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Ashwin (actor, born 1987)

2023-10-04T19:08:33Z

Jhonmathur: Indian actor

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Distinguish|Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashwin Kumar
| image =
| birth_name = Ashwin Kumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|6|21}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/tv-actor/ashwin-kumar-serial-actor|title=Tamil Tv Actor Ashwin Kumar Serial Actor Biography, News, Photos, Videos|website=nettv4u}}</ref>
| other_names = Ashwin KKumar
| yearsactive = 2015{{Endash}}present
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Film actor
* business
}}
}}
'''Ashwin Kumar''' (born 21 June 1987) is an Indian actor and businessman, known primarily for his contributions to the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film industries as well as various web series. One of Ashwin's significant milestones was his role in the highly successful Tamil film ''[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]'', which marked his entry into mainstream cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-19 |title=Kamal Haasan impressed with young actor's dance on a treadmill |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasan-impressed-with-young-actors-dance-on-a-treadmill/articleshow/76468356.cms |access-date=2023-09-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, it was his debut in the Malayalam hit movie ''[[Jacobinte Swargarajyam]]'' that first introduced him to audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashwin Kumar replaced Gautham Menon in 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ashwin-kumar-replaces-gautham-menon-in-vineeth-sreenivasan-nivin-pauly-movie-jacobinte-swargarajyam.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> Before his film debut, Ashwin Kumar had established himself as a mimicry artist, dancer, singer, YouTuber, and influencer. He was also active in generating content under the hashtag #itsmenotdubsmash. This early venture into world of digital content creation paved the way for his eventual transition into acting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-29 |title=Treadmill dance fame Ashwin Kumar's latest video on Panipaali Bed goes viral |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/treadmill-dance-fame-ashwin-kumars-latest-video-on-panipaali-bed-goes-viral/629016 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=www.zoomtventertainment.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2023}}
Ashwin Kumar was born with bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate, for which he underwent 13 surgeries. Medical professionals initially predicted speech difficulties and the need for speech therapy. However, Ashwin's determination led to his successful recovery, allowing him to speak multiple languages fluently. Moreover, he is exceptionally fluent in English, and he demonstrates the ability to seamlessly switch between American and UK accents.

Ashwin began pursuing his interest in mimicry during his studies at [[The Indian High School, Dubai|The Indian High School]] in [[Dubai]]. After completing his 10th board examinations, he transitioned to [[GEMS Our Own Indian School|Our Own Indian School]] for grades 11 and 12, and then completed his undergraduate studies at [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai|Manipal University, Dubai]], where he excelled in various competitions. He furthered his education with an MBA from the [[University of Wales, Newport]].

==Career==
After the completion of his studies, Ashwin assumed the role of Joint Managing Director (JMD) in his father's business, RTC. During this phase, he explored his passion for acting by participating in short films, radio shows, and dance videos. Ashwin gained particular recognition for his creative dance videos, including performances on treadmills. One notable dance, set to the song "Annatha Adurar",<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-15 |title=Kamal Haasan praises Ashwin Kkumar's video |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kamal-haasan-praises-ashwin-kkumars-video/articleshow/76374475.cms |access-date=2023-09-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> gained viral attention and garnered praise from industry figures such as the actor [[Kamal Haasan]]. Impressed by Ashwin's skills, Haasan used his official social media channels to praise him, leading Ashwin to greater public recognition. His tweet loosely translated, "Every artist will have doubts whether their good deeds would be noticed by their fans. This person has observed my small expressions and moves and has danced to it. What a proud moment is this for its father? Long live son. My happiness and glory come from seeing my work enjoyed by different generations."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ancy |date=2020-06-22 |title=Kamal Haasan Impressed By Ashwin Kkumar's Dance For Annathe Song On Treadmill {{!}} RITZ |url=https://www.ritzmagazine.in/kamal-haasan-impressed-by-ashwin-kkumars-dance-annathe-song-on-a-treadmill/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>"

In addition to acting, Ashwin is known for his work as a proficient voice-over artist, contributing to notable movies and web series. He has also made appearances in music videos and covers, collaborating with renowned artists.

Ashwin has shared screen space with artists from both the Malayalam and Tamil film industries, including [[Mohanlal]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-28 |title=Ashwin Kkumar joins Mohanlal's big budget mass entertainer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ashwin-kkumar-joins-mohanlals-big-budget-mass-entertainer/articleshow/78906756.cms |access-date=2023-09-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=I’m grabbing every opportunity that comes my way: 'Ranam' actor Ashwin Kumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/sep/06/im-grabbing-every-opportunity-that-comes-my-way-ranam-actor-ashwin-kumar-1868013.html |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Nivin Pauly]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=James |first=Anu |date=2016-02-22 |title=It's Ashwin Kumar, instead of Gautham Menon, in Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/its-ashwin-kumar-instead-gautham-menon-nivin-paulys-jacobinte-swargarajyam-667862 |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref> [[Dhanush]], [[Karthi]], [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[S. J. Suryah|SJ Suryah]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], among others.

Ashwin has acted under directors such as [[Karthick Naren]] ([[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru|D - 16]]), [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] ([[Jacobinte Swargarajyam|JSR]]), Gireesh Mano and [[Neeraj Madhav]] (''[[Lavakusha]]''), [[Nirmal Sahadev]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2017-04-11 |title=Ashwin Kumar joins Prithviraj's Detroit Crossing |url=https://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/ashwin-kumar-joins-prithvirajs-detroit-crossing/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=onlookersmedia |language=en-US}}</ref> (''[[Ranam (2018 film)|Ranam]]''), Ajith C. Logesh (''[[Charminar (2018 film)|Charminar]]''), [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] ([[Enai Noki Paayum Thota|ENPT]]), Bibin Paul (''[[Aaha (2021 film)|Aaha]]''), [[B. Unnikrishnan]] (''[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aaraattu]]''), P.S. Mitran (''[[Sardar (2022 film)|Sardar]]''), Praveen K (''MENAKA'' web series), Andrew Louis (''[[Vadhandhi: The Fable of Velonie|Vadhandi]]''), [[I. Ahmed]] (''[[Iraivan]]''), [[Yugi Sethu]] (''Thuppaki Thuravi''), and Milind Rau (''The Village'').

===JSR===
An intriguing turn of events played a pivotal role in Ashwin's career. During the infamous [[2015 South India floods|2015 South Indian floods]], Ashwin found himself stranded at [[Dubai International Airport]] en route to [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], as his flight was canceled. Coincidentally, director [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] faced a similar situation, with his flight from MAA to DXB being canceled due to the same flood. As Menon was unable to reach Dubai, Ashwin was offered a last-minute opportunity to step into the role originally designated for Menon in the film ''[[Jacobinte Swargarajyam]]''; this became Ashwin's debut in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-31 |title=Did you know the real reason why Gautham Vasudev Menon didn't get to play a major role in 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam'? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-the-real-reason-why-gautham-vasudev-menon-didnt-get-to-play-a-major-role-in-jacobinte-swargarajyam/articleshow/89244040.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2023-09-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''Jacobinte Swargarajyam'' was also released prior to ''[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]'', making it Ashwin's first film to be published in any language.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#b0c4de;" | Movies
! style="background-color:#b0c4de;" | Role
! style="background-color:#b0c4de;" | Language
! style="background-color:#b0c4de;" | Year
|-
| ''[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]'' (D-16)
| Gautham
| Tamil/Malayalam/Telugu
| 2016
|-
| ''[[Jacobinte Swargarajyam]]'' (JSR)
| Murali Menon
| Malayalam
| 2016
|-
| ''[[Lavakusha]]''
| David Luke
| Malayalam
| 2017
|-
| ''[[Ranam (2018 film)|Ranam]]''
| Selvan
| Malayalam
| 2018
|-
| ''[[Charminar (2018 film)|Charminar]]''
| Sethu [Lead]
| Malayalam
| 2018
|-
| ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]''
| Nagraj Manohar (Cop)
| Tamil
| 2019
|-
| ''[[Aaha (2021 film)|Aaha]]''
| Chenkan
| Malayalam
| 2021
|-
| ''[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aarattu]]''
| Ayyapan/Shiva
| Malayalam
| 2022
|-
| ''[[Sardar (2022 film)|Sardar]]''
| Rathore's hitman
| Tamil
| 2022
|}

==Web Series==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#b0c4de;" | Name
! style="background-color:#b0c4de;" | Role
! style="background-color:#b0c4de;" | Language
! style="background-color:#b0c4de;" | Year
|-
| ''M.E.N.A.K.A''
| Jacob Anukaran
| Malayalam
| 2019
|-
| ''M.E.N.A.K.A 2''
| Jacob Anukaran
| Malayalam
| 2022
|-
| ''[[Vadhandhi: The Fable of Velonie|Vadhandhi]]''
| Santosh
| Tamil
| 2022
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|8054627}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Ashwin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

M P Gupta

2023-10-03T18:27:03Z

Jhonmathur: M. P. Gupta: +punctuation

#REDIRECT [[M. P. Gupta]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Fateh Khan Barakzai

2023-07-17T05:53:31Z

Jhonmathur: Contributed a new entry to the platform.

{{Short description|Afghan Wazir of the Durrani Empire}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Fateh Khan Barakzai<br/>{{nq|فتح الله بارکزی}}
| title = [[Vizier|Wazir]]
| image = Fateh Khan Barakzai.jpg
| caption = Sketch of Fateh Khan Barakzai
| succession = [[Wazir of the Durrani Empire]]
| reign =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| predecessor = Wafadar Khan
| successor = Mukhtar ad-Daula (1803)<br>Akram Khan (1809)<br>Civil war (1818)
| succession1 = [[Barakzai dynasty|Head of House of Barakzai]]
| birth_date = 1777
| birth_place = [[Kandahar]], [[Durrani Empire]]
| spouses =
| issue =
| dynasty = [[Barakzai dynasty]]
| house = [[Musahiban]]
| father = Sardar Payinda Muhammad Khan
| mother =
| death_date = 1818
| death_place = [[Herat]], [[Durrani Empire]]
}}
'''Fateh Khan Barakzai''' or '''Wazir Fateh Khan''' or simply, '''Fateh Khan''', was [[Vizier|Wazir]] of the [[Durrani Empire]] during the reign of [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]] until his [[Torture|torture]] and [[Capital Punishment|execution]] at the hands of [[Kamran Shah Durrani]], the son of the ruler of the [[Durrani Empire]], and [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]], and other prominent conspirators such as Ata Mohammad Khan.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=McChesney|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9QkzAQAAQBAJ|title=The History of Afghanistan (6 vol. set): Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj al-tawārīkh|last2=Khorrami|first2=Mohammad Mehdi|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-23498-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |title=Return of a King: The Battle For Afghanistan |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2012 |isbn=9780307948533 |edition=Paperback |location=United Kingdom |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Noelle-Karimi|first=Christine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kdl9oAEACAAJ|title=The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th–19th Centuries)|publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press|isbn=978-3-7001-7202-4|language=en}}</ref> Fateh Khan was of the [[Barakzai]] tribe, and his death caused the enmity of his tribe, leading to his tribe revolting and the eventual deposition of [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]].{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=178-181}}{{sfn|Dalrymple|2012|p=55}}

==Rise to Power (1800-1801)==
[[Zaman Shah Durrani]] ushered through an era of prosperity not seen for a while within the [[Durrani Empire]], however all was not good, with the [[Barakzai]]s chiefs then planning for the topple of Zaman Shah, they had laid the constituent articles that Zaman Shah should be overthrown and replaced by his brother, [[Shah Shujah Durrani|Sujah Mirza]], the Durrani crown should be elective, with the chiefs confirming the next rulers, as well as that the kings who have been proven unworthy can be deposed by the chiefs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malleson |first1=George |title=History of Afghanistan: From the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878 |isbn=0343739771 |page=309 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ec2AQAAMAAJ |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref>

Wafadar Khan, the then [[Vizier|Wazir]] of the [[Durrani Empire]] under the rule of [[Zaman Shah Durrani]] began suspecting a plot was formulating on Zaman Shah, and discovered a plot where Payindah Khan Barakzai, Azim Khan Alakozai, the head of the Jawanshir [[Qizilbash]], and numerous other prominent chiefs.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=161-162}} Wafadar Khan then informed Zaman Shah of what had come, where he fabricated witnesses to the event, while Payindah Khan's sons claimed Wafadar Khan was attempting to bring the fall of the [[Barakzai]].{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=162}}

Nonetheless, Payindah Khan and other conspirators were rounded up and executed, with their heads being displayed publicly in [[Kandahar]].{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=162}} This execution brought dire consequences, such as the alliance between the Durranis an the Barakzais which was now broken.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=162}} As a result, Fateh Khan, who was the eldest of Payindah Khan's children, fled to Persia where [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]] was in exile, and swore his allegiance to him. As Zaman Shah became tied down in the [[Punjab]] for his [[Afghan–Sikh Wars|campaigns]], Mahmud Shah and Fateh Khan rallied and left for [[Grishk]], raising a force to march on Kandahar.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=162}} The situation worsened when Zaman Shah executed the governor of Kashmir after promising safe conduct. Upon hearing this, his brother, Saidal Khan, opened the gates of Kandahar to Mahmud Shah's force.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=162}} With the fall of Kandahar, Mahmud Shah marched on Ghazni, and the two armies of Zaman Shah and Fateh Khan met at [[Muqur, Ghazni|Muqur]]. Before the battle even began, several prominent Sardars defected from Zaman Shah to the cause of Shah Mahmud, leading to Zaman Shah's army being dissolved in panic.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=162}} With this, Mahmud Shah and Fateh Khan marched on Kabul, seizing it and establishing Shah Mahmud as the [[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|new ruler]]. Wafadar Khan would be executed by Fateh Khan himself.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=162}}

Zaman Shah escaped out of [[Kabul]] and took refuge at [[Rawalpindi]] where he was met by [[Ranjit Singh]] who gave him a house to stay in but later due to his safety concerns, Ranjit Singh welcomed him to stay in [[Lahore]], with a monthly allowance of 1,500 rupees. Later, from Lahore, Zaman Shah moved to Ludhiana where he lived for the rest of his life.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwFDAAAAYAAJ|title=History of the Sikhs|page=298|author= Gupta, Hari Ram|year=1991|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=9788121505154}}</ref>

===First deposition of Mahmud Shah Durrani (1803)===
[[Shah Shuja Durrani]] began his attempt for the throne of the [[Durrani Empire]], and successfully defeated Mahmud Shah on the 12th of July, 1803. Following this, Shah Shuja entered [[Kabul]] and established his rule there.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=166-167}} Zaman Shah then sent Qaizar Mirza to Kandahar, where Fateh Khan and [[Kamran Shah Durrani]] resided. During this, Fateh Khan held negotiations with Qaizar Mirza and established terms for him to cede Kandahar. As a result, he opened the gates of Kandahar while Kamran Shah left for [[Herat]].{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=167}} However when Fateh Khan arrived in Kabul to pledge allegiance in person to Shah Shuja, the deal they established was not upheld, leaving Fateh Khan discontent.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=167}}

===Attempts to return to power (1803-1809)===
{{main|Battle of Nimla (1809)}}
As a result, the Autumn of 1803, where usually Shah Shuja left for [[Peshawar]] to spend the winter there, he had freed numerous princes from the Bala Hissar and encouraged Qaizar Mirza to join this growing rebellion. When Shah Shuja sent a force against Qaizar, he surrendered and begged for mercy, to which he was pardoned and his position as the governor of [[Kandahar]] was affirmed.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=167}} Fateh Khan then attempted to flee to Herat, but returned after its governor pledged allegiance to Shah Shuja, leading to Fateh Khan being imprisoned in Kandahar by Qaizar.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=167}} Despite this, he convinced Qaizar to free him, leading to Fateh Khan fleeing to [[Grishk]], where he raised a force with Kamran Shah, and they collectively marched on Kandahar. However, as the battle neared, Fateh Khan defected and the forces of Qaizar and Fateh Khan defeated Kamran Shah, Despite this, the alliance did not last long, and Fateh Khan again defected back to Kamran Shah, collectively uniting their forces under Firoz-al-Din, Kamran Shah, and Fateh Khan. However Firoz-al-Din fled before completing the campaign due to a Qajar invasion.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=167}}

As the Persians invaded Herat, Mukhtar al-Daula, the [[Vizier|Wazir]] of Shah Shuja, alongside Khwaja Khanji had placed Qaizar on the throne, with his firm support in Kandahar. Fateh Khan as well joined this revolt and pledged allegiance to Shah Qaizar. Despite this, on 3 March 1808, the rebellion was shattered at a battle outside of Peshawar. Numerous leaders were captured, and some impaled such as Mukhtar al-Daula.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=170}} Following this, Qaizar Shah fled to Kohistan while Mahmud Shah reached Kandahar, joining forces with Fateh Khan. Shah Shuja defeated the coalition of Mahmud and Fateh Khan at [[Qalati Ghilji]] but did not follow up with this victory, and returned to Peshawar.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=170}} Shah Shuja attempted to re-conquer Kashmir, which was in a rebellious state, but his army was slaughtered attempting to do so. As a result, Mahmud Shah and Fateh Khan re-cooperated and Shah Shuja left Peshawar for [[Jalalabad]] in June 1809.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=174}} The two armies met at the [[Battle of Nimla (1809)|battle of Nimla]], where Shah Shuja was decisively defeated.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=174-5}}

==Return to power and second reign of Mahmud Shah (1809-1818)==
With this victory, Fateh Khan was reinstated in his position as [[Vizier|Wazir]] of the Durrani Empire.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=176}} Fateh Khan began consolidating power under him and his tribe and close family by deposing governors and then handing out [[Jagir]]s to his half brothers such as the [[Principality of Qandahar|Dil brothers]].{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=176}} Fateh Khan attempted campaigning against the Sikhs but was defeated at the [[Battle of Attock (1813)|battle of Attock]].{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=176}} Fateh Khan and Mahmud Shah also campaigned against Kashmir. However during this period of campaigning, rebels placed Abbas Mirza, a son of [[Timur Shah Durrani]] on the throne.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=176}} Many of the Qizilbash leaders in Shah Mahmud's army fled for their lives following the news of this coup, and Fateh Khan and Shah Mahmud had no choice but to abandon the campaign thus far and return to Kabul, where the rebellion was quelled.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=176-177}}

Khwaja Khanji fled to his positions of power in [[Kohistan District, Kapisa|Kohistan]]. Months later, [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] entered the region with an army of Qizilbash, and begna laying waste to the surrounding countryside from his base at [[Charikar]]. Dost Mohammad razed many regions including Tagab, the Koh Daman, and Kohistan.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=177}} Despite this, Khwaja Khanji refused to surrender. Dost Mohammad resorted to intrigue, and promised a royal pardon. After luring him and his family, Khwaja Khanji was beheaded alongside numerous other leaders of Kohistan.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=177}}

==Campaign to Herat (1818)==
During this period of time, the [[Herat (1793–1863)|Emirate of Herat]] had declared independence from the rule of [[Mahmud Shah Durrani|Mahmud Shah]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=9781789140101 |pages=179 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Noelle |first=Christine |title=State and Tribe in Nineteenth Century Afghanistan The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863)|publisher=Psychology Press |year=1997 |isbn=9781138982871 |pages=10 |language=English}}</ref> As a result, Fateh Khan sought to bring the region back under [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] suzerainty, and launched a campaign as ordered by Mahmud Shah.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2012|p=54}} Fateh Khan, alongside his brother, [[Dost Mohammad Khan]], arrived at [[Herat]] by the end of April.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=177}}

Fateh Khan then led a ploy where he tricked the ruler of Herat, Firoz al-Din, and entered the city. Fateh Khan arrested Firoz, and began consolidating power, while also sacking the city.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=177}} During this period of chaos, the harem of the ruler was also infiltrated, leading to seizure of jewels and raping of women.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=177}}{{sfn|Dalrymple|2012|p=55}} Amongst one of the victims, was [[Mahmud Shah Durrani|Mahmud Shah]]'s daughter,{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=178}} or niece.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2012|p=55}} As a result, [[Kamran Shah Durrani]] swore revenge, but Dost Mohammad fled before any retaliation could be taken.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=178}}

[[File:Shahzada Kamran Durrani.jpeg|thumb|left|200px|Sketch of Kamran Shah Durrani]]
With rule in Herat, Fateh Khan displaced the Persian ambassadors and forcing them to return to Persia. This sparked paranoia by Mahmud Shah, who believed that this would be used as a [[Casus belli|casus belli]] to invade. Mahmud Shah also used this as a pretext to weaken [[Barakzai]] power, who were gaining rapid influence and high positions throughout the empire.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2012|p=54}}{{sfn|Noelle|1997|p=10}} As a result, Kamran Shah was dispatched to Herat. During this, the Qajar governor of Khorasan dispatched forces under [[Dowlatshah]] to re-capture Herat. The two armies met at the [[Battle of Kafir Qala|battle of Kafir Qala]], which ended inconclusively, with the Qajar army returning to Mashhad, and the Afghan army to Herat.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=178}}

After the Afghan army returned to Herat, the letter under Kamran arrived. The letter demanded that Fateh Khan give up the city, and dismissed him from his position as [[Vizier|Wazir]].{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=178}} According to Jonathan Lee, Fateh Khan remarked:

<blockquote>"I twice placed Mahmud on the throne ... and his Kingdom is now in the hands of my kinsmen; who is Kamraun therefore, that in a dream he should think of injuring me."{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=178}}</blockquote>

==Assassination==
With this response, Kamran Shah began plotting and held a meal for Fateh Khan, claiming he wished to celebrate their victory in the capture of Herat.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=178}} Different accounts are given.

According to Jonathan Lee, Fateh Khan was warned by his advisers against attending. Fateh Khan attended and found all of his sworn enemies. Nonetheless, Fateh Khan participated in the celebration and began eating with the guests. However as it progressed, the different enemies began berating him with insults and informing him of the crimes his family had committed. As Fateh Khan had enough, he rose in anger and wished to leave. However, the guests all grabbed and pinned him. With this, Ata Muhammad Khan then [[Blinding (punishment)|blinded]] Fateh Khan with his dagger. Fateh Khan was then imprisoned, and in the following days, his eyes were removed.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=178-179}}

According to the account of Dalrymple, Fateh Khan was invited to a party in the royal garden outside the fortress of Herat. Fateh Khan and some of his brothers attended, and they became [[Alcohol intoxication|intoxicated]] after drinking much wine. Kamran then capitalized off of this, and having planned for this to happen, the other guests of the event tied up Fateh Khan and blinded him.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2012|p=55}} Following his blinding, Fateh Khan was then tortured, with a [[Scalping]] occurring.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2012|p=55}}

[[File:Mahmud Shah Durrani.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sketch of Mahmud Shah Durrani]]
Jonathan Lee and Dalrymple differ on the accounts of execution as well.

According to Jonathan Lee, after Fateh Khan was held imprisoned for many months, he was taken to [[Ghazni]] to be held under trial by Mahmud Shah, and numerous of his enemies. Mahmud Shah promised to spare Fateh Khan's life on the demand that his brothers came in person and swore their loyalty to Mahmud Shah. Despite this, Fateh Khan rejected, believing that his brothers would ultimately be punished and tortured as he had been. As a result, Shah Mahmud struck Fateh Khan with his sword, and then other enemies began cutting off the limbs of Fateh Khan. After a while, Mahmud Shah [[Decapitation|decapitated]] Fateh Khan, with the [[Mutilation|maimed]] remains of Fateh Khan being rolled up in a carpet and buried.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=179}}

According to Dalrymple, Fateh Khan was later led into a tent where multiple of his enemies were. Fateh Khan was demanded to write to Dost Mohammad Khan, and was demanded for him to lay down conflict against the Durranis. Fateh Khan refused this. His enemies, unsatisfied of this response, began mutilating him, hacking off pieces of his body. Fateh Khan's ears, nose, hands were cut off, and did not hold any complaints until his beard was cut, which he then began crying. After more torture including both his feet being cut off, Ata Muhammad Khan slit the throat of Fateh Khan, killing him.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2012|p=55}}

The consequences that followed were disastrous for Mahmud Shah. The many [[Barakzai]] governors, who held high positions throughout the country and different provinces now revolted having heard of this, and they now plotted to overthrow the [[Durrani dynasty]] in its entirety. This would lead to the overthrow of [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]], and the fragmentation of the [[Durrani Empire]] until its eventual reunification under [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] under the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] in 1863.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=179}}{{sfn|Dalrymple|2012|p=55-56}}

==See also==
* [[List of leaders of Afghanistan]]
* [[Shah Shuja Durrani]]
* [[Timur Shah Durrani]]
* [[Barakzai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barakzai, Fateh Khan}}

[[Category:Assassinations in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Barakzai dynasty]]
[[Category:Durrani dynasty]]
[[Category:Durrani Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century Afghan people]]
[[Category:18th-century Afghan people]]
[[Category:Viziers]]

GSLV Mk I

2023-04-01T17:38:53Z

Jhonmathur: Published a captivating publication.

#REDIRECT [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]]

Quercus (publisher)

2022-07-03T01:27:44Z

Jhonmathur:

{{Short description|Independent publishing house}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox publisher
| name = Quercus Publishing
| traded_as =
| image =
| parent = [[Hodder & Stoughton]]
| status = acquired company
| founded = 2004
| founder = Mark Smith and Wayne Davies
| successor =
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| headquarters = [[London]]
| distribution =
| keypeople =
| publications = [[Book]]s
| topics =
| genre =
| imprints = MacLehose Press, Jo Fletcher Books, riverrun
| revenue =
| numemployees =
| nasdaq =
| url = {{URL|http://www.quercusbooks.co.uk}}
}}

'''Quercus''' is a formerly independent publishing house, based in [[London]], that was acquired by [[Hodder & Stoughton]] in 2014. It was founded in 2004 by Mark Smith and Wayne Davies.<ref>{{cite web|author=Shaffi, Sarah |url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/hodder-buys-quercus |title=Hodder buys Quercus|website=[[The Bookseller]]}}</ref>

Quercus is known for its lists in crime (publishing such authors as [[Elly Griffiths]], [[Philip Kerr]], [[Peter May (writer)|Peter May]], [[Peter Temple]]), its '''MacLehose Press''' imprint (formerly headed by [[Christopher MacLehose]]),<ref>{{cite web|author=Gardner, Anthony | url= http://www.anthonygardner.co.uk/interviews/christopher_maclehose.html | title= Christopher MacLehose — The champion of translated fiction who struck it rich with Stieg Larsson (interview)|website=anthonygardner.co.uk}}</ref> which publishes translated (often prize-winning) works by authors such as [[Philippe Claudel]], [[Stieg Larsson]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Clark, Nick |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/the-publishing-house-that-stieg-larsson-built-2044818.html |title=The publishing house that Stieg Larsson built|work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> and [[Valerio Varesi]], its literary fiction titles (including by [[Kimberley Freeman]], [[Prajwal Parajuly]]) and its '''Jo Fletcher Books''' imprint, which publishes [[science fiction]], [[Fantasy literature|fantasy]], and [[Horror fiction|horror]].

==Details==
Smith and Davies had previously worked together at the [[Orion Publishing Group]].

In 2011, Quercus was chosen as the [[Bonnier Group|Bonnier Publishing]] Publisher of the Year at the [[Bookseller Industry Awards]] in London.<ref>{{cite web|author=Campbell, Lisa | url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/quercus-publisher-year-bookseller-industry-awards.html |title=Quercus publisher of the year at The Bookseller Industry Awards|website=The Bookseller}}</ref>

American imprint SilverOak was co-owned with [[Sterling Publishing]].<ref name="Jones">{{cite news|url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/114020-page.html|title=Indie publishers put books on Bloomsbury's digital library shelf|last=Jones|first=Philip|work=The Bookseller|access-date=3 March 2010}}</ref> In March 2016, Quercus launched fiction and non-fiction imprint '''riverrun'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/quercus-launches-new-upmarket-imprint-riverrun-324240|title=Quercus launches new 'upmarket' imprint: Riverrun |website= The Bookseller|language=en|first= Katherine|last= Cowdrey|access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref>

==Modern and contemporary fiction authors==
*[[Lucy Diamond]]
*[[Beth O'Leary]]
*[[Rebecca Wait]]
*[[Adrienne Young]]

==Thriller authors==
*[[JP Delaney]]
*[[Charlotte Duckworth]]
*[[Emily Freud]]
*[[Olivia Kiernan]]
*[[Victoria Selman]]
*[[Jo Spain]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Quercus {{Official|http://www.quercusbooks.co.uk}}
* [http://www.jofletcherbooks.com Official Jo Fletcher Books website]
* [http://www.maclehosepress.com Official MacLehose Press website]
* [http://www.quercusbooks.co.uk/catalogue/ Quercus catalogue]

{{Lagardère}}

[[Category:2004 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Companies based in the City of London]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 2004]]

{{UK-publish-company-stub}}

Secretary General of the Rajya Sabha

2022-01-03T15:15:55Z

Jhonmathur: Finished writing a new contribution.

{{Short description|Rajya Sabha Secretariat}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Secretary General
| body = the [[Rajya Sabha]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| incumbent =[[Pramod Chandra Mody]]
| insigniacaption = [[State Emblem of India]]
| incumbentsince = 12 November 2021
| insigniasize = 50px
| insignia = Emblem of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| appointer = [[Vice President of India|Chairman of Rajya Sabha]] (Vice President of India)
| inaugural = S. N. Mukherjee {{small|(1952–1963)}}
| formation = {{start date and years ago|1952|05|df=y|p=y}}
| website = {{URL|https://rajyasabha.nic.in}}
}}

The '''Secretary General of the Rajya Sabha''' is the administrative head of the Rajya Sabha Secretariat. The secretary general is appointed by the [[Vice President of India|Chairman of Rajya Sabha]] (Vice President of India). In [[Indian order of precedence]], the post of secretary general is of the rank of [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]], who is the senior most bureaucrat in the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secretary-General, Rajya Sabha |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/RajyaSabhaBook.pdf |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=Rajya Sabha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction: Rajya Sabha Secretariat |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rss_recruitment/rssecretariat.asp |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=rajyasabha.nic.in}}</ref>

== Role ==
As the administrative head of the [[Rajya Sabha]] secretariat, the secretary general exercises the power vested in the [[Vice President of India|Chairman of Rajya Sabha]], including the determination of the strength, method of recruitment and of qualifications for various categories of post. The secretary general exercises financial powers and initiates budget proposals relating to the Rajya Sabha. The secretary general is assisted by a hierarchy of officers as Secretary, Joint Secretaries and Directors, who with the help of subordinate officers perform the entire functions of the Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RAJYA SABHA SECRETARIAT |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/str_fun_rss_2009.pdf |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=Rajya Sabha |page=12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Narmadeshwar |title=Why it is vital for the credibility of India’s Parliament secretary-generals to be restored |url=https://scroll.in/article/1015006/why-it-is-vital-for-the-credibility-of-indias-parliament-secretary-generals-to-be-restored |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

It is the responsibility of the secretary general to summon each [[Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Rajya Sabha]] to attend session of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]. When the [[President of India|President]] arrives to address Parliament, the secretary general along with [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Vice President of India|Vice President]], [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Speaker]], [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]] receive the President at the gate of [[Parliament House (India)|Parliament House]] and escorts the President to the Central Hall of the Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secretary-General, Rajya Sabha |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/RajyaSabhaBook.pdf |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=Rajya Sabha |page=10}}</ref>

The secretary general prepares a list of business for each day of the session in [[Rajya Sabha]]. The secretary general signs messages to be sent from Rajya Sabha to [[Lok Sabha]] and reports to the house messages received from the Lok Sabha. For the elections of President and Vice President, Secretary General of Rajya Sabha or Lok Sabha is appointed as returning officer along with one or more assistant returning officers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secretary-General, Rajya Sabha |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/RajyaSabhaBook.pdf |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=Rajya Sabha |pages=10-13}}</ref>

== List of Secretary General of the Rajya Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of Secretary General of the Rajya Sabha<ref>{{Cite web |title=FORMER SECRETARIES-GENERAL OF THE RAJYA SABHA |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rajya_sabha/Formersg.aspx |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=rajyasabha.nic.in}}</ref>
! rowspan=2| {{abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan=2| Name
! colspan=3| Term of office
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
|1
|S. N. Mukherjee
|13 May 1952
|8 October 1963
|{{ayd|13 May 1952|8 October 1963}}
|-
|2
|[[B. N. Banerjee]]
|9 October 1963
|31 March 1976
|{{ayd|9 October 1963|31 March 1976}}
|-
|3
|S. S. Bhalerao
|1 April 1976
|30 April 1981
|{{ayd|1 April 1976|30 April 1981}}
|-
|4
|[[Sudarshan Agarwal]]
|1 May 1981
|30 June 1993
|{{ayd|1 May 1981|30 June 1993}}
|-
|5
|[[V. S. Ramadevi]]
|1 July 1993
|25 July 1997
|{{ayd|1 July 1993|25 July 1997}}
|-
|6
|S. S. Sohoni
|25 July 1997
|2 October 1997
|{{ayd|25 July 1997|2 October 1997}}
|-
|7
|Ramesh Chandra Tripathi
|3 October 1997
|31 August 2002
|{{ayd|3 October 1997|31 August 2002}}
|-
|8
|[[Yogendra Narain]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yogendra Narain to be Rajya Sabha Secretary General |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/yogendra-narain-to-be-rajya-sabha-secretary-general_56065.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|1 September 2002
|14 September 2007
|{{ayd|1 September 2002|14 September 2007}}
|-
|9
|V. K. Agnihotri
|29 October 2007
|30 September 2012
|{{ayd|29 October 2007|30 September 2012}}
|-
|10
|Shumsher K. Sheriff<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shumsher Sheriff assumes office of Rajya Sabha Secretary General |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shumsher-sheriff-assumes-office-of-rajya-sabha-secretary-general-500703 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|1 October 2012
|31 August 2017
|{{ayd|1 October 2012|31 August 2017}}
|-
|11
|Desh Deepak Verma<ref>{{Cite web |title=Retired UP bureaucrat appointed Rajya Sabha secretary-general |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/retired-up-bureaucrat-appointed-rajya-sabha-secretary-general/story-K8NhILMPZPKqtfTs1qLB4L.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|1 September 2017
|31 August 2021
|{{ayd|1 September 2017|31 August 2021}}
|-
|12
|P. P. K. Ramacharyulu<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajya Sabha gets new Secretary General |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajya-sabha-gets-new-secretary-general/article36211174.ece |access-date=2022-03-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|1 September 2021
|11 November 2021
|{{ayd|1 September 2021|11 November 2021}}
|-
|13
|[[Pramod Chandra Mody]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ex-CBDT chief PC Mody takes over as new Rajya Sabha secretary-general |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ex-cbdt-chief-pc-mody-takes-over-as-new-rajya-sabha-secretary-general/articleshow/87679364.cms |access-date=2022-03-08}}</ref>
|12 November 2021
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|12 November 2021}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Parliament of India]]
* [[Rajya Sabha]]
* [[Rajya Sabha Secretariat]]
* [[Vice President of India|Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]]
* [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]]
* [[Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha]]
* [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha]]
* [[Secretary General of the Lok Sabha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajya Sabha]]

The Economic Times (India)

2013-02-02T21:57:30Z

Jhonmathur: create redirect

#redirect [[The Economic Times]]