumped|Stumpings]] !! {{tool tip|Max dis|Maximum Dismissals in an innings}} !! Dis/Inn !! Tournament
|-
! 20
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Fowzieh Khalili]] || 10 || 10 || 7 || 13 || 5 || 2.000 || [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982]]
|-
! rowspan=2 | 19
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Shirley Hodges]] || 13 || 13 || 10 || 9 || 4 || 1.461 || [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982]]
|-
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Terri Russell]] || 13 || 13 || 8 || 11 || 4 || 1.461 || [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982]]
|-
! rowspan=3 | 17
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Sarah Illingworth]] || 8 || 8 || 10 || 7 || 6 || 2.125 || [[1993 Women's Cricket World Cup|1993]]
|-
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Anju Jain]] || 8 || 8 || 9 || 8 || 5 || 2.125 || [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|2005]]
|-
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Edna Ryan (cricketer)|Edna Ryan]] || 12 || 12 || 12 || 5 || 4 || 1.416 || [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982]]
|-
| colspan=9 | Last updated: 27 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy keeping most dismissals series |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/keeping-most-dismissals-series/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Partnership==

===Highest partnerships (any wicket)===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre;"
|-
! Runs !! Partnership !! Batters !! Batting team !! Opposition !! class="unsortable" | Venue !! Date !! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
! 275
| 2nd wicket || [[Sarah Taylor (cricketer)|Sarah Taylor]] & [[Tammy Beaumont]] || {{crw|ENG}} || {{crw|SA}} || [[Bristol County Ground|County Ground]], [[Bristol]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|05}} || <ref name="ODI1067"/>
|-
! 262
| 2nd wicket || [[Haidee Tiffen]] & [[Suzie Bates]] || {{crw|NZ}} || {{crw|PAK}} || [[Drummoyne Oval]], [[Sydney]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|03|19}} || <ref name="ODI704"/>
|-
! 246
| 1st wicket || [[Lynne Thomas (cricketer)|Lynne Thomas]] & [[Enid Bakewell]] || {{crw|ENG}} || {{crw|International XI}} || [[County Cricket Ground, Hove|County Ground]], [[Hove]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1973|06|23}} || <ref name="ODI2">{{Cite web |title=ENG-W vs IntWn, Women's World Cup 1973, 3rd Match at Brighton, June 23, 1973 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-world-cup-1973-61179/england-women-vs-international-xi-women-3rd-match-66865/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 220
| 1st wicket || [[Lindsay Reeler]] & [[Ruth Buckstein]] || {{crw|AUS}} || {{crw|NED}} || Willetton Sports Club, [[Perth]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1988|11|29}} || <ref name="ODI100"/>
|-
! 216
| 1st wicket || [[Alyssa Healy]] & [[Rachael Haynes]] || {{crw|AUS}} || {{crw|WIN}} || [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|03|30}} || <ref name="ODI1272">{{Cite web |title=AUS-W vs WI-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2021/22, 1st Semi Final at Wellington, March 30, 2022 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2021-22-1219028/australia-women-vs-west-indies-women-1st-semi-final-1243936/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" colspan=8 | ''An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batters was dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or the required score being reached).'' Last updated: 5 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy fow highest partnerships for any wicket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/fow-highest-partnerships-for-any-wicket/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Highest partnerships (by wicket)===
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left"
|-
! Partnership !! Runs !! Batters !! Batting Team !! Opposition !! class="unsortable" | Venue !! Date !! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
! 1st wicket
| 246 || [[Lynne Thomas (cricketer)|Lynne Thomas]] & [[Enid Bakewell]] || rowspan=4|{{crw|ENG}} || {{crw|International XI}} || [[County Cricket Ground, Hove|County Ground]], [[Hove]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1973|06|23}} || <ref name="ODI2"/>
|-
! 2nd wicket
| 275 || [[Sarah Taylor (cricketer)|Sarah Taylor]] & [[Tammy Beaumont]] || {{crw|SA}} || [[Bristol County Ground|County Ground]], [[Bristol]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|05}} || <ref name="ODI1067"/>
|-
! rowspan=2 | 3rd wicket
| rowspan=2 | 213 || [[Helen Plimmer]] & [[Carole Hodges]] || {{crw|IRE}} || [[Sonning Lane]], [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|07|24}} || <ref name="ODI169">{{Cite web |title=ENG-W vs IRE-W, Women's World Cup 1993, 11th Match at Reading, July 24, 1993 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-world-cup-1993-61205/england-women-vs-ireland-women-11th-match-67112/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] & [[Heather Knight (cricketer)|Heather Knight]] || {{crw|PAK}} || [[Grace Road]], [[Leicester]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|06|27}} || <ref name="ODI1060"/>
|-
! 4th wicket
| 184 || [[Smriti Mandhana]] & [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] || {{crw|IND}} || {{crw|WIN}} || [[Seddon Park]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|03|12}} || <ref name="ODI1253">{{Cite web |title=IND-W vs WI-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2021/22, 10th Match at Hamilton, March 12, 2022 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2021-22-1219028/india-women-vs-west-indies-women-10th-match-1243917/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 5th wicket
| 188* || [[Claire Taylor]] & [[Jane Smit]] || {{crw|ENG}} || {{crw|SL}} || [[Bert Sutcliffe Oval]], [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|12|12}} || <ref name="ODI353">{{Cite web |title=ENG-W vs SL-W, CricInfo Women's World Cup 2000/01, 22nd Match at Lincoln, December 12, 2000 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/cricinfo-women-s-world-cup-2000-01-61240/england-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-22nd-match-67256/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 6th wicket
| 139* || [[Sara McGlashan]] & [[Nicola Browne]] || {{crw|NZ}} || {{crw|SA}} || [[Bradman Oval]], [[Bowral]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|03|12}} || <ref name="ODI694">{{Cite web |title=NZ-W vs SA-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2008/09, 12th Match, Group A at Bowral, March 12, 2009 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2008-09-351827/new-zealand-women-vs-south-africa-women-12th-match-group-a-357967/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 7th wicket
| 122 || [[Pooja Vastrakar]] & [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] || rowspan=2|{{crw|IND}} || {{crw|PAK}} || [[Bay Oval]], [[Mount Maunganui]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|03|06}} || <ref name="ODI1247"/>
|-
! 8th wicket
| 88 || [[Richa Ghosh]] & [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] || {{crw|SA}} || [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium|ACA–VDCA Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|10|09}} || <ref name="ODI1495">{{Cite web |title=IND-W vs RSA-W, ICC Women's World Cup 2025/26, 2nd Match at Visakhapatnam, October 09, 2025 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2025-26-1478193/india-women-vs-south-africa-women-10th-match-1490422/full-scorecard |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 9th wicket
| 106 || [[Beth Mooney]] & [[Alana King]] || rowspan=2|{{crw|AUS}} || {{crw|PAK}} || [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|10|8}} || <ref name="ODI1494">{{Cite web |title=AUS-W vs PAK-W, CricInfo Women's World Cup 2025/26, 9th Match at Christchurch, October 8, 2025 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2025-26-1478193/australia-women-vs-pakistan-women-9th-match-1490421/full-scorecard |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 10th wicket
| 76 || [[Alex Blackwell]] & [[Kristen Beams]] || {{crw|IND}} || [[County Ground, Derby|County Ground]], [[Derby]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|20}} || <ref name="ODI1084"/>
|-class="sortbottom"
| scope="row" colspan=8 | ''An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batter was dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or the required score being reached).'' Last updated: 30 October 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy fow highest partnerships by wicket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/fow-highest-partnerships-by-wicket/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Other records==
===Grounds===
{{See also|List of women's One Day International cricket grounds}}
The World Cup has been held in [[India]], [[England]] and [[New Zealand]] three times each. As many of New Zealand's grounds have multiple [[Cricket field|fields]], they dominate the list. However, even when those fields are considered as separate grounds, they still take places 3 in the top 5.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Matches !! Ground !! City !! Country !! Period
|-
! 22
| [[Bert Sutcliffe Oval]]{{efn|[[Bert Sutcliffe Oval]], [[Lincoln Green (New Zealand)|Lincoln Green]] and Lincoln No.3 are all parts of [[New Zealand Cricket|New Zealand Cricket's]] High Performance Centre at [[Lincoln University (New Zealand)|Lincoln University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Performance Centre |url=https://www.nzc.nz/corporate/high-performance-centre/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=NZC |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Venue Guide | url=https://heatonsport.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/pitch-and-venue-map.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731110522/https://heatonsport.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/pitch-and-venue-map.pdf | archive-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> If separated, the Bert Sutcliffe Oval has hosted 13 matched and Lincoln Green had hosted 9.}} || [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]] || rowspan=3 | {{flag|New Zealand}} || [[2000 Women's Cricket World Cup|2000]]
|-
! 14
| [[Hagley Oval]]{{efn|If separated, the [[Hagley Oval]] has hosted 7 matches and [[Hagley Park, Christchurch|Hagley Park No.2]] has hosted 7.}} || [[Christchurch]] || [[2000 Women's Cricket World Cup|2000]]–[[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]]
|-
! rowspan=2 | 13
| [[Basin Reserve]] || [[Wellington]] || [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982]]–[[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]]
|-
| [[North Sydney Oval]]{{efn|If separated, the [[North Sydney Oval]] has hosted 11 matches and Oval No.2 has hosted 2.}} || [[Sydney]] || {{flag|Australia}} || [[1988 Women's Cricket World Cup|1988]]–[[2009 Women's Cricket World Cup|2009]]
|-
! rowspan=2 | 10
| [[Brabourne Stadium]] || [[Mumbai]] || {{flag|India}} || [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup|2013]]
|-
| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]] || [[Colombo]] || {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 24 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;groupby=ground;orderby=matches;size=150;template=results;trophy=68;type=team |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
{{notelist}}
|}

=== Umpires ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

==== Most matches ====
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultleft col3center col4center"
|-
! Matches !! Umpire !! Gender !! Period
|-
! 22
| {{flagg|pxx|New Zealand|suff=Cricket}} [[Kathy Cross]] || {{Venus symbol|alt=female}} || [[2000 Women's Cricket World Cup|2000]]–[[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]]
|-
! 19
| {{flagg|pxx|RSA|pref=Cricket}} [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] || {{Mars symbol|alt=male}} || [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|2005]]–[[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]]
|-
! rowspan=3|15
| {{flagg|pxx|RSA|pref=Cricket}} [[Brian Jerling]] || {{Mars symbol|alt=male}} || [[2000 Women's Cricket World Cup|2000]]–[[2009 Women's Cricket World Cup|2009]]
|-
| {{flagg|pxx|England|suff=and Wales Cricket Board}} [[Sue Redfern]] || style="text-align:center" | {{Venus symbol|alt=female}} || [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]]–[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
| {{flagg|pxx|West Indies|pref=Cricket}} [[Jacqueline Williams]] || style="text-align:center" | {{Venus symbol|alt=female}} || [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]]–[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
| colspan=4 |Last updated: 2 November 2025<ref name="Umpires">{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy individual most matches umpire |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/individual-most-matches-umpire/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}
{{col-break}}

==== Most matches (female umpire) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Matches !! Umpire !! Period
|-
! 22
| {{flagg|pxx|New Zealand|suff=Cricket}} [[Kathy Cross]] || [[2000 Women's Cricket World Cup|2000]]–[[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]]
|-
! rowspan=2|15
| {{flagg|pxx|England|suff=and Wales Cricket Board}} [[Sue Redfern]] || [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]]–[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
| {{flagg|pxx|West Indies|pref=Cricket}} [[Jacqueline Williams]] || [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]]–[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
! 14
| {{flagg|pxx|Australia|pref=Cricket}} [[Claire Polosak]] || [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]]–[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
! 12
| {{flagg|pxx|Australia|pref=Cricket}} [[Eloise Sheridan]] || [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]]–[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
| colspan=3 |Last updated: 2 November 2025<ref name="Umpires"/>
|}
{{col-end}}
Additionally, [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] has umpired in three [[Women's Cricket World Cup|World Cup]] finals ([[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup final|2005]], [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup final|2013]] and [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup final|2017]]), more than any other umpire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umpire and referee records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/45389.html?class=9;filter=advanced;final_type=1;orderby=matches_umpire;template=results;trophy=68;type=official;view=match |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Umpire and referee records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;final_type=1;orderby=matches_umpire;template=results;trophy=68;type=official |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>

===Appearances===
[[File:Mithali Raj Truro 2012 square.jpg|thumb|[[Mithali Raj]] has appeared in more World Cups than any other woman, equalling the [[List of Cricket World Cup records#Tournaments|record]] of [[Javed Miandad]] and [[Sachin Tendulkar]] in the [[Cricket World Cup|Men's World Cup]].<ref name="Mithali Raj"/>]]

====Tournaments====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tournaments !! Player !! Matches !! Span
|-
! 6
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Mithali Raj]] || 38 || [[2000 Women's Cricket World Cup|2000]]–[[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]]
|-
! rowspan=11 | 5
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Debbie Hockley]] || 45 || [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982]]–[[2000 Women's Cricket World Cup|2000]]
|-
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Katherine Sciver-Brunt]] || 35 || [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|2005]]–[[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]]
|-
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] || 35 || [[2009 Women's Cricket World Cup|2009]]–[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Jhulan Goswami]] || 34 || [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|2005]]–[[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]]
|-
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Suzie Bates]] || 34 || [[2009 Women's Cricket World Cup|2009]]–[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Sophie Devine]] || 32 || [[2009 Women's Cricket World Cup|2009]]–[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Ellyse Perry]] || 32 || [[2009 Women's Cricket World Cup|2009]]–[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Marizanne Kapp]] || 31 || [[2009 Women's Cricket World Cup|2009]]–[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]]
|-
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Charlotte Edwards]] || 30 || [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|1997]]–[[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup|2013]]
|-
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Clare Taylor]] || 26 || [[1988 Women's Cricket World Cup|1988]]–[[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|2005]]
|-
| {{crwicon|WIN}} [[Anisa Mohammed]] || 23 || [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|2005]]–[[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]]
|-
| colspan=4 | Last updated: 2 November 2025.<ref name="Most matches">{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy individual most matches career |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/individual-most-matches-career/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mithali Raj">[https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/mithali-raj-becomes-1st-woman-cricketer-to-appear-at-6-cricket-world-cups-122030600128_1.html Mithali Raj becomes 1st woman cricketer to appear at 6 Cricket World Cups]</ref>
|}

====Most Matches====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Matches !! Player !! Runs !! Bat. Avg. !! Wickets !! Bowl. Avg.
|-
! 45
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Debbie Hockley]] || 1,501 || 42.88 || 6 || 27.33
|-
! 38
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Mithali Raj]] || 1,321 || 47.17 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! 36
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Jan Brittin]] || 1,299 || 43.30 || 5 || 13.60
|-
! rowspan=2|35
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Katherine Sciver-Brunt]] || 279 || 15.50 || 29 || 35.44
|-
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] || 1,136 || 45.44 || 7 || 41.74
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" |Last updated: 2 November 2025.<ref name="Most matches"/>
|}

==== Representing more than one team ====
The inclusion of [[Young England women's cricket team|Young England]], the [[International XI women's cricket team|International XI]], [[Jamaica women's national cricket team|Jamaica]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago women's national cricket team|Trinidad and Tobago]] in the early years of the tournament meant that players who would otherwise have been eligible to represent their national teams played for others in the World Cup. However, only a handful also appeared for those teams at another World Cup.

The only player to represent two national teams is [[Nicola Payne (cricketer)|Nicola Payne]] who played for the [[Netherlands women's national cricket team|Netherlands]] for 10 years and for 4 for [[New Zealand women's national cricket team|New Zealand]], which meant she appeared at 4 World Cups in total.<ref name="Nicola Payne"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Payne retires to leave gap at top of NZ women's order |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/payne-retires-to-leave-gap-at-top-of-nz-women-s-order-123934 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Player !! Countries !! Ref.
|-
| '''[[Sue Rattray]]'''
| {{ubl|{{crw|International XI}} ([[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973]], [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup#Squads|1982]]) | {{crw|NZ}} ([[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup#Squads|1978]])}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/54432.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;template=results;trophy=68;type=allround |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Rosalind Heggs]]'''
| {{ubl | {{flagg|pnf|England|pref=Young|suff=women's cricket team|name=Young England}} ([[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973]]) | {{crw|ENG}} ([[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup#Squads|1978]])}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/53783.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;template=results;trophy=68;type=allround |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Margaret Wilks]]'''
| {{ubl | {{flagg|pnf|ENG|pref=Young|suff=women's cricket team|name=Young England}} ([[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973]]) | {{crw|ENG}} ([[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup#Squads|1978]])}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/53875.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;template=results;trophy=68;type=allround |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Glynis Hullah]]'''
| {{ubl | {{flagg|pnf|ENG|pref=Young|suff=women's cricket team|name=Young England}} ([[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973]]) | {{crw|ENG}} ([[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup#Squads|1978]], [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup#Squads|1982]])}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/53788.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;template=results;trophy=68;type=allround |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Megan Lear]]'''
| {{ubl | {{flagg|pnf|ENG|pref=Young|suff=women's cricket team|name=Young England}} ([[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973]]) | {{crw|ENG}} ([[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup#Squads|1978]], [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup#Squads|1982]])}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/53795.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;template=results;trophy=68;type=allround |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Jacqueline Court]]'''
| {{ubl | {{flagg|pnf|ENG|pref=Young|suff=women's cricket team|name=Young England}} ([[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973]]) | {{crw|ENG}} ([[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup#Squads|1978]], [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup#Squads|1982]])}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/53752.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;template=results;trophy=68;type=allround |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Susan Goatman]]'''
| {{ubl | {{flagg|pnf|ENG|pref=Young|suff=women's cricket team|name=Young England}} ([[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973]]) | {{crw|ENG}} ([[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup#Squads|1982]])}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/53769.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;type=allround |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Nicola Payne (cricketer)|Nicola Payne]]'''
| {{ubl | {{crw|NED}} ([[1988 Women's Cricket World Cup#Squads|1988]], [[1993 Women's Cricket World Cup#Squads|1993]], [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|1997]]) | {{crw|NZ}} ([[2000 Women's Cricket World Cup squads|2000]])}}
| <ref name="Nicola Payne">{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/54315.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=default;template=results;trophy=68;type=allround |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|}


=== Most Player of the Match awards ===
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultleft col3center col4center col5center"
|-
! No. Awards !! Player !! Matches !! Player of the Tournament !! Tournaments
|-
! 8
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Charlotte Edwards]] || 30 || {{n/a}} || 1997–2013
|-
! rowspan=5 | 5
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Karen Rolton]] || style="text-align:center"| 28 || [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|2005]] || 1997–2009
|-
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Marizanne Kapp]] || style="text-align:center" | 31 || {{n/a}} || 2009–2025
|-
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Ellyse Perry]] || style="text-align:center" | 32 || {{n/a}} || 2009–2025
|-
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Mithali Raj]] || style="text-align:center"| 38 || {{n/a}} || 2000–2022
|-
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Debbie Hockley]] || style="text-align:center"|45 || {{n/a}} || 1982–2000
|-
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 2 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=awards_match;qualmin1=1;qualval1=awards_match;template=results;trophy=68;type=allround;view=awards |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

=== Most World Cup Titles ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. of Titles !! Player !! Tournaments !! Ref.
|-
! 3
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Sharon Tredrea]] || [[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup|1978]], [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982]], [[1988 Women's Cricket World Cup|1988]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/53576.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;team=289;template=results;trophy=68;type=allround |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

=== Age ===
A total of 94 players aged 19 years old or under have made an appearance in the World Cup<ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?agemax2=19;ageval2=age;class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=150;template=results;trophy=68;type=allround |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref> and 10 players aged more than 40 have played in the competition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?agemin2=40;ageval2=age;class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=150;template=results;trophy=68;type=allround |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Youngest Player
|-
! Age !! Player !! Match date !! Ref.
|-
! {{ayd|1993|04|14|2009|03|08}}
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Dane van Niekerk]] || [[2009 Women's Cricket World Cup|{{dts|format=dmy|2009|03|08}}]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/364413.html?agemax1=15;ageval1=age;class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=150;template=results;trophy=68;type=allround;view=match |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! {{ayd|1989|02|22|2005|03|22}}
| {{crwicon|SA}} [[Johmari Logtenberg]] || [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|03|22}}]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/54637.html?agemax1=16;agemin1=15;ageval1=age;class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=age;orderbyad=reverse;spanmin1=22+Mar+2005;spanval1=span;template=results;type=allround;view=match |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! {{ayd|1957|03|27|1973|06|23}}
| {{crwicon|WIN}} [[Beverly Browne]] || [[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|{{dts|format=dmy|1973|06|23}}]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/55112.html?agemax1=16;ageval1=age;class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=age;orderbyad=reverse;series=920;template=results;type=allround;view=match |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! {{ayd|1961|07|20|1978|01|01}}
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Gargi Banerjee]] || [[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup|{{dts|format=dmy|1978|01|01}}]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/54124.html?agemax1=16;agemin1=15;ageval1=age;class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=age;orderbyad=reverse;template=results;type=allround;view=match |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! {{ayd|2001|01|01|2017|07|02}}
| {{crwicon|WIN}} [[Qiana Joseph]] || [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|{{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|02}}]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/769485.html?agemax1=16;agemin1=15;ageval1=age;class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=age;orderbyad=reverse;template=results;trophy=68;type=allround;view=match |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=4 | All ages are calculated to the player's first match of the World Cup, not the start of the tournament. Last updated: 6 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?agemax1=16;ageval1=age;class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=68;type=allround |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Oldest Player
|-
! Age !! Player !! Match date !! Ref.
|-
! {{ayd|1957|04|19|2005|03|22}}
| {{crwicon|WIN}} [[Stephanie Power]] || [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|03|22}}]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/55179.html?agemin1=40;ageval1=age;class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=age;orderbyad=reverse;template=results;trophy=68;type=allround;view=match |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! {{ayd|1927|09|25|1973|07|14}}
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Kay Green]] || [[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|{{dts|format=dmy|1973|07|14}}]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/53774.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=age;orderbyad=reverse;template=results;type=allround;view=match |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! {{ayd|1930|01|08|1973|06|30}}
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Ethna Rouse]] || [[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|{{dts|format=dmy|1973|06|30}}]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/54435.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=age;orderbyad=reverse;template=results;type=allround;view=match |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! {{ayd|1939|06|11|1982|01|10}}
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Rachael Heyhoe Flint]] || [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|{{dts|format=dmy|1982|01|10}}]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/53887.html?agemin1=40;ageval1=age;class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=age;orderbyad=reverse;template=results;type=allround;view=match |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! {{ayd|1955|06|28|1997|12|11}}
| {{crwicon|WIN}} [[Ann Browne]] || [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|{{dts|format=dmy|1997|12|11}}]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/55111.html?agemin1=40;ageval1=age;class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=age;orderbyad=reverse;template=results;type=allround;view=match |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=4 | All ages are calculated to the player's first match of the World Cup, not the start of the tournament. Last updated: 6 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?agemin2=40;ageval2=age;class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;trophy=68;type=allround |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}
{{col-end}}

===Captaincy===

==== Most matches as a captain ====
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left col2left"
! Matches !! Player !! Won !! Lost !! Tied !! NR !! Win% !! Period
|-
! 28
| {{crwicon|IND}} [[Mithali Raj]] || 16 || 11 || 0 || 1 || 57.14 || 2005–2022
|-
! 23
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Belinda Clark]] || 21 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 91.30 || 1997–2005
|-
! 18
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Heather Knight (cricketer)|Heather Knight]] || 13 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 72.22 || 2017–2022
|-
! rowspan=6 | 15
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Meg Lanning]] || 13 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 86.66 || 2017–2022
|-
| {{crwicon|NZ}} [[Trish McKelvey]] || style="text-align:center;" | 7 || 7 || 1 || 0 || 46.66 || 1978–1982
|-
| {{crwicon|IRE}} [[Mary-Pat Moore]] || style="text-align:center;" | 4 || 11 || 0 || 0 || 26.66 || 1978–1982
|-
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Karen Smithies]] || style="text-align:center;" | 12 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 80.00 || 1993–1997
|-
| {{crwicon|WIN}} [[Stafanie Taylor]] || style="text-align:center;" | 5 || 9 || 0 || 1 || 33.33 || 2017–2022
|-
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Sharon Tredrea]] || style="text-align:center;" | 14 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 93.33 || 1982–1988
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="8" | Last updated: 8 August 2023.<ref name="WC Capt">{{Cite web |title=Women's World Cup Trophy individual most matches as captain |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/individual-most-matches-as-captain/women-s-world-cup-68 |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
[[Susan Goatman]] captained [[Young England women's cricket team|Young England]] for their 6 matches at the [[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973 World Cup]] and then captained England for their 13 matches at the [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982 World Cup]], which give her a total of 19 captaincies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/53769.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=default;template=results;type=allround |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

==== Best win% as a captain ====
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultleft col3center"
|-
! Win% !! Player !! Matches !! Span
|-
! 93.33
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Sharon Tredrea]] || 15 || 1982–1988
|-
! 91.30
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Belinda Clark]] || 23 || 1997–2005
|-

! 86.66
| {{crwicon|AUS}} [[Meg Lanning]] || 15 || 2017–2022
|-
! 80.00
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Karen Smithies]] || 15 || 1993–1997
|-
! 78.57
| {{crwicon|ENG}} [[Charlotte Edwards]] || 14 || 2009–2013
|-
| colspan=4 | Qualification: minimum 10 matches as captain. Last updated: 7 August 2023.<ref name="WC Capt"/>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Cricket}}
*[[List of women's One Day International cricket records]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Women's Cricket World Cup}}
{{International women's cricket}}
{{Cricket records}}

[[Category:Women's One Day International cricket|World Cup]]
[[Category:Women's Cricket World Cup|Records]]
[[Category:Women's cricket-related lists|World Cup Records]]

Sangaria Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T09:40:42Z

Jhonny:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sangaria
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-7-Sangaria.svg
| mla = [[Abhimanyu Poonia]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| established = 1967
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Hanumangarh district]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 7
}}

'''Sangaria Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Ganganagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

Sangaria Constituency covers all voters from [[Sangaria, India|Sangaria tehsil]] and [[Tibbi|Tibbi tehsil]].<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]</ref>

==Members of Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
! Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2|Birbal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name="election1972">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_RJ_72.pdf 1972 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Ram Chander (politician)|Ram Chander]]<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Mahinder Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Krishan Chander Bishnoi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Het Ram Beniwal
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Gurjant Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|Independent}}<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Krishan Chander Bishnoi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Gurjant Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Param Navdeep
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election2008-1">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| Krishan Kadva
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Gurdeep Singh Shahpini]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Abhimanyu Poonia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangaria<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abhimanyu Poonia
|votes = {{formatnum:98341}}
|percentage = 47.4
|change = +1.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Gurdeep Singh Shahpini|votes={{formatnum:56331}}|percentage=27.15|change=-22.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Gulab Sinwar|votes={{formatnum:40266}}|percentage=19.41|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|candidate=Param Navdeep Singh|votes={{formatnum:3036}}|percentage=1.46|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Jagjeet Singh|votes={{formatnum:2232}}|percentage=1.08|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:1765}}|percentage=0.85|change=-0.09}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:42010}}|percentage=20.25|change=+16.99}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:207478}}|percentage=84.3|change=-2.79}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangaria<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gurdeep Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:99064}}
|percentage = 49.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shabnam Godara
|votes = {{formatnum:92526}}
|percentage = 46.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Balvir Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2863}}
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rupendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2063}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1891}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6538}}
|percentage = 3.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:200650}}
|percentage = 87.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janta Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|29.78|74.46|display=title}}

[[Category:Hanumangarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Kirpal Singh (admiral)

2026-05-08T04:44:33Z

Jhonny: stub

{{Short description|Indian Navy officer (1925–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]
| name = Kirpal Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|9|5|df=y}}<ref name="Anad">{{cite web|title=Rear Admiral Kirpal Singh (Retd.)|url=https://anadfoundation.org/about/board-of-advisors/rear-admiral-kirpal-singh-retd/|website=Anad Foundation|date=13 January 2012 |access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Beawar]], [[Ajmer]], [[Ajmer-Merwara]], [[British India]] (now in [[Rajasthan]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|8|10|1925|9|5|df=y}}
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| burial_label =
| burial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{navy|British India}} {{navy|India}}
| service_years = 1943–1977
| rank = [[File:12-Indian_Navy-RADM.svg|20px]] [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear-Admiral]]
| service_number =
| unit =
| commands = [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]] {{ship|INS|Vikrant|1961}}
| battles = [[Second World War]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| relations =
| other_work =
| signature =
| website =
}}

[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] '''Kirpal Singh''', [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]] (5 September 1925 – 10 August 2021) was a [[flag officer]] in the [[Indian Navy]] and founder of Dolphin Offshore Enterprises, one of India's first offshore technology firms. As a philanthropist, he formed the Dolphin Foundation,<ref>Dolphin Foundation Indian Oil, Economic Times, 29 May 2009: [https://archive.today/20130806234853/http://www.iocl.com/MediaCenter/PrintNews.aspx?NewsID=5260&NewsTypeID=-1]</ref> dedicated to providing grants and fellowships in the offshore and marine industry.<ref>{{cite book|title=Blueprint to Bluewater: The Indian Navy 1951 – 1965|first=Satyindra|last=Singh|year=1992|publisher=Lancer|page=529|isbn=9788170621485}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Transition To Triumph: History of the Indian Navy 1965–1975|page=56|first=G.M.|last=Hiranandani|year=2000|publisher=Lancer|isbn=9781897829721}}</ref><ref>''The Times of India Year Book Including Who's Who'' (1973). Page 26</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=Bloomberg Business Week|title=Dolphin Offshore Enterprises|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=28509596&ticker=DOEI:IN|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130731180007/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=28509596&ticker=DOEI:IN|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 July 2013}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh was born to Partap Singh and Laj Wanti, on 5 September 1925 in [[Beawar]], in the district of Ajmer, Rajasthan. His father was a junior level Police Officer in the Opium Contraband Control Department during the [[British Raj]]. Singh grew up in very modest circumstances. In 1930, when Partap Singh retired prematurely at the age of 42, the family moved to [[Rawalpindi]] in North-West Punjab (now in Pakistan).

Singh received his early education at Khalsa High School in Rawalpindi. In 1939, he was selected for a scholarship to join the ''Indian Mercantile Marine [[Training Ship Dufferin]]'' at Bombay. Singh initially trained as a cadet for the Merchant Navy from 1940 to 1942, the first of many occasions when he was awarded an Extra First Class or First Class Certificate.

==Naval career==
Japan's entry in the [[Second World War]] and its swift occupation of the Indian territory of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] abruptly changed Singh's career path.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal=Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society
|year=1945
|publisher=Taylor and Francis
|title=Royal Indian Navy
|first=JTS|last=Hall
|volume=32
|pages=68–79
|doi=10.1080/03068374508731156
}}</ref>

===World War II===
Singh served as a midshipman during World War II on board the battleship, [[HMS Anson (79)|HMS ''Anson'']] from January 1944 to June 1944, escorting Allied convoys from the Atlantic across the Arctic Ocean to Murmansk, Russia. Thereafter he was transferred to {{HMS|King George V|41|6}} on board which he participated in military operations in the Mediterranean and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). Later, as part of [[British Pacific Fleet]], his ship survived the constant threat of the Japanese Kamikaze pilots in Okinawa. During his tenure on these battleships, Singh came into contact with his mentor, Admiral [[Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape]]. He also benefited from programs for overseas officers organised by the [[Victoria League]].

After the war, from September 1945 to March 1946, Singh attended technical courses as a Sub Lieutenant with the Royal Navy. A year later, he was sent to the UK to specialize in Gunnery at the Royal Navy's Gunnery School at [[HMS Excellent (shore establishment)|HMS ''Excellent'']].

=== Post-Independence ===
In 1949, Singh served as [[Aide-de-camp]] (ADC) to the last [[Governor-General of India]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]] at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]], the President's official address. During this formative time of India's Independence, he came in close contact with several of the nation's leaders like [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].

Singh held many positions during his naval career. He commanded various ships and establishments, including the aircraft carrier {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} and the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]]. On 28 March 1973, he was promoted to his final rank of [[Rear admiral (India)|rear admiral]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gazette of India |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1974/O-1255-1974-0050-55622.pdf |website=egazette.nic.in}}</ref>

In April 2017, Singh attended the second reunion of the AsDC (Aides-de-Camp), hosted by President [[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref>[https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/president-expresses-gratitude-to-his-asdc-for-their-service/1039134 President expresses gratitude to his AsDC for their service]</ref>

==Business career==
Singh's post-naval career began with the establishment of a small ship repair firm with three other partners. He also represented [[Balfour Beatty|Balfour Beatty Engineering Ltd]] in India. In early 1978, he met a senior general manager in the state owned [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC), which had discovered oil and gas at [[Bombay High]]. At the ONGC executive's suggestion, that India urgently needed to develop its underwater technology capabilities, Singh attended the [[Offshore Technology Conference]] (Houston) in May 1978. There he persuaded the business leadership of Taylor Diving and Salvage Co., a subsidiary of [[KBR (company)|Brown and Root]] and the [[Halliburton]] group, to jointly bid for work on ONGC contracts. On 17 May 1979, Singh, along with Shavax Lal, with whom he had become acquainted during his tenure as C. Rajagopalachari's aide-de-camp, launched Dolphin Offshore Enterprises with the objective of providing supply vessels, diving and marine engineering services to India's nascent offshore oil and gas industry. In 1994, Dolphin Offshore Enterprises made its [[initial public offering]]. The company is listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange|Bombay]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India]]. Singh served as Chairman of Dolphin Offshore Enterprises.

== Philanthropy ==
Singh provided a grant for the launch of the Maritime Museum in Kochi.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/21/stories/2008072157540200.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731100023/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/21/stories/2008072157540200.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=31 July 2008
|title=Charting India's maritime tradition
|author=Staff
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=21 July 2008
}}</ref> Through the Dolphin Foundation, he provided grants for individuals in the offshore and maritime industry in India. In 2006, he launched a scholarship program for the children of sailors in the Indian Navy.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://citynewslive.com/fullstory2k5-insight-Scholarship+award-status-24-newsID-111807.html
|title=Admiral Kirpal Singh Scholarships Awarded to Children
|work=OnlyPunjab.com
|accessdate=29 July 2013
}}</ref> He and his wife Manjit Kirpal Singh were Trustees and Advisory board members of the Anad Foundation,<ref>
{{cite web
|publisher=Anad Foundation
|url=http://anadfoundation.org/about/board-of-trustees-advisors-of-the-anad-foundation/
|title=Board of Trustees
|date=12 January 2012
|accessdate=31 July 2013
}}</ref> dedicated to advancing the values of humanism through spiritual music. He was dedicating his time to launching a technical institute to train young Indians for the offshore energy and maritime industry.<ref>
{{cite news
|work=The Economic Times
|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/emerging-markets-where-the-future-is/the-offshore-support-industry-can-be-an-engine-of-social-change-in-india/articleshow/4591342.cms
|title=The offshore support industry can be an engine of social change in India
|author=ET Bureau
|date=29 May 2010

}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kirpal Singh married Manjit Kaur Dugal in New Delhi on 20 September 1953. She is the daughter of Uttam Singh Dugal<ref>Documents on Punjab, Page 238, 1994, O.P.Ralhan et al</ref> and Balwant Kaur.

Kirpal and Manjit collaborated closely,<ref>{{cite web
|publisher=Indian Naval Wives Welfare Association
|url=http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/irfc/nwwa/html/activities.htm
|title=Activities
|accessdate=31 July 2013
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130730200037/http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/irfc/nwwa/html/activities.htm
|archive-date=30 July 2013
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> and the Development Initiative For Self-reliance and Human Advancement (DISHA).<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.dishaindia.in
|title=Homepage
|publisher=Development Initiative For Self-reliance and Human Advancement
}}</ref> She was the first Director of Finance for Dolphin Offshore. She recently resigned as a Director of the company, after serving on the Board for 32 years.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=31065093&ticker=DOEI:IN&previousCapId=20342627&previousTitle=DOLPHIN%20OFFSHORE%20ENTERPRISES
|title=Executive Profile: Mrs. Manjit Kirpal Singh
|work=Business Week
|accessdate=29 July 2013
}}{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

He died on 10 August 2021, at the age of 95.<ref>[https://www.forevermissed.com/kirpal-singh/lifestory Kirpal Singh (1925–2021)]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XmY-7CqZG28 Rear Admiral Kirpal Singh Eulogy]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dolphinoffshore.com Dolphin Offshore]
* [http://anadfoundation.org/ Anad Foundation]
* [https://archive.today/20130730200037/http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/irfc/nwwa/html/activities.htm Naval Wives Welfare Association]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Elenjikal Chandy Kuruvila]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[INS_Vikrant_(1961)#Commanding_officers|Commanding Officer INS Vikrant]]|years=1969–1971}}
{{s-aft|after=S L Sethi}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]]|years=1973–1973}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Swaraj Parkash]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kirpal}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Western Fleet]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Indian Navy rear admirals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Royal Indian Navy officers]]

Naga People's Movement for Human Rights

2026-05-07T00:00:34Z

Jhonny: starting new details...

{{Draft article|nomove=yes}}

{{copypaste|date=April 2026|url=http://nativenet.uthscsa.edu/archive/nl/9408/0237.html}}
{{Short description|Human rights organisation based in Northeast India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| formation = 9 September 1978
| abbreviation = NPMHR
| founder = Hokiye, Gugs Chishi, P. S. Lorin, Luingam Luithui, Ahu Sakhrie, and Labu Sakhrie,
| secretary_general = Neingulo Krome
}}
'''Naga People's Movement for Human Rights''' (NPMHR) is an organisation based in [[Northeast India]]. It is a member of the [[Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact]] and [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]. It plays an important role in spreading awareness in India about the oppression of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] and the country's paramilitary forces against the [[Naga people]] in Northeast India. It has fought landmark cases in the [[Supreme Court of India]] addressing human rights violations.

== History ==
The Naga People's Movement for Human Rights (NPMHR) was started in 9 September 1978 in the [[The Emergency (India)|Post-Emergency era]] to represent the human rights violations against [[Naga people]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Krome |first=Neingulo |date=7 September 2010 |title=NPMHR at the Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact |url=https://morungexpress.com/npmhr-at-the-asia-indigenous-peoples-pact#google_vignette |access-date=20 December 2025 |work=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref> Some of its founding members were, [[P. S. Lorin]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2021 |title=‘A great educator, social worker and guide’ |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/a-great-educator-social-worker-and-guide |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref> Luingam Luithui,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-03-31 |title=Naga activist fights for right to Indian citizenship |url=https://iwgia.org/en/india/1998-naga-activist-fights-for-right-to-indian-citizensh.html |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ahu Sakhrie,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2016 |title=NPMHR founding member Ahu Sakhrie passes away |url=https://morungexpress.com/npmhr-founding-member-ahu-sakhrie-passes-away#google_vignette |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref> Labu Sakhrie,<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2023 |title=Nagaland: ‘Politics is a noble pursuit’ |url=https://morungexpress.com/nagaland-politics-is-a-noble-pursuit |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref> Gugs Chishi,<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=11 September 2016 |title=NPMHR commemorates 38th Foundation Day |url=https://morungexpress.com/npmhr-commemorates-38th-foundation-day-0 |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref> and Hokiye.<ref name=":3" /> NPMHR's mission is to ensure and safe-guard,

* The right to life{{Note|Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India AIR 1978 SC 597}}
* The right to work;
* The right to live together as a people and the unification of all Naga lands;
* The right to hold and communicate one’s belief;
* The freedom of movement, assembly and associations;
* Free access to all places of learning;
* Maximum participation of the people in the making of decisions affecting their lives;
* Freedom from socio-economic exploitation, political domination and military repression;
* Against anti-democratic practices and the dismantling of institutions and social values which legitimize and perpetuate these within our society;
* Against the practices of arbitrary arrest, detention, torture, execution, and the use of unconventional weapons; and
* Against the imposition of undesirable alien legal systems and socio-cultural concepts and ways of life.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mao |first=X. P. |author-link= |url=https://www.google.se/books/edition/Social_Movements_in_North_East_India/-3FJEfU3swcC?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=Social+Movements+in+North-East+India&pg=PP4&printsec=frontcover |title=Social Movements in North-East India |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |year=1998 |editor-last=Karna |editor-first=Mahendra Narain |location=New Delhi |pages=140-141 |language=en |chapter=Youth Movement in Nagaland}}</ref>

NPMHR's first event was organising a Human Rights Week in Nagaland to observe the 30th Anniversary of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (UDHR). At the village-level meetings organised as part of the initiative, many recounted "the frequent torture, hunger and humiliation heaped upon them by the Indian Armed Forces."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Haksar |first=Nandita |author-link=Nandita Haksar |date=1985 |title=Naga People's Movement for Human Rights: A Report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4375114 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=20 |issue=50 |pages=2201–2203 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> They recorded instances of, [[public execution]], [[mass sexual assault]], [[Genital modification and mutilation|violent genital mutiliation]], [[Electrical injury|electrical shocks]], body mutilation, [[torture]], burning of villages, granaries and crops, [[Concentration camp|concentration camps]], [[starvation]] and [[forced labour]].<ref name=":2" />

NPMHR then organised a human rights conference in [[Ukhrul]] in 1985 for human rights activists from India to visit and exchange experiences with Naga activists. The town was then under army control instead of civil administration, and had faced some of the most severe repression in contemporary times. Some of those present for the meeting included, Thinoselie M. Keyho (later, [[Naga National Council]]), Mowu Gwizan (National Workers Association), Tiala Gwizan (National Workers Association), [[Neidonuo Angami]] ([[Naga Mothers' Association]]), [[Akshay Ramanlal Desai]], [[Gobinda Mukhoty]] (president, [[People's Union for Democratic Rights]]), Jagmohan Singh (general secretary, Association for Democratic Rights), [[Xavier Dias]] (trade unionist), [[Thomas Kocherry]] (chairman, National Fisheries' Forum, Paul Raj (Indian Peoples Front), Tarun Kumar (editor, Resistance), Saswati Ghosh, and [[Vemetsu Tetseo]] (editor, [[Oking Times]]) among others.<ref name=":0" />

In 1993 NPMHR, along with several other Naga organisations, celebrated the 'Naga Week' observing the [[United Nations|United Nations']] [[International Year for the World's Indigenous People]]. At this meeting, the Naga peoples and participating organisations adopted the declaration which stated,

* Our Right to live as a people through unification of all Naga areas;
* The Right to be free from the clutches of occupational forces; and
* The Right to have the United Nations recognition of the Naga country as a Sovereign Nation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-12-12 |title=Multilayered tools have been engaged to silence our resolve for freedom: NPMHR |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/multilayered-tools-have-been-engaged-to-silence-our-resolve-for-freedom-npmhr/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Leadership ==
Neingulo Krome is NPMHR's secretary general. He has previously been a member of the executive council of the [[Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact]] (AIPP). Since 2020, the Government of India has imposed various travel restrictions on Krome. In 2020 he was barred from international travel to engage in advocacy without formal legal proceedings against him. In April 2025, he was once again barred from boarding an international flight to attend international advocacy meetings. He was on his way to [[Kathmandu]] to attend a conference organised by AIPP, following which he was scheduled to access medical treatment abroad. He was informed that his passport had been cancelled, without any further explanation. The [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] (UNPO) issued a condemnation in this regard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-16 |title=UNPO Condemns Harassment of Naga Human Rights Defender Mr. Neingulo Krome by Indian Authorities |url=https://unpo.org/unpo-condemns-harassment-of-naga-human-rights-defender-mr-neingulo-krome-by-indian-authorities/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Legal advocacy ==
The ''Naga People’s Movement of Human Rights v. Union of India''<ref>''Naga People’s Movement for Human Rights v. Union of'' ''India'' (1997), 2 SCC 109.</ref> was a landmark court case in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naga People’s Movement of Human Rights Vs. Union of India |url=https://jkilsfoundation.com/naga-peoples-movement-of-human-rights-vs-union-of-india/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=JKILS Foundation}}</ref> The Supreme Court emphasised that, as per the provisions of AFSPA, any place can be declared "disturbed" only for a limited time. This declaration must be reviewed every six months. The extension can be imposed only if assistance of armed forces was essential for civil administration, as mentioned in the law.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doshi |first=Kosha |last2=Saikia |first2=Bandana |date=2022-02-04 |title=The Case of Nagaland: Addressing Controversial Provisions of the Armed Forces Act in India |url=https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2022/02/doshi-saikia-armed-forces-act-nagaland-india/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=www.jurist.org |language=en-US}}</ref> However, many viewed this case as a loss for Naga people as the court upheld the constitutionality of AFSPA and refused to quash it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chasie |first=Charles |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep06512.pdf |title=The State Strikes Back: India and the Naga Insurgency |last2=Hazarika |first2=Sanjoy |publisher=East West Center |year=2009 |location=Washington D. C. |language=en}}</ref> Nevertheless, the case provided a basis for the 2017 judgement in the ''Extra-judicial Execution Victims Family Association (EEVFAM) v. Union of India'' case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2017 |title=Naga People's Movement of Human Rights vs Union of India |url=https://slic.org.in/publication/naga-peopleaposs-movement-of-human-rights-vs-union-of-india |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Socio-Legal Information Centre |language=en}}</ref>

NPMHR also took the [[Indian Army]] to court for its violence against civilians in [[Oinam]] during [[Operation Bluebird]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zehol |first=Lucy |author-link=Lucy Zehol |url=https://www.google.se/books/edition/Social_Movements_in_North_East_India/-3FJEfU3swcC?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=Social+Movements+in+North-East+India&pg=PP4&printsec=frontcover |title=Social Movements in North-East India |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |year=1998 |editor-last=Karna |editor-first=Mahendra Narain |location=New Delhi |pages=72 |language=en |chapter=Women's Movement in Manipur: Some observations}}</ref>

In 1992 after [[S. C. Jamir]] was shot in Nagaland House,<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=20 November 1992 |title=Jamir shot at in Delhi |work=[[The Times of India]] |page=1 |agency=PTI}}</ref> several students from Northeast India studying in Delhi were harassed by the police in the course of the investigation. Students from the [[Tangkhul people|Tangkhul Naga]] community were singled out for special attention. NPMHR along with [[People's Union for Democratic Rights]] (PUDR) condemned excessive police harassment against the students by ordering them to report at the police station, detaining them, searching their rooms, and confiscating their belonging. They worked closely in getting detained students release from custody.<ref>{{Cite news |last=The Times of India News Service |date=24 December 1992 |title=North-East students allegedly harassed |work=[[The Times of India]] |page=10}}</ref>

== Campaigns ==
NPMHR issued a condemnation of the [[2023–2025 Manipur violence]] asking that "there should be no misdiagnosis of this conflict as a 'law and order' problem or an ethnic and religious clash.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NPMHR |date=22 July 2023 |title=Any promise from GoI on Manipur will be at cost of more lives unless there is genuine interest in building region: NPMHR |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/any-promise-from-goi-on-manipur-will-be-at-cost-of-more-lives-unless-there-is-genuine-interest-in-building-region-npmhr/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>

Tracing back to its roots, NPMHR annually commemorates the UDHR at various locations. In 2023, it reasserted the 1993 declaration of the right to live "as a people through unification of all Naga areas."<ref name=":1" />

== Former members ==

* [[Nandita Haksar]], advocate and writer
* [[Dolly Kikon]], anthropologist
* [[Aküm Longchari]], publisher, ''[[The Morung Express]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Co-founder & managing director of daily newspaper in Nagaland – Peacebuilder Online |url=https://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/2010/12/akum-longchari/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=emu.edu}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Naga Students' Union, Delhi]]
* [[Forum for Naga Reconciliation]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Draft categories|
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Asia]]
[[Category:Political organizations established in 1978]]
[[Category:Human rights organizations based in Asia]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Nagaland]]
}}

D.A.V. (Boys) Senior Secondary School, Mogappair

2026-05-02T09:13:52Z

Jhonny: added a details basic info

{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = D.A.V. (Boys) Senior Secondary School
| location =
| address = R-45, 120 Feet road
| region = [[Mogappair]]
| city = [[Chennai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| postal_code = 600050
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0885|N|80.1816|E|display=inline,title}}
| school_number =
| school_board = CBSE
| affiliation = Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi
| principal = Smt. S Nandhini
| schooltype = All Boys
| motto = Leading us from darkness to light
| website = http://boysmgp.davchennai.org/
}}
'''D.A.V. (Boys) Senior Secondary School, Mogappair''' is an all boys school that was established in the year 1989 as a part of D.A.V. Group of Schools, Chennai. The school is a sister concern of [[D.A.V. Boys Senior Secondary School]], Gopalapuram. The primary medium of instruction for all non-language subjects is English. The school is managed by the Tamil Nadu Arya Samaj Educational Society, Chennai, a limb of Arya Samaj (Central); Chennai, under the Societies Act XXI of 1860, Sl. No.101 of 1974.<ref name="davchennai">{{cite web|url=http://davchennai.org/schools/cbse-boys-mogappair/|publisher=davchennai.org|title=CBSE {{pipe}} Boys {{pipe}} Mogappair – D.A.V. Group of Schools, Chennai|accessdate=2016-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924050113/http://davchennai.org/schools/cbse-boys-mogappair/|archive-date=24 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The school educates students from LKG to class XII.

==Campus==
The school is located amidst a salubrious atmosphere at Mogappair, Chennai. This school is exclusive for Boys and currently hosts around 2750 Boys on its rolls. The Senior Secondary School has 71 class rooms, administrative offices, laboratories, art, Work-Experience, Computer Science sections, a library and a Reading Room. The multipurpose auditorium provides space for two indoor badminton courts and table tennis tables. There is a full-length play field for major games like cricket, football. Well laid courts for volleyball, throw-ball, basketball, etc. are also available. A special play area is reserved for the Nursery kids.<ref name="davchennai"/>rwe0igjwij

==Academics==
'''D.A.V (Boys) Senior Secondary School, Mogappair''' ostensibly boasts of consistent and note-worthy academic records since inception, while consistently falling short. The high standard of education offered is justified by the Board Exam results which have always been 100% pass with very high averages in all subjects, and a very large number of students achieving distinction. The results of AISSCE and AISSE held in March 2017 have also been excellent.<ref name="davchennai"/>

==Student life==
The school provides avenues for the development of its students. To give ample opportunities to the children to develop leadership qualities and grow into balanced personalities, the prefectorial and the House systems have been a permanent feature. Under the House systems Inter-House Competitions in debating, quiz, essay writing, short-story writing, music, painting etc. are conducted. Inter-House games and athletics form an integral part of the co-curricular activities. The students are encouraged and provided with opportunities to participate in Inter-School Competitions.<ref name="davchennai"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Chennai]]

Sidharth (artist)

2026-05-02T05:58:09Z

Jhonny: Put Up Initial Data More To Come

{{Short description|Indian painter and sculptor (born 1956)}}
[[File:Sidarth 6.jpg|thumb|Sidarth in 2025]]
[[File:Sidarth 5.jpg|thumb|Sidarth in 2025]]
[[File:Sidarth 4.jpg|thumb|Sidarth in 2025]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Sidharth
| birth_name = Harjinder Singh
| image = Sidharthartist.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1956
| birth_place = Bassian ([[Raikot]]), [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| field = Painting
| training =
| alma_mater =
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| awards =
| memorials =
| elected =
| website =
| bgcolour =
| module =
}}

'''Sidharth''' (born 1956 in Bassian, near [[Raikot]] town in [[Ludhiana district]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]), is an Indian painter and sculptor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/colour-coordinated/|date= 31 March 2013|title= Colour Coordinated | author = Parul |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sidharth was born in the village of Bassian in Punjab, India. He completed his early education in Bassian and later in Raikot. During his school years, he began painting signboards and developed an early interest in visual art. He received informal training in fresco painting from local artisans and apprenticed under village mason Tara Mistry, learning to create murals and friezes.
[[File:Sidarth 2.jpg|thumb|Sidarth in 2025]]
He later studied Thangka painting techniques from Tibetan monks in Dharamsala and spent time with renowned artist Sobha Singh at his studio in Andretta, Himachal Pradesh.

He pursued formal education in art by completing a five-year Diploma in Painting from the Government College of Arts, Chandigarh. During this period, he also learned the techniques of Madhubani painting and Kashmiri papier-mâché crafts from master artisans.

Following his studies in India, he spent some time in Sweden, further expanding his artistic perspective. He currently lives and works in New Delhi, where he maintains his own studio.

== Career ==
Since 1976, Sidharth has held 28 solo exhibitions and participated in over 460 group shows, including international art fairs in India, the United Kingdom, Sweden, the United States, Africa, Singapore, and Hong Kong.

His artwork is part of several notable collections, including:

* Government museums in India
* The British Council, New Delhi
* Punjab Lalit Kala Akademi
* Ambassadors of Britain, Mexico, and Sweden
* Düsseldorf Museum, Germany
* Heda, Sweden
* Various industrial and private collections in India and abroad

== Artistic practice ==
Sidharth is known for producing his own organic pigments using natural materials such as vegetables, minerals, and earth-based sources. His practice bridges traditional techniques and contemporary themes, often exploring cultural, spiritual, and ecological subjects. His multidisciplinary approach includes painting, sculpture, writing, and documentary filmmaking.
[[File:Sidarth 3.jpg|thumb|Sidarth in 2025]]

== Awards and recognition ==
Sidharth has received numerous awards for his contributions to art and literature, including:

* Honorary D.Litt., [[Punjabi University]], Patiala (2012)
* Punjab Gaurav Award (2024)
* Nanak Naam Leva Personality Award, Government of Punjab (2022)
* Awards from Punjab Lalit Kala Akademi, Himachal Pradesh State Akademi, and [[Bharat Bhavan]], Bhopal

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sidharth}}
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Government College of Art, Chandigarh, alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Siniyala

2026-05-01T20:55:10Z

Jhonny: Put Up First Page Basic Info!

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Siniyala
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.7330|N|73.6705|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 27.68
| population_total = 3092
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=12 January 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Siniyala''' is a village in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil within the [[Bikaner]] district of the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].

Villagers primarily rely on [[agriculture]], with many owning their own enterprises.

==Demographics==

As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]], the population numbered 3,092, including 1,595 males and 1,497 females. The Literacy rate was 48.03%.<ref>{{cite web |title= Census of Siniyala village. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69643-siniyala-rajasthan.html |access-date=28 November 2024}}</ref>

100% of the village follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Siniyala Village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|99.8}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Siniyala Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]], a dialect of [[Rajasthani Language|Rajsthani]], is the most spoken language, although the village administration uses [[Hindi Language|Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Siniyala village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=96|value2=3.9|value3=0.10|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Siniyala village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

==Transport==

Siniyala is near the Sikar-Nokha Highway, [[State Highway 20 (Rajasthan)|SH-20]]. The roads are in good condition. No railway services reaches the village. Inhabitants travel to [[Nokha railway station|Nokha]] or [[Bikaner railway station|Bikaner]] for the train.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview Of Bikaner Division |url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1436959747628-An%20Overview%20of%20Bikaner%20Division%20update%20on%20June%202015.pdf |website=nwr.indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=28 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]
{{improve categories|date=November 2024}}

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Giridih Municipal Corporation

2026-04-29T04:07:34Z

Jhonny:

{{Short description|Local governing body of Giridih}}
{{Further|Giridih|Giridih district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Giridih Municipal Corporation
| native_name = गिरिडीह नगर निगम
| foundation = {{start date and age|2016}}
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India) | Mayor]]
| leader1 = Pramila Mehra (JMM)
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Sumit Kumar (JMM)
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India) | Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = Anil Kumar Rai
| leader4_type = [[Executive Officer]]
| leader4 = Vijya Yadav
| seats = 36
| session_room = Giridih Municipal Corporation.jpg
| meeting_place = J. P. Chowk (Tower Chowk), [[Giridih]], [[Jharkhand]]
| website = {{url | https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/Giridih/Giridih.aspx}}
| last_election1 = 2026
| next_election1 = 2031
}}

'''Giridih Municipal Corporation''' is the [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] governing [[India|Indian]] city of [[Giridih]]. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> The corporation is governed by [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]] and administered by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal commissioner]].

== History and administration ==
Giridih Municipal Corporation Municipal Corporation was formed in 2016<ref name="di2">{{cite news |title=Corporation status for Giridih likely by June |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/corporation-status-for-giridih-likely-by-june/articleshow/52139186.cms |access-date=27 May 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=6 May 2016}}</ref> to improve the infrastructure of the town as per the needs of local population. Giridih Municipal Corporation Corporation has been categorized into 36 wards<ref name="gi3">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporation demarcated, 36 wards created by including 26 villages |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-MAT-latest-giridih-news-024002-285320-NOR.html |access-date=27 May 2022 |publisher=bhaskar.com}}</ref> and each ward is headed by councillor for which elections are held every 5 years.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

== Functions ==
Giridih Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="Gi9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Gi10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorizing use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue ==
The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government<ref name="Gi11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gi12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gi13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Property tax
* Profession tax
* Entertainment tax
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax
* Advertisement tax

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===
Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Water usage charges
* Fees from Documentation services
* Rent received from municipal property
* Funds from municipal bonds

== See also ==

* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/Giridih/Giridih.aspx Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527073234/https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/Giridih/Giridih.aspx |date=27 May 2022 }}

{{Giridih District}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Municipal corporations in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Giridih]]
[[Category:Urban local bodies in Jharkhand]]

Criminal Jurisdiction Act 1802

2026-04-25T12:43:02Z

Jhonny: added new stub needs work

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Criminal Jurisdiction Act 1802{{efn|name=st|The citation of this act by this [[short title]] was authorised by section 1 of, and the first schedule to, the [[Short Titles Act 1896]]. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the [[Interpretation Act 1978]].}}
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| type = Act
| long_title = An Act for the trying and punishing in Great Britain Persons holding publick Employments, for Offences committed abroad; and for extending the Provisions of [[21 Jas. 1|an Act passed in the Twenty-first Year of the Reign of King James]] made for the Ease of Justices and others in pleading in Suits brought against them, to all Persons, either in or out of this Kingdom, authorized to commit to safe Custody.
| year = 1802
| citation = [[42 Geo. 3]]. c. 85
| territorial_extent = [[United Kingdom]]
| royal_assent = {{Start date|1802|06|22|df=y}}
| commencement =
| repeal_date =
| amends = [[Public Officers Protection Act 1623]]
| amendments = {{ubli|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1888]]|[[Public Works Loans Act 1892]]|[[Official Secrets Act 1889]]|[[Perjury Act 1911]]|[[Criminal Justice Act 1948]]|[[Criminal Law Act 1967]]}}
| related_legislation =
| repealing_legislation =
| status = partially_repealed
| original_text = https://books.google.co.uk/books?
| revised_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo3/42/85/contentsid=VkmpYG4zItsC&pg=PA417
| use_new_UK-LEG = yes
}}

The '''Criminal Jurisdiction Act 1802''' ([[42 Geo. 3]]. c. 85) is an [[Act of Parliament (United Kingdom)|act]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].<ref name="Statutes" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo3/42/85|title=Legislation.gov entry}}</ref>

== Provisions ==
In the wake of the attempted [[impeachment of Warren Hastings]], it legislated for the [[Court of Queen's Bench (England)|Court of King's Bench]] to try and punish past, present and future offences by colonial officials and military officers as if they had been committed in [[Middlesex]], [[City of Westminster|Westminster]] or any county where the offender resided (sections 1 and 6).<ref name="Statutes" /> It also enabled that court to obtain evidence from governors, local courts and others in the area where the offence occurred by [[mandamus|writ of mandamus]] (section 2) and made other provisions for the gathering of that evidence (sections 3–4) as well as applying the usual perjury laws (section 5).<ref name="Statutes" />

The act thus applied more widely the provisions of the [[Governors of Plantations Act 1698]] ([[11 Will. 3]]. c. 12){{efn|{{efn|This is the citation in ''[[The Statutes of the Realm]]''.}}}} and the [[East India Company]] Acts of 1772 and [[Pitt's India Act|1784]].<ref name="Statutes">{{cite book |title=A Collection Of Statutes Relating To India Vol.1 |year=1899 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24167/page/n117/mode/2up |publisher=Office Of The Superintendent Of Government Printing, Calcutta}}</ref>

== Subsequent developments ==
The act was later extended to offences under the [[Official Secrets Act 1889]] ([[52 & 53 Vict.]] c. 52).

Part of sections 2 to 6 of the act were repealed for the [[United Kingdom]] by section 2 of [[Public Works Loans Act 1892]] (55 & 56 Vict. c. 61).

In section 1 of the act, the words from " either upon an information " to " upon an indictment ",repealed for [[England and Wales]] by section 10(2) of, and part III of schedule 3 to, the [[Criminal Law Act 1967]], which came into force on 1 January 1968.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|act=Criminal Law Act 1967|type=act|year=1967|chapter=58}}</ref>

Sections 2 to 6 were repealed in their entirety by the [[Statute Law Revision Act 1964]] – there are no remaining outstanding effects from the act.<ref name="Statutes" />

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{UK-LEG}}

{{UK legislation}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1802]]
[[Category:Legislation in British India]]
[[Category:East India Company Acts]]
[[Category:1802 in India]]
[[Category:Governance of the British Empire]]
[[Category:High Court of Justice]]

Baba Reshi

2026-04-23T06:01:25Z

Jhonny: created new details - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baba Reshi
| official_name =
| image =
| other_name =
| native_name =
| nickname =
| image_skyline = Baba Reshi Shrine3.jpg
| image_alt = Ziyarat Baba Reshi
| image_caption = Baba Reshi Shrine
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Shrine of Baba Reshi map
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| settlement_type = village
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| coordinates = {{coord|34|03|32.31|N|74|25|28.17|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = 1593
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 193402
| area_code =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Baba Reshi''' is a settlement in [[Baramulla district]] of the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is named after the [[Sufi]] saint Baba Reshi. It is located about {{cvt|13|km}} from [[Gulmarg]] near the Alpather Lake.

== History ==
Baba Reshi is named after Baba Reshi, a revered 15th-century [[Sufi saint]] from [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]]. He was born as Payam ud-Din in 1411 CE in Chander-nau-gaon, near [[Ganderbal]], and was the son of a nobleman serving in the court of Sultan [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zayn al-Abidin]]. He experienced a spiritual awakening after observing ants diligently gathering food for the winter, prompting him to contemplate the transient nature of worldly possessions and the importance of the afterlife.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Kaul |first=Upendra |date=2024-06-13 |title=The Story of Baba Rishi |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/op-ed-2/the-story-of-baba-rishi/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |work=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref> Motivated by this, he renounced his wealth and status, and went to [[Nund Rishi]] for guidance. He was sent to train with Baba Shukur-ud-Din Wali, who tasked him to fetch water from [[Wular Lake]] to the top of the Sharikot Hill for almost two years. He later directed him to go to Sakhi Zain al-Din Wali for further training in [[Aishmuquam]]. After completing his spiritual training, Baba Reshi moved to Ramboh village in [[Baramulla district]], where he dedicated himself to prayer and meditation, and attracted several followers with his piety and wisdom. He spent the remainder of his life in the forested area near [[Tangmarg]], and died in 1480 CE.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://saintsofislam.com/tazkira-e-auliya-biographies/hazrat-payamuddin-alias-baba-rishi-tang-margkashmir/ |title=Hazrat Payamuddin alias Baba Rishi Tang-Marg, Kashmir |work=saintsofislam.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101165044/http://saintsofislam.com/tazkira-e-auliya-biographies/hazrat-payamuddin-alias-baba-rishi-tang-margkashmir/ |archivedate=2015-11-01 }}</ref>

==Baba Reshi Shrine==
Situated at an altitude of about {{cvt|7,000|ft}}, the Baba Reshi shrine is a three-storey monument located at the village. Built-in 1480 CE, in [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and Persian style, the [[Ziyarat]] shrine and its surrounding garden is a tourist attraction as well as a destination for pilgrims visiting the shrine. This shrine has a large [[minaret]] and the Noor Khwan with the grave of the Sufi saint lies inside the building. It is covered with cloth with embroideries depicting calligraphy from [[Quran]]. The Noor Khwan is made of glass and [[wood carvings]].<ref name="Info">{{cite web|url=https://baramulla.nic.in/tourist-place/ziyarat-baba-reshi/|title=Ziyarat Baba Reshi|work=Baramulla district administration|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

On 2 September 1989, the 300-year-old shrine was gutted in a fire under mysterious circumstances, which caused severe damage to several buildings surrounding the shrine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/When-the-water-in-the-spring-turned-black/article12308690.ece |title=When the water in the spring turned black|first=Rahul | last=Pandita| date=19 January 2013 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=18 April 2018 }}</ref>

The [[Urs]] or the anniversary of Baba Payam ud din Reshi is celebrated annually and people from far off places visit the Shrine on the occasion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/mobi/news/briefs/employees-lock-mc-office-at-tangmarg/154337.html|title=Employees lock MC office at Tangmarg|work=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>

There are accommodations for tourists and pilgrims around the shrine. Each building has a Daan or cooking place where the Kashmiris prepare their meals and everyone traditionally contributes some of it to the [[Langar (Sufism)|Langar]]. The Langar staff distribute the food later in charity.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

<gallery>
File:Baba Reshi shrine 01.jpg| Complex view from outside
File:Entrance of Ziyarat Baba Reshi shrine 02.jpg|Entrance
File:Inner view of Ziyarat Baba Reshi shrine 03.jpg|Inner view from corner
File:Inner view of Ziyarat Baba Reshi shrine 04.jpg|Inner view
File:Tomb view of Baba Reshi 05.jpg|Tomb of Baba Reshi
File:Ziyarat Baba Reshi shrine (view from first floor) 06.jpg|Ziyarat Baba Reshi shrine (view from first floor)
File:Ziyarat Baba Reshi shrine (Outer view) 07.jpg|Ziyarat Baba Reshi shrine (Outer view)
File:Mosque ,Ziyarat Baba Reshi shrine (Prayer complex of Mosque) 08.jpg|Mosque at the Ziyarat Baba Reshi shrine
</gallery>

==Transport==
Baba Reshi is located near the Alpather Lake, about {{cvt|13|km}} from [[Gulmarg]] on the highway connecting to [[Srinagar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/for-contributors/take-steps-to-stop-mishaps-on-baba-reshi-baramulla-road-residents-to-govt/128053.html|title=Take steps to stop mishaps on Baba Reshi-Baramulla road: Residents to govt|work=Greater Kashmir}}</ref> The nearest airport is [[Srinagar International Airport]] and the nearest railway station is the [[Mazhom railway station]].<ref name="Info"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{Villages in Baramulla district}}

[[Category:Villages in Baramulla district]]

Pricol

2026-04-22T10:07:00Z

Jhonny:

{{Short description|Indian manufacturing and engineering company}}
{{Promotional|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Pricol Limited
| logo = Pricol logo.png
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|PRICOLLTD}}|{{BSE|540293}}}}
| industry = [[Automotive manufacturing|Automotive]]
| foundation = 1975 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/pricol-ltd-old/infocompanyhistory/companyid-12175.cms?}}</ref>
| location = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| key_people = Vijay Mohan (Founder) Vikram Mohan ([[Chief executive officer|Managing Director]]) Vanitha Mohan (Chairman) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiablooms.com/ibns_new/finance-details/1285/pricol-secures-its-r-amp-d-ip-with-microsoft-office-365.html|title = Pricol Secures its R&D IP with Microsoft Office 365 | Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management}}</ref>
| products = Dash Board Instruments, Sensors (All Types), Oil Pumps, Auto Accessories, Chain Tensioners, Idle Speed Control Valves, etc<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/PRIC:IN|title=Pricol Ltd/Old – Company Profile and News – Bloomberg Markets|website=Bloomberg.com|accessdate=2020-09-08}}</ref>
| revenue = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|2284.9|c}}(''FY25'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prysm.fi/news/pricol-ltd-q3-fy26-results-revenue-1020-cr-net-profit-63-cr-consolidated}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{INRConvert|2271.7|c}} (''FY25'')<ref name="https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/pricol/consolidated-profit-lossVI/p9?"/>
| num_employees = 5,500+
| homepage = {{URL|https://pricol.com/}}|
}}

'''Pricol Limited''' (founded as Premier Instruments and Controls Limited) is an automotive components and precision engineered products manufacturer<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-manufacturing-industry/pricol-buys-brazilian-auto-component-maker-114121200968_1.html|title=Pricol buys Brazilian auto component maker|first=BS B2B|last=Bureau|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=12 December 2014|publisher=|via=Business Standard|archive-url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-manufacturing-industry/pricol-buys-brazilian-auto-component-maker-114121200968_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> based in [[Coimbatore]], India. It was founded in 1975 by the late V.N. Ramachandran and N.Damodaran, but started production in 1975.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/pricol-1908/information/company-history|title=Company History|newspaper=Business Standard India|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref> It manufactures automotive components for [[motorcycle]]s, [[scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]]s, cars, trucks, [[bus]]es, [[tractor]]s and [[off-road vehicle]]s used in the construction and Industrial segment. Pricol also manufacture sintered components and products for [[fleet management]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/stock/pricol-ltd-_pricol/reports|title=Pricol (Amalgamated): Reports, Company History, Directors Report, Chairman's Speech, Auditors Report of Pricol (Amalgamated) – NDTV|website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref> Vijay Mohan is the Founder, Vikram Mohan is the Managing Director and Vanitha Mohan is the Chairperson.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/pricol/management/P9|title=Pricol Registered Address Contact Details, Pricol Management|website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref>

== Locations ==
Pricol Limited has six manufacturing plants in India, Plants 1,3 & 4 in [[Coimbatore]], Plant 2 & 9 in [[Manesar]], Plant 5 in [[Pune]], Plant 10 in [[Sricity]] and Plant 12 in [[Satara (city)|Satara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/pricol/locations/P9|title=Pricol > Location Details > Auto Ancillaries > Location Details of Pricol – BSE: 540293, NSE: PRICOLLTD|website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pricol.com/contact-us/find-locations/india-map/|title=India Locations|publisher=}}</ref> The company also has a plant operating in [[Jakarta]] (Indonesia) <ref name="pricol.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pricol.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Investor-Presentation_Q3FY15_Final_R.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 April 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081647/http://www.pricol.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Investor-Presentation_Q3FY15_Final_R.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and business offices in [[Tokyo]], [[Singapore]], [[Cologne]] (Germany) and [[Detroit]] (USA).

Pricol also acquiesced a group company PMP of Ashok Piramal group, which operates the manufacturing plants in Satara (India), Rudrapur (India), Puebla (Mexico) and in Prague (Czech republic), they bought complete wiper business from PMP.

== Operations ==
Pricol operates in five business areas: driver information systems, switches, [[Actuator|actuators]] and [[sensors]], [[powertrain]] products, [[telematics]] and [[infotainment]], and [[fleet management system]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/pricol-exits-joint-venture-denso-7970|title=Pricol exits joint venture with Denso|website=www.autocarpro.in}}</ref>

==Products==

===Driver Information System Products <ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETAuto.com |title=Pricol Q3 FY26 net profit rises 54% to ₹63.69 crore |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-components/pricol-q3-fy26-net-profit-rises-54-to-63-69-crore/127803967 |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=ETAuto.com |language=en}}</ref>===
* Instrument clusters (analog + digital)
* TFT digital clusters
* Smart displays & infotainment systems
* E-cockpit systems
* Heads-up displays (HUD)
* Telematics control units (TCU)

===Power Train Products <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pricol Adds New Vertical to Its Offerings: Telematics and Infotainment |url=https://www.pr.com/press-release/638223 |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=PR.com |language=en}}</ref>===
* Sintered components
* [[Oil pump (internal combustion engine)|Oil pumps]]
* [[Water pumps]]
* Chain tensioners
* Auto [[fuel cock]]
* Fuel pumps & modules
* Chain tensioners
* Idle speed control valves
* Pressure relief valves
* Auto fuel cock systems
* Brake-related components (including disc brake expansion)

===Sensors & Switches===
* [[Speed sensors]]
* Fuel level sensors
* [[Selective catalytic reduction]]
* Map and Tmap sensors
* Oil level switch
* [[Temperature sensor]]
* [[Brake light]] switch
* Vacuum switch
* Power sockets
* [[Pressure sensor]]
* [[Position sensor]]

===Telematics & Infotainment===
* Display & [[Infotainment]]
* [[Body control module]]
* [[Telematics]] products

===Fleet Management Systems===
* [[Speed limiter]]
* [[Centralized Lubrication Systems]]
* [[Vehicle tracking system]]
* Digital tax fare meter
* Cabin Tilting Systems
* Journey risk management <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pricol.com/products/fleet-management-solutions/|title=Fleet management solutions|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/annual-report/pricol/finished-products/P9|title=Moneycontrol.com India – Finished Products > Auto Ancillaries > Finished Products of Pricol|website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pricol.com/products/|title=Our Products|publisher=}}</ref>
'''Precision Products'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETAuto.com |title=Pricol Q3 FY26 net profit rises 54% to ₹63.69 crore |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-components/pricol-q3-fy26-net-profit-rises-54-to-63-69-crore/127803967 |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=ETAuto.com |language=en}}</ref>

* Injection moulded plastic components
* Precision engineered automotive parts
* High-volume polymer components

== History ==
Key events in Pricol Limited's history<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/pricol/history/P9|title=Pricol > Company History > Auto Ancillaries > Company History of Pricol – BSE: 540293, NSE: PRICOLLTD|website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref><ref name="pricol.com"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Event
|-
| 1972 || Founded, as Premier Instruments and Controls Limited.
|-
| 1975 || Started Production
|-
| 1979 || First Dividend Declaration
|-
| 1988 || Set up second plant in Gurgaon, India
|-
| 1993 || Listed in Bombay stock exchange
|-
| 1995 || Listed in National stock exchange
|-
| 1999 || Set up Plant 3 and 4 in Coimbatore, India
|-
| 2001 || Launched disc brakes for two wheelers
|-
| 2003 || Started a new company Xenos technologies for vehicle security systems
|-
| 2005 || Opened manufacturing plant in Pune, India
|-
| 2006 || Opened branch office Detroit, USA and PT Pricol Surya
|-
| 2007 || Set up manufacturing plant 6 in Pantnagar, India
|-
| 2008 || Set up manufacturing plant 7 in Pantnagar, India
|-
| 2012 || Signed Joint Venture with Johnson controls 50:50
|-
| 2014 || Xenos technologies merged with Pricol Limited<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/stock_market/corp_notices.php?autono=897949|title=Pricol – Updates on Amalgamation of Xenos Automotive Limited with Pricol Limited|website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Acquired Brazil based auto component maker, Melling<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/stock_market/corp_notices.php?autono=916241|title=Pricol – Updates|website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pr.com/press-release/605810|title=Pricol Completes Acquisition of Melling|website=PR.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/auto-components/all-cash-deal-pricol-to-infuse-further-equity/articleshow/45520305.cms|title=All cash deal, Pricol to infuse further equity|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Exits Joint venture with Denso<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/pricol-sells-49-in-denso-pricol-india-for-rs-20-crore-115031700580_1.html|title=Pricol sells 49% in Denso Pricol India for Rs 20 crore|first=B. S.|last=Reporter|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=17 March 2015|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref> and Acquired Johnson Controls' 50% stake in Joint Venture<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/stock_market/corp_notices.php?autono=955571|title=Pricol – Acquisition of 50% shareholding in Johnson Controls Pricol Private Limited, erstwhile Joint Venture Company of Johnson Controls Enterprises Limited, UK and Pricol Limited, India|website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Strategic Alliance with Candera CGI Studios<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-25 |title=Pricol Inks enters strategic partnership with Candera: Will build next-generation driver display systems |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/express-mobility-pricol-inks-enters-strategic-partnership-with-candera-will-build-next-generation-driver-display-systems-2317221/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Strategic Partneship with Sibros Technologies<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-23 |title=Pricol inks strategic technology partnership with Sibros Technologies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-components/pricol-inks-strategic-technology-partnership-with-sibros-technologies/articleshow/89772411.cms? |access-date=2026-04-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Entered into a strategic technology partnership with BMS Powersafe<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETAuto.com |title=Pricol partners with BMS PowerSafe for manufacturing Battery Management System for EVs |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-components/pricol-partners-with-bms-powersafe-for-manufacturing-battery-management-system-for-evs/92727955 |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=ETAuto.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|Strategic Partneship with Heilongjiang Tianyouwei Electronics (TYW) for advanced technologies<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-12 |title=Pricol ties up with Chinese co TYW for driver info solutions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/pricol-ties-up-with-chinese-co-tyw-for-driver-info-solutions/articleshow/104356429.cms? |access-date=2026-04-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Acquisition of Sundaram Auto Components Pvt Ltd from TVS Group and established Pricol Precision Products Private Limited<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title=Pricol announces acquisition of Sundaram Auto Components’ injection moulding business |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-pricol-announces-acquisition-of-sundaram-auto-components-injection-moulding-business-3682155/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Strategic Technology License Agreement with DOMINO S.r.l., a global leader in motorcycle control systems <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pricol Limited Partners with Italy's Domino S.r.l for Two-Wheeler Control Systems |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news/pricol-limited-partners-with-italys-domino-srl-for-two-wheeler-control-systems-127537 |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=Autocar Professional |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Group Companies ==
* Pricol Limited
** Pricol Precision Products Private Limited<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pricol Directors Report {{!}} Pricol Director Details |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/pricol-ltd/directorsreport/companyid-53509.cms |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>
* Pricol Engineering
* Pricol Logistics
* Pricol Travel
* Pricol Gourmet <ref>{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitradeepa |date=2026-02-13 |title=A seaside love letter to Tamil Nadu’s regional flavours |url=https://www.thehindu.com/food/dining/a-seaside-love-letter-to-tamil-nadus-regional-flavours/article70555950.ece |access-date=2026-04-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Pricol Retreats
** Dvara<ref>{{Cite web |title=DVARA KODAIKANAL - Updated 2019 Prices & Cottage Reviews (India) - TripAdvisor |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Hotel_Review-g303890-d17324093-Reviews-Dvara_Kodaikanal-Kodaikanal_Dindigul_District_Tamil_Nadu.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190826023915/https://www.tripadvisor.com/Hotel_Review-g303890-d17324093-Reviews-Dvara_Kodaikanal-Kodaikanal_Dindigul_District_Tamil_Nadu.html |archive-date=2019-08-26 |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=TripAdvisor |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Automotive industry in India}}

[[Category:Companies based in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Auto parts suppliers of India]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1972]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1972]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]

Chhota Udaipur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:30Z

Jhonny: added new info needs work

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chhota Udaipur
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Chhota Udaipur district|Chhota Udaipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 137
| mla = Rajendrasinh Mohansinh Rathva
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:271787}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
}}
'''Chhota Udaipur''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Chhota Udaipur district|Chhota Udaipur]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Chhota Udaipur Taluka
# Jetpur Pavi Taluka (Part) Villages – Kanda, Borkanda, Chuli, Muvada, Jogpura (Gadh), Gadh, Bhikhapura, Oliya Kalam, Mota Amadra (Kadval), Nana Amadra (Kadval), Kadval, Rajpur (Kadval), Khatas, Jamba, Virpur, Samadi, Kadvapura, Kheda, Selva, Gundi, Zari, Kalikui, Bhabhar, Nani Khandi, Pani, Vadoth, Bar, Moti Khandi, Satun, Ghata, Kundal, Chethapur, Ambakhut, Int, Vasangadh, Udhaniya, Kevada, Jogpura (Dungar), Intvada, Mudhiyari, Kathola, Zab (Valothi), Narvaniya, Bhanpur, Hathipagla, Raypur, Dhanpur, Chaina, Lunaja, Muthai, Sagadra, Dungarvant, Ghuntia, Ghutanvad, Gambhirpura, Nani Bej, Bhanpuri, Magiya, Kadvakuva, Limbani, Bamroli, Shivajipura, Valothi, Vajpur, Mota Kantva, Nana Kantva, Fatepura, Vanki, Moti Bej, Sajod, Umarva, Khandiya Amadara, Uchapan, Ghagharpura, Segvasimli, Fata, Koliyari, Vaghava, Paliya, Tarapur, Rampura, Vav, Pavi, Jetpur, Moti Rasli, Nani Rasli, Thalki, Dabherai, Gogadiya, Motipura (Gadoth), Nani Bumdi.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Gulsinhbhai Rathwa]]||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=2| [[Mohansinh Chhotubhai Rathava]]<ref name=election2017/> ||rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]

|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Rajendrasinh Rathva|Rajendrasinh Mohansinh Rathva]]||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2022]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rajendrasinh Rathva]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 75129
|percentage = 43.23
|change = {{down}}2.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sangramsinh Naranbhai Rathwa|party=Indian National Congress|votes=45679|percentage=26.28|change={{down}}-19.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Prof. Arjun Rathva|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=43880|percentage=25.25|change={{up}} 25.25}}

{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=16.95|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=173800|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin| title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhota Udaipur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mohansinh Rathwa|votes=75,141|percentage=46.04|change=+2.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Jashubhai Rathwa|votes=74,048|percentage=45.37|change=+2.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Arjun Rathwa|votes=4,551|percentage=2.78|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ramesh Rathwa|votes=3,592|percentage=2.20|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=5,870|percentage=3.59|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,093
|percentage = 0.67
|change =-0.89
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,63,202
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:241916}}
|ref= <ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =-0.44
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhota Udaipur}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohansinh Rathwa
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 65,043
|percentage = 43.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gulabsinhbhai Rathwa
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 62,738
|percentage = 42.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,305
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,47,911
|percentage = 69.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chhota Udaipur district]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.31|74.01|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Chhota Udaipur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Dvitiya

2026-04-18T12:24:17Z

Jhonny: added a details needs work

{{Short description|Second day of a lunar fortnight in the Hindu calendar}}

[[File:Thithi-Thuthiyai.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Dvitiya|Dvitiya]]
'''Dvitiya''' ({{Langx|sa|द्वितीय|translit=Dvitīya}}) also referred to as '''Beej''' ({{Langx|sa|बीज|translit=Bīja}}) and '''Dooj''' ({{Langx|sa|दुजा|translit=Dujā}}) is the [[Sanskrit]] word for "second",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Selin |first=Helaine |author-link=Helaine Selin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&dq=dvitiya+second+seventeenth&pg=PA806 |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures |date=2013-11-11 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-017-1416-7 |pages=806 |language=en}}</ref> and is the second day of the lunar fortnight (''[[Paksha]]'') of the [[Hindu calendar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=R. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX_AeDYzhBQC&dq=dvitiya+second+day&pg=PA381 |title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages |date=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-1665-7 |pages=381 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Klostermaier |first=Klaus K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC&dq=dvitiya+hindu+month&pg=PA493 |title=A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition |date=2010-03-10 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3 |pages=493 |language=en}}</ref> Each Hindu month has two dvitiya days, being the second day of the "bright" (''Shukla'') and of the "dark" (''Krishna'') fortnights respectively. Dvitiya occurs on the second and the seventeenth day of each month.

==Occasions==
* [[Bhau-beej|Bhratri Dvitiya (Bhai Dooj/Bhau Beej)]], the last day of the [[Diwali|Deepavali]] festival, occurs on the dvitiya of the month of [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/bhai-dooj-puja-time-date-all-schedule-you-need-to-know/articleshow/71787467.cms |title=Bhai Dooj puja time, date, all schedule you need to know {{!}} Business Insider India |website=www.businessinsider.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028054423/https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/bhai-dooj-puja-time-date-all-schedule-you-need-to-know/articleshow/71787467.cms |archive-date=2019-10-28}} </ref>
* ''Phulerā Dooj/Dvitiya'': It is celebrated on Shukla Paksha Dvitiya of [[Phalguna|Phalgun]] month and is quite popular in [[Braj Region|Braj region]]. This festival falls between two Hindu festivals commemorating spring season i.e. [[Vasant Panchami|Vasanta Panchami]] and [[Holi]]. On this day holi is played using flowers. The [[Murti|Murtis]] of Hindu Devi-Devatas are decorated with flowers and flower canopy known as ''Phulera''. As per [[Naradiya Purana|Narada Purana]], Lord [[Shiva]] is worshipped on this day with white colored fragrant flowers and an ornamental floral canopy is used for decorating His vigraha. On same day, in Radha Krishna temples vermillion are offered and flower holi is played in their remembrance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-09 |title=Phulera Dooj and its significance |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/phulera-dooj-and-its-significance/articleshow/68206779.cms |access-date=2023-03-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-21 |title=Phulera Dooj: Read more to know about the significance and rituals conducted during this festival |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/phulera-dooj-know-the-significance-and-rituals-conducted-during-this-festival/articleshow/98092700.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-30 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* [[Ramdevpir-dooj]] or Ramdevpir-beej, the second day of [[Shukla paksha]] of [[Bhaadra|Bhadra]] month is celebrated as the birthday of [[Ramdevji]] in northwestern India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tithi}}

[[Category:Hindu calendar]]
[[Category:Days of the Hindu calendar|02]]

{{hindu-stub}}

Afreen Fatima

2026-04-17T06:08:46Z

Jhonny: created entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Short description|Indian activist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Afreen Fatima
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Student leader
| organization = Fraternity Movement
| title = National Secretary
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| term =
| constituency =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Fraternity Movement]]
| known_for = Anti-CAA protests, activism for representation and identity assertion
| website =
}}

'''Afreen Fatima''' is an [[India|Indian]] student leader and National Secretary of [[Fraternity Movement]]. She is a prominent Muslim voice against the perceived anti-Muslim policies of the [[Indian government]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=5 July 2022 |title=Afreen Fatima |url=https://time.com/author/afreen-fatima/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/13/act-of-vendetta-afreen-fatima-on-her-house-bulldozed-in-india|title=India activist Afreen Fatima says her house bulldozed 'illegally'|first=Zafar|last=Aafaq|publisher=Al Jazeera| date=13 June 2022 | accessdate=10 December 2022}}</ref>

== Biography ==
She studied MA in linguistics at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU]], where she also served as the elected councillor in [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union|JNU students' union]] 2019-20 from the school of Language, Literature and Cultural Studies. As a candidate from Fraternity Movement - BAPSA alliance,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Shaunak|title=Tectonic Shift: BAPSA-Fraternity Alliance in the JNU elections|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/09/13/tectonic-shift-bapsa-fraternity-alliance-in-the-jnu-elections|access-date=2022-08-02|website=Newslaundry|date=13 September 2019 }}</ref> she strengthened the call of "unity of the oppressed" and raised the issues of representation, discrimination and identity assertion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why JNU's Afreen Fatima can't be cowed down by Left or Right|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2019/09/14/jnu-campus-council-election-afreen-fathima-delhi.html|access-date=2022-08-02|website=OnManorama|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615002936/https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2019/09/14/jnu-campus-council-election-afreen-fathima-delhi.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Formerly, she has been the elected president of [[Women's College, Aligarh|Women's College]] Students' Union at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] for the session 2018-19.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AMUSU Election 2018: Women's College Students' Union results declared, Afreen Fatima elected president|url=https://newsd.in/amusu-election-2018-womens-college-students-union-results-declared/|access-date=2022-08-02|website=Newsd.in|date=4 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> She is known to have actively participated in the anti-CAA protests that started in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CAA stir: Student leaders from Delhi, Uttar Pradesh to be part of 'Inquilab Morcha'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/dec/27/caa-stir-student-leaders-from-delhi-uttar-pradesh-to-be-part-of-inquilab-morcha-2081604.html|access-date=2022-08-02|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 December 2019 }}</ref> She faced several days long media trial after a small part of her speech was tweeted by [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s national spokesman [[Sambit Patra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=कौन हैं आफ़रीन फातिमा, जिनके वायरल वीडियो को संबित पात्रा ने 'ज़हर की खेती' कहा है?|url=https://www.thelallantop.com/oddnaari/afreen-fatima-who-is-this-jnu-student-who-went-viral-after-sambit-patras-tweet/|access-date=2022-08-02|website=LallanTop - News with most viral and Social Sharing Indian content on the web in Hindi|language=hi}}</ref>

In June 2022 Afreen's house was demolished by the authorities in [[Prayag Raj]] after her father Jawed Muhammed, a leader of [[Welfare Party of India]], was accused of taking part in protests against a [[2022 Muhammad remarks controversy|controversial comment]] on Muhammad by [[Nupur Sharma (politician)|Nupur Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/11/world/asia/prophet-muhammad-protests-india.html|title=Protests Over Prophet Muhammad Comments Turn Deadly in India|first1=Emily|last1=Schmall|first2=Suhasini|last2=Raj|newspaper=The New York Times |date=11 June 2022}}</ref>

She works as a researcher at The Polis Project, a research and journalism organization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-10 |title=About - The Polis Project |url=https://www.thepolisproject.com/about/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=The Polis Project |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fatima, Afreen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim activists]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Cyclones BOB 03 and Yemyin

2026-04-17T05:56:35Z

Jhonny:

{{Short description|North Indian Ocean deep depression and cyclonic storm in 2007}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Deep Depression BOB 03 Cyclonic Storm Yemyin
| image = Yemyin 2007-06-26 0650Z.jpg
| caption = Yemyin after landfall in Pakistan on June 26
| no-history = yes
}}{{Infobox weather event/History
| as = Deep Depression BOB 03
| name-italics = off
| formed = {{start-date|June 21, 2007}}
| dissipated = {{end-date|June 23, 2007}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 30
| pressure = 988
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 30
| pressure = 994
}}{{Infobox weather event/History
| as = Cyclonic Storm Yemyin
| name-italics = off
| formed = {{start-date|June 25, 2007}}
| dissipated = {{end-date|June 26, 2007}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 35
| pressure = 986
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 50
| pressure = 985
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2007
| fatalities = 983
| damage = 2100000000
| areas = India, Pakistan, [[Afghanistan]]
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}

'''Deep Depression BOB 03''' and '''Cyclonic Storm Yemyin'''{{efn|The name ''Yemyin'' ([[Burmese language|Burmese]]: ရေမြင်း; [[Help:IPA/Burmese|[jè.mjɪ́ɴ]]]) was contributed by [[Myanmar]] and means "[[hippopotamus]]" in [[Burmese language|Burmese]].}} (JTWC designation: '''''03B''''') were a pair of deadly [[tropical cyclone]]s that made [[landfall]]s on India and Pakistan in June 2007. The [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]] referred to both as Tropical Cyclone 03B, naming it "Tropical Cyclone Yemyin". At the time, the official WMO body responsible for tropical cyclones in the [[Arabian Sea]], the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD), did not name them. However, the IMD reassessed the second system to have reached cyclonic storm strength, and retroactively named it Yemyin.<ref name="Yemyinname">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/pressrelease.htm|title=SOUTHWEST MONSOON -2007|website=www.imd.gov.in}}</ref>

Throughout three countries, 983 people were killed: 730 in Pakistan, 140 in India, and 113 in Afghanistan. In all, the storms wrought roughly $2.1 billion in damage in India and Pakistan.{{EM-DAT}}

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Yemyin 2007 track.png}}
A [[low-pressure area]] associated with the [[monsoon trough]] was first detected by the [[Naval Research Laboratory]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]] on June 17. Over the next few days, it developed a deep flaring convection near an exposed low-level circulation centre (LLCC) as it drifted in the open sea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/ab/abioweb.txt |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909184626/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/ab/abioweb.txt |title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean 191800Z-201800Z |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center|JTWC]] |date=June 19, 2007 |archivedate=September 9, 2009 |accessdate=2008-10-23 |url-status=dead |df=mdy}}</ref> Despite moderate to high vertical [[wind shear]], the disturbance produced [[atmospheric pressure|surface pressure]] falls of up to 2.7 [[millibar|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]) in [[Port Blair]], in the [[Andaman Islands]], on June 19.<ref name="jtwc190618z">{{cite web |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/ab/abioweb.txt |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120805195453/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/ab/abioweb.txt |title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean 191800Z-201800ZJUN2007 |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] |date=June 20, 2007 |archivedate=August 5, 2012 |accessdate=March 14, 2022 |url-status=dead |df=mdy}}</ref> Convection persisted around the increasingly well-defined LLCC, and the disturbance continued to consolidate under favourable [[diffluence (meteorology)|diffluence]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |title=Depression over Bay of Bengal (BOB 03/2007/01) |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |accessdate=2008-10-23 |df=mdy |archive-date=November 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116133724/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Early on June 21, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) declared the area a depression, {{convert|430|km|mi|abbr=on}} east-southeast of [[Kakinada]], Andhra Pradesh, India.<ref name="BOB03IMD01">{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |title=Depression over Bay of Bengal (BOB 03/2007/01) |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |date=2007-06-21 |accessdate=2008-10-26 |df=mdy |archive-date=November 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116133724/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Several hours later, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] (TCFA), with winds near {{convert|30|kn|km/h mph}}.<ref name="BOB03TCFA">{{cite web|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/io952007web.txt |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522071230/https://www.webcitation.org/5Pl4nJpC7?url=http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/warnings/io952007web.txt |title=Tropical Cyclon Formation Alert |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center|JTWC]] |date=2007-06-21 |archivedate=May 22, 2024|accessdate=2008-10-26 |url-status=dead |df=mdy}}</ref> The depression moved quickly west-northwest towards the northern Andhra Pradesh coast.<ref name="BOB03IMD01"/> A [[subtropical ridge]] to the north weakened the wind shear which had been hindering the storm's development, allowing for further intensification.<ref name="BOB03TCFA"/> Later that day, the IMD upgraded the system to a deep depression.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |title=Deep Depression over Bay of Bengal (BOB 03/2007/03) |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |date=2007-06-21 |accessdate=2008-10-23 |df=mdy |archive-date=November 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116133724/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> As convection organised with increasing ocean heat content, the JTWC issued its first warning on Tropical Cyclone 03B.<ref>{{Cite web | title=WebCite results | url=http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/warnings/io032007web.txt | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5PlTDy9FR?url=http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/warnings/io032007web.txt | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-06-21 | access-date=2025-07-30 | website=www.webcitation.org}}</ref>

The deep depression made [[landfall]] near Kakinda early on June 22 local time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |title=Deep Depression over Bay of Bengal (BOB 03/2007/06) |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |date=2007-06-21 |accessdate=2008-10-26 |df=mdy |archive-date=November 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116133724/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> The JTWC issued its final advisory later, as the system began to weaken due to land interaction and wind shear.<ref name="usno">{{cite web |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/io0307web.txt |title=Tropical Cyclone 03B Warning Nr 003 |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] |accessdate=2008-10-23 |df=mdy |archive-date=May 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522071511/https://www.webcitation.org/5PuGtXmFM?url=http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/warnings/io0307web.txt |url-status=dead}}</ref> The next day, the IMD downgraded it to a depression while it crossed the [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116133724/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |title=Depression over Marathawada (BOB 03/2007/09) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=2007-06-23 |archivedate=November 16, 2007 |accessdate=2008-10-23 |url-status=dead |df=mdy}}</ref> The final warning was issued on June 24, despite the storm having moved into the [[Arabian Sea]].

The JTWC noted in its Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean on June 24 that strong [[Southwest monsoon|monsoonal]] low-level flow contributed to increased cyclonic vorticity, with low vertical wind shear and warm [[sea surface temperatures]]. It warned that these factors could lead to a [[rapid intensification|rapid]] regeneration of the cyclone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/ab/abioweb.txt |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-06-24 |archive-date=2007-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624041923/http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/ab/abioweb.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> Early on June 25, the JTWC issued the second TCFA for this system as its LLCC crossed the coast into the Arabian Sea.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://twister.sbs.ohio-state.edu/text/station/PGTW/ABIO10.PGTW |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-06-25 |archive-date=2007-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201190838/http://twister.sbs.ohio-state.edu/text/station/PGTW/ABIO10.PGTW |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shortly after the JTWC resumed advisories on the depression,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/io0307web.txt |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522071511/https://www.webcitation.org/5PuGtXmFM?url=http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/warnings/io0307web.txt |title=Tropical Cyclone 03B Warning Nr 004 |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] |date=2007-06-25 |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |accessdate=2008-10-26 |url-status=dead |df=mdy}}</ref> while IMD considered it as a separate system from BOB 03.<ref name="imd.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/RSMC-2007.pdf |title=REPORT ON CYCLONIC DISTURBANCES OVER NORTH INDIAN OCEAN DURING 2007 |access-date=December 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512075101/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/RSMC-2007.pdf |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

As it moved northwest just off the Pakistani coast, winds of about {{convert|26|kn|km/h mph}} and a surface pressure of 990 mbar (hPa) were observed in [[Karachi]] near midday on June 25.<ref>{{Cite web | title=WebCite results | url=http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/warnings/io0307web.txt | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5PrbCzNT4?url=http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/warnings/io0307web.txt | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-06-25 | access-date=2025-07-30 | website=www.webcitation.org}}</ref> According to the PMD, the centre of the system reached within {{convert|90|km|mi|abbr=on}} of Karachi.<ref name="Pakistan 03B"/> With favourable conditions and deep convection, the system intensified into a deep depression that day.<ref>ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/New-Delhi/2007062516.DEMS{{dead link|date=May 2025|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> After further organization, it made its second landfall at about 0300 UTC June 26 along the [[Makran]] coast, near [[Ormara]] and [[Pasni City|Pasni]], [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan Province]], in southwestern Pakistan.<ref name="Pakistan 03B"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |title=Dems-RSMC Tropical Cyclones New Delhi Dated 27-04-2008 |access-date=2007-06-26 |archive-date=2008-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501162631/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/warnings/io0307web.txt|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5PstmCWco?url=http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/warnings/io0307web.txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-06-26|title=WebCite results|website=www.webcitation.org}}</ref> Upon reaching land, the cyclone began to weaken slowly,<ref>ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/GuamStuff/2007062615-WTIO.PGTW{{dead link|date=May 2025|fx-attempted=yes}}</ref> and the JTWC issued its last advisory late on June 26.<ref name="usno"/>

==Impact==
[[Image:Yeymin.jpg|thumb|right|235px|Cyclone Yemyin making landfall in the [[Balochistan]] Province]]

===Pakistan===
In [[Karachi]], Pakistan, about 213 people died from rains and winds of {{convert|111|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} caused by BOB 03<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/OPKC/2007/6/23/DailyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA|title=History: Weather Underground |publisher=Wunderground.com |date=2007-06-23 |accessdate=2011-09-23}}</ref> that might have been associated with an outer band of the cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6233868.stm |title=South Asia | Storms in Karachi kill 200 people |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-06-24 |access-date=2011-09-23}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]] (PMD) had warned of heavy rains and wind from the system as early as Friday, June 22.<ref name="Pakistan 03B">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/sindhadvisory.html |title=Government of Pakistan |access-date=2007-06-26 |archive-date=2007-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629230656/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/sindhadvisory.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Yemyin trapped 2 merchant ships: Al-Picaso and Lady Hamad, and 4 fishing boats: Al-Taif, Al-Noor, Sumbal Sultani, and Al-Tariq, {{convert|100|nmi|km mi}} off [[Karachi]]. The [[Pakistan Navy]] rescued 56 sailors from the merchant ships and 36 fishermen from the fishing boats after they were detected by [[Breguet Atlantique]] aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaj.tv/news/news.php?pg=0&show=detail&nid=3 |title=NEWS : AAJ Television: Pakistan's Premier Channel |access-date=2007-06-27 |archive-date=2007-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517131500/http://www.aaj.tv/news/news.php?pg=0&show=detail&nid=3 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The heavy downpour also flooded the Kech Korandi riverine, inundating the city of [[Turbat]] and causing more than 10,000 people to evacuate their houses.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=24996 |title=The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News |access-date=2007-06-27 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918193537/http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=24996 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At least 380 people died in [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-cyclone-death-toll-hits-380/articleshow/2168117.cms |title=Pakistan cyclone death toll hits 380 (The Times of India) |date=2007-07-03 |access-date=2011-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017034008/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-03/pakistan/27962605_1_death-toll-cyclone-balochistan |archive-date=2012-10-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> with another 250 dead in [[Sindh]] and 100 in the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c411704a-e156-4ce1-8b73-4228330f0683&&Headline=Pakistan+cyclone+death+toll+hits+380 |title=Pakistan cyclone death toll hits 380, thousands face starvation |work=Hindustan Times|date=2007-07-02 |accessdate=2011-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601220748/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c411704a-e156-4ce1-8b73-4228330f0683&&Headline=Pakistan+cyclone+death+toll+hits+380 |archive-date=2009-06-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and further rains associated with the remnants of the cyclone hampered rescue efforts. The cyclone affected at least 10 districts of Balochistan and 4 districts of Sindh, affecting the lives of at least 1.5 million people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geo.tv/geonews/details.asp?id=8319&param=1 |title=Geo.tv: Latest News Breaking Pakistan, World, Live Videos |access-date=2007-07-05 |archive-date=2020-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017022547/http://www.geo.tv/geonews/details.asp?id=8319&param=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At least 2 million people were affected by the cyclone.<ref name="Pakistan 03B-Mumbai 04B">{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6258820.stm |title=South Asia | Pakistan flood toll rises to 240 |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-07-03 |access-date=2011-09-23}}</ref> More than 2 million livestock, worth over 4 billion rupees, were killed by the storm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=8807 |title=ISI 'exporting violence' to Afghanistan: Mullen |publisher=Thenews.com.pk |date= |accessdate=2011-09-23}}</ref>

===India===
BOB 03 killed at least 140 people in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6239808.stm |title=South Asia | Flood devastation in South Asia |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-06-26 |access-date=2011-09-23}}</ref> while it was still in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Property losses from the storm were estimated at 24 billion rupees.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.criticmagazine.pk/PDF/CRITIC_Wakeup_calls.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007044249/http://www.criticmagazine.pk/PDF/CRITIC_Wakeup_calls.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Afghanistan===
Over 80 people were killed in floods associated with the remnants of Yemyin in [[Afghanistan]].

==Naming==
The PMD referred to the deep depression as Tropical Cyclone Yemyin, the next name on the list at the time.<ref name="Pakistan 03B"/> The IMD, the official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre]] for the North Indian Ocean, did not operationally upgrade or name the system due to intense [[Indo-Pakistani relations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scienceblogs.com/intersection/2007/06/cyclone_warfare_between_india.php |title=Cyclone Warfare Between India and Pakistan? : The Intersection |publisher=Scienceblogs.com |accessdate=2011-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826155828/http://scienceblogs.com/intersection/2007/06/cyclone_warfare_between_india.php |archive-date=2011-08-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, on August 6, the IMD reassessed the deep depression to have reached cyclonic storm strength, and retroactively designated the system as Cyclonic Storm Yemyin in its mid-season review.<ref name="Yemyinname"/> This was confirmed by the designation of [[Cyclone Sidr|Cyclonic Storm Sidr]], the next name on the list after Yemyin, in November.

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[List of tropical cyclone records]]
* [[List of wettest tropical cyclones by country#Pakistan|List of wettest known tropical cyclones in Pakistan]]
* [[Timeline of the 2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
* [[Cyclones Gulab and Shaheen]] (2021), another storm which took a similar path through India and regenerated into another [[tropical cyclone]] in the [[Arabian Sea]] from the [[Bay of Bengal]] before hitting [[Oman]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100302202018/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/static/cyclone-history-as.htm History of past cyclones in the Arabian Sea (IMD)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150517005046/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cyclone.htm India Meteorological Department]
*[http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC Joint Typhoon Warning Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301105349/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC |date=2010-03-01 }}

{{2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yemyin}}
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Iran]]
[[Category:2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:Cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:2007 in Iran]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2007]]

Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:40Z

Jhonny: Put Up Some Stub More To Come

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sindkhed Raja
| map_image = 24-Sindkhed Raja.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buldhana]]
| established = 1978
| mla = [[Manoj Kayande]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Manoj Kayande मनोज कायंदे.jpg
| constituency_no = 24
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| type = SLA
| electors = 324,075
}}
'''Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha and one of the seven which are located in [[Buldhana district]].

==Overview==
It is a segment of [[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency]], along with five other Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies, namely [[Buldhana Assembly constituency|Buldhana]], [[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhali]], [[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar]], [[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon]] and [[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency|Jalgaon (Jamod)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|access-date=14 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref>

As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 24 Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
1. Deolgaon Raja Tehsil, 2. Sindkhed Raja Tehsil, 3. Chikhli Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle - Mera and 4. Lonar Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle Bibi. of [[Buldhana district]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XVII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule XVII Maharashtra, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |publisher = |access-date = 2015-03-11 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Jayawantrao Kharat
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Bhaskarrao Shingne
|style="background-color: {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=2|Totaram Kayande
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan=4|[[Rajendra Shingne]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Shashikant Narsingrao Khedekar|Shashikant Khedekar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Rajendra Shingne]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[ Manoj Kayande ]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkhed Raja<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Sindkhed Raja">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Sindkhed Raja |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1324.htm |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129150943/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1324.htm |archive-date=29 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Manoj Kayande|Manoj Devanand Kayande]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 73,413 |percentage = 31.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajendra Shingne|Dr. Rajendra Bhaskarrao Shingane]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 68,763 |percentage = 29.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shashikant Narsingrao Khedekar|Dr. Shashikant Narsingrao Khedekar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 60,635 |percentage = 26.39% |change={{decrease}}10.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Savita Shivaji Mundhe |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 16,658 |percentage = 7.25% |change={{decrease}}12.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Princ Dattu Rambhau Chavan |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 3,535 |percentage = 1.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatraya Dagdu Kakde |party=Swatantra Bharat Paksha |votes = 2,509 |percentage = 1.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 742 |percentage = 0.32% |change={{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,650 |percentage = 2.02% |change= {{decrease}}2.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 230,471 |percentage = 71.12% |change= {{increase}}7.00 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 229,729}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 324,075|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party|loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkhed Raja<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajendra Shingne|Dr. Rajendra Bhaskarrao Shingane]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 81,701 |percentage = 40.91% |change={{increase}}20.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shashikant Narsingrao Khedekar|Dr. Shashikant Narsingrao Khedekar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 72,763 |percentage = 36.44% |change={{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Savita Shivaji Mundhe |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 39,875 |percentage = 19.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,616 |percentage = 0.81% |change={{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivshankar Dattatray Wayal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,315 |percentage = 0.66% |change={{decrease}}3.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,938 |percentage = 4.48% |change= {{decrease}}5.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 201,390 |percentage = |change= {{decrease}}0.47 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 199,699}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 312,571|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}5.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkhed Raja<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shashikant Narsingrao Khedekar|Dr. Shashikant Narsingrao Khedekar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 64,203 |percentage = 35.12% |change={{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Ganesh Baburao Mante |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 45,349 |percentage = 24.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Rekha Purushorttam Khedekar|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 37,161 |percentage = 20.33% |change={{decrease}}27.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vinodbhau Laxman Wagh |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 13,533 |percentage = 7.40% |change={{decrease}}6.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Pradip Baburao Nagre|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 7,261 |percentage = 3.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vasantrao Rajaram Magar|party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,121 |percentage = 3.90% |change={{increase}}1.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Panditrao Govindrao Khandare|party=Republican Sena |votes = 4,565 |percentage = 2.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,279 |percentage = 0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,854 |percentage = 10.31% |change= {{decrease}}3.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 184,122 |percentage = |change= {{decrease}}1.94 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 182,787}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 284,006|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkhed Raja<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajendra Shingne|Dr. Rajendra Bhaskarrao Shingane]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 81,808 |percentage = 47.37% |change={{increase}}1.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shashikant Narsingrao Khedekar|Dr. Shashikant Narsingrao Khedekar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 57,658 |percentage = 33.39% |change={{decrease}}3.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vinodbhau Laxman Wagh |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 24,833 |percentage = 14.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. Hafiz A. Aziz |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,614 |percentage = 2.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Tryambak Kale |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,328 |percentage = 1.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,150 |percentage = 13.98% |change= {{increase}}5.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 172,758 |percentage = 66.32% |change= {{decrease}}8.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 172,702}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 260,494|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}1.54 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkhed Raja}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajendra Shingne|Dr. Rajendra Bhaskarrao Shingane]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 71,527 |percentage = 45.83% |change={{decrease}}3.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shashikant Narsingrao Khedekar|Dr. Shashikant Narsingrao Khedekar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 57,918 |percentage = 37.11% |change={{increase}}20.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abhay Jagarao Chavan |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 16,734 |percentage = 10.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sekwsiddik Shaikha Kureshi |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,266 |percentage = 4.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Dilip Atmaram Kharat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,423 |percentage = 0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kharat Shaligram Nanabhau |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,215 |percentage = 0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,609 |percentage = 8.72% |change= {{decrease}}6.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 156,083 |percentage = 74.63% |change= {{increase}}5.78 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 156,083}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 209,156|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkhed Raja<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajendra Shingne|Dr. Rajendra Bhaskarrao Shingane]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 61,111 |percentage = 49.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kayande Nandabai Devanand |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,721 |percentage = 33.81% |change={{increase}}5.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chhagan Gopalrao Mehetre |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 20,148 |percentage = 16.33% |change={{increase}}14.31 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,390 |percentage = 15.71% |change= {{decrease}}6.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 129,644 |percentage = 72.32% |change= {{decrease}}11.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,410}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,262|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkhed Raja<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajendra Shingne|Dr. Rajendra Bhaskarrao Shingane]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 71,465 |percentage = 50.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kayande Totaram Tukaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,613 |percentage = 28.17% |change={{increase}}12.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Magar Vasantrao Rajaram |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 19,086 |percentage = 13.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Witthal Bajirao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 2,837 |percentage = 2.02% |change={{decrease}}15.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhao Wamanrao Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,752 |percentage = 1.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kharat Chagan Bhaurao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 881 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sable Daguba Balaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 879 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,852 |percentage = 22.65% |change= {{increase}}18.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,402 |percentage = 81.99% |change= {{increase}}10.20 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 140,626}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,893|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}23.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkhed Raja<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kayande Totaram Tukaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 29,949 |percentage = 27.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhao Wamanrao Ramchandra |party=Janata Dal |votes = 25,489 |percentage = 23.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Magar Vasantrao Rajaram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 18,834 |percentage = 17.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khandebharad Tukaram Narayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,152 |percentage = 15.72% |change={{decrease}}25.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Thawaraji Raghoji |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 12,914 |percentage = 11.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kasture Vijay Kumar Sampatrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,007 |percentage = 0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,460 |percentage = 4.09% |change= {{decrease}}3.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,665 |percentage = 71.22% |change= {{decrease}}1.52 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,094}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,387|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{decrease}}20.63 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkhed Raja<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kayande Totaram Tukaram |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 44,513 |percentage = 48.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shingane Bhaskarrao Sampatrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,935 |percentage = 40.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhao Gangadhar Nagorao |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,828 |percentage = 7.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawai Deorao Bhiwaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,831 |percentage = 1.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bondre Bhagwanappa Thamaappa |party=Independent politician |votes = 590 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,578 |percentage = 7.11% |change= {{decrease}}4.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,314 |percentage = 73.09% |change= {{increase}}4.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,567}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,046|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}4.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkhed Raja<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shingane Bhaskarrao Sampatrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 40,420 |percentage = 52.97% |change={{increase}}28.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaywantrao Kaluji Kharat |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,854 |percentage = 41.74% |change={{increase}}7.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ware Ambadas Govind |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,447 |percentage = 1.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kharat Trambak Ramrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 811 |percentage = 1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Maske Atmaram Sitaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 795 |percentage = 1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghumre Januji Gyanuji |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 694 |percentage = 0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,566 |percentage = 11.23% |change= {{increase}}1.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,018 |percentage = 69.23% |change= {{decrease}}10.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,307}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,691|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}18.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkhed Raja<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kharat Jayawantrao Kaluji |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,632 |percentage = 34.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shingane Bhaskarrao Sampatrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 20,112 |percentage = 24.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sangale Wamanrao Kisanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 14,923 |percentage = 18.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Appasaheb Narayanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,228 |percentage = 11.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Jagarao Raoji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 5,527 |percentage = 6.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Karimkhan Mohammadkhan |party=Janata Party |votes = 2,857 |percentage = 3.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,520 |percentage = 9.33% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,640 |percentage = 80.00% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,570}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,298|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sindkhed Raja]]
* [[Lonar]]
* [[Deulgaon Raja]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Buldhana district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.96|76.12|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Buldhana district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Nadanghat Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:48:57Z

Jhonny: starting data...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nadanghat
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]
| constituency_no = 277
| established = 1967
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Nadanghat Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==

As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, Nadanghat Assembly constituency ceased to exist from 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2010-08-21 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 2011-08-13 }}</ref>

Nadanghat assembly constituency was part of [[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Election results==
Swapan Debnath of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won the Nadanghat assembly seat in 2006 defeating his nearest rival Ratan Das of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]]. In 2001, Ratan Das of CPI (M) defeated [[Swapan Debnath]] of Trinamool Congress. In 1996 and 1991, Biren Ghosh of CPI (M) defeated Swapan Debnath of Congress and Paresh Chandra Goswami in respective years. In 1987, 1982 and 1977 [[Syed Abul Mansur Habibullah]] of CPI (M) defeated [[Swapan Debnath]], Paresh Chandra Goswami and Biswanath Basu, all of Congress, in the respective years.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp277.htm | title = 277 – Nadanghat Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-08-29 }}</ref>

In 1972, Paresh Chandra Goswami of Congress won the seat. In 1971 and 1969, Syed Mansur Habibullah of CPI (M) won the seat. P.C.Goswami of INC won the seat in 1967. Prior to that the Nadanghat seat was not there.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections | access-date = 2010-08-29 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{coords|23.37|88.25|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Repealing and Amending Act, 2023

2026-04-13T17:07:40Z

Jhonny:

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Repealing and Amending Act, 2023
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| image = Emblem of India.svg
| imagesize = 150
| long_title = An Act to repeal certain enactments and to amend an enactment
| citation = [https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2023/250742.pdf Act No. 37 of 2023]
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed = 27 July 2023
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 13 December 2023
| assented_by = [[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| date_assented = 17 December 2023
| date_commenced =
| date_effective =
| bill_history_url = https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-repealing-and-amending-bill-2022
| bill = The Repealing and Amending Bill, 2022
| bill_citation = [https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2022/The%20Repealing%20and%20Amending%20Bill,%202022.pdf Bill No. 290 of 2022]
| introduced_by = [[Minister of Law and Justice]] [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| date_introduced = 19 December 2022
| repeals = 76 Acts
| related_legislation = {{ubl|[[Repealing and Amending Act, 2015]]|[[Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2015]]|[[Repealing and Amending Act, 2016]]|[[Repealing and Amending Act, 2017]]|[[Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017]]|[[Repealing and Amending Act, 2019]]}}
| status = spent
}}

The '''Repealing and Amending Act, 2023''' is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] that repealed 76 Acts. It also made minor amendment to the ''Factoring Regulation Act, 2011''. The Act was the seventh such repealing act aimed at repealing obsolete laws tabled by the [[Narendra Modi]] administration.

== Background and legislative history ==

''The Repealing and Amending Bill, 2022'' was introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 19 December 2022 by the Minister of Law and Justice, [[Kiren Rijiju]]. The bill sought to repeal 65 Acts. It also sought to make minor amendment to Factoring Regulation Act, 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Repealing and Amending Bill, 2022 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-repealing-and-amending-bill-2022 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref>

The bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 27 July 2023 with some changes and by the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 13 December 2023. The bill received assent from [[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]] on 17 December 2023, and was notified in ''[[The Gazette of India]]'' on 18 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislative Department |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f/uploads/2024/03/202403061651132880.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922050806/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f/uploads/2024/03/202403061651132880.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2024 |access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

== Repealed Acts ==

{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Year
!Act No.
!Short title
|-
|1
|1850
|18
|The Judicial Officers Protection Act, 1850
|-
|2
|1855
|28
|The Usury Laws Repeal Act, 1855
|-
|3
|1857
|5
|The Oriental Gas Company Act, 1857
|-
|4
|1867
|11
|The Oriental Gas Company Act, 1867
|-
|5
|1871
|4
|The Coroners Act, 1871
|-
|6
|1881
|16
|The Obstruction in Fairways Act, 1881
|-
|7
|1885
|18
|The Land Acquisition (Mines) Act, 1885
|-
|8
|1912
|13
|The Delhi Laws Act, 1912
|-
|9
|1915
|7
|The Delhi Laws Act, 1915
|-
|10
|1922
|22
|The Police (Incitement to Disaffection) Act, 1922
|-
|11
|1923
|6
|The Cantonments (House Accommodation) Act, 1923
|-
|12
|1934
|15
|The Sugar-cane Act, 1934
|-
|13
|1941
|12
|The Delhi Restriction of Uses of Land Act, 1941
|-
|14
|1950
|74
|The Telegraph Wires (Unlawful Possession) Act, 1950
|-
|15
|1965
|44
|The Metal Corporation of India (Acquisition of Undertaking) Act, 1965
|-
|16
|1974
|28
|The Coal Mines (Conservation and Development) Act, 1974
|-
|17
|1976
|100
|The Metal Corporation (Nationalisation and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1976
|-
|18
|1982
|71
|The Andhra Scientific Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1982
|-
|19
|1983
|17
|The Delhi Motor Vehicles Taxation (Amendment) Act, 1983
|-
|20
|1994
|13
|The Air Corporations (Transfer of Undertakings and Repeal) Act, 1994
|-
|21
|2018
|1
|The Companies (Amendment) Act, 2017
|-
|22
|2018
|8
|The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Act, 2018
|-
|23
|2018
|21
|The Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property (Amendment) Act, 2018
|-
|24
|2018
|23
|The Homoeopathy Central Council (Amendment) Act, 2018
|-
|25
|2018
|26
|The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Act, 2018
|-
|26
|2018
|27
|The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2018
|-
|27
|2019
|6
|The Personal Laws (Amendment) Act, 2019
|-
|28
|2019
|8
|The Special Economic Zones (Amendment) Act, 2019
|-
|29
|2019
|11
|The Homoeopathy Central Council (Amendment) Act, 2019
|-
|30
|2019
|14
|The Aadhaar and Other Laws (Amendment) Act, 2019
|-
|31
|2019
|24
|The Right to Information (Amendment) Act, 2019
|-
|32
|2019
|26
|The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Act, 2019
|-
|33
|2019
|36
|The Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Amendment Act, 2019
|-
|34
|2019
|37
|The Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Act, 2019
|-
|35
|2020
|19
|The Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament (Amendment) Act, 2020
|-
|36
|2013
|5
|The Appropriation (Railways) Vote on Account Act, 2013
|-
|37
|2013
|6
|The Appropriation (Railways) Act, 2013
|-
|38
|2013
|7
|The Appropriation (Railways) No. 2 Act, 2013
|-
|39
|2013
|8
|The Appropriation (Vote on Account) Act, 2013
|-
|40
|2013
|9
|The Appropriation Act, 2013
|-
|41
|2013
|10
|The Appropriation (No. 2) Act, 2013
|-
|42
|2013
|15
|The Appropriation (Railways) No. 3 Act, 2013
|-
|43
|2013
|16
|The Appropriation (No. 3) Act, 2013
|-
|44
|2013
|21
|The Appropriation (No. 4) Act, 2013
|-
|45
|2014
|2
|The Appropriation (No. 5) Act, 2013
|-
|46
|2014
|3
|The Appropriation (Railways) No. 4 Act, 2013
|-
|47
|2014
|4
|The Appropriation (Railways) Vote on Account Act, 2014
|-
|48
|2014
|5
|The Appropriation (Railways) Act, 2014
|-
|49
|2014
|12
|The Appropriation (Vote on Account) Act, 2014
|-
|50
|2014
|13
|The Appropriation Act, 2014
|-
|51
|2014
|21
|The Appropriation (Railways) No. 2 Act, 2014
|-
|52
|2014
|22
|The Appropriation (Railways) No. 3 Act, 2014
|-
|53
|2014
|23
|The Appropriation (No. 2) Act, 2014
|-
|54
|2014
|24
|The Appropriation (No. 3) Act, 2014
|-
|55
|2014
|38
|The Appropriation (No. 4) Act, 2014
|-
|56
|2015
|6
|The Appropriation (Railways) Vote on Account Act, 2015
|-
|57
|2015
|7
|The Appropriation (Railways) Act, 2015
|-
|58
|2015
|8
|The Appropriation (Vote on Account) Act, 2015
|-
|59
|2015
|9
|The Appropriation Act, 2015
|-
|60
|2015
|13
|The Appropriation (Railways) No. 2 Act, 2015
|-
|61
|2015
|15
|The Appropriation (No. 2) Act, 2015
|-
|62
|2015
|24
|The Appropriation (Railways) No. 3 Act, 2015
|-
|63
|2015
|25
|The Appropriation (No. 3) Act, 2015
|-
|64
|2016
|7
|The Appropriation (No. 4) Act, 2015
|-
|65
|2016
|8
|The Appropriation (No. 5) Act, 2015
|-
|66
|2016
|14
|The Appropriation (Railways) Vote on Account Act, 2016
|-
|67
|2016
|15
|The Appropriation (Railways) Act, 2016
|-
|68
|2016
|19
|The Appropriation (Vote on Account) Act, 2016
|-
|69
|2016
|20
|The Appropriation Act, 2016
|-
|70
|2016
|26
|The Appropriation (Railways) No. 2 Act, 2016
|-
|71
|2016
|29
|The Appropriation (No. 2) Act, 2016
|-
|72
|2016
|46
|The Appropriation (No. 3) Act, 2016
|-
|73
|2016
|50
|The Appropriation (No. 4) Act, 2016
|-
|74
|2016
|51
|The Appropriation (No. 5) Act, 2016
|-
|75
|2017
|8
|The Appropriation (Railways) Act, 2017
|-
|76
|2017
|9
|The Appropriation (Railways) No. 2 Act, 2017
|-
|}

== Amendment ==

{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Year
!Act No.
!Short title
!Amendment
|-
|1
|2012
|12
|The Factoring Regulation Act, 2011
|In section 31A, in sub-section
(3), for the words "that Central
Government", the words "that
Government" shall be
substituted
|-
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:Repealed Indian legislation]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2023]]

Thai Massage (film)

2026-04-13T05:29:40Z

Jhonny: Put Up A Details First Draft!

{{Short description|2022 Indian film by Mangesh Hadawale}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date= January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thai Massage
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Mangesh Hadawale]]
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]] [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]
| writer = Mangesh Hadawale
| starring = {{ubl|[[Gajraj Rao]]|[[Divyenndu|Divyendu Sharma]]|Alina Zasobina}}
| music = '''Score:''' Anand Bhaskar Ajay Jayanthi '''Songs:''' Joi Barua '''Guest Composition:''' [[Amit Trivedi]]
| cinematography = G. Srinivas Reddy
| editing = Manish Jaitly
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| studio = Reliance Entertainment [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] Window Seat Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|11|11}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

''''' Thai Massage ''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by [[Mangesh Hadawale]] and produced by [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] and [[Bhushan Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thai-massage-imtiaz-ali-to-present-gajraj-rao-divyenndu-sharma-in-film-about-erectile-dysfunction-of-a-70-year-old-5204161.html |title=Thai Massage: Imtiaz Ali to Present Gajraj Rao, Divyenndu Sharma In Film About Erectile Dysfunction of a 70-year-old |access-date=19 January 2023 |date=19 May 2022 |website=news18.com}}</ref> It stars [[Gajraj Rao]], [[Divyendu Sharma]], [[Sunny Hinduja]], [[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Vibha Chibber]] and Alina Zasobina.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gajraj-rao-imtiaz-ali-70-year-old-erectile-dysfunction-thai-massage-7925488 |title=Gajraj Rao to play a 70-year-old man with erectile dysfunction in Imtiaz Ali's Thai Massage |access-date=19 January 2023 |date=19 May 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/gajraj-rao-goes-on-yet-another-unusual-adventure-in-thai-massage--news-231946 |title=Gajraj Rao Goes On Yet Another Unusual Adventure In 'Thai Massage' |access-date=19 January 2023 |date=22 October 2022 |website=outlookindia.com}}</ref> The film was released on 11 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/tseries-to-release-new-film-thai-massage-on-11-november-11667199745426.html |title=T-Series to release new film 'Thai Massage' on 11 November |access-date=19 January 2023 |date=31 October 2022 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|livemint.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/thai-massage/movie-review/95432956.cms |title=Thai Massage Movie Review : Funny and poignant in parts but overall underwhelming |access-date=19 January 2023 |date=10 November 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Summary==
Atmaram Dubey is a middle-class 70-year-old widower who has remained celibate for decades. All of a sudden he has erectile dysfunction, which leads to realisation that he most likely will never have sex again. However, he wants to experience sex one last time. This desire makes him embark on an outrageous voyage of self-discovery that defies society standards.

==Plot==
Atmaram Dubey (Gajraj Rao) is a retired widower living in [[Ujjain]]. He is much loved and respected. He has been celibate for 22 years, because his wife (whom he loved deeply) was paralysed and bedridden for 21 years, and she died a year ago. His family has gathered at the family home to celebrate his 70th birthday. In the middle of the festivities, the family gets a rude revelation that he not only has a passport, but had also recently gone on a secret [[Bangkok]] vacation. His children confront him, and then the film unspools in flashback as Atmaram shares his misadventures with his elder son (Sunny Hinduja).

With the onset of erectile dysfunction, Atmaram was hugely depressed. He has tried committing suicide but was saved by Santulan (Dibyendu Sharma), who convinces him to give life another chance. He takes Atmaram to an 85-year-old pehlwan, who advises daily exercise and eating 20 raw onions a day to cure the dysfunction. This remedy works and Atmaram now has strong desire to do the deed one last time before the dysfunction comes back permanently.

Santulan arranges for a prostitute for his "old" friend. When Atmaram chickens out of the arrangement, he then arranges for a passport and ticket to Bangkok for Atmaram to have a boom-boom time. There, a friendly Indian-origin taxi driver (Anil Charanjeett) guides him towards having a good time without getting duped. But Atmaram just can't have meaningless sex. A chance encounter with a Russian travel blogger Rita (Alina Zasobina) changes things. She takes him around town and even takes him to the famous Khao Sok lake where the two bond over the idea of loneliness, being a good human being, and the fact that it's difficult for either of them to have sex with someone they do not have feeling for. This bond helps them see what they need from each other and they end up having sex, as she is attracted to his naïvete.

This narration makes Atmaram's two sons realise that their father is a good human being, and just because he is old, doesn't mean that he is not without emotions, needs, and desires. The family finds closure, and Atmaram's children embrace him, as he cuts the cake celebrating his 70th birthday.

==Cast==
* [[Gajraj Rao]] as Atmaram Dubey
* [[Divyendu Sharma]] as Santulan Kumar
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm10938663/ Alina Zasobina] as Rita
* [[Sunny Hinduja]] as Mukesh Dubey, son of Atmaram
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Jugnu Bhaiya
* [[Jeniffer Piccinato]] as Thai Massage Card Girl
* [[Vibha Chibber]] as Mrs. Panchal
* [[Anurita Jha]] as Anu Dubey
* Anamika Tiwari as Gungun
* Shashie Vermaa as Vakil Babu
* Aditi Arora as Saloni
* [[Chandan Anand]] as Kailash
* [[Anil Charanjeett]] as Jhandu Singh
* Rajiv Nema as Vijay, co-passenger

== Soundtrack ==
Joi Barua composed all the songs except “Do You Wanna Boom Boom” which was composed by Amit Trivedi. All the lyrics were penned by [[Irshad Kamil]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ye Kya Hua
| extra1 = [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| length1 = 4:43
| title2 = Do You Wanna Boom Boom
| extra2 = Sharvi Yadav, Nikhita Gandhi
| length2 = 3:28
| title3 = Dheere Dheere
| extra3 = Amit Trivedi
| length3 = 3:56
| title4 = Kyon
| extra4 = Amit Mishra, Jonita Gandhi
| length4 = 5:29
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The film was released on 11 November 2022.

===Home media===
After the theatrical release, the film was released on [[Netflix]] for [[Streaming media|digital streaming]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt20838498}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|thai-massage}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 comedy-drama films]]

Balbir Singh Jr.

2026-04-13T05:16:28Z

Jhonny: created bio - done

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (1932–2021)}}
{{About|the hockey player born in 1932 who was a major in the Indian Army|other hockey players with the same name|Balbir Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Balbir Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Balbir Singh Jr.
| full_name = Balbir Singh Kular
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = [[India]]
| sport = [[Field hockey]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|5|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sansarpur]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]] (present-day Sansarpur, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|4|11|1932|5|2|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chandigarh]], Chandigarh, India
| event = Men's team
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[1958 Asian Games|1958 Tokyo]] | [[Field hockey at the 1958 Asian Games|Team]] }}
| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
| allegiance = {{Flag|India}}
| branch = {{Army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1962-1984
| rank = [[File:Major of the Indian Army.svg|25px]] [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| unit =
}}
}}
'''Balbir Singh Kular''' (2 May 1932 – 11 April 2021), predominantly known as '''Balbir Singh Jr.''', was an Indian [[field hockey]] player. He studied at [[Lyallpur Khalsa College]] and DAV College. He started his hockey career for [[Panjab University]] and later represented [[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]] and [[Services Sports Control Board|Services]] in the [[Indian Senior National Hockey Championship]]. He played for the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian team]] that won the silver medal at the [[1958 Asian Games]] alongside his namesake [[Balbir Singh Sr.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/balbirsenior/legends2.htm|title=Legends of Hockey - 2|website=www.bharatiyahockey.org}}</ref> He joined the [[Indian Army]] as an emergency commissioned officer in 1962 and retired in 1984 with the [[rank of major]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/hockey-player-balbir-singh-junior-passes-away/article34310888.ece|title=Hockey player Balbir Singh Junior passes away|date=13 April 2021|website=Sportstar}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Balbir}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1958 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1958 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Suprakash Talukdar

2026-04-12T13:54:07Z

Jhonny: Put Up Basic Info From Scratch

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Suprakash Talukdar
| image = File:Suprakash Talukdar.jpg
| image_size = 245px
| office2 = Secretary of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Assam]]
| term_start2 = 17 February 2022
| office1 = Member of [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Central Committee]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start1 = 22 April 2018
| succeeding = 
| predecessor2 = Deben Bhattacharya
| successor =
| office3 = Working President of [[Asom Sonmilito Morcha]]
| term_start3 = 25 October 2024
| term_end3 = 12 November 2025
| majority =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| relatives = Nandeswar Talukdar (Father) Abhrakash Talukdar (Son)
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Suprakash Talukdar''' is an Indian politician who currently serves as the state secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Left parties to use 'agrarian crisis' as plank for panchayat elections |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/left-parties-to-use-agrarian-crisis-as-plank-for-panchayat-elections-1559129 |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=assamtribune.com |date=26 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Assam State Conference Calls for Rejuvenating the Party and the Left |url=https://cpim.org/assam-state-conference-calls-rejuvenating-party-and-left/ |website=Communist Party Of India (Marxist) |access-date=29 December 2024 |language=en |date=6 March 2022 |quote=The conference elected a 50-memer new state committee. The new state committee elected a 14-member secretariat. Suprakash Talukdar is elected as the new state secretary.}}</ref>

==Education and political career==
Suprakash is the eldest son of Nandeswar Talukdar, a freedom fighter and prominent peasants leader who served as secretary of the Assam state committee of the [[CPI(M)|CPM]] from 1982 to 1995.<ref>{{cite news|title = Last of the communist icons - NANDESWAR TALUKDAR (1921-2003)|url =https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/last-of-the-communist-icons-nandeswar-talukdar-1921-2003/cid/1547890}}</ref> Having born in a left-leaning family, he got acquainted with left-wing ideologies from his childhood. He joined [[Students Federation of India]], the student wing of CPIM while he was in Cotton Collegiate School in 1977.<ref name="etvbharat">{{cite news|title = সুপ্ৰকাশ তালুকদাৰ CPI(M) ৰাজ্যিক কমিটিৰ সম্পাদক হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত - চিপিআইএমৰ ২৩ সংখ্যক অসম ৰাজ্যিক সন্মিলন|url =https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/state/kamrup-metropolitan/suprakash-talukdar-elected-as-secretary-of-cpim-state-committee/assam20220217172113280}}</ref> He studied [[geology]] from [[Cotton University|Cotton College]] which at that time was under [[Gauhati University]]. He was appointed the secretary of Assam state unit of SFI in 1992.<ref name=etvbharat />

Later he was inducted into the state committee and the state secretariat of Assam CPI(M) in 1997.<ref name=etvbharat />

He was elected to the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Central Committee of the party]] at the end of 22nd Party Congress in Hyderabad on 22 April 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://cpim.org/pressbriefs-new-central-committee-elected-22nd-congress/|title = New Central Committee Elected at the 22nd Congress}}</ref> He held the post after the following Party Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cpim.org/leadership/|title=Communist Party Of India (Marxist)}}</ref>

He was first elected as the state secretary of the party on 17 February 2022 in the last day of 23rd Assam state conference of [[CPI(M)]]. There he placed the political and organisational report as the-then state secretary Deben Bhattacharya was absent in the conference for his illness.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0227_pd/assam-cpim-state-conference-calls-rejuvenating-party-and-left | title=Assam: CPI(M) State Conference Calls for Rejuvenating the Party and the Left | Peoples Democracy }}</ref> He got reelected to the post in the 24th conference as well.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/assam-cpim-state-conference-ends-suprakash-talukdar-re-elected-as-secy-1563752 | title=Assam CPI(M) state conference ends: Suprakash Talukdar re-elected as Secy | date=8 January 2025 }}</ref>

He acts as the in-charge of CPM Manipur state unit on behalf of the Central Committee of the party.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2024/1124_pd/manipur-cpim-state-conference-calls-restoration-peace-state | title=Manipur: CPI(M) State Conference Calls for Restoration of Peace in the State| website = [[People's Democracy (newspaper)|People's Democracy]]|quote = Central Committee member and in-charge of Manipur, Suprakash Talukdar spoke about the tasks before the Party and prioritising areas of work.}}</ref> He also serves as the working president of [[Asom Sonmilito Morcha]], the left-wing opposition alliance in Assam.<ref name="abplive">{{cite web|title=<nowiki>Congress Is Responsible For Collapse Of Opposition Unity In Assam | OPINION</nowiki>|date=26 October 2024 |url=https://news.abplive.com/blog/opinion-congress-gaurav-gogoi-is-responsible-for-collapse-of-opposition-unity-in-assam-northeast-notes-1727033}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1238337 | title=United opposition forum names new president after exit of Assam Cong chief }}</ref>

==Socio-political issues==
He has been quite vocal against [[Citizenship Amendment Act|Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016 and Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]] and wrote several articles against it and played an important role in uniting the left and democratic forces in the opposition of the bill.<ref>{{cite news|title = Citizenship (Amendment) Bill Will Destroy the Constitution: Suprakash Talukdar, CPI(M)|url =https://www.newsclick.in/citizenship-amendment-bill-will-destroy-constitution-suprakash-talukdar-cpim?amp=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title =The Citizenship Amendment Bill, Assam Accord and the People of Assam|url = https://www.newsclick.in/citizenship-amendment-bill-assam-accord-and-people-assam|author = Suprakash Talukdar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Citizenship Bill: Why Protests Have Spread Across Northeast|url = https://www.newsclick.in/citizenship-bill-why-protests-have-spread-across-northeast|author = Suprakash Talukdar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Politics and Ramifications of the NRC in Assam| url = https://www.newsclick.in/politics-ramifications-NRC-assam|author = Suprakash Talukdar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = CPM condemns 'a wasteful exercise'|url =https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/north-east/cpm-condemns-a-wasteful-exercise/cid/1720982}}</ref>

He was also the member of [[Sitaram Yechury]] led delegation which visited the ethnic strife-torn Manipur for two days from 18 August 2023. The delegation also visited various relief camps at [[Churachandpur]], [[Moirang]] and [[Imphal]] and met Governor [[Anusuiya Uikey]] and various other civil society organisations.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.rediff.com/news/commentary/2023/aug/17/cpim-delegation-to-visit-manipur-from-friday/88ad5b53c3ef7052431ee05cd95f2f0d | title=CPI-M delegation to visit Manipur from Friday }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sitaram-yechury-led-cpim-delegation-to-visit-manipur-from-august-18-20/article67205877.ece | title=Sitaram Yechury-led CPI(M) delegation to visit Manipur from August 18–20 | work=The Hindu | date=17 August 2023 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Seema Kapur Chhibber

2026-04-07T23:12:32Z

Jhonny: Put Up Basic Page Basic Info!

{{Short description|1960s Indian cabaret dancer}}
'''Seema Kapoor''' ([[Hindi]]: सीमा कपूर) is an Indian actress, dancer and model from the 1970s and '80s.<ref name="masala1">{{cite web|first=Soumyadipta |last=Banerjee
|url=https://www.masala.com/bollywood-news/seema-kapoor-the-sizzling-life-of-the-70s-pin-up-girl-who-vanished-243822 |title=Seema Kapoor: The Sizzling Life of the '70s Pin-Up Girl Who Vanished From Bollywood |publisher=Masala! |date=5 July 2017 |access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhibber, Sema}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{dance-bio-stub}}

Enga Veettu Pillai

2026-04-01T04:41:30Z

Jhonny:

{{short description|1965 film by Tapi Chanakya}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Enga Veettu Pillai
| image = Enga Veettu Pillai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Tapi Chanakya|Chanakya]]
| screenplay = [[Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy]]
| based_on = ''[[Ramudu Bheemudu]]''
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Nagi Reddi]]
*[[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
*[[B. Saroja Devi]]
}}
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
*[[A. Vincent]]
*[[P. N. Sundaram]]
}}
| editing = C. P. Jambulingam
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios|Vijaya Combines Productions]]
| distributor = Emgeeyaar Pictures
| released = {{film date|1965|1|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 183 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Enga Veettu Pillai''''' ({{translation|The Son of Our House}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written by [[Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy]] and directed by [[Tapi Chanakya|Chanakya]]. A remake of his 1964 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Ramudu Bheemudu]]'', it stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]], with [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[Rathna (actress)|Rathna]] and [[Pandari Bai]] in supporting roles. The film is about two identical but contrasting twins who were separated at birth, and what happens when they cross paths.

''Enga Veettu Pillai'' was produced by [[Nagi Reddi]] and [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]]. It was the second film to feature Ramachandran in two roles after the release of 1958's ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]''. The cinematography was handled by [[A. Vincent]], and editing was done by C. P. Jambulingam. The film was primarily shot at [[Vauhini Studios]], and filming was completed within 45 days.

''Enga Veettu Pillai'' was released by Emgeeyaar Pictures on 14 January 1965, [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] Day, and emerged as a major box office success, running for over 25 weeks in theatres in Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Thanjavur, Trichy and thereby becoming a [[silver jubilee film]]. It was also the first film to win Ramachandran, Best Actor awards from both the Madras Film Fans' and Filmgoer's Associations.

== Plot ==
Ramu is an innocent and cowardly man – the heir to all the riches of Poonjolai ''zamin''. He was raised that way by his sister Susheela and her husband Gajendran. Ramu shivers at the very mention of his brother-in-law's name and a whiplash is Gajendran's favourite form of punishment. Gajendran wants to have Ramu marry Leela for her wealth and he demands dowry, but she is repulsed by his cowardice. Gajendran plans to take all of Ramu's wealth and expel him from the house. Ramu overhears this and runs away.

Ilango is a jobless young man, prone to pick a fight and for this reason, he causes trouble for his mother. Ilango chases a thief who steals Leela's purse and Leela takes him home mistaking him for Ramu. Ilango enjoys their attention and does not reveal his true identity to them.

Meanwhile, Santha, a village girl finds Ramu who is now unconscious due to hunger and brings him home to his mother. Ilango teaches a lesson to Gajendran while Ramu learns the ways of the world.

Gajendran is angered as Ilango interferes in factory matters and makes him powerless in front of the workers. He beats his wife, Susheela, accusing her of encouraging Ilango. A fight ensues between Ilango and Gajendran, Gajendran leaves the house with his sister and daughter, Meena.

Due to this, Susheela falls ill and Gajendran rejects Ilango's request to come home. Ilango decides to leave and reveal that he was not Ramu through a letter to Gajendran. Gajendran kidnaps Govindan, a friend of Ilango, and learns his whereabouts. Gajendran's goons kidnap Ramu, mistaking him for Ilango.

The rest of the story reveals that Ramu and Ilango are brothers who were separated in childhood during [[Panguni Uthiram]] in [[Palani]]. Ilango, born Lakshmanan, was adopted by a childless couple who renamed him Ilango. Ilango comes to rescue Ramu and after a fight Gajendran sees them together and has a change of heart.

The film ends with Ramu marrying Santha and Ilango marrying Leela, with the blessings of Gajendran and all family members.

== Cast ==
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Ramu and Lakshmanan / Ilango{{sfn|Balabharathi|2015|p=310}}
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as Leela

;Supporting actors
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Ranganathan Pillai, Leela's Father
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Gajendran{{sfn|Balabharathi|2015|p=310}}
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Malaiyappa
* [[Nagesh]] as Govindhan

;Supporting actresses
* [[Rathna (actress)|Rathna]] as Santha
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Susheela
* [[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as the main female dancer of "Kankalum Kaavadi..."
* Madhavi as Ranji
* Seethalakshmi as Gajendran's older sister, Perundevi
* [[Rushyendramani]] as Ilango's mother
* Baby Shakila as Meena
* [[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as Grandmother of Ramu, Elango and Susheela

== Production ==
''Enga Veettu Pillai'' was a remake of the 1964 Telugu film ''[[Ramudu Bheemudu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=21 May 2014 |title=Fifty years of a trendsetting blockbuster Ramudu Bheemudu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/fifty-years-of-a-trendsetting-blockbuster-ramudu-bheemudu/article6034133.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524001405/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/fifty-years-of-a-trendsetting-blockbuster-ramudu-bheemudu/article6034133.ece |archive-date=24 May 2014 |access-date=11 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Tapi Chanakya who directed the Telugu version has also directed Tamil version. Sakthi Krishnaswamy wrote the dialogues for the film. [[A. Vincent]] was recruited as the director of photography and C. P. Jambulingam edited the film.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=228}} This was the second film to feature [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in dual roles after 1958's ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]''.{{sfn|Balabharathi|2015|p=308}} The dual roles consists of a scared heir and a brave man.{{sfn|Balabharathi|2015|pp=309–310}}

The makers were set deadline by producers to complete the film within 45 days to release it in time for the festive occasion of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]]. Sets were erected in all the floors at [[Vauhini Studios]]. For the scene involving both Ramachandrans who cross each other, Vincent used lighting mask technique to shoot the scene.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=2 December 2012 |title=I worked with three Chief Ministers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/i-worked-with-three-chief-ministers/article4155063.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229061217/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/i-worked-with-three-chief-ministers/article4155063.ece |archive-date=29 December 2012 |access-date=11 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Once during the shooting, the director found the actors struggling with the words, the director asked Sakthi's assistant to change the words, despite Ramachandran warning him not to. Sakthi heard this, came to him took the dialogue papers, tore them and walked away saying no one can change his dialogues. Ramachandran who watched all this with a smile called the director and told him to go to the writer's house to apologise. Sakthi came back and wrote dialogues that were agreeable to all.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=13 April 2013 |title=The power of the pen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-power-of-the-pen/article4612592.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831092333/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-power-of-the-pen/article4612592.ece |archive-date=31 August 2014 |access-date=11 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Wrestler Raja Sandow appeared in a small role, his scene is based on a real incident that happened during his first stint at acting. Ramachandran who learned of the incident incorporated it in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=5 October 2013 |title=The forgotten heroes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-forgotten-heroes/article5204125.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918010848/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-forgotten-heroes/article5204125.ece |archive-date=18 September 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2010 |title=MGR and Sandow |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/MGR-and-Sandow/article16129422.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226063705/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/MGR-and-Sandow/article16129422.ece |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=11 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> During the shoot of a duet song, Nagi Reddi expressed disappointment that the costumes and lyrics were not jelling well in one stanza of a song. The next day Ramachandran completed the shots and Reddi was surprised seeing the involvement of Ramachandran.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=229}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack album was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Engaveettupillai Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/engaveettupillai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707095340/https://mossymart.com/product/engaveettupillai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Enga Veettu Pillai (1965) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000050 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413075845/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/enga-veetu-pillai-t0000050 |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=13 November 2016 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Naan Aanaiyittal", written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], had two versions; the film version had word "kadavul" (god) and Ramachandran did not agree to use the word but later relented after being requested by Vaali, but it got changed into the word "thalaivar" (leader) in audio records.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=229}} The song remains one of the famous songs from the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2007 |title=Popular even today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/popular-even-today/article1784459.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226062735/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Popular-even-today/article14707986.ece |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=11 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Kumari Pennin" was remixed by [[Srikanth Deva]] in ''[[Perumal (film)|Perumal]]'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundaram |first=Malathy |title=Perumal Music Review |url=https://behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/perumal-music-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108075918/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/perumal-music-review.html |archive-date=8 November 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Naan Aanaiyitaal
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| length1 = 5:05
| title2 = Kankalum Kaavadi
| extra2 = [[L. R. Eswari]], Chorus
| lyrics2 = [[Alangudi Somu]]
| length2 = 5:08
| title3 = Kumari Pennin
| extra3 = T. M. Soundararajan, [[P. Susheela]]
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| length3 = 5:50
| title4 = Malarukku Thendral
| extra4 = L. R. Eswari, P. Susheela
| lyrics4 = Alangudi Somu
| length4 = 4:59
| title5 = Naan Maanthoppil
| extra5 = T. M. Soundararajan, L. R. Eswari
| lyrics5 = Vaali
| length5 = 5:56
| title6 = Penn Ponaal
| extra6 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
| lyrics6 = Vaali
| length6 = 4:13
| total_length = 31:11 
}}

== Release and reception ==

''Enga Veettu Pillai'' was released on 14 January 1965, Pongal day, and distributed by Emgeeyaar Pictures in Madras.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ஜூரி |date=5 June 2015 |title=எங்க வீட்டுப் பிள்ளை 50 ஆண்டுகள் நிறைவு: மறுபடியும் முதல்லேருந்தா? |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/45278-50.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200226063357/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/45278-50.html |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=7 August 1965 |title=M. G. R.'s unique triumph |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11921/page/n337/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230203131131/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11921/page/n337/mode/2up |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=51 |volume=19 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film emerged a major box office success, running for over 25 weeks in theatres, thereby becoming a [[silver jubilee film]]. It sold 1.2 million tickets in Madras and yielded record {{INR}}5 million in entertainment tax revenue (about 10 per cent) to the exchequer.<ref name="Man of the masses">{{Cite news |date=17 January 2018 |title=MGR, man of the masses |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mgr-man-of-the-masses/article22454866.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425045417/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mgr-man-of-the-masses/article22454866.ece |archive-date=25 April 2018 |access-date=20 January 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Sekar and Sundar of the Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in their review dated 24 January 1965, called it the best film which the reviewer have seen in Tamil cinema on the theme of an imposter to that point. The reviewers felt the film had newness in its scenes, and overall it was a film which entertains the audience and occupies a special place among the good films in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=சேகர் |last2=சந்தர் |date=24 January 1965 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: எங்க வீட்டு பிள்ளை |trans-title=Movie Review: Enga Veettu Pillai |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/39679--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200226063108/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/39679--2 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=26 February 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt Nagesh and Thangavelu's comedy lacked newness, but said the film could be watched for Ramachandran's performance as Ramu and the colour cinematography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=31 January 1965 |title=எங்க வீட்டுப் பிள்ளை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1965/jan/31-01-1965/p25.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211126110756/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1965/jan/31-01-1965/p25.jpg |archive-date=26 November 2021 |access-date=1 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=25 |language=ta}}</ref> [[Dilip Kumar]], who portrayed the twins in the Hindi version ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'', personally regarded Ramachandran's performance better than his own.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Meghnad |author-link=Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai |title=Nehru's hero Dilip Kumar in the life of India |publisher=[[Roli Books|Lotus Collection]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7436-311-4}}{{page needed|date=February 2023}}</ref> ''Enga Veettu Pillai'' was the first film for Ramachandran that won him Best Actor awards from both the Madras Film Fans' and Filmgoer's Associations.<ref>{{Cite magazine |via=[[Internet Archive]] |date=7 August 1965 |title=Tit-Bits |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20950/page/n893/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230203130934/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20950/page/n893/mode/2up |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=52 |volume=20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=31 July 1965 |title=சினிமா கலைஞர்களுக்கு பரிசு |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1966/jul/31-07-1966/p23.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220726042312/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1966/jul/31-07-1966/p23.jpg |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=23 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Enga Veettu Pillai'' inspired several later Tamil films which focused on the theme of identical twins separated at birth and then crossing paths when they grow up,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sekhar |first=Arunkumar |date=7 February 2018 |title=Double trouble |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/07/double-trouble-1769957.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527042945/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/07/double-trouble-1769957.html |archive-date=27 May 2021 |access-date=29 November 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> such as ''[[Kalyanaraman (1979 film)|Kalyanaraman]]'' (1979) and ''[[Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey]]'' (1983).{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=229}} The basic storyline of ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' (1972) was noted for its similarity with ''Enga Veettu Pillai'', as its female lead portrays identical twins instead of male. This prompted Chakrapani to remake the film in Telugu and Tamil as ''[[Ganga Manga]]'' (1973) and ''[[Vani Rani (film)|Vani Rani]]'' (1974).<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2014 |title=Sivaji Ganesan's Vani Rani: Doomed From The Start |url=http://silverscreen.in/blog/sivaji-ganesans-vani-rani-doomed-start/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041559/http://silverscreen.in/blog/sivaji-ganesans-vani-rani-doomed-start/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref> The whip used by Ramachandran attained popularity in Tamil cinema, as did the scene where his character uses it to threaten to whip Nambiar's character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |date=2010 |title=The MGR phenomenon |url=https://ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226065312/https://ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/2.html |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=26 February 2020 |website=[[Jump Cut (journal)|Jump Cut]]}}</ref>

Footage of the song "Naan Aanaiyittal" was interposed in ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Villu Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Villu/articleshow/4035512.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906211156/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Villu/articleshow/4035512.cms |archive-date=6 September 2017 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Following Vaali's death in 2013, ''The Hindu'' included "Naan Aanaiyittal" among his best songs in their collection, "Best of Vaali: From 1964 – 2013".<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 July 2013 |title=Best of Vaali: From 1964–2013 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article4931802.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731125213/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article4931802.ece |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=11 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The 1966 film ''[[Naan Aanaiyittal]]'', also starring Ramachandran, was named after this film's song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2021 |title=ஒரே பாடலில் இரு படங்கள்… பாடலில் பிறந்த படங்களின் வரலாறு |url=https://cinereporters.com/latest-news-two-films-in-one-song-history-of-films-born-in-the-song-cid3335806-htm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514073050/https://cinereporters.com/latest-news-two-films-in-one-song-history-of-films-born-in-the-song-cid3335806-htm/ |archive-date=14 May 2023 |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=CineReporters |language=ta}}</ref> The 2017 Telugu film ''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]'' was dubbed in Tamil as ''Naan Aanaiyittal'', also named after the song.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2017 |title=MGR connection in Rana's 'Naan Aanaiyitaal' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mgr-connection-in-rana-s-naan-aanaiyitaal-117071100659_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226061523/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mgr-connection-in-rana-s-naan-aanaiyitaal-117071100659_1.html |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Balabharathi |title=Tamil Cinema 80 – Part 1 |publisher=[[Nakkheeran]] |year=2015 |isbn=9789381828403}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931–1976 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Tapi Chanakya}}

[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:1965 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Tapi Chanakya]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}

Nethakani

2026-03-29T15:09:54Z

Jhonny: minor cleaned up intro per sources

{{Short description|Indian caste}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
The '''Nethakani''' or '''Netkani''' (also '''Nethkani''' in [[Maharashtra]] or '''Nethakaani''' in [[Telangana]]) are a [[Marathi language|Marathi]]- and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[Jāti|caste]] of cotton weavers and laborers. Originating in Maharashtra, and spread over middle India, Northern and southern parts of India. Traditionally they have been associated with the occupation of [[weaving]] (''netha neyuta'' means "weaving" in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]), but they have now largely moved to cultivation and agricultural labor; with a few of them being small land-owners.

==History==
The Nethkani claim descent from [[Maharishi Bhrigu|Brigu Maharshi]], [[Markandeya]], and Bhawana rishi.<ref name="Russell">{{cite book|last=Russell|first=Robert Vane|author2=Lal, R.B. |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India|publisher=Anthropological Publications|volume=4|pages=156}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dube|first=S. C.|author2=Opler, Morris Edward|title=Indian village|publisher=Routledge|year=1955|series=International Library of Sociology E: The Sociology of Development}}</ref> According to ''Bhadravathi Kalyana Natakamu'', a folk-drama which has been published, the Nethakani are one among the four sections of Padmasaliyulu who are the sons of Bhavana Rushi. The four sections mentioned in this drama are Padmiyulu, Padmasakhiyulu, Padmasalikulu and Padmapulindulu. Padma-pulindulu was the original name of the Nethakani. From Padmapulindulu, the name became Chenethakanivaru, which in course of time changed to the present form, Nethakani.

During British rule, [[Hyderabad State]] was ruled by the Nizam Nawabs with [[Aurangabad]] as the capital of Maharashtra. The Nethakanis migrated to other parts of the country due to financial difficulties, some of which also came to the Telangana region. They later started farming as agricultural laborers in the Telangana region so that their economic condition improved to some extent.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The main occupation of the Nethakani society in the past was weaving handloom textiles. Weaving has disappeared over time, forcing the Nethakani to turn toward other professions, mainly agricultural labour and the making of agricultural implements (e.g. plowing edlabandi, making). Nethakani also went into the forest to gather [[coir]] and make rope from it, including line ropes, line ropes for bullock carts, reins for oxen, goats, tails, etc. The threads made of coir are called ''nulaka'' and the beds were woven with this ''nulaka''. Linen beds are also known as chenetha beds.

==Present distribution and conditions==
Based on their financial status in the society, Nethekanis are designated as a [[Scheduled Caste]] (SC) in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Telangana,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Compendium-2016.pdf |title=List of Scheduled Castes |publisher= [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]] |access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref> and may be classified as an [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) in other parts of India.

===Maharashtra===
Nethakanis are distributed throughout Maharashtra. Most live in [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]] and [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]] areas of Maharashtra, with smaller populations in other areas. The Nethakanis of Maharashtra speak Marathi, as do those in the neighbouring Adilabad district of Telangana.

===Telangana===
In Telangana, Nethakanis are found primarily in the [[Godavari River]] basin, in the districts of [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]], [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]], [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]], [[Khammam district|Khammam]], and [[Warangal district|Warangal]]. Nethakani's are among the smaller SC castes in Telangana; a study estimated their population to be around 80,000, constituting about 1% of the state's total SC population.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chalam|first=K. S.|title=Human Development in South India: The Dravidian Marvel|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=2002|pages=78|isbn=81-261-1034-1}}</ref>

Nethakani in Adilabad Warangal Agency areas in Khammam district such as Utnur, Asifabad, Aturunagaram Bhadrachalam are living with [[Adivasis|tribals]] in areas under ITDA. But the Nethakani caste people who have been residing in the agency areas for many generations have no right to land, no education, no job, no political opportunities. In a way the orphans living in the Agency area are said to be the poorest of the tribals in India, but the local Nethakani people experience worse poverty than those tribes.

==Culture==
This people are part of Hindu [[Sampradaya#Shaivite_sampradayas|Shiva sampradaya]]. They are unique caste present in India. They speak Marathi, Telugu, Kannada, Gujarati, and Hindi.

The Nethakanis are distinguished by their custom of tying their head cloth in a roughly square shape, and by their [[dhoti|loincloths]], which are worn very loose and not knotted.<ref name="Russell" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Jagdish Saran|title=Encyclopaedia Indica|publisher=S. Chand|year=1981|edition=ed. 2|volume=2|pages=761}}</ref>

After the independence of India, the [[Hyderabad State|state of Hyderabad]] was merged into the state of Andhra Pradesh pursuant to the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]]. Due to this boundary change, the non-weaver community on one side of the Godavari river basin would come under the state of Maharashtra, and the weaver community on the other side came under the joint state of Andhra Pradesh. Among the Netakani in Telangana's Adilabad district, [[Buddhism in India|Buddhist]] religious traditions are practiced. In the villages in the Aheri Revenue Division area, the non-weaving community follows the [[Ambedkarite Buddhism|religion of the Buddha, as well as the ideology of Ambedkar]], and some Hindu traditions. The Telugu language is mostly spoken by the Netakani community living in these areas.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Telugu social groups]]
[[Category:Dalit communities]]

Vaikuntha Ekadashi

2026-03-28T04:25:10Z

Jhonny: improved layout

{{Short description|Hindu occasion}}
{{Infobox holiday
| type = Hindu
| holiday_name = Vaikuntha Ekadashi
| observedby = [[Vaishnavas]]
| celebrations = Temple celebration, rituals
| date = dhanu [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar#sauramasa|māsa]], śukla [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar#paksha|pakṣa]], ekādaśī [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar#tithi|tithi]]
| litcolor =
| scheduling =
| month = Between 16 December and 13 January in the Gregorian calendar
| significance = Vishnu's victory over Murāsura Opening of the gates of [[Vaikuntha]]
| frequency = Annual
| observances = Fasting
| image = [[File:Sri Vaikuntha Ekadashi ISKCON Bangalore.jpg|250px|]]
| caption = Vaikuntha Ekadashi observed at ISKCON, Bangalore
}}
{{Tamil Festivals}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

'''Vaikuntha Ekadashi''' ({{Langx|sa|वैकुण्ठ एकादशी|lit=Eleventh day of Vaikuntha}}) is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] occasion and festival. It is primarily observed by [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavas]], who regard it to be a special [[ekadashi]]. It coincides with [[Mokshada Ekadashi]] or [[Pausha Putrada Ekadashi|Putrada Ekadashi]]. It is observed on the 11th lunar day of the waxing lunar fortnight of the solar month of [[Dhanu (month)|Dhanu]].<ref group="note">Most Hindu festivals are fixed using the [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar#chandramana|lunar]] portion of the Hindu lunisolar calendar. This festival is an exception. It is fixed using a combination of the [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar#sauramana|solar]] (month) and lunar (fortnight and day) portions of the Hindu calendar.</ref> This falls between 16 December and 13 January in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

==Legend==
The origin of Vaikuntha Ekadashi is mentioned in a legend of the ''[[Padma Purana]]''. There was once an asura named Murāsura, who was a nightmare to the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], owing to a boon he had received from [[Brahma]]. They sought the assistance of Vishnu, who fought against the asura in a battle, but was unable to defeat him. He travelled to a cave called Simhavati in the vicinity of Badarikashrama, where he was pursued by Murāsura. There, Vishnu summoned [[Yogamaya]], a goddess created from his [[Shakti|divine energy]], who slew the asura. Vishnu, who was pleased, offered the goddess the epithet 'Ekadashi', and declared that she would be capable of vanquishing the sins of all the people of Earth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-08-18 |title=Mura: 19 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mura |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> In Vaishnava tradition, it is held all those who observe a fast on the occasion and worship Ekadashi would attain Vaikuntha. Thus came into being the first Ekadashi, which was a Dhanurmasa Shukla Paksha Ekadashi.<ref>{{cite web |date=2003-12-29 |title=Vaikuntha Ekadasi |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/29/stories/2003122901450100.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040225085107/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/29/stories/2003122901450100.htm |archive-date=25 February 2004 |access-date=2007-04-19 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

According to a later story, there was once a Vaishnava king of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] called [[Ambarisha]], who always maintained his vow of fasting for the occasion. Once, after three days of fasting for the occasion, he was about to break his fast, when the sage [[Durvasa]] appeared at his city's gates. The king received the sage with honour, and offered him a meal, which the latter accepted, but went first to perform his ritual ablutions. Even as Ambarisha waited for a long while, the sage did not return, and the auspicious moment of breaking his fast approached. He faced a dilemma: If he did not break his fast before the day was over, the act of his fasting would not bear fruit; However, if he ate a single morsel of food before Durvasa returned, that was regarded as disrespectful. He decided to simply sip some water, which broke his fast, but was hoped to not prove to seem insulting to the sage. Durvasa was infuriated when he returned, and tore a clump of hair from his head, which was sent charging to attack the king. The [[Sudarshana Chakra]] of Vishnu intervened to destroy the clump, which then proceeded to chase the sage. Durvasa fled, attempting to seek the protection of Brahma and [[Shiva]], but the two deities denied him refuge. Finally, Durvasa begged for his life from Vishnu himself, who informed him that his salvation lay at the hands of his devotees. Accordingly, Durvasa sought forgiveness from Ambarisha, and was saved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Manish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4gzFFLdBoYC&dq=mura+vishnu&pg=PA65 |title=Fasts and Festivals of India |date=2013 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-076-4 |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref>

According to another legend, Vishnu opened the gate of Vaikuntha (his abode) for two [[asura]]s (demons) in spite of their being against him. They also asked for this boon: Whoever listens to their story, and sees the image of Vishnu coming out of the door called Vaikuntha Dvaram, would reach Vaikuntha as well. Temples all over India make a door kind of structure on this day for devotees to walk through.

==Significance==
{{Vaishnavism}}

=== Vaishnavism ===
[[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavas]] (Devotees of [[Vishnu]]) believe that ‘Vaikuntha Dvaram’ (the gate to Vaikuntha) is opened on this day. The Margashirsha Shukla Paksha Ekadashi in the Lunar calendar is known as a 'Mokshada Ekadashi.' Special prayers from the [[Vedas]], [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]], [[Vaikuntha Gadyam]] as well as the Vaikuntha Dvara Puja, Prakarothsvam (Sri Veli), Oonjal Seva (swing pooja), Oonjal Prabhandham, ''yagnas'', discourses, and speeches are arranged at several Vishnu temples around the world on this auspicious day.

[[Vaikuntha]] refers to the abode of the Hindu preserver deity, Vishnu. Vaishnavas consider the feet of Vishnu to be ''Vishnupada'', or ''Parama Padam'' (Ultimate feet), as it is regarded to be the realm for Vishnu and his devotees to reside in the ''suddha-sattva'', or the supreme state of purity and goodness.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/9070/vaikuntha | title=What is Vaikuntha? - Definition from Yogapedia }}</ref>

In Vishnu temples, Vaikuntha Ekadashi is part of Dhanurmasam ([[Margazhi]]) vratam and its puja. Fasting for the entire month of Dhanurmasam is practised by several Vaishnavas, including temperance and food restrictions for Sri Vaishnavas.

According to the [[Vishnu Purana]], fasting on Vaikuntha Ekadashi is equivalent to fasting on the remaining 23 ekadashis of the (Hindu) year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vaikuntha Ekadashi |url=http://www.ssvt.org/Festivals/VaikundaEkadasi.pdf |access-date=2007-04-19 |archive-date=5 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305200110/http://www.ssvt.org/Festivals/VaikundaEkadasi.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, according to [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition, fasting is mandatory on all ekadashis of both [[Shukla paksha]] and [[Krishna paksha]]. Fasting on Ekadashi is considered holier than any other religious observation. Complete fasting has to be observed on Ekadashi, the 11th day of the paksha. That is why the meal on the Dvadashi (the 12th day) is designed to be wholesome, nutritious, and filling.

=== Fasting ===
Vaikuntha Ekadashi fasting is an important aspect of those associated with it. People fast the whole day and keep vigil. Special prayers are offered to Vishnu and devotees engage in Japa (chanting of Vishnu's name) and Dhyana (Meditation). On 'Dashami', the previous day of the observance, devotees who take up Vaikuntha Ekadashi fasting are to take only lunch. On Ekadashi, the next day, they have to maintain a complete fast and engage in prayers and meditation of Vishnu. They are strictly prohibited from taking rice. That night, people keep vigil the whole night and visit the temple of Vishnu, mostly in the wee hours of the morning.

The [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] sect observes the day as ''Trikoti Ekadashi,'' a religious observance where adherents regard it to be the date when all the deities in the Hindu pantheon pay obeisance to [[Shiva]].

==Celebrations==
The celebrations of the occasion span across all [[Venkateswara]] temples. The most important for this particular festival is considered to be in Srirangam which is specifically known for the ''Svarga Vasal'' opening. The next most important is considered to be in Tirupati in the Tirumala hills, which houses the highly venerated abode of Venkateswara.

===Srirangam===
At the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangam)|Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]] Vaikuntha Ekadashi celebrations last for 20 days, divided into two parts: ''pagal pathu'' (morning part 10 days) and ''Ira pathu'' (night part 10 days). Vishnu, as the [[Moolavar|mulavar]] (central temple idol) of [[Ranganatha]], is regarded to bless devotees in his ''Muthangi'', an armour of pearls, on all 20 days. On the 10th day of Pagal Pathu (previous day of Vaikuntha Ekadashi), the [[Uthsavar|utsavar]] (processional idol), named Namperumal, is believed to bless devotees, in his form as [[Mohini]].

On Vaikuntha Ekadashi, during daybreak, Namperumal is regarded to bless devotees, clad in an armour of diamonds and gems, and brought to the thousand-pillared hall from the sanctum sanctorum, through the northern gate known as ''Paramapada Vasal'', the gate to Vaikuntha. This gate is opened once in a year, only on the occasion of Vaikuntha Ekadashi. It is said that anyone who goes through the Paramapada Vasal will attain Vaikuntha. For this reason, it is also known as the ''Svarga Vasal''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=K|first1=Kandaswamy|title=Srirangam Vaikunta Ekadasi - Pagal Pathu, Irapathu Schedule This Year|url=https://skanda-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/when-is-vaikunta-ekadashi-this-year-date-srirangam-tirupati-schedule.html|website=Live Trend|publisher=K Kandaswamy|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>

===Tirupati===
The [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] also has a similar concept to celebrate ''Mukkoti Ekadasi,'' as it is known in the Telugu-speaking regions. [[Tirumala]] has a special entrance called ''Vaikunta Dvaram'' that encircles the sanctum sanctorum. The ''dvaram'' (gateway) is opened only on Vaikunta Ekadasi, and it is believed that any person who passes through this 'Vaikunta Dvaram' on this particular day attains Vaikunta.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/12/27/stories/2001122703090300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112100736/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/12/27/stories/2001122703090300.htm | url-status=usurped | archive-date=12 November 2004 | title=Fervour marks Vaikunta Ekadasi | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=2001-12-27 | access-date=2007-04-19}}</ref> The temple witnesses heavy inflow of pilgrims and dignitaries for Vaikunta Ekadashi.

==See also==
*[[Divya Desams]]
*[[Ekadashi]]
*[[Vaikuntha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala}}

[[Category:Ekadashi]]
[[Category:Hindu holy days]]
[[Category:Vrata]]
[[Category:Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]
[[Category:Tirumala festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Festivals in Telangana]]
[[Category:Culture of Tiruchirappalli]]
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Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8

2026-03-24T08:10:34Z

Jhonny: created new details - done

{{Short description|Indian reality show season}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox television season
| image = BiggBoss8.jpg
| bgcolor = #89CFF0
| caption = Season 8 eye logo
| num_episodes = 106
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Vijay Sethupathi]]
| num_days = 105
| num_housemates = 24
| winner = Muthukumaran Jegatheesan
| runner_up =[[Soundariya Nanjundan]]
}}
| network = [[Star Vijay]] [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|10|06|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|01|19|df=y}}
| episode_list =
| next_season = [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 9|Season 9]]
}}

'''''Bigg Boss 8''''' is the eighth season of the Indian [[Tamil-language|Tamil]]-language version [[reality television]] series ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''. It premiered on 6 October 2024 on [[Star Vijay]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. [[Vijay Sethupathi]] joined as the host for the season marking his first time.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/actor-vijay-sethupathi-is-hosting-the-8th-season-of-bigg-boss-1120975|title=வந்தாச்சி புது பிக்பாஸ் - 8வது சீசனை தொகுத்து வழங்கும் நடிகர் விஜய்|website=[[ABP News]]|date=4 September 2024 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vijay-sethupathi-to-host-bigg-boss-tamil-8/articleshow/112919231.cms|title=Vijay Gurunadha Sethupathi to host Bigg Boss Tamil 8?|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

The grand finale of the season took place on 19 January 2025, where Muthukumaran Jegatheesan emerged as the winner, while [[Soundariya Nanjundan]] was the runner-up and Vishal as 2nd runner up. [[Jacquline Lydia]] made history by continuously nominated for 15 Weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-19 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8 winner LIVE Updates: Muthukumaran is the winner of Vijay Sethupathi's show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-finale-winner-live-updates-muthukumaran-soundarya-vishal-pavithra-rayan-fight-for-title-9786775/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Production==
=== Eye logo ===
The eye logo was officially released on 4 September 2024. The season's logo was shaped with two grey semi-circles and the numeral 8 in light blue featuring as the pupil of the eye.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-logo-unveiled-vijay-sethupathi-set-to-host-the-new-season/articleshow/113117868.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8 logo unveiled: Vijay Sethupathi set to host the new season|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

=== House ===
The House of this season had a "'Boys vs Girls'" theme.<ref name="indianexpresslive">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8 Launch Live Updates: Pavithra Janani, Muthukumaran, Gana Jeffry, Sachana Namidass enter Vijay Sethupathi's show
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-launch-live-updates-vijay-sethupathi-becomes-face-of-vijay-tv-show-9605674/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref> The house was again located in [[Chennai|EVP Film City, Chennai]] for the eighth time, including ''[[Bigg Boss Ultimate (season 1)|''Bigg Boss Ultimate'' (season 1)]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-27 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil Season 8: Check Out The List Of Final Contestants |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-check-out-the-list-of-final-contestants-9065499.html |website=[[News 18]] |access-date=2024-10-06 }}</ref> The house is split with a line in the middle dividing the male and female contestants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Premiere date, contestants, and 'Split house' theme revealed|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-premiere-date-contestants-and-split-house-theme-revealed/articleshow/113979377.cms|website=[[Times Of India]] |access-date=2024-10-06 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Exclusive! Bigg Boss Tamil 8 house divided into two parts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/exclusive-bigg-boss-tamil-8-house-divided-into-two-parts/articleshow/113971161.cms|website=[[Times Of India]] |access-date=2024-10-06 }}</ref> The house has a forest and nature theme for the season. The house has six sections: living area, kitchen, dining and sitting area, bedrooms, garden, and a confession room. This season features two separate bedrooms for the first time since ''Bigg Boss 5''. However, after the eighth week of the show, male and female housemates could sleep in whichever bedroom they wished.

=== Host ===
Over seven years, Bigg Boss Tamil aired seasons with [[Kamal Haasan]] as host.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.herzindagi.com/celebrities/bigg-boss-tamil-host-kamal-hassan-exit-complete-journey-article-297428|title=Bigg Boss Tamil host actor Kamal Hassan exit complete journey|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In August 2024, Kamal Haasan announced his exit from ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil]]'',<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/kamal-haasan-vijay-sethupathi-host-bigg-boss-tamil-8-2581884-2024-08-14|title=After Kamal Haasan's exit, Thalapathy vijay 2026 CM likely to host Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Report|website=[[India Today]]|date=14 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> due to scheduling conflicts with his upcoming films.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kamal-haasan-announces-exit-from-bigg-boss-tamil-heres-a-look-at-his-memorable-journey-in-the-show/photostory/112320004.cms|title=Kamal Haasan announces exit from Bigg Boss Tamil; Here's a look at his memorable journey in the show|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/kamal-haasan-announces-exit-from-bigg-boss-tamil-heres-a-look-at-his-memorable-journey-in-the-show--1117045|title=பிக்பாஸ் நிகழ்ச்சியில் இருந்து விலகுவதாக கமல் அறிவிப்பு|website=[[Dina Thanthi]]|date=6 August 2024 |language=ta}}</ref>

Following his departure, [[Vijay Sethupathi]] took over as host for the eighth season.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-vijay-sethupathi-turns-host-after-kamal-haasan-steps-down-watch-teaser-1715264|title=Bigg Boss Tamil: Vijay Sethupathi Turns Host For Season 8 As Kamal Haasan Steps Down, WATCH|website=[[ABP News]]|date=4 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-actor-vijay-sethupathi-hosts-tv-show-namma-ooru-hero/articleshow/112968502.cms|title=Did You Know actor Vijay Sethupathi hosts TV show Namma Ooru Hero?|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Teasers ===
The first promo was released on 11 September 2024, with Sethupathi saying "This time, Aalum Puthusu, Aatamum Puthusu". ({{Translation|"This time, the person is new, the game is new"}})<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/its-official-vijay-sethupathy-set-to-host-bigg-boss-tamil-8-makers-unveils-the-first-teaser/articleshow/113066370.cms|title=It's official: Vijay Sethupathy set to host Bigg Boss Tamil 8; makers unveils the first teaser|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Housemates status ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! style="background:#89CFF0; color: black;" |S.no
! style="background:#89CFF0; color:black;" |Housemates
! style="background:#89CFF0; color:black;" |Day entered
! style="background:#89CFF0; color:black;" |Day exited
! style="background:#89CFF0; |Housemates Status
|-
!1
|Muthukumaran
|Day 1
|Day 105
| {{Won| Winner}}
|-
!2
|Soundariya
|Day 1
|Day 105
|{{Runner up| 1st runner-up}}
|-
!3
|Vishal
|Day 1
|Day 105
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | 2nd runner-up
|-
!4
|Pavithra
|Day 1
|Day 105
| style="background: #DDA0DD" | 3rd runner-up
|-
!5
|Rayan
|Day 28
|Day 105
| style="background:#FF69B4"|4th runner-up
|-
!6
|Jacquline
|Day 1
|Day 102
|style="background:#DD0000;" |Task Evicted
|-
!7
|Deepak
|Day 1
|Day 98
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!8
|Arun
|Day 1
|Day 97
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!9
|Manjari
|Day 28
|Day 91
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!10
|Raanav
|Day 28
|Day 90
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!11
|Anshida
|Day 1
|Day 84
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!12
|Jeffry
|Day 1
|Day 83
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!13
|Ranjith
|Day 1
|Day 77
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!14
|Tharshika
|Day 1
|Day 70
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!15
|Sathya
|Day 1
|Day 69
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |16
| rowspan="2" |Sachana
| colspan="2" |Day 1
| bgcolor="#BFFF00" |{{nowrap|Evicted by Housemates}}
|-
| Day 5
| rowspan="1" |Day 63
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!17
|Ananthi
|Day 1
|Day 63
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!18
|Shiva
|Day 28
|Day 56
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!19
|Varshini
|Day 28
|Day 49
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!20
|Riya
|Day 28
|Day 42
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!21
|Sunita
|Day 1
|Day 35
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!22
|Dharsha
|Day 1
|Day 21
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!23
|Arnav
|Day 1
|Day 14
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!24
|Ravindar
|Day 1
|Day 7
|{{eliminated|Evicted
}}
|}
{{notelist}}

== Housemates ==
The list of housemates in the order of entering the house:

===Original entrants===
* Fatman (Ravindar Chandrasekaran), a film producer and actor, known for ''Munnarivaan'', ''[[Nalanum Nandhiniyum]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |last=R |first=Ansgar |title=Bigg Boss Tamil : பிக் பாஸை பங்கமாய் விமர்சித்த ரவீந்திரன் - முதல் போட்டியாளராக "வாரி" வரவேற்ற சேதுபதி! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-ravinder-chandrasekar-entered-as-first-contestant-ans-skxs10 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
* Sachana Namidass, an actress known for her role in ''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |last=Balaji |first=Aarthi |title=ஆரம்பமே இப்படியா.. மகளுக்கு மட்டும் சிறப்பு சலுகை கொடுத்த விஜய் சேதுபதி - ஏன் இப்படி ஓரவஞ்சனை? |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/why-vijay-sethupathi-gave-a-special-offer-to-bigg-boss-contestant-sachana-131728221571319.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
* [[Dharsha Gupta]], a television and film actress known for her appearances in ''[[Mullum Malarum (TV series)|Mullum Malarum]]'', ''[[Oh My Ghost (film)|Oh My Ghost]]'' and ''[[Cooku With Comali|Cooku With Comali (Season 2)]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar|first=RSiva|date=2024-10-06 |title=டீச்சராக தொடங்கி குக்காக கலக்கிய தர்ஷா குப்தா - 2.3 மில்லியன் பாலோயர்ஸ் கேட்டு மெர்சலான விஜய் சேதுபதி! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-third-contestant-dharsha-gupta-profile-check-details-rsk-skxv1q |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
* Sathya SK, a television actor known for his roles in ''[[Neelakuyil (TV series)|Neelakuyil]]'', ''[[:ta:வேலைக்காரன் (தொலைக்காட்சித் தொடர்)|Velaikkaran]]'', ''[[Anna (Tamil TV series)|Anna (TV series)]]'' and ''[[Panivizhum Malarvanam (TV series)|Panivizhum Malarvanam]]'', husband of [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 2|Season 2]] contestant [[Ramya NSK]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Fitness icon and actor Sathya steps into the spotlight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-fitness-icon-and-actor-sathya-steps-into-the-spotlight/articleshow/113988800.cms |website=[[Times of India]] |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
* [[Deepak Dinkar]], an actor and television presenter known for his roles in ''[[Thendral]]'', ''[[Thirumathi Selvam]]'' and ''[[Thamizhum Saraswathiyum]].''<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Ganesh |date=2024-10-06 |title=உங்க ஷோவில் எனக்கு சான்ஸ் கிடைக்கல! விஜய் சேதுபதி சொன்ன சீக்ரெட்; ஷாக் ஆன தீபக் |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-contestant-vj-deepak-dinkar-biodata-gan-skxwle |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
* RJ Ananthi, an actress and Radio Jockey known for her roles in ''[[Comali]],'' ''[[Bigil]]'', ''[[Netrikann]]'' and ''[[D Block (film)|D Block]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balaji |first=Aarthi |date=2024-10-06 |title=கேள்விகளுடன் பிக் பாஸ் வீட்டிற்கு செல்லும் ஆர்ஜே ஆனந்தி.. விடை கிடைக்குமா? கிடைக்காதா? |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/who-is-rj-anandhi-entered-as-sixth-contestant-in-bigg-boss-8-tamil-131728224733050.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101941/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/who-is-rj-anandhi-entered-as-sixth-contestant-in-bigg-boss-8-tamil-131728224733050.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Sunita Gogoi, an actress, dancer and performer, known for her appearances in ''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One Season 5]]'' and ''[[Cooku With Comali]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balaji |first=Aarthi |date=2024-10-06 |title=குக் வித் கோமாளி ஓகே.. ஆனா தமிழ் தெரியாமல் பிக் பாஸில் எப்படி? - தாக்கு பிடிப்பாரா சுனிதா? |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/who-is-sunita-gogoi-entered-into-bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-as-contestant-131728202694344.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
* [[Jeffry]], a gaana singer and performer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |last=R |first=Ansgar |title=Bigg Boss Tamil : அம்மாவிற்காக BB வீட்டிற்குள் செல்லும் இளம் பாடகர் - ஜெஃப்ரியை வாழ்த்தி அனுப்பிய VJS! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/young-and-talents-gana-singer-jeffry-enters-bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-ans-sky0k0#image2 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
* [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]], a film and television actor known for his roles in ''[[Pasupathi c/o Rasakkapalayam]]'', ''[[Pandavar Bhoomi]]'' and ''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |last=A |first=Ganesh |title=காசுக்காக இங்க வரல; என் பிளானே வேற! விவசாயியாக பிக்பாஸில் எண்ட்ரி கொடுத்த ரஞ்சித் |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-contestant-actor-ranjith-journey-gan-skxzrj#image1 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
* [[Pavithra Janani]], a television actress known for her roles in ''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]]'' and ''[[Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |last=a |first=manimegalai |title=மினி பிக்பாஸ் வீட்டுல் இருந்து தான் வருகிறேன்! பாட்டோடு என்ட்ரி கொடுத்த பவித்ரா ஜனனி! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/pavithra-janani-enter-in-bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-mma-sky1zu#image1 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
* [[Soundariya Nanjundan]], an actress and model known for her roles in ''[[Thamizh Padam 2]]'', ''[[Draupathi (2020 film)|Draupathi]]'', ''[[Vera Maari Office]]'' and forth runner-up contestant in ''[[Villa to Village]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |last=Pandiyan S |first=Kalyani |title=பெங்களூர் பொண்ணு.. மாடலிங் கெரியர்.. ஹாட் போட்டோஷூட்.. ரஜினி பட வாய்ப்பு.. யாரப்பா இந்த செளந்தர்யா நஞ்சுண்டன்? |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-who-is-bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-contestant-rajinikanth-darbar-actress-soundariya-nanjundan-131728232774993.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
* [[Arun Prasath]], a television actor known for his role in ''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Arun Prasath, the dazzling young actor set to shine in the house |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-arun-prasath-the-dazzling-young-actor-set-to-shine-in-the-house/articleshow/113990971.cms |website=[[Times of India]] |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
* Tharshika, a television actress known for her appearances in shows such as ''[[Thalattu (TV Series)|Thalattu]]'', ''[[Ponni (TV series)|Ponni]]'' and the third runner-up of ''[[Jodi Are U Ready]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |last=Balaji |first=Aarthi |title=பிக் பாஸ் தான் முக்கியம்.. சீரியல் வாய்ப்பை தூக்கி எறிந்த தர்ஷிகா.. திருப்பம் ஏற்படுமா? |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/who-is-tharshika-entered-as-contestant-in-bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-131728228607410.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
* [[VJ Vishal]], a television actor known for his roles in ''[[Kalyanamam Kalyanam (TV series)|Kalyanamam Kalyanam]]'', ''[[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]'' and ''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |last=Pandiyan S |first=Kalyani |title='கண்ணுங்களா உங்க எழில் வந்துருக்கேன்.. சென்னை பையன்.. பாக்கியலட்சுமி கொடுத்த பாசம்! - தொகுப்பாளர் விஷால் யாரு தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-who-is-bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-contestant-vj-vishal-bigg-boss-season-8-housemate-131728222398788.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
* Anshitha Akbarsha,<ref>Vijay Television. (6 October 2024). Bigg Boss Tamil season 8|Anshida [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JyU9Sp5ZExo</ref> a television actress known for her roles in the TV serial ''[[Chellamma (TV series)|Chellamma]]'' and [[Malayalam]] serials such as ''[[Kabani (TV series)|Kabani]]'' and ''[[Koodevide (TV series)|Koodevide]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |last=Balaji |first=Aarthi |title=சும்மாவே பெரிய பஞ்சாயத்து நடக்கும்.. அன்ஷிதாவை பிக் பாஸ் கூப்பிட இது தான் காரணமா? |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/who-is-anshita-akbarsha-entered-as-contestant-in-bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-131728234443653.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
* [[Arnav Amjath]], a television actor known for his roles in the TV serials ''[[Sakthi (TV series)|Sakthi]]'', ''[[Keladi Kanmani (TV series)|Keladi Kanmani]]'' and ''[[Chellamma (TV series)|Chellamma]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |last=Natarajan |first=Malavica |title=காதல் டூ கொலை முயற்சி.. சினிமாவை மிஞ்சும் கதையில் சிக்கிய நடிகர்.. பிக்பாஸ் வீட்டிற்கு செல்லும் அந்த நபர் யார்? |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/story-of-serial-actor-arnav-the-person-who-goes-bigg-boss-house-today-131728190585170.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
* Muthukumaran Jegatheesan, an social media influencer, and YouTuber, known for contestant in ''[[Tamil Pechu Engal Moochu|Tamil Pechu Engal Moochu (Season 3)]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8 contestant Muthukumaran Jegatheesan: All you need to know about the Debate Speaker |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-contestant-muthukumaran-jegatheesan-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-debate-speaker/articleshow/113992036.cms |website=[[Times of India]] |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
* [[Jacquline Lydia]], an actress and television presenter known for her roles in ''[[Kolamaavu Kokila]]'', ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]'' and ''[[Thaenmozhi B.A]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |last=Balaji |first=Aarthi |title=மூன்று வருட இடைவெளிக்கு பிறகு வந்த ஜாக்குலின்.. பிக் பாஸ் டைட்டில் பட்டம் கிடைக்குமா? |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/who-is-vj-jacqueline-fernandas-entered-as-contestant-in-bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-131728214232544.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>

===Wildcard entrants===
* Nagapriya "Riya" Thiyagarajan, a Bigg Boss critic, influencer and model. She is also the second runner-up of the beauty pageant [[Miss Chennai]] 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-03 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Wildcard contestant Nagapriya aka Riya; Here's everything about the supermodel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-wildcard-contestant-nagapriya-aka-riya-heres-everything-about-the-supermodel/articleshow/114916040.cms |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Raanav V C - an actor and model, known for his role in the web series ''Aadhalinaal Kaadhal Seiveer''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=6 Wild Card Contestants enter Bigg Boss Tamil season 8 : 5 இல்ல 6 பேர்; வைல்டு கார்டு எண்ட்ரியில் ட்விஸ்ட் வைத்த பிக்பாஸ்! யார் அந்த 6 பேர்? |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/6-wild-card-contestants-enter-bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-gan-smczqa |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=tamil.asianetnews.com}}</ref>
* Varshini Venkat, an actress and model known for her role in ''[[Kannana Kanne]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-03 |title=Shiva Kumarr to Varshini Venkat: Rumored wildcard contestants of Bigg Boss Tamil 8 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/shiva-kumarr-to-varshini-venkat-rumored-wildcard-contestants-of-bigg-boss-tamil-8/photostory/114910636.cms |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Manjari Narayanan, an [[influencer]], [[public speaker]] and news reader, known for contestant in ''[[Tamil Pechu Engal Moochu|Tamil Pechu Engal Moochu (Season 3)]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-03 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Newsreader and debate speaker Manjari joins as a wildcard contestant |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-newsreader-and-debate-speaker-manjari-joins-as-a-wildcard-contestant/articleshow/114917350.cms |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Shivaji Dev|Shiva Kumar]], an actor known for his role in the film ''[[Singakutty]]'' and winning ''[[BB Jodigal|BB Jodigal (Season 2)]]'', husband of [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 1|Season 1]] contestant [[Suja Varunee]].<ref name=":1" />
* Rayan, a television actor known for his roles in ''[[Thamizhum Saraswathiyum]]'' and ''[[Panivizhum Malarvanam (TV series)|Panivizhum Malarvanam]].''<ref name=":0" />

== Twists ==
===24-hour eviction===
Host Vijay Sethupathi announced that for the first time in Bigg Boss history there will be an eviction within 24 hours of the grand launch. Sachana Namidass was evicted by fellow housemates in an open nomination process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Vijay Sethupathi reveals exciting 24-hour elimination twist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-vijay-sethupathi-reveals-exciting-24-hour-elimination-twist/articleshow/114007342.cms |website=[[Times of India]] |access-date=2024-10-07}}</ref>

===Boys vs girls===
On launch day, Bigg Boss announced that the theme of the season is going to be boys vs. girls hence both boys and girls need to collaborate to obtain privileges over the Bigg Boss house facilities with the other gender.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Vijay Sethupathi announces new theme, 1st elimination in 24 hours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-tamil-8-vijay-sethupathi-men-vs-women-theme-first-elimination-in-24-hours-2612414-2024-10-07 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=2024-10-07}}</ref>
Both teams will record their points for each weekly and daily task they win. The team with the most points closer to the end of the season will receive special advantages. However the theme concluded on Day 50 and the individual competition began.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" colspan="4" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black;" | Scoreboard
|-
! scope="col" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black;" | Week(s)
! scope="col" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black;" | Task
! scope="col" style="background:cyan; color:black;" | Men
! scope="col" style="background:Pink; color:black;" | Women
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
!Weekly
|0
|2
|-
!Daily
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |2
!Weekly
|10 (5 + 5)
|6 (3 + 3)
|-
!Daily
|1
|2
|-
! rowspan="2" |3
!Weekly
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
!Daily
|1 (1 + 0 + 0)
|2 (0 + 1 + 1)
|-
! rowspan="2" |4
!Weekly
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
!Daily
|1 (1 + 0 + 0)
|2 (0 + 1 + 1)
|-
! rowspan="2" |5
!Weekly
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
!Daily
|2 (1 + 1)
|0 (0 + 0)
|-
! rowspan="2" |6
!Weekly
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
!Daily
|2 (0 + 1 + 1)
|1 (1 + 0 + 0)
|-
! rowspan="2" |7
!Weekly
|3
|1
|-
!Daily
|2 (1 + 1)
|0 (0 + 0)
|-
! colspan="2"| Total Points
|22
|16
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:orange"; |'''The Boys vs Girls theme concluded in Week 7'''
|}

=== Contestant swap and direct nomination ===
A contestant from each team is interchanged every week to support their respective teams. The two contestants are allowed to directly nominate a contestant from the house for the upcoming eviction process directly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |last=Kannan |first=Suresh |title=BB Tamil 8 Day 2: வெடிகுண்டு இல்லடா வெறுங்குண்டு - உப்பு சப்பில்லாமல் அணைந்த நெருப்பு |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/bb-tamil-8-day-2-episode-3-highlights |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-09}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:20px; width:auto;
!style="background:#89CFF0" | Week(s)
!style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, #1e90ff 50%, #ff6e67 50%);" | From Team Boys to Team Girls
!style="background:#097969; color:white;" | Directly nominated to next week
!style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, #ff6e67 50% , #1e90ff 50%);" | From Team Girls to Team Boys
!style="background:#097969; color:white;" | Directly nominated to next week
|-
!1
| Muthukumaran
| Jacquline
| Pavithra
| Deepak
|-
!2
| Deepak
| Dharsha
| Dharsha
| Arun
|-
!3
| Jeffry
| Anshida
| Sachana
| Deepak
|-
!4
| Vishal
| Jacquline
| Soundariya
| Vishal
|-
!5
| Raanav
|Soundariya
| Jacquline
|Shiva
|-
!6
|Rayan
|Varshini
|Anshida
|Muthukumaran
|-
!7
|Sathya
| Jacquline
|Ananthi
| Ranjith
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:orange"; |'''The Boys vs Girls theme concluded in Week 7'''
|}

===Weekly Team Nomination-Free Pass===
Each week the teams will need to complete three rounds of tasks assigned by Bigg Boss and the team that wins the most tasks will receive a nomination free pass token which will allow them to save a housemate from their team who is in the present week's nomination list.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; font-family: sans-serif; line-height:20px;"
!style="background:#89CFF0" | Week(s)
!style="background:#89CFF0" | Team won
!style="background:#89CFF0" | Saved from ongoing week's eviction
|-
!2
| rowspan="3" style="background:pink;" | Team Girls
| style="background:yellow;" | Jacquline
|-
!3
| style="background:yellow;" | Pavithra
|-
!4
| style="background:yellow ;" | Sunita
|-
!5
| rowspan="3" style="background:cyan;" | Team Boys
| style="background:yellow;" | Ranjith
|-
!6
| style="background:yellow;" | Deepak
|-
!7
| style="background:yellow;" | Shiva
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:orange"; |'''Weekly Team Nomination-Free Pass concluded in Week 7'''
|}

===Goibibo's all-expenses-paid trip to dream destination===
Team Boys and Team Girls will need to entertain and perform well every week. At the end of every week, one best performer will be chosen from each team by their housemates, which in turn will reward them with a Goibibo stamp in their Goibibo passport. The Boys vs Girls theme concluded on Day 50. Following that, two or more individuals will be selected by their housemates as the best performers in the house based on their weekly performance. The contestant who collects the most stamps towards the end of the season will receive an all-expenses-paid trip to their dream destination.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:20px; width:auto;"
! rowspan="2" style="background:#89CFF0" | Week(s)
! colspan="2" style="background:#89CFF0" | Best performer (Boys vs Girls)
|-
!style="background:cyan" | Team Boys
!style="background:pink" | Team Girls
|-
!2
|Ranjith
|Tharshika
|-
!3
|Muthukumaran
| rowspan="2" |Ananthi
|-
!4
|Sathya
|-
!5
|Arun
|Soundariya
|-
!6
|Vishal
|Manjari
|-
!7
|Deepak
|Pavithra
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#89CFF0" | Best performers (Individual)
|-
!8
| colspan="2" |Jeffry and Sachana
|-
!9
| colspan="2" |Deepak, Manjari, Pavithra and Ranjith
|-
!10
| colspan="2" |Jacquline, Muthukumaran and Vishal
|-
!11
| colspan="2" |Jeffry, Muthukumaran and Pavithra
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:orange;" |Top 3 Best Performers (Weeks 2 - 9): Deepak, Manjari, Pavithra
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:yellow;" |Winner: Pavithra (Destination: Vietnam)
|}

===Nomination-Free Pass (Viduthalai Pass)===
Every week, all housemates are required to compete and excel in the weekly task assigned by Bigg Boss. The winner will be awarded a Nomination-Free Pass, granting them immunity from the nomination process in the following week. However, this immunity was revoked by Bigg Boss for the rest of the season due to foul play observed during Week 12's captaincy task, conducted at the end of Week 11.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; font-family: sans-serif; line-height:20px;"
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Housemate
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Obtained during
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Used during
|-
!Arun
|Week 1
|Week 2
|-
!Jeffry
|Week 8
|Week 9
|-
!Manjari
|Week 9
|Week 10
|-
!Jeffry
|Week 10
|Week 11
|-
!Rayan
|Week 11
|Week 12
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:orange"; |'''Viduthalai Pass revoked from Week 12'''
|}

===A23's Captaincy Streak leaderboard===
The A23 Captaincy Streak Leaderboard tracks the captaincy streaks of housemates weekly, with updates featuring their names and achievements. At the end of the season, the housemate with the highest number of captaincies will be awarded a Royal Enfield motorcycle by A23. Evicted housemates become ineligible for this reward. During Week 14, A23 organized a tiebreaker challenge for the remaining contestants on the A23 Captaincy Streak Leaderboard. The task featured Muthukumaran, Vishal, Deepak, and Arun as participants, as they were the only housemates still present in the house and on the leaderboard, while the others—Manjari, Jeffry, Ranjith, Tharshika, and Sathya—had been evicted. Muthukumaran secured victory by being the first to successfully complete the puzzle task.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:20px; width:auto;"
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Housemates
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Captaincy Streak
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Captaincy Weeks
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Eviction
|- style="background:#4B0082; color:white;" !
|Muthukumaran
| rowspan="2" |1
|Week 4
| rowspan="2" |Week 15
|- style="background:#800080; color:white;" !
|Vishal
|Week 11
|- style="background:#8B0000; color:white;" ! colspan="3"
|Deepak
| rowspan="5" |1
|Week 8
| rowspan="2" |Week 14
|- style="background:#8B0000; color:white;" ! colspan="3"
|Arun
|Week 6
|- style="background:#FF0000; color:white;" ! colspan="3"
|Manjari
|Week 7
|Week 13
|- style="background:#FF0000; color:white;" ! colspan="3"
|Jeffry
|Week 9
|Week 12
|- style="background:#FF0000; color:white;" ! colspan="3"
|Ranjith
|Week 10
|Week 11
|- style="background:#FF0000; color:white;" ! colspan="3"
|Tharshika
| rowspan="2" |2
|Week 1 & 3
| rowspan="2" |Week 10
|- style="background:#FF0000; color:white;" ! colspan="3"
|Sathya
|Week 2 & 5
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:orange" ; |'''House Captaincy concluded in Week 11'''
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:yellow" ; |Winner: Muthukumaran
|}

=== Movies ===
This is the first season in Bigg Boss history where housemates watched a full-length movie on Netflix as a promotion for the movie and production team.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; font-family: sans-serif; line-height:20px;"
! style="background:#89CFF0" | S.no
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Movie
|-
|1
| [[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]
|-
|2
|[[Viduthalai Part 2]]
|}

=== Wild Card Knock - Out (K.O.) ===
For the first time in Bigg Boss history, Penultimate Week witnessed the return of the first eight evicted contestants, not as reunion guests but as challengers. In the unprecedented Wild Card Knock-Out (K.O.) task, the Top 8 had to compete against the challengers to defend their positions and secure a spot in the final week. By the end of the task, one or two members of the Top 8 could be replaced by challengers based on performance, while those who fail will face eviction.

However, on Day 99, Bigg Boss concluded, after a discussion he initiated, that the challengers had not made sufficient efforts to replace the Top 6. Acknowledging the consistent performance of the Top 6, he declared that their efforts earned them a place in the finale week.

=== Cash Grab Run Task and Jacquline's eviction ===
Unlike other seasons (including BB Ultimate) where the housemate accepts the cash eviction and evicts them self from the game. This season for the first time in [[Bigg Boss]] India's history allowed housemates to take the cash and still continue in the game, However housemates will have to leave the Bigg Boss house and run outside of the house where the cash box is placed within a certain meter radius from the house's main door and pick up the box and return to the house within a selected time frame. If the housemate doesn't return to the house within the time they will lose the cash they received and will be evicted from the house hence being unable to continue the game. Each time the housemate runs for the cash box the cash will be deducted from the overall winner cash prize which was initially {{Indian rupee|50,00,000}} lakhs. The more cash taken by housemates the lesser the prize money of the winner will be at the end of the season.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; font-family: sans-serif; line-height:20px;"
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Day
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Housemate
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Money Box
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Distance
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Time Limit
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Time Taken
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Required Minimum Speed
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Average Speed Achieved
! style="background:#89CFF0" | Cash For Grabs
!colspan="2" style="background:#89CFF0" | Result
|-
!Day 100
!Muthukumaran
!Single Open Box
!30 Metres X 2
!15 Seconds
! style="background:lightgreen" |12 Seconds
!4.00 m/s
!5.00 m/s
|₹ 50,000
| rowspan="3" |{{Green|'''Taken Cash'''}}
| rowspan="5" |{{Green|'''Returned in Time'''}}
|-
!Day 101
!Rayan
!Single Open Box
!45 Metres X 2
!25 Seconds
! style="background:lightgreen" |17 Seconds
!3.60 m/s
!5.29 m/s
|₹ {{formatnum:200000}}
|-
! rowspan="5" |Day 102
!Pavithra
!Single Open Box
!45 Metres X 2
!25 Seconds
! style="background:lightgreen" |23 Seconds
!3.60 m/s
!3.91 m/s
|₹ {{formatnum:200000}}
|-
!Soundariya
!Three Closed boxes
!60 Metres X 2
!30 Seconds
! style="background:lightgreen" |21 Seconds
!4.00 m/s
!-
|₹ {{formatnum:500000}}
|{{Orange|'''Did Not Take Cash'''}}
|-
!Vishal
!Three Closed boxes
!60 Metres X 2
!30 Seconds
! style="background:lightgreen" | 25 Seconds
!4.00 m/s
!4.80 m/s
|₹ {{formatnum:500000}}
|{{Green|'''Taken Cash'''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Jacquline
! rowspan="2" |Single Closed box
! rowspan="2" |80 Metres X 2
! rowspan="2" |35 Seconds
! rowspan="2" style="background:salmon" | 37 Seconds
! rowspan="2" |4.57 m/s
! rowspan="2" |4.32 m/s
| rowspan="2" |₹ {{formatnum:800000}}
|{{Red|'''Taken Cash Forfeited'''}}
|{{Red|'''Did Not Return in Time'''}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:LightCoral" |Evicted due to failure to complete the task on time
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#FFFF00" |'''Winner Cash Prize : ₹40,50,000'''
|}
* Housemates can still attempt to run for the cash and return to the house midway after changing their mind if they won't wish to risk being evicted and unable to take the cash in time. If they do so they are safe and won't be evicted.

==Guest appearances==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; width:100%;"
! style="background:#89CFF0; color:black;" |Week
! style="background:#89CFF0; color:black;" |Day
! style="background:#89CFF0; color:black;" |Guest(s)
! style="background:#89CFF0; color:black;" |Purpose of visit
|-
|'''Week 1'''
|'''Day 0'''
|VJ Mahalakshmi, [[Ramya NSK]], Syamantha Kiran, Nehah Menon, Janane Prabhu, VJ Sriya Surendran
|To support the contestants Ravindar, Sathya, Pavithra, VJ Vishal, Tharshika and Anshida, respectively.
|-
|'''Week 3'''
|'''Day 19'''
|[[Sivakarthikeyan]]
|To promote the upcoming film ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''. Released in Diwali 2024.
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Week 4'''
|'''Day 25'''
|[[Kavin Raj|Kavin]]
|To promote the upcoming film ''[[Bloody Beggar]]''. Released in Diwali 2024.
|-
|'''Day 28'''
|[[Suja Varunee]]
|To support the contestant [[Shivaji Dev|Shiva Kumar]].
|-
|'''Week 8'''
|'''Day 54'''
|Shakthi Rithvik, Iyal
|To promote the web series [[Parachute (TV series)|Parachute]].
|-
|'''Week 10'''
|'''Day 68'''
|[[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Manju Warrier]], Ken Karunas
|To promote the upcoming film [[Viduthalai Part 2]]. Released in December 2024.
|-
|'''Week 11'''
|'''Day 77'''
|[[Priya Raman]]
|To greet the evicted contestant and her husband, Ranjith.
|-
|rowspan=4|'''Week 12'''
|'''Day 79'''
|Family members of Deepak, Manjari, Vishal and Rayan
|rowspan=4|As a part of the freeze task.
|-
|'''Day 80'''
|Family members of Soundariya, Raanav, Pavithra and Anshida
|-
|'''Day 81'''
|Family members of Jeffry, Arun, Jacquline and Muthukumaran
|-
|'''Day 82'''
|Nehah Menon, Syamantha Kiran, V Venkat Raj, [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu Vijay]], [[Archana Ravichandran]], [[Erode Mahesh]]
|-
|'''Week 13'''
|'''Day 91'''
|Host [[Vijay Sethupathi]]
|To announce the winner of TTF.
|-
|'''Week 14'''
|rowspan="2"|'''Day 93-104'''
|rowspan="2"|[[Ravindar Chandrasekaran|Ravindar]], [[Arnav Amjath|Arnav]], [[Dharsha Gupta|Dharsha]], [[Sunita Gogoi|Sunita]], Riya, Varshini, [[Shivaji Dev|Shiva]], Sachana (Ex-Contestants)
|As a part of the Wild Card Knock - Out (K.O.) task.
|-
| rowspan="13" |'''Week 15'''
|rowspan="3"|As a part of Pongal celebrations and reunion with the housemates.
|-
|'''Day 99-104'''
|Tharshika, [[Sathya SK|Sathya]], Jeffry, [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]], [[RJ Ananthi|Ananthi]] (Ex-Contestants)
|-
|'''Day 100- 104'''
|Anshida (Ex-Contestant)
|-
|rowspan="2"|'''Day 100'''
|[[Raju Jeyamohan]]
|To promote the upcoming film, Bun Butter Jam.
|-
|Hari Baskar, [[Losliya Mariyanesan]]
|To promote the upcoming film, ''[[Mr. Housekeeping]]''.
|-
|'''Day 101'''
|[[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
|As a part of interview task for the finalists.
|-
|'''Day 102'''
|[[Vanitha Vijayakumar]], [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert Master]], Jovika Vijayakumar
|To promote the upcoming film, Mrs & Mr.
|-
|'''Day 102- 104'''
|Raanav, Manjari, [[Deepak Dinkar|Deepak]] (Ex-Contestants)
|For reunion with the housemates.
|-
| rowspan="3" |Day 105
|V.M.Mahalingam and band
|For a musical party with the finalists.
|-
|Host [[Vijay Sethupathi]]
|To interact with the finalists.
|-
| rowspan="2" |All the evicted housemates
|To perform dance as a part of Grand Finale performances
|-
|Day 106
|As a part of Grand Finale celebrations.
|}

==Weekly summary==
The main events in the ''Bigg Boss 8'' house are summarised in the table below.
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:90%; line-height:20px"
! rowspan="19" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black; " | Week 1
! Entrances
|Ravindar, Sachana, Dharsha, Sathya, Deepak, Ananthi, Sunita, Jeffry, Ranjith, Pavithra, Soundariya, Arun, Tharshika, Vishal, Anshida, Arnav, Muthukumaran and Jacquline entered the Bigg Boss house on Day 1.
On Day 5, Sachana re-entered te house after being evicted by housemates.
|-
! Twists
| '''Boys vs Girls theme''': On launch day, the housemates from each team must choose which portion of the house they will occupy, based on the ''Boys Vs Girls'' theme. Team Boys proposed that Team Girls not nominate anyone from Team Boys on a week that they choose. The housemates from the Team Girls accepted this condition and occupied the left portion of the house while the Team Boys occupied the right portion of the house.
'''24 hours eviction''': Host [[Vijay Sethupathi]] announced that for the first time in Bigg Boss history there will be an eviction within 24 hours of the grand launch. On Day 1, Sachana was evicted by fellow housemates.

'''Contestant swap and direct nomination power''': On Day 2, one member from each team, Muthukumaran and Pavithra, were switched to the opposing teams. Bigg Boss entitled them to directly nominate a contestant for the eviction process.

'''Mixed nomination process''': The nominations for the Week 1 eviction process will be based on each participant being free to nominate members of either team.

'''Viduthalai pass (Nomination free pass)''': On Day 5, each team was allowed to decide among themselves, one member from each house to be given the Nomination free pass which can be used by the recipients to save themselves from the Week 2 nomination process.

'''Re-entry''': Sachana Namidass re-entered the house on Day 5, after being evicted by the housemates within the 24-hour eviction process, which was announced by Vijay Sethupathi on the launch episode.
|-
! rowspan="3" | '''Captaincy Task'''
| '''Thalaivana Thalaiviaa (Naarkali yaaru Gaali)''': The boys and girls teams will be placed in each side with eight chairs lined up. When the buzzer is rung one housemate from each team will run to the opposite side chair and sit on it. The last person to not be eliminated will win the captaincy task and become the house captain for Week 1.
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" | '''Winner: Tharshika'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:salmon;" | '''Lost: Remaining housemates'''
|-
! House Captain
| style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | '''Tharshika'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nominations
| Anshida, Arnav, Jacquline, Muthukumaran, Ravindar, Sachana and Sathya were nominated for the Week 1 open eviction process by housemates.
|-
| Arun, Jacquline, Muthukumaran, Ranjith, Ravindar and Soundariya were nominated for the Week 1 eviction process.
|-
! rowspan="7" | Tasks
|'''House chores task (Vaa ma Minnal)''': There will be 5 sets of challenges. 5 housemates from each team will participate in the challenge. The losing team will have to do the work around the house for all of Week 1.
Supervisor: Tharshika
* '''Task 1 - (Making a round Chappati)''': There are two Chappati flours on a table for each player. The first player to complete a round chappati will win this task.
* '''Task 2 - (Three rows and columns Kolam)''': There are two Kolam powders on a table for each player. The first player to correctly draw a Kolam in three rows and columns will win this task.
* '''Task 3 - (Change the diaper of a baby doll)''': There are two baby dolls on a table for each player. The first player to successfully change a doll's diaper will win this task.
* '''Task 4 - (Cool drink in one gulp)''': There are two beverages on a table for each player. The player who finishes their drink in one gulp first will win this task.
* '''Task 5 - (Illuminating the bulbs)''': There are two twisted wires with miniature bulbs, as well as a plug outlet for each player on their table. The player who manages to untangle their wires and connects them to the socket first, making all of their little bulbs illuminate, will win the task.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Task
!Team Boys
! rowspan="6" |vs
!Team Girls
!Winner
|-
!1
|Jeffry
|Jacquline
|style="background: pink;" | Jacquline
|-
!2
|Pavithra
|Dharsha
|style="background: pink;" | Dharsha
|-
!3
|Sathya
|Sunita
|style="background: cyan;" | Sathya
|-
!4
|Arnav
|Soundariya
|style="background: cyan;" | Arnav
|-
!5
|Arun
|Muthukumaran
|style="background: cyan;" | Arun
|-
|}
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;" | Winner: Team Boys (won 3/5 tasks)
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;" |Lost: Team Girls (won 2/5 tasks)
|-
|'''Weekly task (Pota Poti)''': Team Boys and Team Girls have two rounds of debate and will decide which gender is capable of achieving more in life and why their gender is superior.
* '''Round 1 -''' Who is better, Boys or Girls?
** Team Boys: Ravindar and Vishal
** Team Girls: Ananthi and Muthukumaran
** Judges: Arnav and Jacquline
* '''Round 2 -''' Who is better, Mother or Father?
** Team Boys: Arnav
** Team Girls: Jacquline
** Judges: Muthukumaran and Ranjith
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;" | '''Winner: Team Girls (won 2/2 rounds)'''
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;"|'''Lost: Team Boys (won 0/2 rounds)'''
|-
|'''Viduthalai pass (nomination free pass)''': Both team boys and girls will need to discuss among their group and pick a housemate from each of their own groups to decide who is worthy to be given the nomination free pass power for the Week 2 nomination process. Team Boys selected Arun as their candidate, but Team Girls could not select a housemate from their team, so only Arun won the pass and was saved from Week 2 elimination.
|-
! Sponsored
| {{N/A}}
|-
!Punishments
| Team Girls will need to do a whole week of house chores after losing the House chores task.
|-style="background:salmon;"
! rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" | Exits
| style="background: #80FF00;" | On Day 1, Sachana Namidass was evicted after facing the housemates votes during open nomination.
|-
| style="background: salmon;" | On Day 7, Ravindar Chandrasekar was evicted after facing public votes.
|-
! rowspan="29" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black; " | Week 2
! Twists
| '''Opposite nomination process''': The nominations for the Week 2 eviction process will be based on team members nominating participants from the opposing team.
'''Contestant swap and direct nomination power''': On Day 8, one member from each team, Deepak and Dharsha, were switched to the opposing teams. Bigg Boss entitled them to directly nominate a contestant for the eviction process.

'''Weekly nomination free pass''': Both teams could earn the Nomination free pass and award it to one of their teammates, granting them immunity from the Week 2 eviction process, by winning 2 of 3 tasks testing their knowledge, skill and teamwork. On Day 12, Team Girls won most of the tasks and awarded the pass to Jacquline.

'''Goibibo passport stamp''': Ranjith and Tharshika were chosen as the best performers by their respective teams based on their overall performance during Week 2.
|-
! rowspan="3" | '''Captaincy Task'''
|'''Thalaivana Thalaiviaa (Block la Lock)''': Six wooden blocks labelled with numbers ranging from 1 to 6 is arranged in the garden area. When the buzzer sounds, all the six participants (three from each team) for Captaincy task will stand on each of those blocks. A die with red and blue faces is kept on the opposite side of the blocks. One member from each team rolls the die. If it lands with blue facing up, a female participant selects a male participant to remove their wooden block, whereas if the die lands with red facing up, the opposite will happen. The participant, once chosen, has the choice to switch over to any of the other available blocks before the buzzer sounds again failing which may result in their elimination. The last person not eliminated will win the captaincy task and become the house captain for Week 2.
Supervisor: Tharshika
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner: Sathya'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:salmon;"|'''Lost: Deepak, Jacquline, Pavithra, Soundariya and Vishal'''
|-
! House Captain
| style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | '''Sathya'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nominations
| Deepak and Jacquline were directly nominated by Pavithra and Muthukumaran using their Direct nomination power from Week 1 for the Week 2 eviction process.
|-
| Arnav, Dharsha, Jeffry, Muthukumaran, Ranjith, Sachana, Soundariya and Vishal were nominated for the Week 2 eviction process.
|-
! rowspan="19" |Tasks
|'''Shopping task''' '''(Uruttu)''': There are two levels in this task, Levels 1 and 2.
Each team will choose someone to participate on their behalf. The selected competitors will wear the given jacket and must apply glue all over it. Bigg Boss (BB) currency will be spread throughout the garden. When the buzzer sounds, both competitors will roll themselves along with their jacket and collect as much BB currency as possible on their jackets by making it stick to them. They will be able to use the BB currency collected from this task for their respective teams. When the buzzer sounds again, signalling the end of this task, both of them will report to the currency counting area to determine the exact amount of money collected by each team.

Team Boys: Arnav and Arun Team Girls: Sachana and Sunita Supervisor: Sathya
|-
! style="background: cyan;" | '''Team Boys (collected 8700 BB currency)'''
|-
! style="background: pink;" | '''Team Girls (collected 7600 BB currency)'''
|-
|'''House chores task (Ulla Veliya)''': All the housemates will assemble in the activity area and stand on the two yellow lines, one for each team. Both teams will need to complete a puzzle with photos of members of the opposing team. When the buzzer sounds, one member from each team will approach the board and solve the puzzle. This game will carry on the basis of a relay system. Members who completely solve one puzzle will be moved to the red line zone. The team which completes this task first will not be required to do any housework for the whole week. The losing team will do the household chores for that week.
Supervisor: Sathya
|-
! style="background:#087830; color: white;" | '''Winner: Team Girls'''
|-
! style="background: #CF1020; color: white;" | '''Lost: Team Boys'''
|-
|'''Weekly task (King TV vs Queen TV)''': Team Boys will control King TV while Team Girls will control Queen TV. Each team will choose a member to act as their CEO, who will make all the decisions for their respective team. Before the task begins, the CEO's from both teams will hold their individual press conferences while the members from the opposing team will act as reporters. Each team will need to host special shows such as music shows, debate why their TV is superior then their opponents' channel and record a higher viewership. One member from each team will judge the performances of King TV and Queen TV.
Judges: Ananthi and Arun
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;" | '''Winner: Team Boys (King TV)'''
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;"| '''Lost: Team Girls (Queen TV)'''
|-
|'''Ranking task''': Each housemate has to rank themselves with a valid reason stating why they deserve good ranking positions in the King TV vs Queen TV task from 1 to 17 in order, with 1 being the best and 17 being the worst.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
|-
! Rank
! Contestants
|-
|1
|Muthukumaran
|-
|2
|Vishal
|-
|3
|Ananthi
|-
|4
|Jacquline
|-
|5
|Tharshika
|-
|6
|Ranjith
|-
|7
|Pavithra
|-
|8
|Deepak
|-
|9
|Jefry
|-
|10
|Arun
|-
|11
|Dharsha
|-
|12
|Sathya
|-
|13
|Sunita
|-
|14
|Sachana
|-
|15
|Anshida
|-
|16
|Arnav
|-
|17
|Soundariya
|}
|-
|'''Weekly nomination free pass tasks''': There are three levels to this task:
'''1) Level 1 - Knowledge task (Yaaru Gethu)''': This round will test the knowledge of all housemates. Team Boys and Team Girls will be seated opposite each other and asked common sense and historical questions by Bigg Boss. Participants who know the answer will need to press the buzzer first and provide the correct answer to earn points. A correct answer rewards their team with 5 points, but an incorrect answer will deduct 5 points. The team which obtains the most points after answering 20 questions wins.
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | '''Winner: Team Girls (obtained 40 points)'''
|-
! style="background:#CF1020; color:white;"| '''Lost: Team Boys (obtained 20 points)'''
|-
|'''2) Level 2 - Skill task (Cup ku kotayaa Kanavu kotayaa)''': This round will test the skill of housemates and how they focus, especially under pressure. There will be a circle in the garden area with a table in the middle of it. One person from each team chosen needs to stack {{not a typo|45 cups}} to build a tower. When the buzzer sounds, the chosen person can start building the tower, but while doing so will be opposed by 3 housemates from the opposite team. The opposing housemates will throw balls to disrupt the person building the tower. The person stacking the tower can call 3 of their teammates to defend their tower but only after they have built the base of the tower. If the person is able to build the tower within the allotted time, then their team wins. Each team will have three minutes for this task.
 Supervisor: Sathya
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Rounds
!Cup stacker
!Defenders
!Disrupters
!Total cups stacked
|-
!1
|Muthukumaran
|Arnav, Ranjith, Sathya
|Deepak, Jacquline, Sunita
|14
|-
!2
|Tharshika
|Anshida, Pavithra, Soundariya
|Arun, Jeffry, Vishal
|10
|-
|}
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | '''Winner: Team Boys (stacked {{not a typo|14 cups}})'''
|-
! style="background:#CF1020; color:white;"| '''Lost: Team Girls (stacked {{not a typo|10 cups}})'''
|-
|'''3) Level 3 - Teamwork task (Nyaabagam Varuthe Nyaabagam Varuthe)''': This round will test the teamwork and memory ability of housemates. Three members will be chosen to represent each team. Each person one at a time from a team will enter the confession room and memorize the list of 15 items displayed on the TV. Memorizing the order of the items shown in the list is important. After doing so, each one will enter the activity area, and assemble the given items from the table on the 15 pedestals labelled with numbers 1 to 15 preserving the order of the items in the list. After arranging, finally they must name the items along with their respective numbers to complete this task. Each item positioned correctly will award them with a point. The team that obtains the most points wins this task.
Potential total points per person: 15 Potential total points per team: 45
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Team
!Participants
!Points obtained
!Total points obtained
|-
| rowspan="3" |Boys
|Arnav
|4
| rowspan="3" |24
|-
|Dharsha
|5
|-
|Muthukumaran
|15
|-
| rowspan="3" |Girls
|Ananthi
|7
| rowspan="3" |25
|-
|Pavithra
|8
|-
|Tharshika
|10
|-
|}
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | '''Winner: Team Girls (obtained 25/45 points)'''
|-
! style="background:#CF1020; color:white;" | '''Lost: Team Boys (obtained 24/45 points)'''
|-
! Sponsored
| {{N/A}}
|-
!Punishments
|
* Team Boys will need to do a whole week of house chores after losing the House chores task.
* Arnav and Sachana were voted among the housemates as the least productive housemates, and Bigg Boss punished them by tying them to each other with handcuffs for 24 hours.
|-style="background:salmon;"
!style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|On Day 14, Arnav Amjath was evicted after facing public votes.
|-
! rowspan="23" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black; " | Week 3
! Twists
| '''Contestant swap and direct nomination power''': On Day 15, Jeffry and Sachana were switched to the opposing teams. Bigg Boss entitled them to nominate a contestant for the eviction process.
'''Mixed nomination process''': The nominations for the Week 3 eviction process will be based on each team nominating members of either team.

'''Weekly nomination free pass''': Both teams could earn the Nomination free pass and award it to one of their teammates, granting them immunity from the Week 3 eviction process, by winning 2 of 3 tasks testing their teamwork, intelligence, and patience. On Day 19, Team Girls won most of the tasks and awarded the pass to Pavithra.

'''Goibibo passport stamp''': Ananthi and Muthukumaran were chosen as the best performers by their respective teams based on their overall performance during Week 3.
|-
! rowspan="3" | Captaincy Task
|'''Thalaivana Thalaiviaa (Quack Quack)''': Ranjith and Tharshika were chosen as the contenders for this task during Week 2 after being declared the best performers by their respective teams. This task will be held in the activity area. Both contenders will be blindfolded and handed with a soft bat one at a time. Six housemates from the opposite teams will have a rubber duck tied to both legs. When the buzzer sounds, the contender, when blindfolded, will try to hit the opposing housemates with their bat to eliminate them from the game. The contender who eliminates the most housemates from the opposing team in the shortest amount of time will win the captaincy task and become the house captain for Week 3.
Supervisor: Sathya
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner: Tharshika'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:salmon;"| '''Lost: Ranjith'''
|-
! House Captain
| style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | '''Tharshika'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nominations
| Arun and Dharsha were directly nominated by Dharsha and Deepak using their Direct nomination power from Week 2 for the Week 3 eviction process.
|-
| Anshida, Jacquline, Muthukumaran, Pavithra, Sathya, and Soundariya were nominated for the Week 3 eviction process.
|-
! rowspan="13" |Tasks
|'''Shopping task (Bumper Bonanza)''': Three members from each team will participate in this task. This task will be held in the garden area. Three denominations of BB currency (500 BB, 1000 BB, and 2000 BB) will be placed on three podiums respectively. The potential BB currency earned from this task is 35,000 BB currency. An elastic rope along with some balls will be given for this task. Two of the three members must hold both ends of the elastic rope while the third member must use the ball along with a rope similar to a catapult to launch and aim it towards the arrow marked on the intended denomination of BB currency when the buzzer sounds. Each team will receive ten chances in each of the two rounds. The BB currency earned from this task can be used by each team to purchase their food items from the shop.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
! rowspan="2" |Rounds
! colspan="2" |Team
|-
!Boys
!Girls
|-
!1
|Arun, Sathya, Vishal
|Pavithra, Soundariya, Sunita
|-
!2
|Deepak, Muthukumaran, Ranjith
|Jeffry, Pavithra, Soundariya
|-
|}
Supervisor: Tharshika
|-
! style="background: cyan;" | Team Boys (collected 5500 BB currency)
|-
! style="background: pink;" | Team Girls (collected 2000 BB currency)
|-
|'''Weekly task (Bigg Boss Star hotel)''': The two teams will be divided and take roles as hotel staff and the other group as hotel guests. Each team is part of the hotel department and will need to select a manager, chefs, room, and housekeepers to look after the customers visiting the hotel.
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
|-
! colspan="12" style="font-size: 20px; text-align: center;" | Bigg Boss Star Hotel
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: center;" |Rounds
! rowspan="3" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: center;" |Customers
! colspan="10"style="font-size: 19px; text-align: center;" |Hotel employees
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: center;" |Manager
! colspan="2" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: center;" |Chefs
! colspan="2" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: center;" |Housekeeping
! colspan="2" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: center;" |Room service
! colspan="2" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: center;" |Receptionist
|-
!style="font-size: 15px; text-align: center;" |Before dismissal
!style="font-size: 15px; text-align: center;" |After dismissal
!style="font-size: 15px; text-align: center;" |Under 1st manager
!style="font-size: 15px; text-align: center;" |Under 2nd manager
!style="font-size: 15px; text-align: center;" |Under 1st manager
!style="font-size: 15px; text-align: center;" |Under 2nd manager
!style="font-size: 15px; text-align: center;" |Under 1st manager
!style="font-size: 15px; text-align: center;" |Under 2nd manager
!style="font-size: 15px; text-align: center;" |Under 1st manager
!style="font-size: 15px; text-align: center;" |Under 2nd manager
|-
!style="font-size: 17px;" |1
|Team Boys
|Pavithra
|Sunita
|Anshida, Sunita, Ananthi
|Dharsha, Jeffry, Tharshika
|Soundariya, Jeffry
|Pavithra, Anshida
|Dharsha, Tharshika
|Jacquline, Soundariya
|Jacquline
|Ananthi
|-
!style="font-size: 17px;" |2
|Team Girls
|Muthukumaran
|Vishal
| colspan="2" |Deepak, Ranjith, Sachana
|Sathya, Arun
|Muthukumaran, Arun
|Sathya, Arun
|Muthukumaran, Arun
|Vishal
|Sathya
|-
!style="font-size: 17px;" |3
|Muthukumaran, Ranjith, Sunita, Pavithra, Arun, Dharsha, Jeffry, Tharshika
|Soundariya
|''NA''
|Jacquline, Vishal, Anshida
|''NA''
|Sachana, Sathya(SPA)
|''NA''
|Ananthi, Sachana
|''NA''
|Deepak
|''NA''
|-
|}
|-
|'''Weekly nomination free pass tasks''': There are three levels to this task:
'''1) Level 1 - Teamwork task (Killer coin)''': This round will test the housemates' teamwork. A coin engraved with the words "Killer coin" will be kept in the middle of the garden area. This task will last for five rounds. When the buzzer sounds at the start of each round, all participating members from both teams will need to try to take the coin. Once they do so, they may either attempt to stick the killer coin on the jacket of the opposing team members or pass it to their teammates. When the buzzer sounds at the end of each round, the person who either has the coin in their hands or has the coin stuck on their jacket will be eliminated from this task. The team with the most surviving members at the end of the fifth round will win this task.

Supervisors: Ananthi and Anshida
|-
! style="background: #087830; color: white;" | Winner: Team Boys
|-
! style="background: #CF1020; color: white;" | Lost: Team Girls
|-
|'''2) Level 2 - Intelligence task (Dumb charades)''': This round will test the housemates' intelligence. A bowl containing chits of paper with the names of movies will be kept in the activity area. Two members from each team will participate at a time. The first person will pick a chit from the bowl and assist the second person to guess the name of the movie they received through their gestures. Similarly, the second person will assist the next person from their team to guess the movie. This task will continue based on a relay system. The time allocated to guess the name of each movie is 90 seconds. The team that correctly names the most movies after ten chances will win this task.
Team Boys: Arun, Deepak, Muthukumaran, Ranjith, Sachana, Sathya and Vishal Team Girls: Ananthi, Dharsha, Jacquline, Pavithra, Tharshika and Soundariya
|-
! style="background: #087830; color: white;" | Winner: Team Girls (obtained 7/10 points)
|-
! style="background: #CF1020; color: white;" | Lost: Team Boys (obtained 5/10 points)
|-
|'''3) Level 3 - Patience task''': This round will test the patience of housemates. Each team will send two members to participate and they will need to carefully put three balls into three holes using a thin thread. If they drop the ball they will receive no points and are required to start again from the beginning.
Team Boys: Arun, Muthukumaran, Sathya Supporters for Team Boys: Deepak, Ranjith, and Vishal Team Girls: Jacquline, Pavithra, and Soundariya Supporters for Team Girls: Ananthi, Anshida, and Dharsha
|-
! style="background: #087830; color: white;" | Winner: Team Girls (obtained 6 points)
|-
! style="background: #CF1020; color: white;" | Lost: Team Boys (obtained 3 points)
|-
! Sponsored
|'''Nandu White Dhothis Ramp Walk task''': Housemates will wear clothes sponsored by Nandu Clothing and do a mini-fashion show with a ramp walk.
Judges: Deepak and Jacquline

Mr Nandu White Dhothi Icon Star winner: Vishal Ms. Nandu White Dhothi Icon Star winner: Pavithra
|-
!Punishments
| {{N/A}}
|-style="background:salmon;"
!style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|On Day 21, Dharsha Gupta was evicted after facing public votes.
|-
! rowspan="28" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black; " | Week 4
! Entrances
|Riya, Raanav, Varshini, Manjari, Shiva, and Rayan entered the Bigg Boss house on Day 28.
|-
! Twists
| '''Opposite nomination process''': The nominations for the Week 4 eviction process will be based on each team nominating members from the opposing team.

'''Contestant swap and direct nomination power''': On Day 22, one member from each team, Vishal and Soundariya, were switched to the opposing teams. Bigg Boss entitled them directly to nominate a contestant for the eviction process.

'''Weekly nomination free pass''': Both teams could earn the Nomination free pass and award it to one of their teammates, granting them immunity from the Week 4 eviction process, by winning 2 of 3 tasks testing their teamwork, intelligence, and memory. On Day 26, Team Girls won most of the tasks and awarded the pass to Sunita.

'''Goibibo passport stamp''': Ananthi and Sathya were chosen as the best performers by their respective teams based on their overall performance during Week 4.
|-
! rowspan="3" | Captaincy Task
|'''Thalaivana Thalaiviaa (Twist mela twist)''': Ananthi and Muthukumaran were chosen as the contenders for this task during Week 3 after being determined to be the best performers by their respective teams. This task took place in the outdoor area where there will be cards scattered over the lawn with wording embedded in as "Captain King" and "Captain Queen". Each contender will need to flip the card in their favour and the amount of cards with either King or Queen faced up will win the captaincy task and become the house captain for Week 4.
Supervisor: Tharshika
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner: Muthukumaran'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:salmon;"| '''Lost: Ananthi'''
|-
! House Captain
| style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | '''Muthukumaran'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nominations
| Anshida and Deepak were directly nominated by Jeffry and Sachana using their Direct nomination power from Week 3 for the Week 4 eviction process.
|-
| Arun, Jacquline, Jeffry, Pavithra, Ranjith, Sathya, and Sunita were nominated for the Week 4 eviction process.
|-
! rowspan="17" |Tasks
| '''Shopping task (Balance Pannu Mothamma allu)''': Six pipes and a bowl containing 10 balls are placed in the garden area. Each ball has a value labeled on it. Three players from each team will participate in this task. Each player can hold 1 pipe per hand respectively. When the buzzer sounds, the first player must balance the ball on the first pipe and guide it to the second pipe, following which the first player must then balance the ball on the second pipe and guide it to the third pipe of the second player. This process will apply to the second and third players similarly. If the third player balances the ball on the second pipe and guides it to the holder, the value of that ball will be awarded to their team. Players must not use their hands to guide the ball from one pipe to another. If any player drops the ball during this process, then that particular turn will be discarded and they will be required to restart the entire process. The balance implemented in this task will determine the shopping budget for both teams this week.
Team Boys: Arun, Deepak, Jeffry and Sathya Team Girls: Anshida, Pavithra, Sachana and Tharshika Supervisor: Muthukumaran
|-
! style="background: cyan;" | Team Boys (collected 8400 BB currency)
|-
! style="background: pink;" | Team Girls (collected 6600 BB currency)
|-
| '''House chores task (Naan veezhven endru ninaithayo)''': This task will be held in the garden area and comprises 7 rounds in total. An even number of players will participate in this task. Sponge bats and boxes will be provided for this task. In each round, one player from each team will compete against a player from the opposing team. Both of them must hold the sponge bat in one hand and the box on the other. When the buzzer sounds, the competing players must use their sponge bat to knock out the box from their opponent while defending their own box. The player who does so will be awarded a point. The team with the most points at the end of the 7th round will win.
Supervisor: Pavithra
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Team Boys
! rowspan="8" |vs
!Team Girls
!Winner
|-
|Muthukumaran
|Ananthi
|style="background: cyan;" | Muthukumaran
|-
|Jeffry
|Sachana
|style="background: cyan;" | Jeffry
|-
|Sathya
|Vishal
|style="background: cyan;" | Sathya
|-
|Soundariya
|Anshida
|style="background: cyan;" | Soundariya
|-
|Deepak
|Jacquline
|style="background: pink;" | Jacquline
|-
|Arun
|Tharshika
|style="background: cyan;" | Arun
|-
|Ranjith
|Sunita
|style="background: pink;" | Sunita
|-
|}
|-
! style="background: #087830; color: white;" | Winner: Team Boys (obtained 5/7 points)
|-
! style="background: #CF1020; color: white;" | Lost: Team Girls (obtained 2/7 points)
|-
|'''Weekly task (Aal Maaratam):''' Each housemate will imitate another housemate from his or her team. They will imitate the behavior, dressing sense, and mannerisms of other housemates.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
! Housemate
! Acting as
|-
|Jacquline
|Anshida
|-
|Anshida
|Jacquline
|-
|Pavithra
|Tharshika
|-
|Tharshika
|Pavithra
|-
|Sunita
|Sachana
|-
|Sachana
|Ananthi
|-
|Ananthi
|Soundariya
|-
|Soundariya
|Sunita
|-
|Arun
|Sathya
|-
|Sathya
|Arun
|-
|Muthukumaran
|Ranjith
|-
|Ranjith
|Jeffry
|-
|Jeffry
|Deepak
|-
|Deepak
|Vishal
|-
|Vishal
|Muthukumaran
|}
|-
|'''Interviewing the wildcards''': This task held in the activity area. The activity area includes cue cards, two stamps labeled ''Selected'' and ''Waiting List'', as well as eleven chairs, eight for original entries and three for wildcard entries. Team Boys will interview the boys from the new wildcards, while Team Girls will interview the girls from the new wildcards. They can clear any doubts and set expectations for the wildcards. The wildcards, in turn, must impress the interviewers by explaining how they will contribute to their team. The interviewers must select two of the three wildcards who stand out during this interview by writing their names on the cue cards using the ''Selected'' stamp and stating their valid reasons. The wildcard who receives the ''Waiting List'' stamp from the interviewers must stay in the garden area until the next announcement from Bigg Boss.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Team
!Wildcards
!Result
|-
| rowspan="3" |Boys
|Raanav
|style="background:yellow;" | Waiting list
|-
|Rayan
|style="background:#00FF00;" | Selected
|-
|Shiva
|style="background:#00FF00;" | Selected
|-
| rowspan="3" |Girls
|Manjari
|style="background:#00FF00;" | Selected
|-
|Riya
|style="background:#00FF00;" | Selected
|-
|Varshini
|style="background:yellow;" | Waiting list
|-
|}
|-
| '''Weekly nomination free pass tasks''': There are three levels to this task:
'''1) Level 1 - Teamwork task (Ready Steady rope)''': This round will test the housemates' teamwork. Three members from the boys' team and three members from the girls' team must participate in this task. The task involves a rope to which all 6 housemates are attached and they will have to reach out to their set of colored balls and put them in a basket while the opposing housemates will try to pull the rope away from them, preventing them from completing the task.

Team Boys: Jeffry, Muthukumaran, and Sathya Team Girls: Sachana, Sunita, and Vishal
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | Winner: Team Boys
|-
! style="background:#CF1020; color:white;" | Lost: Team Girls
|-
|'''2) Level 2 - Intelligence task (Sink or Float)''': This round will test the housemates' intelligence. This task will be held in the activity area there will be a box containing various items and a glass tank filled with water. Three members from each team will participate in this task. Each of them will be given two cards, one containing the word ''Sink'' and the other containing the word ''Float''. Once an item is drawn, the players must determine whether it will sink or float in the water present in the glass tank using one of their two cards. There are 20 items. The team that obtains the most points, by guessing the correct answer for each item, will win this task.
 Supervisor: Muthukumaran
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Team
!Participants
!Points obtained
!Total points obtained
|-
| rowspan="3" |Boys
|Deepak
|15
| rowspan="3" |40
|-
|Ranjith
|11
|-
|Soundariya
|14
|-
| rowspan="3" |Girls
|Ananthi
|17
| rowspan="3" |48
|-
|Jacquline
|17
|-
|Tharshika
|14
|-
|}
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | Winner: Team Girls (obtained 48 points)
|-
! style="background:#CF1020; color:white;" | Lost: Team Boys (obtained 40 points)
|-
|'''3) Level 3 - Memory task (Aattama Therottama)''': This round will test the housemates' memories. Three members from each team will participate. This task will be held in the garden area, where a performance will be dedicated to the players. Afterward, the players must answer "true" or "false" to 15 questions based on the performance. The team that correctly answers the most questions will win this task.
Supervisor: Muthukumaran
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Team
!Participants
!Points obtained
!Total points obtained
|-
| rowspan="3" |Boys
|Arun
|11
| rowspan="3" |31
|-
|Jeffry
|10
|-
|Sathya
|10
|-
| rowspan="3" |Girls
|Ananthi
|11
| rowspan="3" |36
|-
|Pavithra
|11
|-
|Sunita
|14
|-
|}
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | Winner: Team Girls (obtained 36 points)
|-
! style="background:#CF1020; color:white;" | Lost: Team Boys (obtained 31 points)
|-
! Sponsored
|'''Gold Winner Palagaaram task''': The housemates from each team will need to make Palagaaram food by using the given ''Gold Winner'' food products and must exchange and share the food items to celebrate ''Diwali'', the festival of lights.
Palagaaram food made by Team Boys: Murukku Palagaaram food made by Team Girls: Adhirsam
|-
!Punishments
|
* Team Girls will need to do a whole week of house chores after losing the House chores task.
* Jeffry and Sachana were voted among the housemates as the least productive housemates to the house and Bigg Boss gave them a punishment to become invisible until the next announcement from Bigg Boss.
|-style="background:#E5E5E5;"
!style="background:#E5E5E5;" |Exits
|No eviction due to [[Diwali]] week.
|-
! rowspan="27" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black; " | Week 5
! Twists
| '''Opposite open nomination process''': The nomination for the Week 5 eviction process will be based on each team member nominating members from the opposing team in the presence of all housemates.
'''Contestant swap and direct nomination power''': On Day 29, one member from each team, Raanav, and Jacquline, were switched to the opposing teams. Bigg Boss entitled them to directly nominate a contestant for the eviction process.

'''Weekly nomination free pass''': Both teams could earn the Nomination free pass and award it to one of their teammates, granting them immunity from the Week 5 eviction process, by winning 2 of 3 tasks testing their focus and coordination. On Day 31, Team Boys won most of the tasks and awarded the pass to Ranjith.

'''Goibibo passport stamp''': Arun and Soundariya were chosen as the best performers by their respective teams based on their overall performance during Week 5.
|-
! rowspan="3" | Captaincy Task
|'''Thalaivana Thalaiviaa (Ball mela Ball, Balance panna poradhu yaaru)''': Ananthi and Sathya were chosen as the contenders for this task during Week 4 after being determined to be the best performers by their respective teams. Two wobbly platforms containing three holders each are placed in the garden area. Both contenders must stand on each of those platforms. One member from each team will act as a supporter for them. The supporter must stand in the marked zone and throw one ball at a time to the contender from their respective teams. The contenders must receive the balls thrown at them and place exactly three balls on the holders while simultaneously maintaining their balance on the wobbly platform. The contender who manages to do so will win the captaincy task and become the house captain for Week 5.

Supporters for captaincy contender Sathya: Muthukumaran Supporters for captaincy contender Ananthi: Jacquline Supervisor: Muthukumaran
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner: Sathya'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:salmon;"| '''Lost: Ananthi'''
|-
! House Captain
| style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | '''Sathya'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nominations
| Jacquline and Vishal were directly nominated by Vishal and Soundariya using their Direct nomination power from Week 4 for the Week 5 eviction process.
|-
| Ananthi, Anshida, Arun, Deepak, Muthukumaran, Pavithra, Ranjith, Sachana, and Sunita were nominated in the presence of all housemates for the Week 5 eviction process.
|-
! rowspan="17" |Tasks
|'''Shopping task (Shopping vettai)''': A board with numerous holes is placed in the garden area. Five members from each team will participate in this task. The board has a holder in the center, and ropes are fastened to either side. The goal is to place one ball at a time in the holder and navigate it from the lower through the upper portions of the holes to the top hole with a red ring marked along its circumference on the board while simultaneously preventing it from ending up in any other holes. This task will adhere to a relay system. One thousand BB currency will be awarded for each ball in the top hole. The level of attentiveness implemented in this task will determine the shopping budget for both teams this week.
Team Boys: Deepak, Jeffry, Muthukumaran, Ranjith and Shiva Team Girls: Raanav, Riya, Sachana, Soundariya and Varshini Supervisor: Sathya
|-
! style="background:pink;" | '''Team Girls (collected 7000 BB currency)'''
|-
! style="background:cyan;" | '''Team Boys (collected 3000 BB currency)'''
|-
|'''House chores task''': A table is placed in the activity area, with a ring in the center. Ten little rolling logs and two sticks are placed on opposite sides of the table. Two players from each team will face off in each round. When the buzzer sounds, the players must use the stick to select a rolling log and toss it to their opponent's side. When the final buzzer sounds, the player with the fewest rolling logs on their side wins. A point is awarded for each team. The team that obtains the most points will win this task.
Supervisor: Sathya
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Team Boys
! rowspan="4" |vs
!Team Girls
!Winner
|-
|Deepak
|Sunita
|style="background: cyan;" | Deepak
|-
|Muthukumaran
|Manjari
|style="background: cyan;" | Muthukumaran
|-
|Vishal
|Pavithra
|style="background: cyan;" | Vishal
|-
|}
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | '''Winner: Team Boys (obtained 3/3 points)'''
|-
! style="background:#CF1020; color:white;" | '''Lost: Team Girls (obtained 0/3 points)'''
|-
|'''Weekly task (Naan kadanthu vantha pathai)''': Five housemates will be given three minutes to narrate their life story without interruption, including both their challenges and successes, to engage with the audience on Days 30, 31, and 32 respectively. The wildcard entries will act as judges for this task. They will determine whether or not to let the housemates tell their complete story after the first three minutes. They can do so by showing a thumbs-down card with a stop sign labeled on it. If at least three of the six judges show the stop sign card any time after three minutes, the housemates will be unable to complete their story and receive a bomb placed on the pedestal. At the end of the storytelling, the remaining housemates can ask questions to clarify their doubts. The housemate who has the bomb in possession at the end of this week will be directly nominated for the Week 6 eviction process.
Judges: Manjari, Raanav, Rayan, Riya, Shiva and Varshini

Result: Deepak was directly nominated for the Week 6 eviction process.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Day
!Housemates who conveyed their story
!Interrupted by
!Housemate(s) in possession of the bomb
|-
| rowspan="5" |30
|Jeffry
|Manjari
| rowspan="15" |Deepak
|-
|Sachana
|Varshini
|-
|Deepak
| rowspan="2" |Manjari, Riya, Varshini
|-
|Vishal
|-
|Muthukumaran
|''None''
|-
| rowspan="5" |31
|Pavithra
|Varshini
|-
|Jacquline
| rowspan="2" |''None''
|-
|Tharshika
|-
|Anshida
|Varshini
|-
|Sathya
|''None''
|-
| rowspan="5" |32
|Soundariya
| rowspan="2" |''None''
|-
|Arun
|-
|Sunita
|Manjari, Varshini
|-
|Ananthi
| rowspan="2" |''None''
|-
|Ranjith
|-
|}
|-
|'''Morning activity task''': This task is held in the living area.
* Day 31 - Identify the manipulator and the manipulated: Every housemate must choose two individuals from each team whom they feel are manipulating their fellow housemates, as well as two housemates whom they feel are being manipulated.
* Day 32 - Assigning nicknames to housemates: Every housemate must choose one person from each team and give them nicknames based on their personalities, mannerisms, and Bigg Boss incidents so far this season.
* Day 33 - Enhancing basic characteristics: Every housemate must choose one person and tell them how to improve their mannerisms, styling, and grooming.
|-
|'''Anonymous letter task (Motta kaduthasi)''': Every housemate may choose any number of persons and write a letter to them anonymously, conveying their thoughts and opinions without hesitation.
|-
|'''Weekly nomination free pass tasks''': There are three levels to this task:
'''1) Level 1 - Focus task (One pitch)''': This round will test the housemates' focus. This task is held in the garden area. Five members from each team will participate in this task. There are two parts to this task:
* Part 1: A bowl full of balls is kept on one side of a table, while a basket is kept on the other side. The players must pitch a ball once on the ground and pocket it into the basket. The players who do so will proceed to ''Part 2'' of this task.
* Part 2: A wooden board with five columns is kept on the table. Four of the five columns are filled with balls with a mixture of red and blue colors. The boys' team will use blue balls, while the girls' team will use red balls. To win this task, both teams can use the vacant column in the center of the board to fill any two columns with their assigned balls.

Team Boys: Jeffry, Muthukumaran, Ranjith, Rayan and Vishal Team Girls: Ananthi, Anshida, Pavithra, Sachana and Tharshika Supervisor: Sathya
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | Winner: Team Boys
|-
! style="background:#CF1020; color:white;" | Lost: Team Girls
|-
|'''2) Level 2 - Coordination task (Thadai athai udai)''': This round will test the housemates' coordination. A table containing five obstacles is kept in the activity area. Five members from each team will participate in this task. A ball must be taken by the first player, who must then use the bat to tap it through the first obstacle's hole and deliver it to the second player. After receiving the ball from the first player, the second player must similarly use the bat to tap it through the second obstacle's hole and deliver it to the third player. This task will adhere to a relay system. The team that passes the most balls through all five obstacles in the allotted time will win this task.
Team Boys: Arun, Jeffry, Rayan, Sathya and Vishal Team Girls: Anshida, Manjari, Sachana, Soundariya and Varshini
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | Winner: Team Boys
|-
! style="background:#CF1020; color:white;" | Lost: Team Girls
|-
|'''3) Level 3''': This task was canceled since the boys' team had already won the first two Nomination free pass tasks.
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | Task Cancelled
|-
! Sponsored
| {{N/A}}
|-
!Punishments
|
* Team Girls will need to do a whole week of house chores after losing the House chores task.
* The housemate who receives the bomb as part of the weekly task must take it with them everywhere at all times except while sleeping and using the restroom.
* Muthukumaran and Varshini were voted the least productive housemates, and Bigg Boss punished them by making them learn how to perform properly, staying near Arun and Soundariya till the next Bigg Boss announcement.
|-style="background:salmon;"
!style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|On Day 35, Sunita Gogoi was evicted after facing public votes.
|-
! rowspan="29" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black; " | Week 6
! Twists
|'''Captain's crown and cape''': The house captain for Week 6 (Arun) must wear the assigned captain's crown and cape. The cape has five strings of varying colors. Whenever the Bigg Boss dog barks or Bigg Boss makes an announcement about wearing the mic correctly, the house captain must administer a punishment of his choice to one of the housemates on behalf of the one who made the mistake. Any housemate may remove one of the strings on the back of the house captain's cape at any time throughout the week if they believe the house captain is not entertaining, is not properly leading the house, or is biased. They must give valid reasons to the other housemates in the living area. If all five strings are removed before the end of the week, they will lose their position as house captain. '''Captaincy status''': The house captain (Arun) had 3 strings remaining on his cape at the end of Week 6.

'''Opposite open nomination process''': The nomination for the Week 6 eviction process will be based on each team member nominating members from the opposing team in the presence of all housemates.

'''Contestant swap and direct nomination power''': On Day 36, one member from each team, Rayan and Anshida, were switched to the opposing teams. Bigg Boss entitled them to directly nominate a contestant for the eviction process.

'''Weekly nomination free pass''': Both teams could earn the Nomination free pass and award it to one of their teammates, granting them immunity from the Week 6 eviction process, by winning 2 of 3 tasks testing their teamwork, intelligence, and skill. On Day 40, Team Boys won most of the tasks and awarded the pass to Deepak.

'''Goibibo passport stamp''': Manjari and Vishal were chosen as the best performers by their respective teams based on their overall performance during Week 6.
|-
! rowspan="3" | Captaincy Task
| '''Thalaivana Thalaiviaa (Oru kutchi Oru kaalu)''': Arun and Soundariya were chosen as the contenders for this task during Week 5 after being determined to be the best performers by their respective teams. In the activity area, there are two sticks, a start sign, and an end sign. Five members from each team will help their respective contenders with this task. The contender, together with one team member at a time must use one leg to hold the stick while sprinting forward toward the end sign. If the contender or their team member drops their stick at any stage, the task will restart with that specific team member. The first contender to guide all five members of their team to the end sign will win the captaincy task and become the house captain for Week 6.
Supporters for captaincy contender Arun: Jeffry, Muthukumaran, Rayan, Sathya, and Vishal Supporters for captaincy contender Soundariya: Anshida, Pavithra, Sunita, Tharshika and Varshini
 Supervisor: Deepak
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" | '''Winner: Arun'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:salmon;" | '''Lost: Soundariya'''
|-
! House Captain
| style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | '''Arun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nominations
|Deepak was directly nominated for the Week 6 eviction process after possessing the bomb at the end of the weekly task during Week 5.
Shiva and Soundariya were directly nominated by Jacquline and Raanav using their Direct nomination power from Week 5 for the Week 6 eviction process.
|-
|Jacquline, Jeffry, Manjari, Raanav, Ranjith, Riya, Sachana, Sathya, Tharshika, and Varshini were nominated in the presence of all housemates for the Week 6 eviction process.
|-
! rowspan="19" |Tasks
|'''Shopping task (Color, Color, What color do you choose?)''': This task is held in the garden area and is based primarily on memory power and slightly on luck. Three members from each team will participate. In the garden area, twelve bottles filled with various colors of water are kept inside and outside of a box on a table. Only the judge will know the colors of all the water bottles in the box ahead of time. The players must assemble the outside bottles to match the colors of the inside bottles based on their instincts. If the first player manages to match one of the bottles from both sides correctly, they will be given a chance to match another bottle; otherwise, the next player will step in to do the same. The judge must inform the players if they correctly matched the bottles on each turn. This task adheres to a relay system. This task will be completed after all of the bottles are correctly matched. The amount of BB currency collected by both teams from this task will determine their shopping budget for this week.
Team Boys: Deepak, Muthukumaran and Raanav Team Girls: Tharshika, Manjari and Sachana Judge: Jeffry
|-
! style="background:pink;" | '''Team Girls (collected 8000 BB currency)'''
|-
! style="background:cyan;" | '''Team Boys (collected 4000 BB currency)'''
|-
|'''House chores task (Handle with care)''': Three members from each team will participate in this task. In the garden area, there are two wobbly platforms with baskets attached to all four corners, each with a handle. Team Boys will use blue balls while red balls are for Team Girls. The players must take a ball, set it on the handle's starting point, and steer it into one of the platform's four baskets while simultaneously keeping the platform balanced. One player will play at a time per turn. The baskets on the front side are worth two points per ball, while the baskets on the back side are for five. If any player accidentally drops the existing balls on the basket, points will be deducted accordingly. The team with the most points when the final buzzer sounds will win this task.
Team Boys: Jeffry, Shiva and Vishal Team Girls: Manjari, Pavithra and Rayan Supervisor: Arun
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | '''Winner: Team Girls (obtained 35 points)'''
|-
! style="background:#CF1020; color:white;" | '''Lost: Team Boys (obtained 32 points)'''
|-
|'''Weekly task (Bigg Boss Residential School)''': Bigg Boss House is recreated as a residential school, with the housemates playing characters from a typical school. Only school management employees can make food, while the remaining housemates will act as students. The rules implemented during this task may override some of Bigg Boss's default existing rules.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
! colspan="2" |Bigg Boss Residential School
|-
!Housemate
!Role played
|-
|Varshini
|Principal
|-
|Arun
|Vice Principal
|-
|Jacquline
|Moral science teacher
|-
|Manjari
|Tamil teacher
|-
|Jeffry
|PT teacher/Warden
|-
|Shiva
|Watchman
|-
|Raanav
|Last bench student
|-
|Sathya
|Arrogant student
|-
|Sachana
|Nerd student
|-
|Pavithra
|Rich, High, and Mighty student
|-
|Riya
|Cynic and Gossip student
|-
|Ananthi
|Kleptomaniac Student
|-
|Muthukumaran
|Teacher's Pet and Troublemaking student
|-
|Deepak
|Informant student
|-
|Anshida, Ranjith, Rayan, Soundariya, Tharshika, Vishal
|Classmates
|-
|}
|-
|'''Ranking task''': Every teacher and school management staff member must rank all students from 1 to 14 based on their behavior in the Bigg Boss Residential School task, with 1 to 3 being the best and 12 to 14 being the worst. They must also provide a valid reason for their ranking.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Rank
!Students
|-
|1
|Muthukumaran
|-
|2
|Sachana
|-
|3
|Rayan
|-
|4
|Ananthi
|-
|5
|Ranjith
|-
|6
|Anshida
|-
|7
|Vishal
|-
|8
|Pavithra
|-
|9
|Soundariya
|-
|10
|Deepak
|-
|11
|Tharshika
|-
|12
|Riya
|-
|13
|Sathya
|-
|14
|Raanav
|-
|}
|-
|'''Goibibo's Dart your way to your dream destination task (Round 1)''': This task will be performed by the housemates who were the best performers and received a Goibibo stamp in their passport from weeks 2 to 6. A Goibibo dartboard and a Goibibo magnetic board are kept in the activity area, along with the names of nine dream destinations: "Baku," "Bali," "Dubai," "Goa," "Jaipur," "Lonavala," "Manali," "Shillong," and "Thailand." Three chances will be provided to each housemate. They must aim their darts at the names of their preferred locations on the dartboard. The housemates' face images will be attached to the magnetic board, along with their chosen locations. The top three places chosen from this task will be confirmed for Goibibo's all-expenses-paid trip to the dream destination at the end of the season.
|-
|'''Morning activity task''': This task is held in the living area.
* Day 38 - Teacher assessment: All students must submit feedback to the teachers and school management staff so that they can improve themselves and correct their mistakes.
* Day 39 - Apology letter: All students must write an apologetic letter to their teachers on behalf of another student, emphasizing their mistakes and the justice required for others. They must include information about both the person who made the mistake and the person who was impacted by it. The letters submitted will be corrected by the Tamil teacher.
|-
| '''Weekly nomination free pass tasks''': There are three levels to this task:
'''1) Level 1 - Teamwork task (Chinna kutchi betha ball)''': This round will test the housemates' teamwork. This task is held in the garden area. Five members from each team will participate in this task. Two net basket cages with woven wire holes, as well as little sticks, are kept in the garden area. The players must use those sticks to guide the balls from the bottom to the top portion of the cage. The team that manages to release the most balls from the baskets when the final buzzer sounds will win this task.

Team Boys: Deepak, Muthukumaran, Raanav, Sathya and Vishal Team Girls: Pavithra, Rayan, Riya, Sachana and Soundariya Supervisor: Arun
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | Winner: Team Girls
|-
! style="background:#CF1020; color:white;" | Lost: Team Boys
|-
|'''2) Level 2 - Intelligence task (Oru Oorla)''': This round will test the housemates' intelligence. This task is held in the activity area. Two members from each team will participate in this task. Each team will be handed three stories in the form of separate cards, which will be placed on opposing ends of a board. Each story will be broken into ten sentences, for a total of thirty sentences throughout the three stories. Both teams must arrange the cards in the appropriate order for each story. The team that obtains the most points after pressing the buzzer will win this task.
Supervisor: Deepak
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Team
!Participants
!Points obtained in Story 1
!Points obtained in Story 2
!Points obtained in Story 3
!Total points obtained
|-
| rowspan="2" |Boys
|Arun
| rowspan="2" |6
| rowspan="2" |10
| rowspan="2" |3
| rowspan="2" |19
|-
|Muthukumaran
|-
| rowspan="2" |Girls
|Ananthi
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |6
| rowspan="2" |8
| rowspan="2" |15
|-
|Jacquline
|-
|}
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | Winner: Team Boys (obtained 19/30 points)
|-
! style="background:#CF1020; color:white;" | Lost: Team Girls (obtained 15/30 points)
|-
|'''3) Level 3 - Skill task (Flip the bottle)''': This round will test the housemates' skills. This task is held in the activity area. Five members from each team will participate in this task. Three tables will be present in the activity area, with two of them containing a plastic water bottle with a small amount of water and the third containing a jar of kabasura kudineer/paavakai juice as well as several tiny glasses to drink it from. One player will play at a time per turn. The players must flip the bottle and ensure that it lands properly on the table. If a player fails to do so, they must drink a glass of the above-mentioned juice before proceeding to play again. This task adheres to a relay system. The first team to correctly flip the bottle will win this task.
Team Boys before swap: Deepak, Jeffry, Sathya, Shiva, and Vishal Team Boys after swap: Deepak, Jeffry, Muthukumaran, Sathya, and Vishal Team Girls before swap: Manjari, Pavithra, Rayan, Sachana and Tharshika Team Girls after swap: Manjari, Rayan, Riya, Sachana and Soundariya
 Supervisor: Jacquline
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | Winner: Team Boys
|-
! style="background:#CF1020; color:white;" | Lost: Team Girls
|-
! Sponsored
| {{N/A}}
|-
!Punishments
|
* When the Bigg Boss dog barks or an announcement is made to wear the mic correctly, house captain Arun must give a punishment of his choice to one of the housemates on behalf of the one who made the mistake.
* Team Boys will need to do a whole week of house chores after losing the House chores task.
* The students who were ranked as the worst behaved in the Bigg Boss Residential School task must write an imposition letter and submit it to their teachers.
* Raanav and Varshini were voted the least productive housemates, and Bigg Boss punished them by serving food, tea, coffee, and water to other housemates whenever they requested it until the next Bigg Boss announcement.
|-style="background:salmon;"
!style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|On Day 42, Riya Thiyagarajan was evicted after facing public votes.
|-
! rowspan="25" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black; " | Week 7
! Twists
| '''House swap''': On Day 42, Team Boys were relocated to the left portion of the house, while Team Girls were relocated to the right.

'''Captain's green badges''': The house captain for Week 7 (Manjari) must keep three of the assigned captain's green badges. Whenever the Bigg Boss dog barks or Bigg Boss makes an announcement about wearing the mic correctly, the house captain must administer a punishment of her choice to one of the housemates on behalf of the one who made the mistake. Any housemate may take away one of the badges from the captain at any time throughout the week if they believe the captain is careless, is not properly leading the house, or is biased. They must give valid reasons to the other housemates in the living area. If all three badges are taken away before the end of the week, they will lose their position as captain. '''Captaincy status''': The house captain (Manjari) had two badges at the end of Week 7.

'''Opposite nomination process''': The nominations for the Week 7 eviction process will be based on each team member nominating members from the opposing team.

'''Contestant swap and direct nomination power''': On Day 43, one member from each team, Sathya and Ananthi, were switched to the opposing teams. Bigg Boss entitled them to directly nominate a contestant for the eviction process.

'''Weekly nomination free pass''': Both teams could earn the Nomination free pass and award it to one of their teammates, granting them immunity from the Week 7 eviction process, by winning 2 of 3 tasks testing their skill and knowledge. On Day 45, Team Boys won most of the tasks and awarded the pass to Shiva.

'''Goibibo passport stamp''': Deepak and Pavithra were chosen as the best performers by their respective teams based on their overall performance during Week 7.
|-
! rowspan="3" |Captaincy Task
|'''Thalaivana Thalaiviaa (Lemon in the Spoon)''': Manjari and Vishal were chosen as the contenders for this task during Week 6 after being determined to be the best performers by their respective teams. A bowl of lemons and two spoons will be kept in the garden area. The contenders must hold a spoon in their mouth, place a lemon on it, and then keep their hands behind their backs. They must continue walking without pausing in the garden area. The contender who maintains their balance before the other's lemon falls will win the captaincy task and become the house captain for Week 7.
Supervisor: Arun
|-
| style="text-align: center; background:#9F6;" | '''Winner: Manjari'''
|-
| style="text-align: center; background:salmon;" | '''Lost: Vishal'''
|-
! House Captain
| style=" text-align: center; background:#cfc;" | '''Manjari'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nominations
| Muthukumaran and Varshini were directly nominated by Anshida and Rayan using their Direct nomination power from Week 6 for the Week 7 eviction process.
|-
| Ananthi, Arun, Jacquline, Pavithra, Raanav, Rayan, Sachana, Shiva, Soundariya, Tharshika, and Vishal were nominated for the Week 7 eviction process.
|-
! rowspan="15" |Tasks
|'''Shopping task (Onnu inga irukku inonu enga?)''': Some bananas are kept on six pedestals in the garden area. Six chairs are positioned opposite the pedestals. This task will involve six people from each team, who will be blindfolded. Three of those six members will stand near the pedestals, with the remaining three sitting on the chairs. Both teams will play simultaneously. No two players from the same team will sit next to each other. The players adjacent to the pedestals must take one banana at a time, keep one hand behind their back, and walk to the other side to feed their teammates. If they feed their teammates, their team will receive 1000 BB currency for each banana. If they feed the opposing players, the opposing team will receive 1000 BB currency instead. This task adheres to a relay system. All players are prohibited from guessing other players by touch and must remain quiet throughout the task. The amount of BB currency collected by both teams from this task will determine their shopping budget for this week.
Team Boys: Arun, Deepak, Jeffry, Muthukumaran, Shiva and Vishal Team Girls: Anshida, Jacquline, Sathya, Soundariya, Tharshika and Varshini Supervisor: Manjari
|-
! style="background:pink;" | Team Girls (collected 11000 BB currency)
|-
! style="background:cyan;" | Team Boys (collected 9000 BB currency)
|-
|'''Weekly task - Bigg Boss Darbar (Arima Desam kingdom vs Komagal Kottai kingdom)''': Housemates will be separated into two kingdoms: the Arima Desam Kingdom and the Komagal Kottai kingdom. Furthermore, housemates from each kingdom will be grouped into three categories: Royal family, Workers and Cooks, and Commoners. A region's king and queen have disputes and hence run two kingdoms separately. Housemates from both kingdoms must discreetly choose a spy from the commoners of the other kingdom and reveal it to the chosen housemates. The chosen housemates must not oppose the choice of both kingdoms. The kingdom that successfully conquers the other kingdom will ascend to the throne of both kingdoms this week.
Spy from Arima desam's kingdom: Shiva Spy from Komagal Kottai's kingdom: Jacquline
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto; width: 90%;"
!Kingdoms
!Categories
!Role
!Housemate
|-
| rowspan="10" |Arima Desam kingdom
| rowspan="3" |Royal Family
|King
|Raanav
|-
|Raja Guru
|Rayan
|-
|Commander
|Deepak
|-
| rowspan="2" |Workers and Cooks
|Worker
|Jeffry
|-
|Cook
|Vishal
|-
| rowspan="5" |Commoners
| rowspan="5" |Common people
|Muthukumaran
|-
|Ananthi
|-
|Shiva
|-
|Ranjith
|-
|Arun
|-
| rowspan="9" |Komagal Kottai kingdom
| rowspan="3" |Royal Family
|Queen
|Sachana
|-
|Raja Guru
|Pavithra
|-
|Commander
|Manjari
|-
| rowspan="2" |Workers and Cooks
|Worker
|Soundariya
|-
|Cook
|Tharshika
|-
| rowspan="4" |Commoners
| rowspan="4" |Common people
|Anshida
|-
|Sathya
|-
|Varshini
|-
|Jacquline
|-
|}

'''Conquer the steps to ascend the throne challenges''':
* '''Task 1 - (Weekly Nomination free pass)''': The kingdom that wins the Weekly Nomination free pass will win this task.
* '''Task 2 - (Objects with clay)''': This task is held in the garden area. The commoners from each kingdom must create a variety of objects from the allotted clay. The kingdom that obtains the most overall points for its objects will win this task.
** Points obtained by Arima Desam kingdom: 3130
** Points obtained by Komagal Kottai kingdom: 2900
** Supervisors for the task: Deepak and Manjari
* '''Task 3 - (Guess the time)''': The Raja Gurus from each kingdom must accurately predict the time of day at 1 pm, 3 pm, 6 pm, and 9 pm before a camera. The kingdom with the most correct estimates will win this task.
* '''Task 4 - (Guess the weight of objects)''': This task is held in the activity area. The commoners from each kingdom must guess the weight of a variety of objects, fruits, and vegetables. The kingdom with the closest to Bigg Boss's weight evaluations will win this task.
* '''Task 5''': This task was canceled since the Arima Desam kingdom had already conquered three of the five steps in the ''Conquer the steps to ascend the throne challenges''.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Task
!Arima Desam
! rowspan="6" |vs
!Komagal kottai
!Winner
|-
!1
|Arun, Deepak, Raanav, Ranjith, Rayan, Shiva
|Jacquline, Manjari, Pavithra, Sachana, Tharshika, Varshini
|style="background: cyan;" | Arima desam
|-
!2
|Ananthi, Arun, Muthukumaran, Shiva
|Anshida, Jacquline, Sathya, Varshini
|style="background: cyan;" | Arima desam
|-
!3
|Rayan
|Pavithra
|style="background: pink;" | Komagal kottai
|-
!4
|Ananthi, Arun, Muthukumaran, Ranjith
|Anshida, Jacquline, Sathya, Varshini
|style="background: cyan;" | Arima desam
|-
!5
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|}

Result: The Arima Desam kingdom conquered three of the five steps in the ''Conquer the steps to ascend the throne challenges'' and King Raanav ascended to the throne of both kingdoms.
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | Winner: Arima desam
|-
! style="background:#CF1020; color:white;" | Lost: Komagal kottai
|-
|'''Morning activity task''': This task is held in the living area.
* Day 44 - Housemates' Game Progression: Every housemate must tell their peers of their efforts and what they have done to entertain the audience and elevate themselves.
* Day 47 - Identify the housemates' gameplay: Each housemate must select three other housemates and determine which plays an individual game, which plays a team game, and which contributes little to the game.
|-
| '''Weekly nomination free pass tasks''': There are three levels to this task:
'''1) Level 1 - Skill task (Suzhal Pandhu)''': This round will test the housemates' skills. This task is held in the activity area. Five members from each team will participate in this task. In the activity area, tables along with some cups and a bowl containing marbles are kept for both teams. The players must invert a cup onto the marble, spin it completely, creating a vortex effect, and place it in the bowls on the pedestals opposite the tables. This task adheres to a relay system. If completing this task takes too long, players from both teams can trade turns with their teammates. The team that places the most marbles into the bowl will win this task. 
Team Boys: Arun, Deepak, Raanav, Ranjith and Rayan Team Girls: Jacquline, Manjari, Pavithra, Sachana and Tharshika Supervisor: Muthukumaran
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | Winner: Team Boys (placed 5 marbles in the bowl)
|-
! style="background:#CF1020; color:white;" | Lost: Team Girls (placed 4 marbles in the bowl)
|-
|'''2) Level 2 - Knowledge task (Mapu vechitanda aapu)''': This round will test the housemates' knowledge. This task is held in the activity area. Two members from each team will participate in this task. In the activity area, two world maps are kept on two boards opposite each other, along with some magnetic markers and labels with the names of twenty countries. Players from both teams must place the markers on the correct countries and the labels right below them. The team that correctly tags the most countries on the map will win this task.
Supervisor for Team Boys: Ananthi Supervisor for Team Girls: Soundariya
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Team
!Participants
!Total countries located correctly
|-
| rowspan="2" |Boys
| Deepak
| rowspan="2" |17
|-
| Shiva
|-
| rowspan="2" |Girls
| Manjari
| rowspan="2" |11
|-
| Varshini
|-
|}
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | Winner: Team Boys (located 17/20 countries correctly)
|-
! style="background:#CF1020; color:white;" | Lost: Team Girls (located 11/20 countries correctly)
|-
|'''3) Level 3''': This task was canceled since the boys' team had already won the first two Nomination free pass tasks.
|-
! style="background:#087830; color:white;" | Task Cancelled
|-
! Sponsored
| '''Atomberg's Boat Race: Wind and Light Intensity''': This task is held in the garden area. In the task, Team Boys will be known as Team Atom and Team Girls as Team Berg. Nine members from each team will participate in this task. The garden area contains two water pools, various papers, two pedestal fans, two ceiling fans, and two flags indicating the starting point and finishing point for each team. The first and second players must make paper boats and place them in the water pool. Every time a boat reaches the finishing flag after a round, the third player must use the remote control to adjust the light intensity of the Atomberg ceiling fan, which ranges from levels one to five. The first three players on each squad must only perform the aforementioned roles and remain in their marked positions. The remaining five of the six players must make use of the wind from the Atomberg pedestal fan to guide the boat from the starting flag to the finishing flag. This task adheres to a relay system. The team that manages to get the light intensity of the ceiling fan to level five and win the boat race will win this task. The final player from each team must use the remote control to switch on the Atomberg ceiling fan and remark, "Atomberg, why not?"
Team Atom: Ananthi, Arun, Deepak, Muthukumaran, Raanav, Ranjith, Rayan, Shiva, Vishal Team Berg: Anshida, Jacquline, Manjari, Pavithra, Sachana, Sathya, Soundariya, Tharshika, Varshini Judge: Jeffry Atomberg's Boat Race: Wind and Light Intensity Winner: Team Atom
|-
!Punishments
|
* When the Bigg Boss dog barks or an announcement is made to wear the mic correctly, house captain Manjari must give a punishment of her choice to one of the housemates on behalf of the one who made the mistake.
* Shiva and Soundariya were voted the least productive housemates, and Bigg Boss punished them by making them listen to a roast session by other housemates in which they received unfiltered and objective feedback without interjection.
|-style="background:salmon;"
!style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|On Day 49, Varshini Venkat was evicted from the Bigg Boss house after facing public votes.
|-
! rowspan="19" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black; " | Week 8
! Twists
|'''Boys vs Girls theme concluded''': On Day 50, Bigg Boss announced the end of the Boys vs Girls theme team-based phase of the competition and the beginning of the individual-based phase and everyone was allowed access to all parts of the house.

'''Captain's flowerpot''': The house captain for Week 8 (Deepak) must keep the assigned captain's flowerpot filled with five flowers in the living area. Whenever the Bigg Boss dog barks or Bigg Boss makes an announcement about wearing the mic correctly, the house captain must administer a punishment of his choice to one of the housemates on behalf of the one who made the mistake. Any housemate may take away one of the flowers from the captain at any time throughout the week if they believe the captain is not entertaining, is not properly leading the house, or is biased. They must give valid reasons to the other housemates in the living area. If all five flowers are taken away before the end of the week, they will lose their position as captain. '''Captaincy Status''': The house captain (Deepak) had three flowers at the end of Week 8.

'''Closed nomination process''': The nominations for the Week 8 eviction process will be based on each contestant choosing two of the other housemates' photos, painting a cross on them with the given paint, and crushing and tossing them outside the house's main door.

'''Nomination free pass''': On Day 54, Jeffry won the ''Neeyum bommai Naanum bommai'' task and was granted immunity from Week 9's eviction process.

'''Goibibo passport stamp''': Jeffry and Sachana were chosen as the best performers by their housemates in the house based on their overall performance during Week 8.
|-
! rowspan="3" |Captaincy Task
|'''Thalaivana Thalaiviaa''': Deepak and Pavithra were chosen as the contenders for this task during Week 7 after being determined to be the best performers by their respective teams. This task is held in the garden area. In the garden area, two balls and two inclined slopes are kept for each contender. The contenders must balance the balls on both sides by standing between the slopes and rolling them up on each slope in turn, ensuring they don't fall. Each contender will have three chances. The contender who does not lose all three chances before the other will win the captaincy task and become the house captain for Week 8.
Supervisor: Manjari
|-
| style="text-align: center; background:#9F6;" | '''Winner: Deepak'''
|-
| style="text-align: center; background:salmon;" | '''Lost: Pavithra'''
|-
! House Captain
| style="text-align: center; background:#cfc;" | '''Deepak'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nominations
| Jacquline and Ranjith were directly nominated by Sathya and Ananthi using their Direct nomination power from Week 7 for the Week 8 eviction process.
|-
| Ananthi, Anshida, Manjari, Rayan, Sachana, Sathya, Shiva, and Vishal were nominated for the Week 8 eviction process.
|-
! rowspan="9" |Tasks
|'''Ranking task''': The boys must rank all of the girls from 1 to 8, based on how trustworthy they believe they have been throughout weeks 1 to 7.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Rank
!Contestants
|-
|1
|Anshida
|-
|2
|Pavithra
|-
|3
|Tharshika
|-
|4
|Sachana
|-
|5
|Ananthi
|-
|6
|Jacquline
|-
|7
|Soundariya
|-
|8
|Manjari
|-
|}
|-
|'''Shopping task (Half-Boil)''': Every housemate will be provided with an egg. All of them must cook a perfect half-boil in the kitchen and serve it on a plate. If the egg yolk in the half-boil breaks for any of them, their plates will be disregarded. Every perfect half-boil is worth 500 points. The amount of points collected from this task by all housemates will determine their shopping budget for this week.
Supervisor: Deepak
|-
! style="background:#800080;color:white; | Total points obtained: 8500
|-
|'''Weekly task - Bigg Boss Doll task (Neeyum bommai Naanum bommai)''': Eighteen dolls labeled with the names of eighteen housemates are kept on a specific object, and a dollhouse with seventeen slots is placed next to the house's main door in the garden area. When the buzzer sounds, each housemate must take a doll from that object and place it in any one of those slots. Housemates are not allowed to take a doll with their name on it. They may exchange the doll they have with another, provided they abide by the exchange conditions mentioned in the specific set of rounds. The housemates who advance to the subsequent rounds must return their dolls before the next round begins. The housemate whose doll fails to enter the dollhouse at the end of each round will be eliminated from this task. After a housemate is eliminated, the other housemate must throw that housemate's doll in the given dustbin and close one of the slots using the boards marked with an X sign. The number of slots will decrease with each round. The housemate whose doll is placed into the dollhouse at the end of the final round will win this task and will be saved from Week 9's eviction process.
* '''Rules, specific objects and exchange conditions''':
** '''Rounds (1–3)''': The housemates' dolls are kept in a ''ball pit'' filled with balls of different colours. The housemates can only exchange the dolls with each other ''in the ball pit''.
** '''Rounds (4–6)''': The housemates' dolls are kept on a ''doll stand''. The housemates can exchange the dolls ''anywhere'' in the garden area before entering the dollhouse. They can even take a doll away from other housemates, preventing it from entering the dollhouse.
** '''Rounds (7–8)''': The housemates' dolls are kept in a ''ball pit'' filled with balls of different colours. The housemates can only exchange the dolls ''in the ball pit''.
** '''Rounds (9–14)''': The eliminated housemates can prevent those who remain in this task from keeping the dolls in the dollhouse. They are not allowed to take or exchange the dolls, nor can they enter the dollhouse. The rules mentioned in Rounds (7–8) are also applicable.
** '''Round 15''': House captain Deepak must hide the dolls inside the ball pit. The rules mentioned in Rounds (7–8) and Rounds (9–14) are also applicable.
** '''Final round''': The two remaining housemates must each select one eliminated housemate to play in the final round of this task on their behalf. The rules mentioned in Rounds (7–8), Rounds (9–14), and Round 15 are also applicable.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
! colspan="2" |Bigg Boss Doll task
|-
!Housemates
!Final position
|-
|Jeffry
|style="background:#9F6;" | Winner
|-
|Shiva
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 16
|-
|Sachana
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 15
|-
|Arun
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 14
|-
|Pavithra
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 13
|-
|Manjari
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 12
|-
|Ananthi
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 11
|-
|Ranjith
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 10
|-
|Rayan
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 9
|-
|Sathya
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 8
|-
|Jacquline and Vishal
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 7
|-
|Muthukumaran
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 6
|-
|Anshida
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 5
|-
|Tharshika
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 4
|-
|Deepak
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 3
|-
|Raanav
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 2
|-
|Soundariya
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 1
|-
|}
Notes:
* Jacquline and Vishal were eliminated in the seventh round because their dolls did not make it inside the dollhouse within the time limit set by Bigg Boss.
* Rayan and Arun have been chosen by Jeffry and Shiva to play on their behalf in the final round.
Result: Since Jeffry won this task, he received the ''Nomination free pass'' and was saved from Week 9's eviction process.
|-
! style="background:#198941;color:#fff;" | '''Winner: Jeffry'''
|-
! style="background:#BE2131;color:#fff;" | '''Lost: Remaining housemates'''
|-
|'''Morning activity task''': This task is held in the living area.
* Day 52 - Analyzing housemates' personalities (Expectations vs Reality): Each housemate must choose a peer and describe how their perception of their personality changed from when they first entered the house to now.
* Day 53 - Identifying the puppet master and the puppet: Each housemate must choose one person whom they believe is directing the other housemates as a puppet master, as well as one person whom they believe is acting as a puppet for others.
|-
|'''Chit task''': A bowl full of chits is kept in the living area. Every chit contains two statements written on it. Each housemate must select a chit from the bowl and explain why it applies to two housemates of their choice.
|-
|'''Grab Parachute Grab task''': A parachute is kept in the middle of the garden area with a circle drawn around it. Housemates must divide into two teams of six and stand in zones specified by red and yellow border lines, respectively. The guests (Shakthi and Iyal) will be on opposite teams. When the buzzer sounds, one player from each side must approach the parachute and carry it to their respective zones before being tagged by a player from the opposite team. If they succeed, they will receive a point; otherwise, the other team will receive a point. There are six rounds in total. The team that obtains the most points at the end of the sixth round will win this task.
Team Shakthi: Shakthi, Jeffry, Raanav, Ranjith, Sachana, and Sathya Team Iyal: Iyal, Arun, Anshida, Jacquline, Soundariya and Tharshika Winner: Team Iyal
|-
! Sponsored
|'''CERA's Collections''': In the activity area, three of CERA's Lustre Sanitaryware units, the French Gold Collection, the Rose Gold Collection, and the Platinum Collection, are kept. Housemates must divide themselves into three teams of five members each to promote those units. Three members will serve as judges for this task. They will select the winning team based on the creativity demonstrated in this task.
* '''Round 1 (Style Style Thaan)''': Three members from each team will perform in this round. Some of CERA's songs will be played. Housemates from each of the three teams must entertain, perform, and promote the aforementioned three units by making them the center of attention.
* '''Round 2 (CERA Punches: Pera Kettale Chumma Athiruthilla)''': Two members from each team will perform in this round. Housemates from each of the three teams must perform and promote the aforementioned three units, making them the center of attention by imitating some of the iconic dialogues from Tamil cinema.
Team French Gold Collection: Ananthi, Anshida, Manjari, Pavithra, and Tharshika Team Rose Gold Collection: Jacquline, Muthukumaran, Rayan, Shiva, and Soundariya Team Platinum Collection: Arun, Raanav, Sachana, Sathya and Vishal Judges: Deepak, Jeffry and Ranjith 
CERA's Collections Winner: Team Platinum collection
|-
!Punishments
|
* When the Bigg Boss dog barks or an announcement is made to wear the mic correctly, house captain Deepak must give a punishment of his choice to one of the housemates on behalf of the one who made the mistake.
* Manjari and Raanav were voted the least productive housemates. Bigg Boss punished them by turning them into dolls, making them dependent on other housemates to carry out their basic requirements until the next Bigg Boss announcement.
|-style="background:salmon;"
!style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|On Day 56, Shiva Kumar was evicted after facing public votes.
|-
! rowspan="17" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black; " | Week 9
! Twists
| '''Captain's portrait''': The house captain for Week 9 (Jeffry) must keep the assigned captain's portrait divided into three pieces in the living area. Whenever the Bigg Boss dog barks or Bigg Boss makes an announcement about wearing the mic correctly, the house captain must administer a punishment of his choice to one of the housemates on behalf of the one who makes the mistake. Any housemate may take away one of the portrait's pieces from the captain at any time throughout the week if they believe the captain is not entertaining, is not properly leading the house, or is biased. They must give valid reasons to the other housemates in the living area. If all three portrait pieces are taken away before the end of the week, they will lose their position as captain.
'''Captaincy status''': The house captain (Jeffry) still had all three portrait pieces at the end of Week 9.

'''Captain's Assistant''': When viewers were asked if an assistant captain should be chosen to assist Week 9's house captain in an audience poll, the majority said they should be chosen by their housemates. Sachana was chosen by all the housemates and became the assistant captain for Week 9.

'''Open nomination process''': The nomination process for the Week 9 eviction will be based on each contestant nominating two other housemates, with them standing opposite each other on their platforms and the contestant who nominated them explaining their reasoning in the presence of all housemates.

'''Nomination free pass''': On Day 60, Manjari won the ''Angels vs Devils'' task and was granted immunity from Week 10's eviction process.

'''Goibibo passport stamp''': Deepak, Manjari, Pavithra, and Ranjith were chosen as the best performers by their housemates in the house based on their overall performance during Week 9.
|-
! rowspan="3" | Captaincy Task
|'''Thalaivana Thalaiviaa''': Jeffry and Sachana were chosen as the contenders for this task during Week 8 after being voted the best performers by their housemates. This task is held in the activity area. Sixty number plates are scattered throughout the activity area, and a plasma television will display a random number plate. There are ten rounds in total. In each round, the contenders must find the number plate shown on the television. The contender who finds the most number plates will win the captaincy task and become the house captain for Week 9. In the event of a tie, Bigg Boss will orally convey a random number plate to both contenders twice, following which they must find it to win this week's captaincy task.
Supervisor: Deepak
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" | '''Winner: Jeffry'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:salmon;" | '''Lost: Sachana'''
|-
! House Captain
| style="text-align: center; background:#cfc;" | '''Jeffry'''
|-
! Nominations
| Ananthi, Jacquline, Manjari, Muthukumaran, Pavithra, Raanav, Ranjith, Rayan, Sachana, Sathya, Soundariya, and Tharshika were nominated in the presence of all housemates for the Week 9 eviction process.
|-
! rowspan="8" |Tasks
|'''Shopping task (Podu Attam Podu)''': In the activity area, a dance floor is set, and a pedestal with a headphone is kept near it. Each housemate must wear headphones, listen to the song, and communicate it to the other housemates by dancing on the floor at the same time, after which the other housemates must correctly guess the song's name. Each song guessed correctly is worth 500 points. The amount of points obtained will determine the week's shopping budget.
Supervisor: Jeffry
|-
! style="background:#800080;color:white; | Total points obtained: 6500
|-
|'''Ranking task 1''': Housemates must discuss among themselves and rank any eight other housemates from 1 to 8 based on whom they believe meets any of the following criteria:
* A housemate who has not been the cause of many problems.
* A housemate who has not exaggerated or interfered in conflicts with other housemates.
* A housemate who has pretended to be kind to others while not revealing their true personality to the other housemates.
The chosen housemates will play the role of ''Angels'' in the weekly task: ''Angels vs Devils''.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Rank
!Contestants
|-
|1
|Ranjith
|-
|2
|Anshida
|-
|3
|Sathya
|-
|4
|Ananthi
|-
|5
|Vishal
|-
|6
|Pavithra
|-
|7
|Rayan
|-
|8
|Jeffry
|-
|}
|-
|'''Ranking task 2''': The housemates who were chosen as ''Angels'' in ''Ranking task 1'' must rank the other housemates as ''Devils'' from 1 to 9 based on the wicked traits they have witnessed so far on the Bigg Boss show and explain their reasons for doing so in the living area.
The chosen housemates from ''Ranking task 1'' and ''Ranking task 2'' will play the role of ''Angels'' and ''Devils'' in the weekly task: ''Angels vs Devils''.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Rank
!Contestants
|-
|1
|Manjari
|-
|2
|Jacquline
|-
|3
|Muthukumaran
|-
|4
|Deepak
|-
|5
|Soundariya
|-
|6
|Sachana
|-
|7
|Arun
|-
|8
|Tharshika
|-
|9
|Raanav
|-
|}
|-
|'''Weekly task (Angels vs Devils)''': In this task, housemates were divided into two groups: 8 ''Angels'' from ''Ranking task 1'', who will live in Heaven, and 9 ''Devils'' from ''Ranking task 2'', who will live in Hell. The devils must try to break the angels' composure, while the angels must remain calm and composed in this task.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Levels
!Angels
! rowspan="19" |vs
!Devils
|-
| rowspan="9" |1
|Ranjith
|Manjari
|-
|Anshida
|Jacquline
|-
|Sathya
|Muthukumaran
|-
|Ananthi
|Deepak
|-
|Vishal
|Soundariya
|-
|Pavithra
|Sachana
|-
|Rayan
|Arun
|-
|Jeffry
|Tharshika
|-
|''NA''
|Raanav
|-
| rowspan="9" |2
|Manjari
|Ranjith
|-
|Jacquline
|Anshida
|-
|Muthukumaran
|Sathya
|-
|Deepak
|Ananthi
|-
|Soundariya
|Vishal
|-
|Sachana
|Pavithra
|-
|Arun
|Rayan
|-
|Tharshika
|Jeffry
|-
|Raanav
|''NA''
|-
|}
* '''Angel's world''':
** In this world, the angels must remain calm and composed.
** They must meet and overcome their challenges with a smile and kindness, as well as retain their composure in the face of the devils.
** They must perform all the housework.
** They must wear the three heart badges assigned to them and remain calm and composed at all times; if they fail, they must give away one of their hearts to the devil who managed to break their composure.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Levels
!Angels
!No. of heart badges remaining
!Given to
|-
| rowspan="8" |1
|Ranjith
|3
| rowspan="3" |''None''
|-
|Rayan
|3
|-
|Vishal
|3
|-
|Ananthi
|2
|Sachana
|-
|Anshida
|0
|Deepak, Manjari, Tharshika
|-
|Jeffry
|0
|Deepak, Muthukumaran x2
|-
|Pavithra
|0
|Deepak, Manjari, Sachana
|-
|Sathya
|0
|Manjari, Muthukumaran, Raanav
|-
| rowspan="9" |2
|Arun
|2
|Vishal
|-
|Manjari
|0
|Jeffry, Sathya, Vishal
|-
|Jacquline
|0
|Jeffry, Ranjith x2
|-
|Muthukumaran
|0
|Pavithra, Ranjith, Vishal
|-
|Deepak
|0
|Jeffry, Pavithra, Vishal
|-
|Sachana
|0
|Ananthi, Jeffry, Sathya
|-
|Soundariya
|0
|Ananthi, Jeffry, Vishal
|-
|Tharshika
|0
|Ananthi, Pavithra, Sathya
|-
|Raanav
|0
|Rayan, Vishal x2
|-
|}
* '''Devil's world''':
** In this world, the devils must not exhibit any attributes demonstrating kindness, such as fear, compassion, concern, or pleading, to the angels.
** They must show their qualities, such as imitation, jest, tease, wrath, hatred, power, envy, vengeance, and monstrosity, to the angels.
** They must refrain from doing any housework.
** They must attempt to break the angels' composure by making them lose patience or show their emotions; if they succeed, they will be able to collect one of their heart badges.
** At the end of the task, they must convene a meeting to select a devil they believe was least productive, after which they will be imprisoned in a jail until the next Bigg Boss announcement.
** The devil that collects the most heart badges from the angels will earn a ''Nomination free pass'' and will be saved from Week 10's eviction process.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Levels
!Devils
!No. of heart badges collected
!Obtained from
|-
| rowspan="9" |1
|Deepak
|3
|Anshida, Jeffry, Pavithra
|-
|Manjari
|3
|Anshida, Pavithra, Sathya
|-
|Muthukumaran
|3
|Jeffry x2, Sathya
|-
|Sachana
|2
|Ananthi, Pavithra
|-
|Raanav
|1
|Sathya
|-
|Tharshika
|1
|Anshida
|-
|Arun
|0
| rowspan="3" |''None''
|-
|Jacquline
|0
|-
|Soundariya
|0
|-
| rowspan="8" |2
|Vishal
|7
|Arun, Deepak, Manjari, Muthukumaran, Raanav x2, Soundariya
|-
|Jeffry
|5
|Deepak, Jacquline, Manjari, Sachana, Soundariya
|-
|Ananthi
|3
|Sachana, Soundariya, Tharshika
|-
|Ranjith
|3
|Jacquline x2, Muthukumaran
|-
|Pavithra
|3
|Deepak, Muthukumaran, Tharshika
|-
|Sathya
|3
|Manjari, Sachana, Tharshika
|-
|Rayan
|1
|Raanav
|-
|Anshida
|0
|''None''
|-
|}
Notes:
* The housemates who were ''Angels'' and ''Devils'' in Level 1 had their roles reversed in Level 2.
* The winning criteria was changed to require that all devils with at least one heart badge vote for the best performer in this task. The chosen devil will receive a ''Nomination free pass'' and be saved from Week 10's eviction process.
Result: Since Manjari won this task, she received the ''Nomination free pass'' and was saved from Week 10's eviction process.
|-
! style="background:#198941;color:#fff;" | '''Winner: Manjari'''
|-
! style="background:#BE2131;color:#fff;" | '''Lost: Remaining housemates'''
|-
|'''Morning activity task''': This task is held in the living area.
* Day 58 - Identifying housemates' productivity: Each housemate must select three other housemates and determine who is a workaholic, who pretends to work, and who is idle in the Bigg Boss house. 
* Day 61 - Transcendent and Broken Friendships: Each housemate must select two other housemates with whom they will remain in contact and two housemates with whom they will not connect once the Bigg Boss season concludes.
|-
! Sponsored
|'''Bubbl Paint's Create a bubble paint catalogue''': This task is held in the activity area. Housemates must divide themselves into two teams of seven members for this task. In the activity area, ten bubble paint buckets, five for interior and five for exterior, along with paint brushes, are kept for each team. Ten USP cue cards with paint's features are placed on top of another ten buckets on the floor. Two boards partitioned into ten boxes, five for interior and five for exterior, are also kept. When the buzzer sounds, players must stand in the marked zone and take the cue card by connecting the brush to the provided pipes. If an interior card is picked, the player must use an interior bubble paint bucket to paint the interior box on the board and vice versa. The first team to paint all ten boxes on the board and finish the bubble paint catalogue will win this task.
Team Ulle: Ananthi, Anshida, Arun, Deepak, Muthukumaran, Raanav and Tharshika Team Veliye: Jacquline, Jeffry, Manjari, Pavithra, Sachana, Soundariya and Vishal Judges: Ranjith, Sathya Bubbl Paint's Create a bubble paint catalogue Winner: Team Ulle
|-
!Punishments
|
* When the Bigg Boss dog barks or an announcement is made to wear the mic correctly, house captain Jeffry must give a punishment of his choice to one of the housemates on behalf of the one who made the mistake.
* Jacquline and Rayan were voted the least productive devils in the ''Angels vs Devils'' task and were sent to the jail for Levels 1 and 2, respectively, until the next Bigg Boss announcement.
* Jacquline and Soundariya were voted the least productive housemates, and Bigg Boss punished them by making them consume only the food he provided until the next Bigg Boss announcement.
|-style="background:salmon;"
!style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|On Day 63, Sachana Namidass and RJ Ananthi were evicted after facing public votes in a double eviction twist.
|-
! rowspan="16" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black; " | Week 10
! Twists
|'''Captain's nest with eggs''': The house captain for Week 10 (Ranjith) must keep the assigned captain's nest with three eggs in the living area. Whenever the Bigg Boss dog barks or Bigg Boss makes an announcement about wearing the mic correctly, the house captain must administer a punishment of his choice to one of the housemates on behalf of the one who makes the mistake. Any housemate may take away one of the eggs from the captain at any time throughout the week if they believe the captain is not entertaining, is not properly leading the house, or is biased. They must give valid reasons to the other housemates in the living area. If all three eggs are taken away before the end of the week, they will lose their position as captain.
'''Captaincy status''': The house captain (Ranjith) had two eggs in the nest at the end of Week 10.

'''Closed nomination process''': The nomination process for the Week 10 eviction will be based on each contestant nominating two other housemates, stating their reasons, and finally describing them in one word.

'''Nomination free pass''': On Day 68, Jeffry won the ''Managers'' ''vs Laborers'' task and was granted immunity from Week 11's eviction process.

'''Goibibo passport stamp''': Jacquline, Muthukumaran, and Vishal were chosen as the best performers by their housemates in the house based on their overall performance from Weeks 1 to 10.
|-
! rowspan="3" | Captaincy Task
|'''Thalaivana Thalaiviaa (Thannila Gandam)''': Deepak, Manjari, Pavithra, and Ranjith were chosen as the contenders for this task during Week 9 after being voted the best performers by their housemates. Each contender in the garden area has a water tank on their assigned table. The tank is filled with water and contains several holes that are sealed using hole sticks. When the buzzer sounds, players must defend their tanks while simultaneously attacking their opponents' tanks. They can attack their opponents' tanks by removing their sticks and blocking water leaks with their hands or entire bodies. The removed sticks should not be reused to seal the tank. When the final buzzer sounds, the contender with the most water in their water tank will win the captaincy task and become the house captain for Week 10.
Supervisor: Jeffry
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" | '''Winner: Ranjith'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:salmon;" | '''Lost: Deepak, Manjari and Pavithra'''
|-
! House Captain
| style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | '''Ranjith'''
|-
! Nominations
| Anshida, Arun, Jacquline, Pavithra, Rayan, Sathya, Soundariya, Tharshika and Vishal were nominated for the Week 10 eviction process.
|-
! rowspan="6" |Tasks
|'''Shopping task''': In the activity area, two magnetic boards, each with two holes on the bottom and a face drawn on the top, are kept. The facial features of a human face, such as the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth, will be placed on a tray in front of the board. The players will perform this task while blindfolded and standing on the back side of the board. When the buzzer sounds, players must pick the facial features from the tray by passing their hands through the two holes and place them in the proper spots on the face. Each face with its facial features positioned correctly is worth 500 points. The amount of points obtained will determine the week's shopping budget.
Judge: Ranjith
|-
! style="background:#800080;color:white; | Total points obtained: 3000
|-
|'''Top 8 Bottom 7 task''': Housemates must discuss among themselves and select eight housemates for the Top 8 and the remaining seven for the Bottom 7.
The chosen housemates from the ''Top 8 Bottom 7 task'' will play the role of ''Managers'' and ''Laborers'' in the weekly task: ''Managers vs Laborers''.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Top 8 / Bottom 7
!Housemate
|-
| rowspan="8" |Top 8
|Deepak
|-
|Jacquline
|-
|Jeffry
|-
|Manjari
|-
|Muthukumaran
|-
|Soundariya
|-
|Tharshika
|-
|Vishal
|-
| rowspan="7" |Bottom 7
|Anshida
|-
|Arun
|-
|Pavithra
|-
|Raanav
|-
|Ranjith
|-
|Rayan
|-
|Sathya
|-
|}
|-
|'''Weekly task - Bigg Boss Factory (Managers vs Laborers)''': In this task, housemates were divided into two groups: 8 ''Managers'' and 7 ''Laborers'' from the ''Top 8 Bottom 7 task''. Managers will live in the house and have access to all of its facilities. A factory has been set up in the garden area. The laborers must work in the factory and live in the designated dormitories. The house's essentials, such as drinking water, gas, and toilet water connections, have been disconnected. A manager must choose a laborer, and the chosen laborer must pedal the cycle allotted to that specific necessity each time it is required, after which the managers can utilize the house's facilities. The managers must give the laborers water and food, and they may only enter the house to use the toilet, which requires another laborer to pedal the cycle. The laborers must follow the rules set by the managers. The managers will live in the house, known as the ''Nomination Free Zone'', while the laborers will live in the garden area, known as the ''Nominated Zone''. Whenever the buzzer sounds, the managers must confer and send one manager to the Nominated Zone, while the laborers must confer and send one laborer to the Nomination Free Zone. At the end of this task, one of the managers will earn a nomination free pass, while one of the laborers will be directly nominated for Week 11's eviction process.
'''Managers vs Laborers 2.0 (Day 67)''': In addition to the existing rules, laborers must now also do all the chores, such as cooking, vessel washing, etc. Water will no longer be provided through the house's pipes. A pipe will be provided in the garden area. To meet the house's needs, the laborers must fill buckets with water, hand them over to management, and pedal the appropriate cycle. The laborers must complete the task allotted by the managers inside the house, if any, and then return to their workplace. The managers have the authority to establish new rules and assign tasks to the laborers.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
! colspan="7" |Bigg Boss Factory
|-
! rowspan="2" |Day
! colspan="2" |Managers (Nomination Free Zone)
! rowspan="26" |vs
! colspan="2" |Laborers (Nominated Zone)
! rowspan="2" |Union representative
|-
!Before swap
!After swap
!Before swap
!After swap
|-
| rowspan="8" |65
|Deepak
| rowspan="8" |''NA''
|Anshida
| rowspan="8" |''NA''
| rowspan="8" |Anshida
|-
|Jacquline
|Arun
|-
|Jeffry
|Pavithra
|-
|Manjari
|Raanav
|-
|Muthukumaran
|Ranjith
|-
|Soundariya
|Rayan
|-
|Tharshika
|Sathya
|-
|Vishal
|''NA''
|-
| rowspan="8" |66
|Deepak
|Arun
| colspan="2" |Anshida
| rowspan="8" |Raanav
|-
|Jacquline
|Deepak
|Arun
|Muthukumaran
|-
|Jeffry
|Jacquline
|Pavithra
|Raanav
|-
|Manjari
|Jeffry
|Raanav
|Ranjith
|-
|Muthukumaran
|Manjari
|Ranjith
|Rayan
|-
|Soundariya
|Pavithra
|Rayan
|Sathya
|-
|Tharshika
|Soundariya
|Sathya
|Vishal
|-
|Vishal
|Tharshika
| colspan="2" |''NA''
|-
| rowspan="8" |67
| colspan="2" |Arun
| colspan="2" |Anshida
| rowspan="8" |Rayan
|-
| colspan="2" |Deepak
|Muthukumaran
|Jacquline
|-
|Jacquline
|Jeffry
|Raanav
|Muthukumaran
|-
|Jeffry
|Manjari
|Ranjith
|Raanav
|-
|Manjari
|Pavithra
|Rayan
|Ranjith
|-
|Pavithra
|Sathya
|Sathya
|Rayan
|-
|Soundariya
|Tharshika
|Vishal
|Soundariya
|-
|Tharshika
|''NA''
|''NA''
|Vishal
|}
Notes:
* A manager must communicate the laborer's name and specify the essentials for which they will pedal the bicycle in front of a camera.
* The laborers can express their grievances, benefits, or working conditions to the union representative at the union office.
* Only the union representative must negotiate any labor disputes, working conditions, or complaints with the management.
* If any of the key rules are broken, a laborer must continue to pedal the cycle until the next Bigg Boss announcement.
Result: Since Jeffry won this task, he received the ''Nomination free pass'' and was saved from Week 11's eviction process, while Raanav was ''directly nominated'' for Week 11's eviction process.
|-
! style="background:#198941;color:#fff;" | '''Winner: Jeffry'''
|-
! style="background:#BE2131;color:#fff;" | '''Lost: Remaining housemates'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Sponsored
|'''Atomberg's Mixer Grinder Chammanthi Challenge''': This task is held in the activity area. Housemates must divide themselves into two teams of six members for this task. Three members will serve as judges for this task. The aim of this task is to prepare a chammanthi using Atomberg's mixer grinder. In the activity area, ingredients for a chammanthi are kept inside various balloons on a table. Members of each team must take a balloon, place it on the given chair, then burst it by sitting on it. After collecting all of the ingredients, they must present them to the judges prior to the grinding process. Then they must make use of the ingredients and the mixer grinder to prepare a delicious chammanthi. The team that produces a chammanthi with the best presentation and flavor for the judges before the final buzzer sounds will win this task.
Team Red: Anshida, Arun, Jeffry, Pavithra, Tharshika and Vishal Team Green: Jacquline, Manjari, Muthukumaran, Raanav, Rayan and Soundariya Judges: Deepak, Ranjith and Sathya Atomberg's Mixer Grinder Chammanthi Challenge Winner: Team Red
|-
|'''Himalaya's Face Wash Challenge''': This task is held in the activity area. Housemates must divide themselves into two teams of six members for this task. Three members will serve as judges for this task. The activity area contains six different products of Himalaya's face wash: turmeric, lemon, aloe vera, charcoal, orange, and neem, along with the ingredients for each product. Housemates from each team must perform and promote these face wash products, making them the focus of an advertisement using the provided USP cue cards. The team that directs the advertisement and promotes the products in the most entertaining way will win this task.
Team A: Anshida, Arun, Jeffry, Pavithra, Tharshika and Vishal Team B: Muthukumaran, Raanav, Ranjith, Rayan, Sathya and Soundariya Judges: Deepak, Jacquline, and Manjari Himalaya's Face Wash Challenge Winner: Team B
|-
!Punishments
|
* When the Bigg Boss dog barks or an announcement is made to wear the mic correctly, house captain Ranjith must give a punishment of his choice to one of the housemates on behalf of the one who made the mistake.
* All the housemates who were nominated for the Week 10 eviction process must wear the badge containing the two words the other housemates used to nominate them the entire week.
* Jeffry was punished by Bigg Boss for breaking a major rule in the ''Managers vs Laborers'' task and was directed to choose a laborer of his choice to pedal the cycle allotted for restroom facilities until the next announcement.
* Muthukumaran was punished by Bigg Boss for breaking a major rule in the ''Managers vs Laborers'' task, and he directed the managers to punish him as they saw fit.
* Jacquline was sent by Bigg Boss from the ''Nomination Free Zone'' to the ''Nominated Zone'' for violating a crucial rule in the ''Managers vs Laborers'' task.
|-style="background:salmon;"
!style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|On Days 69 & 70, Sathya SK and Tharshika were evicted after facing public votes in a double eviction twist.
|-
! rowspan="16" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black; " | Week 11
! Entrances
|On Day 72, Raanav re-entered the house after being discharged from the hospital.
|-
! Twists
| '''Captain's doll with knives''': The house captain for Week 11 (Vishal) must keep the assigned captain's doll with three knives in the living area. Whenever the Bigg Boss dog barks or Bigg Boss makes an announcement about wearing the mic correctly, the house captain must administer a punishment of his choice to one of the housemates on behalf of the one who makes the mistake. Any housemate may place one of the knives on the captain's doll at any time throughout the week if they believe the captain is not entertaining, is not properly leading the house, or is biased. They must give valid reasons to the other housemates in the living area. If all three knives are placed on the doll before the end of the week, they will lose their position as captain.
'''Captaincy status''': The house captain (Vishal) had no knives placed on his doll at the end of Week 11.

'''Open nomination process''': The nomination process for the Week 11 eviction will be based on each contestant nominating two other housemates, stating their reasons in the presence of all housemates.

'''Nomination free pass''': On Day 74, Rayan won the ''Sengal Sengala'' task and was granted immunity from Week 12's eviction process.

'''Goibibo passport stamp''': Jeffry, Muthukumaran and Pavithra were chosen as the best performers by their housemates in the house based on their overall performance during Week 11.
|-
! rowspan="3" |Captaincy Task
|'''Thalaivana Thalaiviaa (Semma Weightu)''': Jacquline, Muthukumaran, and Vishal were chosen as the contenders for this task during Week 10 after being voted the best performers by their housemates from Weeks 1 to 10. A wheelbarrow is kept for each contender in the garden area. The remaining housemates are given badges with their weights written on them. The contenders will be assigned a specific weight target to achieve. Housemates must divide into three groups and stand near the contender they desire to support. When the initial buzzer sounds, the contender must transport each one of their supporters in the wheelbarrow to a marked zone on the opposite side. They must do so before the final buzzer sounds. Any supporter may move to another contender if they do not feel valued by the one they support at any point. When the final buzzer sounds, the contender who achieves the weight target first will win the captaincy task and become the house captain for Week 11.
Supervisor: Ranjith
|-
! style="background:#9F6;" | '''Winner: Vishal'''
|-
! style="background:salmon;" | '''Lost: Jacquline and Muthukumaran'''
|-
! House Captain
| style="text-align: center; background:#cfc;" | '''Vishal'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nominations
| Raanav was directly nominated for the Week 11 eviction process at the end of the weekly task during Week 10.
|-
| Anshida, Arun, Deepak, Jacquline, Manjari, Muthukumaran, Pavithra, Ranjith, Rayan and Soundariya were nominated for the Week 11 eviction process.
|-
! rowspan="5" |Tasks
|'''Shopping task (Biscuit sapdunga friend)''': In the garden area, two platforms are kept. Two housemates at a time must stand on their respective platforms and place a biscuit on their forehead. Then they must use their facial movements to navigate the biscuits from their forehead to their mouth and eat them. Each biscuit eaten correctly in the specified way is worth 500 points. The amount of points obtained will determine the week's shopping budget.
Supervisor: Vishal
|-
! style="background:#800080;color:white;" | Total points obtained: 4000
|-
|'''Weekly task (Sengal Sengala)''': In this task, housemates were divided into five teams, three of which had three members and the other two of which had two. In the garden area, a shared conveyor belt, five sets of different colored jackets, and five bases are kept for each team. Whenever the special buzzer sounds, stones will be sent through the conveyor belt. Only one member from each team must collect the stones, which will be used to build a fortress around the stand in the center of their bases. Housemates are not allowed to go beyond the line marked around the conveyor belt on all three sides to collect the stones. Whenever the stones are not sent, players must build their fortress and attack the others as well as defend theirs from opposing teams. The team that has the least stones at the end of each round will get eliminated from this task. The team that has the most stones will win this task and be awarded with a ''Nomination free pass'', which they can use to save one of their teammates from Week 12's eviction process.
'''Sengal Sengala Muyal 2.0 (Day 74)''': In addition to the existing rules, each team must gather rabbit dolls and protect them by keeping them inside the tower they have built against opposing teams. Any team can attempt to steal the rabbit dolls from opposing teams. Bigg Boss may send the rabbit dolls through the conveyor belt or let them fall from the sky. The team with the most rabbit dolls at the end will win this task and be awarded a ''Nomination free pass'', which they can use to save one of their teammates from Week 12's eviction process.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Teams
!Housemate
|-
| rowspan="3" |Blue
|Deepak
|-
|Manjari
|-
|Muthukumaran
|-
| rowspan="3" |Pink
|Anshida
|-
|Jeffry
|-
|Pavithra
|-
| rowspan="3" |Red
|Arun
|-
|Vishal
|-
|Soundariya
|-
| rowspan="3" |Yellow
|Jacquline
|-
|Ranjith
|-
|Rayan
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
! rowspan="2" |Rounds
! rowspan="2" |Teams
! colspan="2" |No. of stones remaining
! colspan="2" |No. of rabbit dolls remaining
! rowspan="2" |Results
|-
!Before
!After
!Before
!After
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|Blue
|17
|52
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |''NA''
| rowspan="3" |Advanced to Round 2
|-
|Pink
|17
|94
|-
|Yellow
|15
|73
|-
|Red
|14
|6
|Eliminated in Round 1
|-
| rowspan="3" |2
|Yellow
|73
| rowspan="3" |''NA''
| rowspan="3" |''NA''
|4
|Winner
|-
|Blue
|52
|1
| rowspan="2" |Eliminated in Round 2
|-
|Pink
|94
|0
|}
Notes:
* Raanav was severely injured during the early phases of this task and was unable to continue due to health concerns.
* Deepak, Manjari, and Muthukumaran were combined into one team (Team Blue) following Raanav's exit from this task.
* According to the new Bigg Boss rules, housemates must build a tower, and they cannot protect their stones by sitting or blocking them using their physique.
* The winning criteria was changed to require that the team with the most rabbit dolls at the end of the task will win and receive a ''Nomination free pass'', which they can use to save one of their teammates from Week 12's eviction process.
Result: Since ''Team Yellow'' won this task, they received the ''Nomination free pass'' and used it to save Rayan from Week 12's eviction process.
|-
! style="background:#198941;color:#fff;" | '''Winner: Team Yellow'''
|-
! style="background:#BE2131;color:#fff;" | '''Lost: Teams Red, Pink and Blue'''
|-
! Sponsored
| {{N/A}}
|-
!Punishments
|
* When the Bigg Boss dog barks or an announcement is made to wear the mic correctly, house captain Vishal must give a punishment of his choice to one of the housemates on behalf of the one who made the mistake.
* Due to many housemates' persistent rule violations over several weeks, including Week 12's captaincy task, Bigg Boss announced that it would be canceled, and there would be no house captain in Week 12.
|-
!Exits
| style="background: salmon;" |On Day 77, Ranjith was evicted after facing public votes.
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black; " | Week 12
! Twists
| '''Closed nomination process''': The nomination process for the Week 12 eviction will involve each contestant nominating two other housemates and explaining their reasons to Bigg Boss in the confession room.
|-
! rowspan="2" |Captaincy Task
|'''Thalaivana Thalaiviaa (Golmaal)''': Jeffry, Muthukumaran, and Pavithra were chosen as the contenders for this task during Week 11 after being voted the best performers by their housemates. In the garden area, a goalpost is kept for each contender along the circumference of a circular zone with a big ball in the middle of it. When the buzzer sounds, the contenders must put the ball in another contender's goalpost while simultaneously defending their own. The final contender not eliminated will win the captaincy task and become the house captain for Week 12.
Supervisor: Vishal
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:salmon;" | '''Task Cancelled by Bigg Boss'''
|-
! House Captain
| style="text-align:center; background:grey;" | '''''None'''''
|-
! Nominations
| Anshida, Jacquline, Jeffry, Manjari, Pavithra, Raanav and Vishal were nominated for the Week 12 eviction process.
|-
! rowspan="5" |Tasks
|'''Shopping task (Paatu Onnu Naan Paadattuma)''': In the activity area, a song's lyrics will be read by Bigg Boss for every housemate. When the buzzer sounds, each housemate must guess the name of the song without discussing it with others. Each song guessed correctly is worth 1000 points. The amount of points obtained will determine the week's shopping budget.
|-
! style="background:#800080;color:white;" | Total points obtained: 7000
|-
|'''Family round task (Freeze or Release)''': As part of this task, all of the housemates' families will be allowed to enter the Bigg Boss house.
* Bigg Boss will take full control over the task. He will instruct the housemates by using words like freeze and release.
* Any of the housemates' family members can share their grievances, emotional upsets, and contradictions they have with the other housemates.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"
!Day
!Housemates
!Family members
|-
| rowspan="4" |79
|Deepak
|Wife, Son and Friend
|-
|Manjari
|Mother, Son, Sister and Brother-in-law, Friend
|-
|Vishal
|Mother, Father and Grandmother, Friend
|-
|Rayan
|Mother, Sister, Nephew and Niece
|-
| rowspan="4" |80
|Soundariya
|Mother, Father, Brother and Fiancé
|-
|Raanav
|Mother, Father, Brother and Sister
|-
|Pavithra
|Brother, Aunt and Cousin Mother and Grandmother (voice only), Friend
|-
|Anshida
|Mother and Brother
|-
| rowspan="4" |81
|Jeffry
|Mother and Father
|-
|Arun
|Mother, Father and his Fiancé
|-
|Jacquline
|Mother, Friend and her Fiancé
|-
|Muthukumaran
|Mother, Father and Friend
|}
|-
|'''Morning activity task''': This task is held in the living area.
* Day 78: Each housemate must reveal the people they still miss from the outside world, such as family and friends, over the previous 11 weeks, along with their reasons.
|-
|'''Goibibo's Burst your way to your dream destination task (Round 2)''': This task will be performed by housemates who were the best performers and received the most Goibibo stamps in their passports from Weeks 2 to 9. Deepak, Manjari, and Pavithra were eligible for this task based on the aforementioned criteria. In the activity area, multiple balloons with various chits are kept. However, only one of the balloons contains a chit with the Goibibo logo. When the buzzer sounds, the players must search for the balloon containing the Goibibo logo chit by bursting it. The player who finds the Goibibo logo chit first will be the winner of ''Goibibo's all-expenses-paid trip to their dream destination''. The winner must roll the Goibibo dice, which has three sides with places selected from ''Goibibo's Dart task (Round 1)'' and three remaining sides containing mystery places. The place revealed after rolling the dice will determine the Goibibo Winner's dream destination.
Goibibo's Top 3 Best performers (Weeks 2–9): Deepak, Manjari, and Pavithra Goibibo's all-expenses-paid trip to dream destination Winner: Pavithra Goibibo Winner's dream destination: [[Vietnam]]
|-
! Sponsored
|{{N/A}}
|-
!Punishments
|{{N/A}}
|-style="background:salmon;"
!style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|On Days 83 & 84, Jeffry and Anshida Akbarsha were evicted after facing public votes in a double eviction twist.
|-
! rowspan="10" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black; " | Week 13
! Twists
| '''Open nomination process''': The nomination process for the Week 13 eviction will involve each contestant nominating two other housemates and explaining their reasons to Bigg Boss in front of the plasma.
|-
! Captaincy Task
|{{N/A}}
|-style="background:grey;"
! House Captain
|style="text-align:center; |'''''None'''''
|-
! Nominations
| Arun, Deepak. Jacquline, Manjari, Pavithra, Raanav, Rayan and Vishal were nominated for week 13 eviction process.
|-
! rowspan="3" |Tasks
|'''TTF (Ticket To Finale)''': The top 10 housemates will participate in a series of tasks to gain their position in the finale and get the immunity to become a direct finalist. The housemate with the most amount of points at the end of all the task will win TTF and become the first direct finalist of the season.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!S.NO
!Contestants
!Task 1
!Task 2
!Task 3
!Task 4
!Task 5
!Task 6
!Task 7
!Task 8
!Task 9
!Task 10
!Total Points
|-
|1
|Arun
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
| -3
|0
|0
|0 (3-3)
|-
|2
|Deepak
|0
|1
|2
|0
|0
|2
|0
|5
|0
|4
|14
|-
|3
|Jacquline
|0
|3
|0
|0
| -1
|3
|0
| -5
|0
|0
|0 (6-6)
|-
|4
|Manjari
|0
|1
|0
|3
|1
|0
|1
|7
|1
|3
|17
|-
|5
|Muthukumaran
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|5
|0
|5
|0
|5
|16
|-
|6
|Pavithra
|0
|2
|0
|0
|0
|1
|1
| -4
|0
|0
|0 (4-4)
|-
|7
|Raanav
|2
|2
|0
| -1
|0
|0
|1
|5
|0
|2
|11(12–1)
|-
|8
|Rayan
|0
|5
|0
| -1
|2
|4
|0
|5
|2
|6
|22 (23–1)
|-
|9
|Soundariya
|0
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|9
|0
|1
|14
|-
|10
|Vishal
|0
|3
|3
| -1
|0
|0
|1
| -6
|0
|0
|0 (7-7)
|}
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;"|Winner: Rayan
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;"| Lost: Remaining Housemates
|-
! Sponsored
|{{N/A}}
|-
!Punishments
|{{N/A}}
|-style="background:salmon;"
!style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|On Days 90 & 91, Raanav V C and Manjari Narayanan were evicted after facing public votes in a double eviction twist.
|-
! rowspan="10" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black; " | Week 14
! Twists
| '''Direct nomination process''': The nomination process for the Week 14 eviction will involve each contestant nominated directly by Bigg Boss except the Ticket to Finale Winner.
'''Wild Card Knockout:''' Week 14 brought back the first eight evicted contestants as challengers. They will compete against the Top 8 in the Wild Card Knock-Out task, where failed Top 8 contestants will face eviction and could be replaced by outperforming challengers.
|-
! Captaincy Task
|{{N/A}}
|-style="background:grey;"
! House Captain
| style="text-align:center; |'''''None'''''
|-
! Nominations
| Arun, Deepak, Jacquline, Pavithra, Soundariya, Muthukumaran and Vishal were nominated for week 14 eviction process.
|-
! rowspan="3" |Tasks
|'''Dance Marathon:''' All the housemates will dress up as a film actor/actress and will need to dance for the celebrities song when the song is played.
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;" |
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;"|
|-
! Sponsored
|{{N/A}}
|-
!Punishments
|{{N/A}}
|-style="background:salmon;"
!style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|On Days 97 & 98, Arun Prasath and Deepak Dinkar were evicted after facing public votes in a double eviction twist.
|-
! rowspan="10" style="background:#89CFF0; color:black; " | Week 15 Finale Week
!Twists
|
|-
! Captaincy Task
|{{N/A}}
|-style="background:grey;"
! House Captain
| style="text-align:center; |'''''None'''''
|-
! Nominations
| Pavithra, Soundariya, Muthukumaran, Rayan and Vishal were nominated for the winner position as finalist.
|-
! rowspan="3" |Tasks
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+Cash Box
!S.no
!Housemates
!Task 1
!Task 2
!Task 3
!Task 4
!Task 5
!Task 6
|-
!1
|Muthukumaran
!₹50,000
!₹0
!₹0
!₹0
!₹0
!₹0
|-
!2
|Soundariya
!₹0
!₹0
!₹0
!Quit
!₹0
!₹0
|-
!3
|Rayan
!₹0
!₹{{formatnum:200000}}
!₹0
!₹0
!₹0
!₹0
|-
!4
|Vishal
!₹0
!₹0
!₹0
!₹0
!₹{{formatnum:500000}}
!₹0
|-
!5
|Pavithra
!₹0
!₹0
!₹{{formatnum:200000}}
!₹0
!₹0
!₹0
|-
!6
|Jacquline
!₹0
!₹0
!₹0
!₹0
!₹0
!style="background:Red;color:white;"| ₹{{formatnum:800000}}
|}
* Jacquline failed to comeback into the Bigg Boss house within the time limit after taking the cash. Hence she was evicted for failing the task.
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;" | '''Winner (Saved):''' '''Muthukumaran, Pavithra, Rayan, Soundariya and Vishal'''
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;"|'''Lost (Evicted):''' '''Jacquline'''
|-
! Sponsored
|{{N/A}}
|-
!Punishments
|{{N/A}}
|-style="background:salmon;"
!style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|On Day 102, Jacquline Lydia was evicted from the house after failing to complete the cash grab task.
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:gold; color: black; " |Day 105 Grand Finale
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#FF69D4; text-align:center;"|4th Runner-up
! style="background:#FF69D4;" |Rayan
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd Runner-up
! style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center" |Pavithra Janani
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center" |2nd Runner-up
! style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center" |VJ Vishal
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center" |1st Runner-up
! style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center" |'''Soundariya Nanjundan'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center" |Winner
! style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center" |Muthukumaran Jegatheesan
|}

==Nomination table==


 <blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" style="width: 5%; background:#89CFF0; color:black;" |#BB8
! colspan="3" style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 8
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 10
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 12
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 13
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 14
! colspan="3" style="background:#FFD700;" | Week 15
|-
!Day 1
!Day 2
!Day 5
!Day 8
!Day 12
!Day 15
!Day 19
!Day 22
!Day 26
!Day 29
!Day 31
!Day 36
!Day 40
!Day 42
!Day 44
!Day 85
!Day 86-89
!Day 100-102
!colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;" |Day 105 Grand Finale
|- style="background:#C2DFFE;"
! '''Nominees''' '''for''' '''Captaincy'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Captain''
| All housemates
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Deepak Jacquline Pavithra Sathya Soundariya Vishal
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Ranjith Tharshika
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Ananthi Muthukumaran
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Ananthi Sathya
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Arun Soundariya
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Manjari Vishal
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Deepak Pavithra
| Jeffry Sachana
| Deepak Manjari Pavithra Ranjith
| Jacquline Muthukumaran Vishal
| Jeffry Muthukumaran Pavithra
| colspan="6" rowspan="3" style="background: #ccc;" | ''No Captain''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| '''House Captain'''
| colspan=2|'''Tharshika'''
| colspan=2|'''Sathya'''
| colspan=2|'''Tharshika'''
| colspan=2|'''Muthukumaran'''
| colspan=2|'''Sathya'''
| colspan="2" |'''Arun'''
| colspan="2" |'''Manjari'''
| '''Deepak'''
| '''Jeffry'''
| '''Ranjith'''
| '''Vishal'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Captaincy Denied''
|-
! Captain's''' '''nomination
| Jacquline Ranjith
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Sachana Soundariya
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Muthukumaran Soundariya
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Pavithra Sunita
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Pavithra Sachana
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Varshini Tharshika
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Rayan Arun
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Sachana Shiva
| Sachana Raanav
| Tharshika Rayan
| Rayan Manjari
|style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|-
!style="background:purple; color:white;" |Weekly Nomination free pass Winner Team
| colspan="4" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
| style="background:pink; color:black;" |'''Team Girls'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
| style="background:pink; color:black;" |'''Team Girls'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
| style="background:pink; color:black;" |'''Team Girls'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
| style="background:cyan; color:black;" |'''Team Boys'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
| style="background:cyan; color:black;" |'''Team Boys'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
| style="background:cyan; color:black;" |'''Team Boys'''
| colspan="11" style="background:darkblue; color:white" |''Weekly Nomination Free Pass no longer available Boys VS Girls theme concluded in Week 7''
|-
!Vote to:
! 24 Hours Elimination
! Evict
! None
! Evict
! Weekly Nomination free pass
! Evict
! Weekly Nomination free pass
! Evict
! Weekly Nomination free pass
! Evict
! Weekly Nomination free pass
! Evict
! Weekly Nomination free pass
!Evict
! Weekly Nomination free pass
! colspan="6" | Evict
!Ticket to Finale
!Evict
!Task
! colspan="2" |'''''WIN'''''
|-
| colspan="27" bgcolor="black" |
|-
!Muthukumaran
| Jacquline
| style="background:pink;| Ranjith Arun
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#097969;"|{{font color|white|Jacquline (to evict)}}
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Pavithra Anshida
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background: #cfc;" | ''House Captain''
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Anshida Soundariya
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| Sachana Anshida
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;"| Tharshika Pavithra
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| Rayan Anshida
| Pavithra Rayan
| Anshida Vishal
| Soundariya Arun
| Anshida Raanav
| Soundariya Raanav
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|Lost ticket to finale (Nominated)}}
|style="background: #959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |''Completed Task (₹50,000)''
|style="background:yellow;" |''Finalist''
| colspan="1" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''''Winner''''' (Day 105)
|-
!Soundariya
| Arnav
| Arun Arnav
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Muthukumaran Jeffry
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| Jacquline Sunita
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| style="background:cyan;| Ranjith Arun
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#097969;"|{{font color|white|Vishal (to evict)}}
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background: #959FFD;" |Vishal Ranjith
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Arun Raanav
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Manjari Vishal
| Ananthi Pavithra
| Arun Tharshika
| Ranjith Jacquline
| Anshida Jeffry
| Muthukumaran Jacquline
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|Lost ticket to finale (Nominated)}}
|style="background: #959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| bgcolor="orange" |''Decided to Quit Task''
|style="background:yellow;" |''Finalist''
| colspan="1" style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''''1st runner-up''''' (Day 105)
|-
!Vishal
| Jacquline
| Jacquline Muthukumaran
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Sachana Soundariya
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Jacquline Soundariya
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:pink;| Jacquline Tharshika
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, #097969 50%, #959FFD 50%);"|{{font color|white|Jacquline (to evict)}}
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| Manjari Varshini
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Soundariya Jacquline
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| Manjari Muthukumaran
| Muthukumaran Ananthi
| Muthukumaran Rayan
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Pavithra Manjari
| Deepak Jacquline
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|Lost ticket to finale (Nominated)}}
|style="background: #959FFD;" |''Nominated''
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |''Completed Task (₹5,00,000)''
|style="background:yellow;" |''Finalist''
| colspan="1" style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;" |{{Nowrap|'''''2nd runner-up''''' (Day 105)}}
|-
!Pavithra
| Arnav
| style="background:cyan; | Ranjith Jacquline
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#097969;" |{{font color|white|Deepak {{nowrap|(to evict)}}}}
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Sathya Vishal
| style="background: #FBF373;" | ''Granted Weekly Nomination free pass''
| Ranjith Sathya
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| Muthukumaran Ranjith
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Ranjith Raanav
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Vishal Sathya
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Vishal Sathya
| Soundariya Muthukumaran
| Vishal Arun
| Ranjith Deepak
| Vishal Deepak
| Deepak Rayan
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|Lost ticket to finale (Nominated)}}
|style="background: #959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |''Completed Task (₹2,00,000)''
|style="background:yellow;" |''Finalist''
|colspan="1" style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" |{{Nowrap|'''''3rd runner-up''''' (Day 105)}}
|-
!Rayan
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background: #FBF373;" | Sachana Ananthi
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:pink;" | Riya Varshini
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#097969;"|{{font color|white|Varshini (to evict)}}
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| Manjari Shiva
| Ananthi Raanav
| Anshida Sathya
| Deepak Manjari
| style="background-image: linear-gradient( #FBF373 60%, #fff 40%);" | ''Granted Nomination free pass''
----Vishal Jeffry
|Raanav Arun
| style="background:green;" |{{Font colour|white|Won ticket to finale (Saved)}}
|style="background:yellow;" |''Saved (Finalist)''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |''Completed Task (₹2,00,000)''
|style="background:yellow;" |''Finalist''
| colspan="1" style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" |{{Nowrap|'''''4th runner-up''''' (Day 105)}}
|-
!Jacquline
| Sachana
| Vishal Sunita
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background: #959FFD;" | Arnav Vishal
| style="background: #FBF373;" | ''Granted Weekly Nomination free pass''
| Sathya Anshida
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| Arun Jeffry
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, cyan 50%, #959FFD 50%);"| Ranjith Arun
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| style="background:#097969;"|{{font color|white|Shiva (to evict)}}
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Arun Vishal
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;"| Anshida Shiva
| Raanav Tharshika
| Arun Anshida
| Arun Ranjith
| Pavithra Anshida
| Vishal Pavithra
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|Lost ticket to finale (Nominated)}}
|style="background: #959FFD;" |''Nominated''
|style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Failed Task''}}
| colspan="3" style="background:#DD0000;" |''Task Evicted'' (Day 102)
|-
!Deepak
| Sachana
| Jacquline Anshida
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, pink 50%, #959FFD 50%);"| Soundariya Pavithra
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#097969;"|{{font color|white|Dharsha (to evict)}}
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" | Soundariya Ananthi
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Sachana Ananthi
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| style="background:#959FFD;" | Manjari Jacquline
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Granted Weekly Nomination free pass''
| Sachana Tharshika
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Manjari Sachana
| Pavithra Tharshika
| Ranjith Pavithra
| Raanav Jeffry
| Raanav Pavithra
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|Lost ticket to finale (Nominated)}}
|style="background: #959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 98)
|-
!Arun
| Ravindar
| uRavindar Soundariya
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| bgcolor="FBF373" |Soundariya Anshida
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background: #959FFD;" | Jacquline Anshida
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Jacquline Pavithra
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Sunita Ananthi
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Jacquline Soundariya
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| Manjari Sachana
| Manjari Muthukumaran
| Jacquline Pavithra
| Jacquline Muthukumaran
| Anshida Jacquline
| Manjari Jacquline
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|Lost ticket to finale (Nominated)}}
|style="background: #959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 97)
|-
!Manjari
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background: #FBF373;" |Deepak Arun
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Raanav Sathya
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background: #cfc;" |''House Captain''
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Sathya Anshida
| Sathya Soundariya
| style="background-image: linear-gradient( #FBF373 60%, #fff 40%);" | ''Granted Nomination free pass''
----Tharshika Vishal
| Anshida Arun
| Pavithra Raanav
| Arun Vishal
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|Lost ticket to finale (Nominated)}}
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 91)
|-
!Raanav
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, pink 50%, #FBF373 50%);"| Anshida Sunita
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#097969;"|{{font color|white|Soundariya (to evict)}}
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| Anshida Jacquline
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| Rayan Manjari
| Rayan Manjari
| Rayan Anshida
| style="background-image: linear-gradient(#DAFF99 100%);" | Rayan Muthukumaran
| Anshida Manjari
| Manjari Rayan
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|Lost ticket to finale (Nominated)}}
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 90)
|-
!Anshida
| Sachana
| Soundariya Ravindar
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Ranjith Vishal
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Muthukumaran Sathya
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| style="background: #959FFD;" | Arun Sathya
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| Muthukumaran Arun
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:cyan;" | Rayan Raanav
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#097969;" |{{font color|white|Muthukumaran (to evict)}}
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Shiva Manjari
| Manjari Rayan
| Jacquline Tharshika
| Ranjith Pavithra
| Jacquline Manjari
| colspan="6" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 84)
|-
!Jeffry
| Sachana
| Soundariya Ravindar
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Soundariya Dharsha
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:pink;" | Anshida Jacquline
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#097969;" |{{font color|white|Anshida (to evict)}}
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Ananthi Sachana
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Jacquline Tharshika
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| Sachana Pavithra
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Sachana Ananthi
| style="background-image: linear-gradient( #FBF373 60%, #cfc 40%);" | ''Granted Nomination free pass''
----''House Captain''
| Soundariya Rayan
| style="background-image: linear-gradient( #FBF373 60%, #fff 40%);" | ''Granted Nomination free pass''
----Soundariya Manjari
| Jacquline Manjari
| colspan="6" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 83)
|-
!Ranjith
| Sachana
| Ravindar Muthukumaran
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Soundariya Ananthi
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Anshida Soundariya
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Sunita Jacquline
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Pavithra Tharshika
| style="background:#FBF373;" | ''Granted Weekly Nomination free pass''
| Varshini Riya
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| Ananthi Soundariya
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;"| Ananthi Rayan
| Manjari Ananthi
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Pavithra Anshida
| colspan="15" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 77)
|-
! Tharshika
| Ravindar
| style="background: #cfc;" |''House Captain''
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Arnav Ranjith
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background: #cfc;" | ''House Captain''
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Ranjith Sathya
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Ranjith Deepak
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Sathya Jeffry
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Shiva Ranjith
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Sathya Ananthi
| Jacquline Muthukumaran
| Sathya Soundariya
| colspan="14" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 70)
|-
!Sathya
| Muthukumaran
| Ravindar Muthukumaran
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background: #cfc;" | ''House Captain''
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Pavithra Jacquline
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Jacquline Sachana
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#cfc;" | ''House Captain''
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Tharshika Manjari
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| style="background:pink;" | Soundariya Ananthi
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#097969;"|{{font color|white|Jacquline (to evict)}}
| Ranjith Manjari
| Pavithra Arun
| colspan="14" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 69)
|-
!Sachana
| Jacquline
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#BFFF00" |{{nowrap|''Evicted by Housemates''}} (Day 1)
| bgcolor="#DAFF99" |{{nowrap|''Re-entered''}} (Day 5)
| Jeffry Muthukumaran
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| style="background:cyan;" |Soundariya Deepak
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#097969;" |{{font color|white|Deepak (to evict)}}
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Ranjith Deepak
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Jeffry Muthukumaran
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Shiva Rayan
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Manjari Anshida
| Sathya Tharshika
| colspan="14" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 63)
|-
!Ananthi
| Ravindar
| Deepak Arun
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Ranjith Muthukumaran
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Sathya Soundariya
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Sathya Arun
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Muthukumaran Deepak
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Ranjith Raanav
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:cyan;" | Deepak Rayan
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| style="background:#097969;"|{{font color|white|Ranjith (to evict)}}
| Ranjith Jacquline
| colspan="14" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 63)
|-
!Shiva
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background: #FBF373;" |Sachana Pavithra
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background: #959FFD;" |Varshini Sachana
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination free pass''}}
| Ananthi Pavithra
| style="background:#FBF373;" | ''Granted Weekly Nomination free pass''
| Anshida Manjari
| colspan="14" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 56)
|-
!Varshini
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background: #FBF373;" |Ranjith Arun
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Raanav Ranjith
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" | Shiva Raanav
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="14" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 49)
|-
! Riya
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background: #FBF373;" |Ranjith Deepak
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Ranjith Raanav
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="14" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 42)
|-
!Sunita
| Jacquline
| Jacquline Ranjith
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Ranjith Arnav
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Soundariya Sathya
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Jeffry Arun
| style="background: #FBF373;" | ''Granted Weekly Nomination free pass''
| Ranjith Muthukumaran
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="15" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 35)
|-
!Dharsha
| Sathya
| Soundariya Arnav
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:cyan;| Jeffry Ranjith
|style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination Free Pass''}}
| style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, #097969 50%, #959FFD 50%);"|{{font color|white|Arun (to evict)}}
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Rejected Weekly Nomination Free Pass''}}
| colspan="19" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 21)
|-
!Arnav
| Anshida
| Ravindar Deepak
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| Dharsha Soundariya
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="21" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 14)
|-
!Ravindar
| Sachana
| Anshida Jeffry
| bgcolor="grey" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="23" style="background:#FA8072;" " |''Evicted'' (Day 7)
|-
| colspan="27" bgcolor="black" |
|-
!Notes
|colspan="3" |[[#endnote 1|1]], [[#endnote 2|2]]
|colspan="2" |[[#endnote 3|3]], [[#endnote 4|4]], [[#endnote 5|5]]
|colspan="2"|[[#endnote 6|6]]
|colspan="2"|[[#endnote 7|7]], [[#endnote 8|8]]
|colspan="2" |[[#endnote 9|9]], [[#endnote 10|10]]
| colspan="2" | [[#endnote 11|11]], [[#endnote 12|12]]
| colspan="2" |[[#endnote 13|13]]
|[[#endnote 14|14]]
|[[#endnote 15|15]], [[#endnote 16|16]]
| [[#endnote 17|17]]
|[[#endnote 18|18]], [[#endnote 19|19]]
|[[#endnote 20|20]], [[#endnote 21|21]]
|colspan="2" | [[#endnote 22|22]]
|[[#endnote 23|23]]
|[[#endnote 24|24]]
| colspan="2" |
|- style="background:#B2FFFF;"
! Against Public Vote
| ''None''
| colspan="2" | Arun Jacquline Muthukumaran Ranjith Ravindar Soundariya
| colspan="2" | Arnav Deepak Dharsha <s>Jacquline</s> Jeffry Muthukumaran Ranjith Sachana Soundariya Vishal
| colspan="2"| Anshida Arun Dharsha Jacquline Muthukumaran <s>Pavithra</s> Sathya Soundariya
| colspan="2"| Anshida Arun Deepak Jacquline Jeffry Pavithra Ranjith Sathya <s>Sunita</s>
| colspan="2"| Ananthi Anshida Arun Deepak Jacquline Muthukumaran Pavithra <s>Ranjith</s> Sachana Sunita Vishal
| colspan="2" | <s>Deepak</s> Jacquline Jeffry Manjari Raanav Ranjith Riya Sachana Sathya Shiva Soundariya Tharshika Varshini
| colspan="2"| Ananthi Arun Jacquline Muthukumaran Pavithra Raanav Rayan Sachana <s>Shiva</s> Soundariya Tharshika Varshini Vishal
| Ananthi Anshida Jacquline Manjari Ranjith Rayan Sachana Sathya Shiva Vishal
| Ananthi Jacquline Manjari Muthukumaran Pavithra Raanav Ranjith Rayan Sachana Sathya Soundariya Tharshika
| Anshida Arun Jacquline Pavithra Rayan Sathya Soundariya Tharshika Vishal
|Anshida Arun Deepak Jacquline Manjari Muthukumaran Pavithra Raanav Ranjith Rayan Soundariya
|Anshida Jacquline Jeffry Manjari Pavithra Raanav Vishal
|colspan="2" |Arun Deepak Jacquline Manjari Pavithra Raanav <s>Rayan</s> Vishal
| colspan="1" |Arun Deepak Jacquline Muthukumaran Pavithra Soundariya Vishal
| colspan="1" |Jacquline Muthukumaran Pavithra Rayan Soundariya Vishal
| colspan="2" |'''Muthukumaran Pavithra Rayan Soundariya Vishal'''
|- style="background:#DAFF99;"
! Re-entered
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''None''
| '''Sachana'''
|colspan="23" style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''None''
|-
! Walked
| colspan="26" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|- style="background:#ccc;"
! Ejected
| colspan="24" style="background:#ccc; text-align:right week 11;" |''None''
| colspan="2" |
|- bgcolor="salmon"
! rowspan=3|Evicted
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#BFFF00" |'''Sachana'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Ravindar'''
| rowspan="3" colspan=2 |'''Arnav'''
| rowspan="3" colspan=2 |'''Dharsha'''
| rowspan=3 colspan=2 style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan=3 colspan=2|'''Sunita'''
| rowspan="3"colspan=2|'''Riya'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Varshini'''
| rowspan="3" | '''Shiva'''
| '''Ananthi'''
| '''Sathya'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Ranjith'''
| '''Jeffry'''
| colspan="2"|'''Raanav'''
| '''Arun'''
| rowspan=3 style="background:#ff6766;"|'''Jacquline''' (Evicted By Task)
! style="background:#FF69B4;" |Rayan
! style="background:#DDA0DD;" |Pavithra
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Sachana'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Tharshika'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Anshida'''
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Manjari'''
|rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Deepak'''
! style="background:#7FFFD4;" |Vishal
! style="background:#D1E8EF;" |Soundariya
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76;" |Muthukumaran
|}
</blockquote>
: {{Color box|#cfc|border=black}} indicates the House Captain.
: {{Color box|#959FFD|border=black}} indicates that the housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process.
: {{Color box|#FBF373|border=black}} indicates that the housemate was granted immunity from nominations.
: {{Color box|#fa8072|border=black}} indicates that housemate was evicted from the house.
: {{Color box|#FFE08B|border=black}} indicates that housemate was ejected from the house.
: {{Color box|#ff6766}} indicates the housemate was self evicted from the house after failing to complete a task.
: {{Color box|#097969}} indicates the housemate is given the direct power to nominate another housemate for nomination.
: {{Color box|cyan}} indicates the housemate joined the boys' team.
: {{Color box|pink}} indicates the housemate joined the girls' team.
: {{Color box|#73FB76}} indicates the winner.
: {{Color box|#D1E8EF}} indicates the first runner up.
: {{Color box|#7FFFD4}} indicates the second runner up.
: {{Color box|#DDA0DD}} indicates the third runner up.
: {{Color box|#FF69B4}} indicates the fourth runner up.

=== Nomination notes ===
* {{note|1|1}}: Housemates must evict one teammate within 24 hours of the grand launch.
* {{note|2|2}}: On Day 5, Sachana re-entered the house.
* {{note|3|3}}: after a task, Arun won the nomination free task, saving him from the Week 2 eviction process and hence cannot be evicted that week.
* {{note|4|4}}: Muthukumaran and (Pavi) also known as pavithra were allowed to nominate one housemate for a direct nomination in Week 2.
* {{note|5|5}}: Team Girls won the nomination free pass and awarded it to Jacquline and she saved herself from Week 2 nomination.
* {{note|6|6}}: Team Girls won the nomination free pass and awarded it to Pavithra and she saved herself from Week 3 nomination.
* {{note|7|7}}: Team Girls won the nomination free pass and awarded it to Sunita and she saved herself from Week 4 nomination.
* {{note|8|8}}: Host Vijay Sethupathi cancelled the eviction for Week 4 due to [[Diwali]]-week celebrations in house.
* {{note|9|9}}: Manjari, Raanav, Rayan, Riya, Shiva and Varshini were granted immunity from nominations for Week 5 as the new entrants.
* {{note|10|10}}: Team Boys won the nomination free pass and awarded it to Ranjith and he saved himself from Week 5 nomination.
* {{note|11|11}}: During a task Deepak was selected as a least performer and hence was directly nominated for Week 6 nomination.
* {{note|12|12}}: Team Boys won the nomination free pass and awarded it to Deepak and he saved himself from Week 6 nomination.
* {{note|13|13}}: Team Boys won the nomination free pass and awarded it to Shiva and he saved himself from Week 7 nomination.
* {{note|14|14}}: On Day 50, Deepak was evicted due to surprise mid-week eviction twist
* {{note|15|15}}: Since Jeffry won the "Doll House" task in Week 8, he gained immunity and was saved from the Week 9 eviction process.
* {{note|16|16}}: The audience was asked if there should be an assistant captain for Week 9, and they voted yes. Hence, all the housemates voted for Sachana to be the assistant captain for Week 9.
* {{note|17|17}}: Since Manjari won the "Angels vs Devils" task in Week 9, she gained immunity and was saved from the Week 10 eviction process.
* {{note|18|18}}: Since Jeffry won the "Bigg Boss Factory" task in Week 10, he gained immunity and was saved from the Week 11 eviction process.
* {{note|19|19}}: During the "Bigg Boss Factory" task in Week 10, Raanav was voted to be directly nominated for the Week 11 eviction process by co-housemates.
* {{note|20|20}}: Since Team Yellow won the "Sengal Sengala" task in Week 11 and controversially awarded the nomination free pass to Rayan, he was saved from the Week 12 eviction process.
* {{note|21|21}}: During the captaincy task, Bigg Boss announced that there would no longer be house captain immunity for the season, as the contestants were accused of not playing the task to their full potential.
* {{note|22|22}}: Sandy won the ticket to the finale task and became the first finalist of the season.
* {{note|23|23}}: Since Rayan won the ticket to the finale, he is directly saved from the Week 13 eviction and was automatically exempt from the nomination process in Week 14.
* {{note|24|24}}: Since Jacquline failed to complete the Cash Box task, she was evicted from the Bigg Boss House and losing her position as a finalist.

==Related shows==

=== ''Bigg Boss 8 Munnottom'' ===
'''''Bigg Boss 8 Munnottom''''' also known as ''Aalum Pudhusu Aatamum Pudhusu'' is an Indian Tamil-language pre-launch television talk show hosted by [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] and Mohamed Kuraishi. It features former contestants of ''Bigg Boss'' from the previous seven seasons along with the audience and fans of the Bigg Boss series and provides insights and discusses expectations ahead of the eighth season. The show is scheduled to air 6 October 2024 on [[Star Vijay]] 1.5 hours before the grand launch of ''Bigg Boss 8''.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-munnottom-set-to-premiere-on-october-6-ma-ka-pa-anand-and-kuraishi-host-pre-launch-show/articleshow/113738211.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8 Munnottom set to premiere on October 6: Ma Ka Pa Anand and Kuraishi host pre-launch show|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

=== ''Bigg Boss 8 Fun Unlimited'' ===
'''''Bigg Boss 8 Fun Unlimited''''' is an Indian Tamil-language television talk show about the reality television series Bigg Boss Tamil. The show premiered on 20 October 2024 on Vijay Super and unaired portions of episodes are streamed on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb episodes|id=7084920}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}
{{Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)}}

[[Category:Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) seasons|Tamil 8]]
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Vijay Sethupathi]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Low Earth orbit

2026-03-17T16:52:11Z

Jhonny: Page refined with updated information

{{Short description|Orbit around Earth between 160 and 2000 km}}
[[File:ISS-44 Milky Way.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|A view from the [[International Space Station]], in a low Earth orbit (LEO) at about {{cvt|400|km|mi|abbr=on}}, with yellow-green [[airglow]] visible at Earth's [[horizon]], where roughly at an altitude of {{cvt|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} the [[Boundary of space|boundary between Earth and outer space]] lies and flying speeds reach [[orbital speed|orbital velocities]]]]

A '''low Earth orbit''' ('''LEO''') is an [[geocentric orbit|orbit around Earth]] with a [[orbital period|period]] of 128 minutes or less (making at least 11.25 orbits per day) and an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] less than 0.25.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.space-track.org/#/recent |title=Current Catalog Files |access-date=July 13, 2018 |quote=LEO: Mean Motion > 11.25 & Eccentricity < 0.25 |archive-date=June 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626190758/https://www.space-track.org/#/recent |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the artificial objects in [[outer space]] are in LEO, peaking in number at an altitude around {{cvt|800|km|mi|abbr=on}},<ref name="l496">{{cite thesis | last=Muciaccia | first=Andrea | title=Fragmentations in low Earth orbit: event detection and parent body identification | date=2021 | doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.27621.52966 | page=}}</ref> while the farthest in LEO, before [[medium Earth orbit]] (MEO), have an altitude of 2,000 kilometers, about one-third of the [[Earth radius|radius of Earth]] and near the beginning of the [[Van Allen radiation belt#Inner belt|inner Van Allen radiation belt]].

The term ''LEO region'' is used for the area of space below an [[altitude]] of {{cvt|2000|km|mi}} (about one-third of Earth's radius).<ref name="UNOOSA">{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines |url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/spacelaw/sd/IADC-2002-01-IADC-Space_Debris-Guidelines-Revision1.pdf |publisher=INTER-AGENCY SPACE DEBRIS COORDINATION COMMITTEE: Issued by Steering Group and Working Group 4 |quote=Region A, Low Earth Orbit (or LEO) Region – spherical region that extends from the Earth's surface up to an altitude (Z) of 2,000 km |access-date=2018-07-17 |archive-date=2018-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717154257/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/spacelaw/sd/IADC-2002-01-IADC-Space_Debris-Guidelines-Revision1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Objects in orbits that pass through this zone, even if they have an [[apogee]] further out or are [[sub-orbital spaceflight|sub-orbital]], are carefully tracked since they present a collision risk to the many LEO satellites.

No [[human spaceflight]]s other than the lunar missions of the [[Apollo program]] (1968–1972) have gone beyond LEO. [[Artemis II]] is also planned to go beyond LEO in early 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |access-date=August 6, 2025 |website=NASA |language=en-US}}</ref> All [[space station]]s to date have operated [[geocentric orbit|geocentric]] within LEO.

== Defining characteristics ==
A wide variety of sources<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of LOW EARTH ORBIT|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/low%20earth%20orbit|access-date=2018-07-08|website=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|language=en|archive-date=2018-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708162215/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/low%20earth%20orbit|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=https://www.faa.gov/space/additional_information/faq/#s1|access-date=2020-02-14|publisher=FAA|language=en-us|quote=LEO refers to orbits that are typically less than 2,400 km (1,491 mi) in altitude.|archive-date=2020-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602021356/https://www.faa.gov/space/additional_information/faq/#s1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Campbell|first=Ashley|date=2015-07-10|title=SCaN Glossary|language=en|publisher=NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/definitions/glossary/index.html#L|access-date=2018-07-12|quote=Low Earth Orbit (LEO): A geocentric orbit with an altitude much less than the Earth's radius. Satellites in this orbit are between 80 and 2000 kilometers above the Earth's surface.|archive-date=2020-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803122937/https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/definitions/glossary/index.html#L|url-status=live}}</ref> define LEO in terms of [[altitude]]. The altitude of an object in an [[elliptic orbit]] can vary significantly along the orbit. Even for [[circular orbit]]s, the altitude above ground can vary by as much as {{cvt|30|km|mi}} (especially for [[polar orbit]]s) due to the [[flattening|oblateness]] of [[figure of the Earth|Earth's spheroid figure]] and local [[topography]]. While definitions based on altitude are inherently ambiguous, most of them fall within the range specified by an orbit period of 128 minutes because, according to [[orbital period|Kepler's third law]], this corresponds to a [[semi-major and semi-minor axes|semi-major axis]] of {{cvt|8413|km|mi}}. For circular orbits, this in turn corresponds to an altitude of {{cvt|2042|km|mi}} above the mean radius of Earth, which is consistent with some of the upper altitude limits in some LEO definitions.

The LEO region is defined by some sources as a region in space that LEO orbits occupy.<ref name="UNOOSA" /><ref>{{Cite news|others=David Hitt : NASA Educational Technology Services, Alice Wesson : JPL, J.D. Harrington : HQ;, Larry Cooper : HQ;, Flint Wild : MSFC;, Ann Marie Trotta : HQ;, Diedra Williams : MSFC|date=2015-06-01|title=What Is an Orbit?|language=en|work=NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-orbit-58.html|access-date=2018-07-08|quote=LEO is the first 100 to 200 miles (161 to 322&nbsp;km) of space.|archive-date=2018-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327095840/https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-orbit-58.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Steele|first=Dylan|date=2016-05-03|title=A Researcher's Guide to: Space Environmental Effects|language=en|page=7|work=NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/connect/ebooks/researchers_guide_space_environment_detail.html|access-date=2018-07-12|quote=the low-Earth orbit (LEO) environment, defined as 200–1,000 km above Earth's surface|archive-date=2016-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117060640/http://www.nasa.gov/connect/ebooks/researchers_guide_space_environment_detail.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Some [[highly elliptical orbit]]s may pass through the LEO region near their lowest altitude (or [[apsis|perigee]]) but are not in a LEO orbit because their highest altitude (or [[apsis|apogee]]) exceeds {{cvt|2000|km|mi|0}}. [[sub-orbital spaceflight|Sub-orbital]] objects can also reach the LEO region but are not in a LEO orbit because they [[atmospheric entry|re-enter the atmosphere]]. The distinction between LEO orbits and the LEO region is especially important for analysis of possible collisions between objects which may not themselves be in LEO but could collide with satellites or debris in LEO orbits.

[[File:Orbitalaltitudes.svg|center|700px]]

==Orbital characteristics==
The mean orbital velocity needed to maintain a stable low Earth orbit is about {{convert|7.8|km/s|mi/s|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}, which translates to {{convert|28000|km/h|mi/h|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}. However, this depends on the exact altitude of the orbit. Calculated for a circular orbit of {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} the orbital velocity is {{convert|7.79|km/s|mi/s|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}, but for a higher {{convert|1500|km|abbr=on}} orbit the velocity is reduced to {{convert|7.12|km/s|mi/s|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spaceacademy.net.au/watch/track/leopars.htm|title=LEO parameters|website=www.spaceacademy.net.au|access-date=2015-06-12|archive-date=2016-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211202014/http://www.spaceacademy.net.au/watch/track/leopars.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The launch vehicle's [[delta-v]] needed to achieve low Earth orbit starts around {{convert|9.4|km/s|mi/s|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}.

The pull of [[gravity]] in LEO is only slightly less than on the Earth's surface. This is because the distance to LEO from the Earth's surface is much less than the Earth's radius. However, an object in orbit is in a permanent [[free fall]] around Earth, because in orbit the [[Gravity|gravitational force]] and the [[centrifugal force]] balance each other out.{{efn|"Free fall" by definition requires that ''gravity'' is the only force acting on the object. That definition is still fulfilled when falling around Earth, as the other force, the ''centrifugal force'' is a [[fictitious force]].}} As a result, spacecraft in orbit continue to stay in orbit, and people inside or outside such craft continuously experience [[weightlessness]].

Objects in LEO orbit Earth between the denser part of the atmosphere and below the inner [[Van Allen radiation belt]]. They encounter atmospheric drag from [[gases]] in the [[thermosphere]] (approximately 80–600&nbsp;km above the surface) or [[exosphere]] (approximately {{cvt|600|km|-2|disp=or}} and higher), depending on orbit height. Satellites in orbits involving altitudes below {{cvt|300|km}} are subject to quick [[orbital decay]] due to atmospheric drag.

Equatorial low Earth orbits ('''ELEO''') are a subset of LEO. These orbits, with low [[orbital inclination]], allow rapid revisit times over low-latitude locations on Earth. [[Retrograde and prograde motion|Prograde]] equatorial LEOs also have lower [[delta-v]] launch requirements because they take advantage of the Earth's rotation. Other useful LEO orbits, including [[polar orbit]]s and [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]s, have higher inclinations to the equator and provide coverage for higher latitudes on Earth. Some of the first generation of [[Starlink]] satellites used polar orbits which provide coverage everywhere on Earth. Later Starlink constellations orbit at a lower inclination and provide more coverage for populated areas.

Higher orbits include [[medium Earth orbit]] (MEO), sometimes called intermediate circular orbit (ICO), and further above, [[geostationary orbit]] (GEO). Orbits higher than low orbit can lead to early failure of electronic components due to intense [[radiation]] and charge accumulation.

In 2017, "[[very low Earth orbit]]s" ('''VLEO''') began to be seen in [[regulatory agency|regulatory]] filings. These orbits, below about {{Cvt|450|km|mi|-1}}, require the use of novel technologies for [[orbit raising]] because they operate in orbits that would ordinarily decay too soon to be economically useful.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Crisp|first1=N. H.|last2=Roberts|first2=P. C. E.|last3=Livadiotti|first3=S.|last4=Oiko|first4=V. T. A.|last5=Edmondson|first5=S.|last6=Haigh|first6=S. J.|last7=Huyton|first7=C.|last8=Sinpetru|first8=L.|last9=Smith|first9=K. L.|last10=Worrall|first10=S. D.|last11=Becedas|first11=J.|date=August 2020|title=The Benefits of Very Low Earth Orbit for Earth Observation Missions|journal=[[Progress in Aerospace Sciences]]|volume=117|article-number=100619|doi=10.1016/j.paerosci.2020.100619|arxiv=2007.07699|bibcode=2020PrAeS.11700619C|s2cid=220525689}}</ref><ref name=pa20170303>{{cite news |last=Messier |first=Doug |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2017/03/03/spacex-launch-12000-satellites/ |title=SpaceX Wants to Launch 12,000 Satellites |work=Parabolic Arc |date=2017-03-03 |access-date=2018-01-22 |archive-date=2020-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122203256/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2017/03/03/spacex-launch-12000-satellites/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Use==
[[File:Sunrise To Sunset Aboard The ISS.OGG|thumb|Roughly half an orbit of the [[International Space Station]]]]

A low Earth orbit requires the lowest amount of energy for satellite placement. It provides high bandwidth and low communication [[latency (engineering)|latency]]. Satellites and space stations in LEO are more accessible for crew and servicing.

Since it requires less [[energy]] to place a satellite into a LEO, and a satellite there needs less powerful amplifiers for successful transmission, LEO is used for many communication applications, such as the [[Iridium Communications|Iridium phone system]]. Some [[communication satellite]]s use much higher [[geostationary orbit]]s and move at the same angular velocity as the Earth as to appear stationary above one location on the planet.

=== Disadvantages ===
Unlike [[geosynchronous satellite|geosynchronous satellites]], satellites in low orbit have a small [[field of view]] and can only observe and communicate with a fraction of the Earth at a given time. This means that a large network (or [[Satellite constellation|constellation]]) of satellites is required to provide continuous coverage.

Satellites at lower altitudes of orbit are in the atmosphere and suffer from rapid [[orbital decay]], requiring either periodic re-boosting to maintain stable orbits, or the launching of replacements for those that re-enter the atmosphere. The effects of adding such quantities of vaporized metals to Earth's [[stratosphere]] are potentially of concern but currently unknown.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/space-junk-is-polluting-earths-stratosphere-with-vaporized-metal/ | title=Space Junk is Polluting Earth's Stratosphere with Vaporized Metal | website=[[Scientific American]] }}</ref>

===Examples===
* The [[International Space Station]] is in LEO about {{convert|400|to|420|km}} above the Earth's surface.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition26/iss_altitude.html | title=Higher Altitude Improves Station's Fuel Economy | publisher=NASA | access-date=2013-02-12 | archive-date=2015-05-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515050746/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition26/iss_altitude.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The station's orbit decays by about {{cvt|2|km/month|mi/month}} and consequently needs re-boosting a few times a year.
* The [[Iridium satellite constellation|Iridium telecom satellites]] orbit at about {{convert|780|km|mi|abbr=on}}.
* [[Earth observation satellite]]s, also known as [[remote sensing]] satellites, including [[spy satellite]]s and other [[Earth imaging]] satellites, use LEO as they are able to see the surface of the Earth more clearly by being closer to it. A majority of artificial [[satellite]]s are placed in LEO.<ref>{{Cite web|title = NASA Earth Observatory|url = http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/OrbitsCatalog/|website = earthobservatory.nasa.gov|date = 2009-09-04|access-date = 2015-11-28|language = en|first = Riebeek|last = Holli|archive-date = 2018-05-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180527202627/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/OrbitsCatalog/|url-status = live}}</ref> Satellites can also take advantage of consistent lighting of the surface below via [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun-synchronous LEO orbits]] at an altitude of about {{convert|800|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} and near polar inclination. [[Envisat]] (2002–2012) is one example.
* The [[Hubble Space Telescope]] orbits at about {{convert|540|km|mi|abbr=on}} above Earth.
* [[Satellite internet constellation]]s such as [[Starlink]].
* The Chinese [[Tiangong space station]] was launched in April 2021 and currently orbits between {{convert|340|and|450|km|abbr=on}} above the Earth's surface.
* The [[gravimetry]] mission [[GRACE-FO]] orbits at about {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}} as did its predecessor, [[Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment|GRACE]].

==== Former ====

* [[GOCE]] (2009–2013), an [[ESA]] gravimetry mission, orbited at about 255 km (158 mi).

* [[Super Low Altitude Test Satellite]] (2017–2019), nicknamed ''Tsubame'', orbited at {{cvt|167.4|km}}, the lowest altitude ever among Earth observation satellites.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-30 |title=Japan's low altitude satellite Tsubame registered in Guinness World Records |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/12/30/national/japan-low-altitude-satellite-tsubame/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |work=The Japan Times}}</ref>

==== In fiction ====
* In the film ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'', Earth's transit station ("Space Station V") "orbited 300 km above Earth".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space station from 2001: A Space Odyssey |url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2012/01/Space_station_from_2001_A_Space_Odyssey}}</ref>

==Space debris==
{{missing information|section|debris lifespan|date=August 2023}}
The LEO environment is becoming congested with [[space debris]] because of the frequency of object launches.<ref>{{Cite web|last=United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs|date=2010|title=Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space|url=https://www.iadc-home.org/documents_public/view/search_field/eNortjI2tlJy1CsuTcpKTS7RdtTLS8xNBVIlielAMjk_ryQ1r6RYyRpcMAypDUU~/page/1/id/126#u|access-date=October 19, 2021|website=Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC)}}</ref> This has caused growing concern in recent years, since collisions at orbital velocities can be dangerous or deadly. Collisions can produce additional space debris, creating a [[domino effect]] known as [[Kessler syndrome]]. [[NASA|NASA's]] Orbital Debris Program tracks over 25,000 objects larger than 10 cm diameter in LEO, while the estimated number between 1 and 10 cm is 500,000, and the number of particles bigger than 1 mm exceeds 100 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARES {{!}} Orbital Debris Program Office {{!}} Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/faq/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=NASA.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902133204/https://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/faq/ |archive-date=2022-09-02}}</ref> The particles travel at speeds up to {{convert|17,500|mi/h|km/s km/h mi/h|abbr=on|order=out|sigfig=2|adj=ri0}}, so even a small impact can severely damage a spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Mark |date=2015-04-13 |title=Space Debris and Human Spacecraft |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/orbital_debris.html |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=NASA.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908122950/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/orbital_debris.html |archive-date=2022-09-08}}</ref>

==See also==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Comparison of orbital launch systems]]
* [[Geostationary orbit]] (GEO)
* [[Heavy-lift launch vehicle]]
* [[High Earth orbit]]
* [[Highly elliptical orbit]] (HEO)
* [[List of orbits]]
* [[Medium Earth orbit]] (MEO)
* [[Medium-lift launch vehicle]]
* [[Specific orbital energy#Examples|Specific orbital energy examples]]
* [[Suborbital spaceflight]]
* [[Space domain awareness]]
* [[Van Allen radiation belt]]
{{colend}}
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha|30em}}

==References==
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Include-NASA}}

{{orbits}}
{{People currently in space}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Low Earth Orbit}}
[[Category:Earth orbits]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

South Australia

2026-03-17T04:01:00Z

Jhonny: slightly rework information based on references and improved wording for clarity

{{short description|State of Australia}}
{{Redirect|South Australian|the newspaper|The South Australian{{!}}''The South Australian''|the ship|South Australian (clipper ship){{!}}''South Australian'' (clipper ship)}}
{{for-multi|the southern region of Australia|Southern Australia|other uses|South Australia (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Australian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox political division
| name = South Australia
| native_name =
| settlement_type = [[States and territories of Australia|State]]
| image_flag = Flag of South Australia.svg
| flag_size = 130px
| flag_link = Flag of South Australia
| image_seal = South Australian Coat of Arms.svg
| seal_size = 100px
| seal_type = Coat of arms
| seal_link = Coat of arms of South Australia
| motto =
| nickname = {{hlist|The Festival State|The Wine State}}
| image_map = {{Australian state map|Map=South Australia in Australia.svg|align=center|border=none|width=300px}}
| map_caption = Location of South Australia in Australia {{coord|30|S|135|E|type:adm1st_region:AU-SA|display=inline,titles do fd}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Australia]]
| established_title = Before federation
| established_date = [[British colonisation of South Australia|Province of South Australia]]
| established_title2 = [[South Australia Act 1834|Settlement]]
| established_date2 = 15 August 1834
| established_title3 = [[Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia|Declared as Province]]
| established_date3 = 19 February 1836
| established_title4 = [[Responsible government]]
| established_date4 = 22 April 1857
| established_title5 = [[Federation of Australia|Federation]]
| established_date5 = 1 January 1901
| demonym = {{plainlist|
* South Australian
* [[Croweater]] (colloquial)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/newsradio/txt/s1381253.htm |publisher=ABC NewsRadio |title=Wordwatch: Croweater |access-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050915013033/http://www.abc.net.au/newsradio/txt/s1381253.htm |archive-date=15 September 2005}}</ref>
* South Aussie}}
| capital = [[Adelaide]]
| largest_city = capital
| coordinates =
| admin_center_type = Administration
| admin_center = [[Local government areas of South Australia|74 local government areas]]
| government_type = [[Federated state|Federated]] parliamentary [[constitutional monarchy]]
| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Australia|Monarch]]
| leader_name1 = {{Current Australian monarch |Charles III}}
| leader_title2 = [[Governor of South Australia|Governor]]
| leader_name2 = [[Frances Adamson]]
| leader_title3 = [[Premier of South Australia|Premier]]
| leader_name3 = [[Peter Malinauskas]] ([[Australian Labor Party (South Australian Branch)|ALP]])
| leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice]]
| leader_name4 = [[Laura Stein]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of South Australia]]
| upper_house = [[South Australian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]
| lower_house = [[South Australian House of Assembly|House of Assembly]]
| judiciary = [[Supreme Court of South Australia]]
| national_representation = [[Parliament of Australia]]
| national_representation_type1 = [[Australian Senate|Senate]]
| national_representation1 = [[List of senators from South Australia|12 senators]] (of 76)
| national_representation_type2 = [[House of Representatives (Australia)|House of Representatives]]
| national_representation2 = [[List of electoral divisions in South Australia|10 seats]] (of 150)
| area_land_km2 = 984321<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia - States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 }}</ref>
| area_rank = 4th
| area_rank_link = States and territories of Australia#Statistics
| elevation_max_m = 1435
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Woodroffe]]
| elevation_min_m = -16
| elevation_min_point = [[Lake Eyre|Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre]]
| population_estimate = 1,902,300<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/latest-release|title=National, state and territory population – June 2025|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=18 December 2025|accessdate=31 January 2026|archive-date=28 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128095539/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/latest-release|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_estimate_rank = 5th
| population_rank_link = States and territories of Australia#Statistics
| population_estimate_year = June 2025
| population_density_km2 = 1.93
| population_density_sq_mi = 0.75
| population_density_rank = 6th
| population_density_rank_link = States and territories of Australia#Statistics
| GDP_nominal = AU$108.334 billion<ref name="gspref">{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/economy/national-accounts/australian-national-accounts-state-accounts/latest-release |title=5220.0 – Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2019–20 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=20 November 2020 |access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_type = [[List of Australian states and territories by gross state product|GSP]]
| GDP_nominal_year = 2020
| GDP_nominal_rank = 5th
| GDP_nominal_rank_link = List of Australian states and territories by gross state product
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = AU$61,582
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 7th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link = List of Australian states and territories by gross state product
| HDI = 0.944
| HDI_year = 2024
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 6th (equal)
| HDI_rank_link = List of Australian states and territories by Human Development Index
| utc_offset_list = {{ublist|[[UTC+09:30]] ([[Australian Central Standard Time|ACST]])|[[UTC+08:45]] ([[Border Village]]; DST not observed)}}
| timezone_DST = [[Australian Central Daylight Time|ACDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = +10:30
| calling_code =
| postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in Australia#Allocation|Postal abbreviation]]
| postal_code = SA
| website = {{URL|sa.gov.au}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:AU|AU–SA]]
{{Infobox place symbols| embedded=Yes
| mammal = [[Southern hairy-nosed wombat]] ''(Lasiorhinus latifrons'')
| bird = [[Piping shrike]] ([[Australian magpie]])
| fish = [[Leafy seadragon]] (''Phycodurus eques'')
| insect = 
| flower = [[Swainsona formosa|Sturt's Desert Pea]] (''Swainsona formosa'')
| fossil = ''[[Spriggina|Spriggina floundersi]]''
| mineral = [[Bornite]], [[Opal]] as Gem
| colour = Red, blue, and gold
}}
|languages_type=Languages|languages=[[South Australian English]], [[Barossa German]]}}
'''South Australia''' (commonly abbreviated as '''SA''') is a [[States and territories of Australia|state]] in the southern central part of [[Australia]]. With a total land area of {{convert|984314|km2|sqmi|0}},<ref>[https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories Area of Australia - States and Territories] Geoscience Australia. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</ref> it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories by area, which includes some of the most [[arid]] parts of the continent. With 1.9 million people as of June 2025,<ref name=ABSPop/> it is the [[List of first-level administrative divisions by area|17th-largest subdivision in the world]] and the fifth-largest in [[Australasia]]. It is the second-most highly centralised state in the nation after [[Western Australia]], with more than 67% of South Australians living in the capital [[Adelaide]] or its environs. Other population centres in the state are relatively small; with [[Mount Gambier]] being the second-largest centre, with a population of 26,878.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Mount Gambier, Census All persons QuickStats {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/LGA44620 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=abs.gov.au}}</ref>

South Australia shares borders with all the other mainland states. It is bordered to the west by [[Western Australia]], to the north by the [[Northern Territory]], to the north-east by [[Queensland]], to the east by [[New South Wales]], and to the south-east by [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]. To the south, its border is the ocean, the [[Great Australian Bight]].{{refn|group="N"|Most Australians describe the body of water south of the continent as the [[Southern Ocean]], rather than the [[Indian Ocean]] as officially defined by the [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO). In the year 2000, a vote of IHO member nations defined the term "Southern Ocean" as applying only to the waters between [[Antarctica]] and [[60th parallel south|60 degrees south]] latitude.}}

The state comprises less than 6.7% of the Australian population and ranks fifth in population among the six states and two territories. The majority of its people reside in greater Metropolitan Adelaide. Most of the remainder are settled in fertile areas along the south-eastern coast and [[Murray River|River Murray]]. The state's colonial origins are unique in Australia as [[British Province of South Australia|a freely settled, planned British province]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sapolicehistory.org/history.html |title=South Australian Police Historical Society Inc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001014654/http://www.sapolicehistory.org/history.html |archive-date=1 October 2011 |access-date=13 September 2011 }}</ref> rather than as a [[convictism in Australia|convict]] settlement. Colonial government commenced on 28 December 1836, when the members of the council were sworn in near the [[Old Gum Tree]].<ref name="historyhub">{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Margaret |title=The first reading of the proclamation |url=https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au/events/the-first-reading-of-the-proclamation |work=[[History Trust of South Australia]] |date=12 December 2013 |access-date=5 September 2021}}</ref>

As with the rest of the continent, the region has a long history of [[Aboriginal Australians|human occupation]] by numerous groups and languages. The [[South Australian Company]] established a temporary settlement at [[Kingscote, South Australia|Kingscote]], [[Kangaroo Island]], on 26 July 1836, five months before Adelaide was founded.<ref name="Kangaroo Island">{{cite web |url=http://www.kangarooisland.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm |title=Kangaroo Island Council – Welcome |publisher=[[Kangaroo Island Council]] |access-date=10 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809121105/http://www.kangarooisland.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm |archive-date=9 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The guiding principle behind settlement was that of ''systematic colonisation'', a theory espoused by [[Edward Gibbon Wakefield]] that was later employed by the [[New Zealand Company]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Wakefield Model of Systematic Colonisation in South Australia|work=[[University of South Australia]]|date=2008|url=http://search.ror.unisa.edu.au/record/UNISA_ALMA2171701690001831/media/digital/open/9915951887301831/12146718360001831/13146717500001831/pdf}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The goal was to establish the province as a centre of civilisation for free immigrants, promising civil liberties and religious tolerance. Although its history has been marked by periods of economic hardship, South Australia has remained politically innovative and culturally vibrant. Today, it is known for its fine wine and numerous cultural festivals. The state's economy is dominated by the agricultural, manufacturing and mining industries.

==History==
{{Main|History of South Australia}}

[[File:Alexander Schramm - A scene in South Australia - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=0.95|left|European settlers with Aboriginal Australians, 1850]]

Evidence of human activity in South Australia dates back as far as 20,000 years, with [[flint]] mining activity and rock art in the [[Koonalda Cave]] on the [[Nullarbor Plain]]. In addition wooden spears and tools were made in an area now covered in [[peat]] [[bog]] in the South East. [[Kangaroo Island]] was inhabited long before the island was cut off by [[Sea level rise|rising sea levels]].<ref>R.J. Lampert (1979): Aborigines. '''In''' Tyler, M.J., [[Charles Rowland Twidale|Twidale, C.R.]] & Ling, J.K. (Eds) ''Natural History of Kangaroo Island.'' Royal Society of South Australia Inc. {{ISBN|0-9596627-1-5}}</ref> According to [[mitochondrial DNA]] research, Aboriginal people reached [[Eyre Peninsula]] 49,000-45,000 years ago from both the east (clockwise, along the coast, from northern Australia) and the west (anti-clockwise).<ref>[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] (2020), [[Revivalistics|''Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond'']], [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/revivalistics-9780199812790 Oxford University Press]. {{ISBN|9780199812790}} / {{ISBN|9780199812776}}</ref>{{rp|189}}

The first recorded European sighting of the South Australian coast was in 1627 when the Dutch ship the ''Gulden Zeepaert'', captained by [[François Thijssen]], examined and mapped a section of the coastline as far east as the [[Nuyts Archipelago]]. Thijssen named the whole of the country eastward of the Leeuwin "Nuyts Land", after a distinguished passenger on board; the Hon. [[Pieter Nuyts]]].<ref>{{Citation
| author1=Australian Geographical Society.
| author2=Australian National Publicity Association.
| author3=Australian National Travel Association.
| title=Walkabout
| date=1934
| publisher=Australian National Travel Association
| url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-714111795
| access-date=7 January 2019
}}</ref>

The coastline of South Australia was first mapped by [[Matthew Flinders]] and [[Nicolas Baudin]] in 1802, excepting the inlet later named the [[Port River|Port Adelaide River]] which was first discovered in 1831 by Captain [[Collet Barker]] and later accurately charted in 1836–37 by Colonel [[William Light]], leader of the South Australian Colonisation Commissioners' 'First Expedition' and first Surveyor-General of South Australia.

The land which now forms the state of South Australia was claimed for Britain in 1788 as part of the colony of [[New South Wales]]. Although the new colony included almost two-thirds of the continent, early settlements were all on the eastern coast and only a few intrepid explorers ventured this far west. It took more than forty years before any serious proposal to establish settlements in the south-western portion of New South Wales were put forward.

On 15 August 1834, the [[British Parliament]] passed the [[South Australia Act 1834]] (''Foundation Act''), which empowered His Majesty to erect and establish a province or provinces in southern Australia. The act stated that the land between 132° and 141° east longitude and from 26° south latitude to the southern ocean would be allotted to the intended colony, and it would be convict-free.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/sa1_doc_1834.pdf |title=Transcript of the South Australia Act, 1834 |publisher=Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>

[[File:S. T. Gill - Sturt's Overland Expedition leaving Adelaide, 10th August, 1844 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Charles Sturt]]'s expedition leaving Adelaide for central Australia, 1844]]
In contrast to the rest of Australia, ''[[terra nullius]]'' did not apply to the new province. The [[Letters Patent]],<ref name="Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia 19 February 1836 (UK)">{{Cite web | url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-sdid-38.html |work=Documenting Democracy |title=Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia 19 February 1836 (UK) |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref> which used the enabling provisions of the South Australia Act 1834 to fix the boundaries of the Province of South Australia, provided that "nothing in those our Letters Patent shall affect or be construed to affect the rights of any Aboriginal Natives of the said Province to the actual occupation and enjoyment in their own Persons or in the Persons of their Descendants of any Lands therein now actually occupied or enjoyed by such Natives."<ref name="Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia 19 February 1836 (UK)"/> Although the patent guaranteed land rights under force of law for the indigenous inhabitants, it was ignored by the South Australian Company authorities and squatters.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Ngadjuri Walpa Juri Lands and Heritage Association |date = n.d. | title = Gnadjuri | publisher=SASOSE Council Inc | isbn = 978-0-646-42821-5 }}</ref> Despite strong reference to the rights of the native population in the initial proclamation by the Governor, there were many conflicts and deaths in the [[Australian frontier wars|Australian Frontier Wars]] in South Australia.
[[File:Nicolas Baudin 2.jpeg|thumb|right|upright|[[Nicolas Baudin]], who mapped the coastline of South Australia, along with [[Matthew Flinders]]]]

Survey was required before settlement of the province, and the Colonisation Commissioners for South Australia appointed William Light as the leader of its 'First Expedition', tasked with examining 1500 miles of the South Australian coastline and selecting the best site for the capital, and with then planning and surveying the site of the city into one-acre Town Sections and its surrounds into 134-acre Country Sections.

Eager to commence the establishment of their whale and seal fisheries, the South Australian Company sought, and obtained, the Commissioners' permission to send Company ships to South Australia, in advance of the surveys and ahead of the Commissioners' colonists.

The company's settlement of seven vessels and 636 people was temporarily made at Kingscote on Kangaroo Island, until the official site of the capital was selected by William Light, where the City of Adelaide is currently located. The first [[Immigration to Australia|immigrants]] arrived at [[Holdfast Bay]] (near the present day [[Glenelg, South Australia|Glenelg]]) in November 1836.

The commencement of colonial government was proclaimed on 28 December 1836, now known as [[Proclamation Day (South Australia)|Proclamation Day]].

South Australia is the only Australian state to have never received British convicts. However, some emancipated or escaped convicts or expirees made their own way there, and constituted 1–2% of the early population.<ref>Sendziuk, P. (2012): No convicts here: reconsidering South Australia's foundation myth. '''In:''' Foster, R. & Sendziuk, P. (Eds.) ''Turning points: chapters in South Australian history.'' Wakefield Press. {{ISBN|978 1 74305 119 1}}</ref> The plan for the province was that it would be an experiment in reform, addressing the problems perceived in British society. There was to be religious freedom and no established religion. Sales of land to colonists created an Emigration Fund to pay the costs of transferring a poor young labouring population to South Australia. In early 1838 the colonists became concerned after it was reported that convicts who had escaped from the eastern states may make their way to South Australia. The [[South Australia Police]] was formed in April 1838 to protect the community and enforce government regulations. Their principal role was to run the first temporary gaol, a two-room hut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/free-settlement.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024014707/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/free-settlement.html|url-status=dead|title=History of Adelaide Gaol|archive-date=24 October 2009|access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref>

The current [[flag of South Australia]] was adopted on 13 January 1904, and is a British blue ensign [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] with the state badge. The badge is described as a [[piping shrike]] with wings outstretched on a yellow disc. The state badge is believed to have been designed by Robert Craig of Adelaide's [[School of Design (Adelaide)|School of Design]].

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of South Australia}}

[[File:Eastern South Australia Satellite Photo.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A satellite image of eastern South Australia. Note the dry lakes (white patches) in the north.]]

The terrain consists largely of arid and semi-arid rangelands, with several low [[mountain range]]s. The most important (but not tallest) is the [[Mount Lofty Ranges|Mount Lofty]]-[[Flinders Ranges]] system, which extends north about {{convert|800|km|mi}} from [[Cape Jervis (headland)|Cape Jervis]] to the northern end of [[Lake Torrens]]. The highest point in the state is not in those ranges; [[Mount Woodroffe]] ({{convert|1435|m|ft|0}}) is in the [[Musgrave Ranges]] in the extreme northwest of the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/landforms/highmtns.htm#state |title=Highest Mountains |publisher=[[Geoscience Australia]] |access-date=28 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421195512/http://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/landforms/highmtns.htm#state |archive-date = 21 April 2006}}</ref>

The south-western portion of the state consists of the sparsely inhabited [[Nullarbor Plain]], fronted by the cliffs of the [[Great Australian Bight]]. Features of the coast include [[Spencer Gulf]] and the [[Eyre Yorke Block|Eyre and Yorke Peninsulas]] that surround it. The [[Temperate Grassland of South Australia]] is situated to the east of [[Gulf St Vincent]].

[[File:Vignoble barossa automne.jpg|thumb|The [[Barossa Valley (wine)|Barossa Valley]], northeast of Adelaide. South Australia's wine industry is the largest in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Australia |url=http://www.wineaustralia.com/australia/Default.aspx?tabid=176 |publisher=Wine Australia |access-date=24 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409203807/http://www.wineaustralia.com/Australia/Default.aspx?tabid=176 |archive-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]
[[File:South Australia Köppen.svg|thumb|The different [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] in South Australia]]

The principal industries and exports of South Australia are wheat, wine and wool.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNj-OKU4CFwC&q=South+Australia+are+wheat%2C+wine+and+wool.|title=Australian Agriculture: Its History and Challenges|last=Henzell|first=Ted|date=2007|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=9780643993426|language=en}}</ref> More than half of Australia's wines are produced in the South Australian wine regions which principally include [[Barossa Valley (wine)|Barossa Valley]], [[Clare Valley wine region|Clare Valley]], [[McLaren Vale]], [[Coonawarra wine region|Coonawarra]], the [[Riverland wine region|Riverland]] and the [[Adelaide Hills wine region|Adelaide Hills]]. ''See [[South Australian wine]].''

===South Australian boundaries===
{{Further|South Australian borders}}

South Australia has boundaries with every other Australian mainland state and territory except the [[Australian Capital Territory]] and the [[Jervis Bay Territory]]. The [[Western Australia border]] has a history involving the South Australian government astronomer, G.F. Dodwell, and the [[Western Australian Government Astronomer]], [[Harold Curlewis|H.B. Curlewis]], marking the border on the ground in the 1920s.

In 1863, that part of New South Wales to the north of South Australia was annexed to South Australia, by letters patent, as the "Northern Territory of South Australia", which became shortened to the Northern Territory on [[Territorial evolution of Australia#6 July 1863|6 July 1863]].<ref>[[Territorial evolution of Australia#6 July 1863|Territorial evolution of Australia – 6 July 1863]]</ref> The Northern Territory was handed to the federal government in 1911 and became a separate territory.

According to Australian maps, South Australia's south coast is flanked by the [[Southern Ocean]], but official international consensus defines the Southern Ocean as extending north from the pole only to 60°S or 55°S, at least 17 degrees of latitude further south than the most southern point of South Australia. Thus the south coast is officially adjacent to the south-most portion of the Indian Ocean. ''See [[Southern Ocean#Existence and definitions|Southern Ocean: Existence and definitions]]''.

<gallery>
File:Flinders ranges pastoral land.JPG|Arid land in the [[Flinders Ranges]]
File:Second Valley 2.JPG|The rugged coastline of [[Second Valley, South Australia|Second Valley]], located on the [[Fleurieu Peninsula]]
</gallery>

===Climate===
The southern part of the state has a [[Mediterranean climate]], while the rest of the state has either an [[desert climate|arid]] or [[semi-arid climate]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Climate and Weather | work = Government of South Australia | publisher = Atlas South Australia | date = 28 April 2004 | url = http://www.atlas.sa.gov.au/go/resources/atlas-of-south-australia-1986/environment-resources/climate-and-weather | access-date = 6 December 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100315233707/http://www.atlas.sa.gov.au/go/resources/atlas-of-south-australia-1986/environment-resources/climate-and-weather | archive-date = 15 March 2010 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> South Australia's main temperature range is {{convert|29|C|F|0}} in January and {{convert|15|C|F|0|abbr=on}} in July.
The highest maximum temperature ever recorded was {{convert|50.7|C|F|1|abbr=on}} at [[Oodnadatta, South Australia|Oodnadatta]] on 2 January 1960, which is the highest official temperature recorded in Australia. The lowest minimum temperature was {{convert|-8.2|C|F|1|abbr=on}} at [[Yongala, South Australia|Yongala]] on 20 July 1976.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/extreme/records/national.pdf |title=Rainfall and Temperature Records: National |publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)|Bureau of Meteorology]] |access-date=14 November 2009 }}</ref> The region's overall dry weather is owed to the [[Australian High]] on the Great Australian Bight.
{{Weather box
|width=auto
|location = South Australia
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 50.7
|Feb record high C = 48.2
|Mar record high C = 46.5
|Apr record high C = 42.1
|May record high C = 36.5
|Jun record high C = 34.0
|Jul record high C = 34.2
|Aug record high C = 39.4
|Sep record high C = 41.5
|Oct record high C = 45.4
|Nov record high C = 47.9
|Dec record high C = 49.9
|year record high C = 50.7
|Jan record low C = 0.2
|Feb record low C = 0.8
|Mar record low C = -2.2
|Apr record low C = -3.5
|May record low C = -6.6
|Jun record low C = -8.1
|Jul record low C = -8.2
|Aug record low C = -6.6
|Sep record low C = -4.5
|Oct record low C = -4.4
|Nov record low C = -2.4
|Dec record low C = -0.5
|year record low C = -8.2
|source 1 = Bureau of Meteorology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=tas&year=2013&mon=1&day=11|title=Official records for Australia in January|date=1 July 2017|work=Daily Extremes|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref>
|date=March 2012
}}

==Economy==
{{See also|Economy of Australia}}

[[File:Flindersmed.jpg|thumb|right|[[Flinders Medical Centre]]. The health care sector is a major employer in South Australia's economy.]]

As of 2016, South Australia had 746,105 people employed out of a total workforce of 806,593, giving an unemployment rate of 7.5%. South Australia's largest employment sector is health care and social assistance, making up 14.8% of the state's total employment, followed by retail (10.7%), education and training (8.6%), manufacturing (8%), and construction (7.6%).<ref name="abs.gov.au">{{cite web|url=https://dbr.abs.gov.au/region.html?lyr=ste&rgn=4|title= Region summary: South Australia|access-date=10 October 2022|website=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> South Australia's economy relies on exports more than any other state in Australia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Documents/australias-trade-by-state-and-territory-2013-14.pdf|title=Australia's Trade by State and Territory 2013–14|date=February 2015|work=Australia Unlimited|access-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106014726/http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Documents/australias-trade-by-state-and-territory-2013-14.pdf|archive-date=6 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

South Australia's [[credit rating]] was upgraded to AAA by [[Standard & Poor's]] in September 2004 and to AAA by [[Moody's]] in November 2004, the highest credit ratings achievable by any company or sovereign. The state had previously lost these ratings in the State Bank collapse. However, in 2012 Standard & Poor's downgraded the state's credit rating to AA+ due to declining revenues, new spending initiatives and a weaker than expected budgetary outlook.<ref name=pu12>{{cite news|last1=Puddy|first1=Rebecca|title=South Australia loses AAA rating in credit rating downgrade|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/state-politics/return-to-surplus-deferred-in-lean-south-australian-budget/story-e6frgczx-1226377225636|access-date=1 September 2015|newspaper=The Australian|date=31 May 2012}}</ref>

South Australia receives the least amount of federal funding for its local road network of all states on a per capita and a per kilometre basis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/efpa/localgovt/submissions/sub308.pdf |title=Inquiry into Local Government and Cost Shifting |access-date=11 June 2007 |publisher=[[Australian House of Representatives]] |year=2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710045501/http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/efpa/localgovt/submissions/sub308.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Twilight Upon Wheat Fields (139677885).jpeg|thumb|Wheat fields at [[Nuriootpa, South Australia|Nuriootpa]]. Agriculture is a large industry for the state.]]
[[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 4438 Sunflower crop.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|right|Sunflower crop in the Adelaide Hills]]

During 2019–20: South Australia's gross state product (GSP) fell 1.4% in chain volume (real) terms (nationally, gross domestic product (GDP) fell 0.3%).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gross State Product|url=https://www.treasury.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/322966/GSP-GDP,-2019-20.pdf|url-status=dead|website=Treasury South Australia|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818215419/https://www.treasury.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/322966/GSP-GDP,-2019-20.pdf}}</ref> South Australia came out of the [[COVID-19 recession]] better than the other Australian states, with the economy growing by 3.9% in the 2020–21 financial year. This was the first time since the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] began collecting data in 1990 that South Australia had outperformed the other states. The recovery was driven in part by growth in the agricultural sector, which increased its production by almost 24% thanks to the end of a drought.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/the-little-economies-that-could-sa-and-tasmania-lead-the-nation-20211119-p59afd.html|title=The little economies that could: SA and Tasmania lead the nation|last=Wright|first=Shane|date=19 November 2021|access-date=10 October 2022|website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
==== Cereals, legumes and oilseeds ====
[[Wheat]], [[barley]], [[oats]], [[rye]], [[peas]], [[beans]], [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]] and [[canola]] are grown in South Australia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Dave |title="Crop and Pasture Report South Australia, 2021-22 Harvest" |url=https://www.pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/406815/attachment-a-pirsa-crop-and-pasture-report-harvest-2021-22-jan.pdf |website=Government of South Australia, Department of Primary Industries and Regions |publisher=South Australian Department of Primary Industries and Regions (PIRSA) |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref>

==== Fruit and vegetables ====
[[Apples]], [[pears]], [[cherries]] and [[strawberries]] are grown in the [[Adelaide Hills]].<ref name="SA Horticulture"/> [[Tomatoes]], [[capsicums]], [[cucumbers]], [[brassicas]], [[lettuce]] and [[carrots]] are grown on the Northern Adelaide Plains at [[Virginia, South Australia|Virginia]].<ref name="SA Horticulture"/> [[Almonds]], [[citrus]] and [[stone fruit]] are grown in the [[Riverland]].<ref name="SA Horticulture"/> [[Potatoes]], [[onions]] and carrots are grown in the [[Murray Mallee]] region.<ref name="SA Horticulture"/> Potatoes are grown on [[Kangaroo Island]].<ref name="SA Horticulture">{{cite web |title=Horticulture in South Australia |url=https://pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/340376/Horticulture_in_South_Australia.pdf |website=Department of Primary Industries and Regions (PIRSA) |publisher=The Department of Primary Industries and Regions (PIRSA) |access-date=15 January 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==== Viticulture ====
{{main|South Australian wine}}

South Australia produces more than half of all Australian wine, including almost 80% of Australia's premium wines.<ref name="SA Viticulture">{{cite web |title=Grape and wine |url=https://www.pir.sa.gov.au/primary_industry/grape_and_wine |website=Department of Primary Industries and Regions (PIRSA) |date=14 May 2022 |publisher=The Department of Primary Industries and Regions (PIRSA) |access-date=16 January 2023}}</ref>

===Energy===
{{main|Energy in South Australia}}

South Australia has the lead over other Australian states for its commercialisation and commitment to [[renewable energy]]. It is now the leading producer of [[Wind power in South Australia|wind power]] in Australia.<ref name="Wind Energy - How it works">{{cite web|title=Wind Energy – How it works|url=http://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/cec/technologies/wind.html|publisher=Clearenergycouncil|access-date=6 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621044310/http://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/cec/technologies/wind.html|archive-date=21 June 2011}}</ref> Renewable energy is a growing source of electricity in South Australia, and there is potential for growth from this particular industry of the state's economy. The [[Hornsdale Power Reserve]] is a bank of grid-connected batteries adjacent to the [[Hornsdale Wind Farm]] in South Australia's Mid-North region. At the time of construction in late 2017, it was billed as the largest lithium-ion battery in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hornsdalepowerreserve.com.au/ |title=Hornsdale Power Reserve |access-date=4 December 2017}}</ref>

===Mining===

The [[Olympic Dam, South Australia|Olympic Dam]] mine near [[Roxby Downs, South Australia|Roxby Downs]] in northern South Australia is the largest deposit of [[uranium]] in the world, possessing more than a third of the world's low-cost recoverable reserves and 70% of Australia's. The mine, owned and operated by [[BHP]], presently accounts for 9% of global uranium production.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aPGvMTxVcp2k&refer=australia | title = Australia, China Sign Agreements for Uranium Trade (Update5) | author1 = Gemma Daley | author2 = Tan Hwee Ann | publisher = Bloomberg | date = 3 April 2006 | access-date = 27 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/ausgeonews/ausgeonews200512/uranium.jsp | publisher = AusGeo News | date = December 2005 | title = Why Australia has so much uranium | author1 = Ian Lambert | author2 = Subhash Jaireth | author3 = Aden McKay | author4 = Yanis Miezitis | access-date = 27 April 2012}}</ref> The Olympic Dam mine is also the world's fourth-largest remaining copper deposit, and the world's fifth largest gold deposit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bhpbilliton-olympicdam-idUSSYD52655220091021|title=FACTBOX-BHP Billiton's huge Olympic Dam mine|date=21 October 2009|work=Reuters|access-date=24 May 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524154213/https://www.reuters.com/article/bhpbilliton-olympicdam/factbox-bhp-billitons-huge-olympic-dam-mine-idUSSYD52655220091021|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> There was a proposal to vastly expand the operations of the mine, making it the largest open-cut mine in the world,<ref>[https://archive.today/20120910000234/http://www.skynews.com.au/finance/article.aspx?id=736400&vId= Sky News Australia – Finance Article]</ref> but in 2012 the BHP Billiton board decided not to go ahead with it at that time due to then lower commodity prices.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-08-22/bhp-billiton-profit-falls-a-third/4215638 BHP shelves Olympic Dam as profit falls a third]. [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]], 22 August 2012. Retrieved on 16 July 2013.</ref>

The remote town of [[Coober Pedy]] produces more [[opal]] than anywhere else in the world. Opal was first discovered near the town in 1915, and the town became the site of an opal rush, enticing immigrants from southern and eastern Europe in the aftermath of [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gemsociety.org/article/opal-mining-coober-pedy/|title=Opal Mining in Coober Pedy: History and Methods|last=Shang|first=Phoebe|access-date=16 October 2022|website=[[International Gem Society|IGS]]}}</ref>

===Education and research===
Higher education and research in Adelaide forms an important part of South Australia's economy. The [[Government of South Australia|South Australian Government]] and educational institutions have attempted to position Adelaide as ''Australia's education hub'' and have marketed it as a ''Learning City''.<ref name="eduhub">{{cite news |first=Verity |last=Edwards |title=Education attracts record numbers |work=The Weekend Australian |date=3 May 2008}}</ref> The number of international students studying in Adelaide has increased rapidly in recent years to 30,726 in 2015, of which 1,824 were secondary school students.<ref name="thecity">{{cite news |first=Amelia |last=Broadstock |title=International Uni student numbers a billion dollar boom for Adelaide |work=The City Messenger |date=6 May 2015}}</ref> Foreign institutions have been attracted to set up campuses to increase its attractiveness as an education hub.<ref name="UCL">{{cite news |first=Lucy |last=Hodges |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/brave-new-territory-university-college-london-to-open-a-branch-in-australia-835571.html |title=Brave new territory: University College London to open a branch in Australia |work=The Independent (UK) |date=29 May 2008 |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317175924/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/brave-new-territory-university-college-london-to-open-a-branch-in-australia-835571.html |archive-date=17 March 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heinz.cmu.edu.au/about-heinz-australia/index.aspx |title=About Heinz Australia: Carnegie Mellon Heinz College |publisher=Carnegie Mellon University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410081304/http://www.heinz.cmu.edu.au/about-heinz-australia/index.aspx |archive-date=10 April 2011 }}</ref> Adelaide is the birthplace of three Nobel laureates, [[List of Australian Nobel laureates#Australian laureates by birthplace|more than any other Australian city]]: physicist [[William Lawrence Bragg]] and pathologists [[Howard Florey]] and [[Robin Warren]], all of whom completed secondary and tertiary education at [[St Peter's College, Adelaide|St Peter's College]] and the [[University of Adelaide]].

Adelaide is home to research institutes, including the [[Royal Institution of Australia]], established in 2009 as a counterpart to the two-hundred-year-old [[Royal Institution]] of Great Britain.<ref>{{cite news |first=Verity |last=Edwards |title=RI Australia plugs into world science |work=The Weekend Australian |date=3 May 2008}}</ref> Most of the research organisations are clustered in the Adelaide metropolitan area:
* The east end of [[North Terrace, Adelaide|North Terrace]]: [[SA Pathology]];<ref>[http://www.imvs.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/SA+Pathology+Internet+Content/IMVS/About+Us/History/ History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116192755/http://www.imvs.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/SA+Pathology+Internet+Content/IMVS/About+Us/History/ |date=16 January 2011 }}, [http://www.imvs.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/SA+Pathology+Internet+Content/IMVS/About+Us/Our+Research/ Our research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116192806/http://www.imvs.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/SA+Pathology+Internet+Content/IMVS/About+Us/Our+Research/ |date=16 January 2011 }}, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science</ref> [[Hanson Institute]];<ref>[http://www.hansoninstitute.sa.gov.au/ About us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725031302/http://www.hansoninstitute.sa.gov.au/ |date=25 July 2008 }}, [http://www.hansoninstitute.sa.gov.au/aboutus/history.php History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725031302/http://www.hansoninstitute.sa.gov.au/ |date=25 July 2008 }}, Hanson Institute</ref> [[National Wine Centre of Australia|National Wine Centre]].
* The west end of North Terrace: [[South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute]] (SAHMRI), located next to the [[Royal Adelaide Hospital]].
* The [[Waite Research Precinct]]: [[South Australian Research and Development Institute|SARDI]] Head Office and Plant Research Centre; [[Australian Wine Research Institute|AWRI]];<ref>[http://www.awri.com.au/ The Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225174859/https://www.awri.com.au/ |date=25 December 2010 }}, awri.com.au</ref> [[Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics|ACPFG]];<ref>[http://www.acpfg.com.au/ Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics (ACPFG)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218142922/http://www.acpfg.com.au/ |date=18 December 2010 }}, acpfg.com.au</ref> [[CSIRO]] research laboratories.<ref name="CSIROWaite">{{cite web | title=Waite Campus, Urrbrae | website=CSIRO | date=6 September 2019 | url=https://www.csiro.au/en/Locations/SA/Urrbrae | access-date=6 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906061825/https://www.csiro.au/en/Locations/SA/Urrbrae | archive-date=6 September 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> SARDI also has establishments at [[Glenside, South Australia|Glenside]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/about_us_2/facilities/glenside_laboratories |title=Livestock – Glenside Laboratories |access-date=6 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219151446/http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/about_us_2/facilities/glenside_laboratories |archive-date=19 February 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[West Beach, South Australia|West Beach]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/about_us_2/facilities/sa_aquatic_sciences_centre/sa_aquatic_sciences_centre |title=SARDI |access-date=6 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219154303/http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/about_us_2/facilities/sa_aquatic_sciences_centre/sa_aquatic_sciences_centre |archive-date=19 February 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Edinburgh, South Australia]]: [[Defence Science and Technology Organisation|DSTO]]; [[BAE Systems]] (Australia); [[Lockheed Martin]] Australia Electronic Systems.
* [[Technology Park Adelaide|Technology Park]] ([[Mawson Lakes, South Australia|Mawson Lakes]]): BAE Systems; [[Optus]]; [[Raytheon]]; [[Topcon]]; Lockheed Martin Australia Electronic Systems.
* Research Park at [[Thebarton, South Australia|Thebarton]]: businesses involved in materials engineering, biotechnology, environmental services, information technology, industrial design, laser/optics technology, health products, engineering services, radar systems, telecommunications and petroleum services.
* Science Park (adjacent to Flinders University): Playford Capital.
* The [[Basil Hetzel]] Institute for Translational Health Research<ref>{{cite web |title=A great of the SA science world |url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/a-great-of-the-sa-science-world/news-story/9338949922d55092230a3a77e2b749c9 |website=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide |date=24 May 2012 |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223914/https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/a-great-of-the-sa-science-world/news-story/9338949922d55092230a3a77e2b749c9 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Woodville, South Australia|Woodville]] the research arm of the [[Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide]]
* The [[The Joanna Briggs Institute|Joanna Briggs Institute]], a global research collaboration for evidence-based healthcare with its headquarters in North Adelaide.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Bonython Hall.jpg| The Mitchell Building and Bonython Hall, [[University of Adelaide]]
File:Hawke Building, UniSA.jpg| The Hawke Building, part of the [[University of South Australia|UniSA]], City West Campus
File:Flinders from hill 3.jpg| [[Flinders University]] buildings from the campus hills
File:Torrens Building, Victoria Square.jpg| Torrens University
File:SAHMRI.jpg|The [[South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute]] (SAHMRI)
</gallery>

==Government==
{{Main|Government of South Australia}}

[[File:Parliament House, South Australia.jpg|upright=1.15|right|thumb|[[Parliament House, Adelaide]]]]

South Australia is a [[constitutional monarchy]] with {{Current Australian monarch |King |Charles III}} as sovereign, and the [[Governor of South Australia]] as his representative.<ref>{{cite AustLII|HCA|31|1907|litigants=[[R v Governor of South Australia; Ex parte Vardon]] |parallelcite=[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1907/31.pdf (1907) 4 CLR 1497] |courtname=auto}}.</ref> It is a state of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]]. The [[bicameral]] [[Parliament of South Australia]] consists of the [[lower house]] known as the [[South Australian House of Assembly|House of Assembly]] and the [[upper house]] known as the [[South Australian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]. [[South Australian state elections|General elections]] are held every four years, the last being the [[2022 South Australian state election|2022 election]].

Initially, the [[Governor of South Australia]] held almost total power, derived from the letters patent of the imperial government to create the colony. He was accountable only to the British [[Colonial Office]], and thus democracy did not exist in the colony. A new body was created to advise the governor on the administration of South Australia in 1843 called the Legislative Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/about/1_1_1_legcouncil.shtm |title=Legislative Council 1843–1856 |access-date=28 May 2006 |publisher=[[Parliament of South Australia]] |year=2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825143657/http://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/about/1_1_1_legcouncil.shtm |archive-date=25 August 2006 }}</ref> It consisted of three representatives of the British Government and four colonists appointed by the governor. The governor retained total executive power.

In 1851, the Imperial Parliament enacted the [[Australian Colonies Government Act]], which allowed for the election of representatives to each of the colonial legislatures and the drafting of a constitution to properly create representative and responsible government in South Australia. Later that year, propertied male colonists were allowed to vote for 16 members on a new 24 seat Legislative Council. Eight members continued to be appointed by the governor.

[[File:Old Parliament House Adelaide 1872.jpg|thumb|left|Old Parliament House in 1872]]
The main responsibility of this body was to draft a constitution for South Australia. The body drafted the most democratic constitution ever seen in the British Empire and provided for universal manhood [[suffrage]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Change name |url=http://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/australian_electoral_history/righttovote.htm |title=The Right to Vote in Australia |publisher=Australian Electoral Commission |date=28 January 2011 |access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> It created the bicameral [[Parliament of South Australia]]. For the first time in the colony, the executive was elected by the people, and the colony used the [[Westminster system]], where the government is the party or coalition that exerts a majority in the House of Assembly. The Legislative Council remained a predominantly conservative chamber elected by property owners.

{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin-right:.5em; margin-top:.4em; margin-left:0.5em; font-size:90%"
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#cef; text-align:center;"| Composition of the [[Parliament of South Australia]] (2022)
|- style="background:#ccc; vertical-align:top;"
![[List of political parties in Australia|Party]]
![[South Australian House of Assembly|House]]
![[South Australian Legislative Council|Council]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|[[Australian Labor Party (South Australian Branch)|Labor]]
| style="text-align:center;"|27
| style="text-align:center;"|9
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;"|[[Liberal Party of Australia (South Australian Division)|Liberal]]
| style="text-align:center;"|16
| style="text-align:center;"|8
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffad33;"|[[Nick Xenophon's SA-BEST|SA-BEST]]
| style="text-align:center;"|0
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#90ee90;"|[[Greens South Australia|Greens]]
| style="text-align:center;"|0
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|[[Independent (politics)|Independent]]
| style="text-align:center;"|4
| style="text-align:center;"|0
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffad33;"|[[Pauline Hanson's One Nation|One Nation]]
| style="text-align:center;"|0
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:white;"|'''Total'''
||'''47'''
||'''22'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="font-size:80%; background:#cef; text-align:center;"| Source: Electoral Commission SA
|}

[[Women's suffrage in Australia]] took a leap forward – [[Constitutional Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act 1894|enacted in 1895]] and taking effect from the [[1896 South Australian colonial election|1896 colonial election]], South Australia was the first government in Australia and only the second in the world after [[New Zealand]] to allow women to vote, and the first in the world to allow women to stand for election.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/education/teachers/Documents/Women's%20Petition%20Photograph.pdf |title=Women's Suffrage Petition 1894: parliament.sa.gov.au |access-date=17 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110329160732/http://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/education/teachers/Documents/Women%27s%20Petition%20Photograph.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1897 [[Catherine Helen Spence]] was the first woman in Australia to be a candidate for political office when she was nominated to be one of South Australia's delegates to the conventions that drafted the constitution. South Australia became an original state of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901.

Although the lower house had universal suffrage, the upper house, the Legislative Council, remained the exclusive domain of property owners until the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] government of [[Don Dunstan]] managed to achieve reform of the chamber in 1973. Property qualifications were removed and the Council became a body elected via [[proportional representation]] by a single state-wide electorate.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dunstan |first=Don |year=1981 |title=Felicia: The political memoirs of Don Dunstan |publisher=Griffin Press Limited |pages=214–215 |isbn=0-333-33815-4}}</ref>
Since the following [[1975 South Australian state election]], no one party has had control of the state's upper house with the balance of power controlled by a variety of minor parties and independents.

===Local government===
{{Further|Local government areas of South Australia}}

Local government in South Australia is established by the ''Constitution Act 1934'' (SA), the ''Local Government Act 1999'' (SA), and the ''Local Government (Elections) Act 1999'' (SA).<ref name="lga">{{cite web|url=https://www.lga.sa.gov.au/sa-councils/about-local-government/local-government-in-sa|title=Local government in SA|access-date=6 October 2022|website=Local Government Association of South Australia|date=6 February 2020 }}</ref> South Australia contains [[Local government areas of South Australia|68 councils and 6 Aboriginal and outback communities]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lga.sa.gov.au/sa-councils/councils-listing|title=SA councils list & map|access-date=6 October 2022|website=Local Government Association of South Australia|date=15 August 2022 }}</ref> Local councils, elected on a four-yearly basis, are responsible for local roads and stormwater management, waste collection, planning and development, fire prevention and hazard management, dog and cat management and control, parking control, public health and food inspections, and other services for their local communities.<ref name="lga"/> Councils have the power to raise revenue for their activities, which is mostly achieved through "council rates", a tax based on property valuations. Council rates make up about 70% of council revenue, but account for less than 4% of total taxes paid by Australians.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lga.sa.gov.au/sa-councils/sa-council-services/council-rates|title=Council rates|access-date=6 October 2022|website=Local Government Association of South Australia|date=11 July 2022 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{See also|Demographics of Australia|List of places in South Australia by population}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right"
|+Country of Birth (2016)<ref name="quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au">{{Cite web|url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/4?opendocument|title=2016 Census Community Profiles: South Australia|website=quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001200330/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/4?opendocument|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au">{{Cite web |title=South Australia (4) 984274.9 sq Kms |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub2016.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2016~Community%20Profile~4/$File/GCP_4.zip?OpenElement |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424014440/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub2016.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2016~Community%20Profile~4/$File/GCP_4.zip?OpenElement |archive-date=2018-04-24 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=www.censusdata.abs.gov.au}}</ref>
! Birthplace{{refn|group="N"|In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, China and the Special Administrative Regions of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] are listed separately}} !! Population
|-
| Australia || 1,192,546
|-
| England || 97,392 
|-
| India || 27,594
|-
| China || 24,610 
|-
| Italy || 18,544
|-
| Vietnam || 14,337
|-
| New Zealand || 12,937
|-
| Philippines || 12,465
|-
| Scotland || 11,993 
|-
| Germany || 10,119
|-
| Greece || 8,682
|-
| Malaysia || 7,749
|-
| South Africa || 6,610
|-
| Afghanistan || 6,313
|}
[[File:Adelaide skyline, December 2022.jpg|left|thumb|[[Adelaide]] is the largest metropolitan area in the state.]]
[[File:ABS-3101.0-AustralianDemographicStatistics-EstimatedResidentPopulationStatesTerritories-EstimatedResidentPopulation-Persons-SouthAustralia-A2060846R.svg|thumb|The estimated resident population since 1981]]
As of June 2025 the population of South Australia was 1,902,300.<ref name=ABSPop/>
A majority of the state's population lives within [[Greater Adelaide]]'s metropolitan area which had an estimated population of
1,333,927 in June 2017.<ref name=ABSCapitalPop>{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17: Main Features|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=24 April 2018|access-date=13 October 2018}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017.</ref> Other significant population centres include [[Mount Gambier]] (29,505),<ref name=ABSSUA>{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2007 to 2017|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02016-17|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=24 April 2018|access-date=12 October 2018}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017.</ref> [[Victor Harbor, South Australia|Victor Harbor]]-[[Goolwa, South Australia|Goolwa]] (26,334),<ref name=ABSSUA/> [[Whyalla]] (21,976),<ref name=ABSSUA/> [[Murray Bridge, South Australia|Murray Bridge]] (18,452),<ref name=ABSSUA/> [[Port Lincoln]] (16,281),<ref name=ABSSUA/> [[Port Pirie]] (14,267),<ref name=ABSSUA/> and [[Port Augusta]] (13,957).<ref name=ABSSUA/>

===Ancestry and immigration===
At the 2016 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:{{refn|group="N"|As a percentage of 1,227,355 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/4GADE?opendocument|title=2016 Census Community Profiles: Greater Adelaide|website=quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622062053/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/4GADE%3Fopendocument|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
{{columns-list|colwidth=13em|
* [[English Australians|English]] (40.5%)
* [[Australians|Australian]] (35.5%){{refn|group="N"|The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument|title=Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)|first=c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of|last=Statistics|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=January 1995}}</ref>}}
* [[Scottish Australians|Scottish]] (8.9%)
* [[Irish Australians|Irish]] (8.5%)
* [[German Australians|German]] (8.2%)
* [[Italian Australians|Italian]] (6.1%)
* [[Chinese Australians|Chinese]] (3.3%)
* [[Greek Australian|Greek]] (2.4%)
* [[Indian Australians|Indian]] (2.1%)
* [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] (2%){{refn|group="N"|name=censusquirk|Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as [[Aboriginal Australians]] or [[Torres Strait Islanders]]. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}
* [[Dutch Australians|Dutch]] (1.7%)
* [[Vietnamese Australians|Vietnamese]] (1.3%)
* [[Polish Australians|Polish]] (1.2%)
* [[Filipino Australians|Filipino]] (1%)
}}

28.9% of the population was born overseas at the 2016 census. The five largest groups of overseas-born were from [[England]] (5.8%), India (1.6%), China (1.5%), Italy (1.1%) and [[Vietnam]] (0.9%).<ref name="quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au"/><ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au"/>

2% of the population, or 34,184 people, identified as [[Indigenous Australians]] ([[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]]) in 2016.{{refn|group="N"|name=censusquirk}}<ref name="quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au"/><ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au"/>

===Language===
At the 2016 census, 78.2% of the population spoke only [[Australian English|English]] at home. The other languages most commonly spoken at home were [[Italian language|Italian]] (1.7%), [[Standard Mandarin]] (1.7%), [[Greek language|Greek]] (1.4%), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (1.1%), and [[Cantonese]] (0.6%).<ref name="quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au"/><ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au"/>

=== Religion ===
At the [[2016 Australian census|2016 census]], overall 53.9% of responses identified some variant of [[Christianity]]. 9% of respondents chose not to state a religion. The most commonly nominated responses were [[Irreligion|'No Religion']] (35.4%), [[Roman Catholic|Catholicism]] (18%), [[Anglican Church of Australia|Anglicanism]] (10%) and [[Uniting Church in Australia|Uniting Church]] (7.1%).<ref name="quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au"/><ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au"/>

South Australia was the first Australian colony not to have an official state religion,<ref name="religion beginnings">{{cite web|url=https://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1452|title=Religion : Beginnings|access-date=14 October 2022|website=SA Memory|date=23 May 2006 }}</ref> and the colony became attractive to people who had experienced religious discrimination, including [[Methodism|Methodists]] and [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]]. South Australia also had thousands of [[Prussia]]n [[Old Lutherans|Old Lutheran]] immigrants, some of whom established their own form of Lutheranism. As a result, the [[Lutheran Church of Australia]] remains separate from the German Lutheran church to this day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1455|title=Religion : Diversity|access-date=14 October 2022|website=SA Memory|date=7 December 2005 }}</ref> South Australia was the location of the first Muslim mosque in Australia.<ref name="religion beginnings"/>

Most of the state's original colonists were Christian, but of many denominations, most with their own meeting place in the city square. Adelaide has been known as the "City of Churches" since at least 1868.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article158931161 |title=The Week's News |newspaper=[[Adelaide Observer]] |volume=XXVI |issue=1389 |location=South Australia |date=16 May 1868 |access-date=12 April 2023 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}} Earlier instances may be found without capital "C"s.</ref> Some of the oldest remaining buildings in the city are churches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1454|title=Religion : City of churches|access-date=14 October 2022|website=SA Memory|date=7 December 2005 }}</ref>

==Education==
{{See also|Education in South Australia}}

===Primary and secondary===
{{See also|List of schools in South Australia}}

On 1 January 2009, the school leaving age was raised to 17 (having previously been 15 and then 16).<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,19215505-1246,00.html |access-date=28 May 2006 |publisher=[[News Corp (2013–present)|News Corp]] |work=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |date=22 May 2006 |title=School leaving age to be raised |first=Michael |last=Owen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914172408/http://www.news.com.au/story/0%2C10117%2C19215505-1246%2C00.html |archive-date=14 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Education is compulsory for all children until age 17, unless they are working or undergoing other training. The majority of students stay on to complete their [[South Australian Certificate of Education]] (SACE). School education is the responsibility of the South Australian government, but the public and private education systems are funded jointly by it and the [[Government of Australia|Commonwealth Government]].

The South Australian Government provides, to schools on a per student basis, 89% of the total Government funding while the Commonwealth contributes 11%. Since the early 1970s, it has been an ongoing controversy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aeufederal.org.au/Debates/ReidPaper.html |title = The Redefinition of Public Education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215174248/http://www.aeufederal.org.au/Debates/ReidPaper.html |archive-date = 15 February 2008 |access-date =12 July 2010}}</ref> that 68% of Commonwealth funding (increasing to 75% by 2008) goes to private schools that are attended by 32% of the states students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cms.curriculum.edu.au/anr2008/ch2_student.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016092136/http://cms.curriculum.edu.au/anr2008/ch2_student.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2013 |work=Ministerial Council National Report on Schooling in Australia |title=Chapter 2: Resourcing Australia's schools }}</ref> Private schools often counter this by saying that they receive less State Government funding than public schools, and in 2004 the main private school funding came from the Australian government, not the state government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=2119 |title=Government funding should encourage private schools not penalise them |author=Bill Daniels |date=12 April 2004 |access-date=16 February 2010}}</ref>

On 14 June 2013, South Australia became the third Australian state to sign up to the Australian Federal Government's [[Gonski Report#Education|Gonski Reform Program]]. This will see funding for primary and secondary education to South Australia increased by $1.1 billion before 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=South Australia signs up to Federal Government's Gonski education reforms|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-14/sa-signs-up-to-gonski-education-reforms/4753742|date=14 June 2013}}</ref>

The academic year in South Australia generally runs from the end of January until mid-December for primary and secondary schools. The SA schools operate on a four-term basis. Schools are closed for the South Australia public holidays.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SA School Holidays, Public Holidays & School Terms 2022 - 2023 |url=https://schoolholidays.com.au/school-holiday-dates-in-sa |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=School Holidays |language=en}}</ref>

===Tertiary===

[[File:Adelaideunientrance.jpg|right|upright=1.15|thumb|[[University of Adelaide]]]]
There are two public and two private universities in South Australia. The two public universities are [[Adelaide University]](merged in 2026 from the [[University of Adelaide]] and [[University of South Australia|UniSA]]) and [[Flinders University]] (est. 1966). The two private universities are [[Torrens University Australia]] (est. 2013), and [[CQUniversity Australia|CQUniversity]]'s Adelaide Campus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Australia |first=Government of South |title=Universities |url=https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/education-and-learning/university |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=www.sa.gov.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> All four have their main campus in the Adelaide metropolitan area: Adelaide University on [[North Terrace, Adelaide|North Terrace]] in the [[Adelaide city centre|city]]; Flinders at [[Bedford Park, South Australia|Bedford Park]]; Torrens University on Wakefield St in the city; and CQUniversity's Adelaide Campus in [[Wayville, South Australia|Wayville]].

The University of Adelaide is part of the Group of Eight, a company of Australia's eight leading research universities.<ref name="guide to universities">{{cite web|url=https://insiderguides.com.au/universities-in-adelaide/|title=A Guide to Universities in Adelaide|last=Craddock|first=Alex|date=30 September 2019|access-date=14 October 2022|website=Insider Guides}}</ref> As of 2022, it is ranked by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings as one of the top 100 universities in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-12/times-higher-education-world-university-rankings-list-australian/101529166|title=What's the best university in the world? What's the best Australian uni? Here's what the World University Rankings list says|date=12 October 2022|access-date=14 October 2022|website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref> It was the first university in Australia to admit women to academic courses, doing so in 1881.<ref name="guide to universities"/> In 2018, the University of Adelaide and the University of South Australia announced plans to merge, but these plans did not at that time come to fruition due in part to disagreements over what to name the new university and which of the university's vice-chancellors would become the vice-chancellor of the amalgamated university. The two institutions have since agreed merger terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-21/documents-shed-light-on-university-of-adelaide-sa-failed-merger/12960276|title=University of Adelaide, UniSA merger proposal failed after uncertainty over name and leadership|last=Siebert|first=Bension|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=21 January 2021|access-date=14 October 2022}}</ref>

There are also private higher education providers in Adelaide which offer tertiary degrees, such as [[Tabor (Australia)|Tabor College]], Millswood;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tabor College - ADELAIDE {{!}} ONLINE |url=https://tabor.edu.au/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Tabor College |language=en-AU}}</ref> and pathway colleges such as [[Eynesbury College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SATAC - Participating institutions |url=https://www.satac.edu.au/institutions}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.eynesbury.edu.au/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Eynesbury College |language=en-AU}}</ref>

====Vocational education====
{{main|TAFE South Australia}}

Tertiary vocational education is provided by a range of Registered Training Organisations (RTOs) which are regulated at Commonwealth level. The range of RTOs delivering education include public, private and 'enterprise' providers i.e. employing organisations who run an RTO for their own employees or members.

The largest public provider of vocational education is [[TAFE South Australia]] which is made up of colleges throughout the state, many of these in rural areas, providing tertiary education to as many people as possible. In South Australia, TAFE is funded by the [[Government of South Australia|state government]] and run by the South Australian [[Department of Further Education, Employment, Science and Technology]] (DFEEST). Each TAFE SA campus provides a range of courses with its own specialisation.

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in South Australia}}

{{More citations needed section|date=October 2022}}
[[File:SouthAustraliaRoads.png|thumb|Major highways in South Australia]]

===Historical transport in South Australia===
After settlement, the major form of transport in South Australia was ocean transport. Limited land transport was provided by horses and bullocks. In the mid 19th century, the state began to develop a widespread rail network, although a coastal shipping network continued until the post war period.

Roads began to improve with the introduction of motor transport. By the late 19th century, road transport dominated internal transport in South Australia.

===Railway===
South Australia has four interstate rail connections, to [[Perth]] via the Nullarbor Plain, to [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] through the centre of the continent, to New South Wales through [[Broken Hill]], and to [[Melbourne]]–which is the closest capital city to Adelaide.

Rail transport was important for many mines in the north of the state.

The capital Adelaide has a commuter rail network made of electric and diesel electric powered multiple units, with 7 lines between them.

===Roads===
[[File:Nullarbor warning signs, 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Eyre Highway]] west of the [[Nullarbor, South Australia]]]]
South Australia has extensive road networks linking towns and other states. Roads are also the most common form of transport within the major metropolitan areas with car transport predominating. Public [[transport in Adelaide]] is mostly provided by buses and trams with regular services throughout the day.

===Air transport===
[[Adelaide Airport]] provides regular flights to other capitals, major South Australian towns and many international locations. The airport also has daily flights to several Asian hub airports. Adelaide Metro<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adelaidemetro.com.au/timetables/buses|title=Adelaide Metro|date=12 February 2020|publisher=Service SA|access-date=19 November 2020|work=adelaidemetro.com.au}}</ref> buses J1 and J1X connect to the city (approx. 30 minutes travel time), as well as other services to other parts of Adelaide. Standard fares apply and tickets may be purchased from a ticket machine at the airport bus stop. Maximum charge (September 2016) for Metroticket is $5.30; off-peak and seniors discounts may apply.
[[File:Waikerie ferry, Riverland 1.JPG|thumb|A ferry crossing the Murray River towards the town of [[Waikerie, South Australia]]]]

===River transport===
The [[River Murray]] was formerly an important trade route for South Australia, with [[River Murray Navigation Co.#Steaming on the Murray River|paddle steamers]] linking inland areas and the ocean at Goolwa.

===Sea transport===
South Australia has a container port at [[Port Adelaide]]. There are also numerous important ports along the coast for minerals and grains.

The passenger terminal at Port Adelaide intermittently plays host to an array of cruise liners.

Kangaroo Island is dependent on the Sea Link ferry service between [[Cape Jervis (headland)|Cape Jervis]] and [[Penneshaw]].

=={{anchor|culture}}Cultural life==
{{see also|Adelaide#Cultural life|Department of the Premier and Cabinet (South Australia)#Arts and culture|List of festivals in Australia#South Australia}}
South Australia has been known as "the Festival State" for many years, for its abundance of arts and [[gastronomic]] festivals.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[The Adelaide Review]]|url=https://www.adelaidereview.com.au/features/is-south-australia-still-festival-state-festival-flux-flow/|title=Is South Australia still the Festival State?|first=Ilona|last=Wallace|date=31 March 2015|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> While much of the arts scene is concentrated in Adelaide, the state government has supported regional arts actively since the 1990s. One of the manifestations of this was the creation of [[Country Arts SA]], created in 1992.<ref name=laidlaw>{{cite web|url=https://www.michellelensink.com/laidlaw_hon_diana|website=Hon. Michelle Lensink MLC|title=Laidlaw, Hon. Diana|date=26 November 2003|first=Michelle|last=Lensink|access-date=4 September 2019|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807102548/https://www.michellelensink.com/laidlaw_hon_diana|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Diana Laidlaw]] did much to further the arts in South Australia during her term as Arts Minister from 1993 to 2002, and after [[Mike Rann]] assumed government in 2002, he created a strategic plan in 2004 (updated 2007) which included furthering and promoting the arts in South Australia under the topic heading "Objective 4:
Fostering Creativity and Innovation".<ref>{{cite document|title=South Australia'S Strategic Plan 2007|publisher=Government of South Australia|date=2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.sa.gov.au/blog/finding-the-next-wave-innovation-and-its-discontent/|title= Finding the Next Wave: Innovation and its Discontents|series= University of Adelaide Cultural Oration 2017|first=Greg |last=Mackie|author-link=Greg Mackie|date=13 July 2017|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref>

In September 2019, with the arts portfolio now subsumed within the [[Department of the Premier and Cabinet (South Australia)|Department of the Premier and Cabinet]] (DPC) after the election of [[Steven Marshall]] as Premier, and the 2004 strategic plan having been deleted from the website in 2018,<ref>{{cite news|publisher=The Advertiser|website=AdelaideNow|url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/expremier-mike-ranns-vision-for-south-australia-purged-after-14-years-by-new-ruling-liberals/news-story/7426eeab1f56078a971d5a823b411971|title=Ex-premier Mike Rann's vision for South Australia purged after 14 years by new ruling Liberals|date=9 June 2018|first=Matt|last=Smith|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> the "''Arts and Culture Plan, South Australia 2019–2024''" was created by the department.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dpc.sa.gov.au/responsibilities/arts-and-culture/arts-plan|title=Arts and Culture Plan South Australia 2019–2024|access-date=4 September 2019|archive-date=2 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902215804/https://www.dpc.sa.gov.au/responsibilities/arts-and-culture/arts-plan|url-status=dead}}</ref> Marshall said when launching the plan: "The arts sector in South Australia is already very strong but it's been operating without a plan for 20 years".<ref>{{cite news|publisher=InDaily|url=https://indaily.com.au/arts-and-culture/2019/09/02/marshall-considering-concert-hall-as-part-of-new-arts-plan/|title=Marshall "considering" concert hall as part of new arts plan|date=2 September 2019|first=Stephanie|last=Richards|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> However the plan does not signal any new government support, even after the government's {{AUD|31.9 million}} cuts to arts funding when [[Arts South Australia]] was absorbed into DPC in 2018. Specific proposals within the plan include an "Adelaide in 100 Objects" walking tour, a new shared ticketing system for small to medium arts bodies, a five-year-plan to revitalise regional art centres, creation of an arts-focussed high school, and a new venue for the [[Adelaide Symphony Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.adelaidereview.com.au/arts/south-australia-arts-plan-review/|title=New Arts Plan and review suggest arts sector learns to live with less government support|journal=The Adelaide Review|date=2 September 2019|first=Walter |last=Marsh|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref>

South Australia has a [[Public library|public library system]], and [[State Library of South Australia|state library]]. Some [[List of libraries in South Australia#Public libraries|public libraries in South Australia]] in rural areas are joint school and community libraries.

<ref>{{cite web |last1=KPPM Organisational Strategists |first1=KPPM |date=2012 |title=Review of School Community Libraries Future Models of Service Delivery |url=http://www.libraries.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/School%20Community%20Libraries%20Review%202012.pdf |access-date=11 February 2018 |publisher=State Library of South Australia |archive-date=23 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323113113/http://www.libraries.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/School%20Community%20Libraries%20Review%202012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Sport==

{{Main|Sport in South Australia}}

===Australian rules football===
[[File:McLeodMarkcrop.jpg|thumb|The [[Showdown (AFL)|Showdown]], a [[local derby]] between South Australia's two AFL teams {{AFL Ade}} and {{AFL PA}}]]

[[Australian rules football]] is the most popular spectator sport in South Australia. In 2006, South Australians had the highest attendance rate for the sport of any state, with 31% of South Australians attending a match in the previous twelve months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4174.0Main+Features12005-06?OpenDocument=|title=4174.0 - Sports Attendance, Australia, 2005-06|date=25 January 2007|access-date=1 October 2022|website=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> South Australia fields two teams in the [[Australian Football League]] (AFL): the [[Adelaide Football Club]] and [[Port Adelaide Football Club]]. The two teams have an intense rivalry called the [[Showdown (AFL)|Showdown]].<ref name="Culture War">{{cite web|url=https://indaily.com.au/sport/football/2021/08/06/culture-war-getting-the-lowdown-on-showdown/|title=Culture war: getting the lowdown on Showdown|last=Rucci|first=Michelangelo|date=6 August 2021|access-date=1 October 2022|website=InDaily}}</ref> The traditional home of Australian rules football in South Australia was [[Football Park]] in the western suburb of [[West Lakes, South Australia|West Lakes]], which was the home ground of both AFL teams until 2013. Since 2014, both teams have used [[Adelaide Oval]], near the city centre, as their home ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-29/adelaide-oval-success-boosts-afl-crowd-figures/5777552|title=Adelaide Oval success boosts AFL crowd figures|date=29 September 2014|access-date=1 October 2022|website=ABC.net.au}}</ref>

The [[South Australian National Football League]] (SANFL), which was the premier league in the state before the advent of the Australian Football League, is a popular local league comprising ten teams: Sturt, Port Adelaide, Adelaide, West Adelaide, South Adelaide, North Adelaide, Norwood, Woodville/West Torrens, Glenelg and Central District.

The [[Adelaide Footy League]] comprises 68 member clubs playing over 110 matches per week across ten senior divisions and three junior divisions. It is one of Australia's largest and strongest Australian rules football associations.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://www.saafl.asn.au/ |title=South Australian Amateur Football League |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702020422/http://www.saafl.asn.au/ |archive-date=2 July 2009 |access-date=5 July 2009}}</ref>

===Cricket===
[[Cricket]] has a long history in South Australia, with the first matches being played in 1839. Regular club matches were organised following the establishment of the [[South Australian Cricket Association]] (SACA) in 1871.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whimpress |first1=Bernard |title=Cricket |url=https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au/subjects/cricket |website=SA History Hub |access-date=22 February 2024 |language=en |date=14 February 2022}}</ref> Presently, SACA governs the [[South Australian Premier Cricket]] competition in addition to all forms of domestic cricket in the state. Cricket is the most popular summer sport in South Australia, with 39,000 club players at both junior and senior levels in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=ANNUAL REPORT 2022/23 |url=https://resources.saca.pulselive.com/saca/document/2023/08/31/6aa66a65-9329-4b41-8085-1779eaac6f71/SACA-Annual-Report-2022_23-A4-102513-Web.pdf |website=SACA |access-date=22 February 2024 |date=31 August 2023}}</ref>

At the professional level, the [[South Australia cricket team]] represent the state in men's competitions including the [[Sheffield Shield]] and [[One-Day Cup (Australia)|One-Day Cup]]. The [[South Australia women's cricket team]] represent the state in the [[Women's National Cricket League]]. South Australia also hosts the [[Adelaide Strikers]] in the [[Twenty20]] [[Big Bash League]] and their [[Adelaide Strikers (WBBL)|women's team]] in the [[Women's Big Bash League]]. Matches are held at [[Adelaide Oval]] and [[Karen Rolton Oval]] in the [[Adelaide Parklands]].

International cricket is also held in South Australia, with matches being played at Adelaide Oval. The venue was used to host matches in both the men's [[1992 Cricket World Cup]] and [[2015 Cricket World Cup]]. Adelaide Oval also saw use during the [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]. Outside of Adelaide, international cricket has also been played in [[Berri, South Australia]] with [[Berri Oval]] hosting a singular match during the 1992 Cricket World Cup.

===Association football===
[[Adelaide United FC|Adelaide United]] represents South Australia in soccer in the men's [[A-League]] and women's [[W-League (Australia)|W-League]]. The club's home ground is [[Hindmarsh Stadium]] (Coopers Stadium), but previously played occasional games at Adelaide Oval.

The club was founded in 2003 and are the [[2015–16 A-League|2015–16 season]] champions of the [[A-League]]. The club was also premier in the inaugural 2005–06 A-League season, finishing 7 points clear of the rest of the competition, before finishing 3rd in the finals. Adelaide United was also a Grand Finalist in the 2006–07 and 2008–09 seasons. Adelaide is the only A-League club to have progressed past the group stages of the [[Asian Champions League]] on more than one occasion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/adelaideunited/news-display/Reds-finalise-squad-for-ACL-Knockout-Stage/48711 |title=Reds finalise squad for ACL Knockout Stage – Adelaide United FC 2013 |website=Football Australia |access-date=16 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203151635/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/adelaideunited/news-display/Reds-finalise-squad-for-ACL-Knockout-Stage/48711 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |date=24 August 2012}}</ref>

[[Adelaide City FC|Adelaide City]] remains South Australia's most successful club, having won three [[National Soccer League]] titles and three [[NSL Cup]]s. City was the first side from South Australia to ever win a continental title when it claimed the [[1987 Oceania Club Championship]] and it has also won a record 17 [[National Premier Leagues South Australia|South Australian championships]] and 17 [[FFSA Federation Cup|Federation Cups]].

[[West Adelaide SC|West Adelaide]] became the first South Australian club to be crowned Australian champion when it won the [[1978 National Soccer League]] title. Like City, it now competes in the [[National Premier Leagues South Australia]] and the two clubs contest the [[Adelaide derby]].

===Basketball===
Basketball also has a big following in South Australia, with the [[Adelaide 36ers]] playing in the [[Adelaide Entertainment Centre]]. The 36ers have won four championships in the last 20 years in the [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]]. The [[Adelaide Entertainment Centre]], located in [[Hindmarsh, South Australia|Hindmarsh]], is the home of basketball in the state.

Mount Gambier also has a national basketball team – the Mount Gambier Pioneers. The Pioneers play at the Icehouse (Bern Bruning Basketball Stadium), which seats over 1,000 people and is also home to the Mount Gambier Basketball Association. The Pioneers won the South Conference in 2003 and the Final in 2003; this team was rated second in the top five teams to have ever played in the league. In 2012, the club entered its 25th season, with a roster of 10 senior players (two imports) and three development squad players.

===Motorsport===
Australia's premier motorsport series, the [[Supercars Championship]], has visited South Australia each year since 1999. South Australia's Supercars event, the [[Adelaide 500]], is staged on the [[Adelaide Street Circuit]], a temporary track laid out through the streets and parklands to the east of the [[Adelaide city centre]]. Attendance for the 2022 event totalled 258,200.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 March 2023 |title=Adelaide 500 drives all-time record |url=https://www.premier.sa.gov.au/media-releases/news-items/adelaide-500-drives-all-time-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103025148/https://www.premier.sa.gov.au/media-releases/news-items/adelaide-500-drives-all-time-record |archive-date=3 November 2023 |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=Premier of South Australia}}</ref> An earlier version of the [[Adelaide Street Circuit]] played host to the [[Australian Grand Prix]], a round of the [[FIA Formula One World Championship]], each year from 1985 to 1995.

[[Mallala Motor Sport Park]], a permanent circuit located near the town of [[Mallala, South Australia|Mallala]], 58 km north of Adelaide, caters for both state and national level motor sport throughout the year.

[[The Bend Motorsport Park]] is another permanent circuit, located just outside of [[Tailem Bend, South Australia|Tailem Bend]].<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=https://www.murrayvalleystandard.com.au/story/3777170/park-named-the-bend/ |title=The Bend Motorsport Park: Tailem Bend raceway, former SA Motorsport Park and Mitsibushi test track, has new official name |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629131149/https://www.murrayvalleystandard.com.au/story/3777170/park-named-the-bend/ |archive-date=29 June 2018 |website=Murray Valley Standard |date=8 March 2016 |first=Peri |last=Strathearn}}</ref>

===Rugby league===
{{main|Rugby league in South Australia}}

The state [[rugby league]] federation is the [[South Australian Rugby League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sarl.leaguenet.com.au/|title=LeagueNet - South Australian Rugby League|access-date=3 December 2023|archive-date=9 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909060911/http://sarl.leaguenet.com.au/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The game traces its roots in the state back to the 1940s, when the Port Adelaide [[rugby union]] team split in four, and defected to [[rugby league]].

South Australia's only professional rugby league team, the [[Adelaide Rams]], had a short but eventful existence. After debuting in the [[Super League (Australia)|Super League]] competition in [[1997 Super League (Australia) season|1997]], in [[National Rugby League season 1998|1998]] they were selected to join the 20-team [[National Rugby League]]; however they were to be axed from the 1999 season as part of a rationalisation of teams (from 20 to 14) in the competition.

At present however, the [[South Australian Rugby League]] still operates a local semi-professional competition consisting of both junior and adult teams from across Adelaide.

[[Adelaide Oval]] hosted [[State of Origin series]] games in both [[2020 State of Origin series|2020]] and [[2023 State of Origin series|2023]], with the latter drawing a state record rugby league attendance of 48,613.

===Other sports===
[[File:Be active tour.jpg|right|thumb|[[Tour Down Under]] at [[Angaston, South Australia|Angaston]]. South Australia has hosted the event since 1999.]]
Sixty-three percent of South Australian children took part in organised sports in 2002–2003.<ref>"[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4901.0Apr%202003?OpenDocument Children's Participation in Cultural and Leisure Activities]", April 2003, Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 14 January 2013.</ref>

The [[ATP Adelaide]] was a tennis tournament held from 1972 to 2008 that then moved to Brisbane. Since 2020, South Australia has hosted the [[Adelaide International (tennis)|Adelaide International]] tennis tournament. Also, the [[Royal Adelaide Golf Club]] has hosted nine editions of the [[Australian Open (golf)|Australian Open]], with the most recent being in 1998.

The state has hosted the [[Tour Down Under]] cycle race since 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-11/what-sa-gained-by-losing-the-grand-prix/6288836 |title=Victoria may gloat about poaching the Grand Prix, but SA gained a lot by losing it |last=Keane |first=Daniel |date=12 March 2015 |website=[[abc.net.au|ABC News]] |access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>

==Places==
[[File:SouthAustraliaRoads.png|thumb|upright=1.3|South Australian cities, towns, settlements and [[List of highways in South Australia|road network]]]]
{| valign=top style="font-size:95%;"|-
|width=200 valign=top|
'''Regions'''
* [[Adelaide Hills]]
* [[Barossa Valley]]
* [[Clare Valley]]
* [[Eyre Peninsula]]
* [[Far North (South Australia)|Far North]]
* [[Fleurieu Peninsula]]
* [[Flinders Ranges]]
* [[Kangaroo Island]]
* [[Limestone Coast]]
* [[McLaren Vale]]
* [[Murraylands]]
* [[Nullarbor Plain]]
* [[Riverland]]
* [[Yorke Peninsula]]

'''Rivers'''
* [[Cooper Creek]]
* [[Gawler River (South Australia)|Gawler River]]
* [[Light River (South Australia)|Light River]]
* [[Marne River (South Australia)|Marne River]]
* [[Murray River|River Murray]]
* [[Onkaparinga River]]
* [[Port River]]
* [[River Torrens]]
* Tod River
|width=200 valign=top|
'''Lakes'''
* [[Lake Albert (South Australia)|Lake Albert]]
* [[Lake Alexandrina (South Australia)|Lake Alexandrina]]
* [[Lake Cadibarrawirracanna]]
* [[Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre]]
* [[Lake Frome]]
* [[Lake Gairdner]]
* [[Lake Torrens]]
* [[Blue Lake (South Australia)|Blue Lake]]

'''Islands'''
* [[Entrance Island (South Australia)|Entrance Island]]
* [[Flinders Island (South Australia)|Flinders Island]]
* [[Granite Island (South Australia)|Granite Island]]
* [[Hindmarsh Island]]
* [[Kangaroo Island]]
* [[Liguanea Island]]
* [[Lipson Island]]
* [[Neptune Islands]]
* [[Nuyts Archipelago]]
* [[Pearson Isles]]
* [[Sir Joseph Banks Group]]
* [[Torrens Island]]
* [[Troubridge Island]]
* [[Tumby Island]]
* [[Wardang Island]]
* [[Weeroona Island]]
|width=200 valign=top|
''' Main highways'''
* [[Barrier Highway]]
* [[Barossa Valley Highway]]
* [[Dukes Highway]]
* [[Eyre Highway]]
* [[Flinders Highway, South Australia|Flinders Highway]]
* [[Lincoln Highway, South Australia|Lincoln Highway]]
* [[Main North Road]]
* [[Mallee Highway]]
* [[Northern Expressway]]
* [[Princes Highway]]
* [[Riddoch Highway]]
* [[Stuart Highway]]
* [[Sturt Highway]]
* [[South Eastern Freeway]]
* [[Southern Expressway (Adelaide)|Southern Expressway]]
|}

==Crime==

{{main|Crime in South Australia}}

'''Crime in South Australia''' is managed by the [[South Australia Police]] (SAPOL), various state and federal courts in the [[Judiciary of Australia|criminal justice system]] and the state [[Department for Correctional Services (South Australia)|Department for Correctional Services]], which administers the [[Punishment in Australia|prisons]] and [[remand centre]].

Crime statistics for all categories of offence in the state are provided on the SAPOL website, in the form of rolling 12-month totals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crime statistics|url=https://www.police.sa.gov.au/about-us/crime-statistics-map|access-date=20 December 2020|website=South Australia Police|language=en-au}}</ref> Crime statistics from the 2017–18 national [[Australian Bureau of Statistics|ABS]] Crime Victimisation Survey show that between 2008–09 and 2017–18, the rate of victimisation in South Australia declined for assault and most household crime types.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 February 2019|title=Main Features - South Australia|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4530.0~2017-18~Main%20Features~South%20Australia~27|access-date=20 December 2020|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|language=en}}</ref>

In 2013, [[Adelaide]] was ranked the safest capital city in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adelaide's nation's safest city, according to Suncorp study - Adelaide Now|url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/adelaides-nations-safest-city-according-to-suncorp-survey/story-e6frea83-1226554685466|access-date=20 December 2020|archive-date=10 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710232616/http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/adelaides-nations-safest-city-according-to-suncorp-survey/story-e6frea83-1226554685466|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|South Australia|Australia|Oceania|Geography}}
* [[Australia]]
* [[Outline of Australia]]
* 
* [[Adelaide]]
* [[Country Fire Service]]
* [[Proclamation Day (South Australia)|Proclamation Day]]: 28 December 1836
* [[South Australian Ambulance Service]]
* [[South Australian English]]
* [[Symbols of South Australia]]

===Food and drink===
* [[Farmers Union Iced Coffee]]
* [[Pie floater]]
* [[South Australian food and drink]]
* [[South Australian wine]]

===Lists===
* [[List of amphibians of South Australia]]
* [[List of cities and towns in South Australia]]
*[[List of festivals in Australia#South Australia]]
* [[List of films shot in Adelaide]]
* [[List of highways in South Australia]]
* [[List of people from Adelaide]]
* [[Local Government Areas of South Australia]]
* [[List of public art in South Australia]]
* [[:Category:Tourist attractions in South Australia|Tourist attractions in South Australia]]
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="N"}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}

* Jauncey, Dorothy et al. ''South Australian Words'', [[Oxford University Press]] (2004) {{ISBN|0-19-551770-9}}
* {{cite news| last = Jaensch| first = Dean| title = Community access to the electoral processes in South Australia since 1850| year = 2002| publisher = South Australian State Electoral Office| url = https://www.ecsa.sa.gov.au/component/edocman/community-access-to-the-electoral-processes-in-south-australia-since-1850/download}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Pike, Douglas. (1967) ''Paradise of Dissent: South Australia 1829-1857'' (Melbourne UP, 2nd edition)

* Prest, Wilfrid, et al. (2001) ''The Wakefield Companion to South Australian History'' (2nd ed)

* {{cite book |url=https://historicalsocietysa.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/A-GLOSSARY-OF-LOCAL-GOVERNMENT-AREAS-IN-SA-1840-1985.pdf |title=A Glossery of Local Government Areas in South Australia, 1840-1985 |first1=E. Jane |last1=Robbins |first2=John R. |last2=Robbins |date=1987 |publisher=Historical Society of South Australia |access-date=2 March 2021 }}

* {{cite book| last1 = Sendziuk| first1 = Paul| last2 = Foster| first2 = Robert |title = A History of South Australia | year = 2018 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]| isbn =9781107623651}}
{{refend}}

===Older books===
* {{cite book| last = Bull| first = John Wrathall| title = Early Experiences of Life in South Australia and an Extended Colonial History| publisher = E.S. Wigg & son, pub.| place = Adelaide| year = 1884| url = https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qacgkl5I-4oeqdPld0nPuKy5RAsxTWH_pg6cCDSx3vx54rdMZVzlJeCAFfCD0KudmuAoldpcNU6A1OnkBjhKHQRM2Lq2iNV0VzHxOT9Mw0gvP29Fyy8L0bXqKLnzesF7ZpQjffpoItnD1lBjvTGRj2F4ohc63mcii4hiLeHhxrGk6Ern8nIUaqxaXKEq5KdrKy5bsLZWVCO8iWQk-WNW2ORioEbnqFiZeEPcjE1LYWedXz5u9QWTPryjgOgS3v1pTzmfWD8qngUG4CtdAeqEHA7zriK_-X5e67ZBmCAlXWonccI_Alg}}
* {{cite book| last = Stow| first = Jefferson Pickman| title = South Australia: Its History, Productions, and Natural Resources| publisher = E. Spiller, government printer| place = Adelaide| year = 1884| url = https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadS4ZFNc_9F7N771hvsXlcgYHRvZc5H4Bf6hiR0l5CrrBUtGQfnHdUQVYF5jk7gkFtKyhlRcwyznwHE3JnmyGW08bqhaqweEl5e3BpxDZ2ZXgHhgFRvByDyIvkacL_G2tgEHhX2bwgpP9eNgPWtjKZyvyHDIRp_BIXWiV-qQ-p3CJEoJ02cqn4wrmIaRkTFGWxAWUKS3Q9Vnc9vhtEXVOIFlHFabT8gpGnyXQBnJhlHBwujbQMawM3LWZcijZd_OSxyHTLZdft5Ro42q6SrazIFGoQVBeE2oJmvH5zlVflX0KoMT5w}}
* {{cite book| last = Finniss| first = B.T.| title = The Constitutional History of South Australia During Twenty-One Years from the Foundation of the Settlement in 1836 to the Inauguration of Responsible Government in 1857| publisher = W.C. Rigby| place = Adelaide| year = 1886| url = http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUColLawMon/1886/1.pdf}}
* {{cite book| last = Hodder| first = Edwin| title = The history of South Australia from its foundation to the year of its jubilee: Vol I| publisher = S. Low, Marston & Company, Limited| place = London| year = 1893| url = https://archive.org/download/historysouthaus01hoddgoog/historysouthaus01hoddgoog.pdf}}
* {{cite book| last = Hodder| first = Edwin| title = The history of South Australia from its foundation to the year of its jubilee: Vol II| publisher = S. Low, Marston & Company, Limited| place = London| year = 1893| url = https://archive.org/download/historysouthaus02hoddgoog/historysouthaus02hoddgoog.pdf}}
* {{cite book| last = Pascoe| first = J.J.| title = History of Adelaide and vicinity : with a general sketch of the province of South Australia and biographies of representative men| publisher = Hussey & Gillingham| place = Adelaide| year = 1901| isbn = 9780858720329| url = https://archive.org/details/historyofadelaid00pascuoft}}
* {{cite book| last = Blacket| first = John| title = History of South Australia: a romantic and successful experiment in colonization| publisher = Hussey & Gillingham Limited| place = Adelaide| year = 1911| url = https://archive.org/download/historyofsouthau00blaciala/historyofsouthau00blaciala.pdf}}

==External links==
* [https://guides.slsa.sa.gov.au/southaustralianhistory "South Australian History: Home"], Comprehensive guide to online library resources for historical topics..

* {{Commons-inline}}
* {{wikivoyage inline|South Australia}}
* {{osmrelation|2316596}}
* [http://www.sa.gov.au/ sa.gov.au]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150122233030/http://www.sa.gov.au/about-sa/state-emblems-and-insignia Official Insignia and Emblems Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141013113231/http://www.sa.gov.au/topics/water-energy-and-environment/climate-change/tackling-climate-change/south-australia-s-greenhouse-strategy South Australia's greenhouse (climate change) strategy (2007–2020)]
* [http://www.chariot.net.au/~littoral/index.htm Ground Truth – towards an Environmental History of South Australia]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011007103642/http://www.chariot.net.au/~littoral/index.htm |date=7 October 2001 }}.


{{South Australia}}
{{Government of South Australia}}
{{States and territories of Australia}}
{{Australia topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}

[[Category:South Australia| ]]
[[Category:States and territories of Australia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1836]]
[[Category:1836 establishments in Australia]]

Yajna

2026-03-16T12:36:27Z

Jhonny: brief improve references as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Ritual offering sacrifice in Hinduism}}
{{about|the Vedic ritual|concurrent Hindu usage|Homa (ritual)| the avatar of Vishnu|Yagya (avatar)}}
{{redirect|Yagam|the films|Yagam (1982 film)|and|Yagam (2010 film)}}
{{redirect|Yagnam|the films|Yagnam (1992 film)|and|Yagnam (2004 film)}}
[[File:Yajna1.jpg|300px|thumb|A yagna being performed by [[Nambudiri]]s of [[Kerala]]]]
{{Hinduism}}
[[File:A morning at Kumbeshwar Temple, Patan (January 2023) - IMG 01.jpg|thumb|A ''[[mandala]]'' for ''yajna'' in [[Kumbheshwar Temple]] in Nepal]]
In [[Hinduism]], '''Yajña''' or '''Yagna''' ({{langx|sa|यज्ञ|lit=act of devotion, worship, offering in fire}}, {{IAST3|yajña}}) also known as '''Havana in modern context'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Subodh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSbgGLdGSRIC&pg=PA7797 |title=Indian Encyclopaedia |date=2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-7755-257-7 |pages=7797 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[ritual]] done in front of a sacred fire, (agni) often with [[mantra]]s.{{sfn|Nigal|1986|p=80-81}} Yajna has been a [[Vedas|Vedic]] tradition, described in a layer of Vedic literature called [[Brahmana]]s, as well as [[Yajurveda]].<ref>Laurie Patton (2005), The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal, Gene Thursby), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415772273}}, pages 38–39</ref> The tradition has evolved from offering oblations and libations into sacred fire to symbolic offerings in the presence of sacred fire ([[Agni]]).{{sfn|Nigal|1986|p=80-81}}

Yajna rituals-related texts have been called the ''Karma-kanda'' (ritual works) portion of the Vedic literature, in contrast to the ''Jnana-kanda'' (knowledge) portion found in the Vedic [[Upanishad]]s. The proper completion of Yajna-like rituals was the focus of [[Mimansa]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]].<ref>Randall Collins (1998), The Sociology of Philosophies, Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0674001879}}, page 248</ref> Yajna have continued to play a central role in a Hindu's rites of passage, such as weddings.<ref name=rjb1969/> Modern major [[Hindu temple]] ceremonies, Hindu community celebrations, or monastic initiations may also include Vedic Yajna rites, or alternatively be based on [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agamic]] rituals.

==Etymology==
The word ''yajna'' ({{langx|sa|यज्ञ|yajña|translit-std=IAST}}) has its root in the Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|IAST|yaj}} meaning 'to worship, adore, honour, revere' and appears in the early Vedic literature, composed in 2nd millennium BCE.<ref name=monier839/><ref name=sikora86>Jack Sikora (2002), Religions of India, iUniverse, {{ISBN|978-0595247127}}, page 86</ref> In Rigveda, Yajurveda (itself a derivative of this root) and others, it means "worship, devotion to anything, prayer and praise, an act of worship or devotion, a form of offering or oblation, and sacrifice".<ref name=monier839>Monier Monier-Williams, Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-8120831056}} (Reprinted in 2011), pages 839–840</ref> In post-Vedic literature, the term meant any form of rite, ceremony or devotion with an actual or symbolic offering or effort.<ref name=monier839/>

A yajna included major ceremonial devotions, with or without a sacred fire, sometimes with feasts and community events. It has, states Nigal, a threefold meaning of worship of the deities (''[[Puja (Hinduism)|devapuja]]na''), unity (''sangatikarana'') and charity (''[[dāna|dána]]'').<ref>Nigal, p. 81.</ref>

The Sanskrit word is related to the [[Avestan language|Avestan]] term ''[[yasna]]'' of [[Zoroastrianism]]. Unlike the Vedic ''yajna'', however, the ''Yasna'' is the name of a specific religious service, not a class of rituals, and they have "to do with water rather than fire".<ref>Drower, 1944:78</ref><ref>Boyce, 1975:147–191</ref> The Sanskrit word is further related to Ancient Greek ''ἅζομαι'' (házomai), "to revere", deriving from the Proto-Indo-European root ''*Hyeh₂ǵ-'' ("to worship").

== History ==
Yajna has been a part of an individual or social ritual since [[Vedic period|Vedic times]]. When the ritual fire – the divine [[Agni]], the god of fire and the messenger of gods – was deployed in a Yajna, [[mantra]]s were chanted.<ref name=sikora86/> The hymns and songs sung and oblations offered into the fire were a form of hospitality towards the Vedic gods. The offerings were believed to be carried by ''Agni'' to the gods; the gods in return were expected to grant boons and [[benediction]]s, and thus the ritual served as a means of spiritual exchange between gods and human beings.<ref name=sikora86/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/give-and-take-spirit/article27393857.ece|title=Give and take spirit|date=2019-05-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[Vedanga]]s, or auxiliary sciences attached to the Vedic literature, define Yajna as follows:

<blockquote style="background-color:none;margin-right:5em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 6px #FFE0BB;padding:1.0em">
'''Definition of a Vedic sacrifice'''
<poem>
Yajña, sacrifice, is an act by which we surrender something for the sake of the gods. Such an act must rest on a sacred authority (''agama''), and serve for man's salvation (''shreyortha''). The nature of the gift is of less importance. It may be cake (puroḍasha), pulse (''karu''), mixed milk (''saṃnayya''), an animal (''pashu''), the juice of soma-plant (soma), etc; nay, the smallest offerings of butter, flour, and milk may serve for the purpose of a sacrifice.
</poem>
— ''Apastamba Yajna Paribhasa-sutras 1.1'', Translator: M Dhavamony<ref>{{cite book|author=M Dhavamony|title=Hindu Worship: Sacrifices and Sacraments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwLaO91rsu0C|series=Studia Missionalia|volume=23|year=1974|publisher=Gregorian Press, Universita Gregoriana, Roma|pages=107–108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jan Gonda|author-link=Jan Gonda|title=Handbuch Der Orientalistik: Indien. Zweite Abteilung|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7UBxYpXWP30C|year=1980|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-06210-8|pages=345–346}}</ref>
</blockquote>

In the Upanishadic times, or after 500 BCE, states Sikora, the meaning of the term Yajna evolved from "ritual sacrifice" performed around fires by priests, to any "personal attitude and action or knowledge" that required devotion and dedication.<ref name=sikora86/> The oldest Vedic Upanishads, such as the Chandogya Upanishad (~700 BCE) in Chapter 8, for example state,<ref name=hume266/>

<blockquote style="background-color:none;margin-right:5em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 6px #FFE0BB;padding:1.0em">
<poem>
अथ य'''द्यज्ञ''' इत्याचक्षते ब्रह्मचर्यमेव
तद्ब्रह्मचर्येण ह्येव यो ज्ञाता तं
विन्दतेऽथ यदिष्टमित्याचक्षते ब्रह्मचर्यमेव
तद्ब्रह्मचर्येण ह्येवेष्ट्वात्मानमनुविन्दते ॥ १ ॥

What is commonly called '''Yajna''' is really the chaste life of the student of sacred knowledge,
for only through the chaste life of a student does he who is a knower find that,
What is commonly called ''Istam'' (sacrificial offering) is really the chaste life of the student of sacred knowledge,
for only having searched with chaste life of a student does one find [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Soul, Self) || 1 ||
</poem>
— ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]] 8.5.1'' <ref name=hume266>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n287/mode/2up Chandogya Upanishad 8.5.1], Oxford University Press, page 266</ref><ref name=sikora87>Jack Sikora (2002), Religions of India, iUniverse, {{ISBN|978-0595247127}}, page 87</ref>
</blockquote>

The later Vedic Upanishads expand the idea further by suggesting that [[Yoga]] is a form of ''Yajna'' (devotion, sacrifice).<ref name=sikora87/> The [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]] in verse 1.5.14, for example, uses the analogy of ''Yajna'' materials to explain the means to see one's soul and God, with inner rituals and without external rituals.<ref name=sikora87/><ref name=hume396>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n417/mode/2up Shvetashvatara Upanishad 1.5.14], Oxford University Press, page 396</ref> It states, "by making one's own body as the lower friction sticks, the syllable [[Om]] as the upper friction sticks, then practicing the friction of meditation, one may see the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]] who is hidden, as it were".<ref name=hume396/>

=== Changing nature of Vedic offerings ===
{{Further|Dhyāna in Hinduism#Agnihotra}}

The nature of Vedic sacrifice and rituals evolved over time, with major changes during the 1st millennium BCE, changes that influenced concepts later adopted by other traditions such as Buddhism.<ref name="Witzel2015p79">{{cite book| author= Tadeusz Skorupski |editor=Michael Witzel |title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ |year= 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-935158-9|pages=78–81 }}</ref> Early Vedic period offerings involved animal sacrifice, but the rituals were progressively reinterpreted over time, substituting the offerings and making it non-violent or symbolic, with the superiority of knowledge and celebration of sound of mantra replacing the physical offerings. Ultimately, the external rituals were reformulated and replaced with "internal oblations performed within the human body".<ref name="Witzel2015p79"/> These ideas of substitution, evolution from external actions ([[Karma Kāṇḍa|karma-kanda]]) to internal knowledge ([[jñāna|jñana-kanda]]), were highlighted in many rituals-related sutras, as well as specialized texts such as the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] (~800 BCE), [[Chandogya Upanishad]], [[Kaushitaki Upanishad]] and [[Pranagnihotra Upanishad]].<ref>{{cite book|last = Deussen |first =Paul |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC | year=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | isbn=978-81-208-1467-7| pages=645–651}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author= Tadeusz Skorupski |editor=Michael Witzel |title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ |year = 2015 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn= 978-0-19-935158-9 |pages=79–84 }}</ref>

The Vedic text [[Satapatha Brahmana]] defines a sacrifice as an act of abandonment of something one holds of value, such as oblations offered to god and [[Dakṣiṇā|dakshina]] (fees, gifts) offered during the yajna.<ref name="Witzel2015p79"/> For gifts and fees, the text recommends giving '''cows''', clothing, horses or gold.<ref name="Witzel2015p79"/> The oblations recommended are cow milk, ghee (clarified butter), seeds, grains, flowers, water and food cakes (rice cake, for example). Similar recommendations are repeated in other texts, such as in the ''[[Taittiriya Shakha]]'' 2.10 of the [[Yajurveda#Krishna Yajurveda|Krishna Yajurveda]]).<ref name=madangopal>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/79 79]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

Tadeusz Skorupski states that these sacrifices were a part of ritual way of life, and considered to have inherent efficacy, where doing these sacrifices yielded repayment and results without the priests or gods getting involved.<ref name="Witzel2015p79"/> These Vedic ideas, adds Skorupski, influenced "the formulation of Buddhist theory of generosity".<ref name="Witzel2015p79"/> Buddhist ideas went further, criticizing "the Brahmins for their decadence and failure to live in conformity with the Brahmanic legacy of the ancient Brahmins", who claimed the Vedic ancients "lived in self restraint, were ascetics, had no cattle, no gold, and no wealth".<ref name=witzelp86>{{cite book| author= Tadeusz Skorupski |editor=Michael Witzel |title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ |year = 2015 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn= 978-0-19-935158-9| pages=86–87 }}</ref> The Buddha sought return to more ancient values, states Tadeusz Skorupski, where the Vedic sages "had study as their grain and wealth, guarded the holy life as their treasure, praised morality, austerity and nonviolence; they performed sacrifices consisting of rice, barley and oil, but they did not kill the cows".<ref name=witzelp86/>

== Yajamana ==
In Vedic rituals, the sacrifice is offered by a patron known as the [[yajamana]]. Commonly translated as "sacrificer", yajamana doesn't personally perform the sacrifice but rather hires priests for it. The yajamana acts as the patron, and the sacrifice is conducted for his benefit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lsp18ZvstrcC |title=The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation |date=1998-09-24 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535242-9 |pages=16–18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Priests ==
Vedic ([[Shrauta]]) yajnas are typically performed by four priests of the [[Vedic priesthood]]: the hota, the adhvaryu, the udgata and the Brahma.<ref>Mahendra Kulasrestha (2007), The Golden Book of Upanishads, Lotus, {{ISBN|978-8183820127}}, page 21</ref> The functions associated with the priests were:<ref>Nigal, p. 79.</ref>
* The ''Hota'' recites invocations and litanies drawn from the [[Rigveda]]. He use three Rig verses, the introductory verse, the accompanying verse and benediction as the third.<ref name=hume109/>
* The ''Adhvaryu'' is the priest's assistant and is in charge of the physical details of the ritual like measuring the ground, building the altar explained in the [[Yajurveda]]. The adhvaryu offers oblations.<ref name=hume109>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n127/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 3.1], Oxford University Press, pages 107- 109</ref>
* The ''Udgata'' is the chanter of hymns set to melodies and music (sāman) drawn from the [[Samaveda]]. The udgatar, like the hota, chants the introductory, accompanying and benediction hymns.<ref name=hume109/>
* The ''Brahma'' is the superintendent of the entire performance, and is responsible for correcting mistakes by means of supplementary verses taken from the [[Atharva Veda]].

== Offerings and style ==
[[File:Vedic Sacrificial Arena after Olivelle.png|160px|thumb|Typical sacrificial space used in Vedic yajnas with officiants]]

The central element of all Vedic sacrifices is the ritual fire, which is essential regardless of the complexity of the ceremony. Three ritual fires are traditionally used during a Vedic sacrifice. These are the householder's fire (''garhapatya''), the southern fire (''anvaharyapacana'' or ''daksinagni''), and the offertorial fire (''ahavaniya'').<ref name=":0" /> Oblations are offered into the fire. Among the ingredients offered as [[oblation]]s in the yajna are [[ghee]], milk, grains, cakes and [[soma (drink)|soma]].<ref name=rgriffithwycontents/> The duration of a yajna depends on its type, some last only a few minutes whereas others are performed over a period of hours, days or even months. Some yajnas were performed privately, while others were community events.<ref name=rgriffithwycontents>Ralph Griffith, [https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n6/mode/2up The texts of the Shukla Yajurveda] EJ Lazarus, page i–xvi, 87–171, 205–234</ref><ref>[[Frits Staal]] (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0143099864}}, page 124</ref> In other cases, yajnas were symbolic, such as in the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] hymn 3.1.6, where "the mind is the Brahmin of sacrifice" and the goal of sacrifice was complete release and liberation ([[moksha]]).<ref name=hume109/>

The blessings offered ranged from long life, gaining friends, health and heaven, more prosperity, to better crops.<ref>Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, {{ISBN|0-631215352}}, pages 76–77</ref><ref>Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0143099864}}, pages 127–128</ref> For example,

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
May my [[rice]] plants and my barley, and my beans and my [[sesame]],
and my kidney-beans and my vetches, and my [[pearl millet]] and my [[proso millet]],
and my [[Sorghum bicolor|sorghum]] and my wild rice, and my [[wheat]] and my [[lentil]]s,
prosper by sacrifice (''Yajna'').
</poem>
|Shukla Yajurveda 18.12|<ref>Ralph Griffith, [https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n186/mode/2up The texts of the Shukla Yajurveda] EJ Lazarus, page 163</ref>}}

Yajnas where milk products, fruits, flowers, cloth and money are offered are called ''[[Homa (ritual)|homa]]'' or ''havan''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Havan? – Definition from Yogapedia|url=https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/6783/havan|access-date=2020-08-22|website=Yogapedia.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Types ==
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 150
| width2 = 132
| footer = Different types of yajna
| image1 = Vishnu Yagna Kunda.jpg
| image2 = Yagya at Old Durga Mandir of Banaras 1.jpg
| caption1 = Priests performing Vedic yajña at Vishnu Kunda in [[Thirumakudalu Narasipura]]
| caption2 = Old Durga Mandir, [[Banaras]]
}}
[[Kalpasutra (Vedanga)|Kalpa Sutras]] list the following yajna types:<ref>Prasoon, Ch.2, Vedang, Kalp.</ref>
* [[Pakayajna|Pāka-yajñās]]: — Aṣtaka, sthālipāka, parvana, srāvaṇi, āgrahayani, caitri, and āsvīyuji. These yajñās involve consecrating cooked items.
* [[Somayaga|Soma-yajñās]]: — [[Agnistoma]], atyajnistoma, uktya, shodasi, vājapeya, atirātra, and aptoryama are the seven soma-yajñās.
* [[Haviryaga|Havir-yajñās]]: — Agniyādhāna, [[agnihotra]], darśa-pūrṇamāsa, āgrayana, cāturmāsya, niruudha paśu bandha,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kamakoti.org/hindudharma/part5/chap23.htm|title=Is Sacrificial Killing Justified? from the Chapter "The Vedas", in Hindu Dharma|website=kamakoti.org|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref> sautrāmaṇi. These involve offering havis or oblations.
* Pañca-mahā-yajñās: — The "five great yajnas" or mahāsattras. (See below.)
* [[Vrata#Hinduism|Veda-vrātas]]: — They are four in number and done during Vedic education.
* Sixteen yajñās performed during one-time [[Sanskara (rite of passage)|samskāras]]: garbhādhānā, pumsavana, sīmanta, jātakarma, nāmakaraṇa, annaprāśana, chudākarma / caula, niskramana, karnavedha, vidyaarambha, upanayana, keshanta, snātaka and vivāha, nisheka, antyeshti. These are specified by the [[Grhya Sutras|Gṛhya Sūtrās]].

{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|+ The five great Vedic sacrifices (''Mahasattra'')
|-style="text-align: center;"
! style="background: #ffcc66;" width= 140px |Name of sacrifice
! width= 140px | What is sacrificed?<ref name="Witzel2015p79"/> || width= 225px | To whom?<ref name="Witzel2015p79"/> || Frequency
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Bhuta-yajna
| Food cakes || Sacrifice to living beings (animals, birds, etc.) || Daily<ref name="Witzel2015p79"/><ref name="Klostermaier2007p125">{{cite book|author=Klaus K. Klostermaier|title=A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-JbUiHB4C |year=2007|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-7082-4|pages=125–127}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Manushya-yajna
| Alms and water ([[Seva (Indian religions)|seva]], [[dāna]]) || Sacrifice to fellow human beings || Daily<ref name="Witzel2015p79"/><ref name="Klostermaier2007p125"/>
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Pitr-yajna
| [[Libation]]s of water || Sacrifice to ancestors || Daily<ref name="Witzel2015p79"/><ref name="Klostermaier2007p125"/>
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Deva-yajna ([[homa (ritual)|homa]])
| Ghee<ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&dq=devayajna&pg=PA186 |year=2002|publisher=Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|pages=186}}</ref> || Sacrifice to gods || Daily<ref name="Witzel2015p79"/><ref name="Klostermaier2007p125"/>
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Brahma-yajna
| Words (reading of the Vedas) || Sacrifice to [[Brahman]] (ultimate reality) || When possible<ref name="Witzel2015p79"/><ref name="Klostermaier2007p125"/>
|}

== Methods ==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 150
| width2 = 91
| footer = A Yajna ''Vedi'' (square altar) with ''Samagri'' (offerings) on left, and a Yajna in progress (right)
| image1 = Homa kundam.JPG
| image2 = (A) Hindu puja, yajna, yagna, Havanam in progress.jpg
}}

The Vedic yajna ritual is performed in the modern era on a square altar called ''Vedi'' (''Bedi'' in Nepal), set in a ''mandapa'' or ''mandala'' or ''kundam'', wherein wood is placed along with oily seeds and other combustion aids.<ref name=varadpande45/> However, in ancient times, the square principle was incorporated into grids to build large complex shapes for community events.<ref name=plofker16/> Thus a rectangle, trapezia, rhomboids or "large falcon bird" altars would be built from joining squares.<ref name=plofker16/><ref>Ralph Griffith, [https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n110/mode/2up The texts of the white Yajurveda] EJ Lazarus, pages 87–171</ref> The geometric ratios of these Vedi altar, with mathematical precision and geometric theorems, are described in [[Shulba Sutras]], one of the precursors to the development of mathematics in ancient India.<ref name=plofker16>Kim Plofker (2009), ''[[Mathematics in India (book)|Mathematics in India]]'', Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691120676}}, pages 16–27</ref> The offerings are called ''Samagri'' (or ''Yajāka'', ''Istam''). The proper methods for the rites are part of [[Yajurveda]], but also found in Riddle Hymns (hymns of questions, followed by answers) in various [[Brahmana]]s.<ref name=varadpande45/> When multiple priests are involved, they take turns as in a dramatic play, where not only are praises to gods recited or sung, but the dialogues are part of a dramatic representation and discussion of spiritual themes.<ref name=varadpande45/>

{{Blockquote|
The Vedic sacrifice (''yajna'') is presented as a kind of drama, with its actors, its dialogues, its portion to be set to music, its interludes, and its climaxes.
|[[Louis Renou]]|Vedic India<ref name=varadpande45>ML Varadpande, History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, Abhinav, ISBN , pages 45–47</ref>}}

[[File:ചിതിയുടെയും-ഉപകരണങ്ങളുടെയും മാതൃക.jpg|thumb|300px|A miniature illustration of a [[falcon]] bird Athirathram yajna altar built using the [[square]] principle]]
The Brahmodya Riddle hymns, for example, in Shatapatha Brahmana's chapter 13.2.6, is a ''yajna'' dialogue between a ''Hotri'' priest and a ''Brahmin'' priest, which would be played out during the yajna ritual before the attending audience.

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
Who is that is born again?
It is the moon that is born again.
And what is the great vessel?
The great vessel, doubtless, is this world.
Who was the smooth one?
The smooth one, doubtless, was the beauty (Sri, [[Lakshmi]]).
What is the remedy for cold?
The remedy for cold, doubtless, is fire.
</poem>
|Shatapatha Brahmana|13.2.6.10–18<ref>M. L. Varadpande, ''History of Indian Theatre'', Volume 1, Abhinav, ISBN , page 48</ref>}}

== During weddings ==
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 120
| width2 = 180
| footer = A Vedic Yajna plays a central role in [[Hindu wedding]]s.
| image1 = Hindu wedding ceremony fire.jpg
| image2 = (A) Hindu wedding, Saptapadi ritual before Agni Yajna.jpg
}}
Agni and yajna play a central role in [[Hindu wedding]]s. A typical Hindu marriage involves a Yajna, with Agni being considered the witness of the marriage.<ref>Hazen, Walter. Inside Hinduism. Lorenz Educational Press. {{ISBN|9780787705862}}. P. 34.</ref> Various mutual promises between the bride and groom are made in front of the fire, and the marriage is completed by an actual or symbolic walk around the fire. The wedding ritual of ''Panigrahana'', for example, is the 'holding the hand' ritual<ref name=jgl2001>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, James G. Lochtefeld (2001), {{ISBN|978-0823931798}}, Page 427</ref> as a symbol of their impending marital union, and the groom announcing his acceptance of responsibility to four deities: Bhaga signifying wealth, Aryama signifying heavens/milky way, Savita signifying radiance/new beginning, and Purandhi signifying wisdom. The groom faces west, while the bride sits in front of him with her face to the east, he holds her hand while the Rig vedic mantra is recited in the presence of fire.<ref name=rjb1969>Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, Rajbali Pandey (1969), see Chapter VIII, {{ISBN|978-8120803961}}, pages 153–233</ref><ref name=prabhu2011>P.H. Prabhu (2011), ''Hindu Social Organization'', {{ISBN|978-8171542062}}, see pages 164–165</ref>

The ''[[Saptapadi]]'' (Sanskrit for ''seven steps/feet''), is the most important ritual in Hindu weddings, and represents the legal part of Hindu marriage.<ref name=bbc2009>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/ritesrituals/weddings.shtml BBC News article on Hinduism & Weddings], Nawal Prinja (August 24, 2009)</ref> The couple getting married walks around the [[Agni|Holy Fire]] (''Agni''), and the yajna fire is considered a witness to the vows they make to each other.<ref name="sinha2008">{{Citation | title=Basics of Hinduism | author=Shivendra Kumar Sinha | year=2008 | publisher=Unicorn Books | isbn=978-81-7806-155-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSOEETzRVqsC | quote=The two rake the holy vow in the presence of Agni ... In the first four rounds, the bride leads and the groom follows, and in the final three, the groom leads and the bride follows. While walking around the fire, the bride places her right palm on the groom's right palm and the bride's brother pours some unhusked rice or barley into their hands and they offer it to the fire ...}}</ref> In some regions, a piece of clothing or sashes worn by the bride and groom are tied together for this ceremony. Each circuit around the fire is led by either the bride or the groom, varying by community and region. Usually, the bride leads the groom in the first circuit. The first six circuits are led by the bride, and the final one by the groom.<ref name="goi1962">{{Citation | title=Census of India, 1961, v. 20, pt. 6, no. 2 | author=Office of the Registrar General, Government of India | year=1962 | publisher=Manager of Publications, Government of India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0sbUAAAAMAAJ | quote=The bride leads in all the first six pheras but follows the bridegroom on the seventh}}</ref> With each circuit, the couple makes a specific vow to establish some aspect of a happy relationship and household for each other. The fire altar or the Yajna Kunda is square.

== See also ==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Ashvamedha]]
*[[Historical Vedic religion]]
*[[Homa (ritual)]]
*[[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]]
*[[Shrauta|Śrauta]]
*[[Yajurveda]]
*[[Vedi (altar)]]
*[[Sacrifice]]
*[[Yasna]], Persian conjugate
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

* {{cite book |last1=Agrawala |first1=Vasudeva Sharana |title=India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī |date=1953 |publisher=University of Lucknow |url=https://ia801901.us.archive.org/13/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.57441/2015.57441.India-As-Known-To-Panini.pdf |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dallapiccola |first1=Anna Libera |title=Dictionary of Hindu lore and legend |date=2002 |publisher=Hudson & Thames |location=London |isbn=0-500-51088-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYhtQgAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gyanshruti |first1=Sanyasi |last2=Srividyananda |first2=Sanyasi |title=Yajna: a comprehensive survey |date=2006 |publisher=Yoga Publ. Trust |location=Munger, Bihar, India |isbn=8186336478 |edition=1. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hK1IAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Krishnananda |first1=Swami |title=A Short History of Religious and Philosophic Thought in India |date=1970 |publisher=U.P., Divine Life Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocEgAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nigal |first1=Sahebrao Genu |title=Axiological approach to the Vedas |date=1986 |publisher=Northern book centre |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-85119-18-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMZzmB4duPoC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Prasoon |first1=Shrikant |title=Indian scriptures: Vedic literature and Hindu religion |date=2008 |publisher=Hindoology Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-223-1007-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/indianscriptures0000pras}}
* {{cite book |last1=Vedananda |first1=Swami |title=Aum Hindutvam: (Daily Religious Rites of the Hindus) |date=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidas Publishers |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-1081-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rFPZb4tuKiMC |language=en}}

{{Refend}}

{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Puja (Hinduism)]]
[[Category:Hindu rituals]]
[[Category:Soma (drink)]]
[[Category:Yajna| ]]

Zakat

2026-03-07T10:03:00Z

Jhonny: further correct lead based on references further and updated info

{{Short description|Form of almsgiving obligatory in Islam}}
{{distinguish|Zagat}}
{{Other uses|Zakat (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Islam|practices}}
{{Aqidah|Five Pillars}}
[[File:Zakat_spending_as_per_Holy_Quran.png|thumb|313x313px|Zakat spending as per the Quran on 8 categories of people]]
'''Zakat''' (or '''Zakāh''') is one of the [[Five Pillars of Islam]]. ''Zakat'' is the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word for "giving to charity" or "giving to the needy".{{notetag|{{langx|ar|زكاة}} {{IPA|ar|zæˈkæː(h)|}}, "that which purifies"<ref name=fvbb1/>/"[[alms]]", also '''Zakāt al-māl''' {{IPA|ar|zæˈkæːt ælˈmæːl|}} {{lang|ar|زكاة المال}}, "zakat on wealth",<ref name="Life">{{cite web|url=http://www.lifeusa.org/site/PageServer?pagename=r_zakah|title=Zakat Al-Maal (Tithing)|website=Life USA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006205721/http://www.lifeusa.org/site/PageServer?pagename=r_zakah|archive-date=6 October 2016|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> or '''Zakāt''' in the [[construct case]].}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.islam101.com/dawah/zakah.htm|title=Zakah|website=www.islam101.com|access-date=20 April 2017}}</ref> Zakat is a form of [[almsgiving]], often collected by the Muslim ''[[Ummah]]''.<ref name="fvbb1" /> It is considered in [[Islam]] a religious obligation,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Salehi |first=M. |year=2014 |title=A Study on the Influences of Islamic Values on Iranian Accounting Practice and Development |journal=Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=154–182 |doi=10.12816/0025175 |quote=Zakat is a religious tax that every Muslim has to pay.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Lessy |first=Z. |year=2009 |title=Zakat (almsgiving) management in Indonesia: Whose job should it be? |journal=La Riba Journal Ekonomi Islam |volume=3 |issue=1 |quote=Zakat is alms-giving and religiously obligatory tax.}}</ref> and by [[Quran]]ic ranking, is next after prayer (''[[salat|salah]]'') in importance.<ref>{{cite book |last= Hallaq |first= Wael |author-link= Wael B. Hallaq |title = The impossible state: Islam, politics, and modernity's moral predicament | publisher = [[Columbia University Press]] | location = [[New York City|New York]] | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-0231162562 | page = 123 }}</ref> Eight heads of zakat are mentioned in the Quran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=baran |date=2024-12-25 |title=The Significance and Wisdom of Zakat in Islam |url=https://www.howtobecomemuslim.org/the-significance-and-wisdom-of-zakat-in-islam.html |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=How To Become Muslim |language=en-US |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225103123/https://www.howtobecomemuslim.org/the-significance-and-wisdom-of-zakat-in-islam.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As one of the [[Five Pillars of Islam]], zakat is a religious duty for all [[Muslims]] who meet the necessary criteria of wealth to help the needy.<ref name="yaqaradxix" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-08 |publisher=BBC – Religions |title=Islam: Islam at a glance |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/ataglance/glance.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308072231/https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/ataglance/glance.shtml |archive-date=8 March 2022 }}</ref> It is a mandatory charitable contribution, often considered to be a tax.<ref name="tusi2010">Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan Ṭūsī (2010), ''Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions'', {{ISBN|978-1904063292}}, pp. 131–135.</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author= Hefner R.W. |year=2006 |title= Islamic economics and global capitalism |journal= Society |volume= 44 |issue=1 |pages= 16–22 |quote= Zakat is a tax levied on income and wealth for the purpose of their purification. |doi= 10.1007/bf02690463 |s2cid=153432583 }}</ref> The payment and disputes on zakat have played a major role in the [[history of Islam]], notably during the [[Ridda wars]].<ref name="mbonner15" /><ref>[[Elias Shoufani|Shoufani, Elias]] (1973), ''Al-Riddah and the Muslim Conquest of Arabia'', University of Toronto Press, {{ISBN|978-0802019158}}.</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2016}}

Zakat on wealth is based on the disposable income of an individual after fulfilling all their essential needs.<ref>Décobert, C. (1991), ''Le mendiant et le combattant, L’institution de l’islam'', Paris: Éditions du Seuil, pp. 238–240.</ref><ref>Medani Ahmed and Sebastian Gianci, ''Zakat'', Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy, p. 479, quote: "As one of the Islam's five pillars, zakat becomes an obligation due when, over a lunar year, one controls a combination of income and wealth equal to or above [[Nisaab]]."</ref> It is customarily 2.5% (or {{frac|40}})<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sarwar|first1=Muhammad|title=al-Kafi Volume 1 of 8|date=2015|publisher=The Islamic Seminary Inc.|location=New York|isbn=978-0-9914308-6-4|page=345|edition=2nd|ref=H 918}}</ref> of a Muslim's total disposable income after the necessities of their dependents and themselves, and Muslims who do not hold wealth above a minimum amount known as ''[[nisab]]'' do not need to pay Zakat,<ref name="yaqaradawi" /> but Islamic scholars differ on how much ''nisab'' is and other aspects of zakat.<ref name="yaqaradawi" /> According to Islamic doctrine, the collected amount should be paid to the poor and the needy, Zakat collectors, orphans, widows, those to be freed from slavery, the aged who cannot work to feed themselves, those in debt, ''[[Fi sabilillah|in the cause of God]]'' and to benefit the stranded traveller.

Today, in most [[Muslim-majority countries]], zakat contributions are voluntary, while in [[Libya]], [[Malaysia]], [[Pakistan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Sudan]] and [[Yemen]], zakat is mandated and collected by the state (as of 2015).<ref name="Marty-1996-p.320" /><ref name="Hasan" />

[[Shias]], unlike [[Sunnis]], have traditionally regarded zakat as a private action, and they give zakat to [[imam]]-sponsored rather than state-sponsored collectors, but it is also obligatory for them.<ref>{{cite book |author1= Jones, Owen Bennett |title= Pakistan: Eye of the Storm |date=2003 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn= 978-0300101478 |pages=21–23 |edition= illustrated}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1= John, Wilson |editor1-last=John |editor1-first=Wilson |title= Pakistan: The Struggle Within |date=2009 |publisher= Pearson Education India |isbn= 978-8131725047 |page=105}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1= Kumaraswamy, P. R. |author2= Copland, Ian |editor1-last= Kumaraswamy |editor1-first=P.R. |editor2-last= Copland |editor2-first=Ian |title= South Asia: The Spectre of Terrorism |date=18 October 2013 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1317967736 |page=132}}</ref>

Zakat is a mandatory form of charity in Islam and represents one of the Five Pillars of the faith. Many Muslims choose Ramadan as a time to calculate and distribute zakat because charitable acts are believed to carry greater spiritual significance during the month.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ramadan {{!}} Islam, Fasting, Timing, Traditions, Rules, Meanings, Iftar, & Eid al-Fitr {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260126065027/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |archive-date=26 January 2026 |access-date=2026-02-22 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>Some online tools are also available to help individuals estimate their zakat obligations.

==Etymology==
The word Zakat comes from Arabic root z-k-w (ز ك و), meaning to purify.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cal.huc.edu/oneentry.php?lemma=zkw+N&cits=all|title=The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon|website=cal.huc.edu}}</ref><ref name="fvbb1">{{cite book |author= Benda-Beckmann, Franz von |title= Social security between past and future: Ambonese networks of care and support |publisher= LIT Verlag, Münster |year=2007 |isbn= 978-3-8258-0718-4 |page=167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVw6QB-kTYwC&pg=PA167 |quote= ''Zakat'' literally means 'that which purifies'. It is a form of sacrifice which purifies worldly goods from their worldly and sometimes impure means of acquisition, and which, according to God's wish, must be channeled towards the community.}}</ref> Zakat is considered a way to purify one's income and wealth from sometimes worldly, impure ways of acquisition.<ref name="fvbb1" /><ref>Ridgeon, Lloyd (2003), ''Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415297967}}, pp. 258: "The Quranic term zakat came to signify a form of obligatory charity or alms tax that was seen as a means of purifying the believer's wealth."</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Dean, H. |author2= Khan, Z. |name-list-style=amp |year=1998 |title= Islam: A challenge to welfare professionalism |journal= Journal of Interprofessional Care |volume= 12 |issue=4 |pages= 399–405 |quote= Zakat purifies the wealth of the individual |doi= 10.3109/13561829809024947}}</ref><ref>{{qref|9|103|b=y}}</ref> According to [[Sachiko Murata]] and [[William Chittick]], "Just as ablutions purify the body and [[Salah|''salah'']] purifies the soul (in Islam), so zakat purifies possessions and makes them pleasing to God."<ref>Murata, S. and Chittick, W. C. (1994), ''The vision of Islam'', IB Tauris, London, {{ISBN|978-1557785169}}, p. 16</ref><ref name="Heck" />

==Doctrine==

===Quran===
The [[Quran]] discusses charity in many verses, some of which relate to zakat. The word zakat, with the meaning used in Islam now, is found, for example, in [[sura|surah]]s: 7:156, 9:60, 19:31, 19:55, 21:73, 23:4, 27:3, 30:39, 31:4, and 41:7.<ref>Yusuf al-Qaradawi (1999), Monzer Kahf (transl.), Fiqh az-Zakat, Dar al Taqwa, London, Volume 1, {{ISBN|978-967-5062-766}}, p. xl, "Qur'an used the word zakah, in the meaning known to Muslims now, as early as the beginning of the Makkan period. This is found in Suras: 7:156, 19:31 and 55, 21:72, 23:4, 27:7, 30:39, 31:3, and 41:7."</ref><ref>The English translation of these verses can be read here {{cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/ |title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement |access-date=20 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810145129/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/ |archive-date=10 August 2016 |df=dmy-all }}, University of Southern California</ref>
Zakat is found in the early [[Medinan sura]]s and described as obligatory for Muslims.<ref name="Heck">{{cite encyclopedia|last= Heck |first= Paul L. |editor-first= Jane Dammen |editor-last= McAuliffe |editor-link= Jane Dammen McAuliffe |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]] |title= Taxation|year= 2006 |publisher= [[Brill Publishers]] |volume= 5 |location= [[Leiden]] |isbn= 978-90-04-14743-0 }}</ref> It is given for the sake of salvation. Muslims believe those who give zakat can expect reward from God in the afterlife, while neglecting to give zakat can result in damnation. Zakat is considered part of the covenant between God and a Muslim.<ref name="Heck" />

Verse 2:177 (the Clear Qur'an translation) sums up the Quranic view of charity and almsgiving (another name for zakat is the ''poor due''):

{{blockquote|Righteousness is not in turning your faces towards the east or the west. Rather, the righteous are those who believe in Allah, the Last Day, the angels, the Books, and the prophets; who give charity out of their cherished wealth to relatives, orphans, the poor, ˹needy˺ travellers, beggars, and for freeing captives; who establish prayer, pay alms-tax, and keep the pledges they make; and who are patient in times of suffering, adversity, and in ˹the heat of˺ battle. It is they who are true ˹in faith˺, and it is they who are mindful ˹of Allah˺. – 2:177}}

According to [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]], verse 9.5 of the Quran makes zakat one of three prerequisites for pagans to become Muslims: "but if they repent, establish prayers, and practice zakat they are your brethren in faith".<ref name="yaqaradxix">Yusuf al-Qaradawi (1999), Monzer Kahf (transl.), Fiqh az-Zakat, Dar al Taqwa, London, Volume 1, {{ISBN|978-967-5062-766}}, p. xix.</ref>

The Quran also lists who should receive the benefits of zakat, discussed in more detail [[Zakāt#Distribution|below]].<ref name="Zysow" />

Mention of zakat after prayer suggests that it held a different role than almsgiving. Zakat served as a fine or payment for someone guilty of sin to have Muhammad pray for their purification.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Donner |first=Fred M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBzRj7OajmEC |title=Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam |date=2010-05-15 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-05097-6 |pages=63 |language=en}}</ref>

===Hadith===
Each of the most trusted [[hadith]] collections in Islam have a book dedicated to zakat. ''[[Sahih Bukhari]]''{{'}}s Book 24,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/24|title=Sahih al-Bukhari}}, Book: 24 – Obligatory Charity Tax (Zakat) at {{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com|title=sunnah.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/024-sbt.php Obligatory Charity Tax (Zakat)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204164402/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/024-sbt.php |date=4 December 2014 }}, Sahih Bukhari, University of Southern California</ref> ''[[Sahih Muslim]]''{{'}}s Book 12,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim/12|title=Sahih Muslim}}, Book: 12 – The Book of Zakat at {{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com|title=sunnah.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/005-smt.php The Book of Zakat (Kitab Al-Zakat)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204164518/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/005-smt.php |date=4 December 2014 }}, Sahih Muslim, University of Southern California</ref> and ''[[Sunan Abu-Dawud]]''{{'}}s Book 9<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud/9|title=Sunan Abi Dawud}}, Book: 9 – Zakat (Kitab Al-Zakat) at {{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com|title=sunnah.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/009-sat.php Zakat (Kitab Al-Zakat)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204164401/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/009-sat.php |date=4 December 2014 }}, Sunan Abu-Dawood, University of Southern California</ref> discuss various aspects of zakat, including who must pay, how much, when and what. The 2.5% rate is also mentioned in the hadiths.<ref>{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|9|1568}}</ref>

The hadiths admonish those who do not give the zakat. According to the hadith, refusal to pay or mockery of those who pay zakat is a sign of [[munafiq|hypocrisy]], and God will not accept the prayers of such people.<ref>[[Sahih Muslim]], {{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim/12/28|title=Book:12, Hadith:28}}, {{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim/12/92|title=Book: 12, Hadith: 92}}</ref><ref>{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|5|2161}}, {{hadith-usc|usc=no|muslim|5|2223}}</ref> The [[Sunnah|sunna]] also describes God's punishment for those who refuse or fail to pay zakat.<ref>{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|2|24|486}}</ref> On the [[Qiyama|day of Judgment]], those who did not give the zakat will be held accountable and punished.<ref name="Zysow">A. Zysow, "Zakāt." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', 2nd ed. {{page needed|date=May 2023}}{{ISBN?}}</ref>

The hadith contain advice on the state-authorized collection of the zakat. The collectors are required not to take more than what is due, and those who are paying the zakat are asked not to evade payment. The hadith also warn of punishment for those who take zakat when they are not eligible to receive it (see [[Zakat#Distribution|Distribution]] below).<ref name="Zysow" />

===Amount===
{{main|Calculation of Zakāt}}
[[File:Dinar Dirham Web.jpg|thumb|[[Silver]] or [[gold]] coinage is one way of granting zakat.]]The amount of zakat to be paid by an individual depends on the amount of money and the type of assets the individual possesses. The Quran does not provide specific guidelines on which types of wealth are taxable under the zakat, nor does it specify percentages to be given. However, it clearly indicates to donate the "surplus" of one's income. But the customary practice in the Islamic world has been that the amount of zakat paid on [[Financial capital|capital assets]] (e.g. money) is 2.5% ({{frac|40}}).<ref name=AhmedGianci>Medani Ahmed and Sebastian Gianci, "''Zakat''", ''Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy'', pp. 479–481</ref> Zakat is additionally payable on [[Agriculture|agricultural]] goods, [[precious metal]]s, [[mineral]]s, and [[livestock]] at a rate varying between 2.5% and 20% (1/5), depending on the type of goods.<ref>{{cite book |author= Kuran, Timur |chapter= The Economic Impact of Islamic Fundamentalism |editor1= Marty |editor2= Martin E. |editor3= Appleby, R. Scott |title= Fundamentalisms and the state: remaking polities, economies, and militance |publisher= University of Chicago Press |year= 1996 |isbn= 978-0-226-50884-9 |page= [https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart/page/318 318] |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=doCmVaOnh_wC&pg=PA318 |url= https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart/page/318 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kuran, Timur|title=Islam and Mammon: The Economic Predicaments of Islamism|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4008-3735-9|page=19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkIJGPNzVIIC&pg=PA19}}</ref>

Zakat is usually payable on assets continuously owned over one lunar year that are in excess of the ''nisab'', a minimum monetary value.<ref>Scott, J. C. (1987), "Resistance without protest and without organization: peasant opposition to the Islamic Zakat and the Christian Tithe", ''Comparative studies in society and history'', 29(03), 417–452</ref> However, Islamic scholars have disagreed on this issue. For example, [[Abu Hanifa]] did not regard the nisab limit to be a pre-requisite for zakat, in the case of land crops, fruits and minerals.<ref>Yusuf al-Qaradawi (1999), Monzer Kahf (transl.), Fiqh az-Zakat, Dar al Taqwa, London, [http://monzer.kahf.com/books/english/fiqhalzakah_vol1.pdf Volume 1] and [http://monzer.kahf.com/books/english/fiqhalzakah_vol2.pdf Volume 2]</ref> Other differences between Islamic scholars on zakat and nisab are acknowledged as follows by Yusuf al-Qaradawi,<ref name=yaqaradawi/>

<blockquote>Unlike prayers, we observe that even the ratio, the exemption, the kinds of wealth that are zakatable are subject to differences among scholars. Such differences have serious implications for Muslims at large when it comes to their application of the Islamic obligation of zakat. For example, some scholars consider the wealth of children and insane individuals zakatable, others don't. Some scholars consider all agricultural products zakatable, others restrict zakat to specific kinds only. Some consider debts zakatable, others don't. Similar differences exist for business assets and women's jewelry. Some require certain minimum (nisab) for zakatability, some don't. etc. The same kind of differences also exist about the disbursement of zakat.  – Shiekh Mahmud Shaltut<ref name="yaqaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi (1999), Monzer Kahf (transl.) King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia, [http://monzer.kahf.com/books/english/fiqhalzakah_vol1.pdf Fiqh az-Zakat, Volume 1], Dar al -Taqwa, London, {{ISBN|978-967-5062-766}}, pp. xxi–xxii.</ref></blockquote>

===Failure to pay===
[[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|A slot for giving zakat at the [[Zaouia Moulay Idriss II]] in [[Fez, Morocco]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ | title=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God | year=2014 | page=94 | isbn=978-1-61069-177-2 | last1=Fitzpatrick | first1=Coeli | last2=Walker | first2=Adam Hani| publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref>]]

The consequence of failure to pay zakat has been a subject of extensive legal debate in traditional Islamic jurisprudence, particularly when a Muslim is willing to pay zakat but refuses to pay it to a certain group or the state.<ref name="Aghnides"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Yusuf al-Qaradawi|author-link=Yusuf al-Qaradawi|title=Fiqh Al-Zakāh: A Comprehensive Study of Zakah Regulations and Philosophy in the Light of the Qurʼan and Sunna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jF5by_O_QIEC&pg=PA40|access-date=4 February 2016|year=2011|publisher=Islamic Book Trust in affiliation with The Other Press|isbn=978-967-5062-76-6|pages=40–41}}</ref> According to classical jurists, if the collector is unjust in the collection of zakat but just in its distribution, the concealment of property from him is allowed.<ref name="Aghnides"/> If, on the other hand, the collector is just in the collection but unjust in the distribution, the concealment of property from him is an obligation (''wajib'').<ref name="Aghnides"/> Furthermore, if the zakat is concealed from a just collector because the property owner wanted to pay his zakat to the poor himself, they held that he should not be punished for it.<ref name="Aghnides"/> If collection of zakat by force was not possible, use of military force to extract it was seen as justified, as was done by [[Abu Bakr]] during the [[Ridda Wars]], on the argument that refusing to submit to just orders is a form of treason.<ref name="Aghnides"/> However, Abu Hanifa, the founder of the [[Hanafi]] school, disapproved of fighting when the property owners undertake to distribute the zakat to the poor themselves.<ref name="Aghnides"/>

Some classical jurists held the view that any Muslim who consciously refuses to pay zakat is an apostate, since the failure to believe that it is a religious duty (''[[fard]]'') is a form of unbelief (''[[kufr]]''), and should be killed.<ref>Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im Na (2010), ''Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Shari'a'', Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0674034563}}, pp. 58–63</ref><ref>Koylu, Mustafa (2003), ''Islam and its Quest for Peace: Jihad, Justice and Education'', {{ISBN|978-1565181809}}, pp. 88–89</ref><ref name="Aghnides205">{{Cite book|author=Nicolas Prodromou Aghnides|title =Mohammedan Theories of Finance, Volume 70|year=1916|publisher =Columbia university|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAVDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA205|pages=205}}</ref> However, prevailing opinion among classical jurists prescribed sanctions such as fines, imprisonment or corporal punishment.<ref name="Aghnides">{{Cite book|author=Nicolas Prodromou Aghnides|title =Mohammedan Theories of Finance, Volume 70|year=1916|publisher =Columbia university|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAVDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA302|pages=302–304}}</ref> Some classical and contemporary scholars such as [[Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh]] and Yusuf al-Qaradawi have stated that the person who fails to pay Zakat should have the payment taken from them, along with half of his wealth.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Fiquh of Zakat Volume 1|last = Yusuf|first = Al Qardawi|publisher = King Abdul Aziz University Center for Research in Islamic Economics|year = 1984|location = Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|pages = 19}}</ref> Additionally, those who failed to pay the zakat would face God's punishment in the afterlife on the day of Judgment.<ref name=Zysow/>

In modern states where zakat payment is compulsory, failure to pay is regulated by state law similarly to tax evasion.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

===Distribution===
According to the Quran's Surah [[At-Tawba|Al-Tawba]], there are eight categories of people (''asnaf'') who qualify to benefit from zakat funds.<ref name=mariff>{{cite book|author=Ariff, Mohamed|title=The Islamic voluntary sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the economic development of Southeast Asia|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=1991|isbn=978-981-3016-07-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA38|page=38}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Alms-tax is only for the poor and the needy, for those employed to administer it, for those whose hearts are attracted ˹to the faith˺, for ˹freeing˺ slaves, for those in debt, for Allah's cause, and for ˹needy˺ travellers. ˹This is˺ an obligation from Allah. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.|{{qref|9|60|c=y}}}}

Islamic scholars have traditionally interpreted this verse as identifying the following eight categories of Muslim causes to be the proper recipients of zakat:<ref name=mams/><ref name=fvbb>{{cite book|author=Benda-Beckmann, Franz von|title=Social security between past and future: Ambonese networks of care and support|publisher=LIT Verlag, Münster|year=2007|isbn=978-3-8258-0718-4|page=167}}</ref>

# Those living without means of livelihood (''Al-Fuqarā'''),<ref name=mams>{{cite book|author=M.A. Mohamed Salih |editor= Alexander De Waal|title=Islamism and its enemies in the Horn of Africa|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-253-34403-8|pages=148–149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYLSKQa9tHEC&pg=PA148}}</ref> the poor<ref name=fvbb/>
# Those who cannot meet their basic needs (''Al-Masākīn''),<ref name=mams/> the needy<ref name=fvbb/>
# To zakat collectors (''Al-Āmilīyn 'Alihā'')<ref name=mams/><ref name=fvbb/>
# To persuade those sympathetic to or expected to [[convert to Islam]] (''Al-Mu'allafatu Qulūbuhum''),<ref name=mams/> recent converts to Islam,<ref name=mariff/><ref name=fvbb/><ref name="Weiss, Anita M. 1986 80">{{cite book|author=Weiss, Anita M.|title=Islamic reassertion in Pakistan: the application of Islamic laws in a modern state|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=1986|isbn=978-0-8156-2375-5|page=80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROJZ5yt6O94C&pg=PA80}}</ref> and potential allies in the cause of Islam<ref name=fvbb/><ref name=twj/>
# To free from [[slavery]] or servitude (''Fir-Riqāb''),<ref name=mams/> slaves of Muslims who have or intend to free from their master {{clarify|date=July 2017}} by means of a ''kitabah'' contract<ref name=fvbb/><ref name=twj/>
# Those who have incurred overwhelming debts while attempting to satisfy their basic needs (''Al-Ghārimīn''),<ref name=mams/> debtors who in pursuit of a worthy goal incurred a debt<ref name=fvbb/>
# Those fighting for a religious cause or a cause of God (''[[Fi sabilillah|Fī Sabīlillāh]]''),<ref name=mams/> or for [[Jihad]] in the way of Allah by means of pen, word, or sword,<ref>{{cite book|last=Jonsson |first=David |title=Islamic Economics and the Final Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcAcdx1NA34C&pg=PA245|date=2006 |publisher=Xulon Press |isbn=978-1-59781-980-0 |page=245}}</ref> or for Islamic warriors who fight against the unbelievers but are not salaried soldiers.<ref name=fvbb/><ref name=twj>Juynboll, T.W. ''Handleiding tot de Kennis van de Mohaamedaansche Wet volgens de Leer der Sjafiitische School'', 3rd ed., Brill Academic, pp. 85–88</ref><ref name=RelianceoftheTraveller>{{cite web|url=http://islamicbulletin.org/free_downloads/resources/reliance2_complete2.pdf |title=Reliance of the Traveller |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317053833/http://islamicbulletin.org/free_downloads/resources/reliance2_complete2.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2013 }}</ref>{{rp|h8.17}}
# Wayfarers, stranded travellers (''Ibnu Al-Sabīl''),<ref name=mams/> travellers who are traveling with a worthy goal but cannot reach their destination without financial assistance<ref name=fvbb/><ref name=twj/>

Zakat should not be given to one's own parents, grandparents, children, grandchildren, spouses or the [[descendants of Muhammad]].<ref name="Visser-2009-p29" />

Neither the Quran nor the Hadiths specify the relative division of zakat into the above eight categories.<ref name=masahikotimur>Masahiko Aoki, Timur Kuran and Gérard Roland (2012), Political consequences of the Middle East's Islamic economic legacy, in Institutions and Comparative Economic Development, Palgrave Macmillan, {{ISBN|978-1137034038}}, Chapter 5, pp. 124–148</ref> According to the [[Reliance of the Traveller]], the [[Shafi'i]] school requires zakat is to be distributed equally among the eight categories of recipients, while the [[Hanafi]] school permits zakat to be distributed to all the categories, some of them, or just one of them.<ref name = RelianceoftheTraveller />{{rp|h8.7}} Classical [[schools of Islamic law]], including [[Shafi'i]], are unanimous that collectors of zakat are to be paid first, with the balance to be distributed equally amongst the remaining seven categories of recipients, even in cases where one group's need is more demanding.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Muslim scholars disagree whether zakat recipients can include non-Muslims. Islamic scholarship, historically, has taught that only Muslims can be recipients of zakat.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Benthal, Jonathan |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |title=The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving|journal= ISIM Newsletter|volume= 98|issue=1|page= 13}}</ref> In recent times, some state that zakat may be paid to non-Muslims after the needs of Muslims have been met, finding nothing in the Quran or sunna to indicate that zakat should be paid to Muslims only.<ref name="Visser-2009-p29">{{cite book|author1=Visse|author2=Hans|author3=Visser, Herschel|title=Islamic finance: principles and practice|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84542-525-8|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIXe3rY_OkgC&pg=PA29}}</ref>

Additionally, the zakat funds may be spent on the administration of a centralized zakat collection system.<ref name=AhmedGianci/> Representatives of the [[Salafi movement]] include propagation of Islam and any struggle in righteous cause among permissible ways of spending, while others argue that zakat funds should be spent on social welfare and economic development projects, or science and technology education.<ref name=" Visser-2009-p29"/> Some hold spending them for defense to be permissible if a Muslim country is under attack.<ref name=" Visser-2009-p29"/> Also, it is forbidden to disburse zakat funds into investments instead of being given to one of the above eight categories of recipients.<ref>{{cite web |title=حكم استثمار أموال الزكاة والصدقات – إسلام ويب – مركز الفتوى |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/126393/ |website=www.islamweb.net |language=ar}}</ref>

===Role in society===
The zakat is considered by Muslims to be an act of piety through which one expresses concern for the well-being of fellow Muslims,<ref name="Weiss, Anita M. 1986 80"/> as well as preserving social harmony between the wealthy and the poor.<ref>{{cite book|author=Scott, James C.|title=Weapons of the weak: everyday forms of peasant resistance|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1985|isbn=978-0-300-03641-1|page=171|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THCcW1gCe_QC&pg=PA171}}</ref> Zakat promotes a more equitable [[redistribution of wealth]] and fosters a sense of solidarity amongst members of the ''[[Ummah]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jawad, Rana|title=Social welfare and religion in the Middle East: a Lebanese perspective|publisher=The Policy Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-86134-953-8|page=60|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NXbIU5KwUgC&pg=PA60}}</ref>

==Historical practice==
{{Taxation in the Ottoman Empire sidebar}}

Zakat, an Islamic practice initiated by the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]], was first collected on the first day of [[Muharram]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Neyshabouri|first1=Abd al-Husayn|title=Shia Calendar|url=http://ketaab.iec-md.org/TAARIKH/taqvim_shia_neyshaaboori_01.html#2|website=Washington Islamic Education Center|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> It has played an important role throughout its history.<ref name="Weiss-1986-p81">{{cite book|author=Weiss, Anita M.|title=Islamic reassertion in Pakistan: the application of Islamic laws in a modern state|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=1986|isbn=978-0-8156-2375-5|page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROJZ5yt6O94C&pg=PA81}}</ref> Schact suggests that the idea of zakat may have entered Islam from Judaism, with roots in the Hebrew and Aramaic word ''zakut''.<ref name=Heck/><ref name=yaqara/> However, some Islamic scholars<ref name=yaqara>Yusuf al-Qaradawi (1999), Monzer Kahf (transl.), Fiqh az-Zakat, Dar al Taqwa, London, Volume 1, {{ISBN|978-967-5062-766}}, pp. xxxix–xl</ref> disagree that the Qur'anic verses on zakat (or zakah) have roots in Judaism.<ref>See the discussion about Children of Israel in verses {{qref|9|60-66|b=y}}</ref>

The [[caliph]] [[Abu Bakr]], believed by [[Sunni]] Muslims to be Muhammad's successor, was the first to institute a statutory zakat system.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Hawting, Gerald R.|title=The development of Islamic ritual|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-0-86078-712-9|page=301|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCvf76uT3wMC&pg=PA301}}</ref> Abu Bakr established the principle that the zakat must be paid to the legitimate representative of Muhammad's authority (i.e. himself).<ref name="Weiss-1986-p81"/> However certain tribes refused to pay zakat while staying under the name of Islam which was considered [[apostasy]] and led ultimately, to the [[Ridda wars]].<ref name=mbonner15>Bonner, Michael (2003), ''Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791457382}}, p. 15: "In the old Arabic narratives about the early Muslim community and its conquests and quarrels, ''zakat'' and ''sadaqa'' loom large at several moments of crisis. These include the beginning of Muhammad's prophetic career in Mecca, when what appear to be the earliest pieces of scripture insist on almsgiving more than any other human activity. These moments of crisis also include the wars of the ''ridda'' or apostasy in C.E. 632–634, just after Muhammad's death. At that time most of the Arabs throughout the peninsula refused to continue paying ''zakat'' (now a kind of tax) to the central authority in Medina; Abu Bakr, upon assuming the leadership, swore he would force them all to pay this ''zakat'', "even if they refuse me only a [camel's] hobble of it," and sent armies that subdued these rebels or "apostates" in large-scale battles that were soon followed by the great Islamic conquests beyond the Arabian peninsula itself."</ref><ref name="Weiss-1986-p81"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Turner, Bryan |year=2007|title= Religious authority and the new media|journal= Theory, Culture & Society|volume= 24|issue=2|pages= 117–134|doi=10.1177/0263276407075001|s2cid=145564662 |url=http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/116887 }}</ref>

The second and third caliphs, [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] and [[Uthman ibn Affan]], continued Abu Bakr's codification of the zakat.<ref name="Weiss-1986-p81"/> Uthman also modified the zakat collection protocol by decreeing that only "apparent" wealth was taxable, which had the effect of limiting zakat to mostly being paid on agricultural land and produce.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hashmi, Sohail H.|chapter=The Problem of Poverty in Islamic Ethics|editor1=Galston|editor2=William A.| editor3=Hoffenberg, Peter H.|title=Poverty and Morality: Religious and Secular Perspectives|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-12734-9|page=202|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VyzuGet8080C&pg=PA202}}</ref> During the reign of [[Ali ibn Abu Talib]], the issue of zakat was tied to legitimacy of his government. After Ali, his supporters refused to pay zakat to [[Muawiyah I]], as they did not recognize his legitimacy.<ref name="Weiss-1986-p81"/>

The practice of Islamic state-administered zakat was short-lived in Medina. During the reign of [[Umar bin Abdul Aziz]] (717–720 CE), it is reported that no one in Medina needed the zakat. After him, zakat came more to be considered as an individual responsibility.<ref name="Weiss-1986-p81" /> This view changed over Islamic history. Sunni Muslims and rulers, for example, considered collection and disbursement of zakat as one of the functions of an Islamic state; this view has continued in modern Islamic countries.<ref>Faiz Mohammad (1991), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41259525 "Prospects of Poverty Eradication Through the Existing 'Zakat' System in Pakistan"], ''The Pakistan Development Review'', Vol. 30, No. 4, 1119–1129</ref>

Zakat is one of the [[five pillars of Islam]], and in various Islamic polities of the past was expected to be paid by all practising Muslims who have the financial means (''[[nisab]]'').<ref>{{cite book|author=Tamimi, Azzam|title=Rachid Ghannouchi: a democrat within Islamism|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-19-514000-2|page=140|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6GhV3Eu5OAC&pg=PA140}}</ref> In addition to their zakat obligations, Muslims were encouraged to make voluntary contributions (''[[sadaqat]]'').<ref>{{cite book|author=Bogle, Emory C.|title=Islam: origin and belief|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-292-70862-4|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpFhLDUw20gC&pg=PA31}}</ref> The zakat was not collected from non-Muslims, although they were required to pay the ''[[jizyah]]'' tax.<ref>{{cite book|author=Khatab, Sayed|title=The power of sovereignty: the political and ideological philosophy of Sayyid Qutb|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2006|isbn=978-0-415-37250-3|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMjwuRh_2EkC&pg=PA62}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Zaman, M. Raquibuz|chapter=Islamic Perspectives on Territorial Boundaries and Autonomy|editor1=Miller, David|editor2=Hashmi, Sohail H.|title=Boundaries and justice: diverse ethical perspectives|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-691-08800-6|page=189|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1vaCRnHK65kC&pg=PA189}}</ref> Depending on the region, the dominant portion of zakat went typically to ''Amil'' (the zakat collectors) or Sabīlillāh (those fighting for religious cause, the caretaker of local mosque, or those working in the cause of God such as proselytizing non-Muslims to convert to Islam).<ref name=masahikotimur/><ref name=marty321/>

==Contemporary practice==
According to the researcher Russell Powell in 2010, zakat was mandatory by state law in Libya, Malaysia, [[Zakat Council|Pakistan]], Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Yemen. There were government-run voluntary zakat contribution programs in Bahrain, Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Maldives and the United Arab Emirates.<ref name=Powell>{{cite journal|last1=Powell|first1=Russell|title=Zakat: Drawing Insights for Legal Theory and Economic Policy from Islamic Jurisprudence|journal=University of Pittsburgh Tax Review|date=2009|volume=7|issue=43|ssrn=1351024|url=https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1089&context=faculty}}</ref>

In a 2019 study conducted by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding that examined philanthropy for American Muslims in comparison to other faith and non-faith groups, it was found that for American Muslims, Zakat was an important driver of charitable giving. This results in American Muslims being the most likely faith group studied to be motivated to donate based on a believed religious obligation (zakat), and a "feeling that those with more should help those with less", referencing again the concept and religious imperative behind Zakat.<ref>{{Cite web|title=American Muslim Philanthropy: A Data-Driven Comparative Profile|url=https://www.ispu.org/american-muslim-philanthropy-a-data-driven-comparative-profile/|date=July 17, 2019|website=The Institute for Social Policy and Understanding – ISPU.org}}</ref>

=== Zakat status in Muslim countries ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country !!Status
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Algeria}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Bahrain}} ||Regulated by the state, but contributions are voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}} ||Regulated by the state, but contributions are voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Burkina Faso}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Chad}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Egypt}} ||Regulated by the state, but contributions are voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Guinea}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}} ||Regulated by the state, but contributions are voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Iran}} ||Regulated by the state, but contributions are voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Jordan}} ||Regulated by the state, but contributions are voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Kuwait}} ||Regulated by the state, but contributions are voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Lebanon}} ||Regulated by the state, but contributions are voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Libya}} ||Mandatory
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}} ||Regulated by the state, but contributions are voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Maldives}} ||Regulated by the state, but contributions are voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Mali}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Mauritania}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Morocco}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Niger}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Nigeria}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Oman}}||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}} ||Mandatory
|-
|{{flag|Qatar}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} ||Mandatory
|-
|{{flag|Senegal}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Sierra Leone}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Somalia}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Sudan}} ||Mandatory
|-
|{{flag|Syria}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Tajikistan}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Gambia}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Tunisia}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} ||Regulated by the state, but contributions are voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}} ||Voluntary
|-
|{{flag|Yemen}} ||Mandatory
|}
<ref name=Powell/>

===Collection===
[[File:Zakat Donation Box in Taipei Mosque 20190519.jpg|thumb|Zakat [[donation box]] at [[Taipei Grand Mosque]] in [[Taipei]], Taiwan]]
Today, in most Muslim countries, Zakat is at the discretion of Muslims over how and whether to pay, typically enforced by [[fear of God]], [[peer pressure]], and an individual's personal feelings.<ref name="Marty-1996-p.320" /> Among the Sunni Muslims, Zakat committees, linked to a religious cause or local mosque, collect zakat.<ref name="Clark">{{cite book|author=Clark, Janine A.|title=Islam, charity, and activism: middle-class networks and social welfare in Egypt, Jordan, and Yemen|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-253-34306-2|page=153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-11yRIVUsa4C&pg=PA153}}</ref> Among the Shia Muslims, deputies on behalf of Imams collect the zakat.<ref name=naserg/>

In six of the 47 Muslim-majority countries—Libya, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Yemen—zakat is obligatory and collected by the state.<ref name="Marty-1996-p.320">{{cite book|author1=Marty, Martin E. |author2=Appleby, R. Scott |name-list-style=amp |title=Fundamentalisms and the state: remaking polities, economies, and militance|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-226-50884-9|page=320|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doCmVaOnh_wC&pg=PA320}}</ref><ref name=Hasan>{{cite book|author=Samiul Hasan|title=Human Security and Philanthropy: Islamic Perspectives and Muslim Majority Country Practices|publisher=Springer|year=2015|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JVwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130|isbn=978-1493925254}}</ref><ref name=Behdad-Nomani>{{cite book|author1=Sohrab Behdad|author2=Farhad Nomani|title=Islam and the moral economy: the challenge of capitalism|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|page=268|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQWAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT268|isbn=978-1134206742}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Tripp, Charles|title=Islam and the Everyday World: Public Policy Dilemmas|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-86377-3|page=125|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFhyZ28it0AC&pg=PA125}}</ref> In [[Jordan]], [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Bangladesh]], the zakat is regulated by the state, but contributions are voluntary.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kogelmann, Franz |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Anai%3Adiva-205 |title=Social welfare in Muslim societies in Africa |publisher=Nordic Africa Institute |year=2002 |isbn=978-91-7106-481-3 |editor=Weiss, Holger |page=68 |chapter=Sidi Fredj: A Case Study of a Religious Endowment in Morocco under the French Protectorate |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JcYwpJJs8oC&pg=PA68}}</ref>

The states where Zakat is compulsory differ in their definition of the base for zakat computation.<ref name=Behdad-Nomani/> Zakat is generally levied on livestock (except in Pakistan) and agricultural produce, although the types of taxable livestock and produce differ from country to country.<ref name=Behdad-Nomani/> Zakat is imposed on cash and precious metals in four countries with different methods of assessment.<ref name=Behdad-Nomani/> Income is subject to zakat in Saudi Arabia and Malaysia, while only Sudan imposes zakat on "wealth that yields income".<ref name=Behdad-Nomani/> In Pakistan, property is exempt from the zakat calculation basis, and the compulsory zakat is primarily collected from the agriculture sector.<ref name=marty321>{{cite book|author1=Marty, Martin E. |author2=Appleby, R. Scott |name-list-style=amp |title=Fundamentalisms and the state: remaking polities, economies, and militance|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-226-50884-9|pages=320–321 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doCmVaOnh_wC&pg=PA320}}</ref>

Under compulsory systems of zakat tax collection, such as Malaysia and Pakistan, evasion is very common and the zakat (alms tax) is [[regressive tax|regressive]].<ref name="Marty-1996-p.320" /> A considerable number of Muslims accept their duty to pay zakat, but deny that the state has a right to levy it, and they may pay zakat voluntarily while evading official collection.<ref name=Behdad-Nomani/> In discretion-based systems of collection, studies suggest zakat is collected from and paid only by a fraction of Muslim population who can pay.<ref name="Marty-1996-p.320" />

In the United Kingdom, which has a Muslim minority, more than three out of ten Muslims gave to charity (Zakat being described as "the Muslim practice of charitable donations"), according to a 2013 poll of 4000 people.<ref name=nbc>{{cite news|url=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/22/19611201-muslims-give-more-to-charity-than-others-uk-poll-says?lite|title=Muslims give more to charity than others, UK poll says|publisher=nbcnews.com|date=22 July 2013|access-date=29 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726022928/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/22/19611201-muslims-give-more-to-charity-than-others-uk-poll-says?lite|archive-date=26 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to the [[Self-report study|self-reported poll]], British Muslims, on average, gave US$567 to charity in 2013, compared to $412 for [[Jew]]s, $308 for [[Protestant]]s, $272 for [[Catholic]]s and $177 for [[atheist]]s.<ref name=nbc/>

===Distribution===
The primary sources of sharia also do not specify to whom the zakat should be paid{{snd}} to zakat collectors claiming to represent one class of zakat beneficiary (for example, poor), collectors who were representing religious bodies, or collectors representing the Islamic state.<ref name=masahikotimur/><ref>Lessy, Z. (2009), Zakat (Alms-Giving) Management In Indonesia: Whose Job Should It Be?, La Riba Journal of Islamic Economy, 3(1), pp. 155–175</ref> This has caused significant conflicts and allegations of zakat abuse within the Islamic community, both historically<ref name=masahikotimur/> and in modern times.<ref>A.H. bin Mohd Noor (2011), Non recipients of zakat funds (NRZF) and its impact on the performance of zakat institution: A conceptual model, in Humanities, Science and Engineering (CHUSER), 2011 IEEE Colloquium, {{ISBN|978-1-4673-0021-6}}, pp. 568–573</ref>

''Fi Sabillillah'' is the most prominent ''asnaf'' in Southeast Asian Muslim societies, where it broadly construed to include funding missionary work, Quranic schools and anything else that serves the Islamic community (''ummah'') in general.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ariff, Mohamed|title=The Islamic voluntary sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the economic development of Southeast Asia|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=1991|isbn=978-981-3016-07-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA39|page=39}}</ref>

===Role in society===
In 2012, Islamic financial analysts estimated annual zakat spending between US$200 billion and US$1 trillion per year, which would be at least 15 times more than global humanitarian aid tracked by the [[United Nations]].<ref name="irinnews.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95564/Analysis-A-faith-based-aid-revolution-in-the-Muslim-world|title=Analysis: A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world?|work=IRINnews |publisher=irinnews.org|access-date=2 December 2012|date=1 June 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603193816/http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95564/Analysis-A-faith-based-aid-revolution-in-the-Muslim-world |archivedate=2012-06-03}}</ref> Islamic scholars and development workers state that much of this zakat practice is mismanaged, wasted or ineffective.<ref name="irinnews.org"/> About a quarter of the Muslim world<ref>about 400 million people</ref> continues to live on $1.25 a day or less, according to the 2012 report.<ref name="irinnews.org"/>

A 1999 study of Sudan and Pakistan, where zakat is mandated by the state, estimated that zakat proceeds ranged between 0.3 and 0.5 percent of GDP, while a more recent report put zakat proceeds in Malaysia at 0.1% of GDP.<ref name=Behdad-Nomani/> These numbers are far below what was expected when the governments of these countries tried to Islamize their economies, and the collected amount is too small to have a sizeable macroeconomic effect.<ref name=Behdad-Nomani/>

In a 2014 study,<ref name=zakatwaqf/> Nasim Shirazi states widespread poverty persists in Islamic world despite zakat collections every year. Over 70% of the Muslim population in most Muslim countries is impoverished and lives on less than US$2 per day. In over 10 Muslim-majority countries, over 50% of the population lived on less than $1.25 per day income, states Shirazi.<ref name=zakatwaqf/> Zakat has so far failed to relieve large scale absolute poverty among Muslims in most Muslim countries.<ref name=zakatwaqf>{{cite journal |author=Shirazi, Nasim |date=May 2014 |title=Integrating Zakāt and Waqf into the Poverty Reduction Strategy of the IDB Member Countries |journal=Islamic Economic Studies |volume= 22 |issue = 1 |pages=79–108|doi=10.12816/0004131 |s2cid=150993630 }}</ref>

==Related terms==
Zakat is required of Muslims only. For non-Muslims living in an Islamic state, [[sharia]] was historically seen as mandating ''[[jizya]]'' (poll tax).<ref>Böwering, Gerhard, ed. (2013), ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought'', Princeton University Press. p. 545</ref> Other forms of taxation on Muslims or non-Muslims, that have been used in Islamic history, include ''[[kharaj]]'' (land tax),<ref>Lewis, Bernard (2002), ''The Arabs in History'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-280310-7}}, pp. 70–74</ref> ''[[khums]]'' (tax on booty and loot seized from non-Muslims, sudden wealth),<ref>Iqbal, Zafar and Lewis, Mervyn (2009) ''An Islamic Perspective on Governance'', {{ISBN|978-1847201386}}, pp. 99–115</ref> ''ushur'' (tax at state border, sea port, and each city border on goods movement, customs),<ref>Nienhaus, Volker (2006), ''Zakat, taxes and public finance in Islam, in Islam and the Everyday World: Public Policy Dilemmas''. Sohrab Behdad, Farhad Nomani (eds.), {{ISBN|978-0415368230}}, pp. 176–189</ref> ''kari'' (house tax)<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lambton, K.S. |title=An Account of the Tārīkhi Qumm|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume =12|issue =3–4|date= October 1948|pages=586–596|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00083154| s2cid=154257790 }}</ref> and ''chari'' (sometimes called ''maara'', pasture tax).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hamid, S.|year=1995|title=Bookkeeping and accounting control systems in a tenth-century Muslim administrative office|journal=Accounting, Business & Financial History|volume =5|issue =3|pages= 321–333|doi=10.1080/09585209500000049}}</ref><ref>Kulke, H. and Rothermund, D. (1998), ''A History of India'', 3rd ed., Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-15482-0}}, pp. 158–163</ref>

There are differences in the interpretation and scope of zakat and other related taxes in various sects of Islam. For example, ''[[khums]]'' is interpreted differently by [[Sunni]]s and [[Shi'ites]], with Shia expected to pay one fifth of their excess income after expenses as ''khums'', while Sunnis do not.<ref>{{cite book|author=Momen, Moojan|title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism | publisher=Yale University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0-300-03531-5|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C&pg=PA179}}</ref> At least a tenth part of zakat and ''khums'' every year, among Shi'ites, after its collection by Imam and his religious deputies under its doctrine of ''niyaba'', goes as income for its hierarchical system of Shia clergy.<ref name=naserg>Ghobadzadeh, Naser (2014), ''Religious Secularity: A Theological Challenge to the Islamic State'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199391172}}, pp. 193–195</ref><ref>Martin, Richard (2003) ''Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World'', Macmillan Reference, {{ISBN|978-0028656038}}, pp. 274, 350–351</ref> Among [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] sub-sect of Shias, the mandatory taxes which includes zakat, is called ''dasond'', and 20% of the collected amount is set aside as income for the Imams.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rose, Ebaugh and Cherry|title=Global Religious Movements Across Borders: Sacred Service|date=2014|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-1409456872|pages=149–150}}</ref> Some branches of Shia Islam treat the right to lead as Imam and right to receive 20% of collected zakat and other alms as a hereditary right of its clergy.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

''Sadaqah'' is another related term for charity, usually construed as a discretionary counterpart to zakat.<ref name=MIC-145>{{cite book|editor1-last=Meri|editor1-first=Josef W.|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Psychology Press.|page=145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA145|isbn=978-0415966900|year=2005}}</ref>

===''Zakat al-Fitr''===
{{further|Zakat al-Fitr}}
''Zakat al-Fitr'' or ''Sadaqat al-Fitr''<ref name=Hidaya>{{cite web|title=Sadaqat-ul-Fitr|url=http://www.hidaya.org/social-welfare/sadaqat-ul-fitr/|website=Hidaya Foundation|access-date=8 April 2015}}</ref> is another, smaller charitable obligation, mandatory for all Muslims—male or female, minor or adult as long as he/she has the means to do so—that is traditionally paid at the end of the [[fasting]] in the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic holy month]] of [[Ramadan]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kasule, O. H. |year=1986|title= Muslims in Trinidad and Tobago|journal= Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs|volume= 7|issue=1|pages=195–213|doi=10.1080/13602008608715974}}</ref><ref name=mb2008/> The collected amount is used to pay the zakat collectors and to the poor Muslims so that they may be provided with a means to celebrate [[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid al-Fitr]] (the [[festival]] of breaking the fast) following Ramadan, along with the rest of the Muslims.<ref>Al-Hamar, M., Dawson, R., & Guan, L. (2010), ''A culture of trust threatens security and privacy in Qatar'', IEEE 10th International Conference, {{ISBN|978-1-4244-7547-6}}, pp. 991–995</ref>

Zakat al-Fitr is a fixed amount assessed per person, while Zakat al-mal is based on personal income and property.<ref name=mb2008>{{cite journal|author= Buehler, M.|year=2008|title= The rise of shari'a by-laws in Indonesian districts: An indication for changing patterns of power accumulation and political corruption|journal= South East Asia Research|volume= 16|issue=2|pages= 255–285|doi=10.5367/000000008785260473|s2cid=54834534|url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18939/1/BuehlerSharia2008.pdf}}</ref> According to one source, the Hidaya Foundation, the suggested ''Zakat al-Fitr'' donation is based on the price of 1 [[Sa (Islamic measure)|Sa]] (approx. 3 kg) of rice or wheat at local costs, (as of 2015, approximately $7.00 in the U.S.).<ref name=Hidaya/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam|Economics
}}

=== Islam related ===
* [[Glossary of Islam]]
* [[Outline of Islam]]
* [[Index of Islam-related articles]]
* [[Islamic economics]]
* [[Islamic socialism]]
* [[Islamic taxes]]
* ''[[Riba]]''
* ''[[Sadaqah]]''
* [[Qard al-Hasan]]
* [[Zakat Council]] (Pakistan)
* [[Zakat al-Fitr]], a different form of zakat which follows the pillar of ''[[Sawm]]'' (fasting in [[Ramadan]])

=== Charity practices in other religions ===
* ''[[Dāna]]'' ([[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]])
* [[Dhutanga]] (Buddhism)
* [[Dasvandh]] (Sikhism)
* [[Poor tithe|Poor man's tithe]] ([[Judaism]])
* [[Tithe]]
* [[Tithes in Judaism]]
* [[Tithing in Mormonism]]
* ''[[Tzedakah]]'' ([[Judaism]])
* [[Zidqa]], almsgiving in [[Mandaeism]]

=== Related contemporary topics ===
* [[Remittance]]
* [[Hawala]]
* [[Informal value transfer system]]
* [[Wealth tax]]
* [[Animal husbandry in Afghanistan]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notefoot}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Books and articles===
* P. Bearman ed. (2012). ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', 2nd ed. Brill Online. {{ISBN?}}
* Joseph J. Cordes, Robert D. Ebel, Jane Gravelle ed. (2005). ''Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy''. [[Urban Institute]]
* John L. Esposito ed. (2009). ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World''. [[Oxford University Press]].
* Hunter, Shireen; Malik, Huma; Senturk, Recep (2005). ''Islam and Human Rights: Advancing a U.S.–Muslim Dialogue''. [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]], 2005.

==Further reading==
* [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3368292 Timur Kuran (2019). "Zakat: Islam's Missed Opportunity to Limit Predatory Taxation"].
* {{cite book|author=Mattson, Ingrid|chapter=Status-Based Definitions of Need in Early Islamic ''Zakat'' and Maintenance Laws|editor1=Michael Bonner|editor2=Mine Ener|editor3=Amy Singer|title=Poverty and charity in Middle Eastern contexts|publisher=SUNY Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7914-5737-5|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBp3y5lWz58C&pg=PA31}}
* {{cite book|author=Weiss, Holger|chapter=Zakāt and the Question of Social Welfare: An Introductory Essay on Islamic Economics and Its Implications for Social Welfare|editor=Weiss, Holger|title=Social welfare in Muslim societies in Africa|publisher=Nordic Africa Institute|year=2002|isbn=978-91-7106-481-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JcYwpJJs8oC&pg=PA7}}
* [http://monzer.kahf.com/books/english/fiqhalzakah_vol1.pdf Fiqh al Zakah (Vol. I)], Dr. [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi|Yusuf al Qardawi]]
* [http://zakat-publications.s3.amazonaws.com/2275/zakat-book.pdf The Zakat Handbook: A Practical Guide for Muslims in the West]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140907165650/http://www.zakatchicago.org/ZakatBook.pdf The Institution of Zakat: An Obligation and an Opportunity] (2005) The Central Zakat Committee of The Council of Islamic Organizations of Greater Chicago

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q124058|c=Category:Zakah|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=zakat|species=no}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113230/http://shiatvonline.com/category/fiqh/furu-e-deen/zakat/ Shia Muslims' view on Zakat]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080923123932/http://www.zakatguide.org/english/Genaral_Rules_Calculating_Zakah.html Sunni Muslims' view on Zakat]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160131041658/http://courses.arch.vt.edu/courses/wdunaway/gia5274/scott87.pdf "Peasant opposition to the Islamic Zakat and the Christian Tithe"], James Scott (1987), ''Comparative Studies in Society and History''
*[https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj/vol15/iss3/3/ "The Influential Legacy of Dutch Islamic Policy on the Formation of Zakat (ALMS) Law in Modern Indonesia"], Arskal Salim (2006), ''Pacific Rim Law & Policy Review''

{{Charity}}
{{Islam topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Zakat| ]]
[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Islamic economic jurisprudence]]

Cezar D'Mello

2026-03-06T06:46:39Z

Jhonny: added initial details w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian playwright and theatre director (born 1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Cezar D'Mello
| image = Cezar D'Mello (cropped).jpg
| caption = De Melo at [[Institute Menezes Braganza]], 2017
| birth_name = Cezar Aleixo Jose Fernandes de Melo
| birth_place = [[Pangim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|4|12|df=y}}
| years_active = 1970s–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Playwright|director|actor|singer|dancer}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Lydia Roncon|1986}}
| children = 2
| notable_works = {{ubl|
* ''[[Pukar (1983 film)|Pukar]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Mera Yaar Mera Dushman]]'' (1987)
}}
| known_for = Playing as [[King Momo]] during the 2011 [[Goa Carnival]] and the [[2014 Lusofonia Games]]
| awards = [[Tiatr Academy of Goa|TAG]]'s "Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award" (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net//honouring-the-creator-of-tiatr/28033.html|title=Honouring the creator of tiatr|website=The Goan EveryDay|date=31 Dec 2016}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/cezar.dmello}}
}}

'''Cezar Aleixo Jose Fernandes de Melo''' (born 12 April 1956), better known as '''Cezar D'Mello''', is an Indian playwright, theatre director, actor, singer, dancer, and former [[amateur football]]er known for his work in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]], television, ''[[tiatr]]'' productions, and [[folk play]]s.

==Early life==
Cezar Aleixo Jose Fernandes de Melo was born on 12 April 1956 in [[Pangim]], [[Goa]], which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]]. He was the son of João Luis Leão Sebastião de Melo, a [[Postal service|postal]] employee and registered [[male nurse]].<ref name=":1" /> De Melo's early exposure to ''[[tiatr]]'', a traditional [[Goan]] [[musical theater]] form, began at the age of nine. He regularly attended performances featuring popular ''tiatr'' actors from [[Bombay]] alongside his father at various sites in Panjim, including [[Azad Maidan (monument)|Azad Maidan]] and Patto. De Melo's fascination with the art form led him to [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcribe]] the scripts of these performances, a practice that ultimately contributed to his development as a playwright.<ref name=":0" />

De Melo's father, João, was a known figure in the ''tiatr'' world, known for his singing (''[[Tiatr#Songs|kantaram]]'') and [[violin]] playing in village performances. The family's involvement extended beyond João's individual performances, as de Melo and his father frequently participated in ''tiatr'' productions staged by local priests for a range of celebratory events. Young de Melo's theatrical talents were nurtured within this environment, with him performing alongside his father and sister Pia. He also displayed a talent for writing, composing [[liturgical drama|biblical theatrical performances]], which he showcased in the square of the [[Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church, Goa|Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church]] in Panjim during the festive [[Christmas]] period.<ref name=":0" /> His musical abilities were further honed through the performance of musical works authored by his father. De Melo's artistic interests extended beyond the ''tiatr'' sphere. He took an active role in both school and church activities, demonstrating his abilities in traditional dances and religious theatrical performances.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |date=10 March 2018 |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=155}}</ref>

==Career==
De Melo's theatrical journey commenced with his debut in [[Nelson Afonso]]'s ''[[tiatr]] Árso'' (Mirror), marking his entry into professional stage performance. This development culminated in the creation of the [[musical trio|musical group]] Mil-Mel-Nel,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=241–242 |language=en}}</ref> which garnered fame in the regions of [[Goa]] and [[Bombay]]. The trio's collaborations extended to popular directors such as [[C. Alvares]], [[Robin Vaz]], [[John Claro]], Bab Peter, [[Ophelia Cabral]], [[Betty Ferns]], [[M. Boyer]], Fr. Planton Faria, [[Mike Mehta]], [[Valente Mascarenhas]], [[Mario Menezes]], Maxie Pereira, [[Menino De Bandar]], etc. De Melo's directorial debut occurred in 1974–75, aged 20, when he directed Bernard D'Silva's ''Eksurem Jivit'' (Lonely Life) at [[Kala Academy]]'s annual ''tiatr'' competition. During the years 1976–77, he produced and directed his debut original ''tiatr'', titled ''Konn Kirmidor'' (Who is the Murderer?). This production received acclaim, winning the first award at the same competition.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Making an impact on Goa's cultural scene |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Making-an-impact-on-Goa%E2%80%99s-cultural-scene/111196 |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=oHeraldo|date=4 February 2017 }}</ref>

In the mid-1980s, de Melo initiated the formation of the Çezar Dramatic Troupe. This [[theatrical troupe|theatrical group]] became known for its performances and achievements in state-level ''tiatr'' competitions hosted by the Kala Academy, earning several awards. De Melo's contributions to the ''tiatr'' genre are marked by a series of acclaimed productions. He achieved first prize for several works, including ''Konn Kirmidor?'', ''Kal ani Aiz'' from 1982 to 1983, ''Kalliz Ostorechem'' from 1983 to 1984, and ''Kednanch Ghoddchenam'' from 1985 to 1986. He also achieved recognition with second-place wins for ''Kitem! Tum Mhozo?'' (1978–79), ''Konn Zai?'' (1979–80), ''Konnuch Noko'' (1982–83), and ''Kaide Konnak?'' (1984–85). His third-prize winning productions include ''Kirmidoracho Rosto'' (1980–81), ''Kaliz Naslolo'' (1986–87), and ''Kolakar'' (1988–89). De Melo's directorial work extends beyond these award-winning productions to include ''Visvasi vo Ghatki'', ''Konknni Machie Fattlean'', and ''Kallo Fator''. He has also made contributions to the realm of [[radio theatre]], producing and showcasing musical theatrical performances for [[All India Radio]] (AIR). These include ''Kalljivont Nazia'', ''Khoro Mog'', ''Konknni Machier Oxem Ghoddta'', ''Abgath'', ''Soddvondar'', ''Fattim Pavlo'', ''Adhar'', ''Asro'', ''Kor Kazar'', ''Kolakar'', ''Kallo Dhondo'', and ''Kelelea Mapan Gheta''.<ref name=":0" />

De Melo's contributions to the [[Goan]] theatre scene are diverse, spanning [[one-act play]]s, [[musical production]]s, and [[Konkani language|Konkani]] dramas. His [[repertoire]] of one-act plays consists of: ''Azilo Mhojem Bhirad'' and ''Akrek Sudorlo'', while his Konkani drama ''Bhurgim ani Doth'' was featured as part of the annual drama competition organized by [[Kala Academy]]. His productions exhibit a unique pattern in their titles, often commencing with the letter "K." This practice is rooted in a personal belief in the letter's auspiciousness, stemming from the success of his first ''[[tiatr]]'', ''Konn Kirmidor'', which secured first prize. Despite this, his subsequent ''tiatr'', known as ''Visvasi vo Ghatki'', did not attain any recognition or awards, leading him to adopt the "K" convention for his ''tiatr'' titles, a strategy that appears to have contributed to his success in the genre. Beyond his theatrical work, de Melo has also participated in cultural events abroad. In 1987, he contributed to the Goan Elnish Festival in [[Dubai]] by performing as both a dancer and musician with the [[folklore]] ensemble led by Timoteo. He has engaged in several cultural events arranged by the Indian Cultural Club located in both Dubai and [[Sharjah]].<ref name=":0" />

De Melo has participated in over 50 ''tiatr'' productions, showcasing his talent in both acting and singing. His artistic endeavors extend beyond live performances, as evidenced by his recorded works: a [[video album]] titled ''Vazouia Kumpasar'' (Play to the Rhythm) and the [[audio album]]s, ''Obsoeg vo Abgath'' and ''Goa's Rumblé''. The former, ''Obsoeg vo Abgath'' is a [[musical play]] that addressed the sensitive issue of [[AIDS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomes |first=Olivinho |title=Scripting the Goan Tiatr |url=https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/en/art-culture/scripting-the-goan-tiatr |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Art and Culture, [[Government of Goa]]}}</ref> De Melo's career encompasses both artistic and public service roles. He held positions in the [[Government of Goa|Goan government]], serving in the Education Department from 1981 to 1985 and subsequently in the Sports and Youth Affairs Department from 1986. His involvement with the cultural sector continued as the department evolved into the independent Art and Culture Department, where he retired as an assistant cultural officer in 2016. De Melo's expertise in ''tiatr'', [[one-act play]]s, and [[folk play]]s has been recognized through his appointment as a [[Adjudicator|judge]] in several competitions hosted by the [[Kala Academy]] and [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]].<ref name=":0" />

De Melo, known for his work with his Çezar Dramatic Troupe, has authored several ''tiatr'' books, including ''Kal ani Aiz'', ''Kolakar'', ''Kalliz Ostorechem'', ''Kallo Fator'', ''Kaide Konnank'', and ''Kirmidoracho Rosto''. His work has also extended beyond the stage, in April 2017, his ''tiatr'' named ''Kallo Dhondo'' was scheduled for publication. This production would encompass a [[screenplay]] titled ''Khell Jivitacho'' as well as a non-stop performance ''tiatr'' known as ''Kor Kazar''. De Melo's artistic endeavors have also taken him into the realm of [[Television in India|Hindi television]] and [[Hindi cinema|film]], where he has participated in supporting roles. He assumed the character of a [[Catholic priest]] in the television series ''[[Mera Yaar Mera Dushman]]'' and took part in a dance performance featuring [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Randhir Kapoor]] in the film ''[[Pukar (1983 film)|Pukar]]''. Beyond his artistic pursuits, De Melo has also held the symbolic role of [[King Momo]] during the [[Goa Carnival]] in 2011<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-03-04 |title=King momos have gone on to be kings after Carnival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/king-momos-have-gone-on-to-be-kings-after-carnival/articleshow/7623847.cms |access-date=2024-08-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and represented the same character in the [[carnival float]] for the [[2014 Lusofonia Games]]. He is also known for his passion for football, having played for clubs like Panjim Gymkhana, Young Challengers, Alto Guimaraes, and MICPA.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
As of April 2017, Lydia is a [[legal professional]] practicing at the [[Bombay High Court]]. Before her marriage, she played a collaborative role in her husband's ''[[tiatr]]s'', a form of traditional theater characteristic of [[Culture of Goa|Goan culture]]. She later relocated to [[Chimbel]], [[Goa]], her mother's hometown. Together, the couple had two children: a son, Kevin, a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] actor and [[theatre arts]] educator,<ref name=":0" /> and a daughter, Karen, a [[television presenter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Curb you festivity! |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Curb-you-festivity/98300 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=oHeraldo|date=28 January 2016 }}</ref> As of 2018, de Melo resides in Panjim, Goa.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Mello, Cezar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian dramatists and playwrights]]

Forest Essentials

2026-03-05T07:01:07Z

Jhonny: added a details more to come

{{Short description|Indian Ayurvedic company}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Forest Essentials
| logo = Forest-Essentials-Logo-300x300px.png
| logo_caption = The company logo depicting the [[tree of life]]
| image = Forest-essentials-juhu-mumbai.jpg
| image_caption = Forest Essentials, [[Juhu]], [[Mumbai]]
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = [[Wellness (alternative medicine)|Wellness]], [[Cosmetics]]
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2000||}}
| founder = Mira Kulkarni
| hq_location_city = [[New Delhi]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = {{Unbulleted_list|India|[[Australia]]|[[United Arab Emirates]]|[[United Kingdom]]|[[United States]]}}
| key_people = Samrath Bedi, Managing Director
| products =
| owner =
| revenue = {{currency|4|USD}} [[million]]
| num_employees = 135 (2018)
| parent =
| website = {{Official website|https://www.forestessentialsindia.com/}}
}}

'''Forest Essentials''' is an Indian [[cosmetics]], [[skincare]] and [[perfume]] company that specialises in [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] preparations for its products. It was founded in 2000 by Mira Kulkarni in [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/este-lauders-dream-girl/100473|title=Estée Lauder's dream girl|website=fortuneindia.com|date=9 November 2014 }}</ref>

== History ==
Mira Kulkarni started the business in 2000 with an investment of Rs.2 [[lakhs]], then only selling handmade soaps and candles.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nanditta Chibber |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/how-forest-essentials-was-born-and-grew-106060101054_1.html |title=How Forest Essentials was born, and grew |work=Business Standard News |date=June 2006 |accessdate=2019-03-21}}</ref> The business expanded after the Delhi hotel [[Hyatt|Hyatt Regency]] ordered the soaps for their rooms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/life-style/deep-rooted-beauty-mira-kulkarni-md-forest-essentials/articleshow/6389775.cms |title=Deep rooted beauty: Mira Kulkarni, MD, Forest Essentials |work=The Economic Times |date=2010-08-22 |accessdate=2019-03-21}}</ref> In 2005–2006, the company posted sales of Rs.6 [[crore]].

== Business ==
In 2008, the [[New York City|New York]]-based [[Estée Lauder Companies]] acquired a 20% stake in the company, and in October 2021, the brand announced entering the [[United Kingdom]] by opening 12 retail stores.<ref>{{cite web|author=Varuni Khosla |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/homegrown-luxury-beauty-brand-forest-essentials-to-open-12-stores-in-the-uk-11635237820851.html |title=Forest Essentials to open 12 stores in UK |publisher=Livemint.com |date=2021-10-26 |accessdate=2022-04-05}}</ref> Kulkarni's son Samrath Bedi currently serves as the managing director of the company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/bt-more/culture/samrath-bedi-forest-essentials-india-on-brand-ethos-and-journey/story/224865.html |title="Understand your brand and stay true to it"- Business News |publisher=Businesstoday.in |date=2015-11-08 |accessdate=2019-03-21}}</ref><ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=49594763&privcapId=46893746&previousCapId=46893746&previousTitle=Mountain%20Valley%20Springs%20India%20Private%20Limited {{dead link|date=July 2021}}</ref>

The company has [https://www.forestessentialsindia.com/retail-store-locator/ 130 Forest Essentials Stores] in India, supplies to 190 hotels and export to 120 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/01/19/meet-the-fabulous-women-behind-these-popular-homegrown-brands-we_a_21658341/ |title=Meet The Fabulous Women Behind These Homegrown Brands We Absolutely Love |work=HuffPost India |date=19 January 2017 |accessdate=2019-03-21}}</ref> The factories are in [[Haridwar]] and Lodsi in [[Tehri Garhwal district]], [[Uttarakhand]].

Forest Essentials sells natural, organic and [[Ayurvedic]] cosmetics and has a policy of not testing their products on animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/no-animal-test-rule-to-apply-to-imported-cosmetics-too/article20696095.ece |title='No animal test' rule to apply to imported cosmetics too |work=Business Line |date=2018-03-12 |accessdate=2019-03-21}}</ref>{{failed verification |date=July 2021}}

In November 2022, Forest Essentials opened its first standalone store in [[Covent Garden]], [[London]] which would become the brand's first international store.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beauty brand Forest Essentials opens its first store in UK |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Beauty-brand-forest-essentials-opens-its-first-store-in-uk,1458430.html |website=FashionNetwork |date=14 November 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2022}}</ref>

As of March 2026, the Estée Lauder Companies purchased the remaining 51% of shares leading to a full acquisition of the brand.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.forestessentialsindia.com/}}

{{Cosmetics}}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Personal care brands]]
[[Category:Cosmetics brands]]
[[Category:Cosmetics companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Estée Lauder Companies]]
[[Category:Luxury brands]]
[[Category:Ayurvedic companies]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Pehla Pehla Pyar

2026-03-03T23:40:43Z

Jhonny: correct layout also and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|1994 film by Manmohan Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pehla Pehla Pyar
| image = Pehla Pehla Pyar Poster.jpg
| caption =
| starring = [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| released = {{Film date|1994|5|6|df=yes}}
| director = [[Manmohan Singh (director)|Manmohan Singh]]
| writer = [[Honey Irani]] [[Rumi Jaffery]]
|based_on = [[Roman Holiday]] by [[Dalton Trumbo]]
| producer = B. S. Shaad
| editing = Subhash Sehgal
| cinematography = Manmohan Singh
| runtime =
| studio = Brar Productions
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Pehla Pehla Pyar''''' ({{Translation|first love}}) is a 1994 Indian Hindi-language romantic film directed by [[Manmohan Singh (director)|Manmohan Singh]]. It stars [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]].<ref name="GulazāraNihalani2003">{{cite book|author1=Gulazāra|author2=Govind Nihalani|author3=Saibal Chatterjee|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT658|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5|pages=658–659}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2018}} The movie is loosely inspired by the American movie ''[[Roman Holiday]]''.

==Summary==

Sapna runs away from her aristocratic home, fed up with the hatred and family politics. She meets with Raj, who she is attracted to. Raj, at first wants to get rid of her, then eventually falls in love with her. Then the two of them have to be on the run as her family finds out where she is after they put up a reward for her whereabouts.

==Cast==
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Raj Manohar Singh
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Sapna
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Anand
* [[Kader Khan]] as Dharam Pal/Truck driver/grocer/Nawabsaab, Train Passenger/ Street side vendor stall owner.
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Shakti Singh
*[[Amrish Puri]] as Hukum Singh
*[[Radha Seth]] as Rani Maa
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Anand's Boss
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Cook at street side vendor
*[[Brahmachari (actor)]] as Servant at grocery store.
*[[Gopi Bhalla]]

==Soundtrack==

The music was scored by [[Anand–Milind]], while the lyrics were authored by veteran lyricist [[Anand Bakshi]]. The music was released on CDs and tapes by [[Venus Records & Tapes]] c/o [[Ganesh Jain]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Kore Kaagaz Pe Likhwale"
| [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 2
| "O Jaanu"
| [[Poornima (singer)]], [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| 3
| "Thandi Hawa Sun"
| Alka Yagnik
|-
| 4
| "Saawan Mahina"
| Poornima, Udit Narayan
|-
| 5
| "Saari Baatein Hoti Hain By Chance"
| Poornima, [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
| 6
| "Mujhe Pyar Karegi"
| Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan
|-
| 7
| "Maine Kahi Na"
| Alka Yagnik, Kumar Sanu
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|540177}}
*{{IMDb title|317985}}

[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhoumudu

2026-03-03T18:28:23Z

Jhonny: Put Up The Page W/ Refs

{{short description|1993 film by Bapu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhoumudu
| image = Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhowmudu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] {{small|(Screenplay & dialogues)}}
| producer = Nandamuri Rama Krishna
| director = [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Jayasudha]] [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]] [[Pukazhenthi|Puhalendi]]
| cinematography = [[Nandamuri Mohana Krishna]]
| editing = Dasineni Subhash P. Suryanarayana
| studio = Srimathi Movie Combines
| based_on = {{Based on|''Kavi Sarvabhoumudu'' and ''Kavidvayamu''|Nori Narasimha Sastry}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|10|21}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹3 [[crore]]<ref name=":5" />
| gross =
}}

'''''Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhoumudu''''' ({{translation|Srinatha, the universal monarch of poets}}) is a 1993 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[biographical film]] directed by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] and written by [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]. The film depicts the life of the 15th-century Telugu poet [[Srinatha]] and is based on the novels ''Kavi Sarvabhoumudu'' and ''Kavidvayamu'' by Nori Narasimha Sastry.<ref name=":4">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzxkHJ0qDA8&t=180s |title=శ్రీనాధ కవి సార్వభౌమా తెలుగు మూవీ Part 01/14 |last= |publisher=Shalimar Movies |time=3:00 |access-date=2024-12-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Produced by Nandamuri Rama Krishna, the film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] in the title role, alongside [[Jayasudha]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]], and [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]] and [[Pukazhenthi|Puhalendi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhowmudu (1993) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AIGN/info |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

Filming took place in locations including [[Rajahmundry]], [[Polavaram, Eluru district|Polavaram]], and [[Pattiseema]] along the [[Godavari River]]. The film was released in October 1993 but did not achieve commercial success.<ref name=":5" /> It was the final film featuring N. T. Rama Rao to release, although his last performance was in [[Major Chandrakanth (1993 film)|''Major Chandrakanth'']] (1993), which was released prior to this film.<ref name=":7" />

== Plot ==
The film begins at the [[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondaveedu]] court, where King [[Reddi Kingdom|Peda Komati Vema Reddi]] is instructed by Emperor Prouda Devaraya of Vidyanagaram to challenge his royal scholar, Gowda Dindima Bhattu, who has defeated poets throughout the kingdom. Poets who lose must bow before Bhattu, while those who win have the right to break his golden drum, a symbol of his heritage. To defend his kingdom's honour, Vema Reddi enlists the talented poet [[Srinatha]], who swears an oath before the Kondaveedu family deity's sword, Nandikanta Potaraju Katari, and sets off on his mission.

Srinatha, a hedonistic poet who enjoys an extravagant life with his devoted wife Sridevi, begins his journey with stops for pilgrimage and flirtatious poetry. Along the way, he meets his brother-in-law [[Pothana]], a natural poet, and invites him to join his lavish lifestyle. Pothana, however, declines, content with his simple life as a farmer.

During a stop in a village, a deceitful chieftain, Karanam Nagayya, attempts to embezzle funds allocated for Srinatha’s hospitality. When his scheme is exposed, Nagayya is punished, leading him to seek revenge. He incites Raja Vallabharaya, a subordinate of the emperor, against Srinatha. However, Vallabharaya, impressed by Srinatha’s intellect, becomes his admirer. Consequently, Srinatha mentions Vallabharaya in his works ''Kridabhinamam'', ''Naladamayanthi'', and ''Srungara Naishadham''.

Srinatha eventually arrives at Vidyanagaram, where Dindima Bhattu and his disciples mock his literary skills. Seeking a fair challenge, Srinatha befriends royal ambassador Sarparaya Telunga, who arranges a competition at the emperor’s court. Srinatha defeats Dindima Bhattu, breaks the golden drum, and earns the title "Kavi Sarvabhouma" (Emperor of Poets). The scholarly committee acknowledges Srinatha's unique contributions to literature, awarding him gold for his excellence.

Meanwhile, Vema Reddi is betrayed by Singa Bhupaludu of [[Rachakonda Fort|Rachakonda]], who seizes the imperial sword. Srinatha retrieves the sword through his literary talents but finds Kondaveedu in decline, with the prince, Chinna Vema Reddi, indulging in debauchery. Disillusioned, Srinatha abandons his wealth and status, choosing a humble life.

Over time, Srinatha becomes a wanderer, seeking patronage from various kings but finding none. He arrives in [[Palnadu]] and mocks its terrain, prompting Chennakesava to appear in the form of a child and inspire him to document their history in the ''Palanati Veeracharitra''. Eventually, Srinatha settles in a village, where Nagayya, still seeking vengeance, subjects him to humiliation and torture. When Nagayya is overthrown by a public uprising, Srinatha, now weary of life, decides to end his own. Sridevi dies in his lap, and Srinatha takes his own life by drowning. The film concludes with Srinatha's spirit ascending to the heavens.

== Cast ==
Source:<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhowmudu (1993) Review |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/JRY/0,314,3114,1750 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Srinatha]]
* [[Jayasudha]] as Sridevi
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Gowda Dindima Bhattu
* [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Pedakomati Vema Reddi
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Singa Bhupaludu
* [[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]] as Raja Vallabharaya / [[Nala]]
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Kanamam Nagayya
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|A.V.S.]] as a Tamil poet
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]] as Ganapathi
* Bhavani Shankar as [[Pothana]]
* Raja as Yuvaraju
* Mallik Babu as Duggana
* [[Aamani]] as [[Damayanti]]
* Divyavani
* Sindhuja as [[cameo appearance|Special appearance]]
* [[Disco Shanti]] in an [[item number]]

== Production ==

=== Early efforts ===
[[N. T. Rama Rao]] had a long-standing ambition to portray the celebrated Telugu poet [[Srinatha]] on screen. The idea first emerged in 1966 when Bharat Films produced ''Bhakta Pothana'' under the direction of G. Ramineedu. Rama Rao was initially approached to play Srinatha in the film.<ref name=":5" /> He expressed a strong commitment to the role, requesting six months to study Srinatha's life and immerse himself in the poet’s customs and lifestyle. Rama Rao also proposed shaving his head for authenticity and completing the film within two months after preparation. However, the filmmakers hesitated and suggested using a [[wig]] instead, leading Rama Rao to decline the role.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-08 |title=NTR: ఆ కోరికను అలా తీర్చుకున్న ఎన్టీఆర్‌ |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/navya/ntr-fulfilled-that-wish-986069.html |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |language=te}}</ref>

The idea of portraying Srinatha remained significant to Rama Rao throughout his career. In 1983, while serving as the [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], he planned to produce and direct a film on Srinatha. [[J. V. Raghavulu]] was enlisted as the music director, and [[C. Narayana Reddy]] was assigned to write the lyrics. Some songs were recorded during the early stages of production. However, political pressures and the central government's refusal to grant permission for him to act while holding office led to the project being postponed.<ref name=":5" />

In December 1984, Rama Rao revived the project. Unhappy with the earlier compositions, he replaced J. V. Raghavulu with [[Pendyala (composer)|Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] as the music director and re-recorded the songs with singer [[V. Ramakrishna]].<ref name=":5" /> Rama Rao emphasized his personal connection to the role by taking on the responsibilities of directing and producing the film, which was titled ''Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhoumudu''. C. Narayana Reddy was tasked with writing the dialogues and lyrics. Despite his renewed commitment, the project faced further delays due to Rama Rao’s continued duties as chief minister, especially after his third term began in March 1985.<ref name=":5" />

=== Revival and development ===
After seven years of delay, the project moved forward under the direction of [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]. Rama Rao collaborated with Bapu and writer [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] for the film. They expressed concerns, noting that Srinatha's life did not provide a large enough narrative to captivate audiences.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2022 |title=NTR: నష్టం వచ్చినా పర్వాలేదు |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/ntr-about-srinatha-kavi-sarvabhauma/0208/122031517 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref> They also highlighted the financial risks involved in producing a film about a historical figure who was relatively unknown to the masses. Despite these concerns, Rama Rao remained determined, emphasizing that the film should be made with sincerity. He believed that even if it did not achieve widespread commercial success, it would still resonate with a smaller, appreciative audience.<ref name=":1" />

Following Rama Rao's insistence, the film was produced by his son, Nandamuri Rama Krishna, under the banner of Srimathi Movie Combines.<ref name=":0" /> Bapu directed the film, with Mullapudi Venkata Ramana providing the screenplay and dialogues. The story was based on the novels ''Kavi Sarvabhoumudu'' and ''Kavidvayamu'' by Nori Narasimha Sastry,<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> which depict the life of Srinatha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavisarvabhoumudu by Nori Narasimha Sastry |url=https://emesco.in/ProductDetails.aspx?ProductId=1335&BrandId=380&Name=Kavisarvabhoumudu |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Emesco Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavidvayam, Somanatha Vijayam by Nori Narasimha Sastry |url=https://www.logili.com/novels/kavidvayam-somanatha-vijayam-nori-narasimha-sastry/p-7488847-46765387510-cat.html#variant_id=7488847-46765387510 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Logili |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] took place in [[Rajahmundry]], [[Polavaram, Eluru district|Polavaram]], [[Pattiseema]], and other locations along the [[Godavari River]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Swathi |date=2015-07-25 |title=Bapu-Ramana with NTR – Not a Fairy Tale beginning, but a Fairy Tale ending - 2 |url=https://www.telugu360.com/bapu-ramana-with-ntr-not-a-fairy-tale-beginning-but-a-fairy-tale-ending-2/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Telugu360 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-28 |title=విశ్వ విఖ్యాత రాజకీయ సార్వభౌమ |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/andhra-pradesh/west-godavari/ntr-mahanadu-1075163.html |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |language=te}}</ref> The cinematography was handled by [[Nandamuri Mohana Krishna]], son of Rama Rao.<ref name=":0" /> The production was completed on a budget of ₹3 [[crore]].<ref name=":5" />

While ''Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhoumudu'' was the last film featuring N. T. Rama Rao to release,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=29 August 2023 |title=Telugu Language Day: Watch films that celebrate the glory of Telugu on OTT |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/telugu-language-day-watch-films-that-celebrate-the-glory-of-telugu-on-ott/76c5c9ab26369 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Hymavati |first=Ravali |date=2022-11-16 |title=The Demises Of NTR, ANR, Krishnam Raju And Krishna Marks The End Of The Golden Era |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/the-demises-of-ntr-anr-krishnam-raju-and-krishna-marks-the-end-of-the-golden-era-769402 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> it was not his final performance. His last acting role was in [[Major Chandrakanth (1993 film)|''Major Chandrakanth'']] (1993), which was filmed after ''Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhoumudu'' but released earlier.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Prasanna Pradeep |date=2023-04-23 |title=Major Chandrakanth: నటరత్న చివరి చిత్రం ‘మేజర్ చంద్రకాంత్’! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/thirty-years-celbrations-of-major-chanrakanth-movie-356542.html |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2022 |title=NTR Death Anniversary : నేడు అన్న ఎన్టీఆర్ 26వ వర్థంతి.. నటనలో, రాజకీయాల్లో అన్నగారి రూటే సెపరేటు.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/national/ntr-death-anniversary-fans-and-family-pays-respect-to-great-legend-actor-and-politician-today-legendery-actor-26th-death-anniversary-ta-1167422.html |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=[[News18]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2022 |title=NTR Jayanthi: ఎన్టీఆర్‌ సినీ చరిత్రలో పదనిసలు |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/interesting-facts-on-nandamuri-tarakaramarao-cini-career/0201/122105224 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref>

[[AVS (actor)|AVS]] and [[Gundu Sudarshan]] were credited as debutants, though they had appeared in minor roles in earlier films.

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhoumudu
| type = film
| artist = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1993
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 62:06
| label = Beats Audio
| producer = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| prev_title = Swathi Kiranam
| prev_year = 1992
| next_title = ' ()
| next_year =
}}

The film's music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]] and [[Pukazhenthi|Puhalendi]], with lyrics penned by [[C. Narayana Reddy]]. The soundtrack was released under the Beats Audio label.<ref name=":6" />
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 62:06
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =
| title1 = Jejelu Jejelu
| extra1 = [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length1 = 4:11
| title2 = Naladamayanthi
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 9:06
| title3 = Hara Vilasam
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length3 = 4:29
| title4 = Abba Oho Yabba
| extra4 = SP Sailaja
| length4 = 4:23
| title5 = Pujarivari Kodalu (Padyam-1)
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 10:14
| title6 = Tholakari (Padyam-2)
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 19:48
| title7 = Kantikinidra Vachune (Padyam-3)
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length7 = 6:38
| title8 = NTR Dialogues
| extra8 = NTR
| length8 = 3:17
}}

== Reception ==
The film was released on 21 October 1993<ref name=":0" /> and was a commercial failure.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" />

Devaraju Ravi reviewed the film, calling it a masterpiece. He praised Bapu's direction, N. T. Rama Rao's performance, the dialogues, lyrics, and cinematography. He recommended that every Telugu person watch the film and urged the government to make it tax-free.<ref name=":6" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Bapu (film director)}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bapu]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:1993 Telugu-language films]]

Hijack (2008 film)

2026-03-03T05:25:35Z

Jhonny: updated information after review per standard format

{{More citations needed|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hijack
| image = Hijack poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kunal Shivdasani
| producer = [[Dinesh Vijan]] Kunal Shivdasani
| writer = Kunal Shivdasani Gavendra Agarwal
| starring = [[Shiney Ahuja]] [[Esha Deol]] [[Ishita Chauhan]] [[K K Raina]] [[Mona Ambegaonkar]]
| music = Justin Yesudas Uday Kumar Ninjoor
| cinematography = [[:en:Jehangir Choudhary|Jehangir Choudhary]]
| editing = Kunal Shivdasani
| studio = [[Eros International]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|09|05}}
| runtime = 117 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/hijack-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mtqxmzk|title=Hijack|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Hijack''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller]] film written and directed by Kunal Shivdasani. It is based on the hijacking of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]]. The film stars [[Shiney Ahuja]] and [[Esha Deol]]. The film was released on 5 September 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hijack/|title=Hijack|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=5 September 2008 |accessdate=27 June 2020}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vikram Madan ([[Shiney Ahuja]]) is a ground maintenance engineer at the Chandigarh Airport. His social life is limited to one friend, Rajeev, the security chief of the same airport. Vikram's daughter Priya ([[Ishitha Chauhan]]) is traveling with her teacher for a debate contest to Amritsar from Delhi. That flight gets hijacked by a group of six terrorists working for a man named Rasheed ([[KK Raina]]) who has been captured by the Indian police. The flight is forced to land at the Chandigarh Airport. These terrorists demand the release of Rasheed from the Indian Government or they threaten to kill the hostages inside the aircraft. Now Vikram is faced with a dilemma of being the only man who can sneak inside the aircraft and try to save the life of his daughter Priya. Once he breaches into the aircraft with the help of air hostess Saira ([[Esha Deol]]), he starts plotting and planning and killing the terrorists one by one. Some innocent passengers become the victims of the terrorists and die. However somehow Vikram and Saira together save the day.

==Cast==
* [[Shiney Ahuja]] as Vikram Madan
* [[Esha Deol]] as Saira
* [[KK Raina]] as Rasheed
* [[Ishita Chauhan]] as Priya Madan
* Kush Sharma
* Mariah Gantois
* [[Mona Ambegaonkar]] as Simone
* [[Kaveri Jha]] as Pooja Madan
* [[Rasika Dugal]] as Neha
* [[Ujjwal Chopra]]

==Music==
The soundtrack was scored by debutante duo Justin Yesudas and Uday Kumar Ninjoor.
* Yaad Mein Aksar – [[Krishna Kumar Kunnath|KK]]
* Dekh Dekh – [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Suraj Jagan]], Rap by [[Joi (band)|Joi]]
* Koi Na Jaane – KK, [[Shilpa Rao]]
* Theme of Hijack – Suraj Jagan, Uday Kumar Ninjoor
* Aksar (Unplugged) – [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
* Dekh Dekh (Club Mix) – Sunidhi Chauhan, Joi
* Yaad Mein Aksar (Remix) – KK, Joi
* Yaad Mein Aksar (Sad) – Shaan

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{BH movie|hijack}}
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about aircraft hijackings]]
[[Category:Thriller films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films set on airplanes]]
[[Category:Indian aviation films]]
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2008 drama films]]
[[Category:2000 millennium attack plots]]
[[Category:Films about jihadism]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{Islam-film-stub}}

Kai Po Che!

2026-03-02T10:01:44Z

Jhonny: enhanced references as per guidelines for accuracy

{{short description|2013 Indian film directed by Abhishek Kapoor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kai Po Che!
| image = Kai Poche film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Abhishek Kapoor]]
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]] [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The 3 Mistakes of My Life]]''|[[Chetan Bhagat]]}}
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Pubali Chaudhari
* Supratik Sen
* Abhishek Kapoor
* Chetan Bhagat}}
| starring = {{plainlist|

* [[Sushant Singh Rajput]]
* [[Amit Sadh]]
* [[Rajkummar Rao]]
* [[Amrita Puri]]
* [[Asif Basra]]}}
| music = '''Original Songs:''' [[Amit Trivedi]] '''Background Score:''' [[Hitesh Sonik]]
| cinematography = [[Anay Goswamy]]
| editing = [[Deepa Bhatia]]
| studio = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|02|22}}
| runtime = 126 minutes<ref name="BOI Final Report"/>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR|30 [[crore]]s|link=yes}}<ref name="BOI Final Report">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1250|title=Kai Po Che – Movie – Box Office India|access-date=19 November 2016|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120005252/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1250|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimated}} {{INR|83 [[crore]]s|link=yes}}<ref name="BOI Final Report"/><ref name="bollywoodhungama.com">{{cite web| url = https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kai-po-che/box-office/| title = Kai Po Che Final Box Office Collection| website = [[Bollywood Hungama]]| date = 22 February 2013| access-date = 18 July 2020| archive-date = 18 July 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200718104329/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kai-po-che/box-office/| url-status = live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kai Po Che!: Brothers... For Life''''' ({{translation|I have cut the kite}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[sports drama film]] directed by [[Abhishek Kapoor]] and produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]] and [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]] under [[UTV Motion Pictures]], marking the banner's first solo production under the [[The Walt Disney Company India|Disney·UTV]] brand. Adapted from [[Chetan Bhagat]]'s 2008 novel ''[[The 3 Mistakes of My Life]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/3-mistakes-of-my-life-goes-on-floors-this-month/247234-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411025538/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/3-mistakes-of-my-life-goes-on-floors-this-month/247234-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2012 |title='3 Mistakes of My Life' goes on floors this month |newspaper=[[IBN Live]]|date=9 April 2012 |access-date=23 April 2012}}</ref> with a three-song soundtrack by [[Amit Trivedi]] and lyrics by [[Swanand Kirkire]], the film stars [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Amit Sadh]], and newcomer [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] as the three main protagonists while [[Amrita Puri]] plays the female lead.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tv-actor-sushant-singh-rajput-in-kai-po-che/253238-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430215853/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tv-actor-sushant-singh-rajput-in-kai-po-che/253238-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 April 2012 |title=TV actor Sushant Singh Rajput in 'Kai Po Chhe' |publisher=[[IBN Live]]|date=29 April 2012 |access-date=30 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sushant-singh-rajput-to-star-in-kai-po-che/942421/ |title=Sushant Singh Rajput to star in 'Kai Po Che' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 April 2012 |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=16 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116002226/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sushant-singh-rajput-to-star-in-kai-po-che/942421/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The title is originally a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] phrase that means "I have cut" which refers to [[Makar Sankranti]] (known as Uttarayan in Gujarat) where one of the competitors uses his kite to cut off another competitor's kite and yells the phrase.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kai-po-che-film-based-on-bhagats-3-mistakes/252023-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428050013/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kai-po-che-film-based-on-bhagats-3-mistakes/252023-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 April 2012 |title=Kai Po Che: Film based on Chetan Bhagat's 'The 3 Mistakes of My Life' |publisher=[[IBN Live]] |date=25 April 2012 |access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://dailystuff.org/the-3-mistakes-of-my-life-movie-gets-gujarati-title-kai-po-che/ |title=Kai Po Che: Film based on Chetan Bhagat's ''The 3 Mistakes of My Life'' |publisher=DailyStuff.org |date=25 April 2012 |access-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427235211/http://dailystuff.org/the-3-mistakes-of-my-life-movie-gets-gujarati-title-kai-po-che/ |archive-date=27 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Set in [[Ahmedabad]] from 2000 to 2012, ''Kai Po Che!'' revolves around three friends, Ishaan "Ish" Bhatt (Rajput), Omkar "Omi" Shastri (Sadh) and Govind "Govi" Patel (Rao), who want to start their own sports shop and sports academy; the story also references the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]], the [[Godhra train burning|2002 Godhra train burning]] and the [[2002 Gujarat riots|2002 Gujarat Riots]], and tracks their deep friendship, and innocence tarnished by religious politics and communal hatred. The film had its world premiere at the [[63rd Berlin International Film Festival]] on 13 February 2013 where it was the first ever Indian film to feature in the World Panorama section.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 January 2013 |title='Kai Po Che' to be screened at Berlin film festival |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/kai-po-che-berlin-film-festival-idINDEE90G0F920130117 |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201225539/https://www.reuters.com/article/kai-po-che-berlin-film-festival-idINDEE90G0F920130117 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiawest.com/news/8738--kai-po-che-to-premiere-at-berlin-fest.html |title='Kai Po Che' to Premiere at Berlin Fest |publisher=Indiawest.com |date=25 January 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306092741/http://www.indiawest.com/news/8738--kai-po-che-to-premiere-at-berlin-fest.html |archive-date=6 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/kai-po-che-to-be-premiered-at-berlin-fest/110028/|title=Securities excluded from GST ambit in revised Bill|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=26 November 2016|via=Business Standard|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704181158/https://www.business-standard.com/search?q=news|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_kai-po-che-to-be-premiered-at-berlin-fest_1789186 |title=Kai Po Che to be premiered at Berlin fest – Entertainment – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=15 January 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-date=18 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118230910/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_kai-po-che-to-be-premiered-at-berlin-fest_1789186 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|300|m}}, ''Kai Po Che!'' was released worldwide on 22 February 2013 and met with acclaim from Indian reviewers, with praise for the direction of Kapoor and the performances of Rajput, Rao, and Sadh, but mixed reviews internationally. <ref> {{cite web|title=Kai Po Che! Movie Review|url=http://www.reviewgang.com/movies/307-Kai-Po-Che-movie-review|publisher=Reviewgang.com|access-date=28 March 2013|archive-date=5 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305233641/http://www.reviewgang.com/movies/307-Kai-Po-Che-movie-review|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="horseshit">{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kai_po_che/ |title=Kai Po Che at Rotten Tomatoes |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411134752/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kai_po_che/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|830|m}} worldwide, becoming a critical as well as commercial success.<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com"/> The film received five nominations at the [[59th Filmfare Awards]], including [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for Kapoor, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] for Rao, and [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]. The film won two awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] for Kapoor and [[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]] for Hitesh Sonik.

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=January 2022}}
Sometime in 2010, Govind "Govi" Patel is giving a presentation at a school about the services provided by Sabarmati Sports Club, an enterprise owned by him. Omkar "Omi" Shastri, in a parallel scene, is released from prison and Govi picks him up. While halting at a restaurant mid-way, Govi and Omi reminisce about their lives ten years ago, and remember their good friend Ishaan "Ish" Bhatt.

=== Ten years ago ===

Ish is an ex-district level cricketer who was a victim of selection politics. Omi is the nephew of a Hindu politician, Bittu Joshi, who funds his father's temple, and Govi has a penchant for business and numbers. Together they open a sports shop and a cricket training academy.

Ish asks Govi to tutor his younger sister Vidya in maths for her upcoming end-of-school exams. Vidya and Govi gradually become close to each other and develop a romantic relationship. Upon learning this, Omi warns Govi of the consequences, as Ish is very protective of his sister.

The three friends spot a rare budding cricket talent, Ali Hashmi, and Ish starts training him vigorously despite political tension between Ali's father Naseer Hashmi and Bittu, who lead rival parties. Govi wants to expand the budding business by opening a shop in a mall. With financial help coming from Bittu, the trio set up shop in the mall, but on 26 January 2001, a [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|destructive earthquake]] hits Gujarat and the mall is destroyed. Omi is forced to work for Bittu's right-wing party, and is unable to return to the shop.

While Naseer is away, Ish leads Ali and the Muslim neighbourhood to the relief camps set up by Bittu's party. When they are turned away, Ish and Omi fight and temporarily break off their friendship. They reunite after India's surprise win in the [[Second Test, 2000–01 Border–Gavaskar Trophy|test match]] against Australia on 15 March 2001. Bittu loses the elections in his constituency to his opponent Subodh Mehta, who is supported by Naseer. In response, Bittu sends pilgrims ([[kar sevaks]]) to [[Ayodhya]] to the Ram Temple, including Omi's parents. On 27 February 2002, they learn that the train coach carrying the pilgrims was [[Godhra train massacre|burned]], resulting in the deaths of 59 people. Omi is shattered, and Bittu convinces him to take revenge on the murderers of his parents.

Ish attempts to take Ali away to protect him from the imminent [[2002 Gujarat riots|communal riots]], and Govi goes to Ali's house to help Ish. The mob led by Bittu storms into the Muslim locality, killing every Muslim in sight. A fight ensues between Naseer and Bittu in which Naseer kills Bittu. Omi, enraged at Bittu's death, follows him with a gun. Meanwhile, Ish learns of Vidya and Govi's relationship. Enraged, he thrashes Govi, while Omi enters the premises with a gun in hand, desperate to find and kill Ali and Naseer. Ish and Govi hurriedly try to stop Omi as he desperately searches for Ali and Naseer. Omi finally aims and shoots at Ali and Naseer. In a bid to save Ali, Ishaan sacrifices his life by taking the bullet himself.

=== Present day ===

Omi is released from prison. Govi and Vidya are married and have a son, whom they have named Ishaan in memory of his friend and her brother. Vidya forgives Omi when he breaks down in front of her. The film ends with a now grown-up Ali debuting for the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]. He plays his first shot by hitting the ball to the boundary with a cover drive, just like Ish had taught him. Ish's spirit smiles at Ali's achievement and fades away.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] as Ishaan "Ish" Bhatt
* [[Amit Sadh]] as Omkar “Omi” Shastri
* [[Rajkummar Rao]] as Govind Patel
* [[Amrita Puri]] as Vidya Bhatt, Ishaan's sister
* [[Digvijay Deshmukh]] as Ali Hashmi
** [[Tahir Raj Bhasin]] as an adult Ali Hashmi
* [[Asif Basra]] as Naseer Hashmi, Ali's father
* [[Manav Kaul]] as Bittu Joshi, Omi's uncle
* Ishaan Bhagat as Ishaan Patel<ref>{{cite web|author=Mehul S Thakkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chetan-bhagats-son-in-kai-po-che/articleshow/18624356.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225175420/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-22/news-interviews/37240897_1_kai-po-che-kai-po-che-chetan-bhagat |url-status=live |archive-date=25 February 2013 |title=Chetan Bhagat's son in Kai Po Che |date= 22 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref> in a special appearance
* [[Ashish Kakkad]] as Vishwas
* [[Ajay Jadeja]] in a cameo appearance as a cricket commentator
* [[Gaurav Kapur]] in a cameo appearance as a cricket commentator
* Navneet Sharma as Library guy
* Raminder Sandhu as Poor guy
* Gargi Patel as Kendriya Vidyalaya Principal
}}

==Production==

===Filming===
Filming began in [[Vadnagar]] in [[Mehsana]] district of [[Gujarat]] along majority of scenes canned in old [[Ahmedabad]] and continued further in [[Porbandar]], [[Diu, India|Diu]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/1431589 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120426220749/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/1431589 | url-status =dead | archive-date =26 April 2012 | title = 'I am happy that Kai Po Che is on floors' – Ashish Phadtare | website = [[Bollywood Hungama]] | date = 24 April 2012 | access-date = 1 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/kai-po-che-to-release-in-january-next-year/1000254.html | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120522004353/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/kai-po-che-to-release-in-january-next-year/1000254.html | url-status =dead | archive-date =22 May 2012 | title = 'Kai Po Che' to release in January next year | publisher = [[IBN Live]] | date = 18 May 2012 | access-date = 1 June 2012}}</ref> A scene featuring the trio was shot at Hatkeshwar Mahadev temple.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Sacred-start-to-Kai-Po-Che/Article1-851015.aspx | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130613084429/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Sacred-start-to-Kai-Po-Che/Article1-851015.aspx | url-status =dead | archive-date =13 June 2013 | title = Sacred start to Kai Po Che! |work = [[Hindustan Times]] | date = 5 May 2012 | access-date = 8 May 2012}}</ref> One of the songs Meethi Boliyan was exclusively shot around [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]] and [[Diu, India|Diu]]. Reportedly, [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] had to undergo four months cricket training under two coaches to fit into the book adapted character of 'Ishaan'.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tv-actor-sushant-singh-rajput-to-debut-in-kai-po-che/955614/ | title = TV actor Sushant Singh Rajput to debut in 'Kai Po Che' | work = [[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] | date = 1 June 2012 | access-date = 1 June 2012 | archive-date = 23 February 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140223045359/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tv-actor-sushant-singh-rajput-to-debut-in-kai-po-che/955614 | url-status = live }}</ref> A cricket match sequence was shot at the Sabarmati Railway stadium sabarmati in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Kai-Po-Che-gets-what-Bond-couldn-t/Article1-856518.aspx | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120516171711/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Kai-Po-Che-gets-what-Bond-couldn-t/Article1-856518.aspx | url-status =dead | archive-date =16 May 2012 | title = Kai Po Che! gets what Bond couldn't |work = [[Hindustan Times]] | date = 16 May 2012 | access-date = 1 June 2012}}</ref> The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) has granted the director permission to use footage from a historic [[India]]–[[Australia]] [[Kolkata]] [[Second Test, 2000–01 Border–Gavaskar Trophy|test match from 2001]] in ''Kai Po Che!''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Kai-Po-Che-brings-cicket-to-silver-screen/Article1-1009908.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211164554/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Kai-Po-Che-brings-cicket-to-silver-screen/Article1-1009908.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 February 2013 |title=Kai Po Che brings cricket to silver screen |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 February 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/will-kai-po-ches-2001-indaus-theme-find-resonance-with-cricket-fans-on-test-series-friday/374265-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224014817/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/will-kai-po-ches-2001-indaus-theme-find-resonance-with-cricket-fans-on-test-series-friday/374265-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2013 |title=Will Kai Po Che's 2001 Ind-Aus theme find resonance with cricket fans on Test series Friday?- Bollywood- Movies News-IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref> Director [[Abhishek Kapoor]] has admitted that the leading Bollywood stars didn't want to be a part of the film.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Leading-actors-refused-to-star-in-Kai-Po-Che/articleshow/14336395.cms| archive-url= https://archive.today/20130126044257/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-22/news-interviews/32367692_1_big-stars-kai-po-che-big-actors| url-status= live| archive-date= 26 January 2013| work= [[The Times of India]]| title= Leading actors refused to star in Kai Po Che| date=22 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 January 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Kai-Po-Che-actors-are-very-distinct-and-yet-alike/articleshow/17912294.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063023/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-07/news-interviews/36174225_1_kai-po-che-character-steve-jobs |url-status=live |archive-date=16 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Kai Po Che actors are very distinct and yet alike |access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref> Former cricketer [[Ajay Jadeja]] was signed for a special appearance in this film.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://timesofap.com/cinema/article.php?news=Ajay-Jadejas-Special-Role-in-Kai-Po-Che| title= Ajay Jadejas Special Role in Kai Po Che| date= 27 October 2012| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140219234547/http://timesofap.com/cinema/article.php?news=Ajay-Jadejas-Special-Role-in-Kai-Po-Che| archive-date= 19 February 2014}}</ref>

===Title===
[[Chetan Bhagat]], whose book is adapted for the screen, first revealed the title of the film. Subsequently, a short contest was announced by him on [[Twitter]] to create awareness about the film and its title.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/what-is-kai-po-che-100238-2012-04-24 | title = What is Kai Po Che? | date = 25 April 2012 | access-date = 1 May 2012 | archive-date = 30 April 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120430003534/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/what-is-kai-po-che/1/186008.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kai Po Che!
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Amit Trivedi]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|01|23}}
| recorded = 2012–2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 12:21
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]] [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]] [[Amit Trivedi]]
| prev_title = [[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[Amit Trivedi]] while the lyrics were penned by [[Swanand Kirkire]]. The background music has been composed by Hitesh Sonik.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 12:21
| title1 = Manjha
| extra1 = [[Amit Trivedi]], Mohan Kannan
| length1 = 3:37
| title2 = Shubhaarambh
| extra2 = [[Shruti Pathak]], [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
| length2 = 3:54
| title3 = Meethi Boliyaan
| extra3 = Amit Trivedi, [[Mili Nair]]
| length3 = 4:50
}}

==Release==
''Kai Po Che!'' release date was confirmed as 22 February 2013. The film was released on 1000 screens in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-update/update-agneepath-has-unprecedented-opening/ |title=Screen Count |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=27 January 2012 |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806184209/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-update/update-agneepath-has-unprecedented-opening/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Kai Po Che!'' received 'U' certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]] prior to its release without any cuts, and released on 22 February 2013.

===Marketing===
The first trailer of this movie was released on YouTube on 20 December 2012, and was premiered along with ''[[Dabangg 2]]''.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 December 2012|title=Film Trailer|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kai-po-che-trailer-124845-2012-12-19|access-date=8 January 2013|archive-date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117025305/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kai-po-che-trailer/1/238678.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=salman's next in|first=100 crore club|title=Kai Po Che' trailer to be released with Salman Khan's 'Dabanng 2|newspaper=IBNLive|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kai-po-che-trailer-to-be-released-with-salman-khans-dabanng-2/310469-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217030539/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kai-po-che-trailer-to-be-released-with-salman-khans-dabanng-2/310469-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2012|access-date=14 December 2012}}</ref> ''[[The 3 Mistakes of My Life]]'' book cover was relaunched with the poster of ''Kai Po Che!''<ref>{{cite web|date=20 February 2013|title='Kai Po Che' cover for Bhagat's '3 Mistakes..'|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-20/books/37198976_1_kai-po-che-yadav-and-amit-sadh-chetan-bhagat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224150824/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-20/books/37198976_1_kai-po-che-yadav-and-amit-sadh-chetan-bhagat|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref>

The director had a four-city promotional strategy. There were plans of bonding with friends in four cities and hanging out with them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Kai-Po-Che-promotion-plans-party-in-four-cities/Article1-984997.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105025918/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Kai-Po-Che-promotion-plans-party-in-four-cities/Article1-984997.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2013 |title=Kai Po Che! promotion plans – party in four cities |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 January 2013 |access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-04/news-interviews/36131227_1_kai-po-che-amit-sadh-filmmaker-abhishek-kapoor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610192716/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-04/news-interviews/36131227_1_kai-po-che-amit-sadh-filmmaker-abhishek-kapoor |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 June 2013 |title=Kai Po Che! makers plan promotional parties in four cities |date=4 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref> Sushant Singh Rajput was to host a private screening of ''Kai Po Che!'' in his hometown of [[Patna]] for his childhood friends.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/kai-po-che-sushant-singh-rajput-to-host-private-screening-in-patna_128350.htm |title='Kai Po Che!': Sushant Singh Rajput to host private screening in Patna |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-date=1 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301060707/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/kai-po-che-sushant-singh-rajput-to-host-private-screening-in-patna_128350.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/sushant-singh-rajput-to-host-i-kai-po-che-i-private-screening-in-patna-333251 |title=Sushant Singh Rajput to host Kai Po Che! private screening in Patna | NDTV Movies.com |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |date=20 February 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-date=24 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224081526/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/sushant-singh-rajput-to-host-i-kai-po-che-i-private-screening-in-patna-333251 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 18 February 2013, a star-studded premiere was organised in Cinemax, [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenewstribe.com/2013/02/20/star-studded-kai-po-che-premiere/ |title=Star-Studded Kai Po Che Premiere |publisher=The News Tribe |date=20 February 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221090339/http://www.thenewstribe.com/2013/02/20/star-studded-kai-po-che-premiere/ |archive-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

Actors like [[Aamir Khan]], [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Huma Qureshi]], [[Arshad Warsi]] and film-maker [[Shekhar Kapur]] praised the film and acting performances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Aamir-Khan-delighted-to-see-Kai-Po-Che/Article1-1014252.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221093714/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Aamir-Khan-delighted-to-see-Kai-Po-Che/Article1-1014252.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 February 2013 |title=Aamir Khan delighted to see Kai Po Che |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 February 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kai-po-che-is-a-fantastic-film-says-hrithik-roshan/373897-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222034308/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kai-po-che-is-a-fantastic-film-says-hrithik-roshan/373897-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2013 |title='Kai Po Che' is a fantastic film, says Hrithik Roshan- Bollywood- Movies News-IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=19 February 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywood-gives-thumbs-to-kai-po-che/20130219.htm |title=Kai Po Che leaves you speechless |work=Rediff.com |date=19 February 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225032017/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywood-gives-thumbs-to-kai-po-che/20130219.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

===Critical reception===
The film was critically acclaimed by Indian critics but was met with a rather mixed reception from critics overseas.

==== India ====
Sukanya Verma for ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 4/5 stars and says Abhishek Kapoor's clarity of vision makes ''Kai Po Che!'', the adaptation of a mediocre novel, so irresistible.<ref name="Kai Po Che Review">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-kai-po-che-totally-works/20130221.htm |title=Review Rediff.com |author=Sukanya Verma |work=Rediff.com |access-date=21 February 2013 |archive-date=24 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224013756/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-kai-po-che-totally-works/20130221.htm |url-status=live }}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave it 4 out of 5 and stated that the film is brimming with solid content.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/551018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501123145/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/551018 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 May 2012 |title=Film Review |author=Taran Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=21 February 2013}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 4 out of 5 stars saying, "''Kai Po Che!'' is very likeable. Between tears, you find yourself smiling, because it's the story of friendship and human triumph above all else."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/kai-po-che/movie-review/18588869.cms |title=Review TOI |author=Meena Iyer |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 February 2013 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221131534/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/kai-po-che/movie-review/18588869.cms |url-status=live }}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Resham Sengar of ''[[Zee News]]'' gave 4/5 stars stating, "The magic of the film lies in its details!"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/kai-po-che-review-the-magic-of-the-film-lies-in-its-details_128519.htm |title=Review ZeeNews |author=Resham Sengar |publisher=zeenews.com |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-date=22 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222113811/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/kai-po-che-review-the-magic-of-the-film-lies-in-its-details_128519.htm |url-status=live }}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 3.5 stars saying, "''Kai Po Che!'' is a competently crafted, well acted and consistently engaging drama that makes its point without sinking into preachy paroxysms".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Critics-review-Kai-Po-Che-deserves-a-standing-ovation/Article1-1015007.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222015628/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Critics-review-Kai-Po-Che-deserves-a-standing-ovation/Article1-1015007.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2013 |title=Review NDTV |author=Saibal Chatterjee |publisher=NDTV |access-date=21 February 2013}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars adding, "Abhishek Kapoor uses ''Kai Po Che!'' as an apt metaphor and crafts a lovely, emotional film on abiding friendship and the values that make life worth living."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/review-kai-po-che/1078147/0 |title=Review Indian Express |author=Shubra Gupta |work=The Indian Express |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225011421/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/review-kai-po-che/1078147/0 |url-status=live }}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3.5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kai-po-che-movie-review-154669-2013-02-21 |title=Movie review: Kai Po Che |work=India Today |date=22 February 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223024509/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kai-po-che-movie-review/1/251372.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Khalid Mohamed]] of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and stated that it is a good film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130223/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/kai-po-che-review-cut-above-commonplace |title='Kai Po Che' review: A cut above the commonplace |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-date=24 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224011910/http://deccanchronicle.com/130223/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/kai-po-che-review-cut-above-commonplace |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' stated that it is a warm film<ref>{{cite web |author=Shilpa Jamkhandikar, 20 February 2013 |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/313710/kai-po-che-boy-bonding.html |title=Kai Po Che: Boy bonding at its best |work=Deccan Herald |date=20 February 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-date=24 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224014435/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/313710/kai-po-che-boy-bonding.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while ''[[Live Mint]]'' said that ''Kai Po Che!'' is a well-crafted entertainer.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sanjukta Sharma |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/TW1dyxXaz1ZVLhvoRoLarO/Film-Review--Kai-Po-Che.html |title=Film Review | Kai Po Che |publisher=Livemint |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-date=24 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224012915/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/TW1dyxXaz1ZVLhvoRoLarO/Film-Review--Kai-Po-Che.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the movie 4 out of 5 stars saying that "''Kai Po Che!'' is Gujarati for "I've cut". It is used as a cry of victory in kite-flying contests. Here victory is hard-earned and tinged with tears and regret. But it's also deeply satisfying."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Kai-po-che/Article1-1015990.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223020342/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Kai-po-che/Article1-1015990.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2013 |title=Anupama Chopra's review: Kai po che! |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref> Rajeev Masand of ''[[IBN Live]]'' gave the movie 4/5 stars saying that "It's only February, but one of the year's best films has arrived".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kai-po-che-review-its-only-february-but-one-of-the-years-best-films-has-arrived/374575-47-84.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225090030/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kai-po-che-review-its-only-february-but-one-of-the-years-best-films-has-arrived/374575-47-84.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 February 2013 |title=Kai Po Che' review |publisher=IBN Live |access-date=25 February 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that the film is breathless.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sudhish Kamath |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/film-review-kai-po-che-no-mistakes-our-life/article4446273.ece |title=Features / Cinema Plus : Film review: Kai Po Che – No mistakes, our life |work=The Hindu |date=23 February 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-date=26 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226125349/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/film-review-kai-po-che-no-mistakes-our-life/article4446273.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Overseas ====
The film is rated 78% 'fresh' on the review site [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref name="horseshit" /> Critic [[Aaron Hillis]] of ''[[The Village Voice]]'' gave a negative review, stating that "The dramatic stakes are so puny that every obstacle can be overcome with a simple work-it-out montage, a cheap device prevalent enough in this movie to start a drinking game."<ref name="horseshit2">{{cite web |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2013-02-20/film/kai-po-che-s-bromantic-trio-work-out-all-the-bollywood-trappings/ |title=Kai Po Che's Bromantic Trio Work Out All the Bollywood Trappings |last1=Hillis |first1=Aaron |date=20 February 2013 |publisher=[[The Village Voice]] |access-date=9 April 2013 |archive-date=7 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407115541/http://www.villagevoice.com/2013-02-20/film/kai-po-che-s-bromantic-trio-work-out-all-the-bollywood-trappings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote that the film "Mixes, not quite successfully, traditional Bollywood storytelling with something less conventional."<ref name="horseshit3">{{cite web|url= https://movies.nytimes.com/2013/02/22/movies/kai-po-che-directed-by-abhishek-kapoor.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&smid=tw-nytmovies|title= Bromance, Cricket and Sectarian Riots|last1= Saltz|first1= Rachel|date= 21 February 2013|work= [[The New York Times]]|access-date= 9 April 2013|archive-date= 6 June 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130606064539/http://movies.nytimes.com/2013/02/22/movies/kai-po-che-directed-by-abhishek-kapoor.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&smid=tw-nytmovies|url-status= live}}</ref> Kate Taylor of ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' wrote that the film "might be the next ''[[Bend It Like Beckham]]'' – if it did not have the sensibilities of the next ''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Dr. Zhivago]]''."<ref name="horseshit4">{{cite web|url= https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/film-reviews/kai-po-che-bromance-bollywood-style/article8948177/|title= Kai Po Che!: Bromance, Bollywood-style|last= Taylor|first= Kate|date= 22 February 2013|work= [[The Globe and Mail]]|access-date= 9 April 2013|archive-date= 2 March 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130302115305/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/film-reviews/kai-po-che-bromance-bollywood-style/article8948177/|url-status= live}}</ref> Bruce Demara of the [[Toronto Star]] gave the a positive review of film 3.5 out of 4 stars. Through starting by criticizing the lengthy amount of Cricket portrayed in the film (which he describes as "a game that remains mystifying to North American audiences"), this aspect does not prevent Bruce from giving a Kai Po Che! a favorable review. He first praises the acting as what "makes film succeed – and occasionally soar", further describing it as "finely etched performances" with a "very fine cast". He further compliments the cinematography, stating that it shows "an India of contrasts, both sun-baked rural landscapes and chaotic urban scenes." He also states that the cinematography had "fine attention to detail" that provides the film "an air of authenticity". He then states that despite the film being 2-hour, the audience is "soon engaged and deeply invested in" it. He concludes his review by stating that even audiences with little knowledge of recent Indian history or the complexities of cricket "are going to find ''Kai Po Che'' a poignant and satisfying experience."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2013/02/21/kai_po_che_a_sprawling_tale_of_friendship_review.html|title=Kai Po Che a sprawling tale of friendship: review|last=Demara|first=Bruce|date=21 February 2013|website=The Toronto Star|access-date=19 August 2017|archive-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820034147/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2013/02/21/kai_po_che_a_sprawling_tale_of_friendship_review.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Robert Abele of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' gave it a positive review, criticizing the film for its grimness and lack of subtlety, but complimenting the performances as "enjoyably boisterous", as well as complimenting the director Abhishek Kapoor for refusing to "linger on clichés for too long".<ref name="slightly-stinky-horseshit">{{cite news|url= http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-kai-po-che-capsule-20130222,0,7888217.story|title= Movie review: 'Kai Po Che' also plays outside the lines|last= Abele|first= Robert|date= 21 February 2013|newspaper= [[LA Times]]|access-date= 9 April 2013|archive-date= 17 March 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130317153519/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-kai-po-che-capsule-20130222,0,7888217.story|url-status= live}}</ref> Deborah Young of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' complimented the film for leaving the traditional Bollywood formula, by "boldly plunge[ing] into two major historical events: the 2001 earthquake that killed 18,000 people and... the violent Hindu-Muslim clashes of 2002." She also states that the Hindu-Muslim riot scene and subsequent reconciliation transforms the film into a "powerful drama" that "allows audiences to leave the theater with a tear in the eye". She later compliments the actors as "well cast" and praises the film's cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/brothers-life-kai-po-che-421864|title=Brothers for Life (Kai Po Che): Berlin Review|last=Young|first=Deborah Young|date=13 February 2013|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=19 August 2017|archive-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820034129/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/brothers-life-kai-po-che-421864|url-status=live}}</ref> Priya Joshi of the ''[[Digital Spy]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, describing the film as an "intimate story of friendship, ambition, love, loss and redemption. She further praises the film's storytelling, scripting, and cinematography as "cornerstones to this film", while complimenting the acting and characterization. She also praised the film's storyline, describing the tension of the rising action as a "shattering crescendo" by the climax. Her concluding message further commends the film: stating "thought-provoking, moving and ultimately heart-warming, ''Kai Po Che!'' is what great cinema is made of".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/bollywood/review/a461069/kai-po-che-review-what-great-cinema-is-made-of/|title='Kai Po Che!' review: "What great cinema is made of"|last=Joshi|first=Priya|date=23 February 2013|website=Digital Spy|access-date=19 August 2017|archive-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820040725/http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/bollywood/review/a461069/kai-po-che-review-what-great-cinema-is-made-of/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Russell Edwards of ''[[Special Broadcasting Service]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, introducing the film as "a hallmark of a well-made film is the way it can make you care about things you really care little about." He compliments the film for interlacing the film's narrative threads with real events, and concludes by stating the acting as "strong throughout".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/movies/review/kai-po-che-review|title=Kai Po Che Review|last=Edwards|first=Russell|date=25 February 2013|website=Special Broadcasting Service|access-date=19 August 2017|archive-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820034324/http://www.sbs.com.au/movies/review/kai-po-che-review|url-status=live}}</ref> Daniel Eagan of the ''[[Film Journal International]]'' complimented the film, praising its authenticity by mentioning that it had moved "beyond Bollywood stereotypes to a new style of Indian cinema", further stating that the film "could attract an audience outside India". He praised the use of real situations mixed with the film's narrative, particularly complimenting the film's focusing on the character development during the events rather than overuse of special effects. He appreciated the film's use of "universal themes", and praised the way India was portrayed; describing this narrative on India as "on brink of the future, and yet still divided by wealth and poverty, by class and religion". He likewise admired the acting of the film, stating that all of the main characters "give strong performances". He completes his review by stating "this is a film whose scope, detail and appealing characters deserve a wide audience."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmjournal.com/node/7734|title=Film Review: Kai Po Che|last=Eagan|first=Daniel|date=21 February 2013|website=Film Journal International|access-date=19 August 2017|archive-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820034835/http://www.filmjournal.com/node/7734|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Kai Po Che!'' opened with a collection of {{INRConvert|42.5|m}} on day one with limited release where it did good business in metro cities especially.<ref name="1st Day">{{cite web|url= http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/collection/1st-Day-Box-Office-Collections-Of-KAI-PO-CHE-And-ZILA-GHAZIABAD-1150|title= Kai Po Che Scores Good on Day One|publisher= Box Office Capsule|access-date= 22 February 2013|archive-date= 6 December 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131206145312/http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/collection/1st-Day-Box-Office-Collections-Of-KAI-PO-CHE-And-ZILA-GHAZIABAD-1150|url-status= live}}</ref> After the opening day, the film showed very good growth, grossing {{INRConvert|62.5|m}} and {{INRConvert|75|m}} on its second and third days respectively to make a collection of around {{INRConvert|183|m}} in its first weekend.<ref name="1st Weekend">{{cite web|url= http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/collection/1st-Weekend-Worldwide-Box-Office-Collections-Of-KAI-PO-CHE-1154|title= Kai Po Che Finishes Huge Weekend|publisher= Box Office Capsule|access-date= 24 February 2013|archive-date= 7 April 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140407143153/http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/collection/1st-Weekend-Worldwide-Box-Office-Collections-Of-KAI-PO-CHE-1154|url-status= live}}</ref> It grossed {{INRConvert|295|m}} after its first week.<ref name="1st week">{{cite web|url= http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/collection/1st-Week-Worldwide-Box-Office-Collections-Of-KAI-PO-CHE-1165|title= Kai Po Che Continues To March on Weekdays|publisher= Box Office Capsule|access-date= 27 February 2013|archive-date= 7 April 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140407141404/http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/collection/1st-Week-Worldwide-Box-Office-Collections-Of-KAI-PO-CHE-1165|url-status= live}}</ref> The film held well despite some new releases and collected around {{INRConvert|82.5|m}} in its second weekend.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kai Po Che Rock Steady in Second Weekend|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5453&nCat=|publisher=Boxofficeindia.Com|access-date=4 March 2013|archive-date=7 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307050404/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5453&nCat=|url-status=live}}</ref> It grossed {{INRConvert|110|m}} in second<ref name="2nd week">{{cite web|url= http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/breaking-news.aspx?news_id=1042|title= Kai Po Che Scores Big in 2nd Weekend|publisher= Box Office Capsule|access-date= 4 March 2013|archive-date= 10 March 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130310032420/http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/breaking-news.aspx?news_id=1042|url-status= live}}</ref> and {{INRConvert|48.3|m}} in its third week.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kai Po Che Third Week Territorial Breakdown|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5490&nCat=|publisher=Boxofficeindia.Com|access-date=18 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321161924/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5490&nCat=|archive-date=21 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The final domestic collections of the film are {{INRConvert|480|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kai Po Che! Final Collections |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5517&nCat= |publisher=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref>

After its successful run in domestic market, the film has done well overseas with a business of around $2.25 million in 17 days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sheb Biwi Aur Gangster Limited Release ''Kai Po Che!'' $2.25 Million|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5478&nCat=|publisher=Boxofficeindia.Com|access-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317031650/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5478&nCat=|archive-date=17 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Final overseas collection was US$2.325 million.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5933&nCat=| title = Reference at www.boxofficeindia.com| access-date = 7 August 2013| archive-date = 19 December 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131219061143/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5933&nCat=| url-status = live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| 18 December 2013
| Most Entertaining Social – Drama Film
| ''Kai Po Che!''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-4th-big-star-entertainment-awards/ |title=Nominations for 4th Big Star Entertainment Awards |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=12 December 2013 |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102306/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-4th-big-star-entertainment-awards/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-star-entertainment-awards-2013-winners-list/ |title=Big Star Entertainment Awards 2013: Winners List |website=BizAsiaLive |date=19 December 2013 |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183022/https://www.bizasialive.com/big-star-entertainment-awards-2013-winners-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor Debut – Male
| {{sort|Rajput|[[Sushant Singh Rajput]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="10"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="10"| [[59th Filmfare Awards|24 January 2014]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Kapoor|[[Abhishek Kapoor]]}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations |website=Filmfare |date=13 January 2014 |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330155946/https://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-59th-idea-filmfare-awards-5220.html |title=Winners of 59th Idea Filmfare Awards |website=Filmfare |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182509/https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-59th-idea-filmfare-awards-5220.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| {{sort|Kapoor|[[Abhishek Kapoor]]}}, {{sort|Bhagat|[[Chetan Bhagat]]}} {{sort|Chaudhari|Pubali Chaudhari}}, {{sort|Sen|Supratik Sen}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| {{sort|Goswamy|[[Anay Goswamy]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{sort|Khan|[[Niharika Khan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{sort|Rao|[[Rajkummar Rao]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Kirkire|[[Swanand Kirkire]]}} – (for "Manja")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Trivedi|[[Amit Trivedi]]}} – (for "Manja")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
| {{sort|Sonik|Hitesh Sonik}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| {{sort|Bhatia|[[Deepa Bhatia]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
| {{sort|Prime Focus|Prime Focus}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| 20 January 2014
| [[GiMA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Kirkire|[[Swanand Kirkire]]}} – (for "Manja")
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://gima.co.in/2014_film_nominees.php |title=4th GiMA Awards Film Music Nominees |work=Global Indian Music Academy Awards |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208053318/http://gima.co.in/2014_film_nominees.php |archive-date=8 February 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/global-indian-music-awards-gima-2014-winners-list/ |title=Global Indian Music Awards (GiMA) 2014: Winners list |website=BizAsiaLive |date=20 January 2014 |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184713/https://www.bizasialive.com/global-indian-music-awards-gima-2014-winners-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[GiMA Award for Best Music Debut|Best Music Debut]]
| {{sort|Nair|[[Mili Nair]]}} – (for "Meethi Boliyaan")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[GiMA Award for Best Duet|Best Duet]]
| {{sort|Trivedi|[[Amit Trivedi]]}}, {{sort|Nair|[[Mili Nair]]}} – (for "Meethi Boliyaan")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="4"| [[15th IIFA Awards|23–26 April 2014]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''Kai Po Che!''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/iifa-awards-2014-the-list-of-nominees-669986.html |title=IIFA Awards 2014: The list of nominees |website=CNN-News18 |date=22 February 2014 |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184211/https://www.news18.com/news/india/iifa-awards-2014-the-list-of-nominees-669986.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/complete-list-of-winners-at-iifa-2014-683968.html |title=Complete list of winners at IIFA 2014 |website=CNN-News18 |date=27 April 2014 |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184837/https://www.news18.com/news/india/complete-list-of-winners-at-iifa-2014-683968.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Kapoor|[[Abhishek Kapoor]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{sort|Kapoor|[[Abhishek Kapoor]]}}, {{sort|Bhagat|[[Chetan Bhagat]]}} {{sort|Chaudhari|Pubali Chaudhari}}, {{sort|Sen|Supratik Sen}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Rajput|[[Sushant Singh Rajput]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| rowspan="7"| 16 January 2014
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Kapoor|[[Abhishek Kapoor]]}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/9th-edition-renault-star-guild-awards-deepika-padukone-amitabh-bachchan-shah-rukh-khan-bollywood-177126-2014-01-16 |title=9th Renault Star Guild Awards releases list of nominees |website=India Today |date=16 January 2014 |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122181652/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/9th-edition-renault-star-guild-awards-deepika-padukone-amitabh-bachchan-shah-rukh-khan-bollywood-177126-2014-01-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-9th-renault-star-guild-awards/ |title=Winners of 9th Renault Star Guild Awards |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=17 January 2014 |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711195222/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-9th-renault-star-guild-awards/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Best Story
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Kapoor|[[Abhishek Kapoor]]}}, {{sort|Bhagat|[[Chetan Bhagat]]}} {{sort|Chaudhari|Pubali Chaudhari}}, {{sort|Sen|Supratik Sen}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Rajput|[[Sushant Singh Rajput]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Kirkire|[[Swanand Kirkire]]}} – (for "Manja")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Trivedi|[[Amit Trivedi]]}} – (for "Manja")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="13"| [[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="13"| [[20th Screen Awards|14 January 2014]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| rowspan="2"| ''Kai Po Che!''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="13"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/annual-screen-awards-2014-the-complete-list-of-nominees-533445 |title=Annual Screen Awards 2014: The Complete List of Nominees |website=International Business Times |date=8 January 2014 |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182454/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/annual-screen-awards-2014-the-complete-list-of-nominees-533445 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/20th-annual-life-ok-screen-awards-list-of-winners/ |title=20th Annual Life OK Screen Awards: List of winners |website=The Indian Express |date=15 January 2014 |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330190619/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/20th-annual-life-ok-screen-awards-list-of-winners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Best Ensemble Cast
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Kapoor|[[Abhishek Kapoor]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| {{sort|Kapoor|[[Abhishek Kapoor]]}}, {{sort|Bhagat|[[Chetan Bhagat]]}} {{sort|Chaudhari|Pubali Chaudhari}}, {{sort|Sen|Supratik Sen}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Male Debut|Most Promising Newcomer – Male]]
| {{sort|Rajput|[[Sushant Singh Rajput]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{sort|Sadh|[[Amit Sadh]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|Trivedi|[[Amit Trivedi]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Score]]
| {{sort|Sonik|Hitesh Sonik}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Kirkire|[[Swanand Kirkire]]}} – (for "Manja")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Trivedi|[[Amit Trivedi]]}} – (for "Manja")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| {{sort|Bhatia|[[Deepa Bhatia]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Production Design
| {{sort|Sawant|Sonal Sawant}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Sound Design
| {{sort|Fonseca|Babylon Fonseca}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6"| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="6"| 8 February 2014
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
| {{sort|Rajput|[[Sushant Singh Rajput]]}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-complete-list-of-nominations_150384.html |title=Zee Cine Awards 2014: Complete list of nominations |website=Zee News |date=6 February 2014 |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327133119/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-complete-list-of-nominations_150384.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/zee-cine-awards-2014-winners-news-bollywood-ocyoX3ajicdsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182146/https://www.sify.com/movies/zee-cine-awards-2014-winners-news-bollywood-ocyoX3ajicdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2021 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2014 winners |website=[[Sify]] |date=24 February 2014 |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male]]
| {{sort|Rao|[[Rajkummar Rao]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Kirkire|[[Swanand Kirkire]]}} – (for "Manja")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{sort|Bhagat|[[Chetan Bhagat]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| {{sort|Goswamy|[[Anay Goswamy]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Production Design
| {{sort|Sawant|Sonal Sawant}}
| {{nom}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|http://www.utvgroup.com/motion-pictures/coming-soon/kai-po-che.html}}
* {{IMDb title|2213054}}

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[[Category:Films about the 2002 Gujarat riots]]
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[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
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[[Category:2013 films]]

Kishori Pednekar

2026-02-27T09:58:06Z

Jhonny: expanded page for consistency and added references

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kishori Pednekar
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[List of mayors of Mumbai|Mayor of Mumbai]]
| term_start = 22 November 2019
| term_end = 8 March 2022
| predecessor = [[Vishwanath Mahadeshwar]]
| successor = [[Ritu Tawde]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|25 December 1962}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=MyBMC - Welcome to BMC's Website|url=https://portal.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayresume|access-date=2021-06-12|website=portal.mcgm.gov.in}}</ref>
| party = [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] (2022–present) [[Shiv Sena]] (until 2022)
| residence = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| nationality = {{flag|India}}n
| citizenship =
| website =
| death_date =
}}

'''Kishori Pednekar''' born 25 December 1962 is an Indian politician served as the mayor of [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC),<ref name = BMCMayor>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/shiv-senas-kishori-pednekar-named-mumbai-mayor/articleshow/72182037.cms | title = Shiv Sena's Kishori Pednekar named Mumbai mayor}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai-news/kishori-pednekar-elected-unopposed-new-mayor-of-mumbai-jud-87-2020222/ | title = किशोरी पेडणेकर मुंबईच्या नव्या महापौर}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/inspiring-mumbai-mayor-kishori-pednekar-returns-to-serve-as-nurse-to-motivate-covid-warriors/1941137/|title=Inspiring! Mumbai Mayor Kishori Pednekar returns to serve as nurse to motivate Covid warriors|date= 23 April 2020|publisher=financialexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-mayor-kishori-pednekar-says-76-desilting-work-completed-in-western-suburbs/articleshow/82550907.cms|title=Mumbai mayor Kishori Pednekar says 76% desilting work completed in western suburbs|date= 11 May 2021|publisher=timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/bmc-and-citizens-must-work-together-mumbai-mayor-kishori-pednekar|title=BMC and citizens must work together: Mumbai Mayor Kishori Pednekar|date= 19 February 2020|publisher=freepressjournal.in}}</ref> which is [[India]]'s richest municipal corporation.<ref>{{cite web|date=2007-09-03|title=BMC to open green channel for octroi|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/bmc-to-open-green-channel-for-octroi/214127/|access-date=2010-08-25|publisher=Financialexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gold & beautiful, News - Cover Story|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/15/20100720201007200513356955a0576d5/Gold--beautiful.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120903164108/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/15/20100720201007200513356955a0576d5/Gold--beautiful.html|archive-date=2012-09-03|access-date=2010-07-21|publisher=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> She was elected as Mayor without any opposition.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-22|title=Kishori Pednekar elected Mumbai’s new Mayor. She starts with three appeals|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/shiv-sena-leader-kishori-pednekar-mumbai-s-new-mayor-makes-three-appeals/story-gIHB0bnAcYhbF4l8NwfgWM.html|access-date=2021-06-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> She worked as a nurse earlier on and once again in 2020, this time to motivate other healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-27|title=Inspiring! Mumbai Mayor Kishori Pednekar returns to serve as nurse to motivate Covid warriors|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/inspiring-mumbai-mayor-kishori-pednekar-returns-to-serve-as-nurse-to-motivate-covid-warriors/1941137/|access-date=2021-06-12|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai Mayor Dons Her Old Nursing Uniform To Motivate Corona Warriors|url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/coronavirus-update-mumbai-mayor-kishori-pednekar-dons-her-old-nursing-uniform-to-motivate-corona-warriors-2219157|access-date=2021-06-12|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

She was awarded Newsmakers Achievers Awards in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations are open for Afternoon Voice's 14th Newsmakers Achievers Awards 2022 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/nominations-are-open-for-afternoon-voices-14th-newsmakers-achievers-awards-202220220317103718/ |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

==Early career==
She joined [[Shiv Sena]] after her marriage. She became corporator in 2002 from Lower Parel area in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 November 2019|title=Tracing the journey of Kishori Pednekar; A fiery mayor with a heart|work=Mid Day|url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/Where-theres-a-wheel-theres-a-way-22143189?infinite-scroll=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra: Shiv Sena corporator Kishori Pednekar elected as BMC Mayor|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/maharashtra-shiv-sena-corporator-kishori-pednekar-elected-as-bmc-mayor20191122135701/|access-date=2021-06-12|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref> Currently she is a part of [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] party.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

From November 2019 till March 2022, Pednekar served as the Mayor of Mumbai.

==Controversies==
Pednekar was accused of being involved in a scam during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], where the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]] was found to have favored giving contracts for procuring medical kits to Sujit Patkar.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/bmc-covid-scam-eow-books-former-mumbai-mayor-kishori-pednekar-others/articleshow/102447515.cms|title= BMC Covid 'scam': EOW books former Mumbai mayor Kishori Pednekar|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 5 August 2023}}</ref> Patkar was reported to be an aid of [[Shiv Sena]] leader [[Sanjay Raut]], who was also implicated in the fraud.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/bmc-covid-scam-accuseds-assets-worth-12-cr-attached/articleshow/106196231.cms|title= BMC Covid scam: Accused's assets worth ₹12 cr attached|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 22 December 2023}}</ref>

Following a parody musical video released by radio jockey [[RJ Malishka|Malishka Mendonsa]] in July 2017, which criticized the BMC for incompetence in dealing with and fixing potholed roads, Pednekar, who was a corporator then, came in crosshairs with the RJ and targeted her with a poetic verse.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/rj-faces-bmc-music-for-parody-on-bad-roads/articleshow/59674221.cms|title= RJ Faces BMC Music for parody on Bad Roads|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 20 July 2017}}</ref> The parody video did not go down well with BMC officials and Shiv Sena leaders, who slapped a notice to the RJ for defamation with a penalty of Rs 10,000.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/rj-malishka-bmc-controversy-civic-body-slaps-fine-of-rs-10-000-on-the-radio-jockey-326363.html|title= RJ Malishka-BMC Controversy: Civic Body Slaps Fine Of Rs 10,000 On The Radio Jockey|date= 22 July 2017}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 2002: Elected as corporator in Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (Ward No 52)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/cyclone-tauktae-kishori-pednekar-visited-many-parts-of-mumbai/articleshow/82721932.cms|title=Kishori Pednekar: मुंबईच्या महापौर वादळी वारा झेलत थेट रस्त्यावर उतरल्या आणि...|date= 18 May 2021|publisher=Maharashtratimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/bmc-must-function-in-marathi-sena/article17783354.ece|title=BMC must function in Marathi: Sena|date= 4 April 2017|publisher=thehindu.com}}</ref>
* 2012: Re-elected as corporator in Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (Ward 191)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://go4mumbai.com/cms/2012/02/winners-list-of-bmc-elections-2012/ |title = 2012 BMC election winners list }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-women-on-top-at-bmc-clinch-top-3-corporator-spots-2669314|title=Women on top at BMC, clinch top 3 corporator spots: The Praja Foundation's report card has said the three best performing corporators in the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) are Kishori Pednekar, Sweta Korgaonkar and Priti Satam|date= 29 September 2018|publisher=dnaindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/know-your-candidates--ward-151-227--154786|title=Know your candidates (Ward 151-227)|date= 15 February 2012|publisher=mid-day.com}}</ref>
* 2017: Re-Elected as corporator in Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (Ward 199).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/traffic-housing-cause-angst-in-ward-with-chawls-highrises/articleshow/57134675.cms|title=Traffic, housing cause angst in ward with chawls & highrises|date= 14 February 2017|publisher=timesfindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/bmc-election-candidates-2017/ward-199/|title=Ward No. 199|date=21 February 2017|publisher=himdustantimes.com|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215192244/https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/bmc-election-candidates-2017/ward-199/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2018: Elected as Mayor of [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]{{fact|date=March 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://shivsena.org/leadership/ Shivsena Home Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901163032/https://shivsena.org/leadership/ |date=2020-09-01}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pednekar, Kishori}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:Mayors of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena (UBT) politicians]]

{{Maharashtra-SS-politician-stub}}

China Mallavaram

2026-02-26T16:57:42Z

Jhonny: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Mallavaram]]
{{R from move}}

Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-24T15:10:27Z

Jhonny: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Odisha, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=November 2009}}
{{more footnotes|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary <ref name="Protected Planet">{{cite web | title=Sunabeda | website=Protected Planet | url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/9959 | access-date=2020-07-17}}</ref>
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Steep cliffs are a common sight in Sunabeda wildlife Sanctuary.jpg
| image_alt = A Cliff in Sunabeda wildlife Sanctuary
| image_caption = A Cliff in Sunabeda wildlife Sanctuary
| image_size =
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| map = India Odisha#India
| relief = yes
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord |20.454270|82.497678|display=inline , title }}
| nearest_city = [[Nuapada]]
| area = {{convert|600|km²}} <ref name="Welcome 2017">{{cite web | title=Sunabeda PA :: Odisha Wildlife Organisation | website=Welcome | date=2017-07-28 | url=https://www.wildlife.odisha.gov.in/WebPortal/PA_Sunabeda.aspx | access-date=2020-07-17}}</ref>
| established = 1988
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
| url = https://www.wildlife.odisha.gov.in/WebPortal/PA_Sunabeda.aspx
}}

'''Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a wildlife sanctuary and a proposed tiger reserve located in the [[Nuapada district]] of [[Odisha]], adjoining [[Chhattisgarh]]. It has a total area of {{convert|600|km2|abbr=on}}. The sanctuary harbours a great diversity of wildlife habitats, with a vast [[plateau]], multiple valleys, gorges and magnificent waterfalls. The sanctuary forms the catchment area of the [[Jonk River]], over which a dam has been constructed to facilitate irrigation. The Indra nullah and Udanti River lies to the south of the sanctuary. The important vegetation of the site comprises dry [[deciduous]] tropical forest.

==Wildlife==
[[File:Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary.jpg|thumb|A beautiful watering hole in the sanctuary]]
[[File:Crested Serpent Eagle CSE.jpg|thumb|Crested Serpent Eagle at Cherchuan entry point]]

Typical central Indian wild mammals such as [[tiger]] (''Panthera tigris''), [[leopard]] ''(P. pardus''), [[gayal|Indian Gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), [[sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus''), [[Indian muntjac|barking deer]] (''Muntiacus muntjak''), [[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa'') and [[blue bull]] (''Boselaphus tragocamelus'') are found, although depleted by [[poaching]]. Among the non-human primates, [[common langur]] (''Semnopithecus entellus'') and [[rhesus monkey]] (''Macaca mulatta'') are very common. (Kotwal 1997).

Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary has certainly seen better days. It had [[swamp deer]] (''Cervus duvauceli branderi'') and [[Wild water buffalo]] (''Bubalus arnee''). Forests around Sunabeda used to have good numbers of Wild Buffalos till 1960s. Hunting, cattle borne disease and [[habitat destruction]] led to extinction of Wild Buffalo in the region. Unconfirmed and occasional movement of individuals are reported sometime near Sitanadi but that's just a speculation. With the efforts of Chhattisgarh government, there is some chance that we could get back wild buffaloes in forests of Indravati and Sitanadi-Udanti but situation continues to be precarious.

Same is the case of hardground Barasingha which were once seen on the plateaus till 1950s and they just vanished, wild buffaloes way. Today they are extinct and there is no chance of revival.

Sunabeda is perhaps the only place left in Odisha which is now reporting Nilgai. They were in plenty earlier in the Sunabeda plateau but poaching has taken a toll over the years. Today they have also gone nocturnal. These all factors have resulted in dwindling big cat population. Due to scarcity of prey, cattle kills will go up in coming days and subsequently complete eradication of the big cats.

==Avifauna==

Around 200 species of birds have been reported from this area (H.K. Bisht in litt. 2002). BirdLife International (undated) has listed 59 species in biome-11 (Indo-Malayan tropical dry zone), of which 18 have been seen till now, but more are likely to occur. Except for the two ''[[Gyps]]'' vultures, which are now included in the critically endangered category by BirdLife International (2001) due to their steep decline during the last 10 years, none of the other species is threatened with extinction.

Biome-11 includes a wide range of habitats, including forests and open country. Many of the species listed have adapted to man-modified habitats. Some species have deviated so far from their earlier distribution that they may not be useful in identifying IBAs for the protection of this biome (BirdLife International, undated).

Forest Owlet: In February 1877, [[Valentine Ball]] had collected the specimen of Forest Owlet (Athene blewitti) on the banks of River Udanti towards the southern boundary of Sunabeda sanctuary. This fact should have been a great motivator for the foresters and officers in the region to look out for this species which till recently was thought to be extinct from India until its reappearance in Satpuda region in 1997. Search for this specie continues and avifauna lovers are much hopeful that one day, the elusive Forest Owlet reappears in the last remaining Teak patches in the forests of Khariar. Teak patches are favored by the Forest owlet. If that happens, that would be the biggest boost for the region including the cause of tiger.

About other important species:

The region also is one of the best places in Odisha to see [[Red collared dove|Red collared Doves]], [[Bonelli's eagle|Bonellis Eagle]], and [[Common babbler|Common Babblers]] which is not very common in [[Odisha]] barring few records. We also have recorded a plethora of species that supports the fact that Sunabeda forests are an abode to a wide range of avifauna diversity. Some of the species that has been documented include [[Indian pitta|Indian Pitta]], [[Banded bay cuckoo|Banded bay Cuckoo]], [[Indian paradise flycatcher|Indian Paradise Flycatchers]], [[Jungle owlet|Jungle Owlet]], Tickell's Flycatcher, [[Sulphur-bellied warbler|Sulphur bellied warbler]] etc. Based on historical records, the search for Chestnut bellied Sandgrouse and Indian Courser continues which are no more found in Odisha

==Tiger reserve status==

Sunabeda has received 'in-principle-approval' of the [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]], proposals for its notification as per NTCA-guidelines is under preparation. The proposed tiger reserve extends over 956.17 km2 (longitude - 82°20'0" to 82°34'48" east and latitude 20°06'0" to 20°44'0" north), in Nuapada district bordering the state of Chhattisgarh to the west of Odisha, and encompasses the Sunabeda Sanctuary (591.75 km2) and the Patdhara forest block to its south (364.42 km2).<ref name="Welcome to Wild Life Conservation in Odisha 2003">{{cite web | title=Project Tiger : Wild Life Conservation in Odisha | website=Welcome to Wild Life Conservation in Odisha | date=2003-12-03 | url=http://www.odishawildlife.org/projecttiger.html | access-date=2020-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Milestone Initiatives |url=https://projecttiger.nic.in/content/37_1_MilestoneInitiatives.aspx |website=Project Tiger |publisher=Project Tiger |accessdate=17 July 2020 |ref=Project Tiger Milestones}}</ref>

==Sunabeda campaigns==
[[File:Wildlife Conservation at Sunabeda.jpg|thumb|Awareness Program by The Corridor Foundation]]
The Corridor Foundation, a volunteering organisation has been working since 2017 on creating awareness for wildlife conservation. Local volunteers from villages like Cherchuan, Jamgaon, Sunabeda, Kholibhitar have joined hands to protect the forests. Apart from awareness programs, multiple events have been organised involving school children. Also the organisation has been continuously influencing National Tiger Conservation Authority and Odisha State Forest Department to declare the wildlife sanctuary as Tiger Reserve, a much awaited step in conserving this last habitat of Tigers in Western Odisha. Also programs like Sapling distribution, plantation and biodiversity documentation has been carried out by the organisation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanctuarynaturefoundation.org/article/sunabeda---once-a-bastion-for-wildlife|title=Sunabeda - Once a Bastion for Wildlife|date=13 April 2021}}</ref>

Wild Orissa's Sunabeda Tiger Conservation Programme is going on since 1997. As part of this programme special emphasis has been laid upon tiger conservation in the forests of Sunabeda-Khariar in the Nuapara district of Orissa constitute a vital tiger habitat. The last census in 2002 put the tiger population in the 600 km2. Sunabeda Sanctuary itself at about 24 individuals. In addition, the neighbouring Khariar forests, measuring about 450 km2., also support a few tigers. Together, these forests harbour a reasonably large tiger gene pool, with long term conservation potential. A compact patch of about 1,000 km2. could be earmarked for the Sunabeda Tiger Reserve.

Also of interest is the movement of the extremely rare wild buffalo, (Bubalus arnee) in the area. These wild bovines enter Orissa from the Udanti and Sitanadi forests in Chhattisgarh. Given that this species is on the verge of extinction in central India, protecting Sunabeda is of vital national importance.

The forests of the Sunabeda Sanctuary are sparsely populated. The region has thus far escaped the attentions of Orissa's timber mafia. Three rivers and 11 major streams provide plentiful water sources. Sunabeda assumes even more importance when one considers that it is contiguous with the Udanti and Sitanadi forests in Chhattisgarh state to the west. If Sunabeda and Khariar are also given Project Tiger status, a large and extremely viable tiger habitat would be safeguarded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildorissa.org/sunabeda.htm|title = Wild Orissa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/component/content/article/119-campaigns-archive/645-sunabeda-khariar-tigers-need-protection.html |title=Sunabeda-Khariar tigers need protection |website=www.sanctuaryasia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120154713/http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/component/content/article/119-campaigns-archive/645-sunabeda-khariar-tigers-need-protection.html |archive-date=2014-11-20}}</ref>

==Threats and conservation issues==

[[File:Non functional Datunama forest beat in Sunabeda.jpg|thumb|Crumbled forest beat houses]]

*Human pressure
*Livestock grazing
*Encroachment of forestland
*Forest fire
*Unsustainable exploitation of the forest resources
*Illegal felling
*Defunct Forest infrastructure on non existent monitoring/patrolling by Forest Department
*Presence of Naxals

According to Kotwal (1997), the highly endangered wild buffalo used to occur here nearly 70 years ago. At present, they are found in Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary in Chhattisgarh, about 20 km away but there is a Patdhara Reserve Forest corridor. Efforts should be made to improve the habitat so that the wild buffalo can come back to Sunabeda using this corridor. This would give a boost to the protection of this sanctuary, which is important for birds also.

About 64 villages, with a human population of 20,000, fragment this sanctuary and there is a large population of cattle. The villagers subsist on forest products to a great extent, as they have land holdings with poor yield. Grazing and encroachment of forest land for cultivation of Cannabis sativa are major threats to the sanctuary. Graziers from other states including Rajasthan arrive here with their camels and goats, which compete with local herbivores for the grass. Though there is a proposal for a tiger reserve, there are extensive encroachments inside the sanctuary. It is doubtful if these people could be shifted.

The core area of Sunabeda could be increased southwards across the Indra nullah (stream), to add 30,000 ha of forest without human habitation (Kotwal 1997).

Following are the recommendations by NGO, The Corridor Foundation made to NTCA and State Government based on detailed study in the area between 2018 and 2020.
# Immediately Notify Sunabeda as a Tiger Reserve, which has been pending since long after in- principle approval has been communicated by the NTCA.
# Take up the matter with Home Department to sanitise the area from Naxalites.
# Create an enabling environment for forest staff to return to their positions for any meaningful work.
# Ground massive awareness campaign in enclosed and fringe villages and towns of Khariar and Nuapada with people as stakeholders.
# Forest and wildlife staff needs to be provided with required amenities including free ration, prophylactic/ preventive medicines, support auxiliary staff and a vehicle in each Range.
# Monitoring wild animals should start earnestly after staff positioning so that it becomes ingrained in routine work.
# Implement the management plan in a participatory mode with the EDC/ VSS.
# Work out, initiate and implement a model voluntary relocation plan in a way that, it shall have a spread effect.
# Issue a direction to prevent migratory livestock entering the area.
# Wildlife wing in collaboration with District Collector to facilitate income generating activities for villagers to create conducive wildlife- people interface.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://nuapada.nic.in/sunabedawildlifesanctuary.asp}}

{{Protected areas of Odisha}}
{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}

[[Category:Northern dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Odisha]]

B. Nagi Reddi

2026-02-21T09:21:00Z

Jhonny: created data

{{distinguish|B.N. Reddi|Bhuma Nagi Reddy}}
{{Short description|Indian film director (1912–2004)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{infobox person
| name = Nagi Reddi
| birth_name = Bommireddy Nagi Reddy
| image = B Nagi Reddy 2018 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Reddy on a 2018 stamp of India
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1912|12|2}}
| birth_place = [[Pottipadu]], [[Kadapa district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2004|2|25|1912|12|2}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Film producer|editor|director}}
| years_active = 1950–89
| awards = [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (1986)
}}

'''Bommireddy Nagi Reddi''' (2 December 1912 – 25 February 2004) was an Indian film producer primarily associated with [[Telugu cinema]], along with notable contributions to [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films. He co-founded [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]] in [[Chennai|Madras]], which was once the largest film studio in Asia by floor space.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S Saraswathi |date=18 September 2013 |title=Looking at the Dying Studios of Chennai |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-looking-at-the-dying-studios-of-chennai/20130918.htm |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=[[Rediff]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-08-06 |title=BN Reddy set up Asia's biggest film studio |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/bn-reddy-set-up-asias-biggest-film-studio/articleshow/15376125.cms |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> To distinguish him from his elder brother, filmmaker [[B.N. Reddi|B. N. Reddi]], he was popularly known as B. Nagi Reddi.

Over his career, Nagi Reddi produced several acclaimed films, including ''[[Patala Bhairavi]]'' (1951), ''[[Missamma]]'' (1955), ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957), ''[[Gundamma Katha]]'' (1962), ''[[Enga Veetu Pillai]]'' (1965), and ''[[Nam Naadu (1969 film)|Nam Naadu]]'' (1969). He also produced Hindi films such as ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'' (1967), ''[[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]]'' (1975), and ''[[Swarg Narak]]'' (1978). His work spanned multiple languages and genres, earning him recognition across Indian cinema.

Nagi Reddi served as the president of the [[Film Federation of India]] twice, during 1960–61 and 1962–63.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film Federation Of India |url=http://filmfed.org/PRE-Members2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927031710/http://filmfed.org/PRE-Members2.html |archive-date=27 September 2016 |access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
B. Nagi Reddi was born in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family in [[Pottipadu]], a village in the [[Kadapa]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]], and was raised by his maternal grandparents during the first 14 years of his life.

He was married and had four sons and two daughters. One of his sons, [[B. Venkatarama Reddy|B. Venkatarama Reddi]], was a film producer. Another son, B. Viswanatha Reddi, was the publisher of [[Chandamama]]. <ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/a-true-karma-yogi/article4153840.ece The Hindu : Arts / Cinema : A true karma yogi]</ref>

== Film career ==
Nagi Reddi along with his friend and partner [[Aluri Chakrapani]] produced over fifty films in four decades in the four South Indian languages and also in Hindi.<ref name="NagiReddyCondol">{{cite news |date=27 February 2004 |title=TTD condoles B. Nagi Reddy |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/27/stories/2004022709540300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918065608/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/27/stories/2004022709540300.htm |archive-date=18 September 2004 |access-date=17 April 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> He made mythological, devotional, and historical [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] movies. Some of his more notable films include ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'', ''[[Maya Bazaar]]'', and ''[[Missamma]]''. He made most of his films in association with screenwriter [[Aluri Chakrapani|Chakrapani]]. Nagi Reddi closed down Vijaya-Vahini after the Telugu film industry moved out of studios in the 1970s, and started the Vijaya Hospital and Vijaya Health Centre.

A new award was incorporated, commemorating his 100th birth year, the Nagi Reddi, memorial Award for the best Telugu and Tamil family entertainers.<ref>[http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/mr-perfect-wins-nagireddy-award.html Mr. Perfect wins Nagireddy award | 123telugu.com]</ref><ref>[[Eenadu]] daily, page 10, 2 April 2012, [[Dil Raju]] bags new Nagi Reddy Award</ref>

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
*[[Dada Saheb Phalke Award]] – 1986.
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] – ''Maduve Madinodu'' (1965)

;[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
*[[Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu)]] – ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957)
* Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu) – ''[[Gundamma Katha]]'' (1962)

;[[Nandi Awards]]
* The Government of [[Andhra Pradesh]] awarded him the [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]] in 1987.

;Tamil Nadu State Awards
* The Government of [[Tamil Nadu]] awarded him the [[Kalaimamani|Kalaimamani Award]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/movienews/morenews134.html |title='Vijaya' NagiReddy passes away |date=25 February 2004 |access-date=17 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119153045/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/movienews/morenews134.html |archive-date=19 November 2005 }}</ref>

;Other Honours
* He was awarded an honorary doctorate by Srikrishnadevaraya University and Sri Venkateswara University.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0714769/bio B. Nagi Reddy – Biography]</ref>

* A commemorative postage stamp was issued by [[India Post]] on 23 February 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatiya |first1=Anubhav |title=Commemorative Stamp In The Honour Of Late Legend B. Nagi Reddy Released |url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/commemorative-stamp-in-the-honour-of-late-legend-b-nagi-reddy-released-article77528.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917162446/https://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/commemorative-stamp-in-the-honour-of-late-legend-b-nagi-reddy-released-article77528.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2021 |access-date=14 March 2024 |publisher=Desimartini |date=23 February 2018}}</ref>

==Other businesses and philanthropy==
Nagi Reddi served as chairman of the board of Trustees of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] between 1980 and 1983, and is credited for building the [[Vaikuntam Queue Complex]] that now serves to regulate pilgrims for darshan in the [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]].<ref name='NagiReddyCondol'/> Nagi Reddi founded the Vijaya Medical & Educational Trust in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vijayahospital.org/overview.HTM |title=VIJAYA MEDICAL AND EDUCATIONAL TRUST – Overview |access-date=17 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129034342/http://www.vijayahospital.org/overview.HTM |archive-date=29 January 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The trust runs the Vijaya Hospital (1972), Vijaya Health Center (1987) and Vijaya Heart Foundation (1996). Nagi Reddi headed the South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce four times and the All-India Film Sammelan for two terms.

He established the children's magazine ''[[Chandamama]]'' in July 1947.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/business/1999/sep/22chand1.htm | title= Investors revive Chandamama | date=22 September 1999 | access-date =17 April 2007}}</ref> The magazine was eventually printed in nearly a dozen different languages.

He was the founder of Vijaya Hospitals in Vadapalani, Chennai.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

==Filmography==

===As producer===
{{Colbegin}}
*''[[Shavukaru]]'' (1950) (producer)
*''[[Patala Bhairavi]]'' (1951) (producer)
*''[[Pelli Chesi Choodu]]'' (1952) (producer)
*''[[Chandraharam]]'' (1954) (producer)
*''[[Guna Sundari]]'' (1955) (producer as B. Nagi Reddi)
*''[[Missiamma]]'' (1955) (producer)
*''[[Missamma]]'' (1955) (producer)
*''[[Maya Bazaar]]'' (1957/II) (producer)
*''[[Maya Bazaar]]'' (1957/I) (producer)
*''[[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]'' (1958) (producer)
*''[[Paigham]]'' (1959) (Producer)
*''[[Manithan Maravillai]]'' (1962) (producer)
*''[[Gundamma Katha]]'' (1962) (producer)
*''[[Enga Veettu Pillai]]'' (1965) (producer) (as B.Naggi Reddi)
*''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'' (1967) (producer) (as B. Nagi Reddi)
*''[[Nam Naadu (1969 film)|Nam Naadu]]'' (1969) (producer) (as B. Nagi Reddi)
*''[[Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani (1970 film)|Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani]]'' (1970) (producer) (as B. Nagi Reddi)
*''[[Ganga Manga]]'' (1973) (producer)
*''[[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]]'' (1975) (producer) (as B. Nagi Reddi-Chakrapani)
*''Sri Rajeswari Vilas Coffee Club'' (1976) (producer)
*''[[Yehi Hai Zindagi]]'' (1977) (producer) (as B. Nagi Reddi)
*''[[Swarg Narak]]'' (1978) (producer) (as B. Nagi Reddi)
*''Swayamvar'' (1980) (producer) (as B. Nagi Reddi)
*''[[Shriman Shrimati]]'' (1982) (producer) (as B. Nagi Reddi)
*''[[Meendum Savithri]]'' (1996) (producer) (as B. Nagi Reddi)
*''Neti Savithri'' (1996) (producer) (as B. Nagi Reddi)
{{Colend}}

===As Presenter===
*''[[Shriman Shrimati]]'' (1982) (presenter) (as B. Nagi Reddi)
*''[[Swayamvar]]'' (1980) (presenter) (as B. Nagi Reddi)
*''[[Swarg Narak]]'' (1978) (presenter) (as B. Nagi Reddi)
*''[[Yehi Hai Zindagi]]'' (1977) (presenter) (as B. Nagi Reddi) a.k.a. Yehi Hai Zindagi (India: Hindi title: video box title)
*''[[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]]'' (1975) (presenter) (as B. Nagi Reddi)
*''[[Prem Nagar (1974 film)|Prem Nagar]]'' (1974) (presenter) (as B. Nagi Reddi)
*''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'' (1967) (presenter) (as B. Nagi Reddi)

===In Editorial Department===
*''[[Hai Hai Nayaka]]'' (1989) (assistant editor)

===As director===
*''[[Enga Veetu Penn]]'' (1966)

===Thankful===
*''[[Ram Tere Kitne Nam]]'' (1985) (sincere thanks) (as Shri Nagi Reddi)

==See also==
* [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0714769}}

{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{Raghupathi Venkaiah Award Recipients}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy B. Nagi}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:People from Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]

Fazil examination

2026-02-06T05:34:30Z

Jhonny: added a post w/ sources

The '''Fazil examination''' is a government examination held in Aliya Madrasas in [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]]. The Fazil exam is an examination equivalent to a degree, sometimes equivalent to a bachelor's degree, in Bangladesh, which is held in a Fazil Madrasa. However, in India, the Fazil exam is considered the standard of the higher secondary level (11th or 12th class).<ref>{{Cite web |last=মৈত্র |first=বিদ্যুৎ |title=মাদ্রাসায় সেরার শিরোপা ফের পেল মুর্শিদাবাদই |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/madhyamik-result-2020-murshidabad-got-the-title-of-the-best-in-the-madrasa-again-1.1176948 |access-date=2021-08-18 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – WEST BENGAL BOARD OF MADRASAH EDUCATION |url=https://wbbme.org/about-us/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Fazil exam is common in government-recognized Aliya Madrasas in Bangladesh, India, and [[Pakistan]]. The Fazil exam in Bangladesh is held under the [[Islamic Arabic University]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Fazil exam result of IAU published|url=https://www.bssnews.net/news/272468 |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=BSS |date=13 May 2025}}</ref> and the Fazil exam in India is held under the [[West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education]].<ref>{{cite news |title=WBBME result 2025 out: High Madrasah, Alim, Fazil scores released at wbbme.org |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/wbbme-result-2025-out-high-madrasah-alim-fazil-scores-released-at-wbbme-org/articleshow/120850714.cms |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=WBBME Result 2025 Out - Check HM, Alim, Fazil Exam Toppers List and Pass Percentages! |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/news/wbbme-releases-wb-madrasah-alim-and-fazil-result-2025-check-top-districts-and-merit-list/cid/2097283 |access-date=10 July 2025 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=3 May 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
Before the transfer of [[Government Madrasah-e-Alia|Dhaka Aliya Madrasa]] to Dhaka in 1947, the Fazil examination of Bangladesh and India was held under the Calcutta Aliya Madrasa. The Fazil examination is currently held under the [[Islamic Arabic University]]. It was previously held under the [[Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board|Madrasa Board]] and the Islamic University. When Madrasa-e-Alia was transferred to Dhaka in 1948, the Fazil examinations of the Madrasa Board were accepted by the [[Dhaka University]]. On the recommendation of the Qudrat-e-Khuda Education Commission in 1975, the national curriculum and multi-faceted curriculum were introduced in the Aliya Madrasas controlled by the Madrasa Board.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} This curriculum was implemented in the Fazil examination held in 1980. According to this education commission, the Fazil examination was declared equivalent to the general higher secondary [[Higher Secondary Certificate|H.S.C.]] by including Islamic education in the Fazil category along with the general curriculum.<ref>{{Cite news|title=মাদ্রাসাশিক্ষার ধারা ও উপধারা |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/special-supplement/মাদ্রাসাশিক্ষার-ধারা-ও-উপধারা |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn}}</ref>

In 1978, the Senior Madrasa Education System Committee was formed under the leadership of Professor Mustafa Bin Kasim. Under the guidance of this committee, the level of Alia Madrasa education controlled by the Bangladesh Madrasa Board was aligned with the general education level in 1984. The Fazil level was upgraded to a 2-year course, introducing a complete modern education system of [[Alia Madrasa]] lasting a total of 16 years. It was through this commission that the government declared the Fazil examination as the general degree standard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=মাদ্রাসা|url=https://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=[[Banglapedia]]}}</ref>

== University affiliation ==
Until 2006, all the examinations of all Aliya Madrasas in Bangladesh were controlled by the [[Bangladesh Madrasa Education Board]]. According to the Islamic Universities Amendment Act, 2006, the Fazil (Bachelor's Degree) courses of Aliya Madrasas were planned to be of 2 to 3 years duration. 1,086 Fazil Madrasas (Bachelor's Degree) in Bangladesh were affiliated to the Islamic University of Kushtia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=আলিয়া মাদরাসার উৎপত্তি ও ক্রমবিকাশ |url=https://lekhapora24.net/2019/10/21/%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%82%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b6%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%bf%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a6%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816092745/https://lekhapora24.net/2019/10/21/%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%82%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b6%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%bf%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a6%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0/ |archive-date=2021-08-16|access-date=2021-08-17 |website=lekhapora24.net |language=bn}}</ref> And in some cases, both the Fazil and Kamil examinations are considered equivalent to a full bachelor's degree in general education, in some cases only the Fazil examination is considered equivalent to a bachelor's degree. [[Islamic University, Kushtia]] In 2010, a bachelor's degree equivalent course was introduced in 31 notable madrasas in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=আলিয়া মাদ্রাসা |url=https://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517012405/https://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE |archive-date=2022-05-17 |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=bn.banglapedia.org|publisher=[[Banglapedia]]}}</ref> As a result, students from these 31 madrasas had the opportunity to earn a full bachelor's degree by completing only the bachelor's degree. At that time, the bachelor's degree course was still running in these madrasas.<ref>{{cite news |title=WBBME 2017: Results for class 12 High Madrasah, Alim, Fazil exams declared at wbbme.org |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/west-bengal-board-of-madrasah-education-results-2017-class-12-alim-fazil-wbbme-org-announced-check-how-to-download-4657971/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

Then, in 2016, the Islamic Arabic University was established to further modernize madrasa education.<ref>{{Cite news|title=২০২১–এর ফাজিল পরীক্ষা ২০২২–এ হবে তো? |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/opinion/column/zzm4d3ajqy |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=[[prothom Alo]] |language=bn}}</ref> And then the [[Alia madrasa]]s were moved there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=মাদ্রাসা শিক্ষার উন্নয়নে প্রত্যাশা |url=https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-editorial-comments/article/18054371/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610044907/https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-editorial-comments/article/18054371/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE |archive-date=2021-06-10|access-date=2021-06-10 |website=[[Samakal]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, the Islamic Arabic University introduced undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in 21 more madrasas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=অনার্স কোর্স চালু হচ্ছে আরও ২১ মাদ্রাসায় |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/155399/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A7%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816065008/https://www.banglatribune.com/155399/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A7%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F |archive-date=2021-08-16|access-date=2021-08-16 |website=[[Bangla Tribune]] |language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bachelor's degrees]]
[[Category:Education in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Experiments]]
[[Category:Academia in Bangladesh]]

{{Bangladesh-gov-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

Taleigão

2026-01-17T13:24:34Z

Jhonny: expanded layout as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2016}}
{{Tone|date=March 2013}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=March 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Taleigão
| settlement_type = Neighborhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Taleigão in [[Goa]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15|28|3|N|73|49|17|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Goa]]
| subdivision_type3 = Sub-district
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ilhas de Goa]]
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code =
| area_code = 0832
| website = {{URL|goa.gov.in}}
}}

'''Taleigão''', or '''Platô de Taleigão''', is a neighborhood located in the southern part of the city of [[Panaji]], the capital of the [[India]]n state of [[Goa]]. It is entirely located on the island of [[Tiswadi]], which is one of the [[taluka]]s in the state of Goa. The neighborhood is known for its important campus at the [[Goa University]].

==Overview==
[[File:Taleigao-Bambolim area of Goa.jpg|thumb|left|Taleigao-Bambolim area of Goa]]Taleigão lies in [[Ilhas de Goa]] and is bordered by the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west, vast tracts of fields to the east, Odxel-Vaiguinim-Dona Paula to the south and Santa Inez-Bhatlem to the north. Located five kilometres from Panjim, Taleigão was considered the granary of north Goa during the Portuguese era, as vast tracts of agricultural land were then under rice cultivation.

[[File:St. Cruz - Taleigao Road (Photo by JoeGoaUk) 01.jpg|thumb|left|St. Cruz - Taleigao Road]]Taleigão is known for its palm-fringed beaches, bright green paddy fields and Nagalli hill, age-old traditional houses and mansions, broad roads, footpaths, a centuries-old church, traffic circles with [[azulejo]] titles, chapels and temples, educational institutions, hotels and restaurants and of course its inhabitants.

The population is currently a mixed group with a lot of settlers from other parts of Goa and other parts of [[India]], especially on the Dona Paula Plateau and elsewhere. The aboriginal inhabitants are the [[Gawda]] tribes who were—and some still are—involved in the cultivation of the ''Comunidade'' land.

Taleigão Panchayat, the local administrative structure, has been functioning since the 1960s. The first ''Sarpanch'' (village ''panchayat'' head) of Taleigão village after the end of [[Portuguese rule in Goa]] was freedom fighter Late Narayan Naik in 1966.

== Origin of name ==
'''Taleigão''' or '''Taleiganv''',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Souza sj|first=Fr. Moren|title=Tisvaddecheo Igorzo|publisher=Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr|year=1994|location=Panaji, Goa|pages=113|author-link=Moreno_de_Souza}}</ref> gets its name from the local [[language]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], ''Tolle-ganv'', ''Tall-ganv'' or ''Toll-ganv''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vaz|first=Cónego Francisco Xavier|date=1916|title=Étimo das Aldeias de Goa|journal=Oriente Portuguez|volume=13| issue = 7 & 8|pages=280|via=Souza sj, Fr. Moren de, p. 113, (1994), Tisvaddecheo Igorzo, Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr.}}</ref> ''Toll-ganv'', a contraction for ''somtoll ganv'', meaning a level village, neither on a hill nor in a valley. ''Tall-ganv'' refers to the fact that '''Taleigão''' is the last village of [[Tiswadi]], beyond which is the mouth of the river [[Mandovi River|Mandovi]] flowing into the [[Arabian Sea]]. However, the most likely origin is ''Tollem-ganv''. Along the path to Durgavaddi, in '''Taleigão''', there is a ''tollem'', i.e. a lake or a pond, which is how the name stuck, ''Tollea-ganv'' or ''Tolloi-ganv,'' the village ''(ganv)'' of the lake or pond.

==Religious institutions==

===Church of São Miguel Arcanjo===
[[File:Taleigao Church (Photo by JoeGoaUk) 02.jpg|thumb|left|Taleigao Church]]The '''Igreja de São Miguel Arcanjo''' (Church of St Michael the Archangel) is one of the oldest churches in Goa, and was built by the Dominicans in 1544.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Souza sj|title=Tisvaddecheo Igorzo|year=1994|pages=113|author-link=Moreno de Souza}}</ref> It is also the only church in the neighborhood, serving one of the largest parishes in Goa. From the census conducted in 2015 there are about 12,000 [[Catholic]] population. The Chapel of Blessed Sacrament was annexed in 2006 during the tenure of Fr. Carmo Martins. The assistant parish priest have been Fr. Xavier Braganza and parish priest is Fr. Conceiçao D’Silva, who took charge of the church in June 2011, and took the initiatives to give a facelift to the church and renovate the parochial house and church office. The compound wall fitted with [[azulejo]] tiles bordering the Adro da Igreja de São Miguel and the illumination around it were added by Atanasio [[Atanasio Monserrate|(Babush) Monserrate.]] The Taleigão parish celebrates two main feasts: the harvest feast on 21 August, and the feast of the patron - St. Minguel - on the nearest Sunday on or after 29 September.

The president of the feast of St Michael is selected from amongst the senior (those who have crossed 60 years) gaunkars of [[Comunidades of Goa|Comunidade]] de Taleigão. The selection is done a Sunday before the feast day by a process where the names of the eligible ''gaunkars'' along with beads are put in a circular box with three compartments. Every ''gauncar'' who participated in the election inserts beads in the box through a small hole in the center. The lid of the box is rotated to ensure that the beads falls in the compartments at random. The ''gaunkar'' who scores the highest number of beads is elected to be the president for the forthcoming year. On the feast day, before the final blessing, the copper hat of St. Michael is placed on the head of the president-elect and a short prayer is recited for his good health. The Comunidade de Taleigão makes a provision for the expenses of the feast, novenas and vespers. In addition, the parishioners celebrate the feast of Our Lady of Rosary and Perpetua Succor.

The frontispiece of the church has a Holy Spirit in high relief. The Church has six altars, including the main altar. The main altar has the statue of St Michael above and to the right that of [[Saint Sebastian|St Sebastian]] and to the left of [[Saint Dominic|St Domnic De Guzman]], founder of the Domnicans. The collateral altars: on the left is the altar of Our Lady of Rosary with a small statue of Saint Ana in a niche on top. To the right is the altar of Jesus Crucified and the statue of Saint Rita of Cassia. Another two altars have been added: one to the left has a panel and to the right is that of Our Lady with Infant Jesus with a book in his hand and a smaller statue at the bottom with Jesus. And closer to the entrance, to the right is the altar dedicated to Sacred Heart of Jesus with Sacred Heart of Mary and Saint [[Joseph Vaz]] on the sides. Statue of St Mother Teresa was added in 2016.

The corridor of the Church has big panels along the wall, on the left side, which depicts the portraits of: Saint John the Baptist, Saint Roque and Saint [[Francis of Assisi]], Saint Peter, Saint Carlo Borromeo. On the right-hand side is another painting of Jesus on the Cross at Mount Calvary, with Mother Mary, Mary Magdalena and others. In the wall, there is a niche, with Our Lady holding the Infant Jesus. On the right-hand side, there are five statues on pedestals—of Saint Dominic de Guzman, three different depiction, with a star on the forehead, in prayer and with the Bible in hand and Saint Thomas Aquinas, two different depiction, one with a sun on his chest and the other holding the Blessed Sacrament. A description of the Church of Taleigão is given by Ricardo Micael Teles in ‘A Voz de S. Francisco Xavier’, in 1941.

The main altar does not have a retable, which some 60 to 70 years back, was substituted by the throne of Exposition of the Sacrament. In this retable there were six big images of Dominican saints; five of which are in the corridor of the church. These were even taken to the fourth centenary celebrations of the canonical erection of the Archdiocese of Goa. The image of the patron saint St Michael Archangel is venerated in the niche where the Holy Sacrament is exposed. On this occasion the statue of St Michael is turned so that the rays on his back are used to expose the monstrance (custodia). On the sides of the wall are the images St Anthony and St Sebastian. The collateral altars are dedicated to Our Lady of Rosary and to Jesus Crucified with Our Lady. The first, has on top, the image of St Anna with her daughter in her lap with a globe in her hand and the second the image of St Rita de Cassia, (Augustinian). These images must have been put up after those of the Dominicans were removed. Of late the altar of Sacred Heart of Jesus was established. There is also an altar dedicated to the Holy Souls. According to Teles there were three Confraternities, namely Our Lady of Rosary, Our Lady of Loreto and that of Holy Souls. Francisco Xavier Gomes Catão mentions in the Anuário da Arquidiocese de Goa e Damão (1953), that there are seven altars in the Church. In 1972 the Church underwent restoration work which was funded by Mr. Arthur Ligorio Benedicto Anunciaçao Viegas, who at the time spent rupees 60,000 and the [[Pope Paul VI]] honoured him with ‘Medalha de Proeclesia Pontificie’.

There are plans to build a modern St Michael Parish community center consisting of gathering hall, a clinic for elderly, a library, class rooms for catechism children and a meeting room for youth.

===Chapels in Taleigão===
Taleigão also has at least twelve chapels and a number of road-side crosses, some sheltered in the recent past. The oldest chapel, built by Franciscans in 1541 at Cabo, is dedicated to ''Nossa Senhora Mãe de Deus''. It houses exquisite artefacts including a 17th-century portrait of the infant Jesus made of ivory. St. Pedro Copel, also known as Ruzai Saibinichem Copel (''Nossa Senhora do Rosário'') at Caranzalem was built in the year 1731 by Cónego Francisco da Cunha Souto Maior.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Souza sj|title=Tisvaddecheo Igorzo|year=1994|pages=115|author-link=Moreno de Souza}}</ref> St. Francis Xavier's Chapel at Kerant originally known as ''Copela de San Francisco Xavier de Taleigão'' was built in 1928.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Souza sj|title=Tisvaddecheo Igorzo|year=1994|pages=117|author-link=Moreno de Souza}}</ref> It was blessed on 10 October 1930 by the then Bishop of Cochin and Administrator Apostolate, its first mass celebrated on 12 October 1930. It was enlarged in 1935<ref>{{Cite book|last=Souza sj|title=Tisvaddecheo Igorzo|year=1994|pages=117|author-link=Moreno de Souza}}</ref> and renovated in 2002. Just 100 meters from this chapel is ''Nossa Senhora da Piedade'' in Eugênio ward built by Eugênio Dias and his wife Rosa Maria Fernandes. It was blessed on November 20, 1823, but only opened to the public on November 18, 1846.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Souza sj|title=Tisvaddecheo Igorzo|year=1994|pages=116|author-link=Moreno de Souza}}</ref> Another chapel at Odxel dedicated to ''Nossa Senhora de Lourdes'' was constructed by Rev. Querobino Martins of Taleigão in November 1891. This chapel has now been handed over to the [[Salesians of Don Bosco]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Souza sj|title=Tisvaddecheo Igorzo|year=1994|pages=116}}</ref> The foundation stone for the building of the chapel of ''Nossa Senhora do Perpétuo Socorro'' at Dona Paula was laid on September 21, 1935, and the chapel was blessed on May 23, 1937<ref>{{Cite book|last=Souza sj|title=Tisvaddecheo Igorzo|year=1994|pages=117|author-link=Moreno de Souza}}</ref>

===Temples===
There are about fifteen temples; the oldest ones being Shree Tulsimata Pandurang Sansthan at Vodlem Bhat and Shree Shankar Devasthan at Shankarwadi which were enlarged from a ''gumti'' structure which existed during the Portuguese era. Among the others, the most unusual ones is Shri Mahalaxmi Devasthan at Oitalem. Both these temples have a Cross inside the temple and candles are lit every night by Hindu devotees and Litanies are held occasionally with the involvement of the Catholic community.

===Mosques===
Taleigão has a mixed population of slightly over 17,000. The Catholic population is more than 12,000 followed closely by Hindus and Muslims. There are two Masjids in this village, at Vodlem Bhat and at Adarsh.

==Feasts==

===Konsanche fest of Taleigão (Harvest feast)===
In the entire [[Ilhas de Goa]], the Taleigão village was officially accorded the privilege by the then Portuguese Governor Afonso de Albuquerque to cut the first sheaves of rice and present it to the Creator on 21 August. Traditionally, the harvest feast is celebrated with the music of brass bands, a colourful ceremonial umbrella, cannon fire, procession and high mass at São Miguel Arcanjo church. This thanksgiving ceremony commemorates the ''Festa da Espiga'' or ''Novidade''– a time for rejoicing and worship for the cultivators, in gratitude for the bountiful crop bestowed.

====History of the Novidade====
[[File:A field view of Taleigao. Photo by JoeGoaUk.jpg|thumb|A field view of Taleigao]]The ''Novidade'' has a history of nearly five centuries years dating back to the arrival of Portuguese in India in 1510. On seeking to conquer Goa in 1510, the Portuguese fleet ran into the monsoon and could not leave the Mandovi river as the exit route was blocked by the sand bar formed at the entrance of Aguada Bay. So the troops got stranded and were forced to take shelter on the rafters at the edge of the Mandovi river at Britona. It was a thick forest area with no inhabitants in those days. The Portuguese troops eventually ran out of provisions and had to survive on rats. The fishermen from Taleigão who had ventured into the river learnt the plight of the Portuguese troops and they informed the people of Taleigão. The Taleigão ''gauncars'' (early village settlers who had control over the agricultural land) took the initiative of supplying provisions to the troops at the dead of the night by risking their lives from the Muslim troops and inclement weather. They would load the provisions on bullock carts and transport them towards Aivão (a small fishing hamlet at Caranzalem), where the fishermen used to anchor their canoes. After unloading the same in the canoes they would row the canoe with the aid of an oil lamp towards Britona at the dead of the night. After three months of waiting, [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] was joined by more reinforcements accompanied by Diogo Mendes de Vasconcelos from Malacca. After fighting alongside [[Timoji]] and the local Hindus for less than a day, the Portuguese captured Goa from the Bijapuri rulers on 10 December 1510.

In 1514, Afonso de Albuquerque devoted himself fully to governing Goa. He gradually elevated Goa to a political and commercial capital of Portuguese India. He established coin minting. In memory of the conquest of Ilhas, Afonso de Albuquerque built a chapel dedicated to St. Catherine at Old Goa which was enlarged into a big church which is now known as Sé Cathedral. In recognition of the help rendered by the people of Taleigão, by offering food provisions to his troops, Afonso de Albuquerque granted them the privilege to cut the first sheaves of rice on 21 August, prior to the other villages in Ilhas. This decree has been described in the Foral of Portuguese writer Afonso Mexia dated 16 September 1526, Article 54 which says: "The village of Taleigão has prominence over the others to harvest the paddy. The gaonkars will come every year with sheaves of paddy stalks to the city of Goa (now old Goa), where it will be presented at the main altar at the Se Cathedral. From there, the Vicar will come with them to the Fort where the Factor will present a pachari (a white or coloured shawl), on which he is allowed to spend four pardaos (currency of the time). To the gaonkar who has been selected amongst them for this honour. Thereafter, the harvesting in other villages can be effected."

Afonso de Albuquerque strengthened the foundation of the existing agricultural association and named it as a Communidade. He introduced rules and regulations (''Código de Communidades'') which empowered them with administrative, financial and judicial powers. He took the initiative in appointing managing committees of Gauncars to administer and monitor the distribution of agricultural land (aforamento & shares) and collection of revenue from the agricultural produce, which was used for the welfare of village community and paying dividends (zonos). As a result of these reforms and transparency in the system, the Communidade of Taleigão prospered economically from the rice cultivation on vast tracts of land and earned the distinction of being the granary of Ilhas de Goa. As a tradition, on 24 August the President of the feast and the representatives of gauncars present the first sheaves of rice to the Portuguese Governor who was the custodian of the Communidade land. As a part of the Hindu culture, the then Gauncars who were Hindus offered these sheaves and sought blessings from the village deity. After embracing Christianity, the Gauncars continued these traditions with Eucharistic celebration in church and dedication of the sheaves to the patron of the village - São Miguel Arcanjo. This explains why the Communidade Gauncars have the privilege of celebrating the ''Festa da Espiga'' and the feast of patron São Miguel Arcanjo. The Gauncars maintained the church (painting, repairs, bell tower, etc.) and village roads, bunds, etc., using the funds of the Communidade.

====Traditions of the Novidade====
[[File:Aquatic birds. in Taleigao. Photo by JoeGoaUk.jpg|thumb|Aquatic birds. Cormorants fish-eating diving birds. Indian cormorant or Indian shag. At the St. Cruz - Taleigao bandh lake / fields ]]Taleigão is the only village in Goa where the Novidade is celebrated traditionally for 4 days (21–24 August). The feast is celebrated in rotation among the Gauncar families in the following order: Mendonça, Viegas, Martins, Luis, Gomes, Faria, Almeida, Falcão, and Abreu.

'''21 August''': Cannons (fosné) are fired at noon and during the pealing of the Angelus bell on the previous day to convey to the neighbouring villages that Taleigão is all set to celebrate the ''Novidade''. On 21 August, the ''Alvarado de Música'' played at dawn in the village lanes heralds the celebration and sets the village folk into festive mood. At 8:30 am, President of the feast marches under the cover of a colourful ceremonial umbrella to the São Miguel Arcanjo church to the beats of brass band. From the church the parishioners proceed in a procession to the field at Tolliant earmarked by the Comunidade for cutting of the sheaves. In 90's the procession used to be led by dhol caxia (drum)and a trumpet, followed by ''Adao'' representing the village tribes dressed in colourful costumes and dancing with bamboo sticks and swords. They are followed by flag of holy trinity (previously it was Portuguese flag)and the parishioners, the Confrades carrying the statue of the patron São Miguel Arcanjo on Charol, the feast President, the Parish priest, and the brass band playing religious tunes. The procession proceeds along the ''Estrada de Santos Passos'' which joins to ''Rua de Novidade''. This 1 km long route is traditionally decorated with 24 arches of bamboo shoots. After a short prayer, the Parish priest blesses the sheaves by sprinkling holy water and burning incense. Then the feast President cuts the sheaves with a silver sickle and carries them in a silver tray to the church. While returning to the church, prayers and sheaves are also offered at the São Miguel Arcanjo chapel en route. High mass is celebrated at the church at 10:00 am. After the mass, the parishioners participate in the ''Quermés'' (games) organised by the parish youth, with the background music of brass band. In the afternoon, coconut breaking competitions are held at every nook and corner of the village and the football finals of Säo Miguel trophy is organised at Dr. Alvaro Remigio Pinto ground by the ''Clube de Säo Miguel de Taleigão''. In tune with Goan cultural traditions, the day ends with a [[Tiatr]] in the late evening.

'''22 August''': With the boom of cannons in the background and accompanied by the traditional band, the feast President sets out to distribute fov (beaten rice) to nine Gauncar families living in different wards of the village. In tune with the Christian teachings, this act of distributing beaten rice represents sharing of joy and happiness of the rich harvest.

'''23 August''': At 4:00 pm, the President of the feast accompanied by traditional band and the boom of canons proceeds to the church and offers fov at the altar of São Miguel Arcanjo. After prayers by the Parish priest, fov are presented to him at the parochial house. This act shows the Act of sharing of joy with the Parish Priest.

'''24 August''': The male representatives of the nine Gauncar families and three members of the Comunidade managing committee carry the blessed sheaves, fov, and flower bouquet to [[Sé Cathedral]], [[Old Goa]], which was the capital of Goa until the 18th century and the Sé Cathedral was the main church. The group is received at the church entrance by the Parish Priest of Sé Cathedral with the pealing of the golden bell and playing of the traditional band in the background. A special mass is celebrated on the occasion which is also attended by devotees residing around Old Goa. The blessed sheaves are then distributed by the priest during the mass. After the mass, fov are also distributed by the President of the feast to the congregation and the resident priests. Later, the group presents fov and sheaves to the Archbishop at Paço Patriarcal and to the Governor of Goa at Raj Bhavan. At Raj Bhavan, the feast President reads out a short speech highlighting the various difficulties faced by villagers in cultivating the fields, drainage system, etc. In the afternoon the group is treated to a sumptuous lunch consisting of twelve dishes at the feast President's residence, with a boom of cannons in the background. It is customary to play a game of cards for entertainment.

The traditions of Novidade revive the bond of friendship between the families under the tutelage of the ''Comunidade de Taleigão'' and blessings of the patron São Miguel Arcanjo.

==Landmarks==
[[File:On the Goa University Road, Taleigao, Goa.jpg|thumb|On the Goa University Road, Taleigao, Goa]]Prominent landmarks in Taleigão include São Miguel Church, which was established in 1544 by the order of preachers called Dominicans and is currently one of Goa's oldest churches. Taleigão hosts one of the finest football grounds in Goa - the Dr. Remigio Pinto Football Ground and the best all season spacious Community Hall which caters to weddings, social functions, trade fairs, etc.

===Educational institutions===
Taleigão plateau hosts the main hub of higher education, Goa University. There is a higher secondary school at Dona Paula and a number of high schools, middle schools, primary schools, and pre-primary schools in Taleigão catering to the educational needs of the children. Don Bosco at Odxel run by Salesians caters to the all round development of children from the weaker sections of society. [[Bookworm Children's Library]] situated behind the church is a knowledge bank for our youngsters and meets the increasing demands of the readers. The National Institute of Oceanography at Dona Paula is one of the pioneer centres for oceanographic research in India.

===Playgrounds===
Football is in the blood of Taleigãokars. The church square (adró) served as the main playground where most of the village lads practiced football under the mentorship of Dr. Alvaro Remegio Pinto. Thereafter many of them, including Brahmanand Sankhwalkar, brought laurels to Taleigão by playing for professional football clubs and winning national tournaments. The Portuguese constructed the first playground at Borchem Bhat which was handed over to a club known as Grupo Desportivo de Caranzalem to encourage football in Taleigão. Dr. Alvaro Remegio Pinto was instrumental in organising football tournaments at the church square (adró). As a memory of his contribution to the football, the playground besides the Community hall bears his name.

===Parks===
Taleigão has a number of parks. One of the biggest parks in Taleigão is the jogger's park at Caranzalem on the Miramar – Dona Paula road. The park and playground next to the Dr. Remigio Pinto ground is also crowded with children. The parks at Durgawadi, Posrem Bhat, Nagali, Alto Nagali and landscape garden at Dona Paula are also worth mentioning.

===Beaches===
Taleigão's beaches include those at Odxel, Vainguinim, Dona Paula, Aivao, and Caranzalem - which have been known as picnic spots for decades.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} People from Old Goa, St. Estevam and Ponda still come to these beaches in the summer to bathe.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} The Aivao-Caranzalem bay is known for fishing activity. In the Portuguese era, the canoes used to land here with a large catch of fish including mackerel and sardines. These were salted and dried on the sand, while the excess catch was auctioned. Locals and farmers from far-off places like Merces used it as manure for agriculture and horticulture.

===Hillock of Dona Paula===
This place is named after Dona Paula Amaral Antonio de Souto. Dona is a title given to married noble woman under Portuguese customs. She was the daughter of Portuguese Viceroy in Sri Lanka who along with her family arrived in Goa 1644. She married Dom Antonio Souto Maior, a wealthy Fidalgo in 1656, who owned large properties extending from Cabo to Caranzalem. She was known for charity and worked for betterment of the villagers. After her death in December 1682, as a gratitude to her kindness the villagers renamed the place as Dona Paula, which was originally called Oddavell. The statues of philosopher couple Mr and Mrs. Robert Knox which were carved by German sculptor Baroness Yrse Von Leistner are seen atop the rock. One gets a splendid view of the Arabian Sea and the landscape from the hillock. The jetty which is used for navigation has been renovated and the route has been paved and illuminated recently. The water sports facilities in the vicinity also attract tourists. A large part of Hindi movie Ek Duuje ke Liye was shot here, which popularised the place further.

===Casa do Povo de Taleigão===
It was the community hall which was built and inaugurated by the last Portuguese Governor of Goa, General Vassalo de Silva on 21 August 1961. It houses a hall with stage, and offices of the Comunidade de Taleigão and Club de São Miguel de Taleigão. Tiatrs used to be held in the hall on the occasion of church feast. Wedding receptions were also held in olden days.

===Taleigão Community Hall===
[[File:Taleigao community hall (Photo by JoeGoaUk) 06.jpg|thumb|Taleigao community hall ]]One of [[The Attractions|the attractions]] of the village is the impressive, spacious and ultra-modern community hall. This all-season hall is famous for marriage receptions, international and national meetings, social gatherings, parties, etc. The interiors, illumination, outdoor stage and spacious parking are some features that attract people from all over Goa to organise various social and cultural events. The basement houses the office of the village Panchayat.

===Cabo Raj Nivas===
Originally a 16th-century convent built by Franciscans, it was later fortified to act as a sentinel over the confluence of the Zuari and Mandovi rivers. Later converted into a palace where the Portuguese Viceroys and Governor Generals resided. Now it is the residence of the Governor of Goa. The palace has a large Darbar hall, spacious verandahs with views of the Arabian Sea, Bohemian glass chandeliers, Chinese porcelain, antique tableware, assorted paintings and a garden. The Capela de Nossa Senhora Mae de Deus is annexed to the [[Cabo Raj Bhavan]]. Its feast is celebrated on August 15. Zig-zag steps leads to a grotto with a rock-carved altar. A small museum displays replicas of sculpture of Hindu deities dating back to the 11th century and beyond, besides some Christian icon and figurines.

===British cemetery===
A British cemetery exists in the vicinity which houses the graves of an 18th century British garrison led by Sir William Clarke, which entered Goa on the pretext of protecting Goa from a possible French invasion. They were stationed at the Cabo ([[Dona Paula]]), [[Fort Aguada]] and [[Fort Mormugao]] and stayed at Marivel from 1799 and 1813. The cemetery has an ornate semi-circular archway that leads to graves and memorial stones.

===Statue of Jack de Sequeira===
The nine-metre bronze statue of [[Dr. Jack de Sequeira]] was unveiled on 20 April 2007 at Dona Paula circle, as a tribute to the local leader who is considered the Father of the [[Opinion Poll]] in Goa and a staunch promponent of Goa's identity.

=== Dr Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Indoor Stadium ===

[[Dr Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Indoor Stadium|Bambolim Athletic Indoor Stadium]] is an indoor stadium located on the campus of [[Goa University]].<ref>[http://lusofoniagames2014.gov.in/venue/guc lusofoniagames] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106141025/http://lusofoniagames2014.gov.in/venue/guc |date=2014-01-06 }}</ref> The stadium was constructed for the [[2014 Lusophony Games]] for events of [[volleyball]] and [[basketball]]. The stadium is named after Dr [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]] former Indian politician and the founder of [[Bhartiya Jana Sangh]]. The stadium has a seating capacity of 4000 and was inaugurated by [[Governor of Goa]] [[Bharat Vir Wanchoo]] in 2014.<ref>[http://www.goacom.com/sports/17179-indoor-stadium-at-taleigao-named-after-s-p-mukherjee goacom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915211236/http://www.goacom.com/sports/17179-indoor-stadium-at-taleigao-named-after-s-p-mukherjee |date=2014-09-15 }}</ref> It cost 82 [[crore]] and was built in 11 months.

==Occupation of Taleigãokars==
Traditionally, agriculture and horticulture were the main occupation of the villagers, given the vast tracts of land where rice has cultivated during monsoon and vegetables were grown in summer. The flat portion on the hill tops were utilised to grow lady fingers, ''raggi'' (finger millet), snake gourd, ridge gourd, etc., in monsoon season. Taleigão's ''tambdi bhaji'' (red amaranth), sweet potatoes, brinjals, chillies, bottle gourd, etc., are famous for their taste all over Tiswadi taluka.

Since the last decade, farming has been on decline because of high labour costs, flooding of the fields in monsoon due to non-maintenance of water channels, youth taking up different occupations, migration of families to other countries, etc.

Due to mass immigration from other states of India, high-rise housingconstructions have taken over vast areas of agricultural land in Taleigão which has transformed the village into an urban settlement.

The Progressive Farmer's Club of Taleigão has taken initiatives to revive agriculture by availing government schemes. In-migration has also had its impact on the traditional lifestyles of villagers.

==Government and politics==
Taleigão is part of [[Taleigao (Goa Assembly constituency)]] and [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Sports==

[[Clube Sao Miguel de Taleigao]], an association football club based in Taleigão, represents them in [[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]], Goa's top tier.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Article by son-of-soil Dr. Alvarinho J. Luis in [[parish bulletin]] - PORZOLL dated 21/8/2012 titled "The Traditions of Taleigao's harvest feast"
* Article by Luiza Luis in parish bulletin - PORZOLL dated 25/12/2012 titled " Uniqness of Taleigao"

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taleigao}}
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Panaji]]

Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital

2026-01-01T00:47:18Z

Jhonny: update

{{short description|Hospital in South Mumbai, India}}
{{advert|date=December 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital & Research Centre
| org_group = '''Hurkisondas Hospital'''
| image = HN_Hospital.jpg
| caption = Respect for Life
| logo =
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| coordinates =
| healthcare = Private
| type = Charitable
| speciality = Multispecialty
| emergency = Available
| standards = Tertiary Care
| affiliation = Reliance Foundation
| beds = 345
| former_names = Sir Hurkisondas Narottomdas Hospital
| opened = {{Start date and age|1925||}}
| closed = 
| website = {{URL|https://www.rfhospital.org/}}
}}
'''Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre''' is located in [[Girgaon]], [[Mumbai]], India and managed by [[Reliance Foundation]]. It was founded in 1925 by [[Gordhandas Bhagwandas Narottamdas]] and was renovated and reopened in 2014. The hospital is primarily called "'''Hurkisondas Hospital'''" and "'''Reliance Hospital'''".

==History==
[[File:Narendra Modi at ceremony held to rededicate Sir H.N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, in Mumbai on October 25, 2014. The Governor of Maharashtra, Shri C. Vidyasagar Rao is also seen.jpg|thumb|The [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister Of India, Narendra Modi]], at a ceremony held to rededicate Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, in Mumbai on 25 October 2014. [[Mukesh Ambani]], [[Nita Ambani]] and the then [[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor Of Maharashtra]], Shri C. Vidyasagar Rao, are also seen.]]
[[Gordhandas Bhagwandas Narottamdas]], a physician and social worker, proposed the Harkisan Narottamdas Hospital (also spelt Hurkisondas Nurrotumdas Hospital) to his adoptive mother Zaverben and his aunt Mankunwar, wife of deceased Harkisan Narottamdas Sheth and they agreed and donated the bungalow and funds. In 1918, the Lady Willingdon laid the hospital's foundation [[Marie Freeman-Thomas, Marchioness of Willingdon|Lady Willingdon]]. In 1925, the construction was completed and inaugurated by [[Leslie Wilson (politician)|Lesli Wilson]], the [[Governor of Bombay]]. Gordhandas worked there until he died in 1975.

The hospital was taken over by the [[Reliance Foundation]] in 2006. The renovation of the heritage building and the building behind it started in 2011. After that, It was inaugurated and rededicated by the [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 25 October 2014.

== Facilities ==
{{cleanup rewrite|section=yes|date=October 2019}}
This centre has many facilities like

* emergency medical services
* the out-patient department
* in-patient services, diagnostics
* operation theatre complex
* an executive health check facility
* day care
* woman and child health
* intensive critical care
* isolation rooms<ref>{{Cite web |website=Reliance Hospital |title=Reliance hospital Facilities |url=https://www.rfhospital.org/patients-visitor-services/facilities/room-types}}</ref>

The hospital offers healthcare facilities pertaining to six key areas: [[Cardiology|Cardiac Sciences]], Nephro-Urology, [[Neuroscience|Neuro Sciences]], [[Oncology]], [[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedics]] and spine and Woman and child Health. Over 258 consultants in various areas of specialization drive and manage the activities. They are assisted by a staff of 1,000, including paramedical and other support. The hospital also provides free and subsidized out-patient and in-patient treatment to the needy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/sneak-peek-mumbais-sir-hn-reliance-foundation-hospital/equal-quality-care/slideshow/44908812.cms|title=Sneak Peek: Mumbai's Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital - Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Reliance Industries Limited}}

==External links==
* [https://www.rfhospital.org/ Official website]
* [https://www.credihealth.com/hospital/sir-hn-reliance-foundation-hospital-and-research-centre-mumbai/doctors sir hn reliance hospital]
*
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|18.958744|72.81985|type:landmark|display=title|name=Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Reliance Life Sciences]]
[[Category:1925 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1925]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}

Dumurjala Sports City

2025-12-26T05:11:21Z

Jhonny: added new place from scratch

{{Short description|Sports complex in Howrah, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox venue
| embed =
| name = Dumurjala Sports City
| native_name = ডুমুরজলা খেলনগরি
| native_name_lang = bn
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| image3 = Playing Field - Dumurjala - Howrah 2014-08-10 7388-7394 Compress.JPG
| caption3 = Outdoor playground
| image2 = Swimming Pool - Howrah Swamiji Sangha - Dumurjala - Howrah 2014-06-08 4949-4950.JPG
| caption2 = [[Swimming pool]] in the complex
| image1 = Sabuj Sathi Krirangan - Howrah Indoor Stadium - Dumurjala - Howrah 2023-05-27 7787.jpg
| caption1 = [[Howrah Indoor Stadium]]
}}
| image_size =
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| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| coordinates = {{Coord|22|34|54|N|88|18|24|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
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| location = Dumurjala, [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| main_venue = [[Howrah Indoor Stadium]]
| main_venue_capacity = 6000
| facilities = {{ubl| Outdoor playgrounds for [[Association football|Football]], [[Field hockey|Hockey]] and [[Cricket]]|[[Swimming pool]]|[[Outdoor gym]]|[[Public park]]|[[Helipad]]}}
| public_transit =
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| owner =
| operator = [[Howrah Municipal Corporation|HMC]]
| use = 
| production =
| broke_ground =
| built = 2018-2022
| opened = 2022<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/hidco-eyes-pre-monsoon-opening-of-sports-city-in-dumurjola/articleshow/90137120.cms|title=Hidco Eyes Pre-monsoon Opening Of Sports City In Dumurjola | Kolkata News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=11 March 2022 |access-date=2023-01-10|archive-date=2023-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110155448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/hidco-eyes-pre-monsoon-opening-of-sports-city-in-dumurjola/articleshow/90137120.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| renovated =
| rebuilt =
| expanded =
| closed =
| reopened =
| demolished =
| cost = [[Indian rupee|₹]]1,000 crores<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/howrah-hoogly/a-sports-city-will-be-made-soon-in-howrah-1.754001|title=হাওড়ায় তৈরি হবে স্পোর্টস সিটি|first=দেবাশিস|last=দাশ|website=www.anandabazar.com|access-date=2023-01-10|archive-date=2023-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110155448/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/howrah-hoogly/a-sports-city-will-be-made-soon-in-howrah-1.754001|url-status=live}}</ref>
| architect =
| project_manager =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| main_contractors =
| years_active =
| builder = [[West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation|HIDCO]], Howrah Improvement Trust (HIT), [[Howrah Municipal Corporation|HMC]]
| acreage = {{cvt|56|acre}}
| tenants = 
| website = 
| embedded =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dumurjala Sports City''' (or '''Dumurjala Sports Complex''') is a sports complex of 56 acres in Dumurjala, [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The complex consists of the 6000-seater indoor [[Howrah Indoor Stadium]]; outdoor grounds for [[Association football|football]], [[cricket]] and [[field hockey|hockey]]; a [[swimming pool]]; an [[outdoor gym]]; and a [[public park]].<ref name="auto2"/> The complex also has two helipads.

==The complex==
[[File:Sabuj Sathi Krirangan - Howrah Indoor Stadium - Dumurjala - Howrah 2023-05-27 7780.jpg|thumb|Howrah Indoor Stadium]]
Dumurjala Sports City is spread over an area of nearly 60 acres connected by Dumurjala Ring Road. The indoor stadium is centrally air-conditioned and has a capacity of 6000 seats. The floor is made of teak and synthetic wood. Indoor sports facilities includes courts for badminton, basketball, and volleyball, and a wrestling arena.<ref name="auto2"/> It has two dressing rooms, a power room, a commentary box, and a guesthouse.

Outside the stadium it includes a 90mx50m football field, a 91.4mx55m hockey field, swimming pool along with multiple football and cricket grounds. Three other playgrounds along the ring road are for public use. There is a large children's park along with a lake island, a green corner for senior citizens and an outdoor gym facility.<ref name="auto2"/> An international level outdoor stadium is also under construction, with a seating capacity of around 50,000.<ref name="auto4"/> There are two helipads for Government uses and multiple lakes. There are two parking lots for two-wheeler vehicles and a dedicated area for four-wheelers, which is also used as bus stand.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/hidco-to-plan-sports-city-in-howrahs-dumurjala-285085|title=HIDCO to plan Sports City in Howrah's Dumurjala|first=Team|last=MP|date=14 February 2018|website=www.millenniumpost.in|access-date=10 January 2023|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110143614/https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/hidco-to-plan-sports-city-in-howrahs-dumurjala-285085|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Formation==
In 1980s the Howrah Indoor Stadium was created and used for indoor game purposes. Multiple plans for making the stadium international level were proposed before 2011 but none of them were implemented. After 2011, the Howrah Improvement Trust (HIT) prepared a report for its possible expansion and township. But the plan was again cancelled and outskirts of Dumurjala mostly got occupied illegally by people for living. In 2015, the area was given to [[West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation]] (HIDCO), a [[Government of West Bengal]]-controlled body, to examine possible explanations and develop it under the "Theme city" project of Government of West Bengal.<ref name="auto4"/> In 2017, two helipads were created on the vacant places which were used as playgrounds by locals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/mamata-inaugurates-dumurjala-helipad-1491229642.html|title=Mamata inaugurates Dumurjala helipad in Howrah|date=3 April 2017|website=The Statesman|access-date=10 January 2023|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110155449/https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/mamata-inaugurates-dumurjala-helipad-1491229642.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Again plans were proposed in 2018 and construction works started.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/howrah-hoogly/state-government-planned-to-renovate-dumurjala-stadium-1.660705|title=ভোল পাল্টাতে চলেছে ডুমুরজলা স্টেডিয়ামের|first=নিজস্ব|last=সংবাদদাতা|website=www.anandabazar.com|access-date=2023-01-10|archive-date=2023-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110155449/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/howrah-hoogly/state-government-planned-to-renovate-dumurjala-stadium-1.660705|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/howrah-news/dumurjala-sports-city-is-getting-ready-says-hidco-md-debashis-sen/articleshow/90142147.cms|title=Dumurjala Sports City: ফুটবল-হকি গ্রাউন্ডের যুগলবন্দি, Howrah-এ দ্রুতগতিতে তৈরি হচ্ছে খেল নগরী|website=EI Samay|date=11 March 2022 |access-date=2023-01-10|archive-date=2023-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110155448/https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/howrah-news/dumurjala-sports-city-is-getting-ready-says-hidco-md-debashis-sen/articleshow/90142147.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018 HIDCO announced Dumurjala to be a Sports City. A meeting was held in Howrah among then state Urban Development minister Firhad Hakim, then Mayor Rathin Chakraborty and then HIDCO chairman Debashis Sen along with senior officials of HMC and [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|KMDA]] at HIDCO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/hidco-to-plan-sports-city-in-howrahs-dumurjala-285085|title=HIDCO to plan Sports City in Howrah's Dumurjala|date=14 February 2018|website=Millenniumpost.in|access-date=25 July 2019|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419092157/http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/hidco-to-plan-sports-city-in-howrahs-dumurjala-285085|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/> The meeting stated Dumurjala Stadium was to be rebuilt and more developed to meet the state level. Investors were invited<ref>[http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/soon-howrah-to-get-khel-city-303433&sa=U&ved=0ahUKEwj2ktP86NvhAhVUWisKHQHWAnoQqQIIECgAMAI&usg=AOvVaw3R5eFJYzf1tffu9l_wP2Y9] {{dead link|date=July 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/> [[Cricket Association of Bengal|CAB]] was given 14-acre land.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unfoldbangla.com/not-a-sports-city-stay-in-dumurjala-in-dumurjala-the-demand-movement-started-in-howrah/howrah/state/news/article/|title=খেল নগরী নয়, ডুমুরজলা থাক ডুমুরজলাতেই, দাবিতে আন্দোলন শুরু হাওড়ায়|website=www.unfoldbangla.com|access-date=2023-01-10|archive-date=2023-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110154214/https://www.unfoldbangla.com/not-a-sports-city-stay-in-dumurjala-in-dumurjala-the-demand-movement-started-in-howrah/howrah/state/news/article/|url-status=live}}</ref> Moreover, use of renewable energy, state-of-the-art solid waste management were also planned.<ref name="auto"/> Township projects and housing units are also planned along the road to Dalalpukur.<ref name="auto4"/> A 14-floored shopping mall and hotel are also planned.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>[https://aitcofficial.org/aitc/khel-city-to-come-up-at-dumurjola-in-howrah/ "Khel City to come up at Dumurjola in Howrah – All India Trinamool Congress"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110154533/https://aitcofficial.org/aitc/khel-city-to-come-up-at-dumurjola-in-howrah/|date=2023-01-10}}</ref>

===Controversies and protest===
After the announcement and works started in 2018, multiple protest from the locals held. Dumurjala is considered to be the "Lungs of Howrah", as it is the biggest open public area in Howrah city containing many trees, flora and fauna and forests. Hundreds of people came to protests stating "Do development but not destroying environment". "'''Dumurjala Math Bachao Committee'''" was formed to obstruct the project.<ref name="auto1"/> A case was lodged in the Kolkata High Court against the construction by advocate Imtiaz Ahmed and Sabhyasachi Chattopadhyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/howrah/calcutta-high-court-seeks-affidavit-from-government-on-dumurjala-sports-city/wb20220104162555477|title=Dumurjala Sports City সবুজায়ন ধ্বংস করে কেন ডুমুরজলা স্পোর্টস সিটি রাজ্যের কাছে ব্যাখ্যা চাইল হাইকোর্ট|website=ETV Bharat News|date=4 January 2022 |access-date=2023-01-10|archive-date=2023-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110155448/https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/howrah/calcutta-high-court-seeks-affidavit-from-government-on-dumurjala-sports-city/wb20220104162555477|url-status=live}}</ref> The High Court announced verdict in which it ordered the state Government to show reports about the project and to explain the explanation of the allegation of "destruction of greenery".{{citation-needed|date=January 2023}}

==Transport==
The sports complex is situated on the side of Bholanath Chakraborty Sarani (Drainage Canal Road) or locally known as "''Notun Rasta''". The [[Kona Expressway, NH12|Kona Expressway]] (NH12) is also near the complex, which is an important gateway to [[Kolkata]]. Dumurjala sports complex itself have a bus stand though it is not a bus terminus. Buses for transportation junctions like [[Howrah]], [[South Kolkata|Exide]], [[New Town, Kolkata|Newtown]] are available. Nearest rail station is [[Ramrajatala railway station]] (along [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah]] line) and [[Padmapukur railway station]] (along [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] line), which are located 1.7 km and 1.2 km away from the complex respectively.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

==See also==
*[[Howrah Indoor Stadium]]
*[[Belepole]]
*[[Santragachi]]
*[[Howrah]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sports complexes]]
[[Category:Sports in Howrah]]

Barasat II

2025-12-17T12:02:17Z

Jhonny: rework formatting for clarity and fixed typos

{{other uses|Barasat (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barasat II
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Barasat-II in North 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6487300|N|88.4908300|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 114.04
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 13
| population_total = 200,918
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 135,695 (77.71%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 033
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-23, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-24, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-25, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-26
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]], [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madhyamgram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Madhyamgram]], [[Haroa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haroa]]
| website = {{URL|north24parganas.nic.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Barasat II''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Barasat Sadar subdivision]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Rohanda, a constituent panchayat of Barasat II block, is located at {{coord|22.661732|N|88.485628|E|}}.

Barasat II CD Block is bounded by [[Barasat I]] CD Block in the north, [[Deganga (community development block)|Deganga]] and [[Haroa (community development block)|Haroa]] CD Blocks in the west and [[Rajarhat (community development block)|Rajarhat]] CD Block in the south. The Barrackpore industrial area with such municipalities as [[Madhyamgram]], [[Dum Dum]] and [[Rajarhat|Rajarhat-Gopalpur]] (now merged with [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]]) is in the west and [[Barasat]] municipality is in the north.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Map_Gallery# | title = North 24 Parganas District | work = Map Gallery – CD Blocks | publisher = North 24 Parganas district administration | access-date = 10 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160309211214/http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Map_Gallery | archive-date = 9 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Barasat II CD Block is part of the North Hooghly Flat, one of the three physiographic regions in the district located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]]. It is a raised [[alluvium]] area along the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], which forms the western boundary of the district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> The [[Bidyadhari River|Bidyadhari]] forms the eastern boundary of Barasat II CD Block with [[Deganga]] CD Block, and as such it is partly in the North Bidyadhari Plain.<ref name=censusmap>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of Barasat II CD Block, Page 419 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref>

Barasat II CD Block has an area of 114.04 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 7 [[gram panchayat]]s, 109 gram sansads (village councils), 78 [[mouza]]s and 77 inhabited villages, as per the District Statistical Handbook: North 24 Parganas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011, Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 April 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Madhyamgram#Police station|Madhyamgram]] and [[Shasan, North 24 Parganas#Police station|Shasan]] police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://n24pgspolice.in/home/police-station.php | title = North 24 Parganas Dist. Police | work = Know Your Police Station | publisher = District Police | access-date = 3 June 2018 | archive-date = 7 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180607033433/http://n24pgspolice.in/home/police-station.php | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Krishnapur Madanpur]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Barasat II block/ panchayat samiti are: Chandigarh–Rohanda, Falti Beliaghata, Kemia Khamarpara, Kirtipur I, Dadpur, Kiritipur II and Shason.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = North Twentfour Parganas - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 April 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Barasat II CD Block had a total population of 200,918, of which 188,294 were rural and 11,994 were urban. There were 104,253 (52%) males and 96,665 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 26,305. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 21,025 (10.47%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 2,556 (1.27%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 10 March 2015}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Barasat II block has a total population of 168,828 out of which 87,997 were males and 80,831 were females.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_11.htm |title=Census of India 2001, Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table - 4 |access-date=2010-10-25 |work=North Twenty Four Parganas District (11) |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_11.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

There is only one [[census town]] in Barasat II CD Block (2011 census figure in brackets): [[Deara]] (11,994).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages in Barasat II CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Gopalpur Chandigar (7,204), Jojra (4,052), Kayemba (4,687), Chaumuha (4,780), Matiagachha (8,223), Mahishgadi (6,468), Sasan (5,818) and Falti-Banpur (6,418).<ref name=census2011/>

North 24 Parganas district is densely populated, mainly because of the influx of [[East Bengali refugees|refugees from East Bengal]] (later Bangladesh). With a density of population of 2,182 per km2 in 1971, it was 3rd in terms of density per km2 in West Bengal after Kolkata and Howrah, and 20th in India.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Intro P 6| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref> According to the District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas, “High density is also explained partly by the rapid growth of urbanization in the district. In 1991, the percentage of urban population in the district has been 51.23.”<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 259, Table 11.2.2| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''
{{Graph:Chart
|width=300
|height=250
|legend=Legend
|xAxisTitle=X
|yAxisTitle=Y
|type= rect
|x=1971-1981,1981-1991,1991-2001,2001-2011
|y1 = 0,0,-29.45,18.82
|y2 = 31.4,31.7,22.7,12.0
|y3 = 23.17,24.73,17.84,13.93
|colors = olive,yellow,violet
|y1Title= Barasat II CD Block
|y2Title=North 24 Parganas district
|y3Title=West Bengal
}}

The decadal growth of population in Barasat II CD Block in 2001-2011 was 18.82%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001–2011, Page 52 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 April 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth of population in Barasat II CD Block in 1991-2001 was -29.45%. Decadal growth of population in Barasat municipality in 1991-2001 was 125.52%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook | work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011; Table 2.4A: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 1991; Table 2.4B: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 2001 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 2019-01-21 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The decadal growth rate of population in North 24 Parganas district was as follows: 47.9% in 1951–61, 34.5% in 1961–71, 31.4% in 1971–81, 31.7% in 1981–91, 22.7% in 1991-2001 and 12.0% in 2001-11.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Growth Rate, Page 45 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | access-date = 26 April 2018}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 17.84% in 1991-2001, 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 40, Table 3.2.1| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Only a small portion of the border with Bangladesh has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border. It is freely used by [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]], terrorists, smugglers, criminals et al.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-bsf-wants-817-km-of-indo-bangla-border-fenced-urgently/20160821.htm | title = Why BSF wants 81.7 km of Indo-Bangla border fenced urgently | publisher = Rediff.com. 21 August 2016 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10049-lashkar-helped-fan-basirhat-tension | title = Laskar helped fan Basirhat tension | first = Abhinandan | last = Mishra | publisher = Sunday Guardian, 8 July 2017 | access-date = 20 April 2018 | archive-date = 29 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180429223205/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10049-lashkar-helped-fan-basirhat-tension | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/03/infiltrating-porous-bangladesh-india-border-150323140511893.html | title = Infiltrating porous Bangladesh-India border| publisher = Aljazeera | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html | title = Bangladeshi Infiltrators – the Reality Check | publisher = The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Barasat II CD Block was 135,695 (77.71% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 74,011 (81.50% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 61,684 (73.60% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 7.90%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of North 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Barasat II CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|73.81}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|25.93}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.26}}
}}

In the 2011 census Muslims numbered 148,296 (73.81%) of the population in Barasat II CD Block. Hindus numbered 52,105 (25.93%) and others numbered 517 (0.26%).<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In 1981 Hindus numbered 87,684 and formed 54.55% of the population and Muslims numbered 73,013 and formed 45.45% of the population in Barasat II CD Block. In 1991 Hindus numbered 289,932 and formed 59.25% of the population and Muslims numbered 198,458 and formed 40.56% of the population in Barasat I and Barasat II CD Blocks taken together. (In 1981 and 1991 census was conducted as per jurisdiction of the police station). In 2001, Muslims numbered 123,253 (72.89%) and Hindus 45,570 (26.95%).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf | title = Block Level Statistics of North 24 Parganas District | work = Handbook 2004 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160720152245/http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf | archive-date = 20 July 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{{See also|North 24 Parganas: minority concentrated district}}

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Barasat II CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 96.74 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 2.21 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.05 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 96.74% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 2.21% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural Poverty==
23.11% of households in Barasat II CD Block lived [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2001, against an average of 29.28% in North 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 259, Table 11.2.2| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Barasat II CD Block'''
|value1 = 13.73
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 26.80
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.96
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 55.51
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Barasat II CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 9,080 and formed 13.73% of the total workers, agricultural labourers numbered 17,727 and formed 26.80%, household industry workers numbered 2,618 and formed 3.96% and other workers numbered 35,714 and formed 55.51%. Total workers numbered 66,139 and formed 32.12% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 134,779 and formed 67.08% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North 24 Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 93, Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories ofEconomic Activity in Sub-district 2011; Page 84, Table 30: Number and Percentage of Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-workers by sex in sub-districts, 2011| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 19 April 2011}}</ref>

In more than 30 percent of the villages in North 24 Parganas, agriculture or household industry is no longer the major source of livelihood for the main workers there. The CD Blocks in the district can be classified as belonging to three categories: border areas, Sundarbans area and other rural areas. The percentage of other workers in the other rural areas category is considerably higher than those in the border areas and Sundarbans area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Pages 27-28| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North 24 Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 19 April 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 76 inhabited villages in Barasat II CD Block, as per the District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 11 villages (14.47%) have post offices. 73 villages (76.05%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 39 villages (51.32%) have a pucca approach road and 44 villages (57.89%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 5 villages (6.58%) have agricultural credit societies and 7 villages (9.21 ) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nort 24 Parganas district, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 103-104, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 19 April 2018}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The North 24 Parganas district [[Human Development Report]] opines that in spite of agricultural productivity in North 24 Parganas district being rather impressive 81.84% of rural population suffered from shortage of food. With a high urbanisation of 54.3% in 2001, the land use pattern in the district is changing quite fast and the area under cultivation is declining. However, agriculture is still the major source of livelihood in the rural areas of the district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Pages 66, 195| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

From 1977 on wards major [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 2016-10-05 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2010–11, persons engaged in agriculture in Barasat II CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 3,535 (9.80%), patta (document) holders 2,776 (7.69%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 1,620 (4.49%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 15,095 (41.83%) and agricultural labourers 13,057 (36.19%).<ref name=handbook2010-2011>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011, Tables 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 (arranged in order of use) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 April 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Barasat II CD Block had 105 fertiliser depots, 23 seed stores and 55 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2010-11.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

In 2010–11, Barasat II CD Block produced 9,429 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 4,262 hectares, 6,084 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 2,167 hectares, 31 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 14 hectares, 557 tonnes of wheat from 262 hectares, 43,205 tonnes of jute from 3,124 hectares and 4,836 tonnes of potatoes from 194 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

In 2010–11, the total area irrigated in Barasat II CD Block was 241 hectares, all of which were irrigated by deep tube well.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

===Pisciculture===
In 2010–11, the net area under effective pisciculture in Barasat II CD Block was 2,752.76 hectares. 15,874 persons were engaged in the profession. Approximate annual production was 82,582.8 quintals.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

===Banking===
In 2010–11, Barasat II CD Block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

==Transport==
In 2010–11, Barasat II CD Block had 6 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 11 km from CD Block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>
[[File:SH 2 at Kajibari.jpg|thumb|[[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|SH 2]] at Kajibari, Uttarpara]]
[[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|SH 2]] passes through this CD Block.<ref name=censusmap/>

There are [[Karea Kadambagachhi railway station]], [[Bahira Kalibari railway station]], [[Sondalia railway station]] and [[Beliaghata Road railway station]] on the [[Sealdah-Hasnabad-Bangaon-Ranaghat line|Barasat-Hasnabad line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/17692/7870/7862 |title = 33311 Barasat-Hasnabad local |work= Time Table| publisher= India Railinfo | access-date = 29 April 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2010–11, Barasat II CD Block had 76 primary schools with 10,922 students, 2 middle schools with 189 students, 4 high schools with 4,578 students and 7 higher secondary schools with 13,465 students. Barasat II CD Block had 287 institutions for special and non-formal education with 12,901 students.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

As per the 2011 census, in Barasat II CD Block, amongst the 76 inhabited villages, 2 villages did not have a school, 36 villages had more than 1 primary school, 29 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 14 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, North Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 717, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 28 April 2018}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2011, Barasat II CD Block had 1 rural hospital and 2 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], with total 42 beds and 7 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 32 family welfare subcentres. 1,763 patients were treated indoors and 88,770 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

Madhyamgram Rural Hospital at Madhyamgram with 30 beds functions as the main medical facility in Barasat II CD Block. There are primary health centres at [[Shasan, North 24 Parganas|Shasan]] (Mitpukuria PHC with 10 beds) and Kiritipur (Bagband Siberia (Kemia Kamarpara) PHC with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 May 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Barasat II block is one of the areas where ground water is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study ) | access-date = 2011-02-17 | work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India | publisher = SOES | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002938/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm | archive-date = 2007-09-27 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barasat Ii (Community Development Block)}}
[[Category:Community development blocks in North 24 Parganas district]]

M. Bhaskar

2025-11-25T06:46:45Z

Jhonny: starting stub...

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}

{{Infobox person
| name = M. Bhaskar
| image = Bhaskar.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1935|4|3}}
| birth_place = [[Virudhunagar district|Pattamputhur]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2013|7|12|1935|4|3}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = Story writer, screenwriter, dialogue writer, director, producer
| organization = Oscar Movies
| yearsactive = 1978-2013
| spouse = Meena Rani
| children = 3
}}

'''M. Bhaskar''' (3 April 1935 – 12 July 2013) was an Indian filmmaker who worked mainly in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. Bhaskar started his film career as an assistant to director [[C. V. Sridhar]]. After relieving from his mentor and guru [[C. V. Sridhar]], he was working under [[T. R. Sundaram|Sundaram]]'s [[Modern Theatres|Modern Theaters]], [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar|Chinnappa Thevar]] along with [[S. P. Muthuraman]], [[Panchu Arunachalam|Panju Arunachalam]], Thuyavan, Uthiripookkal Balakrishnan and others. He also worked as a second unit Director for [[20th Century Fox]], during their production in [[Goa]], India.

==Early life and career==
M. Bhaskar hailed from a village called Pattamputhur, Virudhunagar district. He started his career as an associate to [[C. V. Sridhar]] starting from movie [[Venniradai]] followed by list of notable films he worked [[Kodimalar]], [[Nenjirukkum Varai (1967 film)|Nenjirukkum Varai]], [[Ooty Varai Uravu]], [[Avalukendru Or Manam]], [[Sivantha Mann]], [[Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa]] also in Hindi films [[Pyar Kiye Jaa]], [[Gehri Chaal]], [[Nai Roshni (1967 film)|Nai Roshni]], [[Dharti (1970 film)|Dharti]]. He made his directorial debut with ''[[Bairavi]]''.<ref name="Bhaskar">{{Cite news |date=13 July 2013 |title=Veteran director M Bhaskar passes away |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-veteran-director-m-bhaskar-passes-away-director-m-bhaskar-passes-away-tamil-cinema-news-13-07-135221.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402102435/https://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-veteran-director-m-bhaskar-passes-away-director-m-bhaskar-passes-away-tamil-cinema-news-13-07-135221.htm |archive-date=2 April 2019 |work=Tamilstar |language=en |access-date=20 December 2014 }}</ref> The film gave major breakthrough in the career of [[Rajinikanth]] as a lead actor. Rajini gained the tag "Superstar" from this film.<ref name="Bairavi"/><ref name="indiatvnews.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/rajinikanth-top-films-19150.html|title=40 years of Superstar Rajinikanth: Best movies|date=12 December 2014|publisher=[[India TV]]|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153754/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/rajinikanth-top-films-19150.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bairavi is a [[1978 in film|1978]] [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil feature film]] directed by M. Baskar and starring Rajinikanth. It was Rajinikanth's first movie as a solo hero in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/11/06/stories/2009110650301400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317115759/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/11/06/stories/2009110650301400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 March 2011 |title=Cinema Plus / TV Serials : Serials |date=6 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=30 November 2011}}</ref> He was also given the "Superstar" title through this film.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/rajini/story/superstar-rajinikanths-biography-81789-2010-09-09 |title=Superstar Rajinikanth's biography : Rajini News – India Today |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=10 September 2010 |access-date=3 December 2011 |archive-date=12 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212225508/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/superstar-rajinikanths-biography/1/112118.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/28/slide-show-1-quiz-think-you-know-rajnikanth.htm |title=Think you know Rajnikanth? Take this quiz! – Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=28 September 2010 |accessdate=30 November 2011 |archive-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128080120/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/28/slide-show-1-quiz-think-you-know-rajnikanth.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars [[Sripriya]] as the female lead and [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] playing the title role as Rajini's sister. Geetha was introduced in this film. [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] played the role of the main villain. [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam]] actor [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]] played Bairavi's step brother, while [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] and [[Suruli Rajan]] played other major roles.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

M Baskar who was impressed with Rajini's dedication in ''[[Aarupushpangal]]'', went straight ahead casting Rajini in lead role for Bhairavi. M Baskar, having faith in Rajini to pull the crowds as hero. Initially, [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] agreed to give financial support for Bhairavi but when he heard Rajini is the hero, he withdrew the support and advised M Baskar to stop the movie or change the hero. He questioned M Baskar for choosing a villain in the lead role and hero as villain (Srikanth was acting as hero those days) and he assured to M Baskar that it will be a huge loss.<ref name="Bai">[http://senthilvayal.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/sivajirov-to-sivaji-in-tamil-about-actor-rajni-ganth.pdf Sivajirov to Sivaji in Tamil about Actor Rajni Ganth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406073150/https://senthilvayal.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/sivajirov-to-sivaji-in-tamil-about-actor-rajni-ganth.pdf |date=6 April 2015 }}. December 2009. Senthil Vayal.</ref> M Baskar approached Muthuraman to play negative role but he refused to portray a negative character, Srikanth was finally selected for the role.<ref name="Bai"/><ref name="Rajini">{{Cite web|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/06/11175429/kalaignanam-production-pairavi.html|title=கலைஞானம் தயாரித்த பைரவி: கதாநாயகனாக நடித்து சூப்பர் ஸ்டார் ஆனார் ரஜினி|date=18 June 2012|website=[[Maalaimalar]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618050945/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/06/11175429/kalaignanam-production-pairavi.html|archive-date=18 June 2012}}</ref> With all these burden, M Baskar decided to direct the film.<ref name="Bhaskar"/><ref name = "Bairavi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinemalead.com/visitor-column-id-the-journey-of-living-legend-rajinikanth-part-2-rajinikanth-20-08-133154.htm|title=The Journey of Living Legend Rajinikanth — Part-2|website=Cinemalead|access-date=20 December 2014|archive-date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220180551/http://www.cinemalead.com/visitor-column-id-the-journey-of-living-legend-rajinikanth-part-2-rajinikanth-20-08-133154.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="indiatvnews.com"/><ref name="Bai"/>

The soundtrack and background score was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. Bairavi was the third film for Ilaiyaraaja. All lyrics were penned by Kannadasan.<ref name="Bairavi"/>

Then he started his own production company "Oscar Movies" in 1980.Some of the Bhaskar's hit movies as a director and producer includes [[Theerpugal Thiruththapadalam]], [[Soolam]], ''[[Sattathin Thirappu Vizhaa]]'', [[Chakravarthy (1995 film)|Chakravarthy]].<ref name = "Hit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinemalead.com/news-id-director-who-changed-rajnis-fortune-dies-oscar-movies-13-07-132796.htm|title=Director Who Changed Rajnis Fortune Dies|website=Cinemalead|access-date=20 December 2014|archive-date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220180213/http://www.cinemalead.com/news-id-director-who-changed-rajnis-fortune-dies-oscar-movies-13-07-132796.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He then produced films ''[[Vishnu (1995 film)|Vishnu]]'', [[Kadhal Rojave]] and [[Thotta]]. ''Vishnu'' is the first movie that [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] acted in others production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QpZKn92i_Q|title=Thalapathy Vijay Old interview|via=YouTube|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-date=4 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904213215/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QpZKn92i_Q|url-status=live}}</ref> Vijay earlier movies were produced by his father. Also Vijay honored his first producer Balaji prabhu during his [[Jilla]] movie audio launch in December 2013.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/7Um3MNemmO8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20131220121913/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Um3MNemmO8&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Um3MNemmO8| title = Actor Vijay's Jilla simple Audio Release Function Full — Red Pix 24x7 | via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

M Bhaskar was four times 'Secretary' of "Tamil Film Producers' Council" from (1987-2000), when his contemporary legends Kovai Chezhian, K Balachander, Bharathiraja and KRG were 'President'. He also served the 'South Indian Producers' Guild' as Secretary. He was also the Vice-president of South Indian Directors' Association. He served the 'South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce' for three decades. M Bhaskar along with Bharathiraja rose the Tamil Film Producers' Council's funds from a meager INR 26 to INR 2,00,000 during his tenure of service. M Bhaskar was considered to one of pillars of Tamil Film Producers' Council for reviving it from the financial crisis. He also served as Censor Board Member of Central Board of Film Certification, Government of India for many years. He was also an outside expert for sponsored Programme of Doordarshan Kendra, Chennai for a long period.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

Bhaskar initially signed [[Prashanth]] for ''Kadhal Rojavae'', but he got offer from [[S. Shankar]] for movie [[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]. Considering his career Bhaskar agreed to release prashanth from ''Kadhal Rojavae''. Then he decided to introduce son of former actress [[Sheela]] to debut in his production ''Kadhal Rojavae'' also introduced [[Pooja Kumar]] as a heroine in 1997.According to the deal signed, Vishnu was not supposed to act in any other film until ''Kadhal Rojavae'' had been completed and released. However, during production, Vishnu could not wait and starred in a Malayalam film, while Keyaar was still shooting causing a rift between the actor and producer Bhaskar during the making of the project.<ref>"1997-98 Kodambakkam babies Page". Indolink.com. Retrieved 2012-08-25.</ref> Pooja Kumar, who was crowned Miss India USA in 1995, was selected to make her debut as heroine and during production she was signed and dropped from other Tamil films of the period including V. I. P and Chinna Raja. The actress notably returned more than a decade later starring in the lead role in Kamal Haasan's bilingual ''Vishwaroopam''. Kadhal Rojavae released after a delay in production in 2000.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

==Personal life and death==
Bhaskar was married to Meena Rani. They have two sons and a daughter.<ref name = "Hit"/> Bhaskar died on 13 July 2013 at the age of 78 due to a heart attack.<ref name = "Bhaskar"/>

==Filmography==
{{unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan=2|Year !! rowspan=2|Film !! colspan=3|Credited as !! rowspan=2 class=unsortable|Language !! rowspan=2 class=unsortable|Notes
|-
! width=65 | Director
! width=65 | Writer
! width=65 | Producer
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Innum Oru Meera]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Bairavi]]''<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101010/jsp/7days/story_13040344.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620004502/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101010/jsp/7days/story_13040344.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 June 2012 | title=Starry starry might | newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)]] | date=10 October 2010 | accessdate=17 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mzyPGSfwKMC&q=%22M.+Bhaskar%22+Bairavi&pg=PT345 | title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography | publisher=Penguin UK | author=Naman Ramachandran | year=2014 | isbn=978-8184757965 | access-date=20 November 2020 | archive-date=2 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202042128/https://books.google.com/books?id=3mzyPGSfwKMC&q=%22M.+Bhaskar%22+Bairavi&pg=PT345#v=snippet&q=%22M.%20Bhaskar%22%20Bairavi&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref> || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || || Tamil || [[Rajinikanth]]'s first film as a protagonist, debut of [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]].
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Soolam]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Tamil || [[Rajkumar Sethupathi]] introduced as a protagonist.
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Pakkathu Veetu Roja]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Theerpugal Thiruthapadalam]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Dhandikappata Nyayangal]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Oru Sumangaliyude Katha]]'' || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || Malayalam ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Pournami Alaigal]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Panneer Nadhigal]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Sravana Sandhya'' || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || Telugu ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Majaal]]'' || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || Hindi ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Sattathin Thirappu Vizhaa]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Ellam Ungal Nanmaike]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.syzygy.in/censor/ellam-ungal-nanmaike-celluloid | title=Ellam Ungal Nanmaike — Celluloid | publisher=syzygy.in | date=10 October 2010 | accessdate=17 May 2014 | archive-date=19 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419100635/http://movies.syzygy.in/censor/ellam-ungal-nanmaike-celluloid | url-status=dead }}</ref> || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Chakravarthy (1995 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Vishnu (1995 film)|Vishnu]]'' || || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Kadhal Rojavae]]'' || || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Tamil || [[Pooja Kumar]] introduced as a lead actress in this film.
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Thotta]]'' || || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Oothari]]'' || || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Tamil || Unreleased
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm1197951|name=M. Bhaskar}}

{{M. Bhaskar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaskar M}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:People from Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]

Manoj Kumar (boxer)

2025-11-25T06:45:14Z

Jhonny: further enhanced structure per sources also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian boxer (born 1986)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name =
| image =
| caption = Manoj Kumar in Common Wealth 2010
| image_size =
| alt =
| fullname = '''Manoj Kumar Kaltagdia'''<ref>{{cite web|title=About Boxer Manoj Kumar|url=https://www.facebook.com/BoxerManojkumar/info/?tab=page_info|website=[[Facebook]]|publisher=Boxer Manoj Kumar|accessdate=16 October 2015}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|12|10}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Manoj Kumar: Profile 2012 London Olympics|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/indian-athletes-profile/manoj-kumar-profile-2012-london-olympics_745725.html|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=Zee News}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Rajound]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Haryana: Boxer Manoj Kumar approaches CM Manohar Lal khattar grievance window, seeks DSP post|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-boxer-manoj-kumar-approaches-cm-manohar-lal-khattar-grievance-window-seeks-dsp-post/|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Kaithal]], [[Haryana]]
| height = {{convert|172|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Manoj Kumar|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/london-olympics-2012/olympics-2012-players/manojkumar.cms|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| spouse =
| sport = [[Amateur boxing]]
| coach = Rajesh Kumar<ref name=nbc>[http://results.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=kumar-manoj-1099394/index.html Manoj Kumar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919164607/http://results.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=kumar-manoj-1099394/index.html |date=19 September 2016 }}. nbcolympics.com</ref>
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry| {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition| [[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]] | [[Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Light welterweight|Light welterweight]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Boxing at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]]|[[Boxing at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's welterweight|Welterweight]]}}
{{MedalCompetition| [[Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2007 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|2007 Ulaanbaatar]] | Light welterweight}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2013 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|2013 Amman]] | Light welterweight}}
{{MedalCompetition| Grand Prix Czech Boxing Championship}}
{{MedalGold| 2017<ref>{{cite news|title=Manoj Kumar strike gold at Czech boxing|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2017/Jul/30/shiva-thapa-manoj-kumar-strike-gold-at-czech-boxing-tourney-1635716.html|access-date=30 July 2017|work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> | Light welterweight}}
{{MedalCompetition| Doha International Tournament}}
{{MedalGold| 2015<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian boxers win four gold medals at Doha International|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/Indian-boxers-win-four-gold-medals-at-Doha-International/articleshow/47398417.cms|accessdate=23 May 2019|work=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref> | Light welterweight}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]<ref>{{cite news|title=SAG Boxing|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=136448|accessdate=16 April 2016|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=16 February 2016}}</ref>| Light welterweight}}
{{MedalCompetition| Czech Grand Prix}}
{{MedalBronze| 2009<ref>{{cite news|title=Manoj only new face in boxing|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/manoj-only-new-face-in-boxing/675734/|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> | Light welterweight}}
| show-medals = yes
}}

'''Manoj Kumar''' (born 10 December 1986), is an Indian [[boxing|boxer]] who won a gold medal in the [[Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Light welterweight|light welterweight]] division at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]]. He hails from the village of [[Rajound]] in the [[Kaithal district]] of [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Nitin|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/manoj-family-only-new-face-in-boxing/675734/ |title=Manoj only new face in boxing |newspaper=Indian Express |date=1 September 2010 |accessdate=25 May 2012}}</ref>

==Early life and debut in boxing==
Kumar was born on 10 December 1986 in Rajound village, 30 km from [[Kaithal]], [[Haryana]] and comes from a [[Ror]] family.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manoj's Mantra: Never back down in face of adversity |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/manoj-s-mantra-never-back-down-in-face-of-adversity-118041400145_1.html |work=Business Standard |agency=PTI |date=14 April 2018 |access-date=29 December 2024 |quote=A Maratha in Haryana, how does that even sound? I belong to the Ror community, descendants of the Maratha soldiers who fought Afghans during the battle of Panipat.}}</ref> His father Sher Singh retired from the Indian Army, while his mother is a housewife. Manoj Kumar initially started his career as an athlete, while his elder brother Rajesh Kumar Rajound was an emerging boxer. When Rajesh Kumar Rajound won gold in the University championship he was expecting to be selected for the national team. However he was ignored, and therefore decided to bring his younger brother into boxing. He started to coach Manoj Kumar and also insisted his younger brother Mukesh Kumar change from judo to boxing to become a sparring partner of Manoj Kumar. All three travelled from their village Rajound to Kaithal to train. In the early days they trained with the help of old bicycle tubes.<ref>[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/manoj-only-new-face-in-boxing/675734/ Manoj only new face in boxing – Indian Express]. Archive.indianexpress.com (1 September 2010). Retrieved on 24 August 2016.</ref>

Manoj Kumar became national Champion for the first time when he beat defending champion Som Bahadur Pun in 2008.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/pun-skips-replay/article1336934.ece Pun skips replay]. The Hindu (12 September 2008). Retrieved on 24 August 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/box/20080912.htm Railways claim National Boxing title – Rediff.com Sports]. Rediff.com (12 September 2008). Retrieved on 24 August 2016.</ref> After that Manoj never looked back. He won the gold medal at the [[Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Light welterweight|2010 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India boxers' CWG show outstanding: International Boxing Association|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/india-boxers-cwg-show-outstanding-international-boxing-association/article834429.ece|accessdate=16 April 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=17 October 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416145148/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/india-boxers-cwg-show-outstanding-international-boxing-association/article834429.ece|archivedate=16 April 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
===Commonwealth Games 2010===
* Won against D Lassayo (Sierra Leone)
* Won against G Gaasite (Botswana)
* Won against B Mathenge of [[Kenya]] in the quarters
* Won 3–1 against V Knowles of [[Bahamas]] in a low scoring semifinal
* Won 11–2 against [[Bradley Saunders]] of [[England]] in the final and became champion.

===2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships===
Kumar reached the quarterfinals, losing 18–24 to [[Tom Stalker]], at the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Baku, [[Azerbaijan]]. Earlier in the competition, Kumar had defeated Valentino Knowles of [[Bahamas]] 17–11, [[Ray Moylette]] of [[Ireland]] 19–7 and [[Hu Qing]] of [[China]] 17–15.<ref>[http://88.85.4.2/biographies.fwx?id_athlete=627 Manoj Kumar's profile from the AIBA website ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019011335/http://88.85.4.2/biographies.fwx?id_athlete=627 |date=19 October 2012 }}</ref> This last victory against [[Hu Qing]] had sealed his qualification for the 2012 Olympic Games.

===London Olympics 2012===
Manoj won the first round against [[Serdar Hudayberdiyev]] of [[Turkmenistan]] by a score of 13–7 and advanced to the last 16. But he lost his pre-quarterfinal bout against world #1 ranked [[Tom Stalker]] of [[Great Britain]].<ref>[http://www.abae.co.uk/aba/index.cfm/news/aiba-world-rankings/ Tom Stalker is ranked world number 1 at 64kg in the latest official AIBA World Rankings]. Abae.co.uk. Retrieved on 24 August 2016.</ref> The final score read 20–16, the break-up being 7–4, 9–5, 4–7 in the favour of Stalker.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/370423/20120805/manoj-kumar-thomas-stalker-boxing-london-olympics.htm Boxer Manoj Kumar Alleges Foul Play in Thomas Stalker Bout at Olympics]. Ibtimes.co.in (5 August 2012). Retrieved on 24 August 2016.</ref> Expressing disapproval at the second round scoring, Manoj cited "blatant cheating" as the reason for his defeat as he exited the competition.<ref>{{cite news |last=Duggal |first=Saurabh |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Sports/Olympics2012/Chunk-HT-UI-Olympics-Discipline-Boxing/Manoj-Kumar-cries-cheating-after-exit-from-Games/SP-Article10-908550.aspx |title=Heartache continues as Manoj cries foul |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=5 August 2012 |accessdate=6 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806045938/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Sports/Olympics2012/Chunk-HT-UI-Olympics-Discipline-Boxing/Manoj-Kumar-cries-cheating-after-exit-from-Games/SP-Article10-908550.aspx |archivedate=6 August 2012 }}</ref>

=== 2014 Commonwealth Games ===
At the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] he reached the quarterfinals before losing to [[Samuel Maxwell (boxer)|Sam Maxwell]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/boxing/1028693/manoj_manoj_kumar.html|title=Glasgow 2014 – Manoj Manoj Kumar Profile|website=g2014results.thecgf.com|access-date=19 June 2016|archive-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812224559/http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/boxing/1028693/manoj_manoj_kumar.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 2016 South Asian Games ===
In 2016 South Asian Games held in Guwahati, Manoj Kumar wins gold medal in his weight category.

=== 2018 India Open International Boxing Tournament ===
In 2018, India Open International Boxing Tournament held in Delhi, Manoj Kumar wins bronze medal in his weight category.

==Awards==
He was awarded [[Arjuna Award]] by Government of India in 2014. Initially he was not considered for Arjuna Award by the selection committee headed by former Indian Cricket Team Captain Kapil Dev. However, his coach Rajesh Kumar Rajound file a case against the selection committee on 26 August 2014 in Delhi High Court. Rajesh claimed that Manoj was the most deserving sports person for the Arjuna Award and that the selection committee ignored him. Delhi High Court accepted his petition and after seeing all the facts directed the government to honour Manoj Kumar with the "Arjuna Award".<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-boxer-manoj-kumar-drags-arjuna-award-selection-committee-to-delhi-high-court-over-non-selection-2013777 Boxer Manoj Kumar drags Arjuna Award selection committee to Delhi High Court over non-selection | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis]. Dnaindia.com (26 August 2014). Retrieved on 24 August 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/arjuna-award-snub-indian-boxer-manoj-kumar-to-sue-sports-ministry-204880-2014-08-20 Arjuna Award snub! Boxer Manoj Kumar to sue Sports Ministry : Other Sports, News – India Today]. Indiatoday.intoday.in (20 August 2014). Retrieved on 24 August 2016.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20150412204838/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-20/news/53028907_1_sports-ministry-arjuna-awards-review-meeting Boxer Manoj Kumar to file case against Sports Ministry – timesofindia-economictimes]. Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved on 24 August 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/boxer-manoj-kumar-finally-receives-arjuna-award-lashes-out-at-kapil-dev_1505210.html|title=Boxer Manoj Kumar finally receives Arjuna Award; lashes out at Kapil Dev|first=Chaitan|last=Papnai|publisher=Zee News|date=26 November 2014}}</ref>

He won the bronze at Commonwealth Games 2018

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Commons category|Manoj Kumar (boxer)}}
{{Footer Commonwealth Champions Light Welterweight |state=autocollapse}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Manoj}}
[[Category:Boxers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Indian male boxers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Light-welterweight boxers]]
[[Category:People from Kaithal district]]
[[Category:Boxers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic boxers for India]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games boxers for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in boxing]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in boxing]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games boxers for India]]

BK Shivani

2025-11-07T06:58:51Z

Jhonny: created data - done

{{Short description|Teacher of the Brahma Kumaris spiritual movement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = '''BK Shivani'''
| image = File:BK Shivani.jpg
| caption = BK Shivani In 2025
| birth_name = '''Shivani Verma'''
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|05|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India
| alma_mater = [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Author|Philosopher}}
| organization = [[Brahma Kumaris]]
| awards = [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] (2019).<ref name="The Tribune">{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/president-confers-nari-shakti-awards-on-44-women-739961 | title=President confers Nari Shakti awards on 44 women | work=The Tribune | date=9 March 2019 | access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref>
| notable_works =
| website =
| module ={{infobox youtuber
| child = yes
| youtube_display_name =
| youtube_years_active = 2006–present
| youtube_genre = Educational, Philanthropic, Spiritual, Meditation.
| youtube_subscribers = 
| youtube_views = 
| stats_update =
}}
}}
'''Shivani Verma''' (born 31 May 1972), better known as '''BK Shivani''',<ref name=mid/> is a [[motivational speaker]] and spiritual mentor representing the [[Brahma Kumaris]] World Spiritual Organization.<ref name=exp>{{cite web
|first=Aditi |last=Ahuja | title = Studying engineering helped me think logically: Brahmakumari Shivani|work=[[The Indian Express]] | url = https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/studying-engineering-helped-me-think-logically-brahmakumari-shivani/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221063708/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/studying-engineering-helped-me-think-logically-brahmakumari-shivani/ |archive-date=2024-02-21 |date=7 June 2010| access-date = 2014-03-27 }}</ref>

==Early life==
BK Shivani was born on May 31, 1972 in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref name=mid/> Her parents began following the Brahma Kumaris when she was a child, and she began to attend meetings in her early 20s.<ref name=mid/>

She completed her undergraduate in electronics engineering at the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]], and received a master's degree in computer engineering at the [[Maharashtra Institute of Technology]]. Initially, she worked backstage at the production of Brahma Kumaris television presentations in Delhi, where senior teachers would record the teachings. In 2007, due to the unavailability of other teachers, she was asked to start answering the viewers' queries herself.<ref name=toi>{{cite web | title = 'Ensure that your happiness doesn't depend on others' | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Ensure-that-your-happiness-doesnt-depend-on-others/articleshow/5660750.cms |date=9 March 2010| access-date = 2014-03-27 | work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

She is married to Vishal Verma with whom she ran a software company until 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/know-brahma-kumari-shivani-verma-the-spiritual-guru-of-bollywood-actors-like-shehnaaz-gill-and-sidharth-shukla/3120822/|title=Know Brahma Kumari Shivani Verma, the spiritual Guru of Bollywood actors like Shehnaaz Gill and Sidharth Shukla|date=10 June 2023}}</ref>

==Brahma Kumaris==
In 2007, a [[Brokered programming|pay-to-broadcast]] television series ''Awakening with Brahma Kumaris'' was produced for the [[Aastha TV|Aastha channel]] in which co-host Kanu Priya interviewed BK Shivani.<ref name=exp/><ref name=mid>{{cite web | title = Being normal, being spiritual | url = https://www.mid-day.com/news/mumbai-news/article/Being-normal--being-spiritual-105453 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=12 December 2010| access-date = 2014-03-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216232405/http://mid-day.com/news/2010/dec/121210-brahma-kumari-shivani-interview.htm |archive-date=16 February 2011}}</ref>

Her TV series of conversations with Suresh Oberoi was adapted into the 2015 book ''Happiness Unlimited: Awakening With Brahma Kumaris''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shivani, 1972-|title=Happiness unlimited: conversational adaptation from the internationally acclaimed TV series : awakening with Brahma Kumaris|others=Oberoi, Suresh|year=2015|isbn=978-81-8274-826-2|location=New Delhi, India|oclc=910236837}}</ref>

BK Shivani travels in India and abroad, appearing at charitable events ranging from the promotion of organ donation<ref name=GreatestGift>{{cite web | title = Greatest gift, say spiritual gurus as doctors allay fears | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Greatest-gift-say-spiritual-gurus-as-doctors-allay-fears/articleshow/48431072.cms |date=11 August 2015| access-date = 2015-11-27 | work= [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> to parenting programs,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-22 |title=Criticism, negative reactions disempower children: BK Shivani |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/criticism-negative-reactions-disempower-children-bk-shivani/story-2sc1qOkH8pMOaNJ0Riy75L.html |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> as well as Brahma Kumaris events. In 2017 she was named as a goodwill ambassador of the [[World Psychiatric Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wpanet.org/general-assembly-berlin-2017 |title=General Assembly – Berlin 2017 |publisher=[[World Psychiatric Association]] |access-date=2020-07-13 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714153102/https://www.wpanet.org/general-assembly-berlin-2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
*Women of the Decade Achievers Award by [[ASSOCHAM]] Ladies League in 2014.<ref name="The Tribune"/>
*[[Nari Shakti Puraskar|Nari Shakti Award]] in 2019.<ref name="The Tribune"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{philosophy of religion}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivani, BK}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Brahma Kumaris]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian motivational speakers]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women motivational speakers]]
[[Category:20th-century women educators]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:The Speaking Tree writers]]

Mau Aima

2025-10-30T00:08:46Z

Jhonny: starting a info...

{{more citations needed|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mau Aima
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_caption =
| nickname = Kasba
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|42|N|81|55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 3.5
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 27645
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| population_density_km2 = 5613 per km2
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=30 December 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code = 212507
| registration_plate = UP 70
| website =
}}

'''Mau Aima''' is an industrial town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Prayagraj district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Census2011Gov"/> It is remarkably popular for its power loom industry.

==Location==
It is positioned in the north of [[Prayagraj]], 30 km on the state highway from Prayagraj to [[Ayodhya]]. Chitpalgarh, Raniganj, Siwaith and Sikandra are some of the towns surrounding Mau Aima. The Mau Aima Railway Station on the Ayodhya-Prayagraj rail route is the nearest railway station and the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Prayagraj airport]] at the distance of 49 km is the nearest airport. Other nearby two airports are Ayodhya (Maryada Purushottam Shri Ram International Airport - 126 km) and Banaras (Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport - 136 km).The historical town of Shringverpur is located at a distance of 12 km. Historical Shri Pandeshvar Mahadev Temple (Pandila Mahadev Temple) is located at a distance of 23 km near Phaphamau.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Economy==
It is known for the manufacture of cotton, polyester and nylon clothes. The main business of Mau Aima is power loom.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Demographics==
As of 2023 census, Mau Aima nagar panchayat had a total population of 27,150 of which 13,876 were males and 13,474 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 4,659. The total number of literates in Mau Aima was 21,295 , which constituted 75,7% of the population with male literacy of 82.4% and female literacy of 72.6%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Mau Aima was 78.3%, of which male literacy rate was 83.7% and female literacy rate was 72.5%. The [[Scheduled Castes]] population was 1,510. Mau Aima had 2754 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Mau Aima |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=185819 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Prayagraj district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Prayagraj district]]

Govind J. Chakrapani

2025-10-29T02:26:02Z

Jhonny: added first stub needs work

{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=April 2021}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=April 2021}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2023}}
}}
Prof. '''Govind J. Chakrapani''' born (18th May 1963) is an Indian geologist and former Vice Chancellor of [[Berhampur University]] in [[Odisha]], [[India]], who served there from 2019 to 2022. He joined as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Earth Sciences at IIT Roorkee in January 1996 and held the same post till 2003. From 2003 to 2008, he held the post of Associate Professor and as Professor since 2008. He was the Dean at the School of Ecology & Environment Studies and the Officiating Dean at the School of Buddhist Studies [[Nalanda University]] from 2017 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Govind J Chakrapani Appointed Vice Chancellor Of Berhampur University|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/govind-j-chakrapani-appointed-vice-chancellor-of-berhampur-university-2109805|access-date=2021-04-30|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Prof. Chakrapani went to school in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GOVIND JOSEPH CHAKRAPANI|url=https://channeli.in/media/faculty_biodata/resume/5c972459-4cf6-4569-a1c6-e1015d440e96.pdf}}</ref> He received his B.Sc. in Geology with Honours from [[Berhampur University]] in 1983, M.Sc. in Applied Geology from [[IIT Bombay]] and a PhD in Environmental Geochemistry from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IITR|url=https://www.iitr.ac.in/~ES/gjcurfes}}</ref>

== Career ==

Following the completion of his PhD, he served as a Research Scientist at the Hudson River Foundation at the [[University of Delaware]] and a CSIR Pool Officer at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU]] and [[IIT Bombay]] before joining the faculty at the erstwhile [[University of Roorkee]] (converted to [[Indian Institute of Technology]] in 2001) in 1996. In addition to his research and academic responsibilities, Prof. Chakrapani served as the Dean of the School of Ecology & Environment Studies and the Officiating Dean at the School of Buddhist Studies, [[Nalanda University]] from 2017 to 2018. He also served as the Finance Officer-In-Charge and as the Director of the Unnat Bharat Abhiyan during his time there. He was the Organizing Chairman of [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] in 2017, Chairman of [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] in 2015, 2016 and 2017, and Chairman of [[Joint Admission Test for M.Sc.|JAM]] in 2015, 2016 and 2017. He served as the Vice Chancellor of [[Berhampur University]] in Odisha from October 2019 till 2022.

He has also been associated with numerous advisory and expert committees of Government of India, such as Chairman of Uttarakhand State Environment Expert Appraisal Committee, Member of State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority, Member of River Valley and Hydropower Projects, Accreditatation Member of Quality Council of India etc.

== Research ==

His research interests include low-temperature geochemistry, environment of rivers & lakes, urban hydrogeology, rock-water-air interaction, environmental impact assessment & management. He has published studies related to environmental processes in rivers and their organic geochemistry in lakes and urban hydrogeology. His research group exploited the use of neural network techniques in geology for application in Indian river systems for the prediction of river sediment loads effectively. These studies on Himalayan rivers established the significant role of Himalayan catchment and seasonal variations for large scale changes in chemical weathering rates. In a first ever study in India, laboratory experiments were carried out to understand the dissolution rates of rocks/minerals in simulated conditions, which assume significance for the release of trace elements from rocks/minerals, triggering of landslides, suitable repositories for nuclear waste disposal etc. In a significant study, he estimated and validated the impact of Deccan Traps erosion on global climate. Other significant research includes studies on the daily and decadal variations and factors controlling dissolved and sediment flux by the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and the [[Mahanadi]] rivers that showed the precise water discharge and sediment flux to the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal respectively.

== Honours ==

In recognition of his academic contributions, he was rated a Star Performer at IIT Roorkee in 2003-04 and 2005-06 along with being felicitated for bringing laurels to the Institute in 2017. He was awarded the National Geosciences (Mineral) Award by the Government of India in 2005<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A COMPILATION OF NATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AWARDEES 1995 2012|url=https://www.mines.gov.in/writereaddata/Content/A_NationalGeoscience_Awardees1995-2012.pdf|journal=Ministry of Mines|access-date=2021-04-05|archive-date=2021-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607051337/https://mines.gov.in/writereaddata/Content/A_NationalGeoscience_Awardees1995-2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>). He was elected Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences in India]] (FNASc) in 2012.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakrapani, Govind J.}}
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian geologists]]