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Kulti Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T15:09:47Z

JewelWoodcock19: put up new data

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kulti
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Kulti.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kulti Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Ajay Kumar Poddar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency|Asansol]]
| constituency_no = 282
| established = 1951
| electors = 187,505
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Kulti Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 282 Kulti assembly constituency covers Wards nos. 16-19, 58-74, 99-105 of [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-13 }}</ref>

Kulti assembly segment is part of No. 40 [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Baidyanath Mandal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Joy Narayan Sarma
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Benarashi Prosad Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|rowspan="2"|Jaynarayan Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Taraknath Chakraborty
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Ramdas Banerjee
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|Madhu Banerjee
|{{Full party name with color|Marxist Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|{{Full party name with color|Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|Tuhin Samanta
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="3"|Maniklal Acharya
|{{Full party name with color|Forward Bloc|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Ujjal Chatterjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Ajay Kumar Poddar|Dr. Ajay Kumar Poddar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulti}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ajay Kumar Poddar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:103570}}
|percentage = 54.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abhijit Ghatak
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:77072}}
|percentage = 40.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhabani Acharya
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|votes = {{formatnum:3937}}
|percentage = 2.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = RAVI YADAV
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:1555}}
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:2539}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:26498}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:190239}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = TMC
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kulti]]<ref name=vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/kulti-west-bengal-election-result-2021| title = Kulti Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date =13 May 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ajay Kumar Poddar]] |votes=81,112|percentage=46.41|change={{increase}}17.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Ujjal Chatterjee]]|votes=80,433|percentage=46.02|change={{increase}}5.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Chandi Das Chatterjee|votes=5,795|percentage=3.32|change={{decrease}}22.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=3,553|percentage=2.03|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party= [[Independent politician|IND]]|candidate=Suraj Kewat |votes=2,003|percentage=1.15|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=679|percentage=0.40|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,74,942|percentage=69.51|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
*The Congress party had an alliance with CPI(M)

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kulti]]<ref name=vidhansabha2016>{{cite web| url = https://www.cnbctv18.com//assembly-election-result-2021/west-bengal-election-result-2021/constituency/kulti-constituency-s25a282/| title = Kulti constituency| work = Check 2016 result| publisher = CNBC TV18| access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 13 May 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210513102908/https://www.cnbctv18.com//assembly-election-result-2021/west-bengal-election-result-2021/constituency/kulti-constituency-s25a282/| url-status = dead}}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Ujjal Chatterjee]]|votes=68,952|percentage=40.81|change={{decrease}}15.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ajay Kumar Poddar]]|votes=49,464|percentage=29.28|change={{increase}}25.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Abhijit Acharyya (Bappa)|votes=42,895|percentage=25.39|change={{increase}}25.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=Shakil Ansari|votes=1,896|percentage=1.12|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,848|percentage=1.69|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=19,488|percentage=11.53|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,68,994|percentage=73.36|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Ujjal Chatterjee of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Maniklal Acharya of AIFB.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulti<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=282| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529222803/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=282| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Kulti| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Kulti |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Ujjal Chatterjee]]|votes=77,610|percentage=56.09|change=-0.38#}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=Maniklal Acharya|votes=49,044|percentage=35.45|change=-6.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Vivekananda Bhattacharya|votes=5,666|percentage=4.10|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=Subhas Singh|votes=3,567|percentage=2.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=Singrai Marandi|votes=2,468|percentage=1.78|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=28,566|percentage=20.65|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,38,470|percentage=73.66|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = +5.94#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages in 2006 taken together.

===1977-2006===
Ujjal Chatterjee of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won the Kulti assembly seat in 2006. Maniklal Acharya of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the seat in 2001. Prior to that the seat was won by Maniklal Acharjee of Forward Bloc in 1996 and 1991, Tuhin Samanta of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1987, Madhu Banerjee of Forward Bloc in 1982 and 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp257.htm| title = 257 - Kulti Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2009-08-29 }}</ref>

===1951-1977===
Ramdas Banerjee of Congress won in 1972 and 1971, Dr. Taraknath Chakrabarti of [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] won in 1969, Dr. Jai Narayan Sharma of Congress in 1967 and 1962, Benarasi Prasad Jha of [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] in 1957. In 1952, independent India's first election, Kulti was a twin member constituency and those elected were Jai Narayan Sharma and Baidyanath Mondal, both of Congress.<ref>Bandopadhyay, Shantimoy, ''Asansol Parikrama'' (History of Asansol Sub Division) {{in lang|bn}}, pp 157-159, Trnity Trust.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{coord|23.7332689|86.8203871}}
[[Category:Politics of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Amar Sonar Bangla

2026-05-07T04:31:08Z

JewelWoodcock19: Made Some Info Basic Info

{{short description|National anthem of Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox anthem
| title = {{lang|bn|আমার সোনার বাংলা}}
| transcription = {{translit|bn|italic=no|Āmār Sōnār Bāṅlā}}
| english_title = My Golden Bengal
| image = Amar_Sonar_Bangla_Music.svg
| caption =
| prefix = National
| country = Bangladesh
| author = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| lyrics_date = 1905<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabindranath Tagore - Songs - swadesh - amar sonar bangla |url=https://tagoreweb.in/Songs/swadesh-234/amar-sonar-bangla-5004 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=tagoreweb.in}}</ref> ([[#History|disputed]])
| composer = Rabindranath Tagore<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hasan |first=Rabiul |date=2020-09-06 |script-title=bn:আমার সোনার বাংলা, আমি তোমায় ভালোবাসি |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/node/171661 |access-date=2024-11-18 |work=The Daily Star |language=bn}}</ref> (adapted from a melody by [[Gagan Harkara]])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rayhan |first=Abdullah |date=2024-10-12 |title=On the national anthem of Bangladesh: An apologetic discourse |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-literature/news/the-national-anthem-bangladesh-apologetic-discourse-3726056 |access-date=2024-11-18 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-06-10 |script-title=bn:আমার সোনার বাংলা |url=https://banglanews24.com/public/kids/news/bd/44062.details |access-date=2024-11-18 |work=banglanews24.com |language=bn}}</ref>
| music_date =
| adopted = 10 April 1971 {{small|([[Provisional Government of Bangladesh|provisional]])}} 16 December 1972 {{small|([[Constitution of Bangladesh|official]])}}
| until =
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[Qaumi Taranah]] {{small|(as the anthem of [[Pakistan]])}}|[[Pakistan Zindabad (anthem)|Torana-i-Pakistan]] {{small|(as the anthem of [[East Pakistan]])}}}}
| successor =
| sound = Amar Shonar Bangla instrumental.ogg
| sound_title = [[U.S. Navy Band]] instrumental version
}}
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}
"'''{{translit|bn|italic=no|Amar Sonar Bangla}}'''" ({{langx|bn|আমার সোনার বাংলা|lit=My Golden Bengal}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈamaɾ ˈʃonaɾ ˈbaŋla|pron}}) is the [[national anthem]] of the [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh - 4. National anthem, flag and emblem |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24551 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074103/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24551 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |publisher=Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh: Amar Shonar Bangla |url=http://nationalanthems.me/bangladesh-amar-shonar-bangla |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526050005/http://nationalanthems.me/bangladesh-amar-shonar-bangla |archive-date=2018-05-26 |access-date=9 August 2011 |publisher=NationalAnthems.me}}</ref>

An [[ode]] to [[Bangamata|Mother Bengal]], the lyrics were written by Bengali polymath [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Although some unreliable sources claim that the song was written in 1905 in the context of the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|First Partition of Bengal]], the absence of the song's original manuscript prevents this claim from being verified with complete certainty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=জাতীয় সংগীত নিয়ে বিতর্ক: 'আমার সোনার বাংলা' কীভাবে ও কেন বাংলাদেশের জাতীয় সংগীত হলো? |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c4grpv04p90o |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=BBC News বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref> It was adopted as the national anthem by the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]] in 1971.

==Etymology==
The word {{translit|bn|amar}} refers to the [[possessive]] first-person singular {{gloss|my}} or {{gloss|(of) mine}}; the word {{translit|bn|sonar}} is the [[Adjective|adjectival]] form of the root word {{translit|bn|sona}}, meaning {{gloss|gold}}; and the word {{translit|bn|sonar}}, which literally translates as {{gloss|golden}} or {{gloss|made of gold}}, is used as a term of endearment meaning {{gloss|beloved}}, but in the song, the words {{transliteration|bn|Sonar Bangla}} may be interpreted to express the preciousness of [[Bengal]].{{fact|date=July 2025}}

== History ==
{{Main|Partition of Bengal (1905)}}
[[File:Rabindranath Tagore in 1909.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Rabindranath Tagore]], writer of the song in 1905]]

The exact year of the song’s composition is not known.<ref>{{Cite book |title=পাল, প্রশান্তকুমার (১৯৯০)। রবিজীবনী। খণ্ড ৫ম খণ্ড। কলকাতা: আনন্দ পাবলিশার্স। পৃ. ২৫৮-৫৯।}}</ref> The melody is derived from [[Baul]] singer [[Gagan Harkara]]'s "[[Ami Kothay Pabo Tare]]", set to [[Dadra]] [[Tala (music)|tala]].<ref>Folk singer, [http://www.swapanbasu.com/ Swapan Basu], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DnZvc73nQCk demonstrates] the similarity in a live recitation (0:43/8:46 to 1:21/8:46)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Santosh |title=Studies in Tagore: Critical Essays |year=2004 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=9788126903405 |pages=108 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNWktZZciy8C&q=Gagan+Harkara&pg=PA111}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rabindranath Tagore - Essays - Creative Unity - An Indian Folk Religion () |url=http://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Essays&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40D7-AE6E-0F7410664DA3&ti=72EE92F5-BE50-4A47-7E6E-0F7410664DA3 |website=tagoreweb.in |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref> The partition of Bengal occurred in 1905 when the ruling [[British Empire]] had an undivided province of [[Bengal Presidency]] split into two parts; the decision was announced on 20 July by the then-Viceroy of India, [[Lord Curzon]], taking effect on 16 October. This divide of Bengal, being along communal lines–[[East Bengal and Assam]] having a majority of Muslims and [[West Bengal]] having a majority of Hindus–is claimed to have been politically motivated. Along with a host of others, songs such as this were meant to rekindle the unified spirit of Bengal and to raise public consciousness against the communal political divide.

The actual date of the song's composition is disputed, because the original manuscript of the song was never found. Prashanta Kumar Paul, in his biography on Rabindranath Tagore ''Rabi Jibani'', claimed that the song was first sung on 25 August 1905 in an essay conference at [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Rabi Jibani|last=Paul|first=Prashanta Kumar|year=1990|publisher=Ananda Publishers|location=Kolkata|pages=২৫8–59|volume=V}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web|date=15 May 2025|language=bn|script-title=bn:জাতীয় সংগীত নিয়ে বিতর্ক: 'আমার সোনার বাংলা' কীভাবে ও কেন বাংলাদেশের জাতীয় সংগীত হলো?|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c4grpv04p90o|website=[[BBC Bangla]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=4 September 2024|language=bn|script-title=bn:বঙ্গভঙ্গের গান 'আমার সোনার বাংলা' যেভাবে জাতীয় সংগীত করা হয়|url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/846997|website=[[Daily Jugantor]]}}</ref> The lyrics first appeared in public in the September issues of ''[[Bongodorshon|Bongo Dhorshon]]'' and ''Baul'' simultaneously in 1905. The song, along with the musical notation (referred to as {{transliteration|bn|swaralipi}} in Bengali), first appeared in the periodical musical journal ''Shongeet Biggnan Praveshika'' in the same month and year. [[Indira Devi Chaudhurani|Indira Devi]], Tagore's niece, [[Satyendranath Tagore]]'s daughter, jotted down the musical notation, hearing it from Tagore himself (this was the common norm, Tagore singing the song, and someone formally jotting down the musical notations).{{fact|date=July 2025}}

=== Official adoption ===
The first ten lines of the original poem constitute the most commonly sung version of Bangladesh's national anthem, adopted in 1971 during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. The instrumental orchestra rendition was composed by [[Samar Das]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Komol |first=Khalid Hasan |year=2012 |chapter=Das, Samar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Das,_Samar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref name="bbc" /> During the drafting of the [[Constitution of Bangladesh]] in 1972, two songs were proposed for the national anthem of the country, the "Amar Sonar Bangla" and "[[Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara]]" by [[Dwijendra Lal Roy]]. At the end, Amar Sonar Bangla was selected.<ref name="jugantor0">{{cite web|last=Ullah|first=Mahbub|date=12 September 2024|lang=bn|title=শতফুল ফুটতে দাও: বিতর্কের উত্তেজনায় যাতে গণতন্ত্র হারিয়ে না যায়|url=https://www.jugantor.com/tp-ub-editorial/851278|access-date=31 October 2025|website=[[Daily Jugantor]]}}</ref>

== Lyrics ==
[[File:Amar Sonar Bangla - from Millions singing national anthem.oga|thumb|229x229px|"Amar Shonar Bangla" sung version]]

The following provides the lyrics of {{Transliteration|bn|italic=no|Amar Sonar Bangla}} as written by Rabindranath Tagore. Only the first ten bolded lines of the original lyrics are sung as Bangladesh's national anthem.

{| class="wikitable"
!Bengali original<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date= |title=Rabindranath Tagore - Songs - স্বদেশ - আমার সোনার বাংলা |url=https://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Songs&bi=5C978DD6-A4A0-40E5-A51D-F8AE92&ti=5C978DD6-A4A1-4385-C51D-F8AE927B9869&ch=c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709233539/https://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Songs&bi=5C978DD6-A4A0-40E5-A51D-F8AE92&ti=5C978DD6-A4A1-4385-C51D-F8AE927B9869&ch=c |archive-date=2012-07-09 |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=tagoreweb.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |script-title=bn:জাতীয় সংগীত (পাঠ) - নেত্রকোণা জেলা |url=http://www.netrokona.gov.bd/site/page/ab72d475-bbaf-4fa0-8e26-5a9fa688d662/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%20(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730135450/http://www.netrokona.gov.bd/site/page/ab72d475-bbaf-4fa0-8e26-5a9fa688d662/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%20(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0) |archive-date=2020-07-30 |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=www.netrokona.gov.bd |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=About Bangladesh-2 |url=http://www.parjatanbd.com/details.php?id=17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811002942/http://www.parjatanbd.com/details.php?id=17 |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=www.parjatanbd.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-25 |script-title=bn:আমার সোনার বাংলা {{!}} দেশ বরেণ্য ৫০ জন শিল্পীর কন্ঠে জাতীয় সংগীত {{!}} National Anthem of Bangladesh |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_r58G5iM_NU |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415013044/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_r58G5iM_NU |archive-date=2022-04-15 |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=YouTube}}</ref>
![[Romanisation of Bengali|Romanisation]] ([[ISO 15919]])
!IPA transcription{{efn|name=IPA|See [[Help:IPA/Bengali]] and [[Bengali phonology]].}}
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>{{lang|bn|'''আমার সোনার বাংলা, আমি তোমায় ভালোবাসি।'''
'''চিরদিন তোমার আকাশ, তোমার বাতাস, আমার প্রাণে বাজায় বাঁশি॥'''
'''ও মা, ফাগুনে তোর আমের বনে ঘ্রাণে পাগল করে,'''
'''মরি হায়, হায় রে—'''
'''ও মা, অঘ্রাণে তোর ভরা ক্ষেতে আমি কী দেখেছি মধুর হাসি॥'''

'''কী শোভা, কী ছায়া গো, কী স্নেহ, কী মায়া গো—'''
'''কী আঁচল বিছায়েছ বটের মূলে, নদীর কূলে কূলে।'''
'''মা, তোর মুখের বাণী আমার কানে লাগে সুধার মতো,'''
'''মরি হায়, হায় রে—'''
'''মা, তোর বদনখানি মলিন হলে, ও মা, আমি নয়নজলে ভাসি॥'''

তোমার এই খেলাঘরে শিশুকাল কাটিলে রে,
তোমারি ধুলামাটি অঙ্গে মাখি ধন্য জীবন মানি।
তুই দিন ফুরালে সন্ধ্যাকালে কী দীপ জ্বালিস ঘরে,
মরি হায়, হায় রে—
তখন খেলাধুলা সকল ফেলে, ও মা, তোমার কোলে ছুটে আসি॥

ধেনু-চরা তোমার মাঠে, পারে যাবার খেয়াঘাটে,
সারা দিন পাখি-ডাকা ছায়ায়-ঢাকা তোমার পল্লীবাটে,
তোমার ধানে-ভরা আঙিনাতে জীবনের দিন কাটে,
মরি হায়, হায় রে—
ও মা, আমার যে ভাই তারা সবাই, ও মা, তোমার রাখাল তোমার চাষি॥

ও মা, তোর চরণেতে দিলেম এই মাথা পেতে—
দে গো তোর পায়ের ধুলা, সে যে আমার মাথার মানিক হবে।
ও মা, গরিবের ধন যা আছে তাই দিব চরণতলে,
মরি হায়, হায় রে—
আমি পরের ঘরে কিনব না আর, মা, তোর ভূষণ ব'লে গলার ফাঁসি}}</poem>
|<poem>{{Transliteration|bn|italic=no|'''Āmār sōnār Bāṅlā, āmi tōmāẏ bhālōbāsi.'''
'''Ciradin tōmār ākāś, tōmār bātās, āmār prāṇē bājāẏ bā̃śi.'''
'''Ō mā, phāgunē tōr āmēr banē ghrāṇē pāgal karē,'''
'''Mari hāẏ, hāẏ rē–'''
'''Ō mā, Aghrāṇē tōr bharā kṣētē āmi kī dēkhēchi madhur hāsi.'''

'''Kī śōbhā, kī chāẏā gō, kī snēhô, kī māẏā gō,'''
'''Kī ā̃cal bichāẏēcha bôṭēr mūlē, nadīr kūlē kūlē.'''
'''Mā, tōr mukhēr bāṇī āmār kānē lāgē sudhār matō,'''
'''Mari hāẏ, hāẏ rē–'''
'''Mā, tōr badankhāni malin halē, ō mā, āmi naẏanjalē bhāsi.'''

Tōmār ēi khēlāgharē śiśukāl kāṭilē rē,
Tōmāri dhulāmāṭi aṅgē mākhi dhanya jīban māni.
Tui din phurālē sandhyākālē kī dīp jbālis gharē,
Mari hāẏ, hāẏ rē–
Takhan khēlādhulā sakal phēlē, ō mā, tōmār kōlē chuṭē āsi.

Dhēnu-carā tōmār māṭhē, pārē jābār khēẏāghāṭē,
Sārā din pākhi-ḍākā chāẏāẏ-ḍhākā tōmār pallībāṭē,
Tōmār dhānē-bharā āṅinātē jībanēr din kāṭē
Mari hāẏ, hāẏ rē–
Ō mā, āmār jē bhāi tārā sabāi, ō mā, tōmār rākhāl tōmār cāṣi.

Ō mā, tōr caraṇētē dilēm ēi māthā pētē–
Dē gō tōr pāẏēr dhulā, sē jē āmār māthār mānik habē.
Ō mā, garibēr dhan ja āchē tāi diba caraṇtalē,
Mari hāẏ, hāẏ rē–
Āmi parēr gharē kinba nā ār, mā, tōr bhūṣaṇ ba'lē galār phā̃si.}}</poem>
|<poem>{{IPA|wrap=none|[ˈa.maɾ ˈʃo.naɾ ˈbaŋ.laˑ ǀ ˈa.miˑ ˈt̪o.mae̯ ˈbʱa.loˌba.ʃiˑ]
[ˈt͡ʃi.ɾo.d̪in ˈt̪o.maɾ ˈa.kaʃ ǀ ˈt̪o.maɾ ˈba.t̪aʃ ǀ ˈa.maɾ ˈpɾa.neˑ ˈba.d͡ʒae̯ ˈbã.ʃiˑ ‖]
[oˑ maˑ ǀ ˈpʰa.gu.neˑ t̪oɾ ˈa.meɾ ˈbo.neˑ ˈgʱɾa.neˑ ˈpa.gol ˈkɔ.ɾeˑ ǀ]
[ˈmo.ɾiˑ ɦae̯ ǀ ɦae̯ ɾeˑ ǀ]
[oˑ maˑ ǀ ˈɔ.gʱɾa.neˑ t̪oɾ ˈbʱɔ.ɾaˑ ˈkʰe.t̪eˑ ˈa.miˑ kiˑ ˈd̪e.kʰe.t͡ʃʰiˑ ˈmo.d̪ʱuɾ ˈɦa.ʃiˑ ‖]

[kiˑ ˈʃo.bʱaˑ ǀ kiˑ ˈt͡ʃʰae̯.aˑ goˑ ǀ kiˑ ˈsne.ɦoˑ ǀ kiˑ ˈmae̯.aˑ goˑ ǀ]
[kiˑ ˈã.t͡ʃol ˈbi.t͡ʃʰae̯ˌe.t͡ʃʰoˑ ˈbɔ.ʈeɾ ˈmu.leˑ ǀ ˈno.d̪iɾ ˈku.leˑ ˈku.leˑ]
[maˑ ǀ t̪oɾ ˈmu.kʰeɾ ˈba.niˑ ˈa.maɾ ˈka.neˑ ˈla.geˑ ˈʃu.d̪ʱaɾ ˈmɔ.t̪oˑ ǀ]
[ˈmo.ɾiˑ ɦae̯ ǀ ɦae̯ ɾeˑ ǀ]
[maˑ ǀ t̪oɾ ˈbɔ.d̪onˌkʰa.niˑ ˈmo.lin ˈɦo.leˑ ǀ oˑ maˑ ǀ ˈa.miˑ ˈnɔe̯.onˌd͡ʒɔ.leˑ ˈbʱa.ʃiˑ ‖]

[ˈt̪o.maɾ ei̯ ˈkʰɛ.laˌgʱɔ.ɾeˑ ˈʃi.ʃu.kal ˈka.ʈi.leˑ ɾeˑ ǀ]
[ˈt̪o.ma.ɾiˑ ˈd̪ʱu.laˌma.ʈiˑ ˈɔŋ.geˑ ˈma.kʰiˑ ˈd̪ʱo.nːoˑ ˈd͡ʒi.bɔn ˈma.niˑ]
[t̪ui̯ d̪in ˈpʰu.ɾa.leˑ ˈʃon̪.d̪ʱaˌka.leˑ kiˑ d̪ip ˈd͡ʒa.liʃ ˈgʱɔ.ɾeˑ ǀ]
[ˈmo.ɾiˑ ɦae̯ ǀ ɦae̯ ɾeˑ ǀ]
[ˈt̪ɔ.kʰon ˈkʰɛ.laˌd̪ʱu.laˑ ˈʃɔ.kol ˈpʰe.leˑ ǀ oˑ maˑ ǀ ˈt̪o.maɾ ˈko.leˑ ˈt͡ʃʰu.ʈeˑ ˈa.ʃiˑ ‖]

[ˈd̪ʱe.nuˌt͡ʃɔ.ɾaˑ ˈt̪o.maɾ ˈma.ʈʰeˑ ǀ ˈpa.ɾeˑ ˈd͡ʒa.baɾ ˈkʰe.e̯aˌgʱa.ʈeˑ ǀ]
[ˈʃa.ɾaˑ d̪in ˈpa.kʰiˌɖa.kaˑ ˈt͡ʃʰae̯.ae̯ˌɖʱa.kaˑ ˈt̪o.maɾ ˈpo.lːiˌbʱa.ʈeˑ ǀ]
[ˈt̪o.maɾ ˈd̪ʱa.neˌbʱɔ.ɾaˑ ˈaŋ.iˌna.t̪eˑ ˈd͡ʒi.bɔ.neɾ d̪in ˈka.ʈeˑ]
[ˈmo.ɾiˑ ɦae̯ ǀ ɦae̯ ɾeˑ ǀ]
[oˑ maˑ ǀ ˈa.maɾ d͡ʒeˑ bʱai̯ ˈt̪a.ɾaˑ ˈʃɔ.bai̯ ǀ oˑ maˑ ǀ ˈt̪o.maɾ ˈɾa.kʰal ˈt̪o.maɾ ˈt͡ʃa.ʃiˑ ‖]

[oˑ maˑ ǀ t̪oɾ ˈt͡ʃɔ.ɾoˌne.t̪eˑ ˈd̪i.lem ei̯ ˈma.t̪ʰaˑ ˈpe.t̪eˑ ǀ]
[d̪eˑ goˑ t̪oɾ ˈpae̯.eɾ ˈd̪ʱu.laˑ ǀ ʃeˑ d͡ʒeˑ ˈa.maɾ ˈma.t̪ʰaɾ ˈma.nik ˈhɔ.beˑ]
[oˑ maˑ ǀ ˈgo.ɾi.beɾ d̪ʱɔn d͡ʒaˑ ˈa.t͡ʃʰeˑ t̪ai̯ ˈd̪i.boˑ ˈt͡ʃɔ.ɾon̪ˌt̪ɔ.leˑ ǀ]
[ˈmo.ɾiˑ ɦae̯ ǀ ɦae̯ ɾeˑ ǀ]
[ˈa.miˑ ˈpɔ.ɾeɾ ˈgʱɔ.ɾeˑ ˈkin.boˑ naˑ aɾ ǀ maˑ ǀ t̪oɾ ˈbʱu.ʃon ˈbo.leˑ ˈgɔ.laɾ ˈpʰã.ʃiˑ ‖}}</poem>
|}

===English translation===
The anthem was translated into English by [[Syed Ali Ahsan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangla2000.com/bangladesh/national_anthem.shtm |title=National Anthem of Bangladesh |publisher=bangla2000.com |access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
{{center|{{poemquote|
'''My golden Bengal, thee I love.'''
'''Forever thy skies be, thine air like a flute set my heart in tune;'''
'''O [[Bangamata|Mother]], aroma of mango orchard in [[Falgun]] driveth me crazy,'''
'''Ah, such miraculousness!'''
'''O Mother, time seeth in [[Ogrohayon]] smiles sweet all through fields of paddy.'''

'''What beauty, what shades, what affection, what tenderness;'''
'''What a quilt thou hast spread at tip of banyans 'long ev'ry bank,'''
'''O Mother, words from thy lips like nectar to my ears.'''
'''Ah, such miraculousness!'''
'''If sadness, o mother, cast a gloom on thy face, my eyes filled with tears.'''

Spending my childhood in thy playhouse
Thy soil o'er my body smeared, I consider myself privileged.
Wonderful lamp at dusk thou lightest,
Ah, such miraculousness!
At once I quit playing and sprint back to thy lap, o mother.

In cattle grazing field, on pier for crossing stream,
Shaded village walkways, serene with calling birds
Open porch with heaped ripe paddy, my life goeth on.
Ah, such miraculousness!
All thy shepherds and farmers are my brothers.

This time I offer my head beneath thy feet,
Bless me with thy dust, obliged shall I be to flaunt overhead.
To thee I shall offer meagrely whatever I have at home,
Ah, such miraculousness!
Ne'er bothered to buy thee from others a hanging rope coronal guise.
}}}}

==Criticism==
According to Ziauddin Ahmed, the song as the national anthem is facing criticism at least since 1975.<ref name="sangbad">{{cite web|first=Ziauddin|last=Ahmed|date=22 September 2024|language=bn|title=জাতীয় সংগীত নিয়ে বিতর্ক : জিয়াউদ্দীন আহমেদ|url=https://sangbad.net.bd/opinion/post-editorial/2024/126091/|website=sangbad.net.bd}}</ref> Among the earliest open opponents to the song include [[Islamic Democratic League]] [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|MP]] [[Abdur Rahim (scholar)|Abdur Rahim]] and Vice-chancellor of the [[University of Dhaka]] Prof. [[Aftab Ahmed (academic)|Aftab Ahmed]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Maruf Kamal|date=6 September 2025|language=bn|title=জাতীয় সংগীত, জিয়া ও নতুন প্রজন্ম|url=https://dhakamail.com/opinion/184638|website=[[Dhaka Mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=4 September 2024|lang=bn|title=প্রথম যি‌নি জাতীয় সংগীত পরিবর্ত‌নের কথা বলে‌ছি‌লেন, তা‌কে খুন করা হ‌য়ে‌ছি‌লেন!|url=https://www.ekhonisomoy.com/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4/1062/|website=Ekhoni Somoy}}</ref>

=== Historical context ===
The song was composed during [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|First Partition of Bengal]], which many [[Bengali Muslims]] of [[East Bengal and Assam|Eastern Bengal]] (the territory of which mostly form the modern-day Bangladesh) had welcomed and endorsed. Supporters of the Partition oppose the song as the national anthem of Bangladesh, as the song itself was composed in a context of opposition to a separate [[East Bengal]] that would eventually become Bangladesh in future.

=== Islamist and anti-Hindutva opposition ===
The song often face [[Islamist]] opposition in the country. They claim that the word "mother" used in the song refers to [[Hindu goddess]], and Rabindranath Tagore addressed the country a "motherly goddess".<ref>{{cite web|date=3 April 2018|lang=bn|title=মাদ্রাসায় জাতীয় সংগীত গাওয়া সুস্পষ্ট শিরক আইনি বাধ্যতাও নেই -ইসলাম ও দেশরক্ষা কমিটি|url=https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/124575/|website=[[Daily Inqilab]]}}</ref> Many [[Qawmi Madrasah|Qawmi Madrassa]] teachers consider singing the song as [[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]] and remain silent during anthem presentation.<ref>{{cite web|lang=bn|title=প্রশ্ন (১৬/৪১৬) : শিক্ষাপ্রতিষ্ঠানে বাধ্যগতভাবে পিটি করতে হয়। যেখানে ইসলাম বিরোধী বাক্যসম্বলিত জাতীয় সঙ্গীত গাইতে হয়। এক্ষণে আমাদের করণীয় কি?|url=https://at-tahreek.com/article_details/5481|access-date=31 October 2025|website=Monthly At-Tahreeq|quote=বাংলাদেশের জাতীয় সংগীত শিরক মিশ্রিত গান, যা মুখে বলা ও হৃদয়ে বিশ্বাস করা অমার্জনীয় গোনাহের কাজ। সম্মিলিতভাবে তা পাঠ করানো হলে সেক্ষেত্রে চুপ থাকতে হবে।| trans-quote=The national anthem of Bangladesh is song mixed with shirk, saying which by mouth or believing in heart is an unapologetic ''[[Sin in Islam|gonah]]''. If recited in chorus, then one should be remained silent.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=29 July 2015|lang=bn|title=জাতীয় পতাকায় ‘আপত্তি’ কওমীর|url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/article1003980.bdnews|website=[[bdnews24.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=3 March 2023|lang=bn|title=জাতীয় সংগীত উপেক্ষিত সব কওমি মাদ্রাসায়|url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/epaper/ajpqlue6jeism|website=[[Ajker Patrika]]}}</ref>

[[British Bangladeshi]] anti-[[Religious extremism|extremism]] advocate [[Mufassil Islam]] criticized the song as the national anthem from an anti-[[Hindutva]] perspective, calling Rabindranath Tagore a "Hindutwa fanatic".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Subho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_quEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22mufassil+islam%22&pg=PA62 |title=Intimation of Revolution: Global Sixties and the Making of Bangladesh |date=2023-05-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-32987-3 |page=62 |language=en |quote=More seriously, Mufassil Islam, a [[Dublin]]-based academic accused Tagore of being 'Hindutwa fanatic' and thus argued that Tagore's song should not be the national anthem of Bangladesh}}</ref>

===Others===
In her book ''Bengal Divided'' (1995), Indian author Jaya Chatterjee claimed that the song Amar Sonar Bangla doesn't have the enough breath that is needed to develop national consciousness being a national anthem.<ref name="jugantor0" />

===Major controversies===
In 2018, the government made compulsory for all madrassas to sing national anthem. Three years later, the government instructed the vocational and the madrassa division to strictly implement the rule.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 January 2022|language=bn|title=মাদ্রাসার শিক্ষার্থীদের জাতীয় সংগীত ও শপথ পাঠের নির্দেশ|url=https://www.bd-journal.com/education/187162/|website=bd-journal.com}}</ref> These moves faced heavy criticism and protests from the madrassa teachers and students.<ref>{{cite web|last=Swapan|first=Harun Ur Rashid|date=28 March 2018|language=bn|title=মাদ্রাসায় জাতীয় সংগীত প্রতিযোগিতা|url=https://www.dw.com/bn/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F/a-43172732|website=[[Deutsche Welle Bangla]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=11 December 2020|language=bn|title='মাদ্রাসায় জাতীয় সংগীত গাওয়া সম্পূর্ণ শিরক'|url=https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/342266/|website=[[Daily Inqilab]]}}</ref>

In 2018, Bangladeshi singer Mainul Ahsan Nobel, who was a runner-up in the Indian-Bengali musical show ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla]]'', said that [[Prince Mahmud]]'s song "Bangladesh" depicted the beauty of Bangladesh far better than Amar Sonar Bangla.<ref>{{cite news |title='Sa Re Ga Ma Pa' second runner up Nobel makes controversial comments on Bangladesh's national anthem 'Amar Sonar Bangla' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-second-runner-up-nobel-makes-controversial-comments-on-bangladeshs-national-anthem-amar-sonar-bangla/articleshow/70509915.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 August 2019 |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="jugantor2"/> This remark sparked controversy among Bangladeshis. Later, he apologized for his remark.<ref name="jugantor2">{{cite news |script-title=bn:'জাতীয় সংগীত' নিয়ে মন্তব্য করে নতুন বিতর্কে নোবেল |url=https://www.jugantor.com/entertainment/205785/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2 |work=Jugantor |date=1 August 2019 |language=bn |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref>

In October 2020, a scholar from a local madrasa in [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] sang an [[Islamic music|Islamic song]] in the melody of Amar Sonar Bangla, which faced criticism.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 October 2020|title=কুমিল্লার এক মাদ্রাসায় নিজস্ব 'জাতীয়' সংগীত!|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/others/648031/|website=[[Bangla Tribune]]}}</ref>

In September 2024, [[Abdullahil Amaan Azmi]], retired [[brigadier general]] of the [[Bangladesh Army]] and son of [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]] Ameer [[Ghulam Azam]], who held a press conference after his release from the [[Aynaghar]], called for a replacement of Amar Sonar Bangla, claiming that the [[Government of India|Indian government]] had forced the Provisional Government of Bangladesh to adopt the song. He also argued that Amar Sonar Bangla contradicted with the characteristics of Bangladesh, as the song was composed in the context of the partition of Bengal to unite the two Bengals.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 September 2024 |script-title=bn:নতুন করে সংবিধান ও জাতীয় সংগীত রচনার দাবি আয়নাঘরফেরত আযমীর |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2024/09/03/1421631 |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=Kaler Kantho |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=bdnews24.com |language=bn |script-title=bn:জাতীয় সংগীত ও সংবিধান পরিবর্তন চান আমান আযমী |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/politics/4eddb5847810 |access-date=5 September 2024}}</ref> This remark sparked controversy on historical context and the significance of the anthem across the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/846530/%E0%A7%A9-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80 |script-title=bn:৩ লাখকে ৩০ লাখ বলে ঘোষণা করেছিলেন শেখ মুজিব: ব্রিগেডিয়ার আযমী |date=3 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/columns/ravi-shankar/2024/Sep/14/bangladeshs-war-on-bengali-identity-picks-up-pace |title=Bangladesh's war on Bengali identity picks up pace |work=New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Liberal Democratic Party (Bangladesh)|Liberal Democratic Party]] leader Col. (retd.) [[Oli Ahmed]] endorsed Azmi's remarks, citing three reasons–the song isn't about Bangladesh, the song wasn't written by a Bangladeshi citizen, and melody of the song was copied.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 September 2024|language=bn|title=জাতীয় সঙ্গীত নিয়ে বিতর্ক, নানা মত|url=https://www.amadershomoy.com/national/article/122150/|website=[[Amader Shomoy]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=11 September 2024|language=bn|title=জাতীয় সংগীত পরিবর্তনের পক্ষে অলি আহমদ|url=https://dainikazadi.net/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0/|website=[[Dainik Azadi]]}}</ref>

In October 2025, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) [[Assam]] unit criticized the [[Indian National Congress]] politician Bidhu Bhushan Das for singing Amar Sonar Bangla in a political conference in [[Karimganj District|Karimganj]], India. Although Das himself claimed that he had only sung the song as a [[Rabindra Sangeet]], the BJP slammed him for carrying a "vote-bank-agenda" by promoting "Greater Bangladesh".<ref>{{cite web |title=BJP vs Congress after Bangladesh anthem at Assam event sparks row {{!}} Who said what |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-vs-congress-after-bangladesh-anthem-at-assam-event-sparks-row-who-said-what-101761785819083.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=1 November 2025 |language=en-In |date=30 October 2025}}</ref> Even the [[Chief Minister of Assam]] [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] ordered action against Das.<ref>{{cite web |title=Congress member hums Tagore’s 'Amar Sonar Bangla' in meeting, Assam CM orders action |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/congress-member-hums-tagores-amar-sonar-bangla-in-meeting-assam-cm-orders-action-10334809/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=1 November 2025 |language=en-In |date=30 October 2025}}</ref> This resulted in protest in Bangladesh against [[anti-Bengali sentiment]] in India.<ref>https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2025-11-04/7J6wuGU6</ref>

===Alternative proposals===
====Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara====
[[Dwijendra Lal Roy]]'s patriotic song "[[Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara]]", which was also composed during First Partition of Bengal, was one of the two proposals for national anthem following the [[Independence of Bangladesh]], but eventually dropped in favour of Amar Sonar Bangla.<ref name="jugantor0" />

====Notuner Gaan====
[[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]'s song "[[Notuner Gaan]]" is the [[Marching song|national march]] of Bangladesh. In 1975, after the [[15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état|15 August coup]], then [[President of Bangladesh|President]] [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmed]] set up a committee for the replacement of the anthem. The song was one of two songs that were recommended by the committee.<ref name="jugantor1">{{cite news |url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/207858/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A7%A9-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2 |script-title=bn:যে ৩ সময়ে 'জাতীয় সংগীত' পরিবর্তনের উদ্যোগ নেয়া হয়েছিল |language=bn |date=7 August 2019 |access-date=29 July 2024 |work=[[Jugantor]] |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118113926/https://www.jugantor.com/national/207858/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A7%A9-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the process was halted after his removal.

====Panjeri====
[[Farrukh Ahmed]]'s "Panjeri" was the other song that was proposed for the national anthem under Mostaq Ahmed.<ref name="jugantor1" />

====Prothom Bangladesh====
In 1979, in a letter sent to the [[Cabinet Division]], then Prime Minister [[Shah Azizur Rahman]] argued that Amar Sonar Bangla was "contradictory to the national identity and the [[culture of Bangladesh]]is" as it was written by a person who had a non-Bangladeshi background, and proposed [[Shahnaz Rahmatullah]]'s patriotic song "[[Prothom Bangladesh]]" for the national anthem.<ref name="jugantor1"/> During the [[presidency of Ziaur Rahman]], the song was played after Amar Sonar Bangla on the [[Bangladesh Television|national television]] and the government programmes.<ref name="jugantor1"/> However, the initiative stopped after the [[Assassination of Ziaur Rahman|death of Rahman]] in 1981. Today, Prothom Bangladesh is the party anthem of the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP).<ref>{{cite web |title=Slogan |url=https://www.bnpbd.org/http://www.bnpbd.org/slogan |website=Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}</ref>

====Lyrical amendment====
In 2002, Jamaat-e-Islami Ameer and government minister [[Motiur Rahman Nizami]] proposed an amendment to the lyrics of Amar Sonar Bangla, citing Islamic values and spirit. However, the Cabinet Division did not accept the proposal.<ref name="jugantor1"/>

== Notable performances and covers ==
[[File:Amar Sonar Bangla.webm|thumb|A former world record of more than a hundred thousand people performing Bangladesh's national anthem.]]
The Ministry of Cultural Affairs planned to stage an event on Bangladesh's 44th [[Independence Day (Bangladesh)|independence day]] in a bid to have the world record for the most people singing a national anthem simultaneously. Consequently, on 2 March, the ministry launched a program titled ''Lakho Konthe Sonar Bangla'' ({{lit|Amar Sonar Bangla in [[lakh]] voices}}) whose main objective was to hold an event with the cooperation of the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] where approximately 300,000 people would sing the national anthem.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=206715:logo-of-lakho-konthe-sonar-bangla-unveiled&catid=182:city-life&Itemid=220 |title=Logo of 'Lakho Konthe Sonar Bangla' unveiled |agency=The Independent |access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> Several popular Bangladeshi musicians and cultural groups later joined the program.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2014-03-23&nid=87534 |title=Bangladesh prepares for another record |agency=New Age |access-date=3 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606224938/http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2014-03-23&nid=87534 |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref>

The record was broken at 11:20 on 26 March 2014 by 254,537 participants at Dhaka's National Parade Ground. The event was attended by the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]], [[Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad]], and all the members of the cabinet.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2014-03-26&nid=87943 |title=Bangladesh sets world record singing nat'l anthem |agency=New Age |access-date=3 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607002115/http://newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2014-03-26&nid=87943 |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> After receiving the required evidence, the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] approved the record on 9 April 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2014/apr/09/guinness-accepts-bangladesh-national-anthem-record |title=Guinness accepts national anthem record |agency=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> The record was broken by India on 21 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most people singing a national/regional anthem simultaneously |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-people-singing-a-nationalregional-anthem-simultaneously/ |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bangladesh}}
* [[Music of Bangladesh]]
* [[Music of Bengal]]
* "[[Jana Gana Mana]]", national anthem of India, also written by Rabindranath Tagore
* "[[Banglar Mati Banglar Jol]]", the state anthem of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], also written by Rabindranath Tagore
* "[[Sri Lanka Matha]]", national anthem of Sri Lanka, claimed to have been written by Rabindranath Tagore
* "[[Torana-i-Pakistan]]", anthem of [[East Pakistan]], written by [[Golam Mostofa (poet)|Golam Mostofa]]
* [[Bengali nationalism]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Wikisource-inline|My Golden Bengal}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{Symbols of Bangladesh}}
{{Rabindranath Tagore}}
{{National Anthems of Asia}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Bangladeshi songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi anthems]]
[[Category:Songs in Bengali]]
[[Category:Poems in Bengali]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Compositions in A-flat major]]
[[Category:Poems by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Rabindra Sangeet]]
[[Category:Bengali nationalism]]
[[Category:1905 songs]]

Border 2

2026-05-06T16:54:10Z

JewelWoodcock19: Made New Article

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Anurag Singh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Border 2
| image = Border 2 Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = The theatrical release poster for the film Border 2. The top half features four protagonists in profile and three-quarter views, appearing battle-worn with visible facial injuries. From right to left, the lineup includes Sunny Deol in an army uniform, Varun Dhawan in an army uniform, Diljit Dosanjh in an air force uniform, and Ahan Shetty in a navy uniform. The background depicts fighter jets and missiles streaking across a smoky sky, with a frigate positioned at sea. In the bottom right, an inset image shows Sunny Deol in army fatigues leading a charge of soldiers, framed by the folds of the Indian tricolour flag.
| director = [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]]
| writer = 
| screenplay = {{ubl|[[Sumit Arora]]|Anurag Singh}}
| story = Nidhi Dutta
| based_on =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bhushan Kumar]]
* [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]
* [[J. P. Dutta]]
* Nidhi Dutta
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sunny Deol]]
* [[Varun Dhawan]]
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
* [[Ahan Shetty]]
* [[Mona Singh]]
* [[Sonam Bajwa]]
* Medha Rana
* [[Anya Singh]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Anshul Chobey
| editing = Manish More
| music = {{ubl|'''Score''':|John Stewart Eduri|'''Songs''':|[[Anu Malik]]|[[Mithoon]]|[[Sachet–Parampara]]|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]|Gurmoh}}
| studio = {{ubl|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]|J. P. Films}}
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|01|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 201 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-clears-border-2-no-dialogue-action-cuts-warship-name-changed-kavach-flag-visuals-removed-war-plane-scenes/|title=EXCLUSIVE: CBFC clears Border 2 with NO dialogue or action cuts; warship name changed to Kavach; flag visuals removed in war plane scenes|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=21 January 2026 |access-date=21 January 2026}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|275 crore}}<ref>{{cite news |title=
Border 2 Day 1 Estimate: Sunny Deol and Varun Dhawan film takes a solid start at the box office with approx. Rs 33 crores |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/border-2-day-1-estimate-sunny-deol-and-varun-dhawan-film-takes-a-solid-start-at-the-box-office-with-approx-rs-33-crores/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=23 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|464.5 crore}}<ref name="bo">{{Cite web |date=24 January 2026 |title=Border 2 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/border-2/box-office/ |access-date=16 February 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>
}}

'''''Border 2''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[war film]] co-written and directed by [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]]. A sequel to [[J. P. Dutta]]'s 1997 film ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'', it was produced by [[Bhushan Kumar]], [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]], J. P. Dutta, and Nidhi Dutta under the banners of [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] and J. P. Films.

Set in [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]], the film features the operations of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. The film stars [[Sunny Deol]] in the leading role, alongside an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]], and [[Ahan Shetty]].<ref name="SDU">{{cite news |title=Border 2 buzz rises as Col. Bharwan praises Sunny Deol: "Only he can carry that uniform" |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bollywood/border-2-buzz-rises-as-col-bharwan-praises-sunny-deol-only-he-can-carry-that-uniform-article-13715658.html |work=[[Network18 Group|Moneycontrol]] |date=8 December 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208093427/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bollywood/border-2-buzz-rises-as-col-bharwan-praises-sunny-deol-only-he-can-carry-that-uniform-article-13715658.html |archive-date=8 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="Fees">{{Cite news |date=13 December 2025 |title=Border 2 Star Cast Fees: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan Earned THIS Much; Check|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/border-2-cast-salaries-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-fees-revealed-oqp73nr|access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref> The film also features [[Mona Singh]], [[Sonam Bajwa]], Medha Rana and [[Anya Singh]] in pivotal roles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=16 December 2025 |title=Sunny Deol to Varun Dhawan meet the star cast of border 2|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/sunny-deol-to-varun-dhawan-meet-the-star-cast-of-border-2-and-their-roles-2mokzfy?photo=1 |access-date=17 December 2025|work=[[Asianet News]]|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title=Sunny Deol announces 'Border 2', back as 'fauji' after 29 years. Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sunny-deol-announces-border-2-watch-video-2552577-2024-06-13 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunny Deol To Reprise 'Fauji' Role In Border 2 After 27 Years |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sunny-deol-announces-border-2-5879635 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title=Border 2 announcement video: Sunny Deol fulfils his promise after 27 years. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/border-2-announcement-video-sunny-deol-fulfils-his-promise-after-27-years-watch-9389435/ |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2024 |title=Sunny Deol announces Border 2 as the cult classic turns 27 years old: deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-deol-announces-border-2-as-the-cult-classic-turns-27-years-old-deets-inside/articleshow/110957090.cms |access-date=13 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The project was officially announced on June 13, 2024, on the 27th anniversary of the first film. Filming took place in early 2025 across [[military]] locations including [[Jhansi Cantonment]], [[Babina, Uttar Pradesh|Babina Cantonment]], the [[National Defence Academy]] (NDA) in [[Khadakwasla]], and undisclosed [[Air base|air]] and [[Naval base|naval]] bases. The INS Vikrant was used in filming.<ref name="FS">{{cite news|title=Border 2 Filming Locations Across India: Jhansi, NDA Pune, Dehradun, Halduwala, Rishikesh, Almora, Amritsar, Rajasthan, And Jammu And Kashmir|work=[[Times Now]]|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/border-2-filming-locations-across-india-jhansi-nda-pune-dehradun-halduwala-rishikesh-almora-amritsar-rajasthan-and-jammu-and-kashmir-article-153387817|access-date=2026-01-03}}</ref>

''Border 2'' was theatrically released on 23 January 2026, coinciding with the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] weekend. It received positive reviews from critics. Commercially, it has earned {{INRConvert|464.5|c}} to rank the [[List of Indian films of 2026#Box office collection|second highest-grossing Indian film of 2026]] as well as the [[List of Hindi films of 2026#Box office collection|second highest-grossing Hindi film of 2026]].

==Plot==
{{Expand section|date=April 2026}}
During the [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]], an [[Indian Army]] battalion, led by [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Fateh Singh Kaler, is deployed in the western front. Reports of an enemy attack reach the battalion, and the enemy's troops launch an assault with [[artillery]], [[tank]]s, and [[air strike]]s. The army, the [[Indian Air Force]], and the [[Indian Navy]] work together to defeat the enemy.

== Cast ==
{{castlist|
* [[Sunny Deol]] as [[Indian Army ranks and insignia#Commissioned Officers|Lt Col]] Fateh Singh Kaler — [[Indian Army]] officer from [[Sikh Regiment|6 Sikh]] (loosely based on [[Brigadier (India)|Brig.]] [[Hardev Singh Kler]], {{Post-nominals|commas=on|country=IND|MVC|AVSM}})<ref name="SDU"/><ref name=Fees/><ref name=Kaler>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2026|title=Border 2 Cast: Real-Life Inspirations Behind The Film's Characters|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/bollywood/border-2-cast-real-life-inspirations-behind-the-films-characters-ws-l-9849042.html|access-date=22 January 2026 |work=[[News18 India|News18]]}}</ref>
* [[Varun Dhawan]] as [[Indian Army ranks and insignia#Commissioned Officers|Major]] [[Hoshiar Singh Dahiya]], {{Post-nominals|country=IND|PVC}} — Indian Army officer from [[The Grenadiers|3 Grenadiers]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2025 |title=Varun Dhawan gears up to portray war hero Major Hoshiar Singh Dahiya in 'Border 2' – reports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-gears-up-to-portray-war-hero-major-hoshiar-singh-dahiya-in-border-2-reports/articleshow/121075075.cms |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=Fees/>
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]] as [[Indian_Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia#Commissioned_Officers|Fg Offr]] [[Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon]], {{resize|85%|PVC}} — [[Indian Air Force]] officer from [[No. 18 Squadron IAF|No. 18 Squadron]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diljit in Amritsar for Border 2 shooting, plays role of Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/diljit-in-amritsar-for-border-2-shooting-plays-role-of-flying-officer-nirmal-jit-singh-sekhon/ |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Fees/>
* [[Ahan Shetty]] as [[Indian Navy ranks and insignia#Commissioned officers|Lt Cdr]] Mahendra Singh Rawat — [[Indian Navy]] officer from [[INS Khukri (F149)|14th Frigate Squadron]] (based on [[Mahendra Nath Mulla|Captain Mahendra Nath Mulla]], {{resize|85%|MVC}})<ref name=Fees/>
* [[Mona Singh]] as Simi Kaler — Fateh's wife
* [[Sonam Bajwa]] as Manjit Sekhon — Nirmal's wife<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2025 |title=Exclusive: Sonam Bajwa joins Sunny Deol, Rohit Chaudhary, Diljit Dosanjh and Ahan Shetty in Border 2 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-sonam-bajwa-joins-sunny-deol-Rohit-chaudhary-diljit-dosanjh-and-ahan-shetty-in-border-2-1391357 |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=PinkVilla |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Medha Rana as Dhanwanti Dahiya — Hoshiar's wife
* [[Anya Singh]] as Sudha Rawat — Mahendra’s wife
* Paramvir Cheema as [[Subedar|Sub.]] Nishan Singh — Indian Army [[Junior commissioned officer|JCO]] from 3 Grenadiers<ref name=Fees/>
* Anurag Arora as Sub. Ram Singh — Indian Army JCO from 6 Sikh
* Vansh Bhardwaj as Sub. Santram — Indian Army JCO from 3 Grenadiers
* [[Alihassan Turabi|Ali Hassan]] as [[Pakistan Army ranks and insignia#Commissioned officer ranks|Lt Col]] Zaheer Khan — CO of Pakistani army at the Battle of Manawar Tawi
* Vaquar Shaikh as Lt Col Khalid — CO of Pakistani army at the Battle of Basantar
* Behzaad Khan as [[Gilgit Scouts|Pakistani Scout]] Leader Subedar Ashfaque Ali
* Ali Mughal as Maj. Akram Khan — 2i/c of Pakistani army at the Battle of Basantar
* Ishika Gagneja as Sukhminder Kaur — Nirmal's sister
* Hardip Gill as [[Flight lieutenant|Flt Lt]] Tarlochan Singh Sekhon ({{small|ret'd}}) — Nirmal's father
* Neeta Mohindra as Harbans Kaur Sekhon — Nirmal's mother
* Guneet Sandhu as [[Indian Army ranks and insignia#Commissioned Officers|Captain]] Angad Singh Kaler — Fateh's son, Indian Army officer from [[Sikh Regiment|7 Sikh]]
* Karan Mann as [[Pakistan Army]] officer
* Madhur Arora as [[General (Pakistan)|Gen.]] [[Yahya Khan]]
* Tejashwar Singh as Fg Offr Baldhir Singh Ghumman — Nirmal's wingman
* Sanjiv Chopra as [[Brigadier (India)|Brig.]] Gurbachan Singh Cheema — Fateh's [[Commanding officer|CO]]
* Ujjwal Gaurahha as Pashtun Rouhani — Pakistan Army soldier
* Pranav Vashisht as [[Indian Army ranks and insignia#Former ranks|2nd Lt]] Ajit Singh — Fateh's 2i/c
* Angad Singh as Sampooran Singh — JCO in 6 Sikh
* Azad Chauhan as Balam Singh — JCO in 3 Grenadiers
* Bhushan Vikas as Beniram Rao — JCO in 3 Grenadiers
* Kartik Phogat as Ashfaq Ali — Pakistan Army soldier
* Saad Baba as Lt Col [[Ved Prakash Airy]]
* Imran Farooq as Rasheed Gul
* Harwinder Aujla as Gurjeet Singh — Fateh's 3rd in command
* Pali Sandhu as Jagat Singh — JCO in 6 Sikh
* Bashir Lone as Basheer Sheikh — War refugee from Chak Peeran village
* Ajay Sharma as Sajjad Rashid
* Aadarsh Barik as Saurav Nathuram Pingle
* Sandeep Sharma as Hoshiar's father-in-law
* Ashwani Oberoi as Hoshiar's uncle
* Amit Bhardwaj as Rajnish Singh
* Sushil Singh as Ustaad Mangal Singh
* Atharva Bangale as [[Air traffic controller|ATC]] Officer
* Sabyasachi Misra as [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] [[Commander|CO]]
* Jasmine Khuranna as Sushma
* Harman Singh Lakhia as Cousin Billo
* Abhinav Ranga as Sagar Ranga — Rawat's junior officer
* Asif Rehman as Rawat's [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
* Atul Singh as Ramesh Vijayan
* Variksh Mehta as Ajay Sinha
* Shahid Latif as [[Pakistan Navy ranks and insignia|Cdr]] [[Ahmad Tasnim]] — CO of [[Pakistan Navy]] submarine [[PNS Hangor (S131)|PNS Hangor]]
* Gaurav Puri as Sailor Rifat Jawed on PNS Hangor
* [[Vimarsh Roshan]] as Viper Pilot V. Mangate
* Ujjwal Gaurahha as Shamsheer
* Umar Sharif as Pashtun — Nirmal's opponent in the dogfight
* Heeral Bhojwani as Ameeta Rawat, Rawat's daughter
* [[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Raza]] as Rawat's father
* [[Namrata Joshi]] as Rawat's mother
* Ajay Mehra as [[Air marshal (Pakistan)|Air Marshal]] [[Zafar Chaudhry|Zafar Ahmad Chaudhry]]
* Karan Chibber as [[Vice admiral (Pakistan)|Vice Admiral]] [[Muzaffar Hassan]]
* Soumyarka Gupta as [[General (Pakistan)|General]] [[Abdul Hamid Khan (general)|Abdul Hameed Khan]]
* Hari Om Kalra as [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lt. Gen.]] Sher Khan
* Umedh Singh as Randhir Singh — [[Army Postal Service (India)|Army Postman]]
* [[Karan Jotwani]] as Venkatesh
* [[Suniel Shetty]] ({{small|cameo}}) as [[Border Security Force#Officers|AC]] Bhairon Singh Rathore, {{Post-nominals|country=IND|SM}} — [[Border Security Force|BSF]] officer attached to the [[Punjab Regiment (India)#Units|Unit]] that fought the [[Battle of Longewala]]<ref name=cameo >{{Cite news |date=23 December 2025 |title=Akshaye Khanna, Suniel Shetty to make cameos in Border 2? Here's what we know!|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshaye-khanna-suniel-shetty-make-cameos-border-2-heres-know/ |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
* [[Akshaye Khanna]] ({{small|cameo}}) as 2nd Lt Dharamvir Bhakhri — [[Second-in-command|2i/c]] in the Unit that fought the Battle of Longewala<ref name=cameo />
* [[Puneet Issar]] ({{small|cameo}}) as Sub. Ratan Singh, {{Post-nominals|country=IND|VrC}} — [[Platoon#India|Platoon leader]] in Alpha Company<ref name=cameo />
* [[Sudesh Berry]] ({{small|cameo}}) as [[Indian Army ranks and insignia#Junior commissioned officer and non-commissioned ranks|Nb. Sub.]] Mathura Das, {{resize|85%|SM}} — [[Section (military unit)|Section leader]] in the Unit that fought the Battle of Longewala<ref name=cameo />
}}

== Production==
===Development===
''Border 2'' was officially announced by [[J. P. Dutta]], [[Bhushan Kumar]] and [[Sunny Deol]] on 13 June 2024 on the 27th anniversary of the [[Border (1997 film)|original film]]. Deol was retained from the original cast, although the makers did not reveal the other cast members.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunny Deol officially announces Border 2, will return as fauji after 27 years.|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-officially-announces-border-2-will-return-as-fauji-after-27-years-watch-101718256995777.html|work=HindustanTimes.com|date=13 June 2024|access-date=13 June 2024}}</ref>

===Casting===
{{Multiple image
|perrow = 4
|direction = horizontal
|align = right
|total_width = 500
|image1 = Sunny Paaji 2024.jpg
|image2 = Varun Dhawan at Mehboob Studios in 2025 (cropped).jpg
|image3 = Diljit Dosanjh.jpg
|image4 = Ahan-Shetty snapped-promoting-Tadap-at-the-GM-Modular-store-3 (cropped).jpg
|image5 = Mona Singh at the premiere of The Archies (cropped).jpg
|image6 = Sonam Bajwa.png
|image7 = Medha Rana at T-Series office 2026 (cropped).jpg
|image8 = Anya Singh launch I Am India song (03) (cropped).jpg
|footer = (L-R) Top row: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Diljit Dosanjh and Ahan Shetty; Bottom row: Mona Singh, Sonam Bajwa, Medha Rana and Anya Singh
}}
[[Sunny Deol]] was offered the lead role following the success of [[Gadar 2|''Gadar 2'']] (2023). While [[J. P. Dutta]] proposed the sequel to Deol back in 2015, the project was put on hold due to several of Deol’s films underperforming at the box-office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Deol reveals why Border 2 was shelved in 2015|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sunny-deol-says-border-2-was-shelved-in-2015-because-of-this-reason-2429002-2023-08-31|work=IndiaToday.com|date=2023-08-31|access-date=2025-08-12}}</ref> Deol was also cautious about the sequel, wanting to ensure the story provided a natural evolution for the beloved original characters. He felt the script needed to justify a comeback to avoid disappointing fans who expect the same level of impact seen in ''Gadar 2''. Following the success of his recent films, Deol agreed to star in the project.<ref name=Fees/> He plays the role of [[Indian Army]] officer [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Fateh Singh Kaler (loosely based on [[Hardev Singh Kler|Brigadier Hardev Singh Kler]]).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Kaler>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2026|title=Border 2 Cast: Real-Life Inspirations Behind The Film's Characters|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/bollywood/border-2-cast-real-life-inspirations-behind-the-films-characters-ws-l-9849042.html|access-date=22 January 2026 |work=[[News18 India|News18]]}}</ref>

[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] was rumoured to have been offered the role of [[Hoshiar Singh Dahiya|Major Hoshiar Singh Dahiya]]. However, media reports indicated he was no longer part of the cast. There was no official confirmation as to whether he opted out or was dropped by the producers, leaving his exit a subject of speculation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayushmann Khurrana out of Border 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ayushmann-khurrana-opts-out-of-sunny-deol-starrer-border-2-as-he-felt-unsure-of-his-positioning-report/articleshow/112336462.cms#|work=Indiatoday.com|access-date=2025-08-12}}</ref> [[Varun Dhawan]] was then cast to play the role. The makers announced his casting alongside Deol, Diljit Dosanjh, and Ahan Shetty.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunny Deol starts the 3rd schedule of Border 2 at NDA; Diljit Dosanjh and Ahan Shetty join the war drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-deol-starts-the-3rd-schedule-of-border-2-at-nda-diljit-dosanjh-and-ahan-shetty-join-the-war-drama-directed-by-anurag-singh/articleshow/121903848.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, his role was cemented in the public eye as behind-the-scenes footage from the shoot emerged.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch: Ahan Shetty joins cast of Border 2 with Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan and Diljit Dosanjh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/watch-ahan-shetty-joins-cast-of-border-2-with-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-2610489-2024-10-03 |work=India Today |access-date=2024-10-05}}</ref> [[Diljit Dosanjh]] was signed to play the role of the [[Indian Air Force]] officer, [[Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon|Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Diljit Dosanjh, Ahan Shetty start shooting Border 2 with Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/diljit-dosanjh-ahan-shetty-start-shooting-border-2-with-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-2741891-2025-06-17 |work=India Today |access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> However, rumors surfaced that he had opted out of the film due to external project controversies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diljit Dosanjh dropped from Border 2 amid casting row?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/diljit-dosanjh-dropped-from-border-2-amid-row-over-casting-pakistani-actor-hania-amir-in-sardaar-ji-3-sources-2747180-2025-06-27|work=India Today |access-date=2025-06-28}}</ref> Despite the ambiguity that surrounded his status, it was later confirmed Dosanjh was firmly back on board and was set to star as one of the film's lead characters. [[Ahan Shetty]] joined the cast as a new recruit, a move that was officially announced by lead actor Deol.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch: Ahan Shetty joins cast of Border 2 with Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan and Diljit Dosanjh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/watch-ahan-shetty-joins-cast-of-border-2-with-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-2610489-2024-10-03 |work=India Today |access-date=2024-10-05}}</ref> Ahan played the role of the [[Indian Navy]] officer, [[Lieutenant Commander]] Mahendra Singh Rawat (character based on [[Mahendra Nath Mulla|Captain Mahendra Nath Mulla]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=After Varun Dhawan and Diljit Dosanjh, Sunny Deol welcomes Ahan Shetty onboard Border 2 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/border-2-after-varun-dhawan-and-diljit-dosanjh-sunny-deol-welcomes-ahan-shetty-onboard-6707351 |work=NDTV |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>

[[Mona Singh]] was cast opposite Deol. She portrays the wife of Fateh Singh Kaler.<ref>{{cite web |title=Border 2: Cast additions revealed as shooting progresses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/border-2-diljit-dosanjhs-fierce-first-look-unveiled-netizens-call-air-force-avatar-a-sardar/articleshow/125687907.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref> [[Sonam Bajwa]] was cast opposite Dosanjh. She portrays Manjit Kaur Sekhon, the wife of Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sonam Bajwa reveals 'Border' is one of her favourite films: 'Holds so many childhood memories'|url=https://ianslive.in/sonam-bajwa-reveals-border-is-one-of-her-favourite-films-holds-so-many-childhood-memories--20251223104559|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|access-date=2025-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Border 2' cast fees revealed: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Diljit Dosanjh, or Ahan Shetty - know who took home the highest amount among these actors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/border-2-cast-fees-revealed-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-or-ahan-shetty-know-who-took-home-the-highest-amount-among-these-actors/articleshow/126065116.cms |website=The Times of India |date=19 December 2025}}</ref> Several media outlets reported actress [[Rashmika Mandanna]] was offered one of the other two female lead roles for a rumored ₹2–3 crore fee, although the casting was not confirmed.<ref name="Fees" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Border 2 Full Cast Fee, Release Date: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Diljit Dosanjh To Rashmika Mandanna's Whopping Salaries In Crores|url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/entertainment/border-2-full-cast-fee-release-date-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-to-rashmika-mandannas-whopping-salaries-in-crores-report-2994869|website=zeenews.india.com|date=2025|access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref> Medha Rana was cast opposite Dhawan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Border 2: Diljit Dosanjh debuts first look as fighter pilot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/border-2-diljit-dosanjh-debuts-first-look-as-fighter-pilot-in-sunny-deol-and-varun-dhawan-starrer/articleshow/125686515.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref> She portrays Dhano Devi, the wife of Hoshiar Singh Dahiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Border 2: Diljit Dosanjh's fierce first look unveiled; more cast members join |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/border-2-diljit-dosanjhs-fierce-first-look-unveiled-netizens-call-air-force-avatar-a-sardar/articleshow/125687907.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref> [[Anya Singh]] was cast opposite Ahan, portraying the role of Sudha, the wife of Mahendra Singh Rawat.<ref name=":0" />

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in early 2025. To portray military environments, the crew filmed at several Indian defense installations as well as on constructed sets. During the first phase in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] in January 2025, the production kicked off in [[Jhansi#Jhansi Cantonment|Jhansi Cantonment]] in UP and its adjoining bordering areas in MP, before proceeding to [[Babina, Uttar Pradesh|Babina Cantonment]] in UP. During this period, Sunny Deol and Varun Dhawan filmed pivotal sequences within these cantonment areas to establish a realistic setting for the film.<ref name=FS>{{cite news|title=Border 2 Filming Locations Across India: Jhansi, NDA Pune, Dehradun, Halduwala, Rishikesh, Almora, Amritsar, Rajasthan, And Jammu And Kashmir|work=[[Times Now]]|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/border-2-filming-locations-across-india-jhansi-nda-pune-dehradun-halduwala-rishikesh-almora-amritsar-rajasthan-and-jammu-and-kashmir-article-153387817|access-date=2026-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Varun Dhawan starts filming for Border 2 in Madhya Pradesh |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-starts-filming-for-border-2-in-madhya-pradesh/articleshow/117288161.cms}}</ref> In the second phase, which took place in [[Maharashtra]] from early to June 2025, a major portion of the film was filmed at the [[National Defence Academy]] (NDA) in [[Khadakwasla]] near [[Pune]]. This filming schedule focused on the protagonists' introductory sequences and training. Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, [[Diljit Dosanjh]], and [[Ahan Shetty]] filmed scenes involving staged military drills, which included [[National_Cadet_Corps_(India)|NCC]] cadets as background extras.<ref>{{cite news |title=Border 2 shooting at NDA: Sunny Deol, Diljit Dosanjh, Varun Dhawan spotted in Pune |work=The Indian Express |date=2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/border-2-shooting-at-nda-video-shows-sunny-deol-diljit-dosanjh-and-other-stars-in-pune-10073407/}}</ref>

As production entered its third phase in [[Uttarakhand]] during mid - 2025, the focus shifted to the rugged terrain of Uttarakhand, which served as the primary backdrop for the film's combat sequences. Sunny Deol participated in this leg of the shoot, which combined constructed sets with natural landscapes to depict [[land warfare|land]] and [[mountain warfare|mountain]] warfare. In Halduwala, a village in [[Dehradun]] [[Dehradun district|district]], the production team built sets to replicate Kashmiri villages for the film's battle scenes. Additional filming occurred at Kimadi village and Santala Devi Temple. The production then expanded into [[Almora]] [[Almora district|district]], where scenes were filmed at historic sites including [[Jageshwar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Deol shoots for Border 2 in Uttarakhand |work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sunny-deol-shoots-for-border-2-in-uttarakhand-meets-uttarakhand-film-development-council-ceo-banshidhar-tiwari/articleshow/121289278.cms}}</ref> The fourth phase took place in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] from mid – late 2025, where filming was done in the state, primarily in [[Amritsar]] [[Amritsar district|district]]. Scenes were shot in local villages and on sets built to resemble [[military camp]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Varun Dhawan wraps Amritsar shoot of Border 2 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-wraps-amritsar-shoot-of-border-2-visits-golden-temple-shares-village-moments-and-diljit-bond/articleshow/123140912.cms}}</ref> After individual character arcs were completed by mid-2025, a final production phase occurred in December 2025. This period focused on the film's climax, which featured several large-scale action sequences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Border 2 climax gets bigger with December shoot planned |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/border-2-climax-gets-bigger-sunny-deol-returns-to-battlefield-december-shoot-planned-for-high-octane-finale-reports/articleshow/125199232.cms}}</ref> Additional filming was done in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Military base|Military Bases]], following the initial schedule. In [[Srinagar]], scenes were filmed at the [[Khanqah-e-Moula]] shrine. The Rajasthan portion of the shoot utilized [[Thar desert|desert]] terrain for [[desert warfare]] conditions. Production also took place at undisclosed [[Air base|air]] and [[Naval base|naval]] bases for the sequences involving those military branches.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sunny Deol's 'Border 2' to go on floors in November in Jammu and Kashmir|work=[[Mid-Day]]|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sunny-deol-diljit-dosanjh-varun-dhawan-border-2-november-jammu-and-kashmir-23402377|date=2024-09-30}}</ref><ref name="FS" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Border 2 (soundtrack)}}

The film's [[Film score|background score]] is composed by John Stewart Eduri. The songs are composed by [[Anu Malik]], [[Mithoon]], [[Sachet–Parampara]], [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] and Gurmoh, with lyrics written by [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Manoj Muntashir]], [[Kausar Munir]], [[Kumaar]] and [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]].

The songs' rollout began with the lead single, "Ghar Kab Aaoge", on 2 January 2026,<ref name=GKA>{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2026|title=Whistles, cheers and kids on tiptoes: Inside BSF Jawans' love for Sunny Deol at Border 2's Ghar Kab Aaoge song launch. Sunny Deol's emotional connection with BSF jawans took centre stage, blending nostalgia and pride.|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/whistles-cheers-and-kids-on-tiptoes-inside-bsf-jawans-love-for-sunny-deol-at-border-2s-ghar-kab-aaoge-song-launch-101767509777303.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> followed by "Ishq Da Chehra" on 9 January<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2026 |title=Border 2 song 'Ishq Da Chehra' out: Diljit Dosanjh and Sachet-Parampara's track offers an emotional glimpse into soldiers' lives|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/border-2-song-ishq-da-chehra-diljit-dosanjh-sachet-paramparas-track-offers-emotional-glimpse-soldiers-lives/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> and "Jaate Hue Lamhon" on 12 January.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 January 2026 |title=Border 2 unveils Jaate Hue Lamhon at special event with naval officers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/jaate-hue-lamhon-song-launch-border-2-patriotism-soldier-sacrifice-2850844-2026-01-12 |work=India Today}}</ref> The remaining tracks in the collection were released on 14 January 2026.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=14 January 2026|title=Border 2: Sunny Deol, team honour Indian Navy at Karwar Naval Base|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/border-2-sunny-deol-team-honour-indian-navy-at-karwar-naval-base-articleshow-co9w8kp|work=AsiaNetNews}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=15 January 2026|title=Border 2: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Ahan Shetty honour Indian forces at Karwar Naval Base, launches film's music with real heroes|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-border-2-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-ahan-shetty-honour-indian-forces-at-karwar-naval-base-launches-film-s-music-with-real-heroes-3197156|work=DNA India}}</ref>

The songs "Ghar Kab Aaoge", "Jaate Hue Lamhon", "Hindustan Meri Jaan", and "Mohabbat Ho Gayi Hai" are remixed versions of "[[Sandese Aate Hai]]", "To Chalun", "Hindustan Hindustan", and "Hamen Jab Se Mohabbat", respectively, from the [[Border (1997 film)|first film]].<ref name=GKA/><ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 December 2025 |title=Scoop: 'Sandese Aate Hain' gets retitled as 'Ghar Kab Aaoge' in Sunny Deol starrer Border 2 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-sandese-aate-hain-gets-retitled-ghar-kab-aaoge-sunny-deol-starrer-border-2/ |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2026 |title=Suniel Shetty to launch 'Jaate Hue Lamhon' from Border 2 at Mumbai's Navy Nagar|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/suniel-shetty-launch-jaate-hue-lamhon-border-2-mumbais-navy-nagar-report/ |access-date=12 January 2026 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Border 2'' was theatrically released on 23 January 2026, aligning with India's [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] weekend.<ref>{{cite web |title=Border 2 release date gets locked; Sunny Deol starrer to hit the theatres in January 2026 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/border-2-release-date-gets-locked-sunny-deol-starrer-hit-theatres-january-2026/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Deol's 'Border 2' release date out, film to hit the screens in 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sunny-deol-border-2-release-date-january-2026-2553201-2024-06-14 |work=India Today |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> The first poster and the release date were unveiled on the 79th [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence Day]], with the film's tagline "Hindustan ke liye ladenge... phir ek baar!" (We will fight for India… once again!) prominently featured to evoke patriotic sentiment.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 August 2025 |title='Border 2' first look reactions: Sunny Deol's soldier avatar sparks fan frenzy; netizens hail it as an all-time blockbuster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/border-2-first-look-reactions-sunny-deols-soldier-avatar-sparks-fan-frenzy-netizens-hail-it-as-an-all-time-blockbuster/articleshow/123318420.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>

The film was banned in various [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]] countries as it was perceived as having 'anti-Pakistan' content.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 January 2026 |title=After Dhurandhar, Sunny Deol's Border 2 Release Banned In Gulf Countries |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/after-dhurandhar-sunny-deols-border-2-release-banned-in-gulf-countries-10827329 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film's post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Netflix]] for a reported {{INR|225}} crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amena |first1=Rasti |title=Border 2 OTT release date: Netflix buys Sunny Deol's film for Rs... |url=https://www.siasat.com/border-2-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-sunny-deols-hit-3336827/ |access-date=10 March 2026 |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] |date=5 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> The film began streaming on the platform from 20 March 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Border 2 OTT release: When and where to watch Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Diljit Dosanjh's ₹400 crore hit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/border-2-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-400-crore-hit-ahan-shetty-101773900159372.html |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
''Border 2'' received positive reviews from critics and audiences alike, with many hailing it as a thunderous war epic that perfectly honours the legacy of the 1997 original. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|69||13|access-date={{RT data|access date}}|archive-url=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Border 2 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/border_2 |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] gave ''Border 2'' a highly positive review, awarding the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and labelling it "OUTSTANDING". Writing for his social media platform upon its release on January 23, 2026, Adarsh described the film as a "thunderous, emotionally charged war epic" that successfully honors the legacy of the 1997 original. He praised director Anurag Singh for balancing large-scale spectacle with deep sentiment. Adarsh lauded Sunny Deol as the "beating heart" of the film, noting his "commanding and righteous" presence.<ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh |first=Taran|authorlink=Taran Adarsh|url=https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/2014397165154840920|title=#OneWordReview... #Border2: OUTSTANDING|website=[[X (social network)|X]]|date=22 January 2026|access-date=23 January 2026}}{{rating|4.5|5}}</ref> [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film 4.5 stars out of 5, praising the writing, direction, emotional quotient, performances and action sequences, while feeling some visual effects could have been better and the length, a little shorter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/border-2/critic-review/border-2-movie-review/border-2-delivers-a-stirring-big-screen-war-spectacle/|title=Border 2 Movie Review: BORDER 2 delivers a stirring, bigscreen war spectacle|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=23 January 2026}}{{rating|4.5|5}}</ref> Simran Singh from [[Daily News and Analysis]] similarly gave it 4.5 stars out of 5 and described it as one of the best war films. She wrote "The makers of ''Border 2'' are in sync with the sentiments of the audience, and thus, they delivered one of the best war dramas of this decade. A film that will become a classic, and a textbook for future generations on how to up the ante and deliver the next-to-impossible task."<ref>{{cite web|first=Simran|last=Singh|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-border-2-movie-review-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-ahan-shetty-s-epic-exceeds-expectations-give-out-best-war-film-of-the-deacde-3197956|title=Border 2 Movie Review: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Diljit Dosanjh, Ahan Shetty's epic exceeds expectations, give out best war film of the decade|website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=23 January 2026}}{{rating|4.5|5}}</ref> [[CNN-News18|News18]] gave the film 4 out of 5 stars. Grace Cyril, writing for the news channel, praised the film's pacing, noting its refusal to "rush into war" allowed for significant character development. She highlighted the focus on the soldiers' domestic lives, training, and interpersonal bonds, arguing this emotional groundwork prevents the characters from appearing as "faceless soldiers" and heightens the narrative impact of the ensuing conflict.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/reviews/border-2-movie-review-sunny-deol-diljit-dosanjh-varun-dhawan-make-this-patriotic-ride-totally-worth-it-ws-kl-9851584.html|title=Border 2 Movie Review: Sunny Deol, Diljit Dosanjh, Varun Dhawan, Make This Patriotic Ride Totally Worth It|website=[[CNN-News18|News18]]|date=22 January 2026|access-date=23 January 2026}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of [[Filmfare]] rated it 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Ultimately, Border 2 works best as a tribute, not a reinvention. It honours real heroes, celebrates inter-service unity, delivers rousing action and solid performances, and provides audiences with the comforting familiarity of patriotic spectacle".<ref>{{cite web|first=Devesh|last=Sharma|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/border-2-review-patriotism-revisited-81130.html|title=Border 2 Review: Patriotism Revisited|website=Filmfare|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] of [[Rediff.com]] rated it 3.5/5 stars and observed "''Border 2'' stands out because it treats soldiers not as killing machines, but as human beings first."<ref>{{cite web|first=Deepa|last=Gahlot|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/border-2-review/20260123.htm|title=Border 2 Review: Overdramatic But Watchable|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> Rishabh Suri of [[Hindustan Times]] gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said "Overall, ''Border 2'' is not content with being just another sequel. It wants to make you sit up and salute. While its excesses are hard to ignore, so is its sincerity."<ref>{{cite web|first=Rishabh|last=Suri|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/border-2-review-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-s-gripping-war-drama-entertains-despite-its-length-101769161778028.html|title=Border 2 review: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Diljit Dosanjh's gripping war drama entertains, despite its length|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref>

Archika Khurana of [[The Times of India]] gave 3 stars out of 5 and said "''Border 2'' is a solid, emotionally resonant, and technically accomplished war film that honours its legacy without being shackled by it. It may not redefine the genre, but it confidently reinforces the enduring power of big-screen patriotic cinema. Watch it for Sunny Deol’s roaring presence, its rousing spirit, and the emotion it wears proudly on its sleeve."<ref>{{cite web|first=Archika|last=Khurana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/border-2/movie-review/127259423.cms|title=Border 2 Movie Review: Sunny Deol roars while Diljit Dosanjh shines in a war drama that doesn't redefine the genre|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of [[The Indian Express]] gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "''Border 2'' makes sure our intrepid soldiers let the enemy jawans off when the latter remind them of their humanity even if that humanity is reserved only for ‘our’ men, theirs are full of bombast and pettiness, and only capable of using words like ‘[[Halal|halaal]]’, and calling Indians ‘[[wikt:बुज़दिल|buzdil]]’.<ref>{{cite web|first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/border-2-movie-review-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-film-keeps-the-flag-flying-high-10490696/|title=Border 2 movie review: Sunny Deol-Varun Dhawan-Diljit Dosanjh film keeps the flag flying high|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] awarded 3 stars out of 5 and commented that "''Border 2'' has come at a time when Hindi movies embrace jingoism with all their might. Although clearly mindful of what might work and what might not in the current climate, the film walks a tightrope that is often in danger of flying off its tether. If it doesn't, it is solely because ''Border 2'' retains some remnants of the principles of yore".<ref>{{cite web|first=Saibal|last=Chatterjee|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/border-2-review-sunny-deols-war-film-lies-between-dhurandhar-and-ikkis-3-stars-10856783|title=Border 2 Review: Sunny Deol's War Film Lies Between Dhurandhar And Ikkis|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> Lachmi Deb Roy of [[Firstpost]] gave 2 stars out of 5 and said "''Border 2'' could have emphasised on the inner battles that each of the soldiers’ fight, but I guess it relies entirely on its previous glory. Out of due respect to each of the soldiers who fought for our country, I sat through the entire film."<ref>{{cite web|first=Lachmi Deb|last=Roy|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/border-2-movie-review-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-thats-it-13971714.html|title='Border 2' Movie Review: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Diljit Dosanjh & Ahaan Shetty's film thrives on pure nostalgia; that's it|website=Firstpost|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Border 2'' grossed {{INRConvert|406.79|c}} in India and {{INRConvert|57.71|c}} in other territories for a worldwide total of {{INRConvert|464.5|c}}.<ref name="bo"/>

==Sequel==
Following the film's commercial success, producer [[Bhushan Kumar]] announced that a sequel, ''Border 3'', will soon enter development. A joint production between [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] and J. P. Films, the film will be directed by [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |authorlink=Taran Adarsh |date=27 January 2026 |title=Bhushan Kumar - Nidhi Dutta join forces for 'Border 3' |url=https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/2016126613986091366 |access-date=27 January 2026 |website=[[X (social network)|X]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bhushan-kumar-confirms-border-3-t-series-continue-franchise-nidhi-duttas-jp-films/|title=Bhushan Kumar confirms Border 3: T-Series to continue franchise with JP Films|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=27 January 2026|access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref> and star [[Sunny Deol]] in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/border-3-update-bhushan-kumar-gives-update-on-sunny-deol-starrer-lar4d1r|title=Border 3 update: Bhushan Kumar gives update on Sunny Deol starrer|website=[[Asianet News]]|date=13 February 2026|access-date=13 February 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|30387012}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/border-2/ ''Border 2''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Anurag Singh (director)}}
{{T-Series (company)}}

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Benz (film)

2026-05-05T07:59:53Z

JewelWoodcock19: Made Some Info W/ Refs

{{Short description|Upcoming film directed by Bakkiyaraj Kannan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Benz film poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Bakkiyaraj Kannan]]
| screenplay = Bakkiyaraj Kannan
| story = [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Sudhan Sundaram
* Lokesh Kanagaraj
* Jagadish Palanisamy
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Raghava Lawrence]]
* [[Nivin Pauly]]
* [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]]
}}
| cinematography = Dinesh Purushothaman
| editing = [[Philomin Raj]]
| music = [[Sai Abhyankkar]]
| studio = {{ubl
|Passion Studios
|The Route
|[[G Squad]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Benz''''' is an upcoming Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Bakkiyaraj Kannan]], who co-wrote the film with [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]. Produced by Passion Studios, The Route and [[G Squad]], it is the fourth installment in the [[Lokesh Cinematic Universe]] (LCU) and the first one not directed by Lokesh. The film stars [[Raghava Lawrence]] in the titular role, alongside [[Nivin Pauly]] and [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]].

The film was officially announced in April 2024, and its inclusion in the LCU was announced that October. [[Principal photography]] began in May 2025. The music was composed by [[Sai Abhyankkar]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Dinesh Purushothaman and [[Philomin Raj]], respectively.

== Cast ==
* [[Raghava Lawrence]] as Benz
* [[Nivin Pauly]] as Walter
* [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]]

== Production ==
In September 2022, two months after the release of ''[[Gulu Gulu]]'', it was reported that director [[Rathna Kumar]] would collaborate with actor [[Raghava Lawrence]] for a potential project and [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]], whom Kumar had earlier worked with in [[Master (2021 film)|''Master'']] (2021) and [[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']] (2022), was reported to have written the script.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2022 |title=Rathna Kumar to direct Raghava Lawrence in his next; Lokesh Kanagaraj takes the responsibility |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rathna-kumar-to-direct-raghava-lawrence-in-his-next-lokesh-kanagaraj-takes-the-responsibility/articleshow/94241355.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929164025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rathna-kumar-to-direct-raghava-lawrence-in-his-next-lokesh-kanagaraj-takes-the-responsibility/articleshow/94241355.cms |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=30 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Following the release of ''[[Rudhran]]'' in early 2023, Lawrence confirmed that he would be appearing in a film to be directed by Kumar and produced and written by Lokesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2023 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj to produce Raghava Lawrence's next with Rathna Kumar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Apr/16/lokesh-kanagaraj-to-produce-raghava-lawrences-next-with-rathna-kumar-42389.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416110242/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Apr/16/lokesh-kanagaraj-to-produce-raghava-lawrences-next-with-rathna-kumar-42389.html |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

On 14 April 2024, coinciding with the occasion of [[Puthandu|Tamil New Year]], Lokesh officially announced his second production after [[Fight Club (2023 film)|''Fight Club'']] (2023) under his [[G Squad]] banner, which co-produced it with Sudhan Sundaram and Jagadish Palanisamy under Passion Studios and The Route banners respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=14 April 2024 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj's second production venture titled Benz, Raghava Lawrence to star as lead |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/lokesh-kanagarajs-second-production-venture-titled-benz-raghava-lawrence-to-star-as-lead/35c07af5897 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519134814/https://www.ottplay.com/news/lokesh-kanagarajs-second-production-venture-titled-benz-raghava-lawrence-to-star-as-lead/35c07af5897 |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2024 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj to produce Raghava Lawrence's next |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/14/lokesh-kanagaraj-to-produce-raghava-lawrences-next |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523000352/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/14/lokesh-kanagaraj-to-produce-raghava-lawrences-next |archive-date=23 May 2024 |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was titled ''Benz'' with Lawrence in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2024 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj Joins Forces With Raghava Lawrence For His Next Production Venture Benz. See POST |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/lokesh-kanagaraj-joins-forces-with-raghava-lawrence-for-his-next-production-venture-benz-see-post-article-109286077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417074748/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/lokesh-kanagaraj-joins-forces-with-raghava-lawrence-for-his-next-production-venture-benz-see-post-article-109286077 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2024 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj Announces His Next Production Venture, Benz, With Raghava Lawrence |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/lokesh-kanagaraj-announces-his-next-production-venture-benz-with-raghava-lawrence-8852041.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429195256/https://www.news18.com/movies/lokesh-kanagaraj-announces-his-next-production-venture-benz-with-raghava-lawrence-8852041.html |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> It was revealed to be co-written and directed by [[Bakkiyaraj Kannan]], and Lokesh was credited as the story writer,<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2024 |title='Remo' director Bakkiyaraj Kannan's next with Raghava Lawrence titled 'Benz' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/remo-director-bakkiyaraj-kannans-next-with-raghava-lawrence-titled-benz/articleshow/109283915.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425171102/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/remo-director-bakkiyaraj-kannans-next-with-raghava-lawrence-titled-benz/articleshow/109283915.cms |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=30 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=14 April 2024 |title='Benz': Lokesh Kanagaraj announces new film with Raghava Lawrence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/benz-lokesh-kanagaraj-announces-new-film-with-raghava-lawrence-direction-by-bakkiyaraj-kannan-2526987-2024-04-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414093205/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/benz-lokesh-kanagaraj-announces-new-film-with-raghava-lawrence-direction-by-bakkiyaraj-kannan-2526987-2024-04-14 |archive-date=14 April 2024 |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> though he also contributed to the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ck5txRLeglo |title=அடுத்த Superstar Vijay-யா.? - Raghava Lawrence Breaking Interview {{!}} Lokesh {{!}} LEO {{!}} Chandramukhi 2 |date=30 August 2023 |language=Ta |publisher=Rednool |trans-title=Is Vijay the next Superstar? |time=6:15 |access-date=28 May 2025 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/ck5txRLeglo |archive-date=21 November 2024 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Editor [[Philomin Raj]], cinematographer Goutham George, art director [[Jacki (art director)|Jacki]] and publicity designer Amudhan Priyan were revealed as part of the technical crew,<ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4YW3tn3H3xA |title=Benz — Announcement Promo {{!}} Raghava Lawrence {{!}} Lokesh Kanakaraj {{!}} Bakkiyaraj Kannan {{!}} Sai Abhyankkar |date=5 November 2024 |last=Think Music India |author-link=Think Music |access-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/4YW3tn3H3xA |archive-date=11 November 2024 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> although Dinesh Purushothaman later took over cinematography.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1983491311350211047 |user=thinkmusicindia |title=To the one who creates, commands and conquers every frame 💥 Team #Benz wishes @offl_Lawrence sir, A very Happy Birthday ♥️ |author=Think Music |author-link=Think Music |access-date=30 October 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/P3TUM |archive-date=30 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> In early August 2025, Lokesh revealed that though he wrote the story five years before, it could not materialise further. After casually mentioning the project to Sudhan and Jagadish, he was inspired to incorporate it into the [[Lokesh Cinematic Universe]] (LCU), give someone else directorial duties and finalised Bakkiyaraj, who he had known for directing ''[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]'' (2021). This is the first LCU film not directed by Lokesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2025 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj reveals Benz was written 5 years ago: 'If this film does well...' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/05/lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-benz-was-written-5-years-ago-if-this-film-does-well |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251127111352/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/05/lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-benz-was-written-5-years-ago-if-this-film-does-well |archive-date=27 November 2025 |access-date=6 August 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] began on 12 May 2025 in [[Chennai]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=12 May 2025 |title=Raghava Lawrence's Benz goes on floors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/12/raghava-lawrences-benz-goes-on-floors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260426074236/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/12/raghava-lawrences-benz-goes-on-floors |archive-date=26 April 2026 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Raghava Lawrence-Lokesh Kanagaraj's Benz officially launched |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/raghava-lawrence-lokesh-kanagarajs-benz-officially-launched-833387 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821094249/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/raghava-lawrence-lokesh-kanagarajs-benz-officially-launched-833387 |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]] was announced as the lead actress the next day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=LCU gets bigger: 'Benz' starts rolling with Raghava Lawrence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lcu-gets-bigger-benz-starts-rolling-with-raghava-lawrence/articleshow/121128609.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260501100547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lcu-gets-bigger-benz-starts-rolling-with-raghava-lawrence/articleshow/121128609.cms |archive-date=1 May 2026 |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> On 4 June, through a promo video, [[Nivin Pauly]] was announced to be part of the cast, appearing in dual roles with one of the roles named Walter, the main antagonist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=4 June 2025 |title=Nivin Pauly will face off against Raghava Lawrence in Benz |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/04/nivin-pauly-will-face-off-against-raghava-lawrence-in-benz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604141728/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/04/nivin-pauly-will-face-off-against-raghava-lawrence-in-benz |archive-date=4 June 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Nivin later revealed that he was initially offered a different role, but the makers later decided to cast him as the antagonist instead after discussions with Lokesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Divya |date=24 December 2025 |title=Benz: Nivin Pauly was not first offered the villain role? 'After discussing with Lokesh Kangaraj,...' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/benz-nivin-pauly-was-not-first-offered-the-villain-role-lokesh-kangaraj/8da97b8189107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114233131/https://www.ottplay.com/news/benz-nivin-pauly-was-not-first-offered-the-villain-role-lokesh-kangaraj/8da97b8189107 |archive-date=14 January 2026 |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2025 |title='Benz': Nivin Pauly calls the character Walter his most brutal role; Says ‘It’s a bloodbath’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/benz-nivin-pauly-calls-the-character-walter-his-most-brutal-role-says-its-a-bloodbath/articleshow/125900904.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260501100506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/benz-nivin-pauly-calls-the-character-walter-his-most-brutal-role-says-its-a-bloodbath/articleshow/125900904.cms |archive-date=1 May 2026 |access-date=14 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The first schedule was completed on 10 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=10 June 2025 |title=Raghava Lawrence's Benz completes first schedule filming |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/10/raghava-lawrences-benz-completes-first-schedule-filming |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250611030605/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/10/raghava-lawrences-benz-completes-first-schedule-filming |archive-date=11 June 2025 |access-date=10 June 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> By the middle of the following month, the second schedule had been completed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2025 |title=Raghava Lawrence, Nivin Pauly's Benz unit has completed two schedules, says Lokesh Kanakaraj |url=https://ianslive.in/raghava-lawrence-nivin-paulys-benz-unit-has-completed-two-schedules-says-lokesh-kanakaraj--20250717111422 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718161114/https://ianslive.in/raghava-lawrence-nivin-paulys-benz-unit-has-completed-two-schedules-says-lokesh-kanakaraj--20250717111422 |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS Live]] |language=en}}</ref> On 16 October, Nivin Pauly, through his social media handle announced that he had begun shooting for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2025 |title=Nivin Pauly begins shooting for Benz |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/16/nivin-pauly-begins-shooting-for-benz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119161946/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/16/nivin-pauly-begins-shooting-for-benz |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> On 26 October, Bakkiyaraj posted a photograph of Das & Co, a fictional factory that features in the LCU film ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023), leading to speculation about the connection between ''Leo'' and ''Benz''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |date=28 October 2025 |title=லியோ + பென்ஸ்... இதுதான் LCU கனெக்ட்டா? {{!}} Leo {{!}} Benz |trans-title=Leo + Benz... {{em|This}} is the LCU connect? |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/cinema/tamil-cinema-news/does-leo-and-benz-have-a-connect-in-lcu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118210355/https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/cinema/tamil-cinema-news/does-leo-and-benz-have-a-connect-in-lcu |archive-date=18 November 2025 |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] |language=ta}}</ref> On 22 November, Nivin announced that he had completed filming his portions in his first schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2025 |title=Nivin Pauly wraps initial schedule for Benz; shares photos from set |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/22/nivin-pauly-wraps-initial-schedule-for-benz-shares-photos-from-set |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205093805/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/22/nivin-pauly-wraps-initial-schedule-for-benz-shares-photos-from-set |archive-date=5 December 2025 |access-date=23 November 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In January 2026, he revealed that a 35-day schedule was still pending.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2026 |title=റോളക്സ് പോലെയൊരു വില്ലൻ ആണോ ബെൻസിലെ നിവിൻ? സിനിമയുടെ അപ്ഡേറ്റ് പങ്കുവെച്ച് നടൻ |trans-title=Is Nivin in ''Benz'' a villain like Rolex? Actor shares update on the film |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2026/01/22/lokesh-kanagaraj-scripted-benz-movie-update-shared-by-nivin-pauly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260224142639/https://www.reporterlive.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2026/01/22/lokesh-kanagaraj-scripted-benz-movie-update-shared-by-nivin-pauly |archive-date=24 February 2026 |access-date=24 February 2026 |website=[[Reporter TV|ReporterNews]] |language=ml}}</ref> A month later, Samyuktha said the film would feature cameos by multiple characters from previous LCU films, both in person and vocal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2026 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Samyuktha on LCU Film 'Benz': 'Will Feature Other Lokesh Kanagaraj Characters; Both Voice Cameos and In-Person' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/samyukta-menon-on-lcu-film-benz-will-feature-other-lokesh-kanagaraj-characters-both-voice-cameos-and-in-person |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227021933/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/samyukta-menon-on-lcu-film-benz-will-feature-other-lokesh-kanagaraj-characters-both-voice-cameos-and-in-person |archive-date=27 February 2026 |access-date=27 February 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music is composed by [[Sai Abhyankkar]], previously an independent musician. It was the first feature film he signed.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=3 November 2024 |title=Sai Abhyankkar to make his debut as a composer with Lokesh Kanagaraj's Benz |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/03/sai-abhyankkar-to-make-his-debut-as-a-composer-with-lokesh-kanagarajs-benz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017062042/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/03/sai-abhyankkar-to-make-his-debut-as-a-composer-with-lokesh-kanagarajs-benz |archive-date=17 October 2025 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Roopa |date=4 November 2024 |title=I'm happy to be the third music composer in LCU: Sai Abhyankkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/im-happy-to-be-the-third-music-composer-in-lcu-sai-abhyankkar/articleshow/114932012.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260408221805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/im-happy-to-be-the-third-music-composer-in-lcu-sai-abhyankkar/articleshow/114932012.cms |archive-date=8 April 2026 |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The audio rights were purchased by [[Think Music]] India.<ref name=":0" /> "Benz In The Universe Theme" was released on 5 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |title=Sai Abhyankars Benz In The Universe Theme for Raghava Lawrences Benz guarantees goosebumps. Listen now |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/benz-in-the-universe-theme-for-raghava-lawrences-benz-is-out-listen-on-gaana/151070788 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824021157/https://mirchi.in/stories/music/benz-in-the-universe-theme-for-raghava-lawrences-benz-is-out-listen-on-gaana/151070788 |archive-date=24 August 2025 |access-date=8 January 2025 |website=[[Radio Mirchi]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2024 |title=Benz In The Universe Theme (From "Benz") – Single |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/benz-in-the-universe-theme-from-benz-single/1778022444 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260505070509/https://music.apple.com/in/album/benz-in-the-universe-theme-from-benz-single/1778022444 |archive-date=5 May 2026 |access-date=8 January 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref> In March 2025, Abhyankar revealed that 7 or 8 songs were being planned for the film, with one already complete.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2025 |title=Sai Abhyankar shares exciting updates on his upcoming biggies 'Suriya 45' and 'Benz' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sai-abhyankar-shares-exciting-updates-on-his-upcoming-biggies-suriya-45-and-benz/articleshow/119076584.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260426074236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sai-abhyankar-shares-exciting-updates-on-his-upcoming-biggies-suriya-45-and-benz/articleshow/119076584.cms |archive-date=26 April 2026 |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
On 29 October 2024, coinciding with Lawrence's birthday, Lokesh released a glimpse-video confirming ''Benz'' as the latest addition to the LCU after [[Kaithi (2019 film)|''Kaithi'']] (2019), ''Vikram'' and ''Leo''. The video features Lokesh welcoming Lawrence to the LCU, followed by the actor shown as a chef holding a gun in one hand with blood stains all over his white dress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Vineeta |date=30 October 2024 |title=Actor Raghava Lawrence enters Lokesh Kanagaraj's cinematic universe with Benz |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/actor-raghava-lawrence-enters-lokesh-kanagaraj-cinematic-universe-as-dangerous-chef-with-benz-2625418-2024-10-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241107061132/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/actor-raghava-lawrence-enters-lokesh-kanagaraj-cinematic-universe-as-dangerous-chef-with-benz-2625418-2024-10-30 |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=30 October 2024 |title=Benz teaser unveiled: Raghava Lawrence joins Lokesh Kanagaraj's LCU |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/benz-teaser-unveiled-raghava-lawrence-joins-lokesh-kanagarajs-lcu/90d19a7440263 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241107061156/https://www.ottplay.com/news/benz-teaser-unveiled-raghava-lawrence-joins-lokesh-kanagarajs-lcu/90d19a7440263 |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Coinciding with Lawrence's birthday in October 2025, a poster with a new look of the actor was released.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=29 October 2025 |title=Raghava Lawrence's new look from Benz out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/29/raghava-lawrences-new-look-from-benz-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109072017/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/29/raghava-lawrences-new-look-from-benz-out |archive-date=9 November 2025 |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical digital streaming rights have been acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=29 October 2024 |title=Raghava Lawrence's Benz is officially a part of LCU |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/29/raghava-lawrences-benz-is-officially-a-part-of-lcu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241101175813/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/29/raghava-lawrences-benz-is-officially-a-part-of-lcu |archive-date=1 November 2024 |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{Lokesh Cinematic Universe}}


[[Category:Films directed by Bakkiyaraj Kannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sai Abhyankkar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]


[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Upcoming films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Tamil-language films]]

B L P College Masaurhi

2026-05-04T07:57:40Z

JewelWoodcock19: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Patliputra University#Affiliated colleges]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Rafi–Mecartin

2026-04-25T08:06:46Z

JewelWoodcock19: Created a info

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam film directors and writers}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rafi and Mecartin
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Screenwriter]]|[[Film Director]]|[[Actor]]}}
| years_active = 1992 {{endash}} present
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives = [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]] (brother of Rafi)
| parents =
| website =
| awards =
}}

'''Rafi''' and '''Mecartin''' are a [[screenwriter]] and [[film director|director]] duo best known for [[comedy film]]s in [[Malayalam cinema]]. Rafi's late younger brother [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]] was also a well-known film director. Rafi is also the nephew of director [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]] from the [[Siddique–Lal]] duo. He has scripted and directed successful films such as ''[[Puthukkottayile Puthumanavalan]]'' (1995), ''[[Superman (1997 film)|Superman]]'' (1997), ''[[Punjabi House]]'' (1998), ''[[Thenkasipattanam]]'' (2000), ''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]'' (2004), ''[[Pandippada]]'' (2005), and ''[[Hallo (film)|Hallo]]'' (2007). The duo has also written the scripts for ''[[Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava]]'' (1995), ''[[Aadyathe Kanmani]]'' (1995), ''[[Dilliwala Rajakumaran]]'' (1996), ''[[Kusruthi Kuruppu]]'' (1998), ''[[One Man Show (film)|One Man Show]]'' (2001), ''[[Thilakkam]]'' (2003), and ''[[Mayavi (2007 film)|Mayavi]]'' (2007) among others, for other directors.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121109045230/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/04/15/stories/2011041511110100.htm Hindu.com]</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Director ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Title !! Cast
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Puthukkottayile Puthumanavalan]]'' || [[Jayaram]], [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Annie (actress)|Annie]], [[Captain Raju]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
|-
| 1997 ||''[[Superman (1997 film)|Superman]]'' || [[Jayaram]], [[Shobhana]], [[Jagadish|Jagadheesh]]
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Punjabi House]]'' || [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]], [[Cochin Haneefa]], [[Harisree Asokan]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2000 || ''[[Sathyam Sivam Sundaram (2000 film)|Sathyam Sivam Sundaram]]'' || [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Aswathi Menon|Ashwathi Menon]], [[Balachandra Menon]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|-
| ''[[Thenkasipattanam]]'' || [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Samyuktha Varma]], [[Geetu Mohandas|Geethu Mohandas]], [[Kavya Madhavan]]
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Thenkasi Pattanam]]'' (Tamil) || [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Napolean (actor)|Napolean]], [[Samyuktha Varma]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Aswathi Menon|Ashwathi Menon]]
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]'' || [[Jayasurya]], [[Navya Nair]], [[Vineeth]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Salim Kumar]], [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Pandippada]]'' || [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Navya Nair]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Rajan P.Dev]], [[Harisree Ashokan]]
|-
| 2007 ||''[[Hallo (film)|Hallo]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Parvati Melton]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]],[[Madhu]], [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Love in Singapore (2009 film)|Love In Singapore]]'' || [[Mammootty]], [[Jayasurya]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Navaneet Kaur]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[China Town (2011 film)|China Town]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Jayaram]], [[Dileep]], [[Kavya Madhavan]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]],[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Ring Master]]''<big>⊥</big><ref>{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Vijay |title=It's a dog's life |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/its-a-dogs-life/article5896438.ece |publisher=thehindu.com |date=21 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rafi's Ring Master |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/97829.html |work=IndiaGlitz |date=21 Sep 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225123922/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/97829.html |archive-date=25 December 2013 }}</ref> || [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Keerthy Suresh]], [[Honey Rose]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]],[[Vijayaraghavan]],[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]],[[Guinness Pakru]],[[Aju Varghese]],[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Role Models (2017 film)|Role Models]]''<big>⊥</big> || [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Namitha Pramod]], [[Vinayakan]], [[Vinay Forrt]], [[Renji Panicker]]
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Voice Of Sathyanathan]]''<big>⊥</big> || [[Dileep]], [[Joju George]], [[Veena Nandakumar]],[[Jagapathi Babu]],[[Anupam Kher]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Johny Antony]]
|}
<big>⊥</big> Rafi alone

=== Screenwriter only ===
* ''[[Ellarum Chollanu]]'' (1992) (writer)
* Mr & Mrs (1992) (writer)
* ''[[Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava]]'' (1995) (writer)
* ''[[Aadyathe Kanmani]]'' (1995) (screenplay and dialogue)
* ''[[Dilliwala Rajakumaran]]'' (1996) (writer)
* ''[[The Car (1997 film)|The Car]]'' (1997) (story)
* ''[[Kusruthi Kuruppu]]'' (1998) (Story, Screenplay,Dialogues)
* ''[[One Man Show (film)|One Man Show]]'' (2001) (writer)
* ''[[Thilakkam]]'' (2003) (writer)
* ''[[Romeo (2007 film)|Romeo]]'' (2007) (Story, Screenplay,Dialogues)
* ''[[Mayavi (2007 film)|Mayavi]]'' (2007) (writer)
* ''[[Two Countries]]'' (2015) (Rafi alone)
* ''[[Children's Park (film)|Children's Park]]'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=2019-06-04 |title=Parenthood is central theme in Children's Park: Rafi-Shafi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/Jun/03/parenthood-is-central-theme-in-childrens-park-rafi-shafi-1985756.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Once Upon Time In Kochi (2024)
* Thaanara (2024)

<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-27 |title=Nadirshah set to direct the comedy thriller 'Once Upon a Time in Kochi' featuring Mubin Raffi's debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nadirshah-set-to-direct-the-comedy-thriller-once-upon-a-time-in-kochi-featuring-mubin-raffis-debut/articleshow/106323940.cms |access-date=2024-01-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==== Assistant director ====
* ''[[Godfather (1991 film)|Godfather]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Vietnam Colony]]'' (1993)
* ''Customs Diary'' (1993)

=== Acting credits of Rafi ===
* ''Puthukkottayile Puthumanavalan (1995)'' (guest appearance)
* ''[[Ring Master]]'' (2014) as Director Ravishankar
* ''[[Villali Veeran]]'' (2015) as Aiswarya's uncle
* ''[[Two Countries]]'' (2015) as Daniel
* ''[[Shajahanum Pareekuttiyum]]'' (2016) as Joseph
* ''[[Role Models (2017 film)|Role Models]]'' (2017) as Dr Krishnadev
* ''[[Sherlock Toms]]'' (2017) as Saghav Lazar
* ''[[Vikadakumaran]]''(2018) as [[Magistrate]] Solomon Mathew Puthanpallil
* ''Sakalakalasala'' (2018)
* ''[[Children's Park (film)|Children's Park]]'' (2019) as Adv. Thomas Augustine
* ''[[Ganagandharvan]]'' (2019) as Samson
* ''[[Shylock (2020 film)|Shylock]]'' (2020) as Director & Film Producer Chacko
* ''[[Naaradan]]'' (2022) as Pillachettan
* ''[[Thundu]]'' (2024) as [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Raghavan
* ''[[Adios Amigo (2024 film)|Adios Amigo]]'' (2024) as Paul Kurian
* ''[[Extra Decent]]'' (2024) as Dr Ajmal Khan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-08 |title=It's a wrap for Suraj Venjaramoodu's ED - Extra Decent |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/08/its-a-wrap-for-suraj-venjaramoodus-ed-extra-decent |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]]'' (2024) as Adv. Koshi<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-23 |title=Aashiq Abu's 'Rifle Club' to hit the theatres soon; BTs video from the wrap-up out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aashiq-abus-rifle-club-to-hit-the-theatres-soon-bts-video-from-the-wrap-up-out/articleshow/111937797.cms |access-date=2025-01-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* ''[[Odum Kuthira Chaadum Kuthira]]'' (2025) as Dr. Rafi Kuttikattil<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-10 |title='Odum Kuthira Chaadum Kuthira' trailer: Fahadh Faasil and Kalyani Priyadarshan chase a dreamy white horse; promises madcap romance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/odum-kuthira-chaadum-kuthira-trailer-fahadh-faasil-and-kalyani-priyadarshan-chase-a-dreamy-white-horse-promises-madcap-romance/articleshow/123214578.cms |access-date=2025-11-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Mecartin as an Actor ===

* ''[[Sathyam Sivam Sundaram (2000 film)|Sathyam Sivam Sundaram]]'' (2000)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1459905|name=Raffi}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1459445|name=Meccartin}}
{{Rafi Mecartin}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rafi-Mecartin}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian filmmaking duos]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriting duos]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kochi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Tarun Khiwal

2026-04-24T10:12:55Z

JewelWoodcock19: adding article

{{Short description|Indian photographer (born 1965)}}
{{Notability|Bio|date=June 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tarun Khiwal
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1965}}<ref name=mint10/>
| birth_place = [[Mathura]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = photographer
| years_active = 1990 – present
| known_for =
}}

'''Tarun Khiwal''' (born 1965) is an Indian [[fashion photographer|fashion]] and [[commercial photographer]]. An engineer by education, he left his first job in 1989, and apprenticed with photographers, Hardev Singh, [[Prabuddha Dasgupta]] and [[Atul Kasbekar]], before starting out on his own in 1995.

A photographer in the [[Fashion in India|fashion industry]], he was awarded the 2005 [[Hasselblad Masters Award]], given by the Hasselblad Foundation, he is the first and only Indian recipient so far of the award. His other awards include, "Fashion Photographer of the Year Award" at the Lycra MTV Style Award and Kingfisher Fashion Photographer of the Year.

==Early life and background==
Tarun Khiwal was born in [[Mathura]], Uttar Pradesh,<ref name=mint10/> and grew up in [[Lucknow]], where his father was an [[Indian Railways]] officer. He started taking photographs at age 15, after his father gave him a [[Pentax K1000]] camera.<ref>{{cite web| title = Interview : Life behind the lens| url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/08/10/stories/2006081001270400.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221806/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/08/10/stories/2006081001270400.htm| url-status = dead| archive-date = 4 October 2013|date=10 August 2006| work = [[The Hindu]]| access-date = 4 October 2013 }}</ref> Growing up, he wanted to become a painter, however neither it nor photography was considered financially viable career option by his father, thus ended up studying mechanical engineering at the Institute of Tool Room Training, [[Lucknow]], where he studied for the next four years.<ref name=mint10>{{cite web| title = Right focus made it click |publisher=[[Livemint]]|author=Akshai Jain| url = http://www.livemint.com/Politics/uIOy7ANrmhyhRxsphPNIxJ/Right-focus-made-it-click--Tarun-Khiwal.html|date= 31 January 2010| access-date = 4 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=tele04/>

==Career==
After completing his education, Tarun started his career in early 1989, designing [[press tool|press]] and [[die casting]] tools at West India Power Equipments Pvt. Ltd in [[Jagdishpur (Industrial Area)|Jagdishpur]], an industrial town near Lucknow. However, finding him unable to apply himself well at work, even eight months after joining, the technical director of the company, gave him the book,''[[The Magic of Thinking Big]]'' to read. The book impacted him deeply. A few days later, he returned the book and also left the job.<ref name=mint10/><ref name=tele04/>

Thus, he shifted base to Delhi in November 1989. A few months later, he gained apprenticeship with renowned architectural and interior photographer, Hardev Singh.<ref name=mint10/><ref>{{cite web| title = Camera days are numbered: Hardev Singh|publisher=Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Camera-days-are-numbered-Hardev-Singh/Article1-445027.aspx| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131010133305/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Camera-days-are-numbered-Hardev-Singh/Article1-445027.aspx| url-status = dead| archive-date = 10 October 2013|date=19 August 2009| access-date = 4 October 2013}}</ref> This was followed by apprenticeships with fashion photographers, [[Atul Kasbekar]] and [[Prabuddha Dasgupta]].<ref name=mint10/><ref>{{cite web| title = Shooting star|publisher=Economic Times| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-11-26/news/27457773_1_kingfisher-calendar-calendar-girls-apprentice| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220913/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-11-26/news/27457773_1_kingfisher-calendar-calendar-girls-apprentice| url-status = dead| archive-date = 4 October 2013|date=26 November 2006|access-date = 4 October 2013}}</ref> With the latter, he apprenticed for two years, this left a deep impact of photography, as he later recounted in an interview, " (with Dasgupta) I discarded all the notions I had about photography."<ref>{{cite web| title = Memories of a master| publisher = Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Memories-of-a-master/Article1-1125196.aspx| date = 21 September 2013| access-date = 4 October 2013| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130930061621/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Memories-of-a-master/Article1-1125196.aspx| archive-date = 30 September 2013| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=mint12>{{cite news |title=Tribute: The silent frame |url=http://www.livemint.com/2012/08/16212139/The-silent-frame.html |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=20 August 2012|access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> In 1995, he started to work independently, initially with magazines like ''Society'' and ''First City''. This gradually led to his entry to the fashion industry, over the next few years.<ref name=mint10/>

Recognition came to him in 2004, when he was awarded the "Fashion Photographer of the Year Award" at the [[MTV India#Awards|Lycra MTV Style Award]] and [[Kingfisher (beer)|Kingfisher]] Fashion Photographer of the Year award, while international recognition came with the [[Hasselblad Masters Award]] in 2005, which made him the first and only Indian photographer to win the award.<ref name=mint10/><ref name=tele04>{{cite web | title =Shooting star|publisher=The Telegraph, Calcutta|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041113/asp/weekend/story_3971313.asp|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041114023319/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041113/asp/weekend/story_3971313.asp|url-status = dead|archive-date = 14 November 2004|date= 13 November 2004| access-date = 4 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name=has>{{cite web| title = Master 2005, June – Tarun Khiwal| url = http://www.hasselblad.com/masters-2005/june---tarun-khiwal.aspx| access-date = 4 October 2013|publisher = Hasselblad.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tarunkhiwal.com/press-detail.php?pid=5, Interview in Classic Imaging Magazine]
* [http://mag.modelixir.com/US/30/index.htm#/page/31 Interview in French magazine Modelixr]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khiwal, Tarun}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian fashion photographers]]
[[Category:Photographers from Uttar Pradesh]]

Star Studio18

2026-04-23T05:46:12Z

JewelWoodcock19: adding a page

{{Short description|Indian film studio}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Star Studio18
| logo = Star Studio18.svg
| predecessor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]] (2017) [[Viacom18 Studios]] (2025)
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2025
| logo_size = 250px
| former_names = Fox Star Studios (2008–2022) Star Studios (2022–2025)
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2008|03||df=yes}}
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location_country = India
| key_people = [[Ajit Andhare]]
| industry = [[Motion pictures]]
| owner = {{Plainlist|
*[[Disney Networks Group Asia Pacific|Star TV]] (2008–2013)
*[[21st Century Fox]] (2013–2019)
*[[JioStar]] (2019–present)
}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.jiostar.com}}
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |date=15 November 2024 |title=Ajit Andhare to head the combined studio business at JioStar – Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/ajit-andhare-to-head-the-combined-studio-business-at-jiostar-138771.html}}</ref><ref>https://www.cci.gov.in/combination/order/details/order/1434/0/orders-section31</ref>
}}
'''Star Studio18''' (formerly known as '''Star Studios''' and '''Fox Star Studios''') is an Indian motion picture production and distribution company. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of [[JioStar]] (a joint-venture between Reliance and Disney India). The studio produces [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and other South Asian language films through acquisitions, co-productions and in-house productions for worldwide distribution.

Star Studio18 was one of the [[21st Century Fox]] and [[Disney Star|Star India]] film production companies that was [[Acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney|acquired by Disney]] on March 20, 2019. The studio's current name was adopted in August 2025.

Starting with the international release of ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' (2022), all of Star Studios' films are now handled in the United States, Canada and internationally (outside of India) by [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]].<ref name="Disney">{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=27 April 2022 |title=Disney Adds Bollywood Epic 'Brahmastra Part One: Shiva' To Domestic Slate, Sets Release Date – CinemaCon |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/brahmastra-part-one-shiva-release-date-united-states-1235010988/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427225541/https://deadline.com/2022/04/brahmastra-part-one-shiva-release-date-united-states-1235010988/ |archive-date=27 April 2022 |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pandey |first=Ashish |date=9 May 2022 |title=Alia-Ranbir's Brahmastra, Thor Love and Thunder, Black Panther 2 in Disney's global release slate: report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/alia-ranbir-s-brahmastra-thor-love-and-thunder-black-panther-2-in-disney-s-global-release-slate-1947115-2022-05-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613211532/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/alia-ranbir-s-brahmastra-thor-love-and-thunder-black-panther-2-in-disney-s-global-release-slate-1947115-2022-05-09 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2020 |title=Brahmāstra official credits |url=https://www.dneg.com/show/brahmastra/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613163656/https://www.dneg.com/show/brahmastra/ |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=[[DNEG|Prime Focus]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Star Studios">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2022 |title=Ranbir-Alia starrer Brahmastra to get a global theatrical release |url=https://english.madhyamam.com/india/ranbir-alia-starrer-brahmastra-to-get-a-global-theatrical-release-996774 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908085833/https://english.madhyamam.com/india/ranbir-alia-starrer-brahmastra-to-get-a-global-theatrical-release-996774 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=[[Madhyamam]] |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Star Studios Logo.jpg|thumb|Logo used as Star Studios from 2022 to 2025.]]
The studio was founded in March 2008 as a joint venture between [[20th Century Studios|20th Century Fox]] and co-owned by Star India. In 2009, the studio acquired the rights for ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'', the studio's debut film as distributor.<ref name="companies">{{Cite news |last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |date=7 August 2009 |title=Fox to distribute 'Khan' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/fox-star-distribute-khan-87375 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212005547/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/fox-star-distribute-khan-87375 |archive-date=12 December 2015 |access-date=5 September 2009 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |page=8}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times 2009">{{Cite web |date=7 August 2009 |title=Fox buys Khan rights for Rs 90 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/fox-buys-khan-rights-for-rs-90-cr/articleshow/4865753.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120020053/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/fox-buys-khan-rights-for-rs-90-cr/articleshow/4865753.cms |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In 2011, Fox Star Studios entered the Tamil film industry with ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]'', as co-producing and distributing partner for [[A. R. Murugadoss]]'s AR Murugadoss Productions.<ref>{{Citation |title=Fox Studios first Tamil film coming out Friday |date=14 September 2011 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/fox-studios-first-tamil-film-coming-out-friday-news-national-ljotkljfcje.html |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022160123/http://www.sify.com/movies/fox-studios-first-tamil-film-coming-out-friday-news-national-ljotkljfcje.html |archive-date=22 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2013, the studio released Tamil-feature [[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]], which won four [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2017 |title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615081711/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> In 2015, the studio entered a 9-film deal with [[Dharma Productions]] as a co-producer and distributor.<ref name="Bhushan Bhushan 2015">{{Cite web |last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |date=3 June 2015 |title=Fox's Star India and Bollywood Studio Dharma Productions Announce 9 Film Deal |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/fox-s-star-india-bollywood-800028/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120020226/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/fox-s-star-india-bollywood-800028/ |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> In 2016, ''[[Kapoor & Sons]]'' was released as the first film under the arrangement.<ref name="BHKapoorFacts">{{Cite web |date=13 August 2011 |title=Kapoor & Sons |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217154404/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/6283126/Befikre |archive-date=17 February 2016 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The same year, the studio won [[National Film Award for Best Hindi Feature Film#Winners|National Film Award for Best Hindi Feature Film]] for its in-house production ''[[Neerja]]''. The studio also released ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]'', the biopic of then Indian Cricket captain [[MS Dhoni]]. In 2017, the studio entered a three-film deal with [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]].<ref name="Laghate 2017">{{Cite web |last=Laghate |first=Gaurav |date=6 March 2017 |title=Fox Star Studios, Sajid Nadiadwala sign a three-film deal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/fox-star-studios-sajid-nadiadwala-sign-a-three-film-deal/articleshow/57493011.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126162419/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/fox-star-studios-sajid-nadiadwala-sign-a-three-film-deal/articleshow/57493011.cms |archive-date=26 November 2024 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> In May 2018, the studio entered a multi-film deal with [[Akshay Kumar]]'s [[Cape of Good Films]] and had set ''[[Mission Mangal]]'' with Kumar attached to star.<ref name="Desk 2018">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title=Akshay Kumar signs 3-film deal with Fox Star Studios, to star in Mission Mangal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-fox-star-studios-mission-mangal-5434369/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127124802/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-fox-star-studios-mission-mangal-5434369/ |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> In 2019, the studio released ''[[Chhichhore]]'' which it co-produced with Nadiawala Grandson Entertainment had won National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi 2019.<ref name="Desk 2018" />

In early 2020, the studio had released ''[[Chhapaak]]'' starring [[Deepika Padukone]], sports-drama ''[[Panga (film)|Panga]]'' starring [[Kangana Ranaut]] and [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]'s ''[[Shikara (2020 film)|Shikara]]'' all of which are lukewarmly received by the audience.<ref name="Shi">{{Cite web |date=7 February 2020 |title=Shikara Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shikara/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204152141/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shikara/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |archive-date=4 December 2024 |accessdate=22 February 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref name="cha">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2020 |title=Chhapaak Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chhapaak/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409160206/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chhapaak/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |archive-date=9 April 2019 |access-date=8 February 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref name="pan">{{Cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Panga Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/panga/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418064840/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/panga/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=29 February 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The studio had released ''[[Baaghi 3]]'' at the start of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and the film ended its box-office run as the second-highest grossing Hindi-film of 2020.<ref name="baa3">{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2020/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114170044/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2020/ |archive-date=14 January 2020 |access-date=17 March 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> In June 2020, [[Disney Star|Star India]], the parent company of the studio decided to release the rest of the 2020 slate directly on the sister streaming platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]] under Disney+ Hotstar Multiplex Initiative. The films released on the platform were ''[[Dil Bechara]]'', ''[[Lootcase]]'', ''[[Sadak 2]]'', and ''[[Laxmii]]''.<ref name="multiplex">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Disney Plus Hotstar Makes Strategic Choice to Bypass India's Theaters, Give More Movies Streaming Premieres |url=https://variety.com/2020/streaming/news/akshay-kumar-ajay-devgn-hotstar-1234692525/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629131556/https://variety.com/2020/streaming/news/akshay-kumar-ajay-devgn-hotstar-1234692525/ |archive-date=29 June 2020 |access-date=29 June 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> In late 2020, several reports indicate [[The Walt Disney Company]]'s was not going greenlighting newer films with the studio ceasing its operations after the releases of ''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]'' and ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' as the studio's CEO Vijay Singh has resigned.<ref name="Google">{{Cite web |title=Lack of Hollywood studio finance could impact Bollywood projects |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/lack-of-hollywood-studio-finance-could-impact-bollywood-projects-11608792993517.html |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=Livemint}}</ref><ref name="Business Today 2020">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2020 |title=End of the road for Fox Star Studios? |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/end-of-road-for-fox-star-studios-275642-2020-10-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222171247/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/end-of-road-for-fox-star-studios-275642-2020-10-14 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=Business Today}}</ref> In December 2021, the studio released ''Tadap''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2021 |title=Ahan Shetty and Tara Sutaria starrer 'Tadap' gets a new release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ahan-shetty-and-tara-sutaria-starrer-tadap-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/85587468.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119102147/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ahan-shetty-and-tara-sutaria-starrer-tadap-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/85587468.cms |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=27 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In February 2022, the studio ended speculations of ceasing operations by announcing ''[[Babli Bouncer]]'' starring [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], co-produced with [[Junglee Pictures]].<ref name="The Hindu Bureau 2022">{{Cite web |last=The Hindu Bureau |date=18 February 2022 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia to play female bouncer in 'Babli Bouncer' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamannaah-bhatia-to-play-female-bouncer-in-babli-bouncer/article65061758.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316172545/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamannaah-bhatia-to-play-female-bouncer-in-babli-bouncer/article65061758.ece |archive-date=16 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=Google}}</ref> In March 2022, the company announced the release of ''[[Kaun Pravin Tambe?]]'' on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref name="Release">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=Pravin Tambe biopic starring Shreyas Talpade to release on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pravin-tambe-biopic-starring-shreyas-talpade-to-release-on-disney-hotstar/article65203985.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113192919/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pravin-tambe-biopic-starring-shreyas-talpade-to-release-on-disney-hotstar/article65203985.ece |archive-date=13 November 2022 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Soon after the studio started production on [[Manoj Bajpayee]] starrer ''[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|Gulmohar]]''.<ref name="The Economic Times 2022">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2022 |title=Manoj Bajpayee begins shooting for film-maker Rahul V Chittella's 'Gulmohar' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/manoj-bajpayee-begins-shooting-for-film-maker-rahul-v-chittellas-gulmohar/articleshow/90167826.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222171247/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/manoj-bajpayee-begins-shooting-for-film-maker-rahul-v-chittellas-gulmohar/articleshow/90167826.cms |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Later that month, the studio along with Dharma Productions had acquired the remake rights for blockbuster Malayalam film ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' in Hindi, Tamil, and Telugu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2022 |title=Karan Johar acquires the rights of 'Hridayam' in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karan-johar-acquires-the-rights-of-hridayam-in-hindi-tamil-and-telugu/articleshow/90434803.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222171244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karan-johar-acquires-the-rights-of-hridayam-in-hindi-tamil-and-telugu/articleshow/90434803.cms |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

On 27 May 2022, Fox Star Studios was renamed Star Studios, as part of the removal of the "Fox" name from studios that had been acquired from [[21st Century Fox]] by Disney.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |title=Fox Star Studios rebrands to Star Studios |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fox-star-studios-rebrands-to-star-studios/article65466364.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607090816/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fox-star-studios-rebrands-to-star-studios/article65466364.ece |archive-date=7 June 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

After the 2024 merger of Viacom18 with Disney Star formed JioStar, it was announced in August 2025 that the studio would be renamed to '''Star Studio18''', following [[Viacom18 Studios]] being absorbed into the new company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-10 |title=Star Studio 18 drops the trailer of Jolly LLB3, India's most celebrated courtroom Franchise |url=https://celebmantra.com/star-studio-18-drops-the-trailer-of-jolly-llb3-indias-most-celebrated-courtroom-franchise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013220852/https://celebmantra.com/star-studio-18-drops-the-trailer-of-jolly-llb3-indias-most-celebrated-courtroom-franchise/ |archive-date=13 October 2025 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Celebmantra |language=en}}</ref>

==Logo and fanfare==
Based on the original 20th Century Fox fanfare composed by [[Alfred Newman]] and adapted by [[David Newman (composer)|David Newman]], the current Star Studios fanfare retains a similar composition with added Indian instruments such as sitar, sarod, tambura, sahnai, sarangi, and tabla.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=Star Studios |url=https://www.avid.wiki/Star_Studios#Logo_(September_9,_2022-) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216090653/https://www.avid.wiki/Star_Studios#Logo_(September_9,_2022-) |archive-date=16 December 2024 |access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|List of Star Studio18 films}}

== See also ==
* [[20th Century Studios]]
* [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
* [[Disney India#Walt Disney Pictures India|List of Walt Disney Pictures India films]]
* [[List of Walt Disney Pictures films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{20th Century Studios}}
{{Walt Disney Studios}}
{{Film Studios in India}}

[[Category:20th Century Studios]]
[[Category:Disney acquisitions]]
[[Category:Disney production studios]]
[[Category:Film distributors of India]]
[[Category:Film organisations in India]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film production companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]

Champhai South Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:25:02Z

JewelWoodcock19: Made Post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Champhai South
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Champhai South highlighted).png
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| constituency_no = 24
| district = [[Champhai district|Champhai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Clement Lalhmingthanga]]
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:15590}}
}}
'''Champhai South''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> It comprises Wards 4-8 and 11-15 of [[Champhai]] town, and a few other parts of [[Champhai district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| J. H. Rothuama
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| T.J. Lalnuntluanga<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Clement Lalhmingthanga]]<ref name=election2023/>
|{{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Champhai South<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mizoram-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2023- Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 January 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Lt. Col. [[Clement Lalhmingthanga]]|party=Zoram People's Movement|votes={{formatnum:7323}}|percentage=42.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. J. Lalnuntluanga|party=Mizo National Front|votes={{formatnum:6994}}|percentage=40.27|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. Lallianchhunga|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:2956}}|percentage=17.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes={{formatnum:96}}|percentage=0.55|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:17369}}|percentage=80.67|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Zoram People's Movement
|loser = Mizo National Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Champhai South<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = T. J. Lalnuntluanga
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Mizo National Front
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Champhai district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

{{coord|23.366|93.383|display=title}}

[[Category:Champhai district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Champhai]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Jogesh Kumar Singh

2026-04-19T19:18:01Z

JewelWoodcock19: put up bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jogesh Kumar Singh
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Sargidihi
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Kusum Tete]]
| constituency1 =
| term1 = 2009-2019
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] Before 2019
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Jogesh Kumar Singh''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]] as a member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jogesh Kumar Singh Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=302 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sundargarh Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Jogesh Kumar Singh of BJD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/sundargarh-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916746.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha Assembly Election Result 2024: FULL LIST of WINNERS from BJP, BJD and Congress |url=https://www.etnownews.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election-result-2024-full-list-of-winners-from-bjp-bjd-and-congress-naveen-patnaik-ganeswar-behera-sanat-kumar-gartia-suryabanshi-suraj-article-110691737 |website=ET NOW |publisher=Sarmeeli Mallick |access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jogesh Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Panyam Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T06:50:29Z

JewelWoodcock19: Created a data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Panyam
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (138-Panyam highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Panyam Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla = [[Gowru Charitha Reddy]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district =
*[[Kurnool district|Kurnool]] (partially)
*[[Nandyal district|Nandyal]] (partially)
| loksabha_cons = [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 288,031
| established = 1967
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 138
}}

'''Panyam Assembly constituency''' is a constituency partially in [[Kurnool district]] and [[Nandyal district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects represtatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Gowru Charitha Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 288,031 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 1967, as per the Delimitation Orders ''(1967)''.

== Mandals ==
# [[Gadivemula mandal]], [[Nandyal district]]
# [[Kallur mandal]], [[Kurnool district]]
# [[Orvakal mandal]], [[Kurnool district]]
# [[Panyam mandal]], [[Nandyal district]]

<mapframe text="Mandals in Panyam Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q60208751,Q12993052,Q60208803,Q60208772"}</mapframe>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[V. Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Erasu Ayyapu Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[Challa Ramakrishna Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Katasani Ramabhupal Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[Bijjam Partha Sarathi Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan=2 |Katasani Ramabhupal Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Gowru Charitha Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Katasani Ramabhupal Reddy
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| Gowru Charitha Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Panyam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Katasani Ramabhupal Reddy]]
|votes = 63,077
|percentage = 49.65
|change = +10.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bijjam Partha Sarathi Reddy]]
|votes = 59,495
|percentage = 46.83
|change = -12.25
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,592
|percentage = 2.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 127,055
|percentage = 68.63
|change = +3.53
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Panyam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Katasani Ramabhupal Reddy]]
|votes = 63,323
|percentage = 40.67
|change = -8.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Byreddy Rajasekher Reddy]]
|votes = 54,409
|percentage = 34.95
|change = -11.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[D.Vishnu Vardhan Reddy]]
|votes = 28,600
|percentage = 18.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,914
|percentage = 5.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 155,697
|percentage = 68.33
|change = -0.30
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Panyam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Gowru Charitha Reddy]]
|votes = 72,245
|percentage = 35.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Katasani Ramabhupal Reddy]]
|votes = 60,598
|percentage = 29.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Erasu Prathap Reddy]]
|votes = 53,358
|percentage = 26.41
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,647
|percentage = 5.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 202,038
|percentage = 82.32
|change = +13.99
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Panyam<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panyam Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Panyam Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/andhra-pradesh/panyam-election-result-s01a138/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=News18}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Katasani Ramabhupal Reddy]]
|votes = 1,22,473
|percentage = 56.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Gowru Charitha Reddy]]
|votes = 78,619
|percentage = 36.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 43,857
|percentage = 20.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 215,690
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Panyam}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Gowru Charitha Reddy]]
|votes = 1,41,272
|percentage = 56.45
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Katasani Ramabhupal Reddy]]
|votes = 1,00,681
|percentage = 40.23
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = D Gouse Desai
|votes = 3,081
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 2,663
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,591
|percentage = 16.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,50,276
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Nandyal district}}
{{coord|15.52|78.35|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nandyal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Jangaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:12:52Z

JewelWoodcock19: put up details.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jangaon
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (98-Jangaon highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Jangaon Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Palla Rajeshwar Reddy]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| established = 1951
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Jangaon district|Jangaon]]
| electors = 2,07,028
| incumbent_image = Palla Rajeshwar reddy.jpg
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 98
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhongir]]
}}

'''Jangaon Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of three constituencies in [[Jangaon district]] and 12 constituencies in undivided [[Warangal district]]. It is part of [[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency]].

Palla Rajeshwar Reddy of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] is the current MLA of the constituency.

==Overview==
[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Telangana.svg|thumb|right|No.98 is Jangaon Legislative Assembly constituency.]]
Jangaon Assembly Constituency was created in 1952,when it was one of the 175 total Assembly Constituencies of [[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|Hyderabad Legislative Assembly]]. Jangaon was under different Lok Sabha constituencies every time delimitation occurred.<ref name="jangaon">{{cite news|title=Jangaon Results|url=https://www.elections.in/telangana/assembly-constituencies/jangaon.html |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/146-archive-delimitation-orders/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 January 2020 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529102849/https://eci.gov.in/files/category/146-archive-delimitation-orders/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
!width="20px" style="font-size:75%"|S.No
!width="100px"|Duration
!width="100px"|Lok Sabha constituency
|-
|1
|1952-1957
|[[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda]]
|-
|2
|1957-1967
|[[Warangal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Warangal]]
|-
|3
|1967-1977
|[[Siddipet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siddipet]]
|-
|4
|1977-2009
|[[Hanamkonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hanamkonda]]
|-
|5
|2009–Present
|[[Bhuvanagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhuvanagiri]]
|-
|}

=== Delimitation History ===
[[File:Jangaon Assembly contituency 1957.jpg|thumb|Jangaon Assembly constituency 1957]]
Following villages were included in Jangaon Assembly constituency during delimitation every time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/146-archive-delimitation-orders/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 January 2020 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529102849/https://eci.gov.in/files/category/146-archive-delimitation-orders/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No !!A.C.No !! Year !! Lok Sabha constituency !! Mandal / Tehsil / Taluka in Jangaon Assembly constituency
|-
|1
|133
| 1952
| [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda]]
| Jangaon, Reberthy, Narmetta Circles of Jangaon Taluka.
|-
|2
|64
| 1957
| [[Warangal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Warangal]]
| Jangaon, Ippaguda, Reberthy, Narmetta, Cheriyal Circles of Jangaon Taluka.
|-
|3
|272
| 1962
| [[Warangal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Warangal]]
| Jangaon, Ippaguda, Narmetta (Part) Circles of Jangaon Taluka.
|-
|4
|257
| 1967
| [[Siddipet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siddipet]]
| Jangaon, Ippaguda, Narmetta (Part) Circles of Jangaon Taluka.
|-
|5
|262
| 1977
| [[Hanamkonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hanamkonda]]
| Jangaon, Ippaguda, Chennur (Part) Circles of Jangaon Taluka.
|-
|6
|98
| 2009
| [[Bhuvanagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhuvanagiri]]
| Jangaon, Narmetta, Cheriyal, Bachannapet, Maddur Mandals
|-
|}

===Mandals===
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{|class="wikitable"
!width="20px" style="font-size:75%"|No
!width="100px"|Mandal Name
!width="100px"|District
|-
|1
|[[Jangaon, Warangal district|Jangaon]]
|[[Jangaon district|Jangaon]]
|-
|2
|[[Cherial, Warangal|Cherial]]
|[[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
|-
|3
|[[Narmetta]]
|[[Jangaon district|Jangaon]]
|-
|4
|[[Bachannapet]]
|[[Jangaon district|Jangaon]]
|-
|5
| Tharigoppula
|[[Jangaon district|Jangaon]]
|-
|6
|[[Maddur, Mahbubnagar|Maddur]]
|[[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
|-
|7
|Komuravelli
|[[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
|}

* Tharigoppula created by splitting Narmetta Mandal
* Komuravelli created by splitting Cherial Mandal

== Members of the Legislative Assembly==
===Hyderabad===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Assembly
! Duration
! MLA
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|Hyderabad Legislative Assembly]]
|1952-56
|Syed Akhtar Hussain<ref name="HBDECI1951">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006024019/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|-
|}

===Andhra Pradesh===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Assembly
! Duration
! MLA
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|First AP Legislative Assembly
|1956-57
|Syed Akhtar Hussain
|{{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Second AP Legislative Assembly]]
|rowspan=2|1957-62
|[[Goka Ramalingam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|G. Gopal Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|-
|Third AP Legislative Assembly
|1962-67
|Goka Ramalingam
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|Fourth AP Legislative Assembly
|1967-72
|M. K. Ahmed
|-
|Fifth AP Legislative Assembly
|1972-78
|Kasani Narayana
|-
|Sixth AP Legislative Assembly
|1978-83
|Kodur Vardha Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Seventh AP Legislative Assembly]]
|1983-85
|Laxma Reddy Rondla
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Eighth AP Legislative Assembly]]
|1985-89
|Asireddy Narsimha Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Ninth AP Legislative Assembly]]
|1989-94
|[[Ponnala Lakshmaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Tenth AP Legislative Assembly]]
|1994-99
|Charagonda Raji Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Eleventh AP Legislative Assembly]]
|1999-04
|rowspan=3|[[Ponnala Lakshmaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Twelfth AP Legislative Assembly]]
|2004-09
|-
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh state assembly elections|Thirteenth AP Legislative Assembly]]
|2009-14
|-
|}

===Telangana===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Assembly
! Year
! MLA
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|First Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
|2014
|rowspan=2|Muthireddy Yadagiri Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Second Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
|2018
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Third Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
|2023
|[[Palla Rajeshwar Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|}

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Jangaon (Assembly constituency)}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Palla Rajeshwar Reddy]]
| votes = 98,975
| percentage = 48.61
| change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kommuri Pratap Reddy|votes=83,192|percentage=40.86|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Arutla Deshmantha Reddy|votes=7,734|percentage=3.80|change=}}{{Election box candidate|party=Alliance of Democratic Reforms Party|candidate=Kalluri Kranthi|votes=3,044|percentage=1.50|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Moku Kanaka Reddy|votes=1,765|percentage=0.87|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Kottoju Srinivas|votes=1,568|percentage=0.77|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,467|percentage=0.72|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=15,783|percentage=7.75|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=2,03,600|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link
| winner =Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|loser =Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangaon<ref>[https://www.elections.in/telangana/assembly-constituencies/jangaon.html Jangaon Results]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Muthireddy Yadagiri Reddy
| votes = 91,592
| percentage = 50.47
| change = +1.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Ponnala Lakshmaiah]]
| votes = 62,024
| percentage = 34.18
| change = +4.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Forward Bloc
| candidate = Laxman Bhima
| votes = 10,031
| percentage = 5.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 2,616
| percentage = 1.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 29,568
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,81,468
| percentage = 86.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser =Indian National Congress
| swing = 1.67
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Jangaon (Assembly constituency)}}<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091916/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=98 Jangaon Results]}}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Muthireddy Yadagiri Reddy
| votes = 84,074
| percentage = 48.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Ponnala Lakshmaiah]]
| votes = 51,379
| percentage = 29.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Pratap Reddy Kommuri
| votes = 21,113
| percentage = 12.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 32,695
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,72,291
| percentage = 83.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Jangaon-in-Telangana Telangana Assembly Election Results (constituency Wise): Jangaon]
* {{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3950-dpaco-1961/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=7 December 1961 |access-date=13 October 2021}}

{{coord|17.73|79.16|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Hanamkonda district]]
[[Category:Jangaon district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Sawai Madhopur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:34:56Z

JewelWoodcock19: adding a article

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sawai Madhopur
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-92-Sawai Madhopur.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 92
| district = [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tonk-Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency|Tonk-Sawai Madhopur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = Dr [[Kirodi Lal Meena]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image = Kirodi Lal Meena.jpg
| electors = {{formatnum:258256}}<ref name=election2023/>
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Danish Abrar]]
}}
'''Sawai Madhopur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008|website=Election Commission of India|date=26 November 2008|accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web|url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf|title=New Assembly Constituencies|website=ceorajasthan.nic.in|date=25 January 2006|access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1951 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Shivdas Goyal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Mangi Lal
|-
|Abid Ali
|-
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Ram Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Hari Ballabh Sharma
|-
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Farooq Hasan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Manzoor Ali
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Hansraj
|{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan=2|Moti Lal Meena
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Narender Kanwar
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Yasmin Abrar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Kirodi Lal Meena]]{{efn|Food and Food supply minister}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Alauddin Azad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Diya Kumari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Danish Abrar]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2023
|[[Kirodi Lal Meena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
{{noteslist}}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sawai Madhopur<ref name=election2023 name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="election2023">{{cite web|title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results Dec-2023|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2092.htm}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kirodi Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:81087}}
|percentage = 44.04
|change = +7.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Danish Abrar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:58577}}
|percentage = 31.81
|change = -20.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Asha Meena
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:36251}}
|percentage = 19.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1470}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change = +0.31
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22510}}
|percentage = 12.23
|change = -3.17
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:184128}}
|percentage = 71.77
|change = +2.51
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Sawai Madhopur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Danish Abrar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:85655}}
|percentage = 52.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Asha Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:60456}}
|percentage = 36.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajesh Goyal
|votes = {{formatnum:5941}}
|percentage = 3.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kalu Ram Meena
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:2909}}
|percentage = 1.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Hansraj
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2489}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:794}}
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25199}}
|percentage = 15.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:163584}}
|percentage = 69.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2013]]: Sawai Madhopur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Diya Kumari]]
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|votes = 57,384
|percentage = 37.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Kirodi Lal Meena]]
|party = National People's Party (India)
|votes = 49,852
|percentage = 32.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Danish Abrar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 39,187
|percentage = 25.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Ajay Sharma
|party = Bharatiya Janta Dal
|votes = 1,576
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramawtar Nama
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,532
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dinesh
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 1,163
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Hari Prasad Yogi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 984
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Ramprakash
|party = Bharatiya Yuva Shakti
|votes = 597
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Ashok
|party = Bharatiya Bahujan Party
|votes = 512
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramavtar Saini
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 464
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Chetan Kumar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 375
|percentage = 0.24
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Sahu
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 295
|percentage = 0.19
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,759
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box rejected|
|votes = 17
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bhartiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2008]]: Sawai Madhopur<ref name="delimitation2008"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Alauddin Azad
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 37,952
|percentage = 34.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Kirori Lal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 37,912
|percentage = 34.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Jaskaur
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|votes = 18,970
|percentage = 17.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Lokendra
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 6,377
|percentage = 5.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Bharat Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 5,123
|percentage = 4.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Suresh Chand
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,743
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Surendra
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,315
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Prahalad
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,119
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramswroop
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 610
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shafeeq Ahmed
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 454
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Chetan Kumar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 426
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Satyanarayan
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 414
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sattar
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 357
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rajeshwar Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 335
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramesh
|party = Bharatiya Bahujan Party
|votes = 276
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Banshi Lal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 187
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Moti Lal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 176
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,10,832
|percentage = 61.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bhartiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2003]]: Sawai Madhopur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Kirodi Lal Meena]]
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|votes = 71574
|percentage = 57.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Yasmin Abrar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 41,488
|percentage = 33.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Bharat Singh
|party = Rajasthan Samajik Nyaya Manch
|votes = 3,944
|percentage = 3.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Motilal
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|votes = 3,186
|percentage = 2.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ram Gopal
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 1,428
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ram Prakash Bairwa
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,174
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Manphool Meena
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 751
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sattar
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 359
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Bansi Lal Meena
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = 332
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dilip Kumar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 203
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bhartiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 1998]]: Sawai Madhopur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Yasmin Abrar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 39,803
|percentage = 40.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Narendra Kanwar
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|votes = 27,203
|percentage = 27.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Moti Lal
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 23,686
|percentage = 24.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Fateh Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,631
|percentage = 2.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ram Swaroop/Hazari Lal
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,186
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Prahlad Narayan
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 626
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = P. C. Brahma
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 616
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shyam Sunder
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 392
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ravi Shankar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 336
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Satish Chandra
|party = Samata Party
|votes = 326
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Manphool
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 290
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sattar
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 215
|percentage = 0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ras Bihari
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 208
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramavatar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 87
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ram Swaroop/Bajrang Lal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 85
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sawai Madhopur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.03|76.36|display=title}}

[[Category:Sawai Madhopur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Raja Narasimha

2026-04-09T23:37:16Z

JewelWoodcock19: Created a entry

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raja Narasimha
| image = Raja Narasimha.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Muthyala Subbaiah]]
|producer = Medikonda Venkata Muralikrishna Smt. Medikonda Amaravathi
| writer = [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] [[Ramya Krishna]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = D. Prasad Babu
| editing = [[Kasi Viswanathan]]
| studio = Sri Venkataramana Productions
| released = {{Film date|2003|4|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Raja Narasimha''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic action film]] directed by [[Muthyala Subbaiah]] and written by [[Posani Krishna Murali]]. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] along with [[Ramya Krishna]] and [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] in the prominent roles. The film was produced by Medikonda Amaravathi under the Sri Venkataramana Productions banner.

The film released on 21 March 2003 to generally positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/rajaNaraSimha.htm |title=Raja Narasimha - Review |access-date=25 April 2014 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028223515/http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/rajaNaraSimha.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the film failed commercially at the box office.

The same story was later used in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] movie ''[[Palanati Brahmanaidu (film)|Palanati Brahmanaidu]]'' which released six weeks after the release of this film. However, that movie added few sequences which were not there in the original movie like the train moving in reverse gear.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/06bonda.htm|title=Overconfidence is Palnati Brahmanaidu's downfall|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023071447/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/06bonda.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Raja Narasimha
* [[Ramya Krishna]] as Soundarya
* [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] as Mahalakshmi
* [[Kazan Khan]] as Prakash
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]]
* [[Shivaram]]
* [[Abhijeeth]]
* [[Chi Guru Dutt]]
* [[Shobaraj]]
* Renuka Prasad

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] to the lyrics of [[K. Kalyan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mio.to/album/31-kannada_movie_songs/22382-Premotsava__1999_/#/album/31-kannada_movie_songs/22382-Premotsava__1999_/ |title=Songs |access-date=25 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424160313/http://mio.to/album/31-kannada_movie_songs/22382-Premotsava__1999_/#/album/31-kannada_movie_songs/22382-Premotsava__1999_/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The song "Priya Priya" was inspired by the famous Pakistani band [[Junoon (band)|Junoon]] song "[[Sayonee]]". The song "Oh Madhuvanthi" is based on Deva's own Tamil song "Oh Madhubala" from Tamil film ''Madhumathi'' (1993).

{{Infobox album
| name = Raja Narasimha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2003|}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Ashwini Audio
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Priya Priya
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Sangeetha
| length1 =
| title2 = Mandakki Thinnu
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Maharaja Rajanu
| extra3 = [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Naane Naane
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 =
| title5 = O Madhuvanthi
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sujatha
| length5 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External source==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Muthyala Subbaiah}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja Narasimha}}
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muthyala Subbaiah]]
[[Category:2003 action films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

B. N. Vijay Kumar

2026-04-04T03:36:08Z

JewelWoodcock19: Made First Bio Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Bommaji Niranjan Vijay Kumar''' (born in 1967) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA of [[Telugu Desam Party]] from [[Santhanuthalapadu Assembly constituency|Santhanuthalapadu Assembly Constituency]] in [[Prakasam district]].<ref name="Bapatla: Know your candidates">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=9 May 2024 |title=Bapatla: Know your candidates |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/May/09/bapatla-know-your-candidates |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214175250/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/May/09/bapatla-know-your-candidates |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=14 December 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].

== Early life and education ==
Kumar hails from [[Prakasam district]]. His father Bommaji Danam was an IAS officer. He did his B.E. in mechanical engineering in 1990 from Osmania University, Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=B. N. Vijaya Kumar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SANTHANUTHALAPADU (SC)(PRAKASAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=2498 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumar started his political career in 2009, and he was elected as a MLA for [[Santhanuthalapadu Assembly constituency]] in the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. He was re-elected in the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing Telugu Desam Party. He served as incharge of the party for Santhanuthalapadu constituency. He won again in the 2024 from Santhanuthalapadu Assembly constituency representing TDP defeating Nagarjuna Merugu of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 30,385 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Santhanuthalapadu Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/santhanuthalapadu-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916457.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01107.htm</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Niranjan Vijay Kumar, Bommaji}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Project 365

2026-03-31T19:58:28Z

JewelWoodcock19: Created entry

'''Project 365'''<ref name="mm">{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/mQJy6jH9kAvzLA|title = Making an Inclusive Mountain - Ekalokam Trust for Photography}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/A-360-degree-view-of-Tiruvannamalai/articleshow/38811967.cms|title = A 360-degree view of Tiruvannamalai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Snapshots-of-a-sepia-tinted-past-and-a-glistening-present/2014/07/21/article2340453.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812194954/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Snapshots-of-a-sepia-tinted-past-and-a-glistening-present/2014/07/21/article2340453.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 12, 2014|title = Snapshots of a sepia tinted past and a glistening present}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=TEMPLE-TOWN-FOR-POSTERITY-HERITAGE-THROUGH-SNAPSHOTS-15072014006010|title=TEMPLE TOWN FOR POSTERITY - HERITAGE THROUGH SNAPSHOTS|date=July 27, 2014|website=archive.ph|access-date=May 8, 2023|archive-date=July 27, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140727051201/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=TEMPLE-TOWN-FOR-POSTERITY-HERITAGE-THROUGH-SNAPSHOTS-15072014006010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/blink/know/meditating-on-a-town/article6245632.ece|title = Meditating on a town}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/ekalokam-trust-for-photography/article6764338.ece|title = 365 days of visual history|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 7 January 2015|last1 = Pradeep|first1 = K.}}</ref> is an initiative by EtP (Ekalokam Trust for Photography) to create and preserve photographic visuals of the ancient [[Culture of India|Indian culture]] and contemporary lifestyle of [[Tiruvannamalai]] in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Project 365 is part of the long-term vision to initiate public photo art projects in the rural parts of the tri-Sangam period [[Tamilakam]], now meagerly represented in a geography comprising modern Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The second phase of the project documents the Sangam period ports, connected International ports and their inland surroundings. The third phase of the project will document the culture and lifestyle alongside river [[Chola Nadu|Cauveri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Coming-face-to-face-with-near-extinct-techniques/articleshow/45153216.cms|title = Coming face to face with near-extinct techniques}}</ref> Project 365 Tiruvannamalai began on 15 August 2014.

==Photography in Tiruvannamalai==

Tiruvannamalai has a rich photography history. Photographers including Indian photographers PRS Mani,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiadivine.org/content/topic/1065050-photos-and-photographers-2-prs-mani/|title = Photos and Photographers (2): P.R.S. Mani| date=6 March 2002 }}</ref> Dr. T.N.Krishnaswamy,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://benegal.org/ramana_maharshi/books/slg/slg045.html |title=Surpassing Love and Grace:X I I I. Dr. T. N. Krishnaswamy |accessdate=2014-07-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140727051147/http://benegal.org/ramana_maharshi/books/slg/slg045.html |archivedate=2014-07-27 }}</ref> G Govind Welling,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.luminous-lint.com/app/photographer/G_G__Welling/C/|title = Luminous-Lint - Photographer - G.G. Welling}}</ref> American photographer [[Eliot Elisofon]], French photographer [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]], and many other known, and unknown, photographers have created several bodies of photography works of Sri. Ramana Maharishi and Tiruvannamalai. These images have been widely circulated and published in India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thomasdorsett.blogspot.in/2013/08/ramana-maharshi-cartier-bresson-and.html|title=Thomasdorsett: RAMANA MAHARSHI, CARTIER-BRESSON AND RAMANATOM|date=4 August 2013}}</ref><ref>LIFE, 30 May 1949, 108 pages, Vol. 26, No. 22, ISSN 0024-3019</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/25/books/review/Shaftel-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title = Somerset Maugham's Swami|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 22 July 2010|last1 = Shaftel|first1 = David}}</ref> Few of these photographs are being archived and preserved by [[Sri Ramana Ashram]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Ramana Maharshi |url=https://www.gururamana.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828074451/http://www.sriramanamaharshi.org/ |archive-date=28 August 2013 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=www.gururamana.org}}</ref> Tiruvannamalai.

==Project director==

Project 365 is led by contemporary Indian photographer [[Abul Kalam Azad (photographer)|Abul Kalam Azad]] ''a.k.a.'' AKA. AKA has a decade of experience as a photo-journalist with Press Trust India<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ptinews.com// | title=Pti }}</ref> and other prominent newspaper agencies and magazines. He also received the prestigious Charles Wallace Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wallace-trusts.org.uk/|title=The Charles Wallace Trusts|website=wallace-trusts.org.uk}}</ref> (fellowship 1995), UK and studied photography in the Surrey Institute of Art and Design University College.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucreative.ac.uk/index.cfm?articleid=1301|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125154938/http://www.ucreative.ac.uk/index.cfm?articleid=1301|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 25, 2010|title=UCA | University for the Creative Arts}}</ref> He left the promising Photojournalism|photo-journalist career to follow his passion ‘photography’. In the year 2000, AKA set up an art studio ‘Mayalokam’ in the inspiring labyrinth of ancient warehouses, situated between the Bazaar Road and the Harbour front, Fort Cochin. Soon, Mayalokam studio became a cultural hub for local, national and international artists and enthusiasts in various disciplines. Eventually, Mayalokam became ‘Mayalokam Art Collective’<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/03/27/stories/2003032702040200.htm |title=The Hindu : Many faces of art |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130729173034/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/03/27/stories/2003032702040200.htm |archive-date=29 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> to include other artists. AKA had been a frequent to Tiruvannamalai since the mid 1990s and in the year 2010, Azad moved permanently to Tiruvannamalai. He is one of the founders of EtP, a Trust dedicated to conserving, archiving and protecting contemporary photography. He is also the recipient of senior fellowship (2012 - 2013) from Ministry of Culture,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/indiaculture/senior-junior-fellowship.html |title=Senior/Junior Fellowship |accessdate=2013-06-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313071041/http://indiaculture.nic.in/indiaculture/senior-junior-fellowship.html |archivedate=2013-03-13 }}</ref> [[Government of India]].

==Project 365 photographers and partners==

Photographers Dinesh Khanna,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dineshkhanna.com/|title=Dinesh Khanna Indian Photographer specialises in Portrait Food Travel and Interiors Photography|website=www.dineshkhanna.com}}</ref> [[Waswo X. Waswo]], Thierry Cardon,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cardon.thierry.free.fr/|title=index|website=cardon.thierry.free.fr}}</ref> Ramu Aravindan, Shibu Arakkal, RR. Srinivasan, Ami Gupta, Anurag Sharma, Arnav Rastogi, Bhagyashri Patki, Biju Ibrahim, Iqbal MK, Jiby Charles, J Jayaraman, Leo James, Maveeran Somasundaram, [[Paneer]] Selvam, Pee Vee,<ref>[[PeeVee]]</ref> Radhi Jangla, Seema Krishnakumar, Shiv K, Varun Gupta and Boney KR were part of Project 365 collective. EtP has networked with SPACES,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artchennai.wordpress.com/galleries/spaces/|title = Spaces|date = 15 March 2012}}</ref> Chennai; 1 Shanthi Road,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://1shanthiroad.com/|title=1Shanthiroad | Making space for art}}</ref> Bangalore; Aksgar online magazine,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aksgar.com/ |title=Aksgar Magazine |access-date=2014-07-25 |archive-date=2014-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727213350/http://aksgar.com/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Goa-CAP;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://goa-cap.com/|title=goa-cap.com|website=goa-cap.com}}</ref> [[India Photo Archive Foundation]], Gurgeon; Vamsi Books, Tiruvannamalai; Thalam, Bangalore; Kannadi, Madurai and Vetri digitals, Tiruvannamalai.

The project was completed in the 2015 with the public archive having more than 3000 and odd photographs of Tiruvannamalai.<ref name="mm" /><ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/eyQ2ZLWiR-8| archive-date = 2021-12-08| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eyQ2ZLWiR-8| title = EtP Project 365 Tiruvannamalai | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/kzCw3nQ8hmE| archive-date = 2021-12-08| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzCw3nQ8hmE&t=5s| title = Project 365 public photo art archive tiruvannamalai | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://photomail.org/portfolio-items/english-7/|title=Making an Inclusive Mountain|first=Waswo X|last=Waswo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172604/http://photomail.org/portfolio-items/english-7/|archive-date=4 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The premiere show of Project 365 Tiruvannamalai was organised at Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/261074122|title=Elements and Fragments|via=vimeo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/etpindia/docs/elements_and_fragments|title=Elements and fragments|date=28 February 2018 }}</ref> showcasing selected works from the public archive.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Journalism organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Photojournalism organizations]]
[[Category:Photography organisations based in India]]

Deepa Sashindran

2026-03-30T01:17:09Z

JewelWoodcock19: Made New Stub

{{Short description|Indian artist (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepa Narayanan Sashindran
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Deepa Sashindran kuchipudi.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Deepa Narayanan Nair
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|07|3|df=y}}
| other names =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| citizenship = Indian
| known for = [[Kuchipudi|Kuchipudi Dancer]]
| alma mater = [[Bangalore University]]
| education = B.A.L, LL.B, PGD-IRPM
| occupation = [[Dancer]], [[Choreographer]], Teacher,
[[Curator]], [[Activist]], [[Entrepreneur]],
[[Mentor]]
| years_active = 4 decades
| parents = Sri. Narayanan Nair and
Smt Sridevi
| spouse = Sashindran Nair
| children = 2 (One son and one daughter)
| website = {{URL|http://kuchipudiparamparafoundation.com}}
| signature =
}}

'''Deepa Sashindran''' (born 3 July 1974) is an Indian artist and a disciple of the [[Kuchipudi]] expert Smt. [[Manju Bhargavi]]. She is a performing artist, teacher of the [[Indian classical dance]] form Kuchipudi, [[Choreography|choreographer]], art curator, entrepreneur, and the founder of Kuchipudi Parampara Foundation Trust Bangalore.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/off-beat-depiction/article6339531.ece News The Hindu - 22 August 2014]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv13/prv736.html |title=Website Narthaki |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712000802/http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv13/prv736.html |archive-date=12 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=49 |title=Website Thiraseela |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108202153/http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=49 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |title=Official Website |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094651/http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://ccrtindia.gov.in/showprofile.php?pn=DeepaSashindran Government of India - CCRTIndia - Profile]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204105/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2938283271.html "Foot-Tapping Away to Bliss: The Third Day of Natrani Dance Festival Commenced with a Beautiful Kuchipudi Performance by Deepa Sashindran, Followed by Mitali Priya Giri and Pankaj Pradhan's Duet Odissi Performance. The Concluding Piece for the Day Was a Bharatanatyam Performance by Murugashankari", DNA : Daily News & Analysis, April 8, 2013, Nainani, Hina]</ref>

==Early life and education==
Deepa Sashindran started the classical dance form of [[Bharatanatyam]] at the age of 5 under the Gurus Kalamandalam Usha Datar and Dr. Savithri Ramaiah. From the age of 8, she started learning the Kuchipudi form of dance under the renowned Kuchipudi expert Smt. [[Manju Bhargavi]] and continued studying under her for three decades. She also trained with Guru Vempati Ravi Shankar on new innovations. Currently, Sashindran is creating finer nuances of the art-form with the Kuchipudi Parampara Foundation Trust, which she established in [[Bangalore]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/off-beat-depiction/article6339531.ece News The Hindu - 22 August 2014]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |title=Official Website |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094651/http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
Deepa Sashindran is a versatile artist of the Kuchipudi dance style who has practiced the art-form for close to four decades. She has received many accolades for her vivacious dance techniques and spellbound solo performances. She has also had lead roles in dance dramas and performed alongside her Guru on many prestigious festivals and occasions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |title=Official Website |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094651/http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[government of Karnataka]]'s Kuchipudi textbook committee has incorporated her dance pictures into the Kuchipudi text book of that state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=49 |title=Website Thiraseela |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108202153/http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=49 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |title=Official Website |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094651/http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The First International Kuchipudi Dance Conference of North America, which was held in Houston and organized by Samskriti, invited Sashindran to render solo performances. She has conducted workshops and performances at Doha, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi. The Festival of India at Bahrain, organized by the Ministry of Culture, invited an ensemble led by Sashindran to perform.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=49 |title=Website Thiraseela |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108202153/http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=49 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |title=Official Website |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094651/http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://ccrtindia.gov.in/showprofile.php?pn=DeepaSashindran Government of India - CCRTIndia - Profile]</ref>

Sashindran has carved a niche for herself with original choreographic works that include numerous authentic solo repertoires, as well as features and dance dramas such as Shivaleela, Dakshayagnam, Jayadeva Dashavatharam, Agnijyotsna, PanchaNayikas, Sri Venkatadri Vaibhavam ([[Annamacharya]] TTD Project), Nadhi Highland river, Sampoorna Adhyatma Ramayana, Nandanar Charitam with over 28 shows in India including 7 chennai sabhas, Soorya Choreography Festival Trivandrum, [[Kerala Kalamandalam]], West Bengal State Music and Dance Academy, Madhya Pradesh Govt, Telangana Govt, and many others including cities of USA at Detroit, Yuva Bharathi Palo Alto, Richmond, Cleveland Thyagaraja festival and so forth. She teaches students In India, Europe, USA, Australia, South Korea, the UAE, and South Africa.

Sashindran has also helped organize innovative dance festivals such as NatyaVedam, Natya Parampara [[Utsav]], Guru Vandana, and the Art Cafe series. She has helped organize workshops, lectures, and demonstrations.
Curated Navotthana for First Rotary South Asia International Peace Conference with over 140 artists from India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan supported by ICCR and Indian High Commission Colombo.
<ref>[http://ccrtindia.gov.in/showprofile.php?pn=DeepaSashindran Government of India - CCRTIndia - Profile]</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/249950/in-city.html News Deccan Herald - 17 May 2012]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=49 |title=Website Thiraseela |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108202153/http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=49 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |title=Official Website |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094651/http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://celebrityportal.in/corp/blog/2014/10/01/deepa-sashindran/ |title=Website Celebrity Portal |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=12 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412103053/http://celebrityportal.in/corp/blog/2014/10/01/deepa-sashindran/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/deepa-sashindran-honors-her-dance-guru-smt-manju-barggavee-at-natya-vedam-annual-dance-festival-2012-2/ This Week Bangalore News]</ref>

She has received many awards and recognitions from such as FKCCI ( Federation of Karnataka chambers and Commerce Industry), EMERG Karnataka first women entrepreneurs group, the Best Kuchipudi Artiste of Karnataka from Yuvaranga, the Nritya Shiromani National Award, the Sathyabhama Award from Kuchipudi danseuse Padmasri -[[Sobha Naidu]] at Visakhapatnam. Garden University honored her with the International Women Achievers Award, and she has also been honored by the Philanthropic Society of India, [[Nanma]] Kerala and countless art organisations across the country in her 4 decades. She is an accredited artist of Doordarshan, an empaneled artist of the Festivals of India Abroad, a co-opted member of Karnataka NrithyakalaParishath, an interim faculty member at Alliance University, and an examiner at Reva University.<ref>[http://ccrtindia.gov.in/showprofile.php?pn=DeepaSashindran Government of India - CCRTIndia - Profile]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=49 |title=Website Thiraseela |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108202153/http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=49 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |title=Official Website |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094651/http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Aside from dance, Sashindran is a law graduate with a PGD in industrial relations and personal management, a human resources specialist for over 25yrs in the software industry, an entrepreneur in Human Capital Management Services. She founded the company Karma Kreators which has successfully engaged with well-known startups and mid-sized companies like Pricewaterhouse Coopers, Samsung, MISys, Subex, Sasken, and others.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=49 |title=Website Thiraseela |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108202153/http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=49 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |title=Official Website |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094651/http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://ccrtindia.gov.in/showprofile.php?pn=DeepaSashindran Government of India - CCRTIndia - Profile]</ref> She has also taken up social responsibilities as an [[Rotarian]] including President ar Rotary Bangalore Rajmahal Vilas.

==Kuchipudi Parampara Foundation==
The Kuchipudi Parampara Foundation, founded by Deepa Sashindran, is a non-profit trust intended to propagate and promote the Kuchipudi form of classical dance. The Foundation offers systematic training, including master classes in Bangalore and [[Calicut]] to cultivate artists of high caliber. The activities of the foundation include not only classes, workshops, performances, productions, and festivals but also other endeavors for the propagation of the art form devised by its professionally run advisory committee.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/kuchipudi-fest/article6037997.ece News The Hindu 23 May 2014]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deepasashindran.com/Natya/Natya%20Parampara%20Utsav.htm |title=Official Website - Natya Parampara Utsav |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=24 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073646/http://www.deepasashindran.com/Natya/Natya%20Parampara%20Utsav.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.anandashankarjayant.com/tour.asp?yr=2014 Website of Ananda Shankar Jayant]</ref><ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Bnuxveh4HjLS5Y7YtvlOhJ/The-TimeOut-Mint-Planner-23-May-2014.html Livemint - Upcoming Events]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv14/prv861.html |title=Narthaki - Natya Parampara Utsav |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110252/http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv14/prv861.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bangalore.explocity.com/event/natya-parampara-utsav-2014-bharatiya-vidya-bhavan/ |title=Explocity Website |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711221709/http://bangalore.explocity.com/event/natya-parampara-utsav-2014-bharatiya-vidya-bhavan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The foundation also holds master classes at Sri [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]’s Swathi Kala Kendram at Calicut, Kerala. Many veteran artists of calicut have attended.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |title=Official Website |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094651/http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2014, the Kuchipudi Parampara Foundation held their first "Divinity in Kuchipudi" festival entitled Natya Parampara Utsav. The festival included eminent Kuchipudi artists such as the senior Guru of Kuchipudi Village with over 12 editions.

The Foundation produced the inaugural dance drama presentation "Agnijyotsna" about Queen Draupadi. It received rave reviews for its conception, lyrics, music, choreography, and presentation. This production also paved the way for new character innovation without deviating from the purity of the dance form.

The youngest member of the academy, the child prodigy Lakshmika, was featured on the editorial page of the latest 2014 attendance book "Telugu Traditions". This book was written in part by Ashish Mohan Khokar and guest edited by Padmasri Ananda Shankar Jayant.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/kuchipudi-fest/article6037997.ece News The Hindu 23 May 2014]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deepasashindran.com/Natya/Natya%20Parampara%20Utsav.htm |title=Official Website - Natya Parampara Utsav |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=24 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073646/http://www.deepasashindran.com/Natya/Natya%20Parampara%20Utsav.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.anandashankarjayant.com/tour.asp?yr=2014 Website of Ananda Shankar Jayant]</ref><ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Bnuxveh4HjLS5Y7YtvlOhJ/The-TimeOut-Mint-Planner-23-May-2014.html Livemint - Upcoming Events]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv14/prv861.html |title=Narthaki - Natya Parampara Utsav |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110252/http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv14/prv861.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bangalore.explocity.com/event/natya-parampara-utsav-2014-bharatiya-vidya-bhavan/ |title=Explocity Website |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711221709/http://bangalore.explocity.com/event/natya-parampara-utsav-2014-bharatiya-vidya-bhavan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Many original works includes numerous solo repertoires, features, dance dramas

Highland River commissioned by Colorado Fine Arts Association, US

Sampoorna Adhyatma Ramayana based on the works of 17th century scholar Munipalle Subramanya Kavi presented as Leela Natanam.

Nandanar Charitam Kuchipudi Dance drama with over 28 shows apart from Bangalore performing at the Invitation of 7 Chennai Sabhas in presence of Art Patrons like Dr Nalli Kuppuswamychetty and senior stalwart Gurus, Artists of Chennai, West Bengal State Music and Dance Academy, Siddhartha Kala Peetam Vjaywada, Ujjain Mahakal for Madhya Pradesh Govt, Mysore National Dance Drama Festival,
Soorya Ganesham Trivandrum in the presence of Sri Soorya Krishnamoorthy . Srisailam Temple one of the 12 Jyothirlingams .Kerala Kalamandalam, at Soorya Choreography Festival Trivandrum (2nd repeat show) and at the very own Thirpungur Shivaloganathar temple for Shivarathri, Hassan, Telangana state culture department soforth .

Nandanar Charitam toured US 2024 and was presented at Detroit Michigan, Richmond Virginia, Yuvabharathi Palo Alto California, Cleveland Thyagaraja Utsav April 2025 and few more shows scheduled to be presented in different cities of US

Conceived and Choreographed by Deepa Sashindran
Produced by Kuchipudi Parampara Foundation Trust Bengaluru.

Recognised with grants by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] New Delhi and Kannada and Culture Govt of Karnataka

==Dance festivals==
===Natya Vedam Annual Dance Festival - 2012===
Deepa Sashindran organized the Natya Vedam Annual Dance Festival 2012 on 18 and 19 May as a tribute to her Dance Guru, Manju Barggavee. The event was held in Bangalore and featured eminent artists of classical and contemporary dance forms.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150711224256/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article520374.ece News Indian Express 8 May 2012]</ref><ref>[http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/deepa-sashindran-honors-her-dance-guru-smt-manju-barggavee-at-natya-vedam-annual-dance-festival-2012-2/ News This Week Bangalore 23 May 2012]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/adherence-to-tradition/article3451822.ece News The Hindu 24 May 2012]</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/250985/F/ News Deccan Herald 21 May 2012]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150710010043/http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-buzz/vibrant-dance-extravaganza_1337840345.html City Plus - Jagran]</ref>

===Natya Parampara Utsav - 2014 till date===
The foundation has organized Natya Parampara Utsav for the promotion of the arts. For example, the event "Divinity in Kuchipudi" was held on 24–25 May 2014 at Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, Bangalore and featured eminent artists of the Kuchipudi dance forms.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/kuchipudi-fest/article6037997.ece News The Hindu 23 May 2014]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deepasashindran.com/Natya/Natya%20Parampara%20Utsav.htm |title=Official Website - Natya Parampara Utsav |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=24 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073646/http://www.deepasashindran.com/Natya/Natya%20Parampara%20Utsav.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.anandashankarjayant.com/tour.asp?yr=2014 Website of Ananda Shankar Jayant]</ref><ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Bnuxveh4HjLS5Y7YtvlOhJ/The-TimeOut-Mint-Planner-23-May-2014.html Livemint - Upcoming Events]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv14/prv861.html |title=Narthaki - Natya Parampara Utsav |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110252/http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv14/prv861.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bangalore.explocity.com/event/natya-parampara-utsav-2014-bharatiya-vidya-bhavan/ |title=Explocity Website |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711221709/http://bangalore.explocity.com/event/natya-parampara-utsav-2014-bharatiya-vidya-bhavan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Art Cafe Conversation series based on works of Indian classical music composers and adapted to dance.

Curated Navotthana for First Rotary South Asia International Peace Conference with over 140 artists from India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan supported by ICCR and Indian High Commission Colombo.

== Awards and Credentials ==
*FKCCI - Federation of Karnataka chambers and Commerce Industry
*EMERG Bangalore's oldest women entrepreneurs group
*Best Kuchipudi Artiste Yuva Ranga<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |title=Official Website Awards |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094651/http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Nritya Shiromani National Award<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |title=Official Website Awards |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094651/http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Sathyabhama Excellence Award<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |title=Official Website Awards |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094651/http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Nrithya Vilasini<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |title=Official Website Awards |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094651/http://www.deepasashindran.com/deepa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Natya Kousthuba
*International Women Achievers of Bangalore award by Garden City University
*Honored by the Philanthropic Society of India
*Honored by Exide Life Insurance Company Ltd
* Best Institution Recognition Bangalore Times
*Countless Recognition from art organisations all over India last 4 decades

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Deepa Sashindran}}
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/off-beat-depiction/article6339531.ece Review by The Hindu]
* [http://www.narthaki.com/info/rev13/rev1455.html Review by Narthaki]
* [http://www.kuchipudiparamparafoundation.com/ Kuchipudi Parampara Foundation]

Performance videos:
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QN4Y_vLNTA ''Video of Agnijyotsna by Deepa Sashindran'']
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEHJLpzxfiQ Udaya News Channel]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_bYiEeBXZw Bala gopala Tarangam Kuchipudi]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGqzbNrgMRs Brocheva keerthanam Kuchipudi]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4IbWMLB-dfA Ganesha Stuti]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1HqTRnLFAk Guruvayur Temple festival]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OACjMDKFdi0 Devi Stuti Ranjani Niranjani Kuchipudi]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMXUjC_RVuE Kamakshi Stuti]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sashindran, Deepa}}
[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]
[[Category:Women artists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]

Muhammad

2026-03-28T23:39:47Z

JewelWoodcock19: brief reworked lead per standard format further and added references

{{Short description|Founder of Islam (c. 570–632)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Ummi||Ummi (disambiguation)}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes|expiry=indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Muhammad
| native_name = {{Nobold|{{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|مُحَمَّد}}}}}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg
| caption = "Muhammad, the Messenger of God" inscribed on the gates of the [[Prophet's Mosque]], [[Medina]]
| alt = Inscription proclaiming Muhammad as the messenger of God
| birth_date = {{Circa|570 CE}} (53 [[Hijri year|BH]]){{sfn|Conrad|1987}}
| birth_place = {{Longitem|[[Mecca]], Hejaz, Arabia}}
| death_date = {{Death date|632|6|8|df=y}} CE (11 AH; aged 61–62)
| death_place = {{Longitem|[[Medina]], the [[first Islamic state]]}}
| resting_place = {{Longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at the [[Prophet's Mosque]], Medina, Arabia}}
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03|N|39|36|41|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=inline|name=Green Dome}}
| other_names = {{Tlit|ar|Rasūl Allāh}} ({{literal translation|Messenger of God}}) See [[Names and titles of Muhammad]]
| known_for = * Establishing [[Islam]]
* Major prophet in Islam and the [[Druze faith]]
* [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestation of God]] in [[Baháʼí Faith]]
| spouse = See [[Wives of Muhammad]]
| children = See [[Children of Muhammad]]
| parents = {{plainlist|
* [[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] (father)
* [[Amina bint Wahb]] (mother)
}}
| relatives = [[Ahl al-Bayt]] ({{literal translation|People of the House}}) See [[Family tree of Muhammad]]
| module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes
|ism=Muḥammad
|ism-ar={{Script|Arab|مُحَمَّد}}
|nasab=Ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib|ʿAbd Allāh]] ibn [[Abd al-Muttalib|ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hāshim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|ʿAbd Manāf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Quṣayy]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilāb]]
|nasab-ar={{Script|Arab|ٱبْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب بْن هَاشِم بْن عَبْد مَنَاف بْن قُصَيّ بْن كِلَاب}}
|kunya=[[Abū al-Qāsim]]
|kunya-ar={{Script|Arab|أَبُو ٱلْقَاسِم}}
|laqab=[[Seal of the Prophets|Khātam al-Nabiyyīn]]
|laqab-ar={{Script|Arab|خَاتَم ٱلنَّبِيِّين}}
}}
| religion =
}}
{{Muhammad}}

'''Muhammad'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|m|u:|ˈ|h|ɑː|m|ə|d}}; {{langx|ar|مُحَمَّد|Muḥammad|lit=praiseworthy}}; {{IPA|ar|mʊˈħæm.mæd|}}}}{{efn|He is referred to by many appellations, including '''Muhammad ibn Abd Allah''', '''Messenger of God''', '''Prophet Muhammad''', '''God's Apostle''', '''Last Prophet of Islam''', and others; there are also variant spellings of Muhammad, such as '''Mohamet''', '''Mohammed''', '''Mahamad''', '''Muhamad''', '''Mohamed''', and many others.}} ({{circa|570}}{{snd}}8 June 632 CE){{efn|{{harvnb|Goldman|1995|p=63}}, gives 8 June 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|Muslim conquest of Palestine]] (634–638 CE).}} was an [[Arab]] religious, military and political leader, as well as the founder of [[Islam]].{{efn|According to {{harvnb|Welch|Moussalli|Newby|2009}}, writing for the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: "The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger ({{tlit|ar|rasūl Allāh}}), called to be a 'warner,' first to the Arabs and then to all humankind."}} [[Muhammad in Islam|According to Islam]], he was the final prophet of God who was [[divinely inspired]] to preach and confirm the [[tawhid|monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], [[Noah in Islam|Noah]], [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]], and other [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophets in Islam]]. He is believed by [[Muslims]] to be the [[Seal of the Prophets]], and along with the [[Quran]], his teachings and [[Sunnah|normative examples]] form the basis for Islamic religious belief.

According to the [[Prophetic biography|traditional account]],<ref name="Van-Ess 2017">{{cite book|author-last=van Ess|author-first=Josef|year=2017|chapter=Setting the Seal on Prophecy|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=viRoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|title=Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra, Volume 1: A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam|translator-last=O'Kane|translator-first=John|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|series=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East|volume=116/1|pages=3–7|doi=10.1163/9789004323384_002|isbn=978-90-04-32338-4|issn=0169-9423}}</ref><ref name="Zimney 2009">{{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Zimney|author-first=Michelle|year=2009|chapter=Introduction – What Is Islam?|editor-last=Campo|editor-first=Juan E.|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PAxxi|location=New York|publisher=Facts on File|series=Encyclopedia of World Religions|pages=xxi–xxxii|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1}}</ref><ref name="Lewis1995a">{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Lewis|year=1995|chapter=Part III: The Dawn and Noon of Islam – Origins|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjAABdA9z18C&pg=PA51|title=The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years|location=New York|publisher=Scribner|pages=51–58|isbn=978-0-684-83280-7}}</ref> Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]] to the aristocratic [[Banu Hashim]] clan of the [[Quraysh]]. He was the son of [[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] and [[Amina bint Wahb]]. His father, Abdullah, the son of tribal leader [[Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim]], died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]]. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named [[Jabal al-Nour|Hira]] for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, in {{Circa|610|lk=no}}, Muhammad reported being visited by [[Gabriel]] in the cave and receiving [[Muhammad's first revelation|his first revelation]] from God. In 613,<ref>Howarth, Stephen. ''Knights Templar''. 1985. {{ISBN|978-0-8264-8034-7}} p. 199.</ref> Muhammad started [[Dawah|preaching]] these revelations publicly,<ref name="AlAzami2003">[[Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami]] (2003), ''The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments'', pp. 26–27. UK Islamic Academy. {{ISBN|978-1-872531-65-6}}.</ref> proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" ({{tlit|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|Islām]]}}) to [[God in Islam|God]] ({{tlit|ar|[[Allāh]]}}) is the right way of life ({{tlit|ar|[[dīn]]}}),{{sfn|Ahmad|2009}} and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to other [[Prophets in Islam#Table of prophets/messengers in the Quran|prophets in Islam]].<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Welch|Moussalli|Newby|2009}}
* {{harvnb|Esposito|1998|pp=9, 12}}
* {{harvnb|Esposito|2002|pp=4–5}}
* {{harvnb|Peters|2003|p=9}}
* {{harvnb|Buhl|Welch|1993}}</ref>

[[Companions of the Prophet|Muhammad's followers]] were initially few in number, and experienced [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|persecution by Meccan polytheists]] for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he [[Migration to Abyssinia|sent some of his followers]] to [[Kingdom of Aksum|Abyssinia]] in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to [[Medina]] (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the {{tlit|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, marks the beginning of the [[Islamic calendar]], also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the [[Constitution of Medina]]. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and [[Conquest of Mecca|marched on the city of Mecca]]. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with minimal casualties. In 632, a few months after returning from the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]], he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] had [[converted to Islam]].

The revelations ({{tlit|ar|[[waḥy]]}}) that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses ({{tlit|ar|[[āyah]]}}) of the Quran, upon which Islam is based, and are regarded by Muslims as the verbatim word of God and his final revelation. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices, found in transmitted reports, known as [[hadith]], and in his biography ({{tlit|ar|[[sīrah]]}}), are also upheld and used as [[sources of Islamic law]]. Apart from Islam, Muhammad has received praise in [[Sikhism]] as an inspirational figure, in the [[Druze faith]] as one of the seven main [[Druze#Prophethood|prophets]], and in the [[Baháʼí Faith]] as a [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestation of God]].

==Biographical sources==
{{Main|Historiography of early Islam|Historicity of Muhammad}}
{{See|Revisionist school of Islamic studies}}

Critical evaluation of sources is of particular importance in uncovering Muhammad's [[Historicity of Muhammad|historical existence beyond the myths]]. Early sources for the life of Muhammad are authors from the 2nd and 3rd centuries [[Hijri era|AH]] (8th and 9th centuries CE), whose works constructed main biographical information to the Muslim traditions regarding his life,{{sfn|Reeves|2003|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Watt|1953|p=xi}} but the reliability of this information is contentious in academic circles due to the [[Oral tradition|oral gap]] between the recorded dates of Muhammad's life and the dates when these writings begin to appear in sources. John Burton summarizes the information provided by the multitude of available sources, from a historian's perspective, and states

<blockquote>In judging the content, the only resort of the scholar is to the yardstick of probability, and on this basis, it must be repeated, virtually nothing of use to the historian emerges from the sparse record of the early life of the founder of the latest of the great world religions ... so, however far back in the Muslim tradition one now attempts to reach, one simply cannot recover a scrap of information of real use in constructing the human history of Muhammad, beyond the bare fact that he once existed.<ref name=4-burton>John Burton: ''Bulletin of the Society of Oriental and African Studies'', vol. 53 (1990), p. 328, cited in {{cite book |editor1-last=Ibn Warraq |title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/questforhistoric00ibnw |url-access=registration |date=2000 |publisher=Prometheus |pages=[https://archive.org/details/questforhistoric00ibnw/page/91 91] |chapter=2. Origins of Islam: A Critical Look at the Sources|isbn=9781573927871 }}</ref></blockquote>

===Early biographies===
{{Main|Prophetic biography}}
{{Further|Manaqib|Qisas al-Anbiya}}
[[File:PERF No. 665.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|An early manuscript of [[Ibn Hisham]]'s {{tlit|ar|[[Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Hisham)|al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah]]}}, believed to have been transmitted by his students shortly after his death in 833<ref name="Abbott-1967">{{cite book |last=Abbott |first=Nabia |author-link=Nabia Abbott |title=Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri: Qur'anic Commentary and Tradition |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=1967 |volume=2 |location=Chicago, USA}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=61}}]]

The information used in early Islamic historiography emerged as the sporadic products of [[Qāṣṣ|storytellers (''qāṣṣ'', pl. ''quṣṣāṣ'')]] -they were quite prestigious then-<ref>They do not seem, however, to have been more prone to fabrications than other scholars of the early period. This deduction stems from the over-whelmingly positive reputation of the quṣṣāṣ in the early period.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004335523_008</ref> without details.<ref>Most Islamic history was [[Oral tradition|transmitted orally]] until after the rise of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]].{{Harvtxt|Vansina|1985}}</ref> At the same time the study of the earliest periods in Islamic history is made difficult by a lack of sources.{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=628}} While the narratives were initially in the form of a kind of heroic epics called magāzī,<Ref>The earliest sources we have on the life of Muḥammad are the maghāzī, but they are far from being a consistent literary genre because they encompass a mix of different types of texts: lists of martyrs, poetry, Qurʾānic explanations, anecdotes resembling those found in the Bible, and of course accounts of military expeditions.https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004466739_005</ref> details were added later, edited and transformed into sirah compilations.<ref>Raven, Wim (2006). "Sīra and the Qurʾān". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 29–49</ref><ref name="Crone-1987-223">{{cite book |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/meccantraderisei00cron |url-access=limited |date=1987 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/meccantraderisei00cron/page/n213 223]|isbn=9780691054803 |quote=If one storyteller should happen to mention a raid, the next storyteller would know the date of this raid, while the third would know everything that an audience might wish to hear about.}}</ref> Western historians describe the purpose of these early biographies as largely to convey a message, (of a [[Manaqib|hagiographic]] nature) rather than to strictly and accurately record history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lecker |first=Michael |year=2010 |editor-last=Brockopp |editor-first=Jonathan E. |chapter=Glimpses of Muḥammad's Medinan Decade |title=The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad |pages=61–80 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/ccol9780521886079.004 |isbn=978-0-521-88607-9}}</ref>

Important early sources for the life of Muhammad are authors from the 2nd and 3rd centuries [[Hijri era|AH]] (overlapping with the 8th and 9th centuries CE), whose works supplied additional biographical information to the Muslim traditions regarding his life.{{sfn|Reeves|2003|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Watt|1953|p=xi}} The earliest written {{tlit|ar|sira}} (biographies of Muhammad and quotes attributed to him) is [[Ibn Ishaq]]'s ''[[Prophetic biography|Life of God's Messenger]]'' written {{circa|767|lk=no}} (150 AH). Although the original work was lost, this {{tlit|ar|sira}} survives as extensive excerpts in works by [[Ibn Hisham]] and to a lesser extent by [[al-Tabari]].{{sfn|Nigosian|2004|p=6}}{{Sfn|Donner|1998|p=132}} However, Ibn Hisham wrote in the preface to his biography of Muhammad that he omitted matters from Ibn Ishaq's biography that "would distress certain people".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holland |first=Tom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5u3Ukw7AftwC&pg=PT28 |title=In the Shadow of the Sword |publisher=Doubleday |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7481-1951-6 |page=42 |quote=Things which it is disgraceful to discuss; matters which would distress certain people; and such reports as I have been told are not to be accepted as trustworthy – all these things have I omitted. [Ibn Hashim, p. 691.]}}</ref> Another early historical source is the history of Muhammad's campaigns by [[al-Waqidi]] ({{died in|207}} AH), and [[The Book of the Major Classes|the work]] of Waqidi's secretary [[Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi]] ({{died in|230}} AH).{{sfn|Watt|1953|p=xi}} [[Karen Armstrong]] believes that —thanks to these early biographical efforts— more is known about Muhammad than about the founders of almost all the other major religions.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=3|loc=Introduction}}

===Hadith===
{{Main|Hadith}}

[[File:PERF No. 732.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Early manuscript of the ''[[Muwatta Imam Malik|Muwatta]]'' of [[Malik ibn Anas]], dated within his lifetime {{circa|780|lk=no}}<ref name="Abbott-1967" />{{Reference page|page=114}}]]
Other important traditional sources include the [[hadith]] collections, accounts of verbal and [[sunnah|physical teachings]] and approvals attributed to Muhammad. Hadiths were compiled several generations after his death by Muslims including [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]], [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]], [[Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi]], [[Al-Nasa'i|Abd ar-Rahman al-Nasai]], [[Abu Dawood]], [[Ibn Majah]], [[Malik ibn Anas]], [[al-Daraqutni]].<ref name="Lewis1993">{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Lewis |title=Islam and the West |title-link=Islam and the West |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1993 |isbn=978-0195090611 |pages=33–34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jonathan |first=A. C. Brown |author-link=Jonathan A. C. Brown |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyMKDEAb4GsC&pg=PA9 |title=The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunnī Ḥadīth Canon |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-04-15839-9 |page=9 |quote=We can discern three strata of the Sunni ḥadīth canon. The perennial core has been the ''Ṣaḥīḥayn''. Beyond these two foundational classics, some fourth-/tenth-century scholars refer to a four-book selection that adds the two ''Sunans'' of Abū Dāwūd (d. 275/889) and al-Nāsaʾī (d. 303/915). The Five Book canon, which is first noted in the sixth/twelfth century, incorporates the ''Jāmiʿ'' of al-Tirmidhī (d. 279/892). Finally, the Six Book canon, which hails from the same period, adds either the ''Sunan'' of Ibn Mājah (d. 273/887), the ''Sunan'' of al-Dāraquṭnī (d. 385/995) or the ''Muwaṭṭaʾ'' of Mālik b. Anas (d. 179/796). Later ḥadīth compendia often included other collections as well. None of these books, however, has enjoyed the esteem of al-Bukhārīʼs and Muslimʼs works.}}</ref> The hadiths generally present an idealized view of Muhammad.<ref name="Görke2020">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2020 |title=The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith |publisher=Wiley |last=Görke |first=Andreas |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Daniel W. |pages=75–90 |doi=10.1002/9781118638477.ch4 |isbn=978-1-118-63851-4}}</ref>

Muslim scholars placed more trust in hadith than in biographical literature because hadiths were generally based on a chain of transmission ({{tlit|ar|[[isnad]]}}); the absence of such a chain in biographical literature made it, in their eyes, unverifiable.{{sfn|Ardic|2012|p=99}} Hadiths were classified by Islamic scholars according to their reliability<ref>The Future of Muslim Civilisation by Ziauddin Sardar, 1979, page 26.</ref> based on the chain of transmission; and different [[madhab|schools of thought]] relied on different collections. These sources, distrusted by [[Quranism|Quranist scholars]],<ref name="Aisha Y. Musa 2013">Aisha Y. Musa, The Qur’anists, Florida International University, accessed 22 May 2013.</ref><ref name="Neal Robinson 2013 pp. 85-89">Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0878402243}}, Chapter 7, pp. 85-89</ref> are also viewed with suspicion by Western researchers. Western scholars widely believed that there was widespread fabrication of hadith during the early centuries of Islam to support certain theological and legal positions.<ref name="Brown2020" /><ref name="Görke2020" /> In addition, the meaning of a hadith may have drifted from its original telling to when it was finally written down, even if the chain of transmission is authentic.<ref name="Hoyland2007">{{Cite journal |last=Hoyland |first=Robert |year=2007 |title=Writing the Biography of the Prophet Muhammad: Problems and Solutions |journal=History Compass |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=581–602 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00395.x |issn=1478-0542}}</ref>

Although the "dominant paradigm" of Western scholars is to find their reliability questionable,<ref name="Brown2020">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2020 |title=The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith |publisher=Wiley |last=Brown |first=Daniel W. |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Daniel W. |pages=39–56 |doi=10.1002/9781118638477.ch2 |isbn=978-1-118-63851-4 |chapter=Western Hadith Studies}}</ref> some have - with caution - regarded them as accurate historical sources.<ref name="Lewis1993" /> Scholars such as [[Wilferd Madelung]], on the other hand, do not reject the hadiths compiled in later periods, but evaluate them in [[Historical criticism|their historical context]].{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=xi, 19–20}} In other words, according to him, they contained clues not from the life of Muhammad, but from the mentality of the period in which they were written.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

===Quran===
{{Main|Muhammad in the Quran|Historical reliability of the Quran}}

The [[Quran]] is the central [[religious text]] of Islam. Muslims believe it represents the word of [[God in Islam|God]] revealed to Muhammad by the archangel [[Gabriel]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |access-date=24 September 2013 |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |archive-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths'', Mary Pat Fisher, 1997, p. 338, I. B. Tauris.</ref><ref>{{qref|17|106|b=y}}</ref> The Quran is primarily addressed to a single "Messenger of God," identified as Muhammad in a number of verses. In contrast to the hundreds of references to earlier prophets such as Moses and Jesus, it contains comparatively little direct information about Muhammad himself,{{sfn|Bennett|1998|pp=18–19}}{{sfn|Peters|1994|p=261}} or [[Companions of the Prophet|his companions]]. The text also briefly refers to episodes from Muhammad's career, such as the migration of his followers to [[Yathrib]] and the [[Battle of Badr]].<ref name="Watt2024">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2024|title=Muhammad|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|access-date=4 February 2023|last1=Watt|first1=William Montgomery|author-link1=W. Montgomery Watt|last2=Sinai|first2=Nicolai|author-link2=Nicolai Sinai}}</ref>

== Meccan years ==
{{main|Muhammad in Mecca|Bakkah}}

=== Early life ===
{{See also|Mawlid|Family tree of Muhammad}}
{{Muhammad timeline in Mecca}}
[[File:Siyer-i Nebi The birth of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|The birth of Muhammad in the 16th-century {{tlit|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}}]]
Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim<ref name="Watt2024" /> was born in [[Mecca]]{{sfn|Rodinson|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Conrad|1987}} {{circa|570|lk=no}},{{sfn|Conrad|1987}} and [[Mawlid|his birthday]] is believed to be in the month of [[Rabi' al-Awwal]].{{sfn|Esposito|2003}} He belonged to the [[Banu Hashim]] clan of the [[Quraysh]] tribe, which was a dominant force in western Arabia.{{sfn|Robin|2012|pp=286–287}} While his clan was one of the more distinguished in the tribe, it seems to have experienced a lack of prosperity during his early years.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{efn|See also {{qref|43|31|b=y}} cited in EoI; Muhammad.}}
According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad was a {{tlit|ar|[[hanif]]}}, someone who professed [[monotheism]] in [[pre-Islamic Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: The Basics |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2005 |isbn=9780415341066 |volume=1 |page=16}}</ref> He is also claimed to have been a descendant of [[Ishmael]], son of [[Abraham]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Louis |last=Jacobs |date=1995 |page=272 |title=The Jewish Religion: A Companion |url=https://archive.org/details/jewishreligionco0000jaco |isbn=9780198264637 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

The name Muhammad means "praiseworthy" in Arabic and it appears four times in the [[Quran]].<ref>Jean-Louis Déclais, ''Names of the Prophet'', [[Encyclopedia of the Quran]].</ref> He was also known as "al-Amin" ({{literal translation|faithful}}) when he was young; however, historians differ as to whether it was given by people as a reflection of his nature{{sfn|Esposito|1998|p=6}} or was simply a given name from his parents, i.e., a masculine form of his mother's name "Amina".{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=361}} Muhammad acquired the {{tlit|ar|[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]}} of Abu al-Qasim later in his life after the birth of his son Qasim, who died two years afterwards.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=51}}

Islamic tradition states that Muhammad's birth year coincided with the [[Year of the Elephant]], when [[Abraha]], the [[Aksumite]] viceroy in the former [[Himyarite Kingdom]], unsuccessfully attempted to conquer Mecca.<ref>Marr J. S., Hubbard E., Cathey J. T. 2014: The Year of the Elephant. 
{{doi|10.6084/m9.figshare.1186833}}
Retrieved 21 October 2014 (GMT).</ref> Recent studies, however, challenge this notion, as other evidence suggests that the expedition, if it had occurred, would have transpired substantially before Muhammad's birth.<ref>See:
*{{harvnb|Conrad|1987}}
*{{harvnb|Reynolds|2023|p=16}}
*{{harvnb|Johnson|2015|p=286}}
*{{harvnb|Peters|2010|p=61}}
*{{harvnb|Muesse|2018|p=213}}
*{{harvnb|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=361}}</ref> Later Muslim scholars presumably linked Abraha's renowned name to the narrative of Muhammad's birth to elucidate the unclear passage about "the men of elephants" in Quran 105:1–5.{{sfn|Reynolds|2023|p=16}}{{sfn|Gibb et al.|1986|p=102}} ''The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity'' deems the tale of Abraha's war elephant expedition as a myth.{{sfn|Johnson|2015|p=286}}


Muhammad's father, [[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abdullah]], died almost six months before he was born.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meri |first=Josef W. |author-link=Josef W. Meri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC |title=Medieval Islamic civilization |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-96690-0 |volume=1 |page=525 |access-date=3 January 2013}}</ref> Muhammad then stayed with his foster mother, [[Halima bint Abi Dhu'ayb]], and her husband until he was two years old. At the age of six, Muhammad lost his biological mother [[Amina bint Wahb|Amina]] to illness and became an orphan.{{sfn|Watt|1971}}{{sfn|Watt|1960}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|pp=38, 41–43}} For the next two years, until he was eight years old, Muhammad was under the guardianship of his paternal grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib]], until the latter's death. He then came under the care of his uncle, [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]],{{sfn|Watt|1961|p=7}} the new leader of the Banu Hashim.{{sfn|Watt|1961|p=7}} Abu Talib's brothers assisted with Muhammad's learning{{snd}}[[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Hamza]], the youngest, trained Muhammad in [[archery]], [[swordsmanship]], and [[martial arts]]. Another uncle, [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas]], provided Muhammad with a job leading [[Caravan (travellers)|caravans]] on the northern segment of the route to Syria.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=18|loc=Chapter One: Mecca}}

[[File:Young Muhammad meets the monk Bahira - from Jami' al-Tawarikh.jpg|thumb|right|Young Muhammad meets the monk Bahira. From {{tlit|ar|[[Jami al-Tawarikh]]}} by [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani]] in Tabriz, Persia, {{circa|lk=no|1315}}.]]
The historical record of Mecca during Muhammad's early life is limited and fragmentary, making it difficult to distinguish between fact and legend.{{sfn|Watt|1961|p=8}} Several Islamic narratives relate that Muhammad, as a child, went on a trading trip to Syria with his uncle Abu Talib and met a monk named [[Bahira]], who is said to have then foretold his prophethood.{{sfn|Roggema|2008|pp=38–46}} There are multiple versions of the story with details that contradict each other.{{sfn|Roggema|2008|p=46}} All accounts of Bahira and his meeting with Muhammad have been considered fictitious by modern historians<ref>See:
*{{harvnb|Roggema|2008|p=52}}
*{{harvnb|Gabriel|2007|p=56}}
*{{harvnb|Watt|1961|p=9}}
*{{harvnb|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=362}}
*{{harvnb|Anthony|2020|p=73}}</ref> as well as by some medieval Muslim scholars such as [[al-Dhahabi]].{{sfn|Anthony|2020|p=73}}

Sometime later in his life, Muhammad proposed marriage to his cousin and first love, [[Fakhitah bint Abi Talib]]. But likely owing to his poverty, his proposal was rejected by her father, Abu Talib, who chose a more illustrious suitor.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=49}}{{sfn|Brown|2011|p=100}} When Muhammad was 25, his fortunes turned around; his business reputation caught the attention of his 40-year-old distant relative [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]], a wealthy businesswoman who had staked out a successful career as a merchant in the caravan trade industry. She asked him to take one of her caravans into Syria, after which she was so impressed by his competence in the expedition that she proposed marriage to him; Muhammad accepted her offer and remained monogamous with her until her death.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=20|loc=Chapter One: Mecca}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|pp=50, 55}}{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=362}}

<div class="depiction">[[File:Mohammed kaaba 1315.jpg|thumb|left|Miniature from [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani]]'s {{tlit|ar|[[Jami al-Tawarikh]]}}, {{circa|lk=no|1315}}, illustrating the story of Muhammad's role in re-setting the [[Black Stone]] in 605 ([[Ilkhanate]] period)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Wijdan |author-link=Wijdan Ali |date=August 1999 |title=From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art |url=http://www2.let.uu.nl/Solis/anpt/ejos/pdf4/07Ali.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Turkish Art |page=3 |issn=0928-6802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041203232347/http://www2.let.uu.nl/Solis/anpt/ejos/pdf4/07Ali.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2004 |number=7}}</ref>]]</div>

In 605, the Quraysh decided to roof the [[Kaaba]], which had previously consisted only of walls. A complete rebuild was needed to accommodate the new weight. Amid concerns about upsetting the deities, a man stepped forth with a pickaxe and exclaimed, "O goddess! Fear not! Our intentions are only for the best." With that, he began demolishing it. The anxious Meccans awaited divine retribution overnight, but his unharmed continuation the next day was seen as a sign of heavenly approval. According to a narrative collected by [[Ibn Ishaq]], when it was time to reattach the [[Black Stone]], a dispute arose over which clan should have the privilege. It was determined that the first person to step into the Kaaba's court would arbitrate. Muhammad took on this role, asking for a cloak. He placed the stone on it, guiding clan representatives to jointly elevate it to its position. He then personally secured it within the wall.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|pp=79-81}}{{sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990|p=319}}

=== Beginnings of the Quran ===
{{See also|Muhammad's first revelation|History of the Quran|Waḥy}}
[[File:Cave Hira.jpg|right|upright|thumb|The cave [[Cave of Hira|Hira]] in the mountain [[Jabal al-Nour]] where, according to Muslim belief, Muhammad received his first revelation]]
The financial security Muhammad enjoyed from [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]], his wealthy wife, gave him plenty of free time to spend in solitude in the [[Jabal al-Nour|cave of Hira]].{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=35}}{{sfn|Netton|2013|p=235}} According to Islamic tradition, in 610, when he was 40 years old, the angel [[Gabriel]] appeared to him during his visit to the cave.{{sfn|Conrad|1987}} The angel showed him a cloth with [[Quranic verses]] on it and instructed him to read. When Muhammad confessed his illiteracy, Gabriel choked him forcefully, nearly suffocating him, and repeated the command. As Muhammad reiterated his inability to read, Gabriel choked him again in a similar manner. This sequence took place once more before Gabriel finally recited the verses, allowing Muhammad to memorize them.{{sfn|Peterson|2007|p=51}}{{sfn|Klein|1906|p=7}}{{sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} These verses later constituted [[Quran 96:1-5]].{{sfn|Rosenwein|2018|p=148}}

When Muhammad came to his senses, he felt scared; he started to think that after all of this spiritual struggle, he had been visited by a [[jinn]], which made him no longer want to live. In desperation, Muhammad fled from the cave and began climbing up towards the top of the mountain to jump to his death. But when he reached the summit, he experienced another [[Vision (spirituality)|vision]], this time seeing a mighty being that engulfed the horizon and stared back at Muhammad even when he turned to face a different direction. This was the [[Revelation in Islam|spirit of revelation]] ({{tlit|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), which Muhammad later referred to as [[Gabriel in Islam|Gabriel]]; it was not a naturalistic [[Angels in Islam|angel]], but rather a [[Transcendence (religion)#Islam|transcendent presence]] that resisted the ordinary limits of humanity and space.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=30|loc=Chapter One: Mecca}}<ref>[[Quran 53]]:5–9</ref><ref>[[Ibn Ishaq]], ''[[Sirat Rasul Allah]]'', 153, in Guillaume, ''Life of Muhammad''</ref>

Frightened and unable to understand the experience, Muhammad hurriedly staggered down the mountain to his wife Khadija. By the time he got to her, he was already crawling on his hands and knees, shaking wildly and crying "Cover me!", as he thrust himself onto her lap. Khadija wrapped him in a cloak and tucked him in her arms until his fears dissipated. She had absolutely no doubts about his revelation; she insisted it was real and not a jinn.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=30|loc=Chapter One: Mecca}} Muhammad was also reassured by Khadija's Christian cousin [[Waraqah ibn Nawfal]],{{sfn|Brown|2003|p=73}} who jubilantly exclaimed "Holy! Holy! If you have spoken the truth to me, O Khadijah, there has come to him the great divinity who came to Moses aforetime, and lo, he is the prophet of his people."{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=31|loc=Chapter One: Mecca}}<ref>[[Ibn Ishaq]], ''[[Sirat Rasul Allah]]'', 154, in Guillaume, ''Life of Muhammad''</ref> Khadija instructed Muhammad to let her know if Gabriel returned. When he appeared during their private time, Khadija conducted tests by having Muhammad sit on her left thigh, right thigh, and lap, inquiring Muhammad if the being was still present each time. After Khadija removed her clothes with Muhammad on her lap, he reported that Gabriel left at that moment. Khadija thus told him to rejoice as she concluded it was not [[shayatin]] but an angel visiting him.{{sfn|Phipps|2016|p=37}}{{sfn|Rosenwein|2018|p=146}}{{sfn|Brown|2003|p=73}}

Muhammad's demeanor during his moments of inspiration frequently led to allegations from his contemporaries that he was under the influence of a jinn, a soothsayer, or a magician, suggesting that his experiences during these events bore resemblance to those associated with such figures widely recognized in ancient Arabia. Nonetheless, these enigmatic seizure events might have served as persuasive evidence for his followers regarding the divine origin of his revelations. Some historians posit that the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition in these instances are likely genuine, as they are improbable to have been concocted by later Muslims.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=363}}{{sfn|Peterson|2007|pp=53–54}}

[[File:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|upright|Image of [[Gabriel]] visiting Muhammad from the ''[[Siyer-i Nebi]]''|left]]
Shortly after Waraqa's death, the revelations ceased for a period, causing Muhammad great distress and thoughts of suicide.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}}
* Emory C. Bogle 1998, p. 7.
* {{harvnb|Rodinson|2002|p=71}}</ref> On one occasion, he reportedly climbed a mountain intending to jump off. However, upon reaching the peak, Gabriel appeared to him, affirming his status as the true Messenger of God. This encounter soothed Muhammad, and he returned home. Later, when there was another long break between revelations, he repeated this action, but Gabriel intervened similarly, calming him and causing him to return home.{{sfn|Murray|2011|p=552}}{{sfn|Rāshid|2015|p=11}}

Muhammad was confident that he could distinguish his own thoughts from these messages.{{sfn|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=31}} The early Quranic revelations utilized approaches of cautioning non-believers with divine punishment, while promising rewards to believers. They conveyed potential consequences like famine and killing for those who rejected Muhammad's God and alluded to past and future calamities. The verses also stressed the imminent final judgment and the threat of hellfire for skeptics.{{sfn|Brockopp|2010|pp=40–42}} Due to the complexity of the experience, Muhammad was initially reluctant to tell others about his revelations;{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=32|loc=Chapter One: Mecca}} at first, he confided in only a few select family members and friends.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=1|loc=Chapter Two: Jahiliyyah}} According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad's wife Khadija was the first to believe he was a prophet.{{sfn|Watt|1953|p=86}} She was followed by Muhammad's ten-year-old cousin [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], close friend [[Abu Bakr]], and adopted son [[Zayd ibn Haritha al-Kalbi|Zayd]].{{sfn|Watt|1953|p=86}} As word of Muhammad's revelations continued to spread throughout the rest of his family, they became increasingly divided on the matter, with the youth and women generally believing in him, while most of the men in the elder generations were staunchly opposed.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=2|loc=Chapter Two: Jahiliyyah}}

=== Opposition in Mecca ===
{{See also|Persecution of Muslims by Meccans}}
Around 613, Muhammad began to preach to the public;<ref name="AlAzami2003" />{{sfn|Ramadan|2007|pp=37–39}} many of his first followers were women, [[freedmen]], servants, slaves, and other members of the [[lower social class]].{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=2|loc=Chapter Two: Jahiliyyah}} These converts keenly awaited each new revelation from Muhammad; when he recited it, they all would repeat after him and memorize it, and the literate ones recorded it in writing.{{sfn|Armstrong|2007|pp=4, 46|loc=Introduction}} Muhammad also introduced rituals to his group which included prayer ({{tlit|ar|[[salat]]}}) with physical postures that embodied complete surrender ({{tlit|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}}) to [[God in Islam|God]], and almsgiving ({{tlit|ar|[[zakat]]}}) as a requirement of the Muslim community ({{tlit|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=14|loc=Chapter Two: Jahiliyyah}} By this point, Muhammad's religious movement was known as {{tlit|ar|tazakka}} ('purification').{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=15|loc=Chapter Two: Jahiliyyah}}{{sfn|Watt|1953|p=68}}

Initially, he had no serious opposition from the inhabitants of [[Mecca]], who were indifferent to his proselytizing activities, but when he started to attack their beliefs, tensions arose.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=364}}{{sfn|Lewis|2002|pp=35–36}}{{sfn|Muranyi|1998|p=102}}{{sfn|Gordon|2005|pp=120–121}} The [[Quraysh]] challenged [[Miracles of Muhammad|him to perform miracles]], such as bringing forth springs of water, yet he declined, reasoning that the regularities of nature already served as sufficient proof of God's majesty. Some satirized his lack of success by wondering why God had not bestowed treasure upon him. Others called on him to visit Paradise and return with tangible parchment scrolls of the [[Quran]]. But Muhammad asserted that the Quran, in the form he conveyed it, was already an extraordinary proof.{{sfn|Phipps|2016|p=40}}{{sfn|Brockopp|2010|pp=45–46}}

According to [[Amr ibn al-As]], several of the Quraysh gathered at [[Hijr Ismail|Hijr]] and discussed how they had never faced such serious problems as they were facing from Muhammad. They said that he had derided their culture, denigrated their ancestors, scorned their faith, shattered their community, and cursed their gods. Sometime later, Muhammad came, kissing the [[Black Stone]] and performing the ritual {{tlit|ar|[[tawaf]]}}. As Muhammad passed by them, they reportedly said hurtful things to him. The same happened when he passed by them a second time. On his third pass, Muhammad stopped and said, "Will you listen to me, O Quraysh? By Him (God), who holds my life in His hand, I bring you slaughter." They fell silent and told him to go home, saying that he was not a violent man. The next day, a number of Quraysh approached him, asking if he had said what they had heard from their companions. He answered yes, and one of them seized him by his cloak. [[Abu Bakr]] intervened, tearfully saying, "Would you kill a man for saying God is my Lord?" And they left him.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|pp=113–114}}{{sfn|Deming|2014|p=68}}{{sfn|Ibn Kathir|Gassick|2000|pp=342–343}}

The Quraysh attempted to entice Muhammad to quit preaching by giving him admission to the merchants' inner circle as well as an advantageous marriage, but he refused both of the offers.{{sfn|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}} A delegation of them then, led by the leader of the [[Makhzum]] clan, known by the Muslims as [[Abu Jahl]], went to Muhammad's uncle [[Abu Talib]], head of the [[Banu Hashim|Hashim]] clan and Muhammad's caretaker, giving him an ultimatum to disown Muhammad:{{sfn|Hazleton|2014|p=125}}{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=26|loc=Chapter Two: Jahiliyyah}}

{{Blockquote|text=By God, we can no longer endure this vilification of our forefathers, this derision of our traditional values, this abuse of our gods. Either you stop Muhammad yourself, Abu Talib, or you must let us stop him. Since you yourself take the same position as we do, in opposition to what he's saying, we will rid you of him.{{sfn|Hazleton|2014|pp=125–126}}{{sfn|Ibn Kathir| Gassick|2000|p=344}}}}

Abu Talib politely dismissed them at first, thinking it was just a heated talk. But as Muhammad grew more vocal, Abu Talib requested Muhammad to not burden him beyond what he could bear, to which Muhammad wept and replied that he would not stop even if they put the sun in his right hand and the moon in his left. When he turned around, Abu Talib called him and said, "Come back nephew, say what you please, for by God I will never give you up on any account."{{sfn|Hazleton|2014|pp=125–127}}{{sfn|Ibn Kathir|Gassick|2000|pp=344–345}}

===Quraysh delegation to Yathrib===
{{See also|Seven Sleepers|Theories about Alexander the Great in the Quran}}

The leaders of the Quraysh sent [[Nadr ibn al-Harith]] and [[Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt]] to [[Yathrib]] to seek the opinions of the Jewish [[rabbi]]s regarding Muhammad. The rabbis advised them to ask Muhammad three questions: recount the tale of young men who ventured forth in the first age; narrate the story of a traveler who reached both the eastern and western ends of the earth; and provide details about the spirit. If Muhammad answered correctly, they stated, he would be a Prophet; otherwise, he would be a liar. When they returned to Mecca and asked Muhammad the questions, he told them he would provide the answers the next day. However, 15 days passed without a response from his God, leading to gossip among the Meccans and causing Muhammad distress. At some point later, the angel [[Gabriel]] came to Muhammad and provided him with the answers.{{sfn|Ṣallābī|2005|pp=460–461}}{{sfn|Peterson|2007|p=75}}

In response to the first query, the Quran tells a story about a group of men sleeping in a cave (Quran 18:9–25), which scholars generally link to the legend of the [[Seven Sleepers]] of Ephesus. For the second query, the Quran speaks of [[Dhu al-Qarnayn]], literally 'he of the two horns' (Quran 18:93–99), a tale that academics widely associate with the [[Alexander Romance]].{{sfn|Peterson|2007|pp=75–76}}{{sfn|Beeston|1983|p=210}} As for the third query, concerning the nature of the spirit, the Quranic revelation asserted that it was beyond human comprehension. Neither the Jews who devised the questions nor the Quraysh who posed them to Muhammad converted to Islam upon receiving the answers.{{sfn|Peterson|2007|p=75}} Nadr and Uqba were later executed on Muhammad's orders after the [[Battle of Badr]], while other captives were held for ransom. As Uqba pleaded, "But who will take care of my children, Muhammad?" Muhammad responded, "Hell!"<ref>See:
*{{harvnb|Phipps|2016|p=114}}
*{{harvnb|Schroeder|2002|p=86}}
*{{harvnb|Rodinson|2021|pp=167–168}}
*{{harvnb|Margoliouth|2010|p=135}}</ref>

=== Migration to Abyssinia ===
{{Main|Migration to Abyssinia}}

In 615, Muhammad sent some of his followers to [[Migration to Abyssinia|emigrate]] to the Abyssinian [[Kingdom of Aksum]] and found a small colony under the protection of the Christian Ethiopian emperor [[Aṣḥama ibn Abjar]].{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} While [[Tabari]] and [[Ibn Hisham]] mentioned only one migration to Abyssinia, there were two sets according to [[Ibn Sa'd]]. Of these two, the majority of the first group returned to Mecca before the event of {{tlit|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, while the majority of the second group remained in Abyssinia at the time and went directly to [[Medina]] after the event of {{tlit|ar|Hijrah}}. These accounts agree that persecution played a major role in Muhammad sending them there. According to [[W. Montgomery Watt]], the episodes were more complex than the traditional accounts suggest; he proposes that there were divisions within the embryonic Muslim community, and that they likely went there to trade in competition with the prominent merchant families of Mecca.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=365}}

During this period, Tabari, along with others,<ref name="Ahmed1998" /> recorded the so-called [[Satanic Verses]] incident in which Muhammad was said to have been given false verses by [[Satan]] acknowledging pre-Islamic pagan goddesses. This led to a reconciliation between Muhammad and the Meccans, and word was sent to the Muslims in Abyssinia to return home. However, the next day, Muhammad retracted and abrogated the verses at the behest of fresh divine revelation from [[Gabriel]].<ref>''The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad'', 2010, p. 35.</ref>{{efn|The aforementioned Islamic [[Satanic Verses#Tabarī's account|histories recount]] that as Muhammad was reciting Sūra Al-Najm (Q.53), as revealed to him by the archangel Gabriel, Satan tempted him to utter the following lines after verses 19 and 20: "Have you thought of Allāt and al-'Uzzā and Manāt the third, the other; these are the exalted Gharaniq, whose intercession is hoped for." (Allāt, al-'Uzzā and Manāt were three goddesses worshiped by the Meccans.) Cf. Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume p. 166.}}{{efn|"Apart from this one-day lapse, which was excised from the text, the Quran is simply unrelenting, unaccommodating and outright despising of paganism." (Jonathan E. Brockopp, ''The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad'', p. 35.)}} The returning Muslims thus had to make arrangements for clan protection before they could re-enter Mecca.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{sfn|Al-Tabari|1987|pp=107–112}} According to the scholar [[Shahab Ahmed]], the so-called Satanic Verses incident was reported en masse and documented by nearly all of the major biographers of Muhammad during Islam's first two centuries.{{sfn|Ahmed|2017|pp=256–257}} More recent scholarship is mixed. By the 20th century, Muslim scholars had unanimously rejected this incident.<ref name="Ahmed1998">{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Shahab |year=1998 |title=Ibn Taymiyyah and the Satanic Verses |journal=Studia Islamica |publisher=Maisonneuve & Larose |volume=87 |issue=87 |pages=67–124 |doi=10.2307/1595926 |issn=0585-5292 |jstor=1595926}}</ref> Western scholars have both posited reasons for its potential veracity,{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=365}} and questioned its veracity.<ref name="Anthony2019">{{cite journal |last1=Anthony |first1=Sean |date=2019 |title=The Satanic Verses in Early Shiʿite Literature: A Minority Report on Shahab Ahmed's Before Orthodoxy |url=https://www.academia.edu/38941116 |journal=Shii Studies Review |volume=3 |issue=1–2 |pages=215–252 |doi=10.1163/24682470-12340043 |s2cid=181905314 |access-date=16 August 2022 |quote=Western scholars subsequently divided into two camps, either affirming or denying the historicity of the [Satanic Verses] story. Nowadays, however, the denialist camp has won the day, as a steady stream of studies by the likes John Burton, Uri Rubin,Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila, Gerald Hawting, Nicolai Sinai, and Patricia Crone have all expressed profound reservations about the historicity of the story.}}</ref>

====Social exclusion of the Banu Hashim====

In 616, an agreement was established whereby all other Quraysh clans were to enforce a ban on the [[Banu Hashim]], prohibiting trade and marriage with them.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=36|loc=Chapter Two: Jahiliyyah}}{{sfn|Watt|1961|p=77}} Nevertheless, Banu Hashim members could still move around Mecca freely. Despite facing increasing verbal abuse, Muhammad continued to navigate the streets and engage in public debates without being physically harmed.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=126}} At a later point, a faction within Quraysh, sympathizing with Banu Hashim, initiated efforts to end the sanctions, resulting in a general consensus in 619 to lift the ban.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=129}}{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=365}}

=== Attempt to establish himself in Ta'if ===
{{Main|Muhammad's visit to Ta'if}}

In 619, Muhammad faced a period of sorrow. His wife, [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]], a crucial source of his financial and emotional support, died.{{sfn|Lapidus|2012|p=184}} In the same year, his uncle and guardian, [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]], also died.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=134}}{{sfn|Brown|2011|p=22}} Despite Muhammad's persuasions to Abu Talib to embrace Islam on his deathbed, he clung to his polytheistic beliefs until the end.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=135}}{{sfn|Brown|2011|p=22}} Muhammad's other uncle, [[Abu Lahab]], who succeeded the [[Banu Hashim]] clan leadership, was initially willing to provide Muhammad with protection. However, upon hearing from Muhammad that Abu Talib and [[Abd al-Muttalib]] were destined for hell due to not believing in Islam, he withdrew his support.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=135}}<ref>{{harvnb|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=39}}</ref>

Muhammad then went to [[Ta'if]] to try to establish himself in the city and gain aid and protection against the Meccans,{{Sfn|Towghi|1991|p=572}}{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=365}}{{sfn|Adil|2002|p=145}} but he was met with a response: "If you are truly a prophet, what need do you have of our help? If God sent you as his messenger, why doesn't He protect you? And if [[Allah]] wished to send a prophet, couldn't He have found a better person than you, a weak and fatherless orphan?"{{sfn|Adil|2002|pp=145–146}} Realizing his efforts were in vain, Muhammad asked the people of Ta'if to keep the matter a secret, fearing that this would embolden the hostility of the Quraysh against him. However, instead of accepting his request, they pelted him with stones, injuring his limbs.{{sfn|Adil|2002|p=146}} He eventually evaded this chaos and persecution by escaping to the garden of [[Utbah ibn Rabi'ah]], a Meccan chief with a summer residence in Ta'if. Muhammad felt despair due to the unexpected rejection and hostility he received in the city; at this point, he realized he had no security or protection except from God, so he began praying. Shortly thereafter, Utbah's Christian slave [[Addas]] stopped by and offered grapes, which Muhammad accepted. By the end of the encounter, Addas felt overwhelmed and kissed Muhammad's head, hands, and feet in recognition of his prophethood.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|pp=3–4|loc=Chapter Three: Hijrah}}<ref>[[Muhammad ibn Ishaq]], ''[[Sirat Rasul Allah]]'', 280, in [[A. Guillaume]], trans. and ed., ''The Life of Muhammad'' London, 1955, p. 193.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWYH0mHo2AwC |title=The History of al-Ṭabarī |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-1-4384-2340-1 |volume=6: Muhammad at Mecca |pages=116–117}}</ref>

On Muhammad's return journey to Mecca, news of the events in Ta'if had reached the ears of [[Abu Jahl]], and he said, "They did not allow him to enter Ta'if, so let us deny him entry to Mecca as well." Knowing the gravity of the situation, Muhammad asked a passing horseman to deliver a message to [[Akhnas ibn Shariq]], a member of his mother's clan, requesting his protection so that he could enter in safety. But Akhnas declined, saying that he was only a confederate of the house of [[Quraysh]]. Muhammad then sent a message to [[Suhayl ibn Amir]], who similarly declined on the basis of tribal principle. Finally, Muhammad dispatched someone to ask [[Muṭʽim ibn ʽAdi|Mut'im ibn 'Adiy]], the chief of the [[Banu Nawfal]]. Mut'im agreed, and after equipping himself, he rode out in the morning with his sons and nephews to accompany Muhammad to the city. When Abu Jahl saw him, he asked if Mut'im was simply giving him protection or if he had already converted to his religion. Mut'im replied, "Granting him protection, of course." Then Abu Jahl said, "We will protect whomever you protect."{{sfn|Adil|2002|p=148}}

=== Isra' and Mi'raj ===
{{Main|Isra' and Mi'raj}}

{{See|Islamic view of miracles|Revisionist school of Islamic studies}}
{{See|Assembly of the Forty}}
[[File:Domeoftherock1.jpg|thumb|[[Dome of the Rock]], built during the reign of [[Abdul Malik ibn Marwan|Abdul Malik]]. [[Anachronistic]]ally associated{{efn|"When the Quraish disbelieved me (concerning my night journey), I stood up in Al- Hijr (the unroofed portion of the Ka`ba) and Allah displayed [[Bait-ul-Maqdis]] before me, and I started to inform them (Quraish) about its signs while looking at it."<ref>{{cite web |title=Sahih al-Bukhari 4710, Sunan an-Nasa'i 4710, Sunan Abi Dawud 4710 |url=https://sunnah.com/search?q=4710 |website=sunnah.com |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>}} with the [[Isra and Miraj]] marking the place where the Prophet Muhammad is believed to have ascended to [[heaven]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bloom |first1=Jonathan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA76 |title=The Grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture |last2=Blair |first2=Sheila |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |page=76 |access-date=26 December 2011}}</ref> See also:[[Al-Aqsa Mosque]].]]
The writers of the {{tlit|ar|[[Sīrah]]}} place the famous Isra and Mi'raj at this low point in Muhammad's life, where Muslims today believe the Isra to be Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Jerusalem and the Mi'raj to be his journey from [[Jerusalem]] to heaven.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=366}}There is no substantial basis for the Mi'raj in the Quran, as the Quran does not address it directly.{{sfn|Sells|2002|p=176}}

[[Al-Isra'|The 17th chapter]] of the Quran takes its name from a word used in the first verse; The name of the sura, -which was probably original one- "Surat Banī Isrāʾīl" (Surat [[Israelites|Children of Israel]]),<ref>/... at the time of the Sahaabah it was called Soorat Bani Israa’eel...{{Cite web |title=Soorat al-Isra' is also called Soorat Bani Isra'eel - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/163112/soorat-al-isra-is-also-called-soorat-bani-israeel |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=islamqa.info |language=en}}</ref> during the time of the [[Sahaba|Companions]], gradually became the Surat Al-Isra, and simultaneously, narrations and explanations for Isra began to enter Islamic literature, which is presented as the first stage of the journey, expressed as Isra meaning to make someone walk. Verse 17:1 of the Quran recounts someone's (Abd-servant; according to the interpretation, this was Muhammad) night journey from a "revered place of prayer" to the "most distant place of worship".{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

{{Blockquote|Glory be to the One Who took His servant by night from [[Masjid al-Haram]] to the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque|Masjid al-Aqsa]] whose surroundings We have blessed, so that We may show him some of Our signs....}}

The [[Kaaba]], holy enclosure in Mecca, is widely accepted as the starting point, but there is disagreement among Islamic traditions as to what constitutes "the farthest place of worship"; Some modern scholars maintain that the earliest tradition saw this faraway site as a celestial twin of the Kaaba, so that Muhammad's journey took him directly from Mecca through the heavens. A later tradition, however, refers to it as [[Bayt al-Maqdis]], which is generally associated with Jerusalem. Over time, these different traditions merged to present the journey as one that began in Mecca, passed through Jerusalem, and then ascended to heaven.{{sfn|Sells|2002|pp=176–177}} A different interpretation of the verse, the Al-aqsa used in the verse is not associated with Jerusalem, but with [[Al-Ji'rana]], which is located near Mecca<ref>https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/378422</ref> based on the hint that Masjid al-Haram is a night walk away from Masjid al-Aqsa.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

[[Hans Wehr]] says that the 27th night of the month of Rajab chosen for the Miraj is not based on a report and is an arbitrary choice;<ref>Die Angaben in [[Hans_Wehr]]: ''Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart'' (ʿ-r-ǧ): ''die Himmelfahrt (die Muḥammad von Jerusalem aus am 27. Raǧab unternommen hat)'' sind entsprechend zu korrigieren. Dies geht nicht auf das Traditionsmaterial, sondern auf den willkürlich festgelegten [[Islamische Festtage|Festtag]] der Muslime zurück</ref> [[Ibn Sa'd]] recorded that Muhammad's Mi'raj took place first, from near the Kaaba to the heavens, on the 27th of [[Ramadan]], 18 months before the {{tlit|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, while the Isra' from Mecca to {{tlit|ar|Bayt al-Maqdis}} took place on the 17th night of the [[Rabi' al-Awwal]] before the {{tlit|ar|Hijrah}} as two different, unconnected events.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mi'raj - wikishia | url=https://en.wikishia.net/view/Mi%27raj }}</ref> In [[Ibn Hisham]]'s account, the Isra' came first and then the Mi'raj, and he put these stories before the deaths of [[Khadija]] and [[Abu Talib]]. In contrast, [[Al-Tabari]] placed this story at the beginning of Muhammad's public ministry, between his account of Khadija becoming "the first to believe in the Messenger of God" and his account of "the first male to believe in the Messenger of God".{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=366}}

=== Migration to Medina ===
{{Main|Hijrah}}


As resistance to his proselytism in Mecca grew, Muhammad began to limit his efforts to non-Meccans who attended fairs or made pilgrimages.{{sfn|Fontaine|2022|p=244}} During this period, Muhammad had an encounter with six individuals from the Banu Khazraj. These men had a history of raiding Jews in their locality, who in turn would warn them that a prophet would be sent to punish them. On hearing Muhammad's religious message, they said to each other, "This is the very prophet of whom the Jews warned us. Don't let them get to him before us!" Upon embracing Islam, they returned to Medina and shared their encounter, hoping that by having their people—the Khazraj and the Aws, who had been at odds for so long—accept Islam and adopt Muhammad as their leader, unity could be achieved between them.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=143}}{{sfn|Peters|2021|p=211}}

The next year, five of the earlier converts revisited Muhammad, bringing with them seven newcomers, three of whom were from the Banu Aws. At Aqaba, near Mecca, they pledged their loyalty to him.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=143}} Muhammad then entrusted [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] to join them on their return to Medina to promote Islam. Come June 622, a significant clandestine meeting was convened, again at Aqaba. In this gathering, seventy-five individuals from Medina (then Yathrib) attended, including two women, representing all the converts of the oases.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=144}} Muhammad asked them to protect him as they would protect their wives and children. They concurred and gave him their oath,{{sfn|Fontaine|2022|p=245}} commonly referred to as the [[second pledge at al-Aqabah]] or the pledge of war. Paradise was Muhammad's promise to them in exchange for their loyalty.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=144}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=61}}

Subsequently, Muhammad called upon the Meccan Muslims to relocate to Medina.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=144}}{{sfn|Fontaine|2022|pp=245–247}} This event is known as the {{tlit|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, literally meaning 'severing of kinship ties'.{{sfn|Schacht et al.|1998|p=366}}{{sfn|Nigosian|2004|p=10}} The departures spanned approximately three months. To avoid arriving in Medina by himself with his followers remaining in Mecca, Muhammad chose not to go ahead and instead stayed back to watch over them and persuade those who were reluctant.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=144}} Some were held back by their families from leaving, but in the end, there were no Muslims left in Mecca.{{sfn|Fontaine|2022|p=246}}{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=49}}

Islamic tradition recounts that in light of the unfolding events, [[Abu Jahl]] proposed a joint assassination of Muhammad by representatives of each clan. Having been informed about this by the angel Gabriel, Muhammad asked his cousin [[Ali]] to lie in his bed covered with his green hadrami mantle, assuring that it would safeguard him. [[Laylat al-mabit|That night]], the group of planned assassins approached Muhammad's home to carry out the attack but changed their minds upon hearing the voices of [[Sawdah bint Zam'ah|Sawdah]] and some of Muhammad's daughters, since it was considered shameful to kill a man in front of the women in his family. They instead chose to wait until Muhammad left the house the next morning; one of the men peeked into a window and saw what he believed to be Muhammad (but was actually Ali dressed in Muhammad's cloak), though unbeknownst to them, Muhammad had previously escaped from the back of the residence. When Ali went outside to go for a walk the following morning, the men realized they had been fooled, and the Quraysh consequently offered a 100-camel bounty for the return of Muhammad's body, dead or alive.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=27|loc=Chapter Three: Hijrah}} After staying hidden for three days, Muhammad subsequently departed with [[Abu Bakr]] for Medina,{{sfn|Peters|1994|pp=186–187}} which at the time was still named Yathrib; the two men arrived in Medina on 4 September 622.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=30|loc=Chapter Three: Hijrah}} The Meccan Muslims who undertook the migration were then called the [[Muhajirun]], while the Medinan Muslims were dubbed the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]].{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=367}}

==Medinan years==
{{main|First Islamic state}}

===Building the religious community in Medina===
A few days after settling in Medina, Muhammad negotiated for the purchase of a piece of land; upon this plot, the Muslims began constructing a building that would become Muhammad's residence as well as a community gathering place ({{tlit|ar|[[masjid]]}}) for prayer ({{tlit|ar|[[salat]]}}). Tree trunks were used as pillars to hold up the roof, and there was no fancy pulpit; instead, Muhammad stood on top of a small stool to speak to the congregation. The structure was completed after about seven months in April 623, becoming the first Muslim building and mosque; its northern wall had a stone marking the direction of prayer ({{tlit|ar|[[qibla]]}}) which was Jerusalem at that time. Muhammad used the building to host public and political meetings, as well as a place for the poor to gather to receive alms, food, and care. Christians and Jews were also allowed to participate in community worship at the mosque. Initially, Muhammad's religion had no organized way to call the community to prayer in a coordinated manner. To resolve this, Muhammad had considered using a ram's horn ({{tlit|ar|[[shofar]]}}) like the Jews or a wooden clapper like the Christians, but one of the Muslims in the community had a dream where a man in a green cloak told him that someone with a loud booming voice should announce the service by crying out "[[allahu akbar]]" ('God is greater') to remind Muslims of their top priority; when Muhammad heard about this dream, he agreed with the idea and selected [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilal]], a former Abyssinian slave known for his loud voice.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|pp=30–32|loc=Chapter Three: Hijrah}}

===Constitution of Medina===
{{Main|Constitution of Medina}}
{{Further|Diplomatic career of Muhammad}}

The text, referred to by contemporary popular Islamic writers as the [[Constitution of Medina]], was a [[legal covenant]] or likely proclamation unilaterally written by Muhammad. [[Ibn Ishaq]], following his narration of the {{tlit|ar|Hijrah}}, maintains that Muhammad penned the text and divulges its content without relying on the [[Hadith terminology|Islamic corroboration system]].{{sfn|Humphreys|1991|p=92}} The appellation is generally deemed imprecise, as the text neither established a state nor enacted Quranic statutes,{{sfn|Arjomand|2022|p=111}} but rather addressed tribal matters.{{sfn|Rubin|2022|p=8}} While scholars from both the West and the Muslim world agree on the text's authenticity, disagreements persist on whether it was a treaty or a unilateral proclamation by Muhammad,{{efn|Quote: "The document is not a treaty in the European sense, but rather a unilateral proclamation, its purpose was purely practical and administrative and reveals the cautious, careful character of the Prophet."<ref name="BLAiH-42">{{citation |first=Bernard |last=Lewis |title=The Arabs in History |page=42 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2114/mode/2up |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref>}} the number of documents it comprised, the primary parties, the specific timing of its creation (or that of its constituent parts), whether it was drafted before or after Muhammad's removal of the three leading Jewish tribes of Medina, and the proper approach to translating it.{{sfn|Humphreys|1991|p=92}}{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=227}}

In the text, Medina's Arab and Jewish tribes promised to live peacefully alongside the Muslims and to refrain from making a separate treaty with Mecca. It also guaranteed the Jews freedom of religion. In the agreement, everyone under its jurisdiction was required to defend and protect the oasis if attacked. Politically, the agreement helped Muhammad better understand which people were on his side.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=15|loc=Chapter Four: Jihad}}

===Beginning of armed conflict===
{{Main|Battle of Badr}}
{{See also|Military career of Muhammad|List of expeditions of Muhammad}}
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad}}

Following the emigration, the people of Mecca seized property of Muslim emigrants to Medina.<ref>[[Fazlur Rahman Malik|Fazlur Rahman]] 1979, p. 21.</ref> War would later break out between the people of Mecca and the Muslims. Muhammad delivered Quranic verses permitting Muslims to fight the Meccans.<ref>[[John Kelsay]] 1993, p. 21.</ref> According to the traditional account, on 11 February 624, while praying in the [[Masjid al-Qiblatayn]] in Medina, Muhammad received revelations from God that he should be facing Mecca rather than Jerusalem during prayer. Muhammad adjusted to the new direction, and his companions praying with him followed his lead, beginning the tradition of facing Mecca during prayer.{{sfn|Watt|1961|pp=112-114}}

{{Quote box
| quoted = true
| bgcolor = #ffeeaa
| align = right
| width = 40%
| salign = right
| quote = Permission has been given to those who are being fought, because they were wronged. And indeed, Allah is competent to give them victory. Those who have been evicted from their homes without right—only because they say, "Our Lord is Allah." And were it not that Allah checks the people, some by means of others, there would have been demolished monasteries, churches, synagogues, and mosques in which the name of Allah is much mentioned. And Allah will surely support those who support Him. Indeed, Allah is Powerful and Exalted in Might.
| source = — Quran (22:39–40)
}}

Muhammad ordered a number of raids to capture Meccan caravans, but only the 8th of them, the [[Raid on Nakhla]], resulted in actual fighting and capture of booty and prisoners.<ref name="Watt2024" /> In March 624, Muhammad led some three hundred warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan. The Muslims set an ambush for the caravan at Badr.{{sfn|Rodinson|2002|p=164}} Aware of the plan, the Meccan caravan eluded the Muslims. A Meccan force was sent to protect the caravan and went on to confront the Muslims upon receiving word that the caravan was safe.{{sfn|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=45}} Due to being outnumbered more than three to one, a spirit of fear ran throughout the Muslim camp; Muhammad tried to boost their morale by telling them he had a dream in which God promised to send 1,000 angels to fight with them.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=11|loc=Chapter Four: Jihad}}<ref>[[Quran 8]]:5–9</ref> From a tactical standpoint, Muhammad placed troops in front of all of the wells so the Quraysh would have to fight for water, and positioned other troops in such a way that would require the Quraysh to fight uphill while also facing the sun.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=11|loc=Chapter Four: Jihad}} The [[Battle of Badr]] commenced, and the Muslims ultimately won, killing at least forty-five Meccans with fourteen Muslims dead. They also succeeded in killing many Meccan leaders, including [[Abu Jahl]].<ref>Glubb 2002, pp. 179–186.</ref> Seventy prisoners had been acquired, many of whom were ransomed.<ref>Lewis 2002, p. 41.</ref>{{sfn|Watt|1961|p=123}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2002|pp=168–169}} Muhammad and his followers saw the victory as confirmation of their faith{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} and Muhammad ascribed the victory to the assistance of an invisible host of angels. The Quranic verses of this period, unlike the Meccan verses, dealt with practical problems of government and issues like the distribution of spoils.<ref>Lewis 2002, p. 44.</ref>

The victory strengthened Muhammad's position in Medina and dispelled earlier doubts among his followers.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|loc=ch. 1}} As a result, the opposition to him became less vocal. Pagans who had not yet converted were bitter about the advance of Islam. Two pagans, [[Asma bint Marwan]] of the Aws Manat tribe and [[Abu 'Afak]] of the 'Amr b. 'Awf tribe, had composed verses taunting and insulting the Muslims. They were killed by people belonging to their own or related clans, and Muhammad did not disapprove of the killings. This report, however, is considered by some to be a fabrication.<ref>Maulana Muhammad Ali, ''Muhammad The Prophet'', pp. 199–200.</ref> Most members of those tribes converted to Islam, and little pagan opposition remained.{{sfn|Watt|1956|pp=178–179}}

Muhammad expelled from Medina the [[Banu Qaynuqa]], one of three main Jewish tribes,{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} but some historians contend that the expulsion happened after Muhammad's death.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zeitlin |first=Irving M. |title=The Historical Muhammad |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7456-5488-1 |page=148}}</ref> According to [[al-Waqidi]], after [[Abd Allah ibn Ubayy]] spoke for them, Muhammad refrained from executing them and commanded that they be exiled from Medina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Faizer |first=Rizwi |title=The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-136-92113-1 |page=79}}</ref> Following the Battle of Badr, Muhammad also made mutual-aid alliances with a number of Bedouin tribes to protect his community from attacks from the northern part of [[Hejaz]].{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}

=== Conflicts with Jewish tribes ===
{{further|Muhammad's views on Jews}}

Once the ransom arrangements for the Meccan captives were finalized, he initiated a siege on the [[Banu Qaynuqa]],{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=370}} regarded as the weakest and wealthiest of Medina's three main Jewish tribes.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=173}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=197}} Muslim sources provide different reasons for the siege, including an altercation involving [[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Hamza]] and Ali in the Banu Qaynuqa market, and another version by [[Ibn Ishaq]], which tells the story of a Muslim woman being pranked by a Qaynuqa goldsmith.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=197}}{{sfn|Lassner|2012|p=143}} Regardless of the cause, the Banu Qaynuqa sought refuge in their fort, where Muhammad blockaded them, cutting off their access to food supplies. The Banu Qaynuqa requested help from their Arab allies, but the Arabs refused since they were supporters of Muhammad.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=20|loc=Chapter Four: Jihad}} After roughly two weeks, the Banu Qaynuqa capitulated without engaging in combat.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=173}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=197}}

Following the surrender of the Qaynuqa, Muhammad was moving to execute the men of the tribe when [[Abdullah ibn Ubayy]], a Muslim [[Khazraj]] chieftain who had been aided by the Qaynuqa in the past encouraged Muhammad to show leniency. In a narrated incident, Muhammad turned away from Ibn Ubayy, but undeterred, the chieftain grasped Muhammad's cloak, and refused to let go until Muhammad agreed to treat the tribe leniently. Despite being angered by the incident, Muhammad spared the Qaynuqa, stipulating that they must depart Medina within three days and relinquish their property to the Muslims, with a fifth ({{tlit|ar|[[khums]]}}) being retained by Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XmvEAAAQBAJ&dq=Qaynuqa+khums&pg=PT249|title=Muhammad: Biography of the Prophet|first=Karen|last=Armstrong|date=15 June 2023|publisher=Orion|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Rodinson|2021|pp=173–174}}
* {{harvnb|Glubb|2001|pp=197–198}}
* {{harvnb|Brockopp|2010|p=72}}
* {{harvnb|Rodgers|2012|pp=109–110}}</ref>

Back in Medina, [[Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf]], a wealthy half-Jewish man from [[Banu Nadir]] and staunch critic of Muhammad, had just returned from Mecca after producing poetry that mourned the death of the Quraysh at Badr and aroused them to retaliate.{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=107}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=176}} When Muhammad learned of this incitement against the Muslims, he asked his followers, "Who is ready to kill Ka'b, who has hurt God and His apostle?"{{sfn|Al-Bukhari|1997|loc=Vol. 5, no. 4037}} [[Muhammad ibn Maslamah|Ibn Maslamah]] offered his services, explaining that the task would require deception. Muhammad did not contest this. He then gathered accomplices, including Ka'b's foster brother, Abu Naila. They pretended to complain about their post-conversion hardships, persuading Ka'b to lend them food. On the night of their meeting with Ka'b, they murdered him when he was caught off-guard.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Rodinson|2021|p=176}}
* {{harvnb|Gabriel|2007|pp=112–114}}
* {{harvnb|Al-Bukhari|1997|loc=Vol. 5, no. 4037}}</ref>

===Meccan retaliation===
{{Main|Battle of Uhud}}
[[File:The Prophet Muhammad and the Muslim Army at the Battle of Uhud, from the Siyer-i Nebi, 1595.jpg|thumb|upright|"The Prophet Muhammad and the Muslim Army at the [[Battle of Uhud]]", from the {{tlit|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}}]]

In 625, the Quraysh, wearied by Muhammad's continuous attacks on their caravans, decided to take decisive action. Led by [[Abu Sufyan]], they assembled an army to oppose Muhammad.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=370}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=110}} Upon being alerted by his scout about the impending threat, Muhammad convened a war council. Initially, he considered defending from the city center, but later decided to meet the enemy in open battle at [[Mount Uhud]], following the insistence of the younger faction of his followers.{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=113}} As they prepared to depart, the remaining Jewish allies of [[Abdullah ibn Ubayy]] offered their help, which Muhammad declined.{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|pp=113–114}} Despite being outnumbered, the Muslims initially held their ground but lost advantage when some archers disobeyed orders. As rumors of Muhammad's death spread, the Muslims started to flee, but he had only been injured and managed to escape with a group of loyal adherents. Satisfied they had restored their honor, the Meccans returned to Mecca.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=370}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|pp=120–123}} Mass casualties suffered by the Muslims in the Battle of Uhud resulted in many wives and daughters being left without a male protector, so after the battle, Muhammad received [[An-Nisa|revelation]] allowing Muslim men to have up to four wives each, marking the beginning of [[polygyny in Islam]].{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=23|loc=Chapter Four: Jihad}}

Sometime later, Muhammad found himself needing to pay blood money to [[Banu Amir]]. He sought monetary help from the Jewish tribe of [[Banu Nadir]],{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=137}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=191}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=127}} and they agreed to his request.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=191}} However, while waiting, he departed from his companions and disappeared. When they found him at his home, according to [[Ibn Ishaq]], Muhammad disclosed that he had received a divine revelation of a planned assassination attempt on him by the Banu Nadir, which involved dropping a boulder from a rooftop. Muhammad then initiated a siege on the tribe;{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=192}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|pp=127–128}} during this time he also commanded the felling and burning of their palm groves,{{sfn|Peters|1994|p=219}} which was an unambiguous symbol of declaring war in Arabia.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=30|loc=Chapter Four: Jihad}} After a fortnight or so, the Banu Nadir capitulated.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=193}} They were directed to vacate their land and permitted to carry only one camel-load of goods for every three people.{{sfn|Hazleton|2014|p=240}} From the spoils, Muhammad claimed a fertile piece of land where barley sprouted amongst palm trees.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=194}}

=== Raid on the Banu Mustaliq ===
Upon receiving a report that the [[Banu Mustaliq]] were planning an attack on Medina, Muhammad's troops executed a surprise attack on them at their watering place, causing them to flee rapidly. In the confrontation, the Muslims lost one man, while the enemy suffered ten casualties.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=196}} As part of their triumph, the Muslims seized 2,000 camels, 500 sheep and goats, and 200 women from the tribe.{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=130}} The Muslim soldiers desired the captive women, but they also sought ransom money. They asked Muhammad about using {{lang|la|[[coitus interruptus]]}} to prevent pregnancy, to which Muhammad replied, "You are not under any obligation to forbear from that..."{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=197}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=262}} Later, envoys arrived in Medina to negotiate the ransom for the women and children. Despite having the choice, all of them chose to return to their country instead of staying.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=197}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=262}}

===Battle of the Trench===
{{Main|Battle of the Trench}}

With the help of the exiled [[Banu Nadir]], the Quraysh military leader [[Abu Sufyan]] mustered a force of 10,000 men. Muhammad prepared a force of about 3,000 men and adopted a form of defense unknown in Arabia at that time; the Muslims dug a trench wherever Medina lay open to cavalry attack. The idea is credited to a Persian convert to Islam, [[Salman the Persian]]. The siege of Medina began on 31 March 627 and lasted two weeks.{{sfn|Watt|1956|pp=36–37}} Abu Sufyan's troops were unprepared for the fortifications, and after an ineffectual siege, the coalition decided to return home.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Rodinson|2002|pp=209–211}}
* {{harvnb|Watt|1961|p=169}}</ref> The Quran discusses this battle in sura Al-Ahzab, in verses 33:9–27.<ref name="Rubin">Uri Rubin, ''Quraysh'', [[Encyclopaedia of the Quran]].</ref> During the battle, the Jewish tribe of [[Banu Qurayza]], located to the south of Medina, entered into negotiations with Meccan forces to revolt against Muhammad. Although the Meccan forces were swayed by suggestions that Muhammad was sure to be overwhelmed, they desired reassurance in case the confederacy was unable to destroy him. No agreement was reached after prolonged negotiations, partly due to sabotage attempts by Muhammad's scouts.{{sfn|Watt|1961|pp=170–172}} After the coalition's retreat, the Muslims accused the Banu Qurayza of treachery and besieged them in their forts for 25 days. The Banu Qurayza eventually surrendered; according to [[Ibn Ishaq]], all the men apart from a few converts to Islam were beheaded, while the women and children were enslaved.{{sfn|Peterson|2007|p=126}}{{sfn|Ramadan|2007|p=141}} Walid N. Arafat and [[Barakat Ahmad]] have disputed the accuracy of Ibn Ishaq's narrative.<ref>Meri, ''Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia'', p. 754.</ref> Arafat believes that Ibn Ishaq's Jewish sources, speaking over 100 years after the event, conflated this account with memories of earlier massacres in Jewish history; he notes that Ibn Ishaq was considered an unreliable historian by his contemporary [[Malik ibn Anas]], and a transmitter of "odd tales" by the later [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibn Hajar]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arafat |title=New Light on the Story of Banu Qurayza and the Jews of Medina |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=1976 |pages=100–107}}</ref> Ahmad argues that only some of the tribe were killed, while some of the fighters were merely enslaved.<ref>Ahmad, pp. 85–94.</ref><ref>Nemoy, "Barakat Ahmad's "Muhammad and the Jews", p. 325. Nemoy is sourcing Ahmad's ''Muhammad and the Jews''.</ref> Watt finds Arafat's arguments "not entirely convincing", while [[Meir J. Kister]] has refuted the arguments of Arafat and Ahmad.<ref>{{citation |first=Meir J. |last=Kister |author-link=Meir J. Kister |title=The Massacre of the Banu Quraiza: A Re-Examination of a Tradition |url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/banu_qurayza.pdf |pages=64–66}}</ref>

In the siege of Medina, the Meccans exerted the available strength to destroy the Muslim community. The failure resulted in a significant loss of prestige; their trade with Syria vanished.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=39}} Following the Battle of the Trench, Muhammad made two expeditions to the north, both ended without any fighting.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} While returning from one of these journeys (or some years earlier according to other early accounts), an [[Aisha#Accusation of adultery|accusation of adultery]] was made against [[Aisha]], Muhammad's wife. Aisha was exonerated from accusations when Muhammad announced he had received a revelation confirming Aisha's innocence and directing that charges of adultery be supported by four eyewitnesses (sura 24, [[An-Nur]]).<ref name="Watt" />

=== Invasion of the Banu Qurayza ===
{{Main|Invasion of Banu Qurayza}}

On the day the Quraysh forces and their allies withdrew, Muhammad, while bathing at his wife's abode, received a visit from the angel Gabriel, who instructed him to attack the Jewish tribe of [[Banu Qurayza]].{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=148}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=141}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=249}} Islamic sources recount that during the [[Battle of the Trench|preceding Meccan siege]], the Quraysh leader [[Abu Sufyan]] incited the Qurayza to attack the Muslims from their compound, but the Qurayza demanded the Quraysh to provide 70 hostages from among themselves to ascertain their commitment to their plans, as proposed by Muhammad's secret agent [[Nuaym ibn Masud]]. Abu Sufyan refused their requirement.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|pp=147–148}} Nevertheless, later accounts claim that 11 Jewish individuals from the Qurayza were indeed agitated and acted against Muhammad, though the course of event may have been dramatized within the tradition.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=211}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=141}}

Citing the intrigue of the Qurayza, Muhammad besieged the tribe, though the tribe denied the charges.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|pp=211–212}}{{sfn|Miller|2011|p=91}}{{sfn|Lapidus|2012|p=42}} However, there are sources that say the [[Banu Qurayza]] broke the treaty with Muhammad and assisted the enemies of Muslims during the Battle of the Trench.<ref>See:
* {{Cite book |last1=Ibn Hishām |first1=ʻAbd al-Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tug7AAAAMAAJ |title=The Life of Muhammad |last2=Ibn Isḥāq |first2=Muḥammad |publisher=Pakistan Branch, Oxford University Press |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-19-636034-8 |page=453}}
* {{harvnb|Al-Tabari|1997|p=14}}
* {{harvnb|Armstrong|2007|p=148}}
* {{harvnb|Brown|2011|p=42}}
* {{harvnb|Irving|1904|p=149}}
* {{harvnb|Muir|1861|p=259}}
* {{harvnb|Ramadan|2007|p=140}}
* {{harvnb|Waqidi|2011|p=225}}
* {{harvnb|Watt|1961|pp=170–173}}
</ref> As the situation turned against the Qurayza, the tribe proposed to leave their land with one loaded camel each, but Muhammad refused. They then offered to leave without taking anything, but this was rejected as well, with Muhammad insisting on their unconditional surrender.{{sfn|Kister|2022|p=62}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|pp=211–212}} The Qurayza subsequently requested to confer with one of their [[Banu Aws|Aws]] allies who had embraced Islam, leading to the arrival of [[Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir|Abu Lubaba]]. When asked about Muhammad's intentions, he gestured towards his throat, indicating an imminent massacre. He immediately regretted his indiscretion and tied himself to one of the Mosque pillars as a form of penance.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=212}}{{sfn|Kister|2022|p=62}}

After a 25-day siege, the Banu Qurayza surrendered. The Muslims of Banu Aws entreated Muhammad for leniency, prompting him to suggest that one of their own should serve as the judge, which they accepted. Muhammad assigned the role to [[Sa'd ibn Mu'adh]], a man nearing death from an infection in his wounds from the previous Meccan siege.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=251}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=212}}{{sfn|Nagel|2020|p=119}} He pronounced that all the men should be put to death, their possessions to be distributed among Muslims, and their women and children to be taken as captives. Muhammad approved this pronouncement saying it aligned with the God's judgement.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=212}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=251}} Consequently, 600–900 men of Banu Qurayza were executed. The women and children were distributed as slaves, with some being transported to [[Najd]] to be sold. The proceeds were then utilized to purchase weapons and horses for the Muslims.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Glubb|2001|p=252}}
* {{harvnb|Rodgers|2012|p=152}}
* {{harvnb|Rodinson|2021|p=213}}
* {{harvnb|Hazleton|2014|p=235}}</ref>

=== Incidents with the Banu Fazara ===
A few months after the conflict with the Banu Qurayza, Muhammad organized a caravan to conduct trade in Syria. [[Zayd ibn Haritha]] was tasked with guarding the convoy. When they journeyed through the territory of [[Banu Fazara]], whom Zayd had raided in the past, the tribe seized the opportunity for revenge, attacking the caravan and injuring him. Upon his return to Medina, Muhammad ordered Zayd to lead a punitive operation against the Fazara in which their matriarch [[Umm Qirfa]] was captured and brutally executed.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=179}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=248}}

=== Treaty of Hudaybiyya ===
{{Main|Treaty of al-Hudaybiya}}

[[File:Kaaba_Masjid_Haraam_Makkah.jpg|thumb|The [[Kaaba]] in Mecca long held a major economic and religious role for the area. Seventeen months after Muhammad's arrival in Medina, it became the Muslim direction for prayer ({{tlit|ar|qibla}}). The Kaaba has been rebuilt several times; the present structure, built in 1629, is a reconstruction of an earlier building dating to 683.{{sfn|Peters|2003b|p=88}}]]
Early in 628, following a dream of making an unopposed pilgrimage to Mecca, Muhammad embarked on the journey. He was dressed in his customary pilgrim attire and was accompanied by a group of followers.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|pp=255–256}} Upon reaching [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Hudaybiyya]], they encountered Quraysh emissaries who questioned their intentions. Muhammad explained they had come to venerate the Kaaba, not to fight.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=267}} He then sent [[Uthman]], [[Abu Sufyan]]'s second cousin, to negotiate with the Quraysh. As the negotiations were prolonged, rumors of Uthman's death began to spark, prompting Muhammad to call his followers to renew their oaths of loyalty. Uthman returned with news of a negotiation impasse. Muhammad remained persistent. In the end, the Quraysh sent [[Suhayl ibn Amr]], an envoy with full negotiation powers. Following lengthy discussions, a treaty was finally enacted,{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|pp=251–252}} with terms:

# A ten-year truce was established between both parties.
# If a Qurayshite came to Muhammad's side without his guardian's allowance, he was to be returned to the Quraysh; yet, if a Muslim came to the Quraysh, he would not be surrendered to Muhammad.
# Any tribes interested in forming alliances with Muhammad or the Quraysh were free to do so. These alliances were also protected by the ten-year truce.
# Muslims were then required to depart back to Medina, however, they were permitted to make the [[Umrah]] pilgrimage in the coming year.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|pp=251–252}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=267}}

=== Invasion of Khaybar ===
{{Main|Battle of Khaybar}}

Roughly ten weeks subsequent to his return from Hudaybiyya, Muhammad expressed his plan to invade [[Khaybar]], a flourishing oasis about {{convert|75|mi|km}} north of Medina. The city was populated by Jews, including those from the [[Banu Nadir]], who had previously been expelled by Muhammad from Medina. With the prospect of rich spoils from the mission, numerous volunteers answered his call.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=280}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=253}} To keep their movements hidden, the Muslim military chose to march during the nighttime. As dawn arrived and the city folks stepped out of their fortifications to harvest their dates, they were taken aback by the sight of the advancing Muslim forces. Muhammad cried out, "[[Allahu Akbar]]! Khaybar is destroyed. For when we approach a people's land, a terrible morning awaits the warned ones."{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=197}} After a strenuous battle lasting more than a month, the Muslims successfully captured the city.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=200}}

The spoils, inclusive of the wives of the slain warriors, were distributed among the Muslims.{{sfn|Phipps|2016|p=65}} The chief of the Jews, [[Kenana ibn al-Rabi]], to whom the treasure of Banu al-Nadir was entrusted, denied knowing its whereabouts. After a Jew disclosed his habitual presence around a particular ruin, Muhammad ordered excavations, and the treasure was found. When questioned about the remaining wealth, Kenana refused to divulge it. He was then put through torture by Muhammad's decree and subsequently beheaded by [[Muhammad ibn Maslamah]] in revenge for his brother.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|pp=200–201}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=254}} Muhammad took Kenana's wife, [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]], as his own slave and later advised her to convert to Islam. She accepted and agreed to become Muhammad's wife.<ref>See:
*{{harvnb|Glubb|2001|pp=282–283}}
*{{harvnb|Rodinson|2021|p=254}}
*{{harvnb|Swarup|2011|p=75}}
*{{harvnb|Morgan|2009|p=128}}</ref>

Following their defeat by the Muslims, some of the Jews proposed to Muhammad that they stay and serve as tenant farmers, given the Muslims' lack of expertise and labor force for date palm cultivation. They agreed to give half of the annual produce to the Muslims. Muhammad consented to this arrangement with the caveat that he could displace them at any time. While they were allowed to farm, he demanded the surrender of all gold or silver, executing those who secreted away their wealth.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=202}}{{sfn|Sa'd|1972|pp=139–140}} Taking a cue from what transpired in Khaybar, the Jews in [[Fadak]] immediately sent an envoy to Muhammad and agreed to the same terms of relinquishing 50% of their annual harvest. However, since no combat occurred, the rank and file had no claim to a portion of the spoils. Consequently, all the loot became Muhammad's exclusive wealth.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=203}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|pp=283–284}}

At the feast following the battle, the meal served to Muhammad was reportedly poisoned. His companion, Bishr, fell dead after consuming it, while Muhammad himself managed to vomit it out after tasting it.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=203}}{{sfn|Brown|2011|p=48}} The perpetrator was [[Zaynab bint Al-Harith|Zaynab bint al-Harith]], a Jewish woman whose father, uncle, and husband had been killed by the Muslims.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=254}} When asked why she did it, she replied, "You know what you've done to my people... I said to myself: If he is truly a prophet, he will know about the poison. If he's merely a king, I'll be rid of him."{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=203}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=254}} Muhammad suffered illness for a period due to the poison he ingested, and he endured sporadic pain from it until his death.{{sfn|Brown|2011|p=49}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=283}}

==Final years==

===Conquest of Mecca===
{{Main|Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad after the occupation of Mecca}}


<div class="depiction">
[[File:Siyer-i Nebi 298a.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A depiction from the {{tlit|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} of Muhammad advancing on Mecca, with his face veiled. The angels [[Gabriel]], [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]], [[Israfil]] and [[Azrael]], are also shown.]]
</div>

The [[truce of Hudaybiyyah]] was enforced for two years. The tribe of [[Banu Khuza'ah]] had good relations with Muhammad, whereas their enemies, the [[Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manat|Banu Bakr]], had allied with the Meccans. A clan of the Bakr made a night raid against the Khuza'ah, killing a few of them. The Meccans helped the Banu Bakr with weapons and, according to some sources, a few Meccans also took part in the fighting. After this event, Muhammad sent a message to Mecca with three conditions, asking them to accept one of them. These were: either the Meccans would pay [[Blood money (restitution)|blood money]] for the slain among the Khuza'ah tribe, they disavow themselves of the Banu Bakr, or they should declare the truce of Hudaybiyyah null.<ref name="Khan 1998, pp. 274–275">Khan 1998, pp. 274–275.</ref><ref>Lings 1987, p. 291.</ref>

The Meccans replied that they accepted the last condition.<ref name="Khan 1998, pp. 274–275"/> Soon they realized their mistake and sent [[Abu Sufyan]] to renew the Hudaybiyyah treaty, a request that was declined by Muhammad.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

Muhammad began to prepare for a campaign.<ref>Lings 1987, p. 292.</ref> In 630, Muhammad marched on Mecca with 10,000 Muslim converts. With minimal casualties, Muhammad seized control of Mecca.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=66}} He declared an amnesty for past offences, except for ten men and women who were "guilty of murder or other offences or had sparked off the war and disrupted the peace".<ref>''The Message'' by Ayatullah Ja'far Subhani, [http://www.al-islam.org/message/49.htm#n582 chapter 48] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502163638/http://www.al-islam.org/message/49.htm |date=2 May 2012 }} referencing Sirah by [[Ibn Hisham]], vol. II, page 409.</ref> Some of these were later pardoned{{sfn|Rodinson|2002|p=261}} Most Meccans converted to Islam and Muhammad proceeded to destroy all the statues of [[Arabian gods]] in and around the Kaaba.<ref>Harold Wayne Ballard, Donald N. Penny, W. Glenn Jonas 2002, p. 163.</ref> According to reports collected by [[Ibn Ishaq]] and [[al-Azraqi]], Muhammad personally spared paintings or frescos of [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] and Jesus, but other traditions suggest that all pictures were erased.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guillaume |first=Alfred |author-link=Alfred Guillaume |url=https://archive.org/details/IbnIshaq-SiratRasulAllah-translatorA.Guillaume |title=The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq's "Sirat Rasul Allah" |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |orig-year=1955 |isbn=978-0-19-636033-1 |page=552 |quote=Quraysh had put pictures in the Ka'ba including two of Jesus son of Mary and Mary (on both of whom be peace!). ... The apostle ordered that the pictures should be erased except those of Jesus and Mary. |access-date=8 December 2011}}</ref> The Quran discusses the conquest of Mecca.<ref name="Rubin" /><ref>{{qref|110|1–3|b=y}}.</ref>

=== Subduing the Hawazin and Thaqif and the expedition to Tabuk ===
{{Main|Battle of Hunayn|Expedition of Tabuk}}

[[File:Muslim Conquest.sv.svg|thumb|Conquests of Muhammad (green lines) and the Rashidun caliphs (black lines), with the Byzantine Empire (north and west) and Sasanian Empire (northeast) shown]]

Upon learning that Mecca had fallen to the Muslims, the [[Hawazin|Banu Hawazin]] gathered their entire tribe, including their families, to fight. They are estimated to have around 4,000 warriors.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|pp=320–321}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=181}} Muhammad led 12,000 soldiers to raid them, but they surprised him at the [[Hunayn, Saudi Arabia|valley of Hunayn]].{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=182}} The Muslims overpowered them and took their women, children and animals.{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=186}} Muhammad then turned his attention to [[Taif]], a city that was famous for its vineyards and gardens. He ordered them to be destroyed and besieged the city, which was surrounded by walls. After 15–20 days of failing to breach their defenses, he abandoned the attempts.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=325}}{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=225}}

When he divided the plentiful loot acquired at Hunayn among his soldiers, the rest of the Hawazin converted to Islam{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|pp=263–264}} and implored Muhammad to release their children and women, reminding him that he had been nursed by some of those women when he was a baby. He complied but held on to the rest of the plunder. Some of his men opposed giving away their portions, so he compensated them with six camels each from subsequent raids.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=326}} Muhammad distributed a big portion of the booty to the new converts from the Quraysh. [[Abu Sufyan]] and two of his sons, [[Mu'awiya]] and [[Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan|Yazid]], got 100 camels individually.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=264}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=327}} The [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]], who had fought bravely in the battle, but received close to nothing, were unhappy with this.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=328}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=189}} One of them remarked, "It is not with such gifts that one seeks God's face." Disturbed by this utterance, Muhammad retorted, "He changed color."{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=264}}

Roughly 10 months after he captured Mecca, Muhammad took his army to attack the wealthy border provinces of [[Syria Prima|Byzantine Syria]]. Several motives are proposed, including avenging the defeat at Mu'tah and earning vast booty.{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|pp=191–194}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|pp=274–275}} Because of the drought and severe heat at that time, some of the Muslims refrained from participating. This led to the revelation of Quran 9:38 which rebuked those slackers.{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|pp=192–193}} When Muhammad and his army reached [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]], there were no hostile forces present.<ref>M. A. al-Bakhit, ''Tabuk'', [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]].</ref> However, he was able to force some of the local chiefs to accept his rule and pay {{tlit|ar|[[jizya]]}}. A group under [[Khalid ibn Walid]] that he sent for a raid also managed to acquire some booty including 2,000 camels and 800 cattle.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=230}}

The Hawazin's acceptance of Islam resulted in Taif losing its last major ally.{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=188}} After enduring a year of unrelenting thefts and attacks from the Muslims following the siege, the people of Taif, known as the [[Banu Thaqif]], finally reached a tipping point and acknowledged that embracing Islam was the most sensible path for them.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=226}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=269}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=189}}

===Farewell pilgrimage===

[[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[al-Biruni]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasī'|prohibiting Nasī']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]], 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]]
{{Main|Farewell Pilgrimage}}

{{See also|Ghadir Khumm}}
<div class="depiction">
</div>On February 631, Muhammad received a revelation granting idolaters four months of grace, after which the Muslims would attack, kill, and plunder them wherever they met.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|pp=344–345, 359}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=200}}

During the 632 pilgrimage season, Muhammad personally led the ceremonies and gave a sermon. Among the key points highlighted are said to have been the prohibition of usury and vendettas related to past murders from the pre-Islamic era; the brotherhood of all Muslims; and the adoption of twelve lunar months without [[Intercalation (timekeeping)|intercalation]].{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=358}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|pp=285–286}}

==Death==
[[File:Siyer-i Nebi 414a.jpg|thumb|upright|The death of Muhammad depicted in the {{tlit|ar|Siyer-i Nebi}}]]

After praying at the burial site in June 632, Muhammad suffered a dreadful headache that made him cry in pain.{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=203}} He continued to spend the night with each of his wives one by one,{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|pp=286–287}} but he fainted in [[Maymunah bint al-Harith|Maymunah]]'s hut.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=360}} He requested his wives to allow him to stay in [[Aisha]]'s hut. He could not walk there without leaning on Ali and [[Fadl ibn Abbas]], as his legs were trembling. His wives and his uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|al-Abbas]] fed him an Abyssinian remedy when he was unconscious.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=287}} When he came to, he inquired about it, and they explained that they were afraid that such a severe fever was a result of [[pleurisy]]. He replied that God would not afflict him with such a vile disease, and ordered all the women to also take the remedy.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=361}} According to various sources, including {{tlit|ar|[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]}}, Muhammad said that he felt his [[Aortic dissection|aorta being severed]] because of the food he ate at Khaybar.{{sfn|Katz|2022|p=147}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=283}} On 8 June 632, Muhammad died.{{sfn|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=57}}{{sfn|Lapidus|2002|pp=31–32}} In his last moments, he reportedly uttered:

{{Blockquote|O God, forgive me and have mercy on me; and let me join the highest companions.{{sfn|Cole|1996|p=268}}{{sfn|Borup|Fibiger|Kühle|2019|p=132}}{{sfn|Ibn Kathīr|1998|p=344}}|Muhammad}}

Historian Alfred T. Welch, while presuming the illness to be ordinary Medinan fever, with death requiring a dangerous level of comorbidity, restrains his speculation to physical and mental fatigue.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=374}}
{{-}}

==Tomb==
{{wide image|Madina Haram at evening.jpg|800px|A 2004 panoramic view of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina, with the [[Green Dome]] built over Muhammad's tomb in the center|left}}
Muhammad was buried where he died in Aisha's house.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}<ref>Leila Ahmed 1986, 665–691 (686)</ref>{{sfn|Peters|2003|p=90}} During the reign of the Umayyad caliph [[al-Walid I]], the [[Prophet's Mosque]] was expanded to include the site of Muhammad's tomb.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariffin |first=Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed |title=Architectural Conservation in Islam: Case Study of the Prophet's Mosque |publisher=Penerbit UTM |year=2005 |isbn=978-983-52-0373-2 |page=88}}</ref> The [[Green Dome]] above the tomb was built by the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] sultan [[Al Mansur Qalawun]] in the 13th century, although the green color was added in the 16th century, under the reign of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2005 |title=Prophet's Mosque |url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=10061 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323131933/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=10061 |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=26 January 2012 |publisher=Archnet.org}}</ref> Among tombs adjacent to that of Muhammad are those of his companions ({{tlit|ar|[[Sahabah]]}}), the first two Muslim caliphs [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar]], and an empty one that [[Jesus in Islam#Second Coming|Muslims believe awaits Jesus]].{{sfn|Peters|2003|p=90}}<ref>"Isa", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Haqqani |first1=Shaykh Adil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzpV0QnOVxsC&pg=PA65 |title=The Path to Spiritual Excellence |last2=Kabbani |first2=Shaykh Hisham |author-link2=Hisham Kabbani |publisher=ISCA |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-930409-18-7}}</ref>

When [[Saud bin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad bin Saud|Saud bin Abdul-Aziz]] took Medina in 1805, Muhammad's tomb was stripped of its gold and jewel ornamentation. Adherents to [[Wahhabism]], Saud's followers, destroyed nearly every tomb dome in Medina in order to prevent their veneration,<ref name="Weston2008">{{Cite book |last=Weston |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Weston (journalist) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEFsVYLko4C&pg=PA102 |title=Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-18257-4 |pages=102–103}}</ref> and the one of Muhammad is reported to have narrowly escaped.<ref name="Behrens-AbouseifVernoit2006">{{Cite book |last1=Behrens-Abouseif |first1=Doris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4q58Af5zAoC&pg=PA22 |title=Islamic art in the 19th century: tradition, innovation, and eclecticism |last2=Vernoit |first2=Stephen |publisher=Brill |year=2006 |isbn=978-90-04-14442-2 |page=22}}</ref> Similar events took place in 1925, when the [[Ikhwan|Saudi militias]] retook—and this time managed to keep—the city.{{sfn|Weston|2008|p=136}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dNKFLJVvNkC&pg=PA84 |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of the spirit |publisher=Greenwood |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-275-98734-3 |page=84}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ernst |first=Carl W. |author-link=Carl W. Ernst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA1173 |title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the contemporary world |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5 |pages=173–174}}</ref> In the Wahhabi interpretation of Islam, burial is to take place in unmarked graves.<ref name="Behrens-AbouseifVernoit2006" /> Although the practice is frowned upon by the Saudis, many pilgrims continue to practice a {{tlit|ar|[[ziyarat]]}}—a ritual visit—to the tomb.{{sfn|Bennett|1998|pp=182–183}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=Malcolm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PT165 |title=Islam For Dummies |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-118-05396-6 |page=165}}</ref>

==Succession==
{{further|Succession to Muhammad|Rashidun|Early Muslim conquests}}
[[File:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|thumb|right|Expansion of the caliphate, 622–750 CE:
{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632 CE}}
{{legend|#ef9070|Rashidun caliphate, 632–661 CE}}
{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad caliphate, 661–750 CE}}]]

With Muhammad's death, disagreement broke out over who his successor would be.{{sfn|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=57}}{{sfn|Lapidus|2002|pp=31–32}} [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], a prominent companion of Muhammad, nominated [[Abu Bakr]], Muhammad's friend and collaborator. With additional support, Abu Bakr was confirmed as the first [[caliph]]. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that Ali ibn Abi Talib, his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated the successor by Muhammad at [[Ghadir Khumm]]. Abu Bakr immediately moved to strike against the forces of the [[Byzantine Empire]] because of the previous defeat, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an event that Muslim historians later referred to as the [[Ridda wars]], or "Wars of Apostasy".<ref>See:
*{{harvnb|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=57}}
*{{harvnb|Hourani|Ruthven|2003|p=22}}
*{{harvnb|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}
*{{harvnb|Esposito|1998|p=36}}</ref>

The pre-Islamic Middle East was dominated by the [[Byzantine]] and [[Sasanian]] empires. The [[Roman–Persian Wars]] between the two had devastated the region, making the empires unpopular amongst local tribes. Furthermore, in the lands that would be conquered by Muslims, many Christians ([[Nestorian Church|Nestorians]], [[Monophysite]]s, [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Jacobites]] and [[Copt]]s) were disaffected from the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], which deemed them heretics. Within a decade, Muslims conquered [[Mesopotamia]], [[Muslim conquest of Syria|Byzantine Syria]], [[Muslim conquest of Egypt|Byzantine Egypt]],{{sfn|Esposito|1998|pp=35–36}} large parts of [[Greater Iran|Persia]], and established the [[Rashidun Caliphate]].

==Household==
{{Further|Muhammad's wives|Ahl al-Bayt}}
[[File:Mrs Aisha room.jpg|thumb|The tomb of Muhammad is located in the quarters of his third wife, [[Aisha]] ([[Prophet's Mosque]], Medina).]]

Muhammad's conjugal life can defined into two periods: [[Muhammad in Mecca|pre-hijra in Mecca]] (570–622), and [[Muhammad in Medina|post-hijra in Medina]] (622–632). At the age of 25, Muhammad married the wealthy Khadija, who was 40 years old.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Subhani |first=Jafar |title=The Message |publisher=Ansariyan Publications, Qom |chapter=Chapter 9 |chapter-url=http://www.al-islam.org/message |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221418/http://www.al-islam.org/message/ |archive-date=7 October 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The marriage lasted for 25 years and was a happy one.{{sfn|Esposito|1998|p=18}} Muhammad did not enter into marriage with another woman during this marriage.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Vern L. |last1=Bullough |page=119 |title=The Subordinated Sex: A History of Attitudes Toward Women |date=1988 |isbn=9780820310022 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84zfPwAACAAJ |first2=Brenda Kurtz |last2=Shelton |last3=Slavin |first3=Sarah}}</ref>{{sfn|Reeves|2003|p=46}} After Khadija's death, Khawla bint Hakim suggested to Muhammad that he should marry [[Sawdah bint Zam'ah]], a Muslim widow, or [[Aisha]], daughter of [[Umm Ruman]] and [[Abu Bakr]] of Mecca. Muhammad is said to have asked for arrangements to marry both.<ref name="Watt">Watt, ''Aisha'', [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]].</ref> According to classical sources, Muhammad married Aisha when she was 6–7 years old; the marriage was consummated later, when she was 9 years old and he was 53 years old.<ref>See:
*{{harvnb|Nagel|2020|p=301}}
*{{harvnb|Kloppenborg|Hanegraaff|2018|p=89}}
*{{harvnb|Rodinson|2021|pp=150–151}}
*{{harvnb|Forward|1997|pp=88–89}}
*{{harvnb|Peterson|2007|pp=96–97}}
*{{harvnb|Brown|2011|pp=76–77}}
*{{harvnb|Phipps|2016|p=142}}
*{{harvnb|Morgan|2009|p=134}}
*{{harvnb|El-Azhari|2019|pp=24–25}}
*{{harvnb|Anthony|2020|p=115}}</ref>

Muhammad performed household chores such as preparing food, sewing clothes, and repairing shoes. He is also said to have accustomed his wives to dialogue; he listened to their advice, and the wives debated and even argued with him.{{sfn|Ramadan|2007|pp=168–169}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Asma |last=Barlas |author-link=Asma Barlas |date=2002 |page=125 |title="Believing Women" in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an |publisher=University of Texas Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGKMCgAAQBAJ |isbn=9780292709041}}</ref>

Khadija is said to have had four daughters with Muhammad ([[Ruqayya bint Muhammad]], [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad]], [[Zainab bint Muhammad]], [[Fatimah Zahra]]) and two sons ([[Qasim ibn Muhammad]] and [[Abd Allah ibn Muhammad]], who both died in childhood). All but one of his daughters, Fatimah, died before him.<ref name="Awde2000" /> Some Shia scholars contend that Fatimah was Muhammad's only daughter.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecAXtwAACAAJ |last=Ordoni |first=Abu-Muhammad |editor-first=Muhammad Sadeq |editor-last=Rahmati |date=1987 |pages=32, 42–44 |publisher=Ansariyan Publications |title=Fatima the Gracious}}</ref> [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] bore him a son named [[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad]], who died at two years old.<ref name="Awde2000">{{cite book |first1=Nicholas |last1=Awde |date=2003 |page=24 |title=A History of the Islamic World |first2=Fred James |last2=Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S0XAQAAIAAJ |isbn=9780781810159 |publisher=Hippocrene Books}}</ref>

Nine of Muhammad's wives survived after him.<ref name="Stowasser">Barbara Freyer Stowasser, ''Wives of the Prophet'', [[Encyclopedia of the Quran]]</ref> Aisha, who became known as Muhammad's favorite wife in Sunni tradition, survived him by decades and was instrumental in helping assemble the scattered sayings of Muhammad that form the hadith literature for the Sunni branch of Islam.<ref name="Watt" />

[[Zayd ibn Haritha]] was a slave that Khadija gave to Muhammad. He was bought by her nephew [[Hakim ibn Hizam]] at the market in [[Ukaz, Arabia|Ukaz]].{{sfn|Bearman et al.|2002|p=475}} Zayd then became the couple's adopted son, but was later disowned when Muhammad was about to marry Zayd's ex-wife, [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]].{{sfn|Powers|2014|pp=100-101}} According to a BBC summary, "the Prophet Muhammad did not try to abolish slavery, and bought, sold, captured, and owned slaves himself. But he insisted that slave owners treat their slaves well and stressed the virtue of freeing slaves. Muhammad treated slaves as human beings and clearly held some in the highest esteem".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slavery in Islam |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624234057/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml |archive-date=24 June 2017 |access-date=16 April 2016 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

==Legacy==

===Islamic tradition===
{{Main|Muhammad in Islam}}

Following the attestation to the [[oneness of God]], the belief in Muhammad's prophethood is the main aspect of the [[Aqidah|Islamic faith]]. Every Muslim proclaims in the {{tlit|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "I testify that there is no god but God, and I testify that Muhammad is a Messenger of God". The {{tlit|ar|Shahada}} is the basic creed or tenet of Islam. Islamic belief is that ideally the {{tlit|ar|Shahada}} is the first words a newborn will hear; children are taught it immediately and it will be recited upon death. Muslims repeat the shahadah in the call to prayer ({{tlit|ar|[[adhan]]}}) and the prayer itself. Non-Muslims wishing to [[convert to Islam]] are required to recite the creed.<ref>Farah 1994, p. 135.</ref>

[[File:Mohamed peace be upon him.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Calligraphic rendering of "may God honor him and grant him peace", customarily added after Muhammad's name, encoded as a [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] at [[Unicode]] code point [[Arabic script in Unicode|U+FDFA]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium |location=Mountain View, CA}}</ref> {{script|Arab|ﷺ}}]]

In Islamic belief, Muhammad is regarded as the last prophet sent by God.{{sfnm|Esposito|1998|1p=12|Nigosian|2004|2p=17}} Writings such as [[hadith]] and {{tlit|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} attribute several miracles or supernatural events to Muhammad.<ref>A. J. Wensinck, ''Muʿd̲j̲iza'', [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]. Vol. 7, p. 295</ref> One of these is the [[splitting of the Moon]], which according to earliest available {{tlit|ar|[[tafsir]]}} compilations is a literal splitting of the Moon.{{sfn|Brockopp|2010|p=47}}

The [[sunnah]] represents the actions and sayings of Muhammad preserved in hadith and covers a broad array of activities and beliefs ranging from religious rituals, personal hygiene, and burial of the dead to the mystical questions involving the love between humans and God. The sunnah is considered a model of emulation for pious Muslims and has to a great degree influenced the Muslim culture. Many details of major Islamic rituals such as daily prayers, the fasting and the annual pilgrimage are only found in the sunnah and not the Quran.<ref>''Muhammad'', Encyclopædia Britannica, p. 9.</ref>

[[File:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|The {{tlit|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} illustrated in [[Topkapı Palace]], [[Istanbul]], Turkey]]

Muslims have traditionally expressed love and veneration for Muhammad. Stories of Muhammad's life, his intercession and of his miracles have permeated popular Muslim thought and poetry ({{tlit|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Among Arabic odes to Muhammad, {{tlit|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") by the Egyptian [[Sufi]] [[al-Busiri]] (1211–1294) is particularly well-known, and widely held to possess a healing, spiritual power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stetkevych |first=Suzanne Pinckney |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-nY3_DXo-gC&pg=PR12 |title=The mantle odes: Arabic praise poems to the Prophet Muḥammad |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-22206-0 |page=xii |access-date=27 January 2012}}</ref> The Quran refers to Muhammad as "a mercy ({{tlit|ar|rahmat}}) to the worlds".<ref>{{qref|21|107|b=y}}</ref>{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} The association of rain with mercy in Oriental countries has led to imagining Muhammad as a rain cloud dispensing blessings and stretching over lands, reviving the dead hearts, just as rain revives the seemingly dead earth.{{efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif.}}{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} [[Muhammad's birthday]] is celebrated as a major feast throughout the [[Muslim world]], excluding [[Wahhabi]]-dominated Saudi Arabia where these public celebrations are discouraged.<ref>[[Seyyed Hossein Nasr]], Encyclopædia Britannica, ''Muhammad'', p. 13.</ref> When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with the Arabic phrase {{tlit|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (''may God honor him and grant him peace'') or the English phrase ''[[peace be upon him]]''.<ref>Ann Goldman, Richard Hain, Stephen Liben 2006, p. 212.</ref> In casual writing, the abbreviations SAW (for the Arabic phrase) or PBUH (for the English phrase) are sometimes used; in printed matter, a small calligraphic rendition is commonly used ({{lang|ar|ﷺ}}).{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

====  Appearance and depictions====
{{Main|Depictions of Muhammad}}
[[File:Siyer-i Nebi 151b detail.png|thumb|upright|''Muhammad at the Ka'ba'' from the ''[[Siyer-i Nebi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> Muhammad is shown with veiled face, c. 1595.]]

Various sources present a probable description of Muhammad in the prime of his life. He was slightly above average in height, with a sturdy frame and wide chest. His neck was long, bearing a large head with a broad forehead. His eyes were described as dark and intense, accentuated by long, dark eyelashes. His hair, black and not entirely curly, hung over his ears. His long, dense beard stood out against his neatly trimmed mustache. His nose was long and aquiline, ending in a fine point. His teeth were well-spaced. His face was described as intelligent, and his clear skin had a line of hair from his neck to his navel. Despite a slight stoop, his stride was brisk and purposeful.{{sfn|Bennett|1998|p=36}} Muhammad's lip and cheek were ripped by a slingstone during the [[Battle of Uhud]].{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=120}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=181}} The wound was later [[cauterized]], leaving a scar on his face.{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=121}}

However, since the [[Aniconism in Islam|hadith prohibits the creation of images of sentient living beings]], Islamic religious art mainly focuses on calligraphy.<ref name="Wagtendonk1987" />{{sfn|Esposito|2011|pp=14–15}} Muslims generally avoid [[depictions of Muhammad]], and instead decorate mosques with calligraphy, Quranic inscriptions, or geometrical designs.<ref name="Wagtendonk1987">{{Cite book |last=Wagtendonk |first=Kees |title=Effigies dei: essays on the history of religions |publisher=Brill |year=1987 |isbn=978-90-04-08655-5 |editor-last=van der Plas |editor-first=Dirk |pages=119–124 |chapter=Images in Islam |access-date=1 December 2011 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ops3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA120}}</ref>{{sfn|Peters|2010|pp=159-161}} Today, the interdiction against images of Muhammad—designed to prevent worship of Muhammad, rather than God—is much more strictly observed in Sunni Islam (85–90% of Muslims) and [[Ahmadiyya]] Islam (1%) than among Shias (10–15%).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Safi |first=Omid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s63i21E9dr8C |title=Memories of Muhammad |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-123135-3 |page=32 |access-date=29 December 2011}}</ref> While both Sunnis and Shias have created images of Muhammad in the past,<ref name="Safi2011" /> Islamic depictions of Muhammad are rare.<ref name="Wagtendonk1987" /> They have mostly been limited to the private and elite medium of the miniature, and since about 1500 most depictions show Muhammad with his face veiled, or symbolically represent him as a flame.{{sfn|Peters|2010|pp=159–161}}<ref name="Bakker2009" />
[[File:Paris, BnF, Supplément Persan 1030 fol. 305v-306r Muhammad and Ali lead destruction of Meccan idols.jpg|thumb|Muhammad's entry into Mecca and the destruction of idols. Muhammad is shown as a flame in this manuscript. Found in Bazil's {{tlit|ar|Hamla-i Haydari}}, [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India, 1808.]]
The earliest extant depictions come from 13th century [[Sultanate of Rum|Anatolian Seljuk]] and [[Ilkhanid]] [[Persian miniature]]s, typically in literary genres describing the life and deeds of Muhammad.<ref name="Bakker2009" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gruber |first=Christiane |title=Muqarnas |publisher=Brill |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17589-1 |editor-last=Necipoglu |editor-first=Gulru |volume=26 |pages=234–235 |chapter=Between Logos (Kalima) and Light (Nur): Representations of the Muslim Prophet Muhammad in Islamic Painting |chapter-url=https://umich.academia.edu/ChristianeGruber/Papers/443477/_Between_Logos_Kalima_and_Light_Nur_Representations_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad_in_Islamic_Painting_ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711133658/http://umich.academia.edu/ChristianeGruber/Papers/443477/_Between_Logos_Kalima_and_Light_Nur_Representations_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad_in_Islamic_Painting_ |archive-date=11 July 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the Ilkhanid period, when Persia's Mongol rulers converted to Islam, competing Sunni and Shia groups used visual imagery, including images of Muhammad, to promote their particular interpretation of Islam's key events.<ref name="Elverskog2010" /> Influenced by the [[Buddhist]] tradition of representational religious art predating the Mongol elite's conversion, this innovation was unprecedented in the Islamic world, and accompanied by a "broader shift in Islamic artistic culture away from abstraction toward representation" in "mosques, on tapestries, silks, ceramics, and in glass and metalwork" besides books. In the Persian lands, this tradition of realistic depictions lasted through the [[Timurid dynasty]] until the [[Safavids]] took power in the early 16th century.<ref name="Elverskog2010" /> The Safavaids, who made Shia Islam the state religion, initiated a departure from the traditional Ilkhanid and Timurid artistic style by covering Muhammad's face with a veil to obscure his features and at the same time represent his luminous essence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gruber |first=Christiane |title=The Art and Material Culture of Iranian Shi'ism: Iconography and Religious Devotion in Shi'i Islam |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84885-168-9 |editor-last=Khosronejad |editor-first=Pedram |pages=46–47 |chapter=When Nubuvvat encounters Valayat: Safavid painting of the "Prophet" Mohammad's Mi'raj, c. 1500–50 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/1176067 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102103545/http://www.academia.edu/1176067/When_Nubuvvat_Encounters_Valayat_Safavid_Paintings_of_the_Prophet_Muhammads_Miraj_ca._1500-50 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Concomitantly, some of the unveiled images from earlier periods were defaced.<ref name="Elverskog2010">{{Cite book |last=Elverskog |first=Johan |url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismislamons0000elve |title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8122-4237-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/buddhismislamons0000elve/page/167 167] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bhxPW9B8s1oC&pg=PA344 |title=Visual sense: a cultural reader |last2=Bhaumik |first2=Kaushik |publisher=Berg |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84520-741-0 |page=344}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ruggles |first=D. Fairchild |author-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Te5QRi35W5EC&pg=PA56 |title=Islamic Art and Visual Culture: An Anthology of Sources |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4051-5401-7 |page=56}}</ref> Later images were produced in [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turkey and elsewhere, but mosques were never decorated with images of Muhammad.<ref name="Safi2011">{{Cite news |last=Safi |first=Omid |author-link=Omid Safi |date=5 May 2011 |title=Why Islam does (not) ban images of the Prophet |url=http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/guestvoices/2010/05/why_islam_does_not_ban_images_of_the_prophet.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202195337/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/guestvoices/2010/05/why_islam_does_not_ban_images_of_the_prophet.html |archive-date=2 February 2012 |access-date=27 December 2011 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref> Illustrated accounts of the night journey ({{tlit|ar|mi'raj}}) were particularly popular from the Ilkhanid period through the Safavid era.<ref name="Boozari2010" /> During the 19th century, [[Iran]] saw a boom of printed and illustrated {{tlit|ar|mi'raj}} books, with Muhammad's face veiled, aimed in particular at illiterates and children in the manner of [[graphic novels]]. Reproduced through [[lithography]], these were essentially "printed manuscripts".<ref name="Boozari2010">{{Cite book |last=Boozari |first=Ali |title=The Prophet's ascension: cross-cultural encounters with the Islamic mi'rāj tales |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-35361-0 |editor-last=Gruber |editor-first=Christiane J. |pages=252–254 |chapter=Persian illustrated lithographed books on the miʻrāj: improving children's Shi'i beliefs in the Qajar period |editor-last2=Colby |editor-first2=Frederick Stephen |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjLHirJmvPUC&pg=PA252}}</ref> Today, millions of historical reproductions and modern images are available in some Muslim-majority countries, especially Turkey and Iran, on posters, postcards, and even in coffee-table books, but are unknown in most other parts of the Islamic world, and when encountered by Muslims from other countries, they can cause considerable consternation and offense.<ref name="Safi2011" /><ref name="Bakker2009">{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Freek L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KNSp-uEO18C&pg=PA207 |title=The challenge of the silver screen: an analysis of the cinematic portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad |date=2009 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-16861-9}}</ref>

=== Islamic social reforms ===
{{Main|Early social changes under Islam}}

According to [[W. Montgomery Watt]], religion for Muhammad was not a private and individual matter but "the total response of his personality to the total situation in which he found himself. He was responding [not only]... to the religious and intellectual aspects of the situation but also to the economic, social, and political pressures to which contemporary Mecca was subject."<ref>Cambridge History of Islam (1970), p. 30.</ref> [[Bernard Lewis]] says there are two important political traditions in Islam—Muhammad as a statesman in Medina, and Muhammad as a rebel in Mecca. In his view, Islam is a great change, akin to a revolution, when introduced to new societies.<ref name="Lewis1998">Lewis [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/4557 (1998)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408105440/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/4557|date=8 April 2010}}</ref>

Historians generally agree that Islamic social changes in areas such as [[social security]], family structure, slavery and the rights of women and children improved on the status quo of Arab society.<ref name="Lewis1998" /><ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Watt|1961|p=234}}
* {{harvnb|Robinson|2004|p=21}}
* {{harvnb|Esposito|1998|p=98}}
* R. Walzer, ''Ak̲h̲lāḳ'', ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]]''.</ref> For example, according to Lewis, Islam "from the first denounced [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocratic]] privilege, rejected hierarchy, and adopted a formula of the career open to the talents".<ref name="Lewis1998" /> Muhammad's message transformed society and [[Islamic ethics|moral orders]] of life in the Arabian Peninsula; society focused on the changes to perceived identity, [[worldview]], and the hierarchy of values.<ref>''Islamic ethics'', [[Encyclopedia of Ethics]].</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2014}} Economic reforms addressed the plight of the poor, which was becoming an issue in [[Jahiliyyah|pre-Islamic]] Mecca.{{sfn|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=34}} The Quran requires payment of an alms tax ({{tlit|ar|[[zakat]]}}) for the benefit of the poor; as Muhammad's power grew he demanded that tribes who wished to ally with him implement the zakat in particular.{{sfn|Esposito|1998|p=30}}{{sfn|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=52}}

===European appreciation===

<div class="depiction">[[File:La.Vie.de.Mahomet Christies.jpg|thumb|upright|{{lang|fr|La vie de Mahomet}} by M. Prideaux (1699). Muhammad holds a sword and a crescent while trampling on a globe, a [[Christian cross|cross]], and the [[Ten Commandments]].]]</div>
[[Guillaume Postel]] was among the first to present a more positive view of Muhammad when he argued that Muhammad should be esteemed by Christians as a valid prophet.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Warraq |first=Ibn |title=Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism |publisher=Prometheus |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-61592-020-4 |page=147 |quote=Indeed, [Postel's] greater tolerance for other religions was much in evidence in {{lang|grc|Πανθενωδια}}: {{lang|la|compostio omnium dissidiorum}}, where, astonishingly for the sixteenth century, he argued that Muhammad ought to be esteemed even in Christendom as a genuine prophet.}}</ref> [[Gottfried Leibniz]] praised Muhammad because "he did not deviate from the [[natural religion]]".{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} [[Henri de Boulainvilliers]], in his {{lang|fr|Vie de Mahomed}} which was published posthumously in 1730, described Muhammad as a gifted political leader and a just lawmaker.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} He presents him as a divinely inspired messenger whom God employed to confound the bickering Oriental Christians, to liberate the Orient from the despotic rule of the Romans and Persians, and to spread the knowledge of the unity of God from India to Spain.{{sfn|Brockopp|2010|pp=240–242}} Voltaire had a mixed opinion on Muhammad: in his play {{lang|fr|[[Mahomet (play)|Le fanatisme, ou Mahomet le Prophète]]}} he vilifies Muhammad as a symbol of fanaticism, and in an essay in 1748 he calls him "a sublime and hearty charlatan". But in Voltaire's historical survey {{lang|fr|Essai sur les mœurs}}, he presents Muhammad as a legislator and conqueror and calls him an "enthusiast".{{sfn|Brockopp|2010|pp=240–242}} [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], in his ''[[The Social Contract|Social Contract]]'' (1762), "brushing aside hostile legends of Muhammad as a trickster and impostor, presents him as a sage legislator who wisely fused religious and political powers".{{sfn|Brockopp|2010|pp=240–242}} In [[Claude-Emmanuel de Pastoret|Emmanuel Pastoret]]'s 1787 ''Zoroaster, Confucius and Muhammad'', he presents the lives of these three "great men", "the greatest legislators of the universe", and compares their careers as religious reformers and lawgivers. Pastoret rejects the common view that Muhammad is an impostor and argues that the Quran proffers "the most sublime truths of cult and morals"; it defines the unity of God with an "admirable concision". Pastoret writes that the common accusations of his immorality are unfounded: on the contrary, his law enjoins sobriety, generosity, and compassion on his followers: the "legislator of Arabia" was "a great man".{{sfn|Brockopp|2010|pp=240–242}} [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] admired Muhammad and Islam,<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/talkofnapoleonat007678mbp#page/n321/mode/2up ''Talk Of Napoleon At St. Helena''] 1903, pp. 279–280.</ref> and described him as a model lawmaker and conqueror.{{sfn|Brockopp|2010|p=244}} [[Thomas Carlyle]] in his book ''[[On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History]]'' 1841 describes "Mahomet" as "A silent great soul; he was one of those who cannot but be in earnest".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carlyle |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/onheroesherowor08carlgoog |title=On heroes, hero worship and the heroic in history |publisher=James Fraser |year=1841 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/onheroesherowor08carlgoog/page/n95 87]}}</ref> Carlyle's interpretation has been widely cited by Muslim scholars as a demonstration that Western scholarship validates Muhammad's status as a great man in history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Kecia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-oWYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |title=The Lives of Muhammad |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-674-74448-6 |page=48}}</ref>

[[Ian Almond]] says that [[German Romantic]] writers generally held positive views of Muhammad: "[[Goethe]]'s 'extraordinary' poet-prophet, [[Johann Gottfried Herder|Herder]]'s nation builder (...) [[Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel|Schlegel]]'s admiration for Islam as an aesthetic product, enviably authentic, radiantly holistic, played such a central role in his view of Mohammed as an exemplary world-fashioner that he even used it as a scale of judgement for the classical (the dithyramb, we are told, has to radiate pure beauty if it is to resemble 'a Koran of poetry')".<ref>Ian Almond, ''History of Islam in German Thought: From Leibniz to Nietzsche'', Routledge 2009, p. 93.</ref> After quoting [[Heinrich Heine]], who said in a letter to some friend that "I must admit that you, the great prophet of Mecca, are the greatest poet and that your Quran... will not easily escape my memory", [[John V. Tolan|John Tolan]] goes on to show how Jews in Europe in particular held more nuanced views about Muhammad and Islam, being an [[ethnoreligious]] minority feeling discriminated, they specifically lauded [[Al-Andalus]], and thus, "writing about Islam was for Jews a way of indulging in a fantasy world, far from the persecution and [[pogroms]] of nineteenth-century Europe, where Jews could live in harmony with their non-Jewish neighbors".<ref>Tolan, John. "The Prophet Muhammad: A Model of Monotheistic Reform for Nineteenth-Century Ashkenaz." ''Common Knowledge'', vol. 24 no. 2, 2018, pp. 256–279.</ref>

Recent writers such as [[William Montgomery Watt]] and [[Richard Bell (Arabist)|Richard Bell]] dismiss the idea that Muhammad deliberately deceived his followers, arguing that Muhammad "was absolutely sincere and acted in complete good faith"<ref>{{cite book |first1=Richard |last1=Bell |date=1970 |page=18 |title=Bell's Introduction to the Qurʼān |first2=William Montgomery |last2=Watt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONI-AAAAYAAJ |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-0597-2}}</ref> and Muhammad's readiness to endure hardship for his cause, with what seemed to be no rational basis for hope, shows his sincerity.{{sfn|Watt|1961|p=232}} Watt, however, says that sincerity does not directly imply correctness: in contemporary terms, Muhammad might have mistaken his subconscious for divine revelation.{{sfn|Watt|1961|p=17}} Watt and [[Bernard Lewis]] argue that viewing Muhammad as a self-seeking impostor makes it impossible to understand Islam's development.{{sfn|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=37}}<ref>Lewis 1993, p. 45.</ref> [[Alford T. Welch]] holds that Muhammad was able to be so influential and successful because of his firm belief in his vocation.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}

===Criticism===
{{Main|Criticism of Muhammad}}
{{See also|Criticism of Islam|Criticism of the Quran}}

[[Criticism of Muhammad]] has existed since the 7th century, when Muhammad was decried by his [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|non-Muslim Arab]] contemporaries for preaching monotheism, and by the [[Jewish tribes of Arabia]] for his perceived appropriation of Biblical narratives and [[List of biblical names|figures]] and proclamation of himself as the "[[Seal of the Prophets]]".{{sfn|Gottheil|Montgomery|Grimme|1906}}{{sfn|Stillman|1979}} In the [[Middle Ages]], Western and Byzantine Christians labeled him a [[False prophet#Christianity|false prophet]], the [[Antichrist]], or portrayed him as a [[Heresy in Christianity|heretic]].{{sfn|Goddard|2000}}{{sfn|Curtis|2009}}{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|pp=360–376}} Contemporary criticism involves questioning Muhammad's legitimacy as a prophet, his moral conduct, [[Muhammad's wives|marriages]], [[Slavery in Islam|ownership of slaves]], treatment of enemies, approach to doctrinal matters, and psychological well-being.{{sfn|Quinn|2008}}{{sfn|Cimino|2005}}{{sfn|Willis|2013}}{{sfn|Spellberg|1996}}

===Sufism===
{{See also|Sufism}}

The sunnah contributed much to the development of Islamic law, particularly from the end of the first Islamic century.<ref>J. Schacht, ''Fiḳh'', Encyclopaedia of Islam.</ref> Muslim mystics, known as [[Sufi]]s, who were seeking for the inner meaning of the Quran and the inner nature of Muhammad, viewed the prophet of Islam not only as a prophet but also as a perfect human being. All Sufi orders trace their chain of spiritual descent back to Muhammad.<ref>''Muhammad'', Encyclopædia Britannica, pp. 11–12.</ref>

===Other religions===
{{See also|Judaism's view of Muhammad|Muhammad in the Baháʼí Faith}}
Muhammad Sahib is honored by Sikhs as one of the divine messengers sent to mankind, along with Moses, Jesus and others.<ref name="jj1">{{cite book |last=Johal |first=Jagbir |title=Sikhism today |publisher=Continuum |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4411-8140-4 |pages=1–2}}</ref> Guru Granth Sahib, the holiest book of Sikhism, states that a true Muslim who follows the faith of Muhammad would put aside the "delusion of death and life."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3XXAAAAMAAJ&q=Becoming+a+true+Muslim,+a+disciple+of+the+faith+of+Mohammed |title=The Sikh Review |date=2003 |publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre. |language=en}}</ref> The founder of Sikhism, [[Guru Nanak]], is specifically said to have praised Muhammad as a source of divine experience having a personal influence on his life, as stated in the {{Transliteration|pa|[[janamsakhi]]}} of [[Bhai Bala]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/KhalsaSamachar-GurubaniIsJagMahiChanNu/page/n7/mode/2up |title=Khalsa Samachar - Gurubani Is Jag Mahi Chan Nu |language=Punjabi}}</ref>

Followers of the [[Baháʼí Faith]] venerate Muhammad as one of a number of prophets or "[[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestations of God]]". He is thought to be the final manifestation, or seal of the [[Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)|Adamic cycle]], but consider his teachings to have been superseded by those of [[Bahá'u'lláh]], the founder of the Baháʼí faith, and the first manifestation of the current cycle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=P. |title=A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith |publisher=Oneworld |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-85168-184-6 |location=Oxford |page=251}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Baháʼí Approach to the Claim of Finality in Islam |url=http://bahai-library.com/fananapazir_fazel_finality_islam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619035122/http://bahai-library.com/fananapazir_fazel_finality_islam |archive-date=19 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=bahai-library.com}}</ref>

[[Druze]] tradition honors several "mentors" and "prophets",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brockman |first=Norbert C. |title=Encyclopedia of Sacred Places |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59884-655-3 |edition=2nd |page=259}}</ref> and Muhammad is considered an important prophet of God in the Druze faith, being among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitti |first=Philip K. |year=1928 |title=The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings |publisher=Library of Alexandria |page=37}} Reprint: {{ISBN|978-1-4655-4662-3}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dana |first=Nissim |year=2008 |title=The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status |publisher=Michigan University Press |page=17 |isbn=978-1-903900-36-9}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Ashtiname of Muhammad]]
* [[Arabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad]]
* [[Glossary of Islam]]
* [[List of biographies of Muhammad]]
* [[List of founders of religious traditions]]
* [[List of notable Hijazis]]
* [[Muhammad and the Bible]]
* [[Muhammad in film]]
* [[Muhammad's views on Christians]]
* [[Muhammad's views on Jews]]
* [[Possessions of Muhammad]]
* [[Relics of Muhammad]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===

{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Adil |first=Hajjah Amina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31tscfPF4tkC |title=Muhammad, the Messenger of Islam: His Life & Prophecy |publisher=ISCA |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-930409-11-8}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |title=Dīn |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1102 |last=Ahmad |first=Anis |author-link=Anis Ahmad |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205093241/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1102 |archive-date=5 December 2017 |url-access=subscription |url-status=usurped}}{{cbignore}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Shahab |author-link=Shahab Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCcuDwAAQBAJ |title=Before Orthodoxy: The Satanic Verses in Early Islam |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-674-04742-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Al-Bukhari |first=Muhammed Ibn Ismaiel |title=The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari: Arabic-English |publisher=Dar-us-Salam |year=1997 |isbn=978-9960-717-31-9 |translator-last=Khan |translator-first=Muhammad M.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Al-Tabari |first=Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir |author-link=Al-Tabari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC |title=The History of al-Ṭabarī |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7914-3150-4 |volume=8: The Victory of Islam: Muhammad at Medina A.D. 626-630/A.H. 5-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Al-Tabari |first=Muhammad ibn Jarir |author-link=al-Tabari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyFjzQEACAAJ |title=The History of al-Tabari |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-88706-707-5 |volume=6: Muhammad at Mecca}}
* {{Cite book |last=Anthony |first=Sean W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r7LDwAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad and the Empires of Faith: The Making of the Prophet of Islam |publisher=University of California Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-520-97452-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ardic |first=Nurullah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAXNxxkJKYsC&pg=PA99 |title=Islam and the Politics of Secularism |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-136-48984-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |author-link=Saïd Amir Arjomand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNGAEAAAQBAJ |title=Messianism and Sociopolitical Revolution in Medieval Islam |publisher=University of California Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-520-38759-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Karen |title=Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTqRqVNtBfoC |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-06-115577-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Karen |author-link=Karen Armstrong |title=Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time |title-link=Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2013 |isbn=9780062316837}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/6997 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |chapter=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume XI (V-Z) |publisher=Brill |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12756-2 |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=Peri |editor-link=Peri Bearman |volume=XI (V–Z) |ref={{harvid|Bearman et al.|2002}} |access-date=13 June 2023 |editor-last2=Bianquis |editor-first2=Thierry |editor-link2=Thierry Bianquis |editor-last3=Bosworth |editor-first3=C. Edmund |editor-link3=C. Edmund Bosworth |editor-last4=Donzel |editor-first4=E. J. van |editor-link4=E. J. van Donzel}}
* {{Cite book |last=Beeston |first=A. F. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0QkhaK4kBUC |title=Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-521-24015-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |author-link=Clinton Bennett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VTIkkcUFHQC&pg=PA182 |title=In search of Muhammad |publisher=Continuum |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-304-70401-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bogle |first=Emory C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpFhLDUw20gC |title=Islam: Origin and Belief |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-292-70862-4}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Borup |first1=Jørn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMG0DwAAQBAJ |title=Religious Diversity in Asia |last2=Fibiger |first2=Marianne Qvortrup |last3=Kühle |first3=Lene |publisher=Brill |year=2019 |isbn=978-90-04-41581-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brockopp |first=Jonathan E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o58K2t344YQC |title=The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-139-82838-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Daniel W. |author-link=Daniel W. Brown |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPbLcSlUs8cC |title=A New Introduction to Islam |publisher=Wiley |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-631-21604-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Jonathan A. C. |author-link=Jonathan A. C. Brown |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadveryshor00brow |title=Muhammad: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-955928-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cheikh |first=Nadia Maria El |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRPRCgAAQBAJ |title=Women, Islam, and Abbasid Identity |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-674-73636-8}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Cimino |first=Richard |date=December 2005 |title="No God in Common": American Evangelical Discourse on Islam after 9/11 |journal=[[Review of Religious Research]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=162–174 |doi=10.2307/3512048 |jstor=3512048}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1T_UAwAAQBAJ |title=Six World Faiths |publisher=A&C Black |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8264-4964-1}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Conrad |first=Lawrence I. |author-link=Lawrence Conrad |year=1987 |title=Abraha and Muhammad: some observations apropos of chronology and literary topoi in the early Arabic historical tradition |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=225–240 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00049016 |s2cid=162350288}}
* {{Cite book |last=Curtis |first=Michael |title=Orientalism and Islam: European Thinkers on Oriental Despotism in the Middle East and India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-76725-5 |location=New York |page=31}}
* {{Cite book |last=Deming |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FKNAgAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+bring+you+slaughter+quraysh&pg=PA68 |title=Science and Technology in World History |publisher=McFarland |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-7864-5642-0 |volume=2: Early Christianity, the Rise of Islam and the Middle Ages}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dibble |first=Roy |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/73644 |title=Mohammed |publisher=Viking |year=1926}}
* {{Cite book |last=Donner |first=Fred |author-link=Fred Donner |title=Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing |title-link=Narratives of Islamic Origins |publisher=Darwins |year=1998 |isbn=0878501274}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Donner |first=Fred M. |entry=Modern approaches to early Islamic history |title=The New Cambridge History of Islam |pages=625–47 |volume=1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-83823-8 |editor-last=Robinson |editor-first=Chase F.}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |author-link=John Esposito |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat00espo_0 |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 |edition=3rd}}
* {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |author-link=John Esposito |url=https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed0000espo |title=What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-515713-0 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada/page/198 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Esposito |page=198 |access-date=19 June 2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |author-link=John Esposito |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA14 |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3 |edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fontaine |first=P. F. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cuUEAAAQBAJ |title=Imperialism in Medieval History I: Dualism in Byzantine History 476–638 and Dualism in Islam 572–732 |publisher=Brill |year=2022 |isbn=978-90-04-50234-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Forward |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Forward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCkQAQAAIAAJ |title=Muhammad: A Short Biography |publisher=Oneworld |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-85168-131-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gabriel |first=Richard A. |author-link=Richard A. Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nadbe2XP2o4C |title=Muhammad: Islam's First Great General |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8061-3860-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gabriel |first=Richard A. |author-link=Richard A. Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HQCBQAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad: Islam's First Great General |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8061-8250-6}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gibb |first1=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen |author-link=H. A. R. Gibb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAajmgEACAAJ |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |last2=Lewis |first2=Brian |last3=Donzel |first3=Emeri J. van |author-link3=Emeri van Donzel |last4=Bosworth |first4=Clifford Edmund |author-link4=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |publisher=Brill |year=1986 |volume=1 |ref={{harvid|Gibb et al.|1986}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gil |first=Moshe |author-link=Moshe Gil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC |title=A History of Palestine, 634–1099 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-59984-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Glubb |first=Sir John Bagot |author-link=John Bagot Glubb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miAqAQAAMAAJ |title=The Life and Times of Muhammad |publisher=Cooper Square |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8154-1176-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goddard |first=Hugh |url=https://archive.org/details/historychristian00godd |title=A History of Christian-Muslim Relations |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-56663-340-6 |pages=34–41 |chapter=The First Age of Christian-Muslim Interaction (c. 830/215) |url-access=limited}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |url=https://archive.org/details/believersspiritu00gold |title=Believers: spiritual leaders of the world |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiawUHevW24C |title=The Rise of Islam |publisher=Greenwood |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-313-32522-9}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1906 |title=Mohammed |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Kopelman Foundation]] |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10918-mohammed |author-link=Richard Gottheil |last2=Montgomery |first2=Mary W. |last3=Grimme |first3=Hubert |first1=Richard |last1=Gottheil}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hazleton |first=Lesley |author-link=Lesley Hazleton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8b2JDQAAQBAJ |title=The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad |publisher=Penguin |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-59463-230-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Marshall G. S. |author-link=Marshall Hodgson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18b-K9AMLlwC |title=The Venture of Islam |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-226-34686-1 |volume=1: The Classical Age of Islam}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Holt |first1=P. M. |author-link=Peter Holt (historian) |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |last2=Lambton |first2=Ann K. S. |author-link2=Ann Lambton |last3=Lewis |first3=Bernard |author-link3=Bernard Lewis |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-521-29135-4 |edition=Paperback}}
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* {{Cite book |last1=Hourani |first1=Albert |author-link=Albert Hourani |title=A History of the Arab Peoples |last2=Ruthven |first2=Malise |author-link2=Malise Ruthven |publisher=Belknap |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-674-01017-8 |edition=Revised}}
* {{Cite book |last=Howard-Johnston |first=James |author-link=James Howard-Johnston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_9QEAAAQBAJ |title=Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-157608-9}}
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* {{Cite book |last1=Ibn Hisham |first1=ʻAbd al-Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tug7AAAAMAAJ |title=The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat Rasūl Allāh |last2=Ibn Ishaq |first2=Muhammad |author-link2=Ibn Ishaq |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-19-636034-8}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Ibn Kathīr |first=Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVdTAAAAYAAJ |title=The Life of the Prophet Muḥammad: A Translation of Al-Sīra Al-Nabawiyya |publisher=Center for Muslim Contribution to Civilization |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-85964-040-1}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Scott Fitzgerald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEYSDAAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-027753-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Katz |first=Steven |author-link=Steven T. Katz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwpxEAAAQBAJ |title=The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-108-78765-9}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Klein |first=F. A. |author-link=Frederick Klein |year=1906 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5eJAAAAMAAJ |title=The Religion of Islám |location=London |publisher=Keegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.}} Reprint: {{ISBN|978-90-90-00408-2}}.
* {{Cite book |last1=Kloppenborg |first1=Ria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wN-mDwAAQBAJ |title=Female Stereotypes in Religious Traditions |last2=Hanegraaff |first2=Wouter J. |author-link2=Wouter Hanegraaff |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |isbn=978-90-04-37888-9}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Lassner |first=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Lassner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwdsUKLbS2wC |title=Jews, Christians, and the Abode of Islam: Modern Scholarship, Medieval Realities |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-226-47107-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Lewis |title=The Arabs in History |title-link=The Arabs in History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-280310-8 |orig-year=1993}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |title-link=The Succession to Muhammad |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-64696-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Margoliouth |first=David S. |author-link=David Samuel Margoliouth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rwhm1b9hZh0C |title=Mohammed and the Rise of Islam |publisher=Cosimo |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61640-503-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Judith |author-link=Judith Miller |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tH_ThgVEoAcC |title=God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4391-2941-8}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Muranyi |first=Miklos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsXXAAAAMAAJ |title=The Life of Muhammad |publisher=Ashgate |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-86078-703-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Diane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oHDEAAAQBAJ |title=Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-313-36026-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Muesse |first=Mark W. |author-link=Mark W. Muesse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8hxEAAAQBAJ |title=Four Wise Men |publisher=Lutterworth |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-7188-9522-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Murray |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trene_8DY10C |title=Suicide in the Middle Ages |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-161399-9 |volume=2: The Curse on Self-Murder}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nagel |first=Tilman |author-link=Tilman Nagel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvgdEAAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad's Mission: Religion, Politics, and Power at the Birth of Islam |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-11-067498-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Netton |first=Ian Richard |author-link=Ian Richard Netton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYtmAgAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-135-17960-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my7hnALd_NkC |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-11074-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FS8W4fEXJpsC |title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-4384-1597-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis Edward |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis Edward |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691123721/the-monotheists-jews-christians-and-muslims-in-conflict-and |title=The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003b |isbn=0-691-11460-9 |volume=1 |id=ASIN: B0012385Z6 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis Edward |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olEi-1LZYYQC&pg=PA159 |title=Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-978004-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Peterson |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel C. Peterson |title=Muhammad, Prophet of God |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Phipps |first=William E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DR_mDAAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad and Jesus: A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4742-8935-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Powers |first=David S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rx-LAwAAQBAJ |title=Zayd |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8122-0995-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Quinn |first=Frederick |url=https://archive.org/details/sumofallheresies0000quin |title=The Sum of All Heresies: The Image of Islam in Western Thought |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-532563-8 |location=New York |pages=17–54 |chapter=The Prophet as Antichrist and Arab Lucifer (Early Times to 1600) |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramadan |first=Tariq |author-link=Tariq Ramadan |url=https://archive.org/details/infootstepsofpro00rama |title=In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-530880-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rāshid |first=Maʿmar ibn |author-link=Ma'mar ibn Rashid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8mlCgAAQBAJ |title=The Expeditions: An Early Biography of Muḥammad |publisher=NYU Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4798-0047-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=Minou |author-link=Minou Reeves |title=Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making |title-link=Muhammad in Europe |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=0814775640 |pages=6–7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Gabriel Said |author-link=Gabriel Said Reynolds |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1SjEAAAQBAJ |title=The Emergence of Islam: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective |publisher=Augsburg Fortress |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-5064-7388-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Robin |first=Christian J. |title=In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-533693-1 |chapter=Arabia and Ethiopia}}
* {{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=David |title=Muslim Societies in African History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-82627-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rodgers |first=Russ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOxXXwAACAAJ |title=The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah |publisher=University Press of Florida |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-8130-3766-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rodinson |first=Maxime |author-link=Maxime Rodinson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqR_mU0qpE4C&pg=PA38 |title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam |publisher=Tauris Parke |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-86064-827-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rodinson |first=Maxime |author-link=Maxime Rodinson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttPdDwAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad |publisher=New York Review of Books |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-68137-493-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Roggema |first=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8O15DwAAQBAJ |title=The Legend of Sergius Baḥīrā: Eastern Christian Apologetics and Apocalyptic in Response to Islam |publisher=Brill |year=2008 |isbn=978-90-474-4195-3}}
* {{Cite book |title=Reading the Middle Ages: Sources from Europe, Byzantium, and the Islamic World |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4426-3673-6 |editor-last=Rosenwein |editor-first=Barbara H. |editor-link=Barbara H. Rosenwein |edition=3rd}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rubin |first=Uri |author-link=Uri Rubin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WFqEAAAQBAJ |title=The Life of Muhammad |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-351-88676-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ṣallābī |first=ʻAlī Muḥammad Muḥammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDmuURWiSNoC |title=The Noble Life of the Prophet |publisher=Darussalam |year=2005 |isbn=978-9960-9678-9-9}}
* {{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=Brill |year=1998 |isbn=978-90-04-08118-5 |editor-last=Schacht |volume=III (H-Iram): [Fasc. 41-60, 60a] |ref={{harvid|Schacht et al.|1998}} |editor-last2=Lewis |editor-last3=Pellat |editor-last4=Ménage}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schroeder |first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDbR3Bz1OvsC |title=Muhammad's People: An Anthology of Muslim Civilization |publisher=Courier |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-486-42502-3}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |date=2002 |last=Sells |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Sells |title=Ascension |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of the Quran]] |volume=1 |editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}}
* {{cite book |last=Shoemaker |first=Stephen J. |author-link=Stephen J. Shoemaker |title=Creating the Qur'an: A Historical-Critical Study |date=2022 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-38903-8 |chapter=3 Radiocarbon Dating and the Origins of the Qur’an |pages=70–95 |jstor=j.ctv2tbwqhq.7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Spellberg |first=Denise A. |author-link=Denise Spellberg |title=Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-231-07999-0 |pages=39–40}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stillman |first=Norman A. |author-link=Norman A. Stillman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFN2ismyhEYC&pg=PA236 |title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7 |page=236}}
* {{Cite book |last=Swarup |first=Ram |author-link=Ram Swarup |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GLdZv97v2lMC |title=Understanding the Hadith: The Sacred Traditions of Islam |publisher=Prometheus |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-61592-243-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Towghi |first=Malek Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCjFXhIWTlMC |title=Foundations of Muslim Images and Treatment of the World Beyond Islam |publisher=Michigan State University. Department of History |year=1991}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vansina |first=Jan |title=Oral Tradition as History |publisher=James Currey Publishers |year=1985 |isbn=978-0852550076}}
* {{Cite book |last=Waqidi |first=Muḥammad ibn Umar |author-link=Al-Waqidi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CcqAQAAMAAJ |title=The Life of Muḥammad: Al-Wāqidī's Kitāb Al-maghāzī |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-57434-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |year=1953 |title=Muhammad at Mecca |title-link=Muhammad at Mecca (book) |publisher=Oxford University Press |id=ASIN: B000IUA52A}} Reprint: {{ISBN|978-0-19-577277-7 }}.
* {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |year=1956 |title=Muhammad at Medina |title-link=Muhammad at Medina (book) |publisher=Oxford University Press}} Reprint: {{ISBN|978-0-19-577307-1}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |year=1961 |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt/page/138 |publisher=Oxford University Press}} Reprint: {{ISBN|0-19-881078-4}}.
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1998 |title=Badr |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |publisher=Brill |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |edition=2nd |volume=I (A–B): [Fasc. 1-22] |pages=867–868 |isbn=978-90-04-08114-7 |chapter=Encyclopaedia of Islam}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |title=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |author-link=Alford T. Welch |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |url-status=usurped}}{{cbignore}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Williams |editor-first=John Alden |year=1961 |title=Islam |publisher=George Braziller}} Reprint: {{ISBN|978-0-8076-0165-5}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Rebecca |year=2013 |title=Muhammad and the Supernatural: Medieval Arab Views |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBi_X2qoxpgC |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94085-0}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Willis |editor-first=John Ralph |year=2013 |title=Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: Islam and the Ideology of Enslavement |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=vii–xi, 3–26 |isbn=978-0-7146-3142-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zeitlin |first=Irving M. |year=2007 |title=The Historical Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_seJ21M0UoC |publisher=Polity |isbn=9780745654881}}
{{refend}}

====Encyclopaedia of Islam====
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1960 |title=Baḥīrā |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |publisher=Brill |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/bahira-SIM_1050 |last=Abel |first=Armand |author-link=Armand Abel |edition=2nd |volume=1}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1993 |title=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |publisher=Brill |url=https://archive.org/details/ei2-complete/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam_vol_7_Mif-Naz/page/360 |edition=2nd |volume=7 |pages=360–376 |isbn=978-90-04-09419-2 |last1=Buhl |first1=F. |last2=Welch |first2=A. T. |author-link2=Alford T. Welch}}
* {{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam |title=Muhammed |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/muhammed |pages=406–479 |volume=30 |url-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Muslim |first1=Imam Abul-Husain |title=Sahih Muslim |last2=Al-Khattab |first2=Nasiruddin |publisher=Dar-us-Salam |year=2007 |isbn=978-9960-9919-0-0 |location=Riyadh}}
* {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnMOEAAAQBAJ |title=Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: The Classical Texts and Their Interpretation |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-691-22682-8 |volume=1: From Covenant to Community}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sa'd |first=Muḥammad Ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ |title=Kitab Al-tabaqat Al-kabir |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society |year=1972 |volume=2}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |year=1960 |title=Āmina |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |publisher=Brill |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/amina-SIM_0601 |edition=2nd |volume=1}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |year=1971 |title=Ḥalīma Bint Abī Ḏh̲uʾayb |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |publisher=Brill |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/halima-bint-abi-dhuayb-SIM_2648 |edition=2nd |volume=3}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Wensinck |first1=A. J. |last2=Jomier |first2=J. |year=1990 |title=Ka'ba |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |publisher=Brill |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kaba-COM_0401?lang=en |edition=2nd |volume=4}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Wensinck |first1=A. J. |last2=Rippen |first2=A. |year=2002 |title=Waḥy |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |publisher=Brill |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/wahy-COM_1331 |edition=2nd |volume=11}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Muhammad|d=Q9458|c=Category:Muhammad|v=yes|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|n=no|s=Author:Muhammad|b=no}}

{{Muhammad2}}
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B.S. Sandhu

2026-03-28T21:20:37Z

JewelWoodcock19: Made Basic Article W/ Refs

{{Short description|Former Director General of Police, Haryana}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox police officer
| name = B. S. Sandhu
| honorific_prefix =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|9|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Panchkula]], [[Haryana]]
| department = [[Haryana Police]]
| rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]] [[Director General of Police]]
| spouse = Kiran Kaur Sandhu
| awards = [[President's Police Medal]]
| service_years = 1984 - 2019
}}

'''Baljit Singh Sandhu''' (born 6 September 1958), better known as '''B.S. Sandhu''', is a retired [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of 1984 batch who served as the [[Director general of police|Director General of Police (DGP) of Haryana]] from April 2017 to January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2019 |title=Haryana DGP Sandhu retires as UPSC returns state's IPS panel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/haryana-dgp-sandhu-retires-as-upsc-returns-states-ips-panel-5563890/ |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana DGP BS Sandhu retires on January 31, gets extension in the evening, retires again at night |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-dgp-bs-sandhu-retires-on-january-31-gets-extension-in-the-evening-retires-again-at-night/story-YV5hhLTYl6oRHaLH1fYx0M.html |website=Hindustan Times|date=February 2019 }}</ref> He is recipient of [[President's Police Medal|President’s Police Medal]] for distinguished service in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2011 |title=B.S. Sandhu, Additional Director General Police, Law and Order, Haryana has been awarded President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service on the occasion of Republic Day, 2011 in appreciation of his outstanding service. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/b-s-sandhu-additional-director-general-police-law-and-order-haryana-has-been-awarded-presidents-police-medal-for-distinguished-service-on-the-occasion-of-republic-day-2011-in-appreciation-of-his-outstanding-service-/articleshow/7360470.cms |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BS Sandhu is new Haryana Police chief |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/bs-sandhu-is-new-haryana-police-chief-398954 |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
Sandhu was born in [[Ravidassia]] family on 6 September 1958 in [[Panchkula]], [[Haryana]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Baljeet Singh Sandhu: हरियाणा के पूर्व DGP बलजीत सिंह संधू भाजपा में शामिल, CM मनोहर लाल ने दिलाई सदस्यता |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/former-haryana-dgp-baljit-singh-sandhu-joins-bjp-cm-manohar-lal-gives-membership-2024-02-24?pageId=1 |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
On 28 April 2017, Sandhu was appointed as the [[Director General of Police]] (DGP) of Haryana, a position he held until 31 January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Heads of Haryana Police |url=https://haryanapolice.gov.in/FormerHeadsofHaryanaPolice |access-date= |website=haryanapolice.gov.in}}</ref>

Some notable work of Sandhu includes the foundation of D.A.V Police Public School in 1994, which has now grown to teach over 22,000 children across 22 schools throughout Haryana, is one of Sandhu's noteworthy accomplishments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WELCOME TO DAV Police Public School Police Lines, Karnal (Haryana) |url=https://davppskarnal.net/9467F1E0-AE26-468B-AFBE-E2E79371A557/CMS/Page/Principal%E2%80%99s-Message |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=davppskarnal.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DGP Sandhu inaugurates new building of DAV Police Public School at Kurukshetra |url=https://www.babushahi.com/view-news.php?id=80625&headline=DGP-Sandhu-inaugurates-new-building-of-DAV-Police-Public-School-at-Kurukshetra |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=www.babushahi.com}}</ref>

Additionally, he established the "''Gulabi Mahila Thana''" (Pink Women Police Station) in Panchkula to give women a safe location to report crimes and started "Operation Durga," a program to stop sexual harassment and eve-teasing in public areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana DGP inaugurates 'Gulabi Mahila Thana' at Panchkula |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/haryana-dgp-inaugurates-gulabi-mahila-thana-at-panchkula-117081801413_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Durga started for women safety, security: Haryana DGP |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/operation-durga-started-for-women-safety-security-haryana-dgp/ |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

Since his retirement he has been actively involved with the [[Guru Ravidas]] community. As an administrator of Guru Ravidas Temple, Panchkula, he conducted peaceful elections. He donated Rs 5 lakh to Guru Ravidas Sabha.<ref>{{cite news |title=गुरु रविदास सभा का चुनाव शांतिपूर्वक संपन्न |url=https://www.arthparkash.com/haryana/details/31677/guru-ravidas-sabha-elections-concluded-peacefully |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=www.arthparkash.com}}</ref> On the occasion of Guru Ravidas Jayanti, he joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in February 2024, where he was welcomed into the party by Chief Minister [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] and other senior leaders.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Baljeet Singh Sandhu: हरियाणा के पूर्व DGP बलजीत सिंह संधू भाजपा में शामिल, CM मनोहर लाल ने दिलाई सदस्यता |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/former-haryana-dgp-baljit-singh-sandhu-joins-bjp-cm-manohar-lal-gives-membership-2024-02-24?pageId=1 |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Nitesh |title=हरियाणा के पूर्व DGP BJP में हुए शामिल, सीएम मनोहर लाल ने दिलाई सदस्यता |url=https://yuvaharyananews.com/former-haryana-dgp-baljit-singh-sandhu-joins-bjp/ |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=Yuva Haryana News |date=25 February 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Malkiat Singh (police officer)|Malkiat Singh Jakhu]]
*[[Kulwant Kumar Sarangal]]
*[[Kamal Attri]]
*[[Chamar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandhu, B.S.}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:People from Panchkula]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Ravidassia]]

Roopanthara

2026-03-28T17:29:08Z

JewelWoodcock19: Created a details

{{Short description|2024 Indian anthology drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Roopanthara
| image = Roopanthara.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Mithilesh Edavalath
| producer = {{Ubl| [[Suhan Prasad]]
| Parth Jani}}
| writer =
| screenplay = {{Ubl| Mithilesh Edavalath
| [[Raj B. Shetty]] (Dialogues)}}
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist| * Raj B. Shetty
* Hanumakka
* Somshekhar Bolegaon
* Lekha Naidu
* Bharat GB
* Anjan Bharadwaj
* Salmin Sheriff
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Midhun Mukundan]]
| cinematography = Praveen Shriyan
| editing = {{Ubl| Praveen Shriyan
| Bhuvanesh Manivannan}}
| studio = {{Ubl| Mango Pickle Entertainment
| Jani Entertainment}}
| distributor = Lighter Buddha Films<ref>{{cite news |title=Raj B Shetty Returns With Roopantara |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/raj-b-shetty-returns-with-roopantara-article-111348465/amp |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=Times Now |date=28 June 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730142853/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/raj-b-shetty-returns-with-roopantara-article-111348465/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>
| released = {{film date|2024|7|26|df=yes}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Roopanthara'''''
({{translation|Metamorphosis}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[anthology drama]] film produced by [[Suhan Prasad]] and Parth Jani under the banners of Mango Pickle Entertainment and Jani Entertainment. Written and directed by Mithilesh Edavalath in his directorial debut, the film stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Raj B. Shetty]], Hanumakka, Somshekhar Bolegaon, Lekha Naidu, Bharat GB, Anjan Bharadwaj, and Salmin Sheriff. Apart from acting, Raj B. Shetty wrote the dialogues and provided additional screenplay.

The anthology consists of four stories focusing on self-transformation in humans, and the stories are set in different backdrops.<ref name=":1"/> The film follows a [[hyperlink cinema|hyperlink narrative]] by making all the stories recalled by a storyteller in a dystopian future.<ref>{{cite news |title=Roopanthara trailer: Director Mithilesh Edavalath's 5 hyper-linked stories are about hope in the humanity in people |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/roopanthara-trailer-director-mithilesh-edavalaths-5-hyper-linked-stories-are-about-hope-in-the-humanity-in-people/5a33115651296 |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

''Roopanthara'' was released on 26 July 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada Film Roopanthara Is Simply, Or Not So Simply, A Masterpiece |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/kannada-film-roopanthara-is-simply-or-not-so-simply-a-masterpiece-article-112049187/amp |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=Times Now |date=26 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730140725/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/kannada-film-roopanthara-is-simply-or-not-so-simply-a-masterpiece-article-112049187/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> It received positive reviews from critics praising the performances of the cast and calling it a confident debut of the director.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada Film Roopanthara Is Simply, Or Not So Simply, A Masterpiece |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/kannada-film-roopanthara-is-simply-or-not-so-simply-a-masterpiece-article-112049187/amp |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=Times Now |date=26 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730140725/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/kannada-film-roopanthara-is-simply-or-not-so-simply-a-masterpiece-article-112049187/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is set in a bleak, dystopian future where basic essentials like clean air and water are scarce.

An old man is captured by armed people (or a gang) and threatened with death. To avoid this fate, he is asked to tell stories. The old man narrates four separate but thematically connected tales.

===1. An elderly couple’s dream and hardship===
A husband and wife from a poor background wish to visit the city (Bengaluru) to fulfill the wife’s wish. Their rural life, financial struggles, and health issues test their resolve.
The Hindu

===2. A beggar woman accused===
A woman living as a beggar is falsely accused of kidnapping a child. She faces social prejudice and the police system. A young constable, new on the job, becomes involved and observes how the system reacts.

===3. A local thug (goon) vs an IT worker===
A minor conflict between a thug and a corporate/IT employee escalates, leading to violence. This forces the thug to confront his own life choices and consequences.

===4. A young man haunted by trauma and risky obsessions===
A boy or young man deals with childhood trauma. He gets drawn into dangerous online games or anti-social activities as a coping mechanism.

As the stories unfold, the theme of transformation (self-change, moral awakening, hope amid hardship) becomes central.

By the end, the tales collectively raise questions about redemption, justice, human struggle, and whether people can change. It is implied that the old man’s storytelling might itself be a metaphor for transformation.

== Cast ==
{| class=wikitable
|-

! style="background:#87CEEB; width:20%" | First story
! style="background:#12E193; width:20%" | Second story
! style="background:#CBC3E3; width:20%" | Third story
! style="background:#ffde1a; width:20%" | Fourth story
|-
| valign="top" |
* Hanumakka as the old woman
* Somshekhar Bolegaon as the old man

| valign="top" |
* Lekha Naidu as the beggar
* Bharat GB as a police constable and the narrator
* Girish Jatti as a police officer

| valign="top" |
* Anjan Bharadwaj as the [[dark web]] user

| valign="top" |
* [[Raj B. Shetty]] as the goon
* Jaishankar Aryar as the IT employee
|}



== Production ==
Mithilesh Edavalath, who assisted filmmakers in Kannada and Malayalam films, was inspired to write after seeing a couple in Bangalore from [[North Karnataka]] in their traditional attire. To make his debut as a film director, he wrote various short stories based on people he met in real life and was also inspired by newspaper clippings. Edavalath initially made three, then five short films before realizing he could connect them into a feature film. He linked all four stories he wrote by creating a dystopian future to form a feature-length story, using the dystopian future as a device to introduce and connect them into one narrative.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raj B Shetty Was The Main Reason We Could Make Roopanthara: Director Mithilesh Edavalath |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/raj-b-shetty-was-the-main-reason-we-could-make-roopanthara-director-mithilesh-edavalath-article-112095981/amp |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=Times Now |date=29 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730140727/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/raj-b-shetty-was-the-main-reason-we-could-make-roopanthara-director-mithilesh-edavalath-article-112095981/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon finishing the script, he met Suhan Prasad, the producer of Ondu Motteya Kathe, after having seen the [[Raj B. Shetty]] starrer [[Ondu Motteya Kathe]] (2017). He narrated the story to Suhan Prasad, who liked it, and brought in Raj B. Shetty to contribute to writing dialogues and the additional screenplay.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Mithilesh Edavalath's debut film 'Roopanthara' set for July release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jul/24/mithilesh-edavalaths-debut-film-roopanthara-set-for-july-release |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=24 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730140751/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jul/24/mithilesh-edavalaths-debut-film-roopanthara-set-for-july-release |url-status=live }}</ref> The cinematography was handled by Praveen Shriyan, who also edited the film alongside Bhuvanesh [[Manivannan]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Roopanthara' trailer: Multiple worlds collide in Raj B Shetty's dark thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/roopanthara-trailer-multiple-worlds-collide-in-raj-b-shettys-dark-thriller/article68410108.ece |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=16 July 2024 |language=en-IN |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720143258/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/roopanthara-trailer-multiple-worlds-collide-in-raj-b-shettys-dark-thriller/article68410108.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Midhun Mukundan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chaithra Achar lends her voice to Roopantara's new single 'Kittale' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jul/08/chaithra-achar-lends-her-voice-to-roopantaras-new-single-kittale |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=8 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730133900/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jul/08/chaithra-achar-lends-her-voice-to-roopantaras-new-single-kittale |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kittale (From "Roopanthara") Song: Kittale (From "Roopanthara") MP3 Kannada Song by Midhun Mukundan Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/kittale-from-roopanthara |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=30 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730140752/https://gaana.com/album/kittale-from-roopanthara |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kittale
| length1 = 1:58
| lyrics1 = Raj B. Shetty
| extra1 = [[Chaithra J. Achar]], Midhun Mukundan
| title2 = Horatavayya
| length2 = 2:23
| lyrics2 = Keerthan Bhandary
| extra2 = Midhun Mukundan
| total_length = 4:21
}}

== Reception ==
The film received positive reviews from critics and audience.

Sridevi S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Roopanthara'' offers a metamorphic experience, sans a bogged-down climax."<ref>{{cite news |title=Roopanthara Movie Review : Roopanthara review: A marvellous metamorphosis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/roopanthara/movie-review/112057348.cms |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730134025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/roopanthara/movie-review/112057348.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Pranati A S of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Roopanthara'' has an engrossing storyline with a well-written screenplay. However, the writing doesn’t fully transform into [[The Emotions|the emotions]] the story deserves. The film also has moments of preachiness and the repeated messages can sound like a broken record."<ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Pranati A. |title='Roopanthara' movie review: Gripping screenplay with well-crafted characters |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/roopanthara-movie-review-gripping-screenplay-with-well-crafted-characters-3123411 |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730142742/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/roopanthara-movie-review-gripping-screenplay-with-well-crafted-characters-3123411 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shashiprasad SM of the ''[[Times Now]]'' gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Roopanthara'' is one of the finest films in Kannada in recent times as it talks about living and life in four different spheres. Raj B Shetty is at his best - engaging storytelling coupled with amazing performances - make the film a must watch."<ref>{{cite news |title=Roopanthara Movie Review: Brilliant Depiction of 'Profound' Life In Four Scenarios |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/roopanthara-movie-review-brilliant-depiction-of-profound-life-in-four-scenarios-review-111978095 |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=Times Now |date=24 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> A Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "These interconnected tales of struggle and redemption offer a deep critique of human nature and our quest for change, making ''Roopanthara'' a deeply affecting cinematic experience."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Roopanthara Movie Review: Celebrating the enduring spirit of human stories |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Jul/25/roopanthara-movie-review-celebrating-the-enduring-spirit-of-human-stories |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=Cinema Express |date=25 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730133902/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Jul/25/roopanthara-movie-review-celebrating-the-enduring-spirit-of-human-stories |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sunayana Suresh of ''The South First'' gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "Roopanthara might not be everyone’s cup of coffee, but this strongly brewed tale will ensure those who watch it will reflect and introspect, which is what any good film must do to its audience."<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana |title=Roopanthara review: This Raj B Shetty-presented anthology of metamorphosis lingers on |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kannada/roopanthara-kannada-movie-review/ |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=The South First |date=25 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Prathibha Joy of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote, "Considering that the premise of ''Roopanthara'' rests on an old man’s story-telling skill to literally save his skin, the stories he tells had to be superlative, which they are not – they are basic at best and that is why the film takes flight, cruises along, but fails to soar."<ref>{{cite news |title=Roopanthara movie review: 4 decent stories, but middling pay-off hampers this anthology |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/raj-b-shettys-roopanthara-movie-review/8b5420508e313 |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=www.ottplay.com}}</ref>

Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote, "''Roopanthara'', despite being a supremely sophisticated idea, is ultimately bogged down a little by its own ambition."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kodur |first1=Swaroop |title=Roopanthara review: Raj B Shetty stars in an inventive but uneven exploration of life |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/roopanthara-review-raj-b-shetty-stars-in-an-inventive-but-uneven-exploration-of-life |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=The News Minute |date=25 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725184236/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/roopanthara-review-raj-b-shetty-stars-in-an-inventive-but-uneven-exploration-of-life |url-status=live }}</ref> Vivek M.V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave the film a positive review and wrote, "The four-story Kannada anthology isn’t revelatory, yet director Mithilesh Edavalath makes the film consistently engaging thanks to the solid execution of his ideas."<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=M.V |first1=Vivek |title=Roopanthara movie review: Raj B Shetty stars in an engaging anthology on self-transformation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/roopanthara-movie-review-raj-b-shetty-stars-in-an-engaging-anthology-on-self-transformation/article68440760.ece |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=24 July 2024 |language=en-IN |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730142840/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/roopanthara-movie-review-raj-b-shetty-stars-in-an-engaging-anthology-on-self-transformation/article68440760.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Y. Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "Director Mithilesh Edavalath has handled four inter-connecting tales in the movie with much finesse.He also conveys an apt message to society, especially to those who are on the wrong path, on the need for reformation".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-review-roopanthara-superb-anthology-of-self-transformation/articleshow/112049923.cms|title=Kannada Movie Review-Roopanthara: Superb anthology of self-transformation|date=27 July 2024|first=Y. Maheswara|last=Reddy|work=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Kannada Prabha]]'' wrote that the stories of love, justice and struggle for liberation captivate the audience and that despite a slow start, the film's cinematography and music are to be appreciated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/review/2024/Jul/27/roopanthara-movie-review-celebrating-the-enduring-spirit-of-human-stories#:~:text=%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%20%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81%20%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%20%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%20%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%82,%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%20%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4%20%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81%20%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%20%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%86.|title='ರೂಪಾಂತರ' ಸಿನಿಮಾ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ: ನಾಲ್ಕು ಕಥೆಗಳ ಸಮ್ಮಿಲನ; ಮನೋಜ್ಞ ನಿರೂಪಣೆಯಿಂದ ಪ್ರೇಕ್ಷಕರ ಮನ ಗೆದ್ದ ಮಿಥಿಲೇಶ್|language=kn|trans-title='Rupantara' Movie Review: A Synthesis of Four Stories; Mithilesh won the hearts of the audience with his charming narration|first=Shilpa|last=D.|work=Kannada Prabha|date=27 July 2024|access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt32801217}}

[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:Indian dystopian films]]

Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism

2026-03-28T06:53:51Z

JewelWoodcock19: rework details per standard format and fixed typos

{{Short description|Pakistan's involvement in state-sponsored terrorism}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Terrorism |state}}
[[File:Afghans protesting against Pakistan's terrorism and in support of Balochistan in front of the White House.jpg|thumb|Afghans protesting against Pakistan's terrorism in front of the [[White House]]]]
'''Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism''' refers to the involvement of [[Pakistan]] in [[terrorism]] through the backing of various [[List of designated terrorist groups|designated terrorist organisations]]. Pakistan has been frequently accused by various countries, including its neighbours [[Afghanistan]],<ref name=af>{{cite web |title=ISIS leadership enjoying hospitality of Pakistan agencies |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/top-five/isis-leadership-enjoying-hospitality-of-pakistan-agencies |publisher=SUNDAY GUARDIAN |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite web|title = Iran Says Pakistan Backs Suicide Bombers, Warns 'Revenge' at Funeral of Victims|url = https://www.news18.com/news/world/iran-says-pakistan-backs-suicide-bombers-warns-revenge-at-funeral-of-victims-2038969.html|date = 16 February 2019|access-date = 24 July 2019|archive-date = 17 December 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201217022306/https://www.news18.com/news/world/iran-says-pakistan-backs-suicide-bombers-warns-revenge-at-funeral-of-victims-2038969.html|url-status = live}}</ref> and [[India]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=India, Pakistan envoys trade heated accusations of terrorism|date=2022-11-15|url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-india-united-nations-hillary-clinton-terrorism-4b56ace894fadd0d0bc1199ec9b0b613|access-date=2023-04-23|website=The Associated Press|language=en}}</ref> as well as by the [[United States]],<ref name="US">International Terrorism: Threats and Responses: Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary By United States Congress House Committee on the Judiciary, {{ISBN|0-16-052230-7}}, 1996, pp. 482.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2000/2441.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060403032830/https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2000/2441.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2006|title=(I) Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism|date=3 April 2006}}</ref> the [[United Kingdom]], [[Germany]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-02-28|title=Combat terror outfits operating in your soil: Germany to Pakistan|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/combat-terror-outfits-operating-in-your-soil-germany-to-pakistan-119022801008_1.html|access-date=2021-04-23|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819191633/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/combat-terror-outfits-operating-in-your-soil-germany-to-pakistan-119022801008_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-15|title=Germany backs India's cross-border strikes against terrorists in Pakistan administered Kashmir|url=https://gpil.jura.uni-bonn.de/2019/11/germany-backs-indias-cross-border-strikes-against-terrorists-in-pakistan-administered-kashmir/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=GPIL - German Practice in International Law|language=en-US|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830125548/https://gpil.jura.uni-bonn.de/2019/11/germany-backs-indias-cross-border-strikes-against-terrorists-in-pakistan-administered-kashmir/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[France]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/us-uk-france-voice-concern-at-fatf-meet-over-pak-inaction-against-saeed-azhar-sources/articleshow/69893411.cms|title=US, UK, France, India voice concern at FATF meet over Pakistan inaction against Terrorism|date=2019-01-23|work=economictimes.com|access-date=2019-02-25|language=en|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801200950/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/us-uk-france-voice-concern-at-fatf-meet-over-pak-inaction-against-saeed-azhar-sources/articleshow/69893411.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UK says Pakistan must stop infiltration across LoC |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-5-2002_pg1_1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404185434/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-5-2002_pg1_1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 April 2006 |newspaper=Daily Times |date=29 May 2002 |access-date=20 August 2013}}</ref> of involvement in a variety of terrorist activities in both its local region of [[South Asia]] and beyond.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060918011942/http://www.dawn.com/herald/jul05.htm Back to Camp]-Dawn July 2005</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/world/asia/18cnd-afghan.html|title=Coalition Vows to Regain Afghan Town Seized by Taliban|date=18 July 2006|work=The New York Times|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-date=1 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701024742/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/world/asia/18cnd-afghan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan's [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|northwestern tribal regions]] along the [[Durand Line|Afghanistan–Pakistan border]] have been described as an effective safe haven for terrorists by [[Western media]] and the [[United States Secretary of Defense]],<ref>{{cite web|date=7 June 2012|title=Leon Panetta: U.S. "reaching the limits of our patience" with Pakistan terror safe havens|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/leon-panetta-us-reaching-the-limits-of-our-patience-with-pakistan-terror-safe-havens/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921122431/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-57448784-503543/leon-panetta-u-s-reaching-the-limits-of-our-patience-with-pakistan-terror-safe-havens/|archive-date=2013-09-21|access-date=2021-05-26|website=[[Wayback Machine]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.economist.com/node/9005270| newspaper=The Economist| title=A safe haven for terrorists| date=12 April 2007| access-date=1 January 2012| archive-date=1 July 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701163313/http://www.economist.com/node/9005270| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/8186588/Nicolas-Sarkozy-launches-attack-on-Pakistan-over-terrorist-safe-havens.html|title=Nicolas Sarkozy launches attack on Pakistan over terrorist safe havens|author=Dean Nelson in New Delhi|date=7 December 2010|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=24 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224201503/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/8186588/Nicolas-Sarkozy-launches-attack-on-Pakistan-over-terrorist-safe-havens.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while India has accused Pakistan of perpetuating the [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] by providing financial support and armaments to militant groups,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-03|title=India accuses Pak of giving pensions to terrorists|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/india-accuses-pak-giving-pensions-terrorists-1502955159.html|access-date=2021-04-23|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184629/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/india-accuses-pak-giving-pensions-terrorists-1502955159.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan's updated terror list 'glaringly omits' key 26/11 Mumbai attackers, says India|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/nov/12/pakistans-updated-terror-list-glaringly-omitskey-2611-mumbai-attackers-names-says-india-2222946.html|access-date=2021-04-23|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184650/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/nov/12/pakistans-updated-terror-list-glaringly-omitskey-2611-mumbai-attackers-names-says-india-2222946.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as by sending state-trained terrorists across the [[Line of Control]] and ''de facto'' [[India–Pakistan border]] to launch attacks in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Indian-administered Kashmir]] and India proper, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=At UN, India accuses Pakistan of delisting 4,000 terrorists, changing PoK demography|url=https://scroll.in/latest/974340/at-un-india-accuses-pakistan-of-delisting-4000-terrorists-changing-pok-demography|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003075147/https://scroll.in/latest/974340/at-un-india-accuses-pakistan-of-delisting-4000-terrorists-changing-pok-demography|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sibal •|first=Kanwal|date=2020-11-25|title=12 Years After Mumbai, the Fight Against Terrorism Continues|url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/kanwal-sibal-mumbai-attacks-anniversary-india-pakistan-terrorism-news-80011/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Fair Observer|language=en-US|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121060150/https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/kanwal-sibal-mumbai-attacks-anniversary-india-pakistan-terrorism-news-80011/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Miglani|first=Sanjeev|date=2020-06-28|title=India seeks extradition from Pakistan of suspected Mumbai attack mastermind|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-pakistan-militant-idUSKBN23Z0IL|access-date=2021-04-23|archive-date=25 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625125128/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-pakistan-militant-idUSKBN23Z0IL|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zero infiltration along LoC for second year due to upgraded infrastructure, heavy snowfall|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/apr/20/zero-infiltration-along-loc-for-second-year-due-to-upgraded-infrastructure-heavy-snowfall-2292255.html|access-date=2021-04-23|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184630/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/apr/20/zero-infiltration-along-loc-for-second-year-due-to-upgraded-infrastructure-heavy-snowfall-2292255.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2021-03-25|title=LoC silent in March, militant infrastructure in Pakistan remains intact: Gen Naravane|url=https://kashmirreader.com/2021/03/26/loc-silent-in-march-militant-infrastructure-in-pakistan-remains-intact-gen-naravane/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Kashmir Reader|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184630/https://kashmirreader.com/2021/03/26/loc-silent-in-march-militant-infrastructure-in-pakistan-remains-intact-gen-naravane/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to an analysis published by the [[Center for Middle East Policy|Saban Center for Middle East Policy]] at the [[Brookings Institution]] in 2008, Pakistan was reportedly, with the possible exception of Iran, perhaps the world's most active sponsor of terrorist groups; aiding these groups that pose a direct threat to the United States. Pakistan's active participation has caused thousands of deaths in the region; all these years Pakistan has been supportive to several terrorist groups despite several stern warnings from the international community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/05_terrorism_byman.pdf|author=Daniel L. Byman|title=The Changing Nature of State Sponsorship of Terrorism|website=Brookings.edu|access-date=5 October 2018|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412022042/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/05_terrorism_byman.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Daniel Byman]], a professor and senior analyst of terrorism and security at the Center For Middle East Policy, also wrote that Pakistan is probably 2008's most active sponsor of terrorism.<ref name="byman"/> In 2018, the former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], [[Nawaz Sharif]], suggested that the [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistani government]] (see [[The Establishment (Pakistan)|The Establishment]]) played a role in the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] that were carried out by [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], a Pakistan-based [[Islamic terrorism|Islamist terrorist]] group.<ref name="Farmer2019">{{cite web |last1=Farmer |first1=Ben |title=Pakistan trained al-Qaeda, says Imran Khan |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/09/24/pakistan-trained-al-qaeda-says-imran-khan/ |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=24 September 2019 |date=24 September 2019 |quote=Pakistan's security apparatus has in the past angrily rejected politicians linking it to militancy. Nawaz Sharif, the former prime minister, faced treason charges last year after an interview where he suggested the Pakistani state played a role in the 2008 Mumbai attack that killed 166 people. |archive-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924190928/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/09/24/pakistan-trained-al-qaeda-says-imran-khan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2019, Pakistani Prime Minister [[Imran Khan]], on an official visit to the United States, acknowledged the presence of some 30,000–40,000 armed terrorists operating on Pakistani soil. He further stated that [[Politics of Pakistan|previous administrations]] were hiding this truth, particularly from the United States, for the last 15 years during the [[war on terror]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/forty-terror-groups-operated-in-pakistan-imran-khan/20190724.htm|title=30,000–40,000 terrorists still present in Pak: Imran Khan|website=Rediff|language=en|access-date=2019-08-31|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004021336/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/forty-terror-groups-operated-in-pakistan-imran-khan/20190724.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The United States' [[State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)|State Sponsors of Terrorism]] designation list describes Pakistan as a terrorist safe haven where individual terrorists and terrorist groups are able to organise, plan, raise funds, communicate, recruit, train, transit, and operate in relative security because of inadequate/supportive governance, political will, or both.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2015/257522.htm |title=Chapter 5: Terrorist Safe Havens (Update to 7120 Report) |publisher=United States Department of State |date=2015 |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209165758/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2015/257522.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2016/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720231647/https://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2016/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-07-20|title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2016|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=2017-07-19|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Osama bin Laden]], the leader of [[al-Qaeda]] and mastermind behind the [[September 11 attacks]] on the United States in 2001, was killed by [[United States Navy SEALs|U.S. Navy SEALs]] during [[Killing of Osama bin Laden|Operation Neptune Spear]] at [[Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad|his compound]] near the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] in [[Abbottabad]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Ahmad |date=2025-04-25 |title=Pakistan's defense minister admits to decades of support to terrorists |url=https://amu.tv/170628/ |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=Amu TV |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Osama Bin Laden Killed |url=https://www.npr.org/series/135908383/osama-bin-laden-dead |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011123856/https://www.npr.org/series/135908383/osama-bin-laden-dead |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=2021-04-23 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Savage |first=Charlie |date=2015-10-28 |title=How 4 Federal Lawyers Paved the Way to Kill Osama bin Laden |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/us/politics/obama-legal-authorization-osama-bin-laden-raid.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108171752/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/us/politics/obama-legal-authorization-osama-bin-laden-raid.html |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=2021-04-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marks |first=Julie |title=How SEAL Team Six Took Out Osama bin Laden |url=https://www.history.com/news/osama-bin-laden-death-seal-team-six |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823195548/https://www.history.com/news/osama-bin-laden-death-seal-team-six |archive-date=23 August 2022 |access-date=2021-04-23 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref>

A terror attack claimed by [[The Resistance Front]] (who later retracted the claim)<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-04-26 |title=The Resistance Front denies involvement in Pahalgam attack as global pressure mounts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/as-pressure-mounts-trf-denies-involvement-in-pahalgam-attack/article69495143.ece |access-date=2025-09-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[2025 Pahalgam attack|killed at least 26 civilians in Pahalgam]], Jammu and Kashmir on 22 April 2025. India accused Pakistan of involvement, while Pakistan denied any such backing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-25 |title=India-Pakistan relations post Pahalgam terror attack: A timeline |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/india-pakistan-relations-post-pahalgam-terror-attack-a-timeline/article69489726.ece |access-date=2025-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

in 2025, [[Khawaja Asif|Khwaja Muhammad Asif]], Pakistan's Defence Minister in an interview with [[Sky News]] journalist [[Yalda Hakim]], admitted that his country had supported terrorist groups for more than three decades, saying that Pakistan has been doing the "dirty work" of the western nations when asked about supporting and financing terrorism.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=Pakistan warns Kashmir row could lead to 'all-out war' with India |url=https://news.sky.com/video/pakistan-warns-kashmir-row-could-lead-to-all-out-war-with-india-13355107 |website=Sky News}}</ref>

== Background ==
Until Pakistan became a key ally in the [[war on terrorism]], the US Secretary of State included Pakistan on the 1993 list of countries which repeatedly provide support for acts of international terrorism.<ref name="US" /> In fact, many consider that Pakistan has been playing both sides in the fight against terror, on the one hand, demonstrating to help curtail terrorist activities while on the other, stoking it.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1002/p01s04-wosc.html|title=Pakistan said to play both sides on terror war|author=The Christian Science Monitor|journal=The Christian Science Monitor|date=2 October 2006|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045023/http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1002/p01s04-wosc.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/kashmir/Story/0,2763,722049,00.html|title=Pakistan's ISI playing dangerous game|author=Rory McCarthy|work=the Guardian|date=25 May 2002|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=14 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175215/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Foreign-baddies-muscle-into-Tamil-cinema/2013/09/01/article1757724.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistani journalist [[Ahmed Rashid]] and author Ted Galen Carpenter had accused Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) of providing help to the [[Taliban]] and separatists in [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maitra |first1=Gautam |title=For whom the bell tolls : America or the jihadists? |date=2009 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=9781426906152 |location=Victoria, BC, Canada |page=138}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=3841|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050904082722/https://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=3841|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2005|title=Terrorist Sponsors: Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, China|work=Cato Institute|access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>

== Allegations of state-sponsored terrorism ==

Author [[Gordon Thomas (author)|Gordon Thomas]] states that whilst aiding in the capture of [[Al Qaeda]] members, Pakistan still sponsored terrorist groups in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir]], funding, training and arming them in their [[Attrition warfare|war of attrition]] against India. Journalist [[Stephen Schwartz (journalist)|Stephen Schwartz]] notes that several terrorist and criminal groups are backed by senior officers in the [[Pakistani army]], the country's ISI intelligence establishment and other armed bodies of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/archive/features/24639/a-threat-to-the-world.thtml |title=A threat to the world |access-date=20 September 2007 |author=Stephen Schwartz |date=19 August 2006 |publisher=[[The Spectator]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224052833/http://www.spectator.co.uk/archive/features/24639/a-threat-to-the-world.thtml |archive-date=24 December 2007 }}</ref> According to Ted Galen Carpenter, a senior fellow for defence and foreign policy studies at the [[Cato Institute]], without the active support of the government in Islamabad, it is doubtful whether the Taliban could ever have come to power in Afghanistan. Pakistani authorities helped fund the militia and equip it with military hardware during the mid-1990s when the Taliban was merely one of several competing factions in Afghanistan’s civil war. Only when the United States exerted enormous diplomatic pressure after the 11 September attacks did Islamabad begin to sever its political and financial ties with the Taliban. Even now it is not certain that key members of Pakistan’s intelligence service have repudiated their Taliban clients.

Afghanistan is not the only place where Pakistani leaders have flirted with terrorist clients. Pakistan has also assisted rebel & [[Jihadism|jihadist]] forces in Kashmir, having committed terrorist acts against civilians. A disproportionate number of the extremist madrassa schools funded by the Saudis operate in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/terrorist-sponsors-saudi-arabia-pakistan-china|title=Terrorist Sponsors: Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, China|date=16 November 2001|work=cato.org|access-date=9 August 2015|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401094711/https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/terrorist-sponsors-saudi-arabia-pakistan-china|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan's former ambassador to the U.S., [[Husain Haqqani]] has said Pakistan sponsors terrorism.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldberg|first1=Jeffrey|title=Ex-Pakistani Ambassador: My Country Supports Terrorism|url=http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2013-10-22/husain-haqqani-my-country-supports-terrorism|website=BloombergView|access-date=8 January 2016|date=22 October 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111456/http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2013-10-22/husain-haqqani-my-country-supports-terrorism|url-status=live}}</ref>

Author [[Daniel Byman]] states, "Pakistan is probably today's most active sponsor of terrorism."<ref name=byman>Deadly Connections: States That Sponsor Terrorism By Daniel Byman, {{ISBN|0-521-83973-4}}, 2005, [[Cambridge University Press]], pp 155</ref> Writing in an article published by [[The Australian]] he stated, "Following the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|terror massacres in Mumbai]], Pakistan may now be the single biggest state sponsor of terrorism, beyond even [[Iran]], yet it has never been listed by the US State Department as a state sponsor of terrorism".<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24747364-7583,00.html Asia's Islamism engine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206110921/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24747364-7583,00.html |date=6 December 2008 }}, The Australian, 4 December 2008</ref>

Former Pakistani president [[Pervez Musharraf]] has conceded that his forces trained militant groups to fight India in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref name=Speigel>{{cite news |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegel-interview-with-pervez-musharraf-pakistan-is-always-seen-as-the-rogue-a-721110.html |title=Spiegel Interview with Pervez Musharraf: 'Pakistan is Always Seen as the Rogue' |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=4 October 2010 |access-date=11 November 2012 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019192809/https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegel-interview-with-pervez-musharraf-pakistan-is-always-seen-as-the-rogue-a-721110.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He confessed that the government [[Turn a blind eye|turned a blind eye]] because it wanted to force India to enter into negotiations, as well as raise the issue internationally.<ref name=Speigel/> He also said Pakistani spies in the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] directorate (ISI) cultivated the Taliban after 2001 because Karzai's government was dominated by non-Pashtuns, who are the country's largest ethnic group, and by officials who were thought to favour India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/13/pervez-musharraf-pakistan-india-proxies-afghanistan-ghani-taliban|title=Musharraf: Pakistan and India's backing for 'proxies' in Afghanistan must stop|first=Jon|last=Boone|date=13 February 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620130757/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/13/pervez-musharraf-pakistan-india-proxies-afghanistan-ghani-taliban|url-status=live}}</ref>

Pakistan has been included in the [[Financial Action Task Force blacklist|FATF greylist]] many times for its financial support to terrorist activities, and the last removal from it was in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explainer: FATF and the Significance of Pakistan's Removal from its 'Grey List' |url=https://thewire.in/world/explainer-fatf-and-the-significance-of-pakistans-removal-from-its-grey-list |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=The Wire |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518135424/https://thewire.in/world/explainer-fatf-and-the-significance-of-pakistans-removal-from-its-grey-list |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the Financial Action Task Force has warned Pakistan among other countries in 2025 and stated that it may still be subject to scrutiny over money laundering and terror financing since its removal from the greylist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-25 |title='Not bulletproof': FATF warns Pakistan against terror funding; greylist exit does not shield from scrutiny |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/not-bulletproof-fatf-warns-pakistan-against-terror-funding-greylist-exit-does-not-shield-from-scrutiny/articleshow/124797873.cms |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Inter-Services Intelligence and terrorism ===
The ISI, has often been accused of playing a role in major [[terrorist attacks]] across India including [[Violence in Jammu and Kashmir|terrorism in Kashmir]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9514/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202062723/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9514/|url-status=dead|title=Terrorism Havens: Pakistan – Council on Foreign Relations|archivedate=2 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9135/ |title=Kashmir Militant Extremists – Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=Cfr.org |access-date=20 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214103922/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9135/ |archive-date=14 February 2007}}</ref> the [[11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings|July 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5394686.stm | work=BBC News | title=Pakistan 'role in Mumbai attacks' | date=30 September 2006 | access-date=20 May 2010 | archive-date=27 January 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127103910/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5394686.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm#STATEMENT%20MADE%20BY%20HOME%20MINISTER,%20L.%20K.%20ADVANI%20ON%20THE%20TERRORIST%20ATTACK%20ON%20PARLIAMENT%20HOUSE%20ON%20DECEMBER%2013,%202001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011217035306/http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm#STATEMENT%20MADE%20BY%20HOME%20MINISTER,%20L.%20K.%20ADVANI%20ON%20THE%20TERRORIST%20ATTACK%20ON%20PARLIAMENT%20HOUSE%20ON%20DECEMBER%2013,%202001 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 December 2001 |title=Terrorist Attack on the Parliament of India – December 13, 2001 |publisher=Indianembassy.org |access-date=20 August 2013}}</ref> the [[2006 Varanasi bombings]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/21spec.htm |title=ISI now outsources terror to Bangladesh |publisher=In.rediff.com |access-date=20 August 2013 |archive-date=26 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526011441/http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/21spec.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[25 August 2007 Hyderabad bombings|August 2007 Hyderabad bombings]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2007/may/25guest.htm |title=Hyderabad blasts: The ISI hand |publisher=In.rediff.com |access-date=20 August 2013 |archive-date=26 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526011450/http://in.rediff.com/news/2007/may/25guest.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/isi-may-be-behind-hyderabad-blasts-jana-reddy/47473-3.html |title=ISI may be behind Hyderabad blasts: Jana Reddy |publisher=Ibnlive.com |date=26 August 2007 |access-date=20 August 2013 |archive-date=30 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630100025/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/isi-may-be-behind-hyderabad-blasts-jana-reddy/47473-3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28015877 |title=U.S. official: Indian attack has Pakistani ties |publisher=NBC News |access-date=20 August 2013 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817024805/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/28015877 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Baqir Sajjad Syed |url=http://www.dawn.com/2008/12/06/top14.htm |title=Rice tells Pakistan to act 'or US will' |publisher=Dawn.com |date=6 December 2008 |access-date=20 August 2013 |archive-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706184905/http://www.dawn.com/2008/12/06/top14.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ISI is also accused of supporting [[Taliban]] forces<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6033383.stm | work=BBC News | title=Pakistan's shadowy secret service | date=9 October 2006 | access-date=20 May 2010 | first=Mahmud | last=Ali | archive-date=21 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221224921/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6033383.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> and recruiting and training [[mujahideen]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/10/06/wafghan06.xml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011085504/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/10/06/wafghan06.xml | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 October 2006 | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | title=Nato's top brass accuse Pakistan over Taliban aid | first=Ahmed | last=Rashid | date=6 October 2006 | access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref> to fight in Afghanistan<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/asia/21quetta.html | work=The New York Times | title=At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge | first=Carlotta | last=Gall | date=21 January 2007 | access-date=20 May 2010 | archive-date=31 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231131515/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/asia/21quetta.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7D81F3EF936A15751C0A9649C8B63 | work=The New York Times | title=A NATION CHALLENGED: THE SUSPECTS; Death of Reporter Puts Focus on Pakistan Intelligence Unit | date=25 February 2002 | access-date=20 May 2010 | archive-date=10 December 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210100440/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7D81F3EF936A15751C0A9649C8B63 | url-status=live }}</ref> and Kashmir.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Based on communication intercepts, US intelligence agencies concluded Pakistan's ISI was behind the attack on the [[Embassy of India, Kabul|Indian embassy in Kabul]] on 7 July 2008, a charge that the governments of India and Afghanistan had laid previously.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/01/world/asia/01pstan.html|title=Pakistanis Aided Attack in Kabul, U.S. Officials Say|date=1 August 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-date=16 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416182042/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/01/world/asia/01pstan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Pakistani intelligence agency, the ISI, is believed to be aiding these organisations in eradicating perceived enemies or those opposed to their cause, including [[India]], [[Russia]], [[China]], [[Israel]], the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]] and other members of [[NATO]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/17882/ |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba (Army of the Pure) (aka Lashkar e-Tayyiba, Lashkar e-Toiba; Lashkar-i-Taiba) – Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=Cfr.org |access-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605151918/http://www.cfr.org/publication/17882/ |archive-date=5 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3181925.stm | work=BBC News | title=Profile: Lashkar-e-Taiba | date=3 May 2010 | access-date=20 May 2010 | archive-date=5 December 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205062329/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3181925.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> Satellite imagery from the [[FBI]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1044850|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310220755/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1044850|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2007|title=FBI identifies terror camp in Pakistan through satellite pictures|work=dna|access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> suggest the existence of several terrorist camps in Pakistan, with at least one militant admitting to being trained in the country as part of the going [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir Dispute]], Pakistan is alleged to be supporting separatist militias<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_14-6-2005_pg1_4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190536/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_14-6-2005_pg1_4 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2007 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |work=Daily Times|date=14 June 2005 |access-date=28 May 2012}}</ref> Many [[Nonpartisanism|nonpartisan]] sources believe that officials within Pakistan's military and the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) sympathise with and aid [[Islamic terrorists]], saying that the ISI has provided covert but well-documented support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir, including the [[al-Qaeda]] affiliate [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].<ref name="Terrorism Havens: Pakistan">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9514/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718135741/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9514/|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 July 2006|title=Terrorism Havens: Pakistan – Council on Foreign Relations|date=18 July 2006}}</ref>

President of Afghanistan [[Hamid Karzai]] has regularly reiterated allegations that militants operating training camps in Pakistan have used it as a launch platform to attack targets in Afghanistan. He has also urged Western military allies to target extremist hideouts in neighbouring Pakistan.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2008/08/11/top6.htm Karzai wants action by allied forces in Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912124309/http://www.dawn.com/2008/08/11/top6.htm |date=12 September 2008 }} 11 August 2008 Dawn, Pakistan</ref> In response to the militants from Afghanistan hiding in the mountainous tribal region of Pakistan, the US and Pakistan agreed to allow US Drone Strikes in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/26/opinion/26bergen.html |work=The New York Times |first1=Peter |last1=Bergen |first2=Katherine |last2=Tiedemann |title=No Secrets in the Sky |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=11 February 2017 |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184643/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/26/opinion/26bergen.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several detainees at the Guantanamo Bay facility told US interrogators that they were aided by the ISI for attacks in the disputed Kashmir Region.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511033915/http://www.hindustantimes.com/ISI-allowed-terrorists-to-attack-India-says-WikiLeaks/H1-Article1-695219.aspx "ISI allowed terrorists to attack India, says WikiLeaks."] ''Press Trust of India'', 9 May 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/wikileaks-isi-allowed-terrorists-to-attack-india-says-gitmo-detainee-455199|title=WikiLeaks: ISI allowed terrorists to attack India, says Gitmo detainee|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107042130/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/wikileaks-isi-allowed-terrorists-to-attack-india-says-gitmo-detainee-455199|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/isi-allowed-terrorists-to-attack-india-says-wikileaks/story-E7gnPCDMNP2cZVaYTqg84J.html|title=ISI allowed terrorists to attack India, says WikiLeaks|date=2011-05-09|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2017-05-07|language=en|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019044250/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/isi-allowed-terrorists-to-attack-india-says-wikileaks/story-E7gnPCDMNP2cZVaYTqg84J.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/neighbours/story/isi-allowed-terrorists-to-attack-india-say-guantanamo-detainees-wikileaks-133344-2011-05-07|title=ISI allowed terrorists to attack India, say Guantanamo detainees: Wikileaks|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928162059/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/isi-allowed-terrorists-to-attack-india-say-guantanamo-detainees-wikileaks/1/137507.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Alleged Pakistani Army support of terrorists ===
{{see also|Allegations of support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden}}

Former Pakistan President [[Pervez Musharraf]] has admitted that Pakistan supported and trained terrorist groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) in 1990s to carry out militancy in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/world/osama-bin-laden-taliban-were-heroes-for-pakistan-pervez-musharraf-1157198.html|title=Osama bin Laden, Taliban were heroes for Pakistan: Pervez Musharraf|date=28 October 2015|work=ibnlive.com|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=23 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323072842/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/world/osama-bin-laden-taliban-were-heroes-for-pakistan-pervez-musharraf-1157198.html|url-status=live}}</ref> "From 1979 Pakistan was in favour of religious militancy.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/pakistan-supported-trained-terror-groups-like-lashkaretaiba-pervez-musharraf/article7813284.ece|title=Pakistan supported, trained terror groups: Musharraf|date=28 October 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123191312/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/pakistan-supported-trained-terror-groups-like-lashkaretaiba-pervez-musharraf/article7813284.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kashmiri "freedom fighters" including [[Hafiz Saeed]] and [[Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi|Zaki ar-Rahman Lakhvi]] were our heroes at that time. We trained [[Taliban]] and sent them to fight against [[Soviet Union]]. [[Taliban]], [[Haqqani network|Haqqani]], [[Osama bin Laden]] and [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] were our heroes then (during the [[Soviet-Afghan war]]). Later they became 'villains'." said [[Pervez Musharraf]].<ref name="thehindu.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pak-fanning-militancy-in-kashmir-musharraf/|title=Pak fanning militancy in Kashmir: Musharraf|date=29 October 2015|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019115231/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pak-fanning-militancy-in-kashmir-musharraf/|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to [[Pervez Hoodhboy]], "Bin Laden was '[[The Golden Goose]]' that the army had kept under its watch but which, to its chagrin, has now been stolen from under its nose. Until then, the thinking had been to trade in the Goose at the right time for the right price, either in the form of dollars or political concessions".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/160658/the-curious-case-of-osama-bin-laden/|title=The curious case of Osama bin Laden|date=3 May 2011|access-date=10 May 2011|archive-date=6 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506211311/http://tribune.com.pk/story/160658/the-curious-case-of-osama-bin-laden|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the raid on bin Laden's Abbottabad compound, [[United States Navy SEALs|US Navy SEALs]] were able to recover some 470,000 computer files from a trove of ten hard drives, five computers and around one hundred thumb drives and disks.<ref name="last_days">{{cite news |last1=Bergen|first1=Peter|date=30 July 2021|title=The Last Days of Osama bin Laden|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-last-days-of-osama-bin-laden-11627657283|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801085434/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-last-days-of-osama-bin-laden-11627657283|archive-date=1 August 2021|access-date=2 August 2021|newspaper=Washington Post|quote=Yet the thousands of pages of documents recovered from bin Laden’s compound contain nothing to back up the idea that bin Laden was protected by Pakistani officials or that he was in communication with them.}}</ref> The documents recovered from the compound contained nothing to support the idea that bin Laden was protected by Pakistani officials or that he was in communication with them. Instead, the documents contained criticism of Pakistani military and future plans for attacks against Pakistani military targets.<ref name="last_days" />

However, Pakistan’s leaked [[Abbottabad Commission Report|Abbottabad Commission report]] concluded that bin Laden’s prolonged stay in Abbottabad reflected broad institutional failures, describing Pakistan’s elite as both highly incompetent and susceptible to 'infiltration' by extremist sympathisers. After interviewing more than 200 witnesses, the commission could not assign individual blame but held the ISI chiefly responsible for failing to uncover bin Laden’s presence, characterising its performance as either astonishingly inept or indicative of "a grave complicity" by rogue elements within ISI at unidentified levels. It further criticised the wider civil–military bureaucracy for not detecting U.S. intelligence preparations for the 2011 raid and for its ineffective response once the operation was under way.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unpacking The Abbottabad Commission Report: Part I|url=https://warontherocks.com/2013/07/unpacking-the-abbottabad-commission-report-part-i/|website=War on the Rocks|date=2013-07-16|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan’s Osama bin Laden Report: Was Pakistan Clueless or Complicit in Harboring Bin Laden?|url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/pakistans-osama-bin-laden-report-was-pakistan-clueless-or-complicit-in-harboring-bin-laden/|website=Brookings|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Leaked Bin Laden report reveals Pakistan failures|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23235847|work=BBC News|date=2013-07-08|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bin Laden’s ‘hidden life’|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/7/8/leaked-report-shows-bin-ladens-hidden-life|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en|first=Asad|last=Hashim}}</ref>

Former Pakistan Army Chief General [[Ziauddin Butt]] had earlier claimed at an October 2011 Pakistan-U.S. relations conference that Osama bin Laden was sheltered in an [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau]] safe house in Abbottabad by former IB chief Brigadier Ijaz Shah with Musharraf’s knowledge, and suggested while later expressing doubt that General [[Ashfaq Parvez Kayani|Ashfaq Pervez Kayani]] might also have known.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Pakistan Army Chief Reveals Intelligence Bureau Harbored Bin Laden in Abbottabad - Jamestown|url=https://jamestown.org/former-pakistan-army-chief-reveals-intelligence-bureau-harbored-bin-laden-in-abbottabad/|website=jamestown.org|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>

[[Steve Coll]] stated that as of 2019 no direct evidence showing Pakistani knowledge of bin Laden's presence in Abbottabad had been found, and that captured documents from the Abbottabad compound suggest bin Laden was wary of contact with Pakistani intelligence and police, especially in light of Pakistan's role in the arrest of [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]].<ref name=":4">{{cite book |last=Coll|first=Steve|author-link=Steve Coll|title=Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2019|isbn=9780143132509|pages=547–554}}</ref>

Pakistan was also alleged to be responsible for the evacuation of about 5000 of the top leadership of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda who were encircled by NATO forces in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|2001 invasion of Afghanistan]]. This event known as the [[Kunduz airlift]], which is also popularly called the "Airlift of Evil", allegedly involved several [[Pakistani Air Force]] transport planes flying multiple sorties over a number of days. However, the validity of these claims have been questioned by [[the Pentagon]]. Both United States and Pakistan have rejected that any such airlift took place. General [[Richard Myers]], chief of staff, claimed that [[Kunduz]] airfield has been "disabled" by United States attacks. Although part of the airfield could be used, the runway was not long enough for transport aircraft to take off or land. [[Donald Rumsfeld]], US defence secretary, claimed that he received no such report that validate or verify these claims of aircraft moving in or out of the city. He further said that he doubted these claims.<ref name="tele">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1363632/Mystery-of-Taliban-flown-out-by-Pakistan.html|title=Mystery of Taliban 'flown out by Pakistan'.|date=27 November 2001|work=The Telegraph|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=5 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905113524/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1363632/Mystery-of-Taliban-flown-out-by-Pakistan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2001 article titled "Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism" issued by the US [[Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism]],
"In South Asia, the United States had been increasingly concerned about reports of Pakistani support to terrorist groups and elements active in Kashmir, as well as Pakistani support, to the Taliban, which continued to harbour terrorist groups, including Al-Qaeda, the [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]], [[al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya]], and the [[Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2000/2441.htm|access-date=13 April 2011|date=30 April 2001|title=Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism|archive-date=3 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060403032830/https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2000/2441.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, American troops allegedly recovered Pakistani military supplies from Taliban insurgents in Afghanistan.<ref>Swami, Praveen. [http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2786017.ece "Taliban receiving Pakistan military equipment, U.S. investigation reveals."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126173126/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2786017.ece |date=26 January 2016 }} ''The Hindu'', 9 January 2012.</ref>

=== Kashmiri insurgents ===
LeT began carrying out operations in Indian-controlled Kashmir in the 1990s. It actively infiltrated militants across the Line of Control (LoC) from Pakistan to carry out sabotage activities with the help of the ISI and the Pakistan Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/79|title=Lashkar-e-Taiba – Mapping Militant Organizations|first=Daniel|last=Cassman|work=stanford.edu|access-date=18 September 2021|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726031820/https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/79|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pakistan Army]] and [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] Directorate (ISI) have long considered [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] to be the country's most reliable proxy against India and the group still provides utility in this regard as well as the potential for leverage at the negotiating table.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newamerica.org/international-security/lashkar-e-taiba/|title=Lashkar-e-Taiba|work=newamerica.org|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201015153/https://www.newamerica.org/international-security/lashkar-e-taiba/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2025, during a press briefing in New Delhi, Indian Foreign Secretary [[Vikram Misri]] presented a photograph showing a U.S.-designated terrorist leading prayers at a funeral where individuals killed in Indian airstrikes were wrapped in Pakistan’s national flag and given state honours. In September 2025, a controversy followed when Jaish-e-Mohammad commander Masood Ilyas Kashmiri, speaking at the 38th Mission Mustafa conference, claimed in a viral video that Pakistan Army Chief [[Asim Munir]] had sent generals to attend the funerals of those killed in the 7 May airstrikes during the 2025 India–Pakistan conflict.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jonko |first=Anushree |date=2025-09-16 |title=How Jaish Member Exposed Pakistan Army Chief Asim Munir's Terror Tango |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/how-jaish-leader-masood-ilyas-kashmiri-exposed-pakistans-army-chief-asim-munirs-terror-tango-9288258 |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

=== Al Qaeda leaders killed or captured in Pakistan ===
{{see also|Death of Osama bin Laden|Allegations of support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden}}

Critics had accused Pakistan's military and security establishment of protecting Osama bin Laden, until he was found and killed by US forces.<ref name="detnews.com">[http://detnews.com/article/20110503/NATION/105030368/Levin-questions-Pakistan’s-role#ixzz1LGfVnAVd] {{Dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref> This issue was expected to worsen US ties with Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_pakistan-admits-it-wasn-t-part-of-us-operation-to-kill-osama-bin-laden_1538828 |title=Pakistan admits it wasn't part of US operation to kill Osama bin Laden – World – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=11 September 2001 |access-date=3 May 2011 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031120933/http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_pakistan-admits-it-wasn-t-part-of-us-operation-to-kill-osama-bin-laden_1538828 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Perlez |first=Jane |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2014941260_osamapakistan03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507032554/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2014941260_osamapakistan03.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2011 |title=Nation & World | Bin Laden's death casts more suspicion on Pakistan | Seattle Times Newspaper |publisher=Seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=11 September 2001 |access-date=3 May 2011}}</ref> Bin Laden was killed in his residence of more than five years, in [[Abbottabad]], Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2019|isbn=9780143132509|pages=551–552}}</ref> It was an expensive compound,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/140534/20110503/interesting-facts-about-osama-bin-laden-s-compound.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506134548/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/140534/20110503/interesting-facts-about-osama-bin-laden-s-compound.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 May 2011 |title=Interesting Facts About Osama bin Laden's Compound – International Business Times |publisher=Au.ibtimes.com |access-date=3 May 2011}}</ref> less than 100 kilometres' drive from the capital, Islamabad, probably built specifically for Bin Laden.<ref>{{cite news |last=Westhead |first=Rick |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/984289--questions-about-bin-laden-embarrassing-to-pakistan?bn=1 |title=Questions about bin Laden embarrassing to Pakistan |work=thestar |date=1 April 2011 |access-date=3 May 2011 |location=Toronto |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024041833/http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/984289--questions-about-bin-laden-embarrassing-to-pakistan?bn=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The compound is {{convert|1.3|km|mi|frac=8|abbr=off}} southwest of the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] (PMA), a prominent [[military academy]] that has been compared to [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Sandhurst]] in Britain and [[United States Military Academy|West Point]] in the United States.<ref>"[https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2011/05/al-qaeda_pakistan Bin Laden's front yard" (3 May 2011). ''The Economist''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701154938/https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2011/05/al-qaeda_pakistan |date=1 July 2017 }}</ref> Pakistan's President Zardari has denied that his country's security forces may have sheltered Osama bin Laden.<ref>{{cite web|last=Toosi |first=Nahal |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5ie6QSATOQYI1N-xQfy-6VPRGhm2w?docId=6739650 |title=The Canadian Press: Pakistan's president dismisses suspicions that his country was sheltering bin Laden |date=11 September 2001 |access-date=3 May 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Your name |url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/world/zardari-defends-pakistan-over-bin-laden-intel-2011-05-03-1.388294 |title=Zardari defends Pakistan over bin Laden intel |publisher=Emirates 24/7 |access-date=3 May 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607161800/https://www.emirates247.com/news/world/zardari-defends-pakistan-over-intel-2011-05-03-1.388294 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Steve Coll]] states that as of 2019 there is no direct evidence showing Pakistani knowledge of bin Laden's presence in Abbottabad. Documents captured from the Abbottabad compound generally show that bin Laden was wary of contact with Pakistani intelligence and police, especially in light of Pakistan's role in the arrest of [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]]. According to Coll: "C.I.A. and other Obama administration officials have said they possess no evidence—no intercepts, no unreleased documents from Abbottabad—that [[Ashfaq Parvez Kayani|Kayani]] or [[Ahmad Shuja Pasha|Pasha]] or any other I.S.I. officer knew where bin Laden was hiding. Given the hostility toward Pakistan prevalent in the American national security bureaucracy by 2011, if the United States possessed such hard evidence, it almost certainly would have leaked."<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2019|isbn=9780143132509|pages=547–554}}</ref> In response to America's exposure of bin Laden's hiding place, Pakistan moved to shut down the informant network that led the Americans there.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/15/world/asia/15policy.html?_r=2&ref=world&pagewanted=all "Pakistan Arrests C.I.A. Informants in Bin Laden Raid."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184643/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/15/world/asia/15policy.html?_r=2&ref=world&pagewanted=all |date=19 August 2022 }} ''New York Times'', 14 June 2011.</ref>

In addition to Osama bin Laden and [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], [[Ramzi bin al-Shibh]], [[Abu Zubaydah]], [[Abu Laith al Libi]] and [[Sheikh Said Masri]] have all been captured or killed inside Pakistan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Thomson Reuters |title=FACTBOX - Al Qaeda leaders killed or captured in Pakistan - AlertNet |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/factbox-al-qaeda-leaders-killed-or-captured-in-pakistan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406120129/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/factbox-al-qaeda-leaders-killed-or-captured-in-pakistan/ |archive-date=2012-04-06 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=www.trust.org}}</ref> with [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] being arrested with Pakistan's direct assistance.<ref name=":4" />

== Links to terrorist groups ==
Pakistan was alleged to be a safe haven for terrorist groups including:
# [[Al-Qaeda]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Key Reason the U.S. Lost in Afghanistan|url=https://www.pogo.org/analysis/2021/05/the-key-reason-the-u-s-lost-in-afghanistan/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Project On Government Oversight|language=en-US|archive-date=18 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718220710/https://www.pogo.org/analysis/2021/05/the-key-reason-the-u-s-lost-in-afghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref> (until [[Battle of Wanna|2004]])
# [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2020-06-24|title=Pakistan took modest steps yet remains safe haven for terrorists: US report|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/pakistan-took-modest-steps-yet-remains-safe-haven-for-terrorists-us-report-120062401693_1.html|access-date=2021-06-01|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819191632/https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/pakistan-took-modest-steps-yet-remains-safe-haven-for-terrorists-us-report-120062401693_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
# [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM)<ref name=":0" />
# [[Sipah-e-Sahaba]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Army and Terrorism; an unholy alliance|url=https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/pakistan-army-and-terrorism;-an-unholy-alliance/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=www.efsas.org|language=en|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184630/https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/pakistan-army-and-terrorism;-an-unholy-alliance/|url-status=live}}</ref> (until 2003)<ref name="encyclopedia.com">{{cite web |title=Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) - Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/sipah-e-sahaba-pakistan-ssp |access-date=11 January 2019 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
# [[Jaysh al-Adl]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why did US declare an anti-Iran militant group terrorist?|date=2019-07-05|url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-did-us-declare-an-anti-iran-militant-group-terrorist/a-49484519|access-date=2021-06-01|website=dw.com|language=en-GB|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184627/https://www.dw.com/en/why-did-us-declare-an-anti-iran-militant-group-terrorist/a-49484519|url-status=live}}</ref> (until 2024)<ref name="t">{{cite web |title=Joint Statement Third Quadrilateral Meeting of Foreign Ministers of China, Iran, Pakistan, and Russia |url=https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/wjbzhd/202409/t20240930_11501285.html |access-date=27 September 2024 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 November 2024 |title=صلاح الدین فاروقی به هلاکت رسید |url=https://www.sedayebourse.ir/news/508043/صلاح-الدین-فاروقی-به-هلاکت-رسید/ |work=Sadaye Bourse |language=Persian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 November 2024 |title=Terror group says 12 members killed in joint Iran-Pakistan operation |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/505983/Terror-group-says-12-members-killed-in-joint-Iran-Pakistan-operation |work=Teheran Times |language=English}}</ref>
#[[Al-Badr Mujahideen|Al Badr Mujahideen]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-terrorists-openly-collect-funds-in-pak-for-war-on-india/20120711.htm|title=Terrorists openly collect funds in Pak for war on India|website=Rediff|access-date=2019-03-15|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030150621/https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-terrorists-openly-collect-funds-in-pak-for-war-on-india/20120711.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (until 2022)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jammu & Kashmir: Incidents and Statements involving Al Badr : 2022 |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-incident-text/india-jammukashmir/al-badr_Jan-2022 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=SATP}}</ref>
#[[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen|Harkat ul Mujahideen]]<ref name=":1" /> (until 2019)
#[[ISIS-KP]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-01|title=Islamic State attacks show group is intent on killing Afghan peace hopes|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/01/afghanistan-us-look-taliban-for-help-isis-attacks-rise|access-date=2021-06-01|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=8 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008184131/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/01/afghanistan-us-look-taliban-for-help-isis-attacks-rise|url-status=live}}</ref> (until 2016)<ref>{{cite news |title=IS claims responsibility for Quetta attack, 31 killed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-elections-31-killed-quetta-isis-blast-1295450-2018-07-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725130538/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-elections-31-killed-quetta-isis-blast-1295450-2018-07-25 |archive-date=25 July 2018 |access-date=25 July 2018 |publisher=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Alokozay |first1=Khalid |last2=Mashal |first2=Mujib |date=13 January 2016 |title=ISIS Claims Assault That Killed 7 Near Pakistani Consulate in Afghanistan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/14/world/asia/jalalabad-afghanistan-blast.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113171516/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/14/world/asia/jalalabad-afghanistan-blast.html |archive-date=13 January 2016 |access-date=13 January 2016 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>
Pakistan has, however, denied providing safe haven to any terrorist group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-south-asia-15134305/pakistan-denies-it-is-a-safe-haven-for-terrorists|title=Pakistan denies it is a 'safe haven' for terrorists|date=30 September 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=1 September 2019|archive-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311152602/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-south-asia-15134305/pakistan-denies-it-is-a-safe-haven-for-terrorists|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the US stated that the next attack on the US could originate in Pakistan.<ref name="dailytimes.com.pk">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C09%5C12%5Cstory_12-9-2008_pg7_51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321024500/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C09%5C12%5Cstory_12-9-2008_pg7_51 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 March 2009 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |work=Daily Times|date=12 September 2008 |access-date=28 May 2012}}</ref>
There are instances of Pakistan hosting terrorist camps such as the following:
* In June 2009, India's army chief, General Deepak Kapoor, used a meeting with US national security adviser Jim Jones to claim that Pakistan was home to 43 "terrorist camps".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/214316 | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=US embassy cables: Pakistan home to 43 'terrorist camps' – Indian army chief | date=10 December 2010 | access-date=16 December 2016 | archive-date=6 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006121304/https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/214316 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Many Kashmiri groups also maintain their headquarters in [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]], which is cited as further proof by the Indian Government.
* Open public fund raising and recruitment of terrorists from Pakistani society.<ref name="auto"/>

===Militant outfits about Pakistan===
In [[Kashmir conflict]], India has been consistent in alleging that Pakistan was involved in training and arming underground militant groups to fight Indian forces in Kashmir.<ref name=Musharraf>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11474618 |title=BBC News – Musharraf admits Kashmir militants trained in Pakistan |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=5 October 2010 |access-date=11 November 2012 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010122612/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11474618 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2005, [[JKLF]] had openly admitted that more than 3,000 militants from various nationalities were still being trained.<ref name="rediff.com">[http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/16quake1.htm 'Pak feared exposure of militant camps'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107082131/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/16quake1.htm |date=7 November 2007 }} – [[Rediff]] 16 October 2005</ref>

==== Jaish-e-Mohammed ====
[[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] – Other resources also concur, stating that Pakistan's military and ISI both include personnel who sympathise with and help [[Islamic militants]], adding that ISI has provided covert but well-documented support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir, including the [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].<ref name="Terrorism Havens: Pakistan" /> Pakistan has denied any involvement in the terrorist activities in Kashmir, arguing that it only provides political and moral support to the so-called "secessionist" & jihadist groups. Many Kashmiri terrorist groups also maintain their headquarters in [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]], which is cited as further proof by the Indian Government.

==== Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jama'at-ud-Dawa ====
The militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) is widely blamed for the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 Mumbai attacks]]. The US has put a $10m bounty for its founder [[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed]]. Saeed now heads the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|Jama'at-ud-Dawa]] (JuD) group, widely seen as a front for LeT.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17594018|title=US puts $10m bounty on Lashkar-e-Taiba's Hafiz Saeed|work=BBC News|date=3 April 2012|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613115146/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17594018|url-status=live}}</ref> LeT was banned by Pakistan in 2002 after it allegedly carried out an [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|attack on the Indian parliament]]. JuD is currently banned by the US, the EU, India and Russia as a terrorist organisation. In June 2014, Washington declared JuD an LeT affiliate and announced head money for JuD's political wing chief and Saeed's brother-in-law [[Abdul Rehman Makki|Abd al-Rahman Makki]].<ref name="dawn.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1149307|title=Footprints: JuD's show of strength|author=Amjad Mahmood|website=Dawn.com|date=7 December 2014|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=9 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209003644/http://www.dawn.com/news/1149307|url-status=live}}</ref> Zaki ar-Rahman Lakhvi, the leader of Lashkar-e-Taiba and allegedly the planner of [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 Mumbai attacks]] was released in Pakistan which caused condemnations in India.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Joshi|first1=Rohan|title=Should Pakistan Be Designated A State Sponsor of Terror?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/should-pakistan-be-designated-a-state-sponsor-of-terror/|website=The Diplomat|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928111203/https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/should-pakistan-be-designated-a-state-sponsor-of-terror/|url-status=live}}</ref>

JuD regularly conducts mass rallies and congregation,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-10|title=Wanted in U.S. and India, Hafiz Saeed leads mass rally in Pakistan |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-india-hafiz-saeed-kashmir-idINDEE9850C220130906|access-date=2021-05-26|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328135158/https://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-india-hafiz-saeed-kashmir-idINDEE9850C220130906|url-status=dead}}</ref> advocating jihad in Kashmir. For its December 2014 rally, Pakistan ran two special trains to carry the crowd to Lahore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-05|title=Pak runs special trains for Hafiz Saeed meet|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pak-runs-special-trains-imran-cancels-rally-for-hafiz-saeed-meet/article1-1292639.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205105635/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pak-runs-special-trains-imran-cancels-rally-for-hafiz-saeed-meet/article1-1292639.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-02-05|access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref> India's foreign ministry termed this as nothing short of mainstreaming of terrorism and a terrorist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mainstreaming-terror-indias-reaction-to-hafiz-saeed-rally-709069|title='Mainstreaming Terror': India's Reaction to Hafiz Saeed Rally|author=Vishnu Varma|date=5 December 2014|work=NDTV.com|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184631/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mainstreaming-terror-indias-reaction-to-hafiz-saeed-rally-709069|url-status=live}}</ref> The congregation was held near Pakistan's national monument, the [[Minar-e-Pakistan]] and a security of 4000 policemen was provided. JuD also asks donations for its anti-India and pro-jihad campaigns.<ref name="dawn.com"/>

===Sympathising with militants===
==== Taliban and Haqqani Network ====
Pakistan did not designate the Afghan [[Taliban]] as a terrorist organisation. Pakistan was also accused of giving aid to the Taliban, which include[s] soliciting funding for the Taliban, bankrolling Taliban operations, providing diplomatic support as the Taliban's virtual emissaries abroad, arranging training for Taliban fighters, recruiting skilled and unskilled manpower to serve in Taliban armies, planning and directing offensives, providing and facilitating shipments of ammunition and fuel, and on several occasions apparently directly providing combat support, as stated by the [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghan2/Afghan0701-02.htm |title=Crisis of Impunity – Pakistan's Support of the Taliban |publisher=Hrw.org |access-date=20 August 2013 |archive-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615184800/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghan2/Afghan0701-02.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The normally reticent [[United Nations|United Nations Organization]] (UNO) has also publicly increased pressure on Pakistan on its inability to control its Afghanistan border and not restricting the activities of Taliban leaders who have been declared by the UN as terrorists.<ref name="iht.com" /><ref name="BBC Story" />

Former [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] of US, [[Mike Mullen]] described the [[Haqqani Network]] as the "veritable arm of Pakistan's ISI".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-15026909|title=US Admiral: 'Haqqani is veritable arm of Pakistan's ISI'|work=BBC News|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305204502/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-15026909|url-status=live}}</ref> Mullen said the country's main intelligence agency ISI was supporting Haqqani network, who are blamed for an [[Embassy of the United States, Kabul#September 2011 attack|assault on the US embassy in Kabul in September 2011]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2011-09-22|title=U.S. says Pakistan's ISI supported Kabul embassy attack|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-pakistan-idUSTRE78L39720110922|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327015944/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/22/us-usa-pakistan-idUSTRE78L39720110922|archive-date=2015-03-27|access-date=2021-05-26|work=[[Wayback Machine]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/world/asia/mullen-asserts-pakistani-role-in-attack-on-us-embassy.html|title=Pakistan's Spy Agency Is Tied to Attack on U.S. Embassy|date=23 September 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007094454/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/world/asia/mullen-asserts-pakistani-role-in-attack-on-us-embassy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and also the September 2011 NATO truck bombing which injured 77 coalition soldiers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/660878/haqqani-network-is-a-veritable-arm-of-isi-mullen|title=Haqqani network is a "veritable arm" of ISI: Mullen|author=Agencies|website=Dawn.com|date=22 September 2011|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184643/https://www.dawn.com/news/660878/haqqani-network-is-a-veritable-arm-of-isi-mullen|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2011-09-11|title=NATO: 77 U.S. troops injured after Taliban hit Afghan coalition base|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/09/11/afghanistan.base.attack/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125175501/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/09/11/afghanistan.base.attack/|archive-date=2011-11-25|access-date=2021-05-26|website=[[Wayback Machine]]}}</ref> and killed five Afghan civilians.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/taliban-bombing-at-u-s-base-in-afghanistan-wounds-nearly-80-americans|title=Taliban Bombing at U.S. Base in Afghanistan Wounds Nearly 80 Americans|work=Fox News|date=26 March 2015|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181103/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/09/11/bomb-at-us-base-in-afghanistan-wounds-77-americans/|url-status=live}}</ref>

"[[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] has helped disrupt Haqqani network's ability to launch attacks on Afghan territory", a senior commander for US and NATO forces in Afghanistan, Lieutenant General Joseph Anderson said in a Pentagon-hosted video briefing from Afghanistan in 2014. He added that the Haqqani network was now fractured too.<ref>{{cite news|title=US commander commends Zarb-e-Azb for disrupting Haqqani network's ability to target Afghanistan|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/786641/us-commander-commends-zarb-e-azb-for-disrupting-haqqani-networks-ability-to-target-afghanistan/|date=6 November 2014|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=23 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320152633/http://tribune.com.pk/story/786641/us-commander-commends-zarb-e-azb-for-disrupting-haqqani-networks-ability-to-target-afghanistan/|url-status=live|archive-date=20 March 2015}}</ref>

In a November 2014 interview to [[BBC Urdu]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/2014/11/141117_pak_usa_strategic_cooperation_sq|title=انھیں کیوں نشانہ بنائیں جو ہمارے لیے خطرہ نہیں؟|work=BBC Urdu|date=17 November 2014|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=23 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123170225/http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/2014/11/141117_pak_usa_strategic_cooperation_sq|url-status=live}}</ref> Adviser to the Pakistani Prime Minister on National Security and Foreign Affairs, [[Sartaj Aziz]] said that Pakistan should not target militants like the Afghan Taliban and Haqqani Network, who do not threaten Pakistan's security.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1145135/militants-not-dangerous-to-pakistan-should-not-be-targeted-sartaj|title=Militants not dangerous to Pakistan should not be targeted: Sartaj|website=Dawn.com|date=18 November 2014|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184629/https://www.dawn.com/news/1145135/militants-not-dangerous-to-pakistan-should-not-be-targeted-sartaj|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2014-11-20|title=Pakistan's National Security Advisor Sartaj Aziz calls Afghan counterpart after remarks on terror|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-20/news/56304007_1_operation-zarb-e-azb-pakistan-aziz|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203215332/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-20/news/56304007_1_operation-zarb-e-azb-pakistan-aziz|archive-date=2015-02-03|access-date=2021-05-26|work=[[Wayback Machine]]}}</ref> After it was raised in Pakistan's parliament, Pakistan's Foreign Office clarified that the statement<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/sartaj-aziz-under-fire-for-not-to-act-against-friendly-terrorists-gaffe-114112000240_1.html|title=Sartaj Aziz under fire for 'not to act against friendly terrorists' gaffe|date=20 November 2014|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819193136/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/sartaj-aziz-under-fire-for-not-to-act-against-friendly-terrorists-gaffe-114112000240_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> was said in historical context.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1145311|title=Sartaj Aziz statement on militant groups taken out of context: FO|author=Mateen Haider|website=Dawn.com|date=18 November 2014|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184629/https://www.dawn.com/news/1145311|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/793054/foreign-office-clarifies-sartaj-aziz-statement-on-ties-with-militant-groups/|title=Foreign Office clarifies Sartaj Aziz statement on ties with militant groups|work=The Express Tribune|date=18 November 2014|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918133005/https://tribune.com.pk/story/793054/foreign-office-clarifies-sartaj-aziz-statement-on-ties-with-militant-groups|url-status=live}}</ref>

==International isolation==
Pakistan has been threatened in the past of international isolation on allegations of its inability in counter terrorism. The 2016 [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] summit which was to be held in Islamabad in 2016 was cancelled after being boycotted by four nations – India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Bhutan.<ref>{{citation |title='Greater SAARC' and Pakistan's regional isolation |url=https://www.dw.com/en/greater-saarc-and-pakistans-regional-isolation/a-36032907 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=13 October 2016 |access-date=3 July 2018 |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184643/https://www.dw.com/en/greater-saarc-and-pakistans-regional-isolation/a-36032907 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Surgical strike and Pak's isolation |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/surgical-strike-paks-isolation |work=[[Daily Excelsior]] |date=17 October 2016 |access-date=3 July 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916160852/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/surgical-strike-paks-isolation/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Greater South Asia with China, Iran: Isolated Pakistan seeks bigger SAARC to counter India's influence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/south-asian-economic-alliance-saarc-china-iran-pakistan-india-346087-2016-10-12 |work=[[India Today]] |date=12 October 2016 |access-date=3 July 2018 |archive-date=14 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214215742/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/south-asian-economic-alliance-saarc-china-iran-pakistan-india/1/785071.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistan is listed on the [[FATF blacklist#Current FATF greylist|FATF greylist]] for alleged money laundering and terrorism financing, which makes it difficult for the country to get financial help from international institutions, including the [[International Monetary Fund]], [[World Bank]] [[Asian Development Bank]], and [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan unlikely to exit 'grey' list of global terror funding watchdog until June |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-unlikely-to-exit-grey-list-of-global-terror-funding-watchdog-until-june/article33861672.ece |access-date=24 February 2021 |agency=PTI |work=The Hindu |date=17 February 2021 |location=Islamabad |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184628/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-unlikely-to-exit-grey-list-of-global-terror-funding-watchdog-until-june/article33861672.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

India has not played bilateral cricket with Pakistan since 2013 and, since 2008, has not allowed Pakistani players to participate in the lucrative cricket league, the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). The Indian cricket team no longer tours Pakistan. Indians also banned Pakistani actors, singers or directors to work in Hindi cinema and the Indian film industry. After the [[Pulwama attack|Pulwama terrorist attack]], [[All Indian Cine Workers Association|All Indian Cine Workers' Association]] announced a total ban on Pakistani artists and actors from working in India. A majority of the people in India are also against having any sports or cultural ties with Pakistan.

=== United States ===
US National Security Advisor [[James L Jones]] sent a message in the past to Pakistan saying that double standards on terrorism were not acceptable.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.rediff.com/interview/2010/jul/16/paks-double-standards-on-terror-not-acceptable.htm |title='Pak's double standards on terror not acceptable' – Rediff.com India News |publisher=News.rediff.com |date=16 July 2010 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019144307/https://news.rediff.com/interview/2010/jul/16/paks-double-standards-on-terror-not-acceptable.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2016, the Chairman of the [[United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade|US House Subcommittee on Terrorism]], Congressman [[Ted Poe]] from Texas, along with [[Dana Rohrabacher]] from California, introduced a bill in the [[United States House of Representatives]] calling for a declaration of Pakistan as a state sponsor of terrorism. The bill HR 6069<ref>[https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/6069/text H.R.6069 – Pakistan State Sponsor of Terrorism Designation Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516132215/https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/6069/text |date=16 May 2022 }}, Bill sponsored by Rep. Ted Poe, United States Congress, 20 September 2016.</ref> requires the US president to issue a report within 90 days detailing Pakistan's role in supporting international terrorism followed by discussion from the [[US Secretary of State]]. Ted Poe said in a statement that Pakistan was not only an untrustworthy ally but it has also aided and abetted the enemies of the United States. He called the [[2016 Uri attack]] the latest consequence of Pakistan’s longstanding irresponsible policy of supporting and providing operational space for jihadi terrorist groups.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/1185650/us-lawmakers-move-bill-designate-pakistan-terrorist-state/ US lawmakers move bill to designate Pakistan a terrorist state] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027193445/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1185650/us-lawmakers-move-bill-designate-pakistan-terrorist-state/ |date=27 October 2018 }}, The Express Tribune, 21 September 2016.</ref><ref>
{{Cite web|date=2016-09-20|title=Chairman Poe introduces the Pakistan State Sponsor of Terrorism Designation Act|url=http://poe.house.gov/2016/9/chairman-poe-introduces-the-pakistan-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-designation-act|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924055218/http://poe.house.gov/2016/9/chairman-poe-introduces-the-pakistan-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-designation-act|archive-date=2016-09-24|access-date=2021-05-26|website=[[Wayback Machine]]}}
</ref> U.S. Senator [[John McCain]] said that the bill would not be successful, and pointed out that it was moved by a small minority within the [[United States Congress|Congress]]. McCain also acknowledged Pakistan's losses in the fight against terrorism.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1187897/state-sponsor-terrorism-us-bill-unlikely-gain-congressional-support/|title=State sponsor of terrorism: US bill unlikely to gain Congressional support|work=The Express Tribune|date=25 September 2016|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918140334/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1187897/state-sponsor-terrorism-us-bill-unlikely-gain-congressional-support|url-status=live}}</ref>

Under the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|first Trump administration]], the U.S. State Department accused Pakistan of failing to respond to terrorist networks operating on its soil, and in 2018, [[Pakistan–United States military relations|terminated all military aid to Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-01 |title=US military to cancel $300m in Pakistan aid over terror groups |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45386278 |access-date=2023-05-18 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518141819/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45386278 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
In July 2010, British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] accused the Pakistani government of double standards: "We cannot tolerate in any sense the idea that this country is allowed to look both ways and is able, in any way, to promote the export of terror, whether to India or whether to Afghanistan or anywhere else in the world." However, UK Foreign Secretary [[William Hague]], who was travelling with the prime minister Cameron, clarified Cameron's remarks: "He wasn't accusing anybody of double dealing. He was also saying that Pakistan's made great progress in tackling terrorism. Of course there have been many terrorism outrages in Pakistan itself."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10791182|title=UK PM cautions Pakistan over 'terror exports'|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2010|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023163730/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10791182|url-status=live}}</ref> Cameron's remarks sparked a diplomatic row with Pakistan, where he came under attack by officials and politicians who strongly criticised his comments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jul/28/david-cameron-india-pakistan-terror|title=Cameron sparks diplomatic row with Pakistan after 'export of terror' remarks|author=Nicholas Watt|work=the Guardian|date=28 July 2010|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184629/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jul/28/david-cameron-india-pakistan-terror|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2010, he attempted to visit Pakistan while on a tour to Afghanistan in an effort to mend relations. However, his visit was refused by Pakistan, notably as a snub to his remarks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/david-cameron-snubbed-by-pakistan-over-267890|title=David Cameron snubbed by Pakistan over terrorism slur|author=James Lyons|date=8 December 2010|work=mirror|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184644/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/david-cameron-snubbed-by-pakistan-over-267890|url-status=live}}</ref>

Furthermore, the United Kingdom investigated cases of terrorism involving British citizens with reported links to Pakistan-based networks. The [[7 July 2005 London bombings]] included individuals who had traveled to Pakistan prior to the attacks. Official inquiries concluded that the bombers were primarily radicalised within the UK, though trips abroad were examined as part of the investigation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-33410742|title=7/7 bombings: How the attacks unfolded|work=BBC News|date=7 July 2015|access-date=16 Dec 2025}}</ref> Similarly, the [[2006 transatlantic aircraft plot]], which aimed to detonate liquid explosives on flights from the UK to North America, involved suspects with reported connections to Pakistan. British and American authorities, in coordination with Pakistani officials, disrupted the plot, which was cited in UK counterterrorism assessments as an example of transnational networks affecting domestic security.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/aug/11/uksecurity.politics|title=Transatlantic airline bomb plot foiled|work=The Guardian|date=11 August 2006|access-date=16 Dec 2025}}</ref>

===Afghanistan===
US intelligence officials claim that Pakistan's ISI sponsored the [[2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul]].<ref name="NYTKabulBombing">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/01/world/asia/01pstan.html|title=Pakistanis Aided Attack in Kabul, U.S. Officials Say|first=Mark Mazzetti and Eric|last=Schmitt|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 2008|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-date=16 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416182042/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/01/world/asia/01pstan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They say that the ISI officers who aided the attack were not renegades, indicating that their actions might have been authorised by superiors. The attack was carried out by [[Jalaluddin Haqqani]], who runs a network that Western intelligence services say is responsible for a campaign of violence throughout Afghanistan, including the Indian Embassy bombing and the [[2008 Kabul Serena Hotel attack]].<ref name="NYTKabulBombing" /> Citizenship and Immigration Minister of Canada [[Chris Alexander (politician)|Chris Alexander]] called Pakistan a state sponsor of terrorism that threatens world security in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Kathleen|title=Immigration minister lashes out against Pakistan's 'state sponsorship of terrorism'|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pakistan-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-chris-alexander-says-1.2593584|website=Cbc.ca|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184643/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pakistan-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-chris-alexander-says-1.2593584|url-status=live}}</ref>

In response to the [[Afghan War documents leak]], ''[[The Guardian]]'' had a very different take on allegations that Pakistan is sponsoring terrorism. Its Sunday, 25 July 2010 article by [[Declan Walsh (journalist)|Declan Walsh]] states: "But for all their eye-popping details, the intelligence files, which are mostly collated by junior officers relying on informants and Afghan officials, fail to provide a convincing smoking gun for ISI complicity. Most of the reports are vague, filled with incongruent detail, or crudely fabricated. The same characters – famous Taliban commanders, well-known ISI officials – and scenarios repeatedly pop up. And few of the events predicted in the reports subsequently occurred. A retired senior American officer said ground-level reports were considered to be a mixture of "rumours, bullshit and second-hand information" and were weeded out as they passed up the chain of command".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/pakistan-isi-accused-taliban-afghanistan | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Declan | last=Walsh | title=Afghanistan war logs: Clandestine aid for Taliban bears Pakistan's fingerprints | date=25 July 2010 | access-date=16 December 2016 | archive-date=13 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013134728/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/pakistan-isi-accused-taliban-afghanistan | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Afghanistan–Pakistan relations]] have become more strained after the Afghan government began openly accusing Pakistan of using its ISI spy network in aiding the Taliban and other militants. Pakistan usually denies these allegations but has said in the past that it does not have full control of the actions of the ISI. There have been a number of reports about the [[Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes]], which usually occur when army soldiers are in [[hot pursuit]] chasing insurgents who cross the border back and forth. This leads to tensions between the two states, especially after hearing reports of civilian casualties.<ref name="pajhwok">{{cite web|url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/10/18/push-launched-against-haqqanis-border-areas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145825/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/10/18/push-launched-against-haqqanis-border-areas |archive-date=2012-05-14 |url-status=dead |title=Push launched against Haqqanis in border areas | Pajhwok Afghan News |access-date=2015-02-07}}</ref>

After the May 2011 [[death of Osama bin Laden]] in Pakistan, many prominent Afghan figures began being assassinated, including [[Mohammed Daud Daud]], [[Ahmad Wali Karzai]], [[Jan Mohammad Khan]], [[Ghulam Haider Hamidi]], [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]] and others.<ref name=AfghamEmbassy>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassyofafghanistan.org/PresidentKarzaiAddresstotheNationonPeaceEfforts.htm |title=President Karzai Address to the Nation on Afghanistan's Peace Efforts |publisher=The Embassy of Afghanistan in Washington, DC |access-date=2011-10-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012070131/http://www.embassyofafghanistan.org/PresidentKarzaiAddresstotheNationonPeaceEfforts.htm |archive-date=2011-10-12 }}</ref> Also in the same year, the Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes intensified and many large scale attacks by the Pakistani-based [[Haqqani network]] took place across Afghanistan. This led to the United States warning Pakistan of a possible military action against the Haqqanis in the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2011-09-15/panetta-pakistan/50410770/1?csp=34news |title=Panetta: U.S. will pursue Pakistan-based militants |publisher=[[USA Today]] |date=September 2011 |access-date=2011-09-21 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305092328/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2011-09-15/panetta-pakistan/50410770/1?csp=34news |url-status=live }}</ref> The U.S. blamed Pakistan's government, mainly [[Pakistani Army]] and its ISI spy network as the masterminds behind all of this.<ref name=US-blames-Pakistan/> {{blockquote|"In choosing to use [[violent extremism]] as an instrument of policy, the government of Pakistan, and most especially the Pakistani army and ISI, jeopardizes not only the prospect of our strategic partnership but Pakistan's opportunity to be a respected nation with legitimate regional influence. They may believe that by using these proxies, they are hedging their bets or redressing what they feel is an imbalance in regional power. But in reality, they have already lost that bet."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-condemns-us-comments-spy-agency-044440789.html;_ylt=A2KJ3vVYX3xOdRkA9EZXNyoA?rnd=005681253004174930714413 |title=Pakistan condemns US comments about spy agency |agency=Associated Press |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=2011-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727053454/http://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-condemns-us-comments-spy-agency-044440789.html%3B_ylt%3DA2KJ3vVYX3xOdRkA9EZXNyoA?rnd=005681253004174930714413 |archive-date=27 July 2013}}</ref>|[[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]] [[Michael Mullen|Mike Mullen]]|[[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]]}} [[United States Ambassador to Pakistan|U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan]], [[Cameron Munter]], told Radio Pakistan that the attack that took place in Kabul was the work of the Haqqani network. There is evidence linking the Haqqani Network to the Pakistan government.<ref>{{cite news|last=Naumann|first=Qasim|date=17 September 2011|title=U.S. links Pakistan to group it blames for Kabul attack|work=[[Wayback Machine]]|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-usa-haqqani-idUSTRE78G1RM20110917|access-date=2011-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918083939/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/17/us-pakistan-usa-haqqani-idUSTRE78G1RM20110917|archive-date=2011-09-18}}</ref> Other top U.S. officials such as [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Leon Panetta]] made similar statements.<ref name=US-blames-Pakistan>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-isi-urged-attacks-u-targets-officials-002201562.html |title=U.S. blames Pakistan agency in Kabul attack |publisher=Reuters |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=2011-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925075845/http://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-isi-urged-attacks-u-targets-officials-002201562.html |archive-date=2011-09-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/clinton-presses-pakistan-to-help-fight-haqqani-insurgent-group/ |title=Clinton Presses Pakistan to Help Fight Haqqani Insurgent Group |publisher=Fox News |date=18 September 2011 |access-date=2011-09-21 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181106/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/09/18/clinton-presses-pakistan-to-help-fight-haqqani-insurgent-group/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite all of this, Afghan President Hamid Karzai labelled Pakistan as Afghanistan's "twin brother".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-10-05|title=Pakistan a twin brother, talks to go on: Karzai|url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/10/05/pakistan-twin-brother-talks-go-karzai|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107132358/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/10/05/pakistan-twin-brother-talks-go-karzai|archive-date=2011-11-07|access-date=2021-05-26|website=[[Wayback Machine]]}}</ref> Such words in diplomatic talks mean that Afghanistan "cannot turn enemy against the state of Pakistan to please others". The two states are working together to find solutions to the problems affecting them. This includes possible defence cooperation and intelligence sharing as well as further enhancing the two-way trade and abolishment of [[visa (document)|visa]]s for "holders of diplomatic passports to facilitate visa free travel for the diplomats from the two nations."<ref name=UPI>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/01/29/Reports-Kabul-may-consider-Pakistan-offer/UPI-33681359440502/?spt=hs&or=tn |title=Reports: Kabul may consider Pakistan offer |date=29 January 2013 |access-date=2013-01-29 |publisher=UPI |archive-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214205022/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/01/29/Reports-Kabul-may-consider-Pakistan-offer/UPI-33681359440502/?spt=hs&or=tn |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pakistan to release more Taliban prisoners">{{cite news |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2012/12/01/pakistan-release-more-taliban-prisoners |title=Pakistan to release more Taliban prisoners |date=1 December 2012 |access-date=2013-01-29 |publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216184537/https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2012/12/01/pakistan-release-more-taliban-prisoners |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the [[May 2017 Kabul attack]], the Afghan [[National Directorate of Security]] (NDS) claimed that the blast was planned by the Afghan insurgent group [[Haqqani Network]], and reiterated allegations that those elements had support and presence across the border in Pakistan.<ref name="Gul">{{cite web|last1=Gul|first1=Ayaz|title=Deadly Truck Bomb Rocks Kabul|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/massive-car-bomb-in-kabul/3878752.html|website=VOA|date=31 May 2017|language=en|access-date=8 June 2017|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516153745/https://www.voanews.com/a/massive-car-bomb-in-kabul/3878752.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Afghan President [[Ashraf Ghani]] stated that Pakistan has instigated an undeclared war of aggression against the country.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kay|first1=Chris|last2=Najafizada|first2=Eltaf|title=Ghani Says Afghanistan Hit by 'Undeclared War' From Pakistan|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-06-06/ghani-says-afghanistan-suffering-undeclared-war-from-pakistan|access-date=8 June 2017|work=Bloomberg|date=6 June 2017|archive-date=7 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607085900/https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-06-06/ghani-says-afghanistan-suffering-undeclared-war-from-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Foreign Ministry]] spokesman, Nafees Zakaria rejected the Afghan allegations as "baseless".<ref>{{cite web|title=Afghanistan blames Pakistan and Taliban for Kabul blast|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/afghanistan-blames-pakistan-taliban-kabul-blast-170601151615042.html|website=Aljazeera.com|access-date=8 June 2017|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430133210/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/afghanistan-blames-pakistan-taliban-kabul-blast-170601151615042.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[The Washington Post]] claimed that the [[2021 Taliban offensive]] was inextricably linked to Pakistan.<ref name="WaPoPak">{{cite news |author= |title=Pakistan's hand in the Taliban's victory |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/08/18/pakistan-hand-taliban-victory/ |newspaper=Washington Post |location=Washington, D.C. |date=18 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830215418/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/08/18/pakistan-hand-taliban-victory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[The New York Times]], Afghan tribal leaders said that the Pakistani military waved a surge of new fighters across the border from sanctuaries inside Pakistan.<ref name="NYTPak">{{cite news |author= |title=The Real Winner of the Afghan War? It's Not Who You Think |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/26/world/asia/afghanistan-pakistan-taliban.html |work=The New York Times |location=New York |date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826071319/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/26/world/asia/afghanistan-pakistan-taliban.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the Taliban took over Afghanistan in 2021, then Pakistan Prime minister Imran Khan expressed his happiness and support to the Taliban, said, Afghanistan had broken "shackles of slavery".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-16 |title=Afghans have broken 'shackles of slavery': Pakistan PM Imran Khan |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/afghans-have-broken-shackles-of-slavery-pak-pm-imran-khan/article35939794.ece |access-date=2023-05-18 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816230623/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/afghans-have-broken-shackles-of-slavery-pak-pm-imran-khan/article35939794.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite the Taliban re-establishment of an Islamic emirate in Afghanistan, Pakistan relations have deteriorated with Afghanistan and accusing each other of supporting terrorism.<ref name=af/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Abid |first1=Hussain |title=Taliban's ties with Pakistan fraying amid mounting security concerns |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/17/talibans-ties-with-pakistan-fraying-amid-mounting-security-concerns |access-date=17 August 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

=== India ===
{{Main|Terrorism in India|Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts|l2 = Pakistani army, ISI and government strategy against India - Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts.}}

The government of Pakistan has been accused of aiding terrorist organisations operating on their soil who have attacked neighbouring India. Pakistan claimed that these acts were committed by non-state actors. US Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice|Condoleeza Rice]] had stated that the actors were still Pakistan's responsibility to which President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] had to agree.<ref>{{cite web |author=John Pike |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/news/2008/11/sec-081128-irna02.htm |title=Zardari blames 'non-state actors' for Mumbai attack |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102183106/https://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/news/2008/11/sec-081128-irna02.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080076673&type=News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218220720/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080076673&type=News |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2008 |title=Non-state actors Pak's responsibility: Zardari |publisher=NDTV.com |date=16 December 2008 |access-date=28 May 2012}}</ref>

India alleged that the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|2008 Mumbai terror attacks]] originated in Pakistan, and that the attackers were in touch with a Pakistani colonel and other handlers in Pakistan. The testimony of [[David Headley]], who was implicated for his role in the Mumbai attacks, pointed out to significant ISI involvement in the activities of the LeT, including the Mumbai attacks.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/26/mumbai-terror-attacks-india | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=India names Pakistani colonel in connection with Mumbai terror attacks | first=Mark | last=Tran | date=26 February 2009 | access-date=20 May 2010 | archive-date=20 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020031856/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/26/mumbai-terror-attacks-india | url-status=live }}</ref> This led to a UN ban on one such organisation, the [[Jama'at-ud-Da'wah]], which the Pakistani government is yet to enforce.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-not-to-ban-Jamaat-ud-Dawa/articleshow/3838907.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714223233/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-15/pakistan/27916430_1_ban-jamaat-ud-dawa-hafiz-mohammad-saeed-islamabad | url-status=live | archive-date=14 July 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Pakistan not to ban Jamaat-ud-Dawa | date=15 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/rssarticleshow/3823910.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Experts welcome UN ban on Jamaat-ul-Dawa; put doubts on Pak | access-date=21 March 2014 | archive-date=20 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020025519/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/rssarticleshow/3823910.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> The 2008 Mumbai attacks led to a large scale deterioration in diplomatic relations between India and Pakistan in the aftermath.<ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/30/india.attacks/index.html |title=Mumbai attacks probed as India-Pakistan relations strained |date=1 December 2008 |publisher=CNN |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219205611/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/30/india.attacks/index.html |archive-date=19 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 5 April 2006, the Indian police arrested six Islamic militants, including a cleric who helped plan bomb blasts in Varanasi. The cleric is believed to be a commander of a banned South Asian Islamic militant group, [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]], and is linked to the ISI.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 April 2006|title=Indian Police Arrest Islamic Cleric for Blasts|work=[[Wayback Machine]]|agency=Reuters|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2006/04/article55267228|access-date=2021-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403093428/http://www.aawsat.net/2006/04/article55267228|archive-date=2015-04-03}}</ref>

Pakistan denied involvement in militant activities in [[Kashmir]], though President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] admitted in July 2010<ref name="Zardari says Pak created and nurtured militants">{{cite web |author=World PakistanPhotosVideoBlog: New York Diaries |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/zardari-says-pak-created-and-nurtured-militants/96670-2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711145543/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/zardari-says-pak-created-and-nurtured-militants/96670-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2009 |title=Zardari says Pak created and nurtured militants – CNN IBN News |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=8 July 2009 |access-date=20 August 2013}}</ref> that militants had been deliberately created and nurtured by past governments as a policy to achieve some short-term tactical objectives stating that they were "heroes" until [[9/11]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

In October 2010, former Pakistan President and former head of the [[Pakistan Army]], [[Pervez Musharraf]] revealed that Pakistani armed forces trained militant groups to fight Indian forces in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11474618|title= Musharraf admits Kashmir militants trained in Pakistan|date= 5 October 2010|website= [[BBC News]]|access-date= 21 June 2018|archive-date= 10 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221010122612/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11474618|url-status= live}}</ref> Many Kashmiri terror groups designated as terrorist organisations by the US still maintain their headquarters in [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]]. This is cited by the Indian government as further proof that Pakistan supports terrorism. Many of the terrorist organisations are banned by the UN, but continue to operate under different names. Even the normally reticent [[United Nations]] (UN) has also publicly increased pressure on Pakistan on its inability to control its Afghanistan border and not restricting the activities of Taliban leaders who have been declared by the UN as terrorists.<ref name="iht.com">{{cite web|last=Loomis |first=George |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/09/news/afghan.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110003637/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/09/news/afghan.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2007 |title=Pakistan should crack down on Taliban, UN official says |publisher=International Herald Tribune |access-date=20 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="BBC Story">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5190244.stm |title=BBC Story |publisher=BBC News |date=21 July 2006 |access-date=20 August 2013 |archive-date=27 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227223103/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5190244.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Both the federal and state governments in India continue to accuse Pakistan of helping several banned terrorist organisations, including the Indian organisations unhappy with their own Government, like the [[ULFA]] in Assam.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 March 2000|title=Assam accuses Pakistan High Commission of helping ULFA|url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20000315/ifr15044.html|access-date=20 August 2013|publisher=Expressindia.com|archive-date=25 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185125/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20000315/ifr15044.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

Apart from Kashmir, Pakistan has also been accused by India of supporting [[Punjab Insurgency|insurgency in Punjab province of India]]. India alleges that Pakistan has provided support to separatist Sikh terror outfits in an attempt to create independent state of [[Khalistan]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Khaira|first=Rachna|date=21 November 2018|title=Interview: Punjab CM Amarinder Singh Says Pakistan's ISI Is Supporting Pro-Khalistan Groups|url=https://m.huffingtonpost.in/2018/11/21/interview-punjab-cm-amarinder-singh-says-pakistan-s-isi-is-supporting-pro-khalistan-groups_a_23595971/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121191439/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/11/21/interview-punjab-cm-amarinder-singh-says-pakistan-s-isi-is-supporting-pro-khalistan-groups_a_23595971/|archive-date=2018-11-21|access-date=2018-11-21|work=Huffington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/pakistan-denies-supporting-khalistan-movement-photos-show-otherwise-1721033.html|work=News 18|title=Pakistan Denies Supporting Khalistan Movement, Photos Show Otherwise|date=17 April 2018|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031130743/https://www.news18.com/news/india/pakistan-denies-supporting-khalistan-movement-photos-show-otherwise-1721033.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan has rejected all accusations made by India. An Indian MLA from Punjab believes that Pakistan support to Sikh separatist outfits is an attempt to seek revenge for Indian role during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aujla-justifies-paks-support-to-khalistan/articleshow/66904606.cms|title=Aujla justifies Pak's support to Khalistan|date=2 December 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105022715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aujla-justifies-paks-support-to-khalistan/articleshow/66904606.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Former Pakistani army chief [[Mirza Aslam Beg]] in an interview embraced jihad against India and opportunity to use [[Kartarpur corridor]] to assist Khalistan movement.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Pakistan will use Kartarpur for Khalistan terror: Former army chief|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-use-kartarpur-khalistan-terror-former-army-chief-1590700-2019-08-23|access-date = 24 August 2019|archive-date = 16 October 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211016143747/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-use-kartarpur-khalistan-terror-former-army-chief-1590700-2019-08-23|url-status = live}}</ref>

In 2019, Pakistani Prime Minister publicly discouraged Pakistani people from going to Kashmir to do ''[[jihad]]''. People who went to Kashmir will do an injustice to the Kashmiri people.<ref name="DawnSept2019">{{cite news |title='Historic day': PM Imran inaugurates 24/7 border crossing at Torkham |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1505914 |access-date=27 November 2019 |work=DAWN.COM |date=18 September 2019 |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523151227/https://www.dawn.com/news/1505914 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Puri" /> Most of the Pakistani militants who had crossed the border over the years and were caught by the Indian security forces were found to belong to the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]] of Pakistan.<ref name="Puri">{{cite news |last1=Puri |first1=Luv |title=The many faces of Pakistani Punjab's militancy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-many-faces-of-pakistani-punjabs-militancy/article30090521.ece |access-date=27 November 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=27 November 2019 |language=en-IN |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119102300/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-many-faces-of-pakistani-punjabs-militancy/article30090521.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2025, the Pahalgam Terrorist Attack was attributed to Pakistan. One of the reasons behind such an accusation by India was the discovery that <bdi>Hashim Musa,</bdi> <bdi>an ex-Pakistan Army Special Forces soldier, was the prime suspect in the attack.</bdi><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=2025-04-29 |title=Hashim Musa, ex-Pakistan Army Special Forces soldier, prime suspect in Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/29/hashim-musa-ex-pakistan-army-special-forces-soldier-prime-suspect-in-pahalgam-terror-attack |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Another reason was that The Resistance Front, which India views as a proxy of [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT), had initially claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Yashraj |title=What is The Resistance Front, the group claiming the deadly Kashmir attack? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/23/what-is-the-resistance-front-the-group-behind-the-deadly-kashmir-attack |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The attack prompted an armed response from India. The Indian forces targeted nine "terror camps" in the initial phases of [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|Operation Sindoor]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=K.B |first1=Pragati |last2=Mashal |first2=Mujib |last3=ur-Rehman |first3=Zia |date=2025-05-10 |title=What We Know About the Terrorist Groups India Said It Targeted |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/10/world/asia/what-is-lashkar-e-taiba-pakistan-kashmir-terror-groups.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-08 |title=Operation Sindoor: Full list of 9 terror sites targeted by Indian Army in Pakistan, PoK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/operation-sindoor-full-list-of-9-terror-sites-targeted-by-indian-army-in-pakistan-pok/articleshow/120947736.cms |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In May 2025, Indian security forces conducted Operation Keller in Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir, eliminating three terrorists affiliated with Lashkar-e-Taiba and The Resistance Front, both considered Pakistan-based terrorist groups operating in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-14 |title=Operation Keller: Top LeT chief Shahid Kuttay & two more terrorists killed in an encounter in J&K's Shopian |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/encounter-between-terrorists-security-forces-underway-in-jks-shopian/articleshow/121129624.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-05-14 |title=What is Operation Keller that India launched after Operation Sindoor? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/what-is-operation-keller-that-india-launched-after-operation-sindoor/article69574243.ece |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In late June 2025, Indian investigators stated that all three militants involved in the 22 April attack on tourists near Pahalgam in Jammu and Kashmir were Pakistani nationals affiliated with the UN-proscribed terror group LeT. The [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) made the claim following the arrest of two local residents accused of sheltering the attackers. Police had earlier released sketches identifying two suspects as Pakistanis and one as a local. Pakistan did not comment on the allegations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-23 |title=Kashmir: Indian investigators claim all Pahalgam attackers were Pakistani nationals |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c36xe95g06zo |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> In July 2025, Indian Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] confirmed the Pakistani identity of the Pahalgam attackers through recovered Pakistani voter IDs, Pakistan-made chocolates, and identification by detained locals who had supplied them food, following their killing in a military operation dubbed "Operation Mahadev" near Srinagar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Terrorists Killed In Op Mahadev Were Identified As Pahalgam Attackers |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/operation-mahadev-amit-shah-shares-crucial-evidence-linking-recovered-guns-to-pahalgam-attack-8972522 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> At the [[Eightieth session of the United Nations General Assembly|Eightieth session of United Nations General Assembly]] in September 2025, Indian External Affairs Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] referenced Operation Sindoor, stating that India had acted within its rights to protect its citizens from terrorism and had successfully held those responsible accountable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Terror attacks traced to that one country: Jaishankar targets Pakistan at UN General Assembly |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/terror-attacks-traced-to-that-one-country-jaishankar-targets-pakistan-at-un-general-assembly-10275579/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In an interview with [[CNN]], Ambassador of India to the United States, [[Vinay Mohan Kwatra]] referred to the perpetrators of the Pahalgam Terror attack and Pakistan-sponsored terrorism in strongly critical terms, describing them as ''"lowlifes"'' and ''"subhuman monsters"'', which drew widespread attention.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DW_zVpawl00&t=554s |title=India At War With Pakistan-Backed Terrorists, Says Indian Envoy To US Vinay Kwatra |website=CNN |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Suhasini |title=‘We are at war with terrorists’: Indian Ambassador to U.S. Vinay Kwatra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/we-are-at-war-with-terrorists-indian-ambassador-to-us-vinay-kwatra/article69556192.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=6 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India‑Pakistan tension after attack; terrorists, says Vinay Kwatra |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/india-pakisan-tension-attack-terrorists-vinay-kwatra-125050900533_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=9 May 2025 |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref> Following the Pahalgam Terror attack, an interview of the Indian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, [[Vikram Doraiswami]] with [[Yalda Hakim]] on [[Sky News]] gained widespread attention, during which he discussed issues related to how Pakistan Armed Forces is sponsoring terrorism against India and in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=India-Pakistan: Indian envoy’s photo ‘proof’ of Pak-sponsored terror |work=[[NDTV]] |date=21 July 2025 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/india-pakistan-live-look-whos-behind-him-indian-envoys-photo-proof-of-pak-sponsored-terror-8368696 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India's high commissioner urges Pakistan to take 'off ramp' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm_My5zRfB0 |website=Sky News |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India’s high commissioner urges Pakistan to take ‘off-ramp’ in conflict |work=[[Sky News]] |date=8 May 2025 |url=https://news.sky.com/video/indias-high-commissioner-urges-pakistan-to-take-off-ramp-13364119 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

=== Bangladesh ===
In two separate incidents officials of the Pakistani High Commission in Dhaka were alleged to be financing the terrorist activities of the banned [[Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh]] (JMB) organisation. Diplomatic official Mazhar Khan was charged by Bangladesh's foreign ministry of running an illegal Indian currency business in Dhaka beside alleged links with militants. However, Pakistan's foreign office maintains that allegations against him are baseless and the incident is unfortunate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Diplomat back from BD after terror funding allegation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1161628|newspaper=Dawn|date=5 February 2015|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162709/https://www.dawn.com/news/1161628|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2015, Pakistan decided to withdraw second secretary Farina Arshad after the Bangladeshi authorities asked the diplomat to leave for reportedly having extended financial support to a suspected militant who faces spying charges. JMB operative Idris Sheikh, who also holds Pakistani nationality had claimed he had received money from her and was in contact with her for some time.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Star Online Report|title='Terror financing': Pak diplomat withdrawn from Bangladesh|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/%E2%80%98terror-financing%E2%80%99-pak-diplomat-withdrawn-bangladesh-191473|website=The Daily Star|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302090748/https://www.thedailystar.net/country/%E2%80%98terror-financing%E2%80%99-pak-diplomat-withdrawn-bangladesh-191473|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan has withdrawn one of its diplomats from Bangladesh after "harassment", the foreign ministry said. A formal statement from Islamabad dismissed the charges as "baseless", adding: "An incessant and orchestrated media campaign was launched against her on spurious charges".<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan withdraws diplomat from Bangladesh: foreign ministry |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-withdraws-diplomat-from-bangladesh-foreign-ministry/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=25 December 2015 |access-date=8 January 2016 |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184643/https://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-withdraws-diplomat-from-bangladesh-foreign-ministry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pakistan has also been accused of radicalising Rohingyas in Bangladesh. In 2020, Indian intelligence claimed that Pakistan's ISI was plotting a huge conspiracy against India by funding JMB for training 40 Rohingyas in [[Cox's Bazar]] to carry out attacks in India. An installment of at least $117,000 was funnelled through Saudi Arabia and Malaysia for it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan's ISI funds training of 40 Rohingyas in Bangladesh|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/Jan/09/pakistans-isi-funds-training-of-40-rohingyas-in-bangladesh-2087386.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=2020-01-09|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en|first=From our online|last=archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Pakistani intelligence radicalizing Rohingya refugees? – DW – 02/13/2020|url=https://www.dw.com/en/is-pakistani-intelligence-radicalizing-rohingya-refugees/a-52364548|website=dw.com|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref>

=== Nepal ===
At a high-level seminar held in Kathmandu on July 9, 2025, Sunil Bahadur Thapa, Advisor to the President of Nepal, warned that Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)—both UN-designated terrorist organisations with ties to Al-Qaida—operate from Pakistan, pose serious threats to India, and may use Nepal as a transit route. Dr. Dinesh Bhattarai, former diplomat and advisor to Nepal’s former prime minister, condemned the Pahalgam terror attack in India, describing it as a brutal act in which victims were executed after being asked to reveal their religion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-09 |title=LeT-Jaish terrorists from Pakistan may use Nepal as transit to enter India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/let-jaish-terrorists-from-pakistan-may-use-nepal-as-transit-to-enter-india/articleshow/122347480.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Dr. Pramod Jaiswal, Research Director at the Nepal Institute for International Cooperation and Engagement, stated that Pakistan has long functioned as the epicentre of terrorism in South Asia, with a record of harbouring extremist groups. Sumitra Karki, Deputy Executive Director of the same institute, referenced the 1999 hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight IC-814 from Kathmandu and the 2025 Pahalgam attack by LeT, which killed 26 people—including one Nepali national—as indicators of Nepal’s exposure to cross-border terrorism supported by Pakistan.<ref name=":2" />

=== United Nations ===
In September 2025, during an emergency meeting of the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]], convened in response to [[Israeli airstrike on Hamas leadership in Qatar]], Israel’s UN Ambassador [[Danny Danon]] defended the action by drawing a parallel to the 2011 U.S. operation that killed Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. He argued that just as bin Laden was eliminated on foreign soil without questioning the legality or location, the same principle should apply to Israel’s targeting of Hamas operatives. Danon asserted that there was no immunity for bin Laden, and similarly, there should be none for members of Hamas. Danon also directly addressed Pakistan’s UN Ambassador Asim Iftikhar Ahmad, stating, “When bin Laden was eliminated in Pakistan, the question asked was not ‘why target a terrorist on foreign soil?’ No one asked that question. The question was, ‘Why was a terrorist given shelter at all?’ The same question must be asked today. There was no immunity for bin Laden, and there can be no immunity for Hamas.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Anwar |date=2025-09-13 |title=World powers issue rare censure as Pakistan, Israel clash at Security Council |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1941623 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-09-13 |title=Israel slams Pakistan at UNSC, says 'cannot change fact that bin Laden was killed on your territory' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/israel-slams-pakistan-at-unsc-says-cannot-change-fact-that-bin-laden-was-killed-on-your-territory/article70044908.ece |access-date=2025-09-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Condemnation by independent groups ===
{{Expand section|date=September 2025}}
In 2020, Pakistan faced criticism from [[UN Watch]] regarding its membership in the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC), particularly in response to Pakistan’s stance on freedom of expression linked to a terrorist attack in France.<ref name=":3" />

In September 2025, during a [[United Nations]] session on the [[Israeli airstrike on Hamas leadership in Qatar]], [[Hillel Neuer]], human rights lawyer and executive director of UN Watch, accused Pakistan of being a state sponsor of terrorism. Neuer highlighted Qatar’s "harboring of terrorists" and referenced the 2011 killing of al-Qaeda chief [[Osama bin Laden]] in Pakistan. The Pakistani delegate interrupted, rejecting what it called unfounded accusations and violations of sovereignty. The [[UNHRC]] chair then allowed Neuer four seconds to finish, during which he reiterated that Pakistan was a state sponsor of terror.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-12 |title=Pak's worst 4 seconds at UN: Interrupted, lawyer roasts country over terrorism |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-roasted-state-sponsor-terrorism-united-nations-hillel-neuer-viral-video-2786293-2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-12 |title='State sponsor of terror': Pakistan invites burn in 4 seconds after lawyer mentions Osama at UN |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/state-sponsor-of-terror-pakistan-invites-burn-in-4-seconds-after-lawyer-mentions-osama-at-un-101757696796052.html |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan]]
* [[Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India]]
* [[Iran and state-sponsored terrorism]]
* [[Israel and state-sponsored terrorism]]
* [[Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism]]
* [[Saudi Arabia–United States relations#Allegations of funding terrorism]]
* [[Terrorism and the Soviet Union]]
* [[United States and state-sponsored terrorism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India–Pakistan relations}}
{{Afghanistan–Pakistan relations}}
{{Pakistan–United States relations}}
{{War on Terrorism}}
{{Asia topic|Terrorism in|IL=Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
{{Terrorism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan And State Terrorism}}
[[Category:Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of Pakistan]]
[[Category:State-sponsored terrorism]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Pakistan–United States relations]]
[[Category:Terrorism committed by country|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Pakistan|State-sponsored terrorism]]

Meitei diaspora

2026-03-11T21:35:27Z

JewelWoodcock19: details

{{Short description|Meiteis living outside their homeland}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Meitei diaspora (Manipuri diaspora)
| native_name = [[File:Meitei transliteration of the term "Meitei".jpg|50px|]]
| native_name_lang = mni
| flag = Flag of Kangleipak.svg
| flag_caption = Meitei cultural flag
| image = Maibis (traditional Meitei priestesses) dancing to please the Umang Lai deities of Sanamahism during Lai Haraoba, the holy & sacred Meitei classical, ritualistic, theatrical dance & music festival (in Bangladesh).jpg 
| image_caption = [[Maibi]]s (traditional Meitei [[priestess]]es) dancing to please the [[Umang Lai]] deities of [[Sanamahism]] during [[Lai Haraoba]] festival in [[Meitei people in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]
| image_alt =
| image_uprigh =
| total = 
| total_year = 
| total_source = 
| total_ref = 
| total1 = 
| total1_year = 
| total1_source = 
| total1_ref = 
| genealogy = [[Meitei ethnicity]]
| regions = [[Meitei people in Myanmar|Myanmar]], [[Meitei people in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], the [[Meitei people in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], the [[Meitei people in the United States|United States]], [[Meitei people in Australia|Australia]], [[Meitei people in Canada|Canada]], [[Meitei people in Korea|Korea]] and the Gulf states

| languages = [[File:Meetei Mayek letter I.svg|20px]] [[Meitei language]] {{small|(officially known as [[Manipuri language]])}}
| religions = [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] & [[File:The Symbol of Sanamahi.svg|20px]] [[Sanamahism]]
| related_groups = other [[Indian diaspora]], [[Bangladeshi diaspora]] and [[Burmese diaspora]]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Meitei diaspora''', also known as the '''Manipuri diaspora''', comprises individuals of [[Meitei ethnicity]] (or [[Manipuri people]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-15|title=Meitei {{!}} Manipur, People, Culture, & Language {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meitei|access-date=2025-05-21|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref>), who have migrated from their [[ancestral homeland]] of [[Manipur]], a state in [[northeastern India]], to various regions across the world. Historically, movements of Meitei populations have occurred due to political, economic, and educational factors, as well as regional instability, most significantly during the [[Seven Years' Devastation]] of [[Manipur Kingdom]]. Notable Meitei communities exist in neighboring countries such as [[Meitei people in Myanmar|Myanmar]] and [[Meitei people in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Meitei Diaspora and the Identity Politics|url=http://krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSSA/JSSA-01-0-000-10-Web/JSSA-01-0-000-10-PDF/JSSA-01-1-2-001-10-004-Arunkumar-M-C/JSSA-01-1-2-001-10-004-Arunkumar-M-C-Tt.pdf}}</ref> as well as in more distant locations including the [[Meitei people in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], the [[Meitei people in the United States|United States]], [[Meitei people in Australia|Australia]], [[Meitei people in Canada|Canada]], [[Meitei people in Korea|Korea]] and the Gulf states.{{Efn|Especially in the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Now guest house for Manipuris at Dubai : 26th feb25 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=8..260225.feb25 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>}} The diaspora maintains varying degrees of [[Meitei culture|cultural]], [[Meitei language|linguistic]], and social ties to Manipur, while also adapting to the contexts of their host societies.

== Geographical distribution ==
The Meitei diaspora is geographically distributed in several countries. In [[Meitei people in Australia|Australia]], they are primarily concentrated in the cities of [[Sydney]] and [[Melbourne]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=The Indian|date=2025-04-14|title=Manipuris keep 'Cheiraoba' alive in Melbourne -|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2025/04/14/manipuris-keep-cheiraoba-alive-in-melbourne/|access-date=2025-05-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheiraoba at Melbourne|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=travel.Manipur_Travel_Log.Chingshang_Travellog.Cheiraoba_at_Melbourne|access-date=2025-05-18|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=The Indian|date=2020-12-21|title=Belated celebration for Manipuri expats in Melbourne -|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2020/12/21/belated-feast-for-manipuri-expats-in-melbourne-post-lockdown/|access-date=2025-05-18|language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Meitei people in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], a significant number reside in the [[Sylhet]] division.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri, The - Banglapedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Manipuri,_The|access-date=2025-05-18|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en}}</ref> In [[Meitei people in Canada|Canada]], notable communities are established in [[Montreal]] of [[Quebec]], and [[Toronto]] of [[Ontario]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=State natives in Canada in dire straits|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/5/23/OTTAWA-May-23-As-coronavirus-outbreak-has-forced-countries-to-lock-down-their-borders-and-curb-businesses-except-essential-services-Manipuris-stranded-in-Canada-are-facing-immense-problems-and-di.amp.html|access-date=2025-05-18|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[Meitei people in Myanmar|Myanmar]], Meitei populations are found mainly in the eastern states of [[Kachin State|Kachin]] and [[Shan State|Shan]], as well as in the [[Yangon]], [[Sagaing]], and [[Ayeyarwaddy]] administrative divisions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A need to rethink Meitei in sub section of Chin group in Myanmar Part 1 By Maheshsana Rajkumar|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.A_need_to_rethink_Meitei_in_sub_section_of_Chin_group_in_Myanmar_Part_1_By_Maheshsana_Rajkumar|access-date=2025-05-18|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri in Myanmar 1|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Mutua_Bahadur_Art_Collection.Manipuri_in_Myanmar_1|access-date=2025-05-18|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> [[Meitei people in Korea|South Korea]] hosts a visible Meitei presence in the city of [[Anseong]], near [[Seoul]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheiraoba celebrated in South Korea|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2025/4/15/IMPHAL-Apr-15-The-Manipuri-community-living-in-South-Korea-came-together-to-celebrate-Cheiraoba-at-a-pensio.html|access-date=2025-05-18|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ningol Chakouba and Chavang Kut celebrated at Korea 20191106|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2019.Ningol_Chakouba_and_Chavang_Kut_celebrated_at_Korea_20191106|access-date=2025-05-18|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Admin|first=IT Web|date=2019-11-06|title=Korea Manipuri Association Jointly Celebrated Ningol Chakouba and Chavang Kut 2019|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/korea-manipuri-association-jointly-celebrated-ningol-chakouba-and-chavang-kut-2019/|access-date=2025-05-18|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref> In the [[Meitei people in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], Meitei individuals are present in regions including [[Kent]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ningol Chakouba at Kent United Kingdom UK 20151124|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2015.Ningol_Chakouba_at_Kent_United_Kingdom_UK_20151124|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> [[Worcester, England|Worcester]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=EMA Annual Social Gathering and General Body Meeting 25 27 May 2013 20130530|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2013.EMA_Annual_Social_Gathering_and_General_Body_Meeting_25_27_May_2013_20130530|access-date=2025-05-21|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref> [[Nottingham]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mangka to perform at UK event : 07th may22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=59..070522.may22|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> [[Hertfordshire]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ningol Chakkouba celebrated widely : 05th nov24 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=16..051124.nov24|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-11-04|title=Manipuri Diaspora In Europe Celebrates 'Ningol Chakouba' With Unity And Cultural Pride|url=https://ukhrultimes.com/manipuri-diaspora-in-europe-celebrates-ningol-chakouba-with-unity-and-cultural-pride/|access-date=2025-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Sheffield]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=EMA|title=EMA|url=https://ema-europe.org/history-1|access-date=2025-05-21|website=EMA|language=en-GB}}</ref> In the [[Meitei people in the United States|United States]], the diaspora was initially more widely dispersed, with smaller populations in states such as [[New Jersey]], [[Illinois]], [[Texas]], [[Pennsylvania]] (notably in [[Philadelphia]]), [[North Carolina]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[California]],<ref>Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development. [[United Kingdom]]: [[Taylor & Francis]], 2021. p. 107-121</ref> but later settled in [[Virginia]], [[Maryland]], [[North Carolina]], [[Texas]], [[New Jersey]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Connecticut]], [[Ohio]], [[Indiana]], [[Illinois]], [[Michigan]], [[Missouri]], [[Tennessee]], [[Alabama]], and [[Florida]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=24th NAMA Annual Convention Report 2015 20150716|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2015.24th_NAMA_Annual_Convention_Report_2015_20150716|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{See|Meitei culture|Meitei intangible cultural heritage}}

=== Clothing ===
{{Main|Meitei clothing|Meitei clothing in Bangladesh|Meitei clothing in Myanmar}}

=== Dance and music ===
{{See|Jagoi|Manipuri music}}

[[File:Meitei people of all age groups participating in Lai Haraoba, the holy & sacred Meitei classical, ritualistic, theatrical dance & music festival, for the Umang Lai deities of Sanamahism (in Bangladesh).jpg|thumb|[[Meitei people]] of all age groups participating in [[Lai Haraoba]] dance and music festival, for the [[Umang Lai]] deities of [[Sanamahism]] in [[Meitei people in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]]]

[[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance ({{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯝꯕ ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}), also known as Thoibi Jagoi ({{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}), is performed in Bangladesh,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri, The - Banglapedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Manipuri,_The|access-date=2025-05-21|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Manipuri Ethnic Group in Bangladesh|url=https://www.bangladesh.com/blog/the-manipuri-ethnic-group-in-bangladesh/|access-date=2025-05-21|website=Bangladesh.com|language=en-US}}</ref> the United Kingdom,<ref>{{Cite web|title=EMA UK members gather for annual general meeting|url=https://morungexpress.com/ema-uk-members-gather-annual-general-meeting|access-date=2025-05-21|website=MorungExpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=European Manipuri Association Annual Social Gathering 26th to 28th August 2011|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2011.European_Manipuri_Association_Annual_Social_Gathering_26th_to_28th_August_2011|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> among others.

[[Leima Jagoi]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯩꯃ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}) is performed by the Meitei diaspora community in Canada,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur diasporas biennial convention held : 06th jul13 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=13..060713.jul13|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> the United States, among others.<ref>{{Cite web|title=24th NAMA Annual Convention Report 2015 20150716|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2015.24th_NAMA_Annual_Convention_Report_2015_20150716|access-date=2025-05-21|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=25th Annual NAMA Convention Report 20160719|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2016.25th_Annual_NAMA_Convention_Report_20160719&fromNewsdog=1|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

[[Maibi Jagoi]] dance ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯥꯏꯕꯤ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}) is performed in Australia,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCVuEAAAQBAJ&dq=Manipuri+Australia&pg=PT81|title=The Celestial Dancers: Manipuri Dance on Australian Stage|last=Sarwal|first=Amit|date=2022-05-15|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-62550-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WfXDgAAQBAJ&dq=Manipuri+Australia&pg=PA15|title=Louise Lightfoot in Search of India: An Australian Dancer's Experience|last=Lightfoot|first=Louise|date=2017-05-11|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-9258-2|language=en}}</ref> Bangladesh,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri, The - Banglapedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Manipuri,_The|access-date=2025-05-21|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Manipuri Ethnic Group in Bangladesh|url=https://www.bangladesh.com/blog/the-manipuri-ethnic-group-in-bangladesh/|access-date=2025-05-21|website=Bangladesh.com|language=en-US}}</ref> among others.

[[Pung Cholom]] dance ({{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯨꯡ ꯆꯣꯂꯣꯝ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}) is performed by the Meitei diaspora community in Canada,<ref>{{Cite web|title=PR MAC 20100916|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2010.PR_MAC_20100916|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> among others.

[[Thabal Chongba]] dance ({{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯕꯜ ꯆꯣꯡꯕ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}), also known as Thabal dance ({{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯕꯜ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}), is performed by the Meitei diaspora community in Bangladesh,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri Meitei community organises traditional 'Thabal Chumba' festival|url=https://bangladeshpost.net/posts/manipuri-meitei-community-organises-traditional-thabal-chumba-festival-83025|access-date=2025-05-21|website=bangladeshpost.net|language=en}}</ref> Canada,<ref>{{Cite web|title=PR MAC 20100916|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2010.PR_MAC_20100916|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Canadian Manipuris keep alive their roots : 06th jul13 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..060713.jul13|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=news section channel >>Press Release ~ E-Pao! News About Manipur|url=https://e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2013.Second_Biennial_Convention_of_Manipuri_Association_of_Canada_2013_20130705|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Korea,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ningol Chakouba and Chavang Kut celebrated at Korea 20191106|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2019.Ningol_Chakouba_and_Chavang_Kut_celebrated_at_Korea_20191106|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Admin|first=IT Web|date=2019-11-06|title=Korea Manipuri Association Jointly Celebrated Ningol Chakouba and Chavang Kut 2019|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/korea-manipuri-association-jointly-celebrated-ningol-chakouba-and-chavang-kut-2019/|access-date=2025-05-21|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref> the United States, among others.<ref>{{Cite web|title=24th NAMA Annual Convention Report 2015 20150716|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2015.24th_NAMA_Annual_Convention_Report_2015_20150716|access-date=2025-05-21|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=25th Annual NAMA Convention Report 20160719|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2016.25th_Annual_NAMA_Convention_Report_20160719&fromNewsdog=1|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
{{See|Meitei festivals}}

[[File:Holding holy & sacred parasols by the devotees of Umang Lai deities of Sanamahism during Lai Haraoba, the Meitei classical, ritualistic, theatrical dance & music festival (in Bangladesh).jpg|thumb|Holding holy & sacred [[parasol]]s by the devotees of [[Umang Lai]] deities of [[Sanamahism]] during [[Lai Haraoba]] in [[Meitei people in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]]]

[[Cheiraoba]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯩꯔꯥꯎꯕ}}), or Sajibu Cheiraoba ({{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯖꯤꯕꯨ ꯆꯩꯔꯥꯎꯕ}}), is celebrated by the Meitei diaspora community in Australia,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=The Indian|date=2025-04-14|title=Manipuris keep 'Cheiraoba' alive in Melbourne -|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2025/04/14/manipuris-keep-cheiraoba-alive-in-melbourne/|access-date=2025-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-04-17|title=Cheiraoba: How Manipuri expats ushered in New Year in Melbourne|url=https://eastmojo.com/news/2019/04/17/cheiraoba-how-manipuri-expats-ushered-in-new-year-in-melbourne/|access-date=2025-05-21|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheiraoba at Melbourne|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=travel.Manipur_Travel_Log.Chingshang_Travellog.Cheiraoba_at_Melbourne|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-16|title=Cheiraoba: How Manipuri expats ushered in New Year in Melbourne – EastMojo – Manipur News|url=http://www.manipur.org/news/2019/04/16/cheiraoba-how-manipuri-expats-ushered-in-new-year-in-melbourne-eastmojo/|access-date=2025-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Korea,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheiraoba celebrated in South Korea|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2025/4/15/IMPHAL-Apr-15-The-Manipuri-community-living-in-South-Korea-came-together-to-celebrate-Cheiraoba-at-a-pensio.html|access-date=2025-05-21|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheiraoba by Manipuri Community in South Korea 20250416|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2025.Cheiraoba_by_Manipuri_Community_in_South_Korea_20250416|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuris in S Korea celebrate Cheiraoba : 16th apr25 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=39..160425.apr25|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> the United States, among others.<ref>Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2021. p. 107-121</ref>

[[Lai Haraoba in Bangladesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bangladesh|first=Cultural Heritage Hub of Bangladesh (CHIB), Ministry of Cultural Affairs (MoCA)|title=Cultural Heritage Inventory of Bangladesh (CHIB), Cultural Heritage Hub of Bangladesh (CHIB)|url=https://heritagehub.gov.bd/HeritageInfoes/Details/3321|website=Cultural Heritage Inventory of Bangladesh (CHIB)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rituals, rhythms, and reverence|date=27 April 2025 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/rituals-rhythms-and-reverence-3880936}}</ref> and [[Lai Haraoba in Myanmar]] are notable celebrations of [[Lai Haraoba]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯏ ꯍꯔꯥꯎꯕ}}) outside India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lai Haraoba ritual celebrated at Yechipao of Mandalay on 27 May 2015 By RK Shivachandra|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.RK_Shivachandra_Opinion.Lai_Haraoba_ritual_celebrated_at_Yechipao_of_Mandalay_on_27_May_2015_By_RK_Shivachandra|access-date=2025-05-21|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Admin|first=IT Web|date=2015-05-29|title=Lai Haraoba ritual celebrated with Pomp and gaiety at Yechipao of Mandalay|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/articles/lai-haraoba-ritual-celebrated-with-pomp-and-gaiety-at-yechipao-of-mandalay/|access-date=2025-05-21|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lai Haraoba in Myanmar : 04th may07 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=18..040507.may07|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Admin|first=IT Web|date=2015-05-29|title=Lai Haraoba celebration held at Sagaing Division, Myanmar|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/lai-haraoba-celebration-held-at-sagaing-division-myanmar/|access-date=2025-05-21|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref> In Bangladesh, it was celebrated with the help of the [[UNESCO]] and the [[Government of Bangladesh]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO to fund 'Lai Haraoba' festival in Bangladesh : 18th apr25 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=32..180425.apr25|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lai Haraoba lined up at Bangladesh : 18th apr25 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..180425.apr25|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

[[Ningol Chakouba]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯉꯣꯜ ꯆꯥꯀꯧꯕ}}) or Ningol Chakkouba ({{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯉꯣꯜ ꯆꯥꯛꯀꯧꯕ}}) is celebrated by Meitei diaspora community in Australia,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=The Indian|date=2020-12-21|title=Belated celebration for Manipuri expats in Melbourne -|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2020/12/21/belated-feast-for-manipuri-expats-in-melbourne-post-lockdown/|access-date=2025-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Bangladesh,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad holds reception for PAWF delegates|language=en-IN|work=Imphal Free Press|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/bangladesh-manipuri-sahitya-sangsad-holds-reception-for-pawf-delegates|access-date=2025-05-21}}</ref> Canada,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ningol Chakkouba celebrated in Canada : 01st oct21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=51..011021.oct21|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ningol Chakouba festival 2014 celebration in Montreal Canada 20141029|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2014.Ningol_Chakouba_festival_2014_celebration_in_Montreal_Canada_20141029|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ningol Chakouba celebration in Montreal, Canada on November 29, 2015|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epGallery.asp?id=1&src=Festival/NingolChakouba/NCCanada20151129|access-date=2025-05-21|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref> Korea,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ningol Chakouba and Chavang Kut celebrated at Korea 20191106|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2019.Ningol_Chakouba_and_Chavang_Kut_celebrated_at_Korea_20191106|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Korea Manipuri Association Ningol Chakouba 2015 Celebration 20151109|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2015.Korea_Manipuri_Association_Ningol_Chakouba_2015_Celebration_20151109|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Admin|first=IT Web|date=2019-11-06|title=Korea Manipuri Association Jointly Celebrated Ningol Chakouba and Chavang Kut 2019|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/korea-manipuri-association-jointly-celebrated-ningol-chakouba-and-chavang-kut-2019/|access-date=2025-05-21|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=KanglaOnline|date=2015-11-09|title=Korea Manipuri Association celebrates Ningol Chakouba – KanglaOnline|url=https://kanglaonline.in/2015/11/korea-manipuri-association-celebrates-ningol-chakouba/?amp|access-date=2025-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref> the United Kingdom,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ningol Chakouba at Kent United Kingdom UK 20151124|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2015.Ningol_Chakouba_at_Kent_United_Kingdom_UK_20151124|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ningol Chakkouba celebrated widely : 05th nov24 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=16..051124.nov24|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-11-04|title=Manipuri Diaspora In Europe Celebrates 'Ningol Chakouba' With Unity And Cultural Pride|url=https://ukhrultimes.com/manipuri-diaspora-in-europe-celebrates-ningol-chakouba-with-unity-and-cultural-pride/|access-date=2025-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref> the United States, among others.<ref>Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2021. p. 107-121</ref>

[[Yaoshang]] or Yaosang ({{Script|Mtei|ꯌꯥꯎꯁꯪ}}) is celebrated by the Meitei diaspora community in the United States, among others.<ref>Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2021. p. 107-121</ref>

== Language {{anchor|Language and literature}} ==
{{See|Meitei language in Bangladesh|Meitei language festival|Indo-Bangla International Poets Meet|International Manipuri Short Story Festival|Meitei language in Myanmar}}

[[Meitei language]] (also known as [[Manipuri language]]) is the common linguistic identity of all the diaspora members belonging to the [[Meitei ethnicity]] (or the [[Manipuri people]]) living across the globe.<ref name=":0" />

In Bangladesh, the Meitei language may disappear in the next generation because many Meitei people are now speaking [[Bengali language|Bengali]] more fluently than their own language.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangladeshi Meiteis in dire situation : 22nd apr22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=28..220422.apr22|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

In Myanmar, most Meiteis still speak their native language. However, some younger Meiteis have stopped speaking it after converting to [[Buddhism]], as [[Burmese language]] is more socially accepted in the Buddhist society in their country.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Myanmar Meiteis committed to preserve language, culture of Meitei community' : 30th nov14 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=29..301114.nov14|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Second-generation and third-generation [[Meitei people in the United States]] may have limited proficiency in [[Meiteilon]] ([[Manipuri language]]) and are typically more comfortable with English.<ref>Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2021. p. 107-121</ref>

== Associations and organizations ==
* [[Association of Meiteis in the Americas]] (AMA)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-23|title=Association of Meiteis in the Americas (AMA) holds peace demonstration - The Frontier Manipur|url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/association-of-meiteis-in-the-americas-ama-holds-peace-demonstration/|access-date=2025-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-06-19|title=American Meitei diaspora to demonstrate near White House during PM's US visit|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/american-meitei-diaspora-to-demonstrate-near-white-house-during-pms-us-visit/articleshow/101094340.cms|access-date=2025-05-21|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad holds reception for PAWF delegates|language=en-IN|work=Imphal Free Press|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/bangladesh-manipuri-sahitya-sangsad-holds-reception-for-pawf-delegates|access-date=2025-05-21}}</ref>
* [[European Manipuri Association]] (EMA)<ref>{{Cite web|last=EMA|title=EMA|url=https://ema-europe.org/history-1|access-date=2025-05-21|website=EMA|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=European Manipuri Association Annual Social Gathering 26th to 28th August 2011|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2011.European_Manipuri_Association_Annual_Social_Gathering_26th_to_28th_August_2011|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* Korea Manipuri Association (KMA)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheiraoba by Manipuri Community in South Korea 20250416|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2025.Cheiraoba_by_Manipuri_Community_in_South_Korea_20250416|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ningol Chakouba and Chavang Kut celebrated at Korea 20191106|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2019.Ningol_Chakouba_and_Chavang_Kut_celebrated_at_Korea_20191106|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuris in S Korea celebrate Cheiraoba : 16th apr25 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=39..160425.apr25|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Korea Manipuri Association Ningol Chakouba 2015 Celebration 20151109|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2015.Korea_Manipuri_Association_Ningol_Chakouba_2015_Celebration_20151109|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* [[Manipuri Association of Canada]] (MAC)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur diasporas biennial convention held : 06th jul13 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=13..060713.jul13|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Canadian Manipuris keep alive their roots : 06th jul13 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..060713.jul13|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=news section channel >>Press Release ~ E-Pao! News About Manipur|url=https://e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2013.Second_Biennial_Convention_of_Manipuri_Association_of_Canada_2013_20130705|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* Meithei/Kathe Ethnic Literature and Culture Association<ref>{{Cite web|title=A need to rethink Meitei in sub section of Chin group in Myanmar Part 1 By Maheshsana Rajkumar|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.A_need_to_rethink_Meitei_in_sub_section_of_Chin_group_in_Myanmar_Part_1_By_Maheshsana_Rajkumar|access-date=2025-05-21|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>
* North American Bangladesh Manipuri Society<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-22|title=Manipur violence {{!}} People from North American Bangladesh Manipuri demonstrated at UN HQ against violence in Manipur|url=https://www.krctimes.com/news/manipur-violence-people-from-north-american-bangladesh-manipuri-demonstrated-at-un-hq-against-violence-in-manipur/|access-date=2025-05-21|website=KRC TIMES|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[North American Manipuri Association]] (NAMA)<ref>Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development. United Kingdom: [[Routledge|Taylor & Francis]], 2021. p. 107-121</ref>
* United Meitei Language and Cultural Group<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri in Myanmar 6|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Mutua_Bahadur_Art_Collection.Manipuri_in_Myanmar_6|access-date=2025-05-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|Bangladesh|Economy|Geography|History|India|Myanmar|Politics|Society}}
* [[Burmese–Meitei relations]]
** [[Chahi Taret Khuntakpa]]
** [[Meitei–Shan relations]]
* [[Ahom–Meitei relations]]
* [[Meitei monuments in Bangladesh]]
* [[Meitei people in Assam]]
* [[Meitei people in Karnataka]]
* [[Meitei people in Maharashtra]]
* [[Meitei people in Meghalaya]]
* [[Meitei people in Nagaland]]
* [[Meitei people in Tripura]]
* [[Meitei people in West Bengal]]

== Bibliography ==
* [http://www.junikhyatjournal.in/no_3_aug_20/14.pdf Manipuri Diaspora Identity And Culture In India And Various Countries]
== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Meitei Diaspora}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei diaspora| ]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi diaspora]]
[[Category:Burmese diaspora]]

Corruption in India

2026-03-08T23:13:54Z

JewelWoodcock19: updated details

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{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Political corruption sidebar|image=[[File:Flag of India.svg|150 px]]}}
'''Corruption in India''' is an issue that affects the economy of central, state, and local government agencies. Corruption is blamed for stunting the [[economy of India]].<ref name="tfe2010">{{cite news |author=Nirvikar Singh |date=19 December 2010 |title=The trillion-dollar question |newspaper=The Financial Express |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/the-trilliondollar-question/726482/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129081114/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/the-trilliondollar-question/726482/0 |archive-date=29 November 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> A study conducted by [[Transparency International]] in 2005 recorded that more than 62% of Indians had at some point or another paid a [[bribe]] to a public official to get a job done.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results |title=Transparency International – the global coalition against corruption |publisher=Transparency.org |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724195347/http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results |archive-date=24 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="2005-TI-study">{{cite web |url=http://www.iri.org.in/related_readings/India%20Corruption%20Study%202005.pdf |title=India Corruption Study 2005: To Improve Governance: Volume I – Key Highlights New Delhi |publisher=Transparency International India |date=30 June 2005 |pages=1–3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811123343/http://www.iri.org.in/related_readings/India%20Corruption%20Study%202005.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> In 2008, another report showed that about 50% of Indians had first-hand experience of paying bribes or using contacts to get services performed by public offices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transparencyindia.org/resource/survey_study/India%20Corruptino%20Study%202008.pdf|title=India Corruption Study – 2008|year=2008|publisher=Transparency International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619212155/http://www.transparencyindia.org/resource/survey_study/India%20Corruptino%20Study%202008.pdf|archive-date=19 June 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all|access-date=6 July 2012}}</ref>In the 2024 Corruption Perceptions Index (released in early 2025), India scored 38 and was ranked 96th out of 180 countries. This reflects a stagnant trend over the last decade, with the report noting that India's score has fluctuated only slightly since 2012, indicating a lack of significant progress in tackling public sector corruption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2024 |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2025?gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=23552156524&gbraid=0AAAAADud0D84tgwK49-PVpUmLqrK8UKIR&gclid=Cj0KCQiA2bTNBhDjARIsAK89wlGAS2KQFD-o80otHBrxU1t3lPk4Qml4r5eQoEibEZltXiibvzoCNl4aArDQEALw_wcB |date=11 February 2025 |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Transparency.org|language=en}}</ref> For comparison with regional scores, the best score among those countries of the Asia Pacific region that appeared in the Index{{refn|Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, and Vietnam |group="Note"}} was 84, the average score was 44 and the worst score was 16.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPI 2024 for Asia Pacific: Leaders failing to stop corruption amid an escalating climate crisis |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2024-asia-pacific-leaders-failing-to-stop-corruption-amid-escalating-climate-crisis |first=Ilham |last=Mohamed |first2=Yuambari |last2=Haihuie |first3=Urantsetseg |last3=Ulziikhuu |date=11 February 2025 |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Transparency.org|language=en}}</ref> For comparison with worldwide scores, the average score was 43, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), and the worst score was 8 (ranked 180).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2024: India |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024/index/ind |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Transparency.org |date=11 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Various factors contribute to corruption, including officials siphoning money from government social welfare schemes. Examples include the [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] and the [[National Rural Health Mission]].<ref name=ft072012>{{cite news|title=India to give free medicine to millions|work=The Financial Times|date=5 July 2012|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d18b2006-c687-11e1-963a-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1zEesnuZu}}</ref><ref name="econ1" /> Other areas of corruption include India's trucking industry, which is forced to pay billions of rupees in bribes annually to numerous regulatory and police stops on interstate highways.<ref name="asia2009" />

The news media has widely published allegations of corrupt Indian citizens stashing millions of rupees in [[Swiss bank]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-22 |title=Black money probe: Tax haven trusts come under scanner for Swiss bank accounts |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/black-money-probe-tax-haven-trusts-come-under-scanner-for-swiss-bank-accounts/articleshow/73106361.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Swiss authorities denied these allegations, which were later proven in 2015–2016. In July 2021, India's [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] (CBDT) replied to [[Right to information|Right To Information]] (RTI) requests stating undeclared assets of Rs 20,078 crore identified by them in India and abroad following the investigation till June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-05|title=Panama Papers: Rs 20,000 crore in undeclared assets identified|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/panama-papers-rs-20000-crore-in-undeclared-assets-identified-7389084/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=fm2012/><ref name=swissinfo/>

The causes of corruption in India include excessive regulations, complicated tax and licensing systems, numerous government departments with opaque [[bureaucracy]] and discretionary powers, monopoly of government-controlled institutions on certain goods and services delivery, and the lack of transparent laws and processes.<ref name=kpmg2011/><ref name=WFR2011/> There are significant variations in the level of corruption and in the government's efforts to reduce corruption across India.

==Politics==
{{See also|Booth capturing}}

Corruption in India is a problem that has serious implications for protecting [[Rule of law|the rule of law]] and ensuring access to justice. {{As of|December 2009}}, 120 of India's 542 parliament members were accused of various crimes, under India's [[First information report|First Information Report]] procedure wherein anyone can allege another to have committed a crime.<ref name="tax">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749771|title=A special report on India: The democracy tax is rising: Indian politics is becoming ever more labyrinthine|date=11 December 2008|newspaper=The Economist|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220163843/http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749771|archive-date=20 December 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Many of the biggest scandals {{As of|since=yes|lc=yes|2010}} have involved high-level government officials, including Cabinet Ministers and Chief Ministers, such as the [[Concerns and controversies at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Commonwealth Games scam]] ({{INRConvert|70000|c}}),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Games 2010: Corruption And Irregularities |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-8728-commonwealth-games-2010-corruption-and-irregularities.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-07 |title=Commonwealth Games Scam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/miscellaneous/commonwealth-games-scam/articleshow/56032112.cms |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> the [[Adarsh Housing Society scandal|Adarsh Housing Society scam]], the [[Mining scams in India#Illegal iron ore mining in Karnataka|Mining Scandal in Karnataka]], and the [[Cash-for-votes scandal|Cash for Vote scam]]s along with the [[Electoral bonds|Electoral Bond]] scam. There have also been decades of numerous state and local level scams, for example the [[Saradha_Group_financial_scandal|Saradha group financial scandal]], the [[Narada sting operation]], the [[Rose Valley financial scandal]],the [[2022_West_Bengal_School_Service_Commission_recruitment_scam|West Bengal teacher recruitment scam]], the [[2024 Sandeshkhali violence]] and the [[2024 Pune Porsche car crash]].

In February 2024, the Supreme Court of India struck down the Electoral Bonds Scheme as unconstitutional, citing that it violated the right to information and facilitated 'quid pro quo' arrangements between corporations and political parties. Data released subsequently by the State Bank of India revealed that several companies under investigation by federal agencies had purchased significant amounts of bonds.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2024-02-15 |title=Supreme Court declares electoral bonds scheme unconstitutional |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/electoral-bonds-scheme-unconstitutional-sbi-should-reveal-the-details-of-donors-rules-sc/article67848211.ece |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Lack of accountability ==
Since the anti-corruption departments in India exist as defunct outfits, the corrupt bureaucrats and politicians keep committing acts of corruption with impunity. This fact is also stated in its annual country report released in April 2022 by the U.S. Department of State.<ref name="US State Dept">{{Cite web |title=India |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/india/ |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

In an exclusive section, ''"Corruption and Lack of Transparency in Government"'', the report asserts that the law provides criminal penalties for corruption by officials at all levels of government in India. However, officials frequently engaged in corrupt practices with impunity while there were numerous reports of government corruption during the year.<ref name="US State Dept"/>

The U.S. report further reveals that a lack of accountability for official misconduct persisted at all levels of government in India, contributing to widespread impunity. While investigations and prosecutions of individual cases took place, lax enforcement, a shortage of trained police officers, and an overburdened and under-resourced court system contributed to a low number of convictions, the report said.<ref name="US State Dept"/>

The U.S. report adds that corruption in India happens at different levels including the payment of [[Bribery|bribes]] to expedite services such as police protection, school admission, water supply, and government assistance.<ref name="US State Dept"/>

==Bureaucracy==
[[File:India Corruption Survey 2019.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|
{{Legend|#008000|0 - 49}}
{{Legend|#ff8000|50 - 59}}
{{Legend|#bf0000|60 and above}}
{{Legend|#c0c0c0|No survey conducted}}]]
===Bribery===
A 2005 study done by [[Transparency International]] in India found that more than 62% of the people had firsthand experience of paying bribes or peddling influence to get services performed in a public office.<ref name="2005-TI-study" /> Taxes and bribes are common between state borders; Transparency International estimates that truckers annually pay {{INRConvert|222|c}} in bribes.<ref name=asia2009>{{cite news|title=Cops turn robbers on India's roads|publisher=Asia Online|date=27 August 2009 |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KH27Df03.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028070930/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KH27Df03.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=28 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=ctoi/>

Both government regulators and police share in bribe money, to the tune of 43% and 45% each, respectively. The route stoppages at checkpoints and entry points can take up to 11 hours per day. About 60% of these (forced) stoppages on roads by concerned authorities such as government regulators, police, forest, sales and excise, [[octroi]] and weighing and measuring departments are for extorting money. The loss in productivity due to these stoppages is an important national concern; the number of truck trips could increase by 40%, if forced delays are avoided. According to a 2007 World Bank published report, the travel time for a Delhi-Mumbai trip could be reduced by about 2 days per trip if the corruption and associated regulatory stoppages to extract bribes were eliminated.<ref name=ctoi>{{cite web |title= Corruption in Trucking Operations in India |author= MDRA |publisher= The World Bank |date= February 2007 |url= http://info.worldbank.org/etools/ANTIC/docs/Resources/Sectors/Transport/CorrTruckingIndia.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120410073806/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/ANTIC/docs/Resources/Sectors/Transport/CorrTruckingIndia.pdf |archive-date= 10 April 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="How much do the corrupt earn">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-09/news/30498171_1_corruption-indian-economy-bribery |title=How much do the corrupt earn? |work=The Economic Times|date=11 September 2011 |accessdate=11 December 2011}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= UP trucker won't give bribe, pays with his life |work= Indian Express |date= 27 September 2011 |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/up-trucker-wont-give-bribe-pays-with-his-life/852415/ }}</ref>

A 2009 survey of the leading economies of Asia, revealed [[Indian bureaucracy]] is not only the least efficient among Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, China, Philippines and Indonesia, but that working with India's civil servants was a "slow and painful" process.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Indian-bureaucracy-ranked-worst-in-Asia-Survey/articleshow/4612918.cms Indian bureaucracy ranked worst in Asia: Survey] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615000205/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Indian-bureaucracy-ranked-worst-in-Asia-Survey/articleshow/4612918.cms |date=15 June 2009 }} ''[[The Times of India]]'', 3 June 2009.</ref>

===Land and property===
{{See also|Illegal housing in India}}

Officials are alleged to be stealing state property. In cities and villages throughout India, groups of municipal and other government officials, elected politicians, judicial officers, real estate developers, and law enforcement officials, acquire, develop and sell land in illegal ways.<ref name="gupta2008">K.R. Gupta and J.R. Gupta, ''Indian Economy, Vol #2'', Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2008, {{ISBN|81-269-0926-9}}. Snippet: ''... the land market already stands subverted and an active land mafia has already been created ...''</ref> Such officials and politicians are very well protected by the immense power and influence they possess. Apart from this, slum-dwellers who are allotted houses under several housing schemes such as Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana, Rajiv Awas Yojna, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna, etc., rent out these houses to others, to earn money due to severe unemployment and lack of a steady source of income.

===Tendering processes and awarding contracts===
{{update|section|date=May 2023}}
{{also|Government procurement#India}}
A 2006 report claimed that state-funded [[Construction industry of India|construction]] activities in [[Uttar Pradesh]], such as [[road building]], were dominated by construction mafias, consisting of cabals of corrupt public works officials, materials suppliers, politicians and construction contractors.<ref name="indiatoday2006">{{cite web |url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20061016/state-up.html |title=Mulayam Hits Mafia Hard |website=India Today |date=16 October 2006 |access-date=30 October 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110705052538/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20061016/state-up.html |archive-date=5 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }} Snippet: ''... The road sector has always been the main source of income for the mafia. They either ask their men directly to grab the contracts or allow an outsider to take the contract after accepting a hefty commission''</ref>

Problems caused by corruption in government-funded projects are not limited to the state of Uttar Pradesh. The World Bank study finds that public distribution programs and social spending contracts have proven to be a waste due to corruption.<ref>{{cite news|title=India aid programme 'beset by corruption' – World Bank|work=BBC News|date=18 May 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13447867|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303065531/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13447867|archive-date=3 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

For example, the government implemented the ''[[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]]'' (MGNREGA) on 25 August 2005. The Central government outlay for this welfare scheme is {{INRConvert|400|c}} in FY 2010–2011.<ref>[http://www.nrega.nic.in/netnrega/home.aspx Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621141533/http://nrega.nic.in/netnrega/home.aspx |date=21 June 2012 }}. Govt of India</ref> After 5 years of implementation, in 2011, the programme was widely criticised as no more effective than other poverty reduction programmes in India. Despite its best intentions, MGNREGA faces the challenges of corrupt officials reportedly pocketing money on behalf of fake rural employees, poor quality of the program infrastructure, and unintended destructive effect{{clarify|date=May 2013}} on poverty.<ref name=econ1>{{cite news|title=Indian rural welfare – Digging holes|newspaper=The Economist|date=5 November 2011|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2011/11/05/digging-holes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609205426/http://www.economist.com/node/21536642|archive-date=9 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|title=India's Boom Bypasses Rural Poor|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 April 2011|author=Tom Wright and Harsh Gupta|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704081604576143671902043578|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716054442/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704081604576143671902043578|archive-date=16 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Science and technology===
CSIR, the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], has been flagged in ongoing efforts to root out corruption in India.<ref name=SpicyIP>{{cite web|last=Reddy|first=Prashant|title=CSIR Tech. Pvt. Ltd: Its controversial past and its uncertain future|url=http://spicyipindia.blogspot.com/2012/05/csir-tech-pvt-ltd-its-controversial.html|access-date=11 March 2013|publisher=SpicyIP.com|date=20 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523142420/http://spicyipindia.blogspot.com/2012/05/csir-tech-pvt-ltd-its-controversial.html|archive-date=23 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Established with the directive to do translational research and create real technologies, CSIR has been accused of transforming into a ritualistic, overly-bureaucratic organisation that does little more than churn out papers.<ref name=sciencemag>{{cite web|url=http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/1998/01/23-02.html|title=Indian Scientists Claim Lab Corruption|publisher=ScienceNOW|date=23 January 1998|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606190909/http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/1998/01/23-02.html|archive-date=6 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Mahendra Pratap|url=http://www.groundreportindia.com/2010/02/without-prejudice-fingers-point-to-rs.html|title=GROUND REPORT INDIA: Without prejudice, fingers point to Rs. 50.00 Lakhs financial embezzlement by Dr. R. Tuli, Director|date=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430153623/http://www.groundreportindia.com/2010/02/without-prejudice-fingers-point-to-rs.html|archive-date=30 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

There are many issues facing Indian scientists, with some calling for transparency, a [[meritocratic]] system, and an overhaul of the bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology.<ref name="Nature">{{cite journal |last=Jayaraman |first=K.S. |title=Report row ousts top Indian scientist |volume=462 |issue=7270 |pages=152 |journal=Nature |date=9 November 2009 |df=dmy-all |pmid=19907467 |doi=10.1038/462152a |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=CSIRTECH>{{cite web|last1=Ayyadurai|first1=VA Shiva|last2=Sardana|first2=Deepak|title=CSIR-TECH Path Forward|url=http://innovationdemandsfreedom.com/pdf/report-on-CSIR-by-VA-Shiva.pdf|access-date=15 April 2013|date=19 October 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114001509/http://innovationdemandsfreedom.com/pdf/report-on-CSIR-by-VA-Shiva.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ayyadurai |first=VA Shiva |url=http://vashiva.com/va-shivas-lecture-at-indian-science-congress-association-centenary/ |title=VA Shiva's Lecture at Indian Science Congress Centenary |work=V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai, Inventor of Email |date=16 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324024913/http://vashiva.com/va-shivas-lecture-at-indian-science-congress-association-centenary/ |archive-date=24 March 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Sumit Bhaduri stated, "The challenges of turning Indian science into part of an [[innovation]] process are many. Many competent Indian scientists aspire to be ineffectual administrators (due to administrative power and political patronage), rather than do the kind of science that makes a difference".<ref>{{cite news|last= Bhaduri|first= Sumit|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/Indian-science-must-break-free-from-the-present-bureaucratic-culture-to-come-up-with-big-innovative-ideas/articleshow/17930219.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121072652/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-08/edit-page/36193413_1_indian-science-innovations-ideas |url-status=live |archive-date=21 January 2013 |newspaper= [[The Times of India]]|title=Indian science must break free from the present bureaucratic culture to come up with big innovative ideas|date=8 January 2013}}</ref> Prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] spoke at the 99th Indian Science Congress and commented on the state of the sciences in India, after an advisory council informed him there were problems with "the overall environment for innovation and creative work" and a "war-like" approach was needed.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jayaraman|first=K.S.|url=http://www.nature.com/news/indian-science-in-need-of-overhaul-1.9750|title=Indian science in need of overhaul|journal=Nature|date=6 January 2012|doi=10.1038/nature.2012.9750|s2cid=153672234|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105173745/http://www.nature.com/news/indian-science-in-need-of-overhaul-1.9750|archive-date=5 January 2013|df=dmy-all|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Preferential award of mineral resources===
{{See also|Illegal mining in India}}

In August 2011, an iron ore mining scandal became a media focus in India. In September 2011, an elected member of Karnataka's legislative assembly, Janardhana Reddy, was arrested on charges of corruption and illegal mining of iron ore in his home state. It was alleged that his company received a preferential allotment of resources, organised and exported billions of dollars' worth of iron ore to Chinese companies in recent years without paying any royalty to the state government exchequer of Karnataka or the central government of India, and that these Chinese companies made payments to shell companies registered in Caribbean and north Atlantic tax havens controlled by Reddy.<ref name="The Hindu, Business Line">{{cite web|title= Dredging out mineral piracy, 7 September 2011|work= The Hindu Business Line|date= 7 September 2011|publisher= The Hindu, Business Line|url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/editorial/article2430063.ece|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121010055711/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/editorial/article2430063.ece|archive-date= 10 October 2012|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|title = Full Report of Karnataka Lokayukta on Illegal Mining of Iron Ore, 27 July 2011|publisher = The Hindu, Business Line|url = http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00736/Report_on_the_refer_736286a.pdf|location = Chennai, India|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121026100525/http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00736/Report_on_the_refer_736286a.pdf|archive-date = 26 October 2012|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

It was also alleged that corrupt government officials in charge of regulating mining, port facilities and shipping cooperated with Reddy. These officials received monthly bribes in exchange for enabling the illegal export of mined iron ore to China. Such scandals have led to a demand in India for a consensually driven action plan to eradicate the piracy of India's mineral resources by an illegal, politically corrupt government officials-business nexus, removal of incentives for illegal mining, and the creation of incentives for legal mining and domestic use of iron ore and steel manufacturing.<ref name="The Hindu, Business Line"/><ref name="thehindu.com"/>

===Driver licensing===
A study conducted between 2004 and 2005 found that India's driver licensing procedure was a bureaucratic process and allows drivers to be licensed despite their low driving ability through promoting the usage of agents. Individuals with the willingness to pay make a significant payment above the official fee and most of these extra payments are made to agents, who act as an intermediary between bureaucrats and applicants.<ref name="Bertrand 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Bertrand |first1=M. |last2=Djankov |first2=S. |last3=Hanna |first3=R. |last4=Mullainathan |first4=S. |title=Obtaining a Driver's License in India: An Experimental Approach to Studying Corruption |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |date=November 2007 |volume=122 |issue=4 |pages=1639–1676 |doi=10.1162/qjec.2007.122.4.1639 }}</ref>

The average licensee paid Rs 1,080, approximately 2.5 times the official fee of Rs 450, in order to obtain a licence. On average, those who hired agents had a lower driving ability, with agents helping unqualified drivers obtain licences and bypass the legally required driving examination. Among the surveyed individuals, approximately 60% of the licence holders did not even take the licensing exam and 54% of those licence holders failed an independent driving test.<ref>Corruption in Driver licensing Process in Delhi {{cite web|url=http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/mullainathan/files/Corruption.in.Driving.Licensing.Process.in.Delhi.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307101937/http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/mullainathan/files/Corruption.in.Driving.Licensing.Process.in.Delhi.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>

Agents are the channels of corruption in this bureaucratic driver licensing system, facilitating access to licences among those who are unqualified to drive. Some of the failures of this licensing system are caused by corrupt bureaucrats who collaborate with agents by creating additional barriers within the system against those who did not hire agents.<ref name="Bertrand 2007"/>

===Trends===
Professor [[Bibek Debroy]] and Laveesh Bhandari claim in their book ''Corruption in India: The DNA and RNA'' that public officials in India may be cornering as much as {{INRConvert|921|b}}, or 1.26 per cent of the GDP, through corruption.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=10 September 2011 |title=How much do the corrupt earn? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/how-much-do-the-corrupt-earn/story-G8YpodmaTNjksg6ClmpdsK.html |work=Hindustan Times |location=Delhi |access-date=2023-11-07 |quote=Public officials in India may be cornering as much as Rs.92.122 crore, or 1.26 percent of the GDP, through corruption, says a new book by two economic experts.}}</ref><ref name="How much do the corrupt earn"/>{{Failed verification|date=November 2023|reason=The news story does not mention the Debroy and Bhandari book or the cited Rs.92,1 crore statistic}} The book claims most bribery is in government-delivered services and the transport and real estate industries.

Bribery and corruption are pervasive, but some areas tend to have more issues than others. A 2013 [[Ernst & Young|EY]] (Ernst & Young) Study<ref name="ey.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ey.com/IN/en/Services/Assurance/Fraud-Investigation---Dispute-Services/Bribery-and-corruption-ground-reality-in-India|title=Bribery and corruption: ground reality in India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823035504/http://www.ey.com/IN/en/Services/Assurance/Fraud-Investigation---Dispute-Services/Bribery-and-corruption-ground-reality-in-India|archive-date=23 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> reports the industries perceived to be the most vulnerable to corruption as: Infrastructure and Real Estate, Metals and Mining, Aerospace and Defence, and Power and Utilities. There is a range of specific factors that make a sector more susceptible to bribery and corruption risks than others. High use of middlemen, large value contracts, liaisoning activities, etc. drive the depth, volume, and frequency of corrupt practices in vulnerable sectors.

A 2011 [[KPMG]] study reports India's real estate, telecommunications, and government-run social development projects as the three top sectors plagued by corruption. The study found India's defence, information technology, and energy sectors to be the most competitive and least corruption-prone sectors.<ref name=kpmg2011/>

CMS India claims in its 2010 India Corruption Study report that socio-economically weaker sections of Indian society are the most adversely affected by government corruption. These include the rural and urban poor, although the study claims that nationwide perception of corruption decreased between 2005 and 2010. Over the 5-year period, a significantly greater number of people surveyed from the middle and poorest classes in all parts of India claimed government corruption had dropped over time, and that they had fewer direct experiences with bribery demands.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Corruption Study 2010 |author=Roy and Narayan |publisher=CMS Transparency |year=2011 |url=http://www.cmsindia.org/India%20Corruption%20Study%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216170147/http://www.cmsindia.org/India%20Corruption%20Study%202010.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2011 }}</ref>

The table below compares the perceived anti-corruption efforts across some of the major states in India.<ref name=WFR2011/> A rising index implies higher anti-corruption efforts and falling corruption. According to this table, the states of [[Bihar]] and [[Gujarat]] have experienced significant improvements in their anti-corruption efforts, while conditions have worsened in the states of [[Assam]] and [[West Bengal]]. Consistent with the results in this table, in 2012 a BBC News report claimed the state of Bihar has transformed in recent years to become the least corrupt state in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=British aid to India: Helping Bihar's poor|author=David Loyn|date=1 March 2012|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17210734|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705192031/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17210734|archive-date=5 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{{Expand section|date=May 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Index trends in major states by respective anti-corruption effort<ref name=WFR2011/>
! State !! 1990–95 !! 1996–00 !! 2001–05 !! 2006–10
|-
| [[Bihar]] || 0.41 || 0.30 || 0.43 || '''0.88'''
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || 0.48 || 0.57 || '''0.64''' || 0.69
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || '''0.53''' || '''0.73''' || 0.55 || 0.61
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || 0.32 || 0.46 || 0.46 || 0.60
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]] || 0.13 || 0.32 || 0.17 || 0.40
|-
| [[Haryana]] || 0.33 || 0.60 || 0.31 || 0.37
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 0.26 || 0.14 || 0.23 || 0.35
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || 0.19 || 0.20 || 0.24 || 0.29
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 0.23 || 0.22 || 0.31 || 0.29
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || 0.24 || 0.19 || 0.20 || 0.29
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || 0.27 || 0.23 || 0.26 || 0.27
|-
| [[Kerala]] || 0.16 || 0.20 || 0.22 || 0.27
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || 0.45 || 0.29 || 0.27 || 0.26
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 0.11 || 0.11 || 0.16 || 0.21
|-
| [[Odisha]] || 0.22 || 0.16 || 0.15 || 0.19
|-
| [[Assam]] || 0.21 || 0.02 || 0.14 || 0.17
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || 0.11 || 0.08 || 0.03 || 0.01
|}

==Black money==
{{Main|Indian black money}}

Black money refers to money that is not fully or legitimately the property of the 'owner' such as money that is not reported to the government in the attempt of tax evasion, or other forms of black money including money from illegal activities such as drug dealing. A [[White paper|government white paper]] on black money in India suggests two possible sources of black money in India;<ref name=fm2012>{{cite web|title=White Paper on Black Money|publisher=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|year=2012|url=http://finmin.nic.in/reports/WhitePaper_BackMoney2012.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729033758/http://finmin.nic.in/reports/WhitePaper_BackMoney2012.pdf|archive-date=29 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the first includes activities not permitted by the law, such as crime, drug trade, terrorism, and corruption, all of which are illegal in India and secondly, wealth that may have been generated through lawful activity but accumulated by failure to declare income and pay taxes. Some of this black money ends up in illicit financial flows across international borders, such as deposits in tax haven countries.

A November 2010 report from the [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]-based Global Financial Integrity estimates that over a 60-year period, India lost US$213 billion in [[illicit financial flows]] beginning in 1948; adjusted for inflation, this is estimated to be $462 billion in 2010, or about $8 billion per year ($7 per capita per year). The report also estimated the size of India's underground economy at approximately US$640 billion at the end of 2008 or roughly 50% of the nation's GDP.<ref name=dkar>{{cite book|last=Kar|first=Dev|title=The Drivers and Dynamics of Illicit Financial Flows from India: 1948–2008|year=2010|publisher=Global Financial Integrity|location=Washington, DC|url=http://www.gfintegrity.org/storage/gfip/documents/reports/india/gfi_india.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019025920/http://www.gfintegrity.org/storage/gfip/documents/reports/india/gfi_india.pdf|archive-date=19 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

India was ranked 38th by money held by its citizens in Swiss banks in 2004 but then improved its ranking by slipping to 61st position in 2015 and further improved its position by slipping to 75th position in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dawn.com/news/1268901/money-in-swiss-banks-india-slips-to-75th-position |title= Money in swiss banks: India slips to 75th position |publisher= The Dawn |date= 4 July 2016 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160808120341/http://www.dawn.com/news/1268901/money-in-swiss-banks-india-slips-to-75th-position |archive-date= 8 August 2016 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-slips-to-75th-place-on-money-in-swiss-banks-uk-on-top/articleshow/53031604.cms |title= India slips to 75th place on money in Swiss banks; UK on top |newspaper= The Economic Times |publisher= The Economic Times (India Times) |date= 3 July 2016 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160706181345/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-slips-to-75th-place-on-money-in-swiss-banks-uk-on-top/articleshow/53031604.cms |archive-date= 6 July 2016 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
According to a 2010 [[The Hindu]] article, unofficial estimates indicate that Indians had over US$1,456 billion in black money stored in [[Swiss banks]] (approximately US$1.4 trillion).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/08/13/stories/2010081350370900.htm |title= The Hindu Business Line : Black, bold and bountiful |publisher= Thehindubusinessline.in |date= 13 August 2010 |access-date= 6 October 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110918110326/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/08/13/stories/2010081350370900.htm |archive-date= 18 September 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> While some news reports claimed that data provided by the Swiss Banking Association<ref>There is no entity named Swiss Banking Association; there is, however, one named Swiss Bankers Association. For verifiability, this Bharatpedia article uses the misnomer interchangeably, since it was widely mentioned by Indian media.</ref> Report (2006) showed India has more black money than the rest of the world combined,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/govt-to-reveal-stand-on-black-money-on-jan-25/141423-3.html |title=Govt to reveal stand on black money on 25 Jan – India News – IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107183530/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/govt-to-reveal-stand-on-black-money-on-jan-25/141423-3.html |archive-date=7 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.currentnewsindia.com/nation-news/govt-to-reveal-stand-on-black-money-on-jan-25.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324220848/http://www.currentnewsindia.com/nation-news/govt-to-reveal-stand-on-black-money-on-jan-25.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 March 2011 |title=Govt To Reveal Stand on Black Money on 25 Jan | India news, Latest news India, Breaking news India, Current headlines India, News from India on Business, Sports, Politics, Bollywood and World News online |publisher=Currentnewsindia.com |date=25 January 2011 |access-date=7 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> a more recent report quoted the SBA's Head of International Communications as saying that no such official Swiss Banking Association statistics exist.<ref>{{cite news|title=No 'black money' statistics exist: Swiss banks|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-black-money-statistics-exist-Swiss-banks/articleshow/5005874.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912101749/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-13/india/28092452_1_james-nason-swiss-bankers-association-sba-s-head|url-status=live|archive-date=12 September 2011|access-date=13 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 September 2009}}</ref>

Another report said that Indian-owned Swiss bank account assets are worth 13 times the country's national debt. These allegations have been denied by the [[Swiss Bankers Association]]. James Nason of the Swiss Bankers Association in an interview about alleged black money from India, holds that "The (black money) figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in Indian opposition circles, and circulated as gospel truth. However, this story was a complete fabrication. The Swiss Bankers Association never published such a report. Anyone claiming to have such figures (for India) should be forced to identify their source and explain the methodology used to produce them."<ref name=swissinfo>{{cite news|title=Banking secrecy spices up Indian elections|publisher=SWISSINFO – A member of Swiss Broadcasting Corporation|date=14 May 2009|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/foreign_affairs/Banking_secrecy_spices_up_Indian_elections.html?cid=7396340|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926182809/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/foreign_affairs/Banking_secrecy_spices_up_Indian_elections.html?cid=7396340|archive-date=26 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=No 'black money' statistics exist: Swiss banks|date=13 September 2009|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-black-money-statistics-exist-Swiss-banks/articleshow/5005874.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912101749/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-13/india/28092452_1_james-nason-swiss-bankers-association-sba-s-head|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=12 September 2011}}</ref>

In a separate study, Dev Kar of Global Financial Integrity concludes, "Media reports circulating in India that Indian nationals held around US$1.4 trillion in illicit external assets are widely off the mark compared to the estimates found by his study." Kar claims the amounts are significantly smaller, only about 1.5% of India's GDP on average per annum basis, between 1948 and 2008. This includes corruption, bribery and kickbacks, criminal activities, trade mispricing, and efforts to shelter wealth by Indians from India's tax authorities.<ref name=dkar/>

According to a third report, published in May 2012, the Swiss National Bank estimates that the total amount of deposits in all Swiss banks, at the end of 2010, by citizens of India was CHF 1.95 billion ({{INRConvert|92.95|b}}). The Swiss Ministry of External Affairs has confirmed these figures upon request for information by the Indian Ministry of External Affairs. This amount is about 700-fold less than the alleged $1.4 trillion in some media reports.<ref name=fm2012/> The report also provided a comparison of the deposits held by Indians and by citizens of other nations in Swiss banks. Total deposits held by citizens of India constitute only 0.13 per cent of the total bank deposits of citizens of all countries. Further, the share of Indians in the total bank deposits of citizens of all countries in Swiss banks has reduced from 0.29 per cent in 2006 to 0.13 per cent in 2010.

==Stock market manipulation==
{{Main|1992 Indian stock market scam|NSE co-location scam|Harshad Mehta|Ketan Parekh}}

The Indian [[stock exchanges]], the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]], have been rocked by several high-profile market manipulation scandals.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/how-indias-trading-queen-and-mystery-guru-engulfed-nse-in-scandal/articleshow/90343226.cms?from=mdr | title=How India's trading queen and mystery guru engulfed NSE in scandal | newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/the-fall-of-nse-corruption-or-hubris/articleshow/69154289.cms | title=The fall of NSE: Corruption or hubris? | newspaper=The Economic Times | last1=Rangan | first1=MC Govardhana }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-53153120101125 | title=BSE Sensex drops as corruption scandal weighs | newspaper=Reuters | date=25 November 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/sebi-penalises-bse-nse-for-laxity-in-karvy-fraud-case-329647-2022-04-13 | title=SEBI penalises BSE, NSE for 'laxity' in Karvy fraud case | date=13 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/trading-queen-and-mystery-guru-strange-tale-engulfs-nse-in-scandal-122032100123_1.html | title=Trading 'queen' and mystery guru: Strange tale engulfs NSE in scandal | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=21 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-stock-exchange-case-who-will-invest-in-india-if-scams-like-this-happen-judge-asks-cbi-in-stock-exchange-manipulation-case-2812478 | title="Who'll Invest in India if Scams Like This Happen?": Judge in NSE Case }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/cbi-arrests-former-nse-ceo-chitra-ramkrishna-in-co-location-scam-case/2452419/ | title=Chitra Ramkrishna arrested; CBI grills former NSE CEO in co-location scam after SEBI's mysterious yogi report | date=7 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/how-indias-trading-queen-and-mystery-guru-engulfed-nse-in-scandal/articleshow/90343226.cms?from=mdr | title=How India's trading queen and mystery guru engulfed NSE in scandal | newspaper=The Economic Times | access-date=11 January 2023 | archive-date=11 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111193659/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/how-indias-trading-queen-and-mystery-guru-engulfed-nse-in-scandal/articleshow/90343226.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/the-fall-of-nse-corruption-or-hubris/articleshow/69154289.cms | title=The fall of NSE: Corruption or hubris? | newspaper=The Economic Times | last1=Rangan | first1=MC Govardhana | access-date=11 January 2023 | archive-date=11 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111193659/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/the-fall-of-nse-corruption-or-hubris/articleshow/69154289.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-53153120101125 | title=BSE Sensex drops as corruption scandal weighs | newspaper=Reuters | date=25 November 2010 | access-date=11 January 2023 | archive-date=11 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111193700/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-53153120101125 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/sebi-penalises-bse-nse-for-laxity-in-karvy-fraud-case-329647-2022-04-13 | title=SEBI penalises BSE, NSE for 'laxity' in Karvy fraud case | date=13 April 2022 | access-date=11 January 2023 | archive-date=21 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921192656/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/sebi-penalises-bse-nse-for-laxity-in-karvy-fraud-case-329647-2022-04-13 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/trading-queen-and-mystery-guru-strange-tale-engulfs-nse-in-scandal-122032100123_1.html | title=Trading 'queen' and mystery guru: Strange tale engulfs NSE in scandal | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=21 March 2022 | access-date=11 January 2023 | archive-date=21 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921232719/https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/trading-queen-and-mystery-guru-strange-tale-engulfs-nse-in-scandal-122032100123_1.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-stock-exchange-case-who-will-invest-in-india-if-scams-like-this-happen-judge-asks-cbi-in-stock-exchange-manipulation-case-2812478 | title="Who'll Invest in India if Scams Like This Happen?": Judge in NSE Case | access-date=11 January 2023 | archive-date=22 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922044155/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-stock-exchange-case-who-will-invest-in-india-if-scams-like-this-happen-judge-asks-cbi-in-stock-exchange-manipulation-case-2812478 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/cbi-arrests-former-nse-ceo-chitra-ramkrishna-in-co-location-scam-case/2452419/ | title=Chitra Ramkrishna arrested; CBI grills former NSE CEO in co-location scam after SEBI's mysterious yogi report | date=7 March 2022 | access-date=11 January 2023 | archive-date=22 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922022110/https://www.financialexpress.com/market/cbi-arrests-former-nse-ceo-chitra-ramkrishna-in-co-location-scam-case/2452419/ | url-status=live }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=April 2025}} At times, the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) has barred various individuals and entities from trading on the exchanges for [[Market manipulation|stock manipulation]], especially in [[Market liquidity|illiquid]] [[small cap company|small-cap]] and [[penny stocks]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sreedhar |first1=Vidya |title=Rs 144 crore wrongful profit! Sebi finds stock manipulation in 5 smallcaps |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sebi-bars-135-entities-from-market-on-alleged-share-manipulation-in-5-smallcaps/articleshow/101167757.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=24 August 2023 |date=21 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sebi ban pinches penny stocks |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/sebi-ban-pinches-penny-stocks-105102601049_1.html |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SEBI Cracks Down on Misuse of Penny Stocks |url=https://thewire.in/business/penny-stocks-bogus-claims-sebi |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I-T Department, SEBI begin crackdown on penny stock firms in PMO-led push |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/i-t-department-sebi-begin-crackdown-on-penny-stock-firms-in-pmo-led-push-2442315.html |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |date=20 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rampal |first1=Nikhil |title=Pump & dump: How SEBI caught Arshad Warsi & others 'manipulating' stock prices in 'finfluencer' scheme |url=https://theprint.in/business/pump-dump-how-sebi-caught-arshad-warsi-others-manipulating-stock-prices-in-finfluencer-scheme/1413718/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=ThePrint |date=3 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sebi bans FIIs, brokers for GDR manipulation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sebi-bans-fiis-brokers-for-gdr-manipulation/articleshow/10072999.cms |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=22 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fight against black money: Sebi bars 59 entities for evading taxes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/fight-against-black-money-sebi-bars-59-entities-for-evading-taxes/story-kRhJVKW9JTtpN8frb0fO8I.html |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 August 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sebi goes after companies rigging share prices |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/markets/story/sebi-bans-239-entities-individuals-for-rigging-share-prices-53892-2015-08-12 |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=Business Today |date=12 August 2015 |language=en}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=April 2025}}

==Judiciary==
{{main|Judicial corruption in India}}

According to [[Transparency International]], [[judicial corruption in India]] is attributable to factors such as "delays in the disposal of cases, shortage of judges and complex procedures, all of which are exacerbated by a preponderance of new laws".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37972|title=INDIA: Legal System in the Dock|author=Praful Bidwai|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307114424/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37972|archive-date=7 March 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Over the years there have been numerous allegations against judges, and in 2011 [[Soumitra Sen]], a former judge at the [[Calcutta High Court]] became the first judge in India to be impeached by the [[Rajya Sabha]], (Upper House of the Indian Parliament) for misappropriation of funds.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Judiciary stares at morality crisis|magazine=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/law-intern-sexual-harrassement-judiciary-stares-at-morality-crisis-176475-2014-01-11|date=12 January 2014|access-date=2014-04-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418220645/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/law-intern-sexual-harrassement-judiciary-stares-at-morality-crisis/1/335731.html|archive-date=18 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Anti-corruption initiatives==

===Right to Information Act===
{{Main|Right to Information Act}}

The 2005 [[Right to Information Act]] required government officials to provide the information requested by citizens or face punitive action, as well as the computerisation of services and the establishment of vigilance commissions. This has considerably reduced corruption and opened up avenues to redress grievances.<ref name="2005-TI-study"/>

===Right to Public Services laws===
{{Main|Right to Public Services legislation}}

Right to Public Services legislation, which has been enacted in 19 states of India, guarantees time-bound delivery of services for various [[public services]] rendered by the government to citizens and provides mechanisms for punishing the errant [[public servant]] who is deficient in providing the service stipulated under the statute.<ref>{{cite news|title=Punjab clears Right to Services Act|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/08/stories/2011060868130500.htm|access-date=4 December 2011|location=Chennai, India|date=8 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828064109/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/08/stories/2011060868130500.htm|archive-date=28 August 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Right to Service legislation is meant to reduce corruption among government officials and to increase transparency and public accountability.<ref>{{cite news|title=Corruption watchdog hails Bihar, MP govts as best service-providers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Corruption-watchdog-hails-Bihar-MP-govts-as-best-service-providers-/articleshow/8042613.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107031642/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-21/india/29458398_1_passport-office-transparency-international-guidelines|url-status=live|archive-date=7 November 2012|access-date=4 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 April 2011}}</ref>

===Anti-corruption laws in India===
Public servants in India can be imprisoned for several years and penalised for corruption under the:
* [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988|Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988]]
* [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita|Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023]]
* Prosecution section of Income Tax Act, 1961
* [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988|The Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988]] to prohibit benami transactions.
* [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002]]

Punishment for bribery in India can range from six months to seven years of imprisonment.

India is also a signatory to the [[United Nations Convention against Corruption]] since 2005 (ratified 2011). The Convention covers a wide range of acts of corruption and also proposes certain preventive policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/pages/all-about-the-lok-pal-bill-137/|title=PRS - All about the Lok Pal Bill|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212064017/http://www.prsindia.org/pages/all-about-the-lok-pal-bill-137/|archive-date=12 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]] which came into force from 16 January 2014, seeks to provide for the establishment of the institution of [[Lokpal]] to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries in India.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lokpal-Bill-gets-Presidents-nod/articleshow/28243367.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Lokpal Bill gets President's nod - The Times of India | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102002215/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lokpal-Bill-gets-Presidents-nod/articleshow/28243367.cms | archive-date=2 January 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Notification|url=http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02ser/407_12_2014-AVD-IV-B-15022014.pdf|publisher=Department of Personnel and Training, Government of India|access-date=7 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307130230/http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02ser/407_12_2014-AVD-IV-B-15022014.pdf|archive-date=7 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011]], which provides a mechanism to investigate alleged corruption and misuse of power by public servants and also protect anyone who exposes alleged wrongdoing in government bodies, projects and offices, has received the assent of the [[President of India]] on 9 May 2014, and (as of 2 August) is pending for notification by the Central Government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Parliament passes Whistleblowers Protection Bill 2011|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/indian-parliament-passes-whistleblowers-protection-bill-2011/|website=IANS|date=21 February 2014|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=21 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029160228/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/indian-parliament-passes-whistleblowers-protection-bill-2011/|archive-date=29 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/159420.pdf|publisher=Gazette of India|access-date=13 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514060125/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/159420.pdf|archive-date=14 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

At present there are no legal provisions to check graft in the private sector in India. Government has proposed amendments in existing acts and certain new bills for checking corruption in private sector. Big-ticket corruption is mainly witnessed in the operations of large commercial or corporate entities. In order to prevent bribery on supply side, it is proposed that key managerial personnel of companies' and also the company shall be held liable for offering bribes to gain undue benefits.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 provides that the properties of corrupt public servants shall be confiscated. However, the Government is considering incorporating provisions for confiscation or forfeiture of the property of corrupt public servants into the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 to make it more self-contained and comprehensive.<ref name="ey.com"/>

A committee headed by the Chairman of Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), has been constituted to examine ways to strengthen laws to curb generation of black money in India, its illegal transfer abroad, and its recovery. "The Committee shall examine the existing legal and administrative framework to deal with the menace of generation of black money through illegal means including inter-alia the following: 1. Declaring wealth generated illegally as national asset; 2. Enacting/amending laws to confiscate and recover such assets; and 3. Providing for exemplary punishment against its perpetrators." (Source: [http://www.ey.com/IN/en/Services/Assurance/Fraud-Investigation---Dispute-Services/Bribery-and-corruption-ground-reality-in-India 2013 EY report on Bribery & Corruption] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823035504/http://www.ey.com/IN/en/Services/Assurance/Fraud-Investigation---Dispute-Services/Bribery-and-corruption-ground-reality-in-India |date=23 August 2013 }})

The [[Companies Act, 2013]], contains certain provisions to regulate frauds by corporations including increased penalties for frauds, giving more powers to the Serious Fraud Investigation Office, mandatory responsibility of auditors to reveal frauds, and increased responsibilities of independent directors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Companies Act 2013 What will be its impact on fraud in India?|url=http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-Companies-Act-2013-What-will-be-its-impact-on-fraud-in-India/$FILE/EY-Companies-Act-2013.pdf|publisher=EY|access-date=2 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051237/http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-Companies-Act-2013-What-will-be-its-impact-on-fraud-in-India/$FILE/EY-Companies-Act-2013.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Companies Act, 2013 also provides for mandatory vigil mechanisms which allow directors and employees to report concerns and whistleblower protection mechanism for every listed company and any other companies which accepts deposits from public or has taken loans more than 50 crore rupees from banks and financial institutions. This intended to avoid [[accounting scandals]] such as the [[Satyam scandal]] which have plagued India.<ref name=NYT81513>{{cite news|title=India Seeks to Overhaul a Corporate World Rife With Fraud|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/08/15/india-seeks-to-overhaul-a-corporate-world-rife-with-fraud/|access-date=16 August 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 August 2013|author=Jen Swanson|format="Dealbook" blog|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124034121/http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/08/15/india-seeks-to-overhaul-a-corporate-world-rife-with-fraud/|archive-date=24 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It replaces [[The Companies Act, 1956]] which was proven outmoded in terms of handling 21st century problems.<ref name=ANI8813>{{cite news|title=Parliament passes Companies Bill 2012(Update)|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/parliament-passes-companies-bill-2012-155346651.html|access-date=16 August 2013|newspaper=Yahoo! News India|date=8 August 2013|agency=ANI|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528032431/https://in.news.yahoo.com/parliament-passes-companies-bill-2012-155346651.html|archive-date=28 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2015, Parliament passed the [[Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Bill, 2015]] to curb and impose penalties on black money hoarded abroad. The Act has received the assent of the President of India on 26 May 2015. It came into effect from 1 July 2015.
===Vigilance Commissions and Vigilance Wing===
* [[Central Vigilance Commission]] (CVC): The top anti-corruption body at the national level. It handles complaints against senior officials of the [[Government of India|central government]] and advises the government on disciplinary matters. It is independent and reports to the [[President of India]].<ref>https://cvc.gov.in/files/vigilance-awareness-week-pdf/VAW-2025-05.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=November 2025}}</ref>
* State Vigilance Commissions: Some states have their own vigilance commissions to handle corruption at the state level. Their structure and powers vary by state.
* Internal Vigilance Wings: Each government ministry, department, or agency at the central and state levels has an internal vigilance wing to prevent and address corruption. These units gather intelligence on corrupt practices and report to the government. They are headed by Chief Vigilance Officers (CVOs).

===Anti-corruption police and courts===
At the central level, India has several agencies responsible for preventing and investigating corruption. The [[Central Vigilance Commission]] (CVC) functions as the apex vigilance body, supervising vigilance administration in central government ministries and institutions and overseeing corruption cases handled by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI).

The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], CBI is the principal anti-corruption law enforcement agency of the [[Government of India]]. The CBI is the primary investigative agency for corruption involving central government officials and central public sector undertakings.<ref name=":0" />

The [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) deals with corruption-linked financial crimes, particularly under the [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002|Prevention of Money Laundering Act]] (PMLA). The [[Lokpal|Lokpal of India]] acts as the statutory anti-corruption ombudsman for complaints against senior public officials, while the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (CAG) plays a preventive role by detecting financial irregularities through audits of government expenditure. The [[Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation|Directorate General of Income Tax (Investigation)]] (DGITI) investigates income tax evasion–related offences and functions under the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], Government of India.

At the state level, there are state anti-corruption agencies and [[Lokayukta]] investigation branches. State Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureaus function under their respective [[State governments of India|state governments]], while the Lokayukta is an independent institution. Certain states such as Andhra Pradesh ([[Anti-Corruption Bureau, Andhra Pradesh]]) Kerala ([[Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau, Kerala|Vigilance & Anti-corruption Bureau, Kerala]]) and Karnataka ([[Lokayukta]]) also have their own anti-corruption agencies and special courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/departments.asp?dep=13&org=83 |title=A.P. Departments Anti-Corruption Bureau |access-date=25 June 2010 |publisher=A.P. Government |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523173007/http://aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/departments.asp?dep=13&org=83 |archive-date=23 May 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Lokayukta">{{cite web|url=http://lokayukta.kar.nic.in|title=Karnataka Lokayukta|access-date=24 June 2010|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035740/http://lokayukta.kar.nic.in/|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KERALA LOK AYUKTA – Kerala Lok Ayukta |url=https://www.lokayuktakerala.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled that state police and vigilance anti-corruption bureaus can investigate corruption cases against Central government employees under the Prevention of Corruption Act and file charge sheets without CBI approval, affirming their concurrent jurisdiction despite the CBI’s usual role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Police Corruption Probe: Supreme Court Enables State Police |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/state-police-can-probe-corruption-cases-against-central-government-employees-supreme-court-3868545 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Web |date=2026-01-21 |title=State police can investigate corruption cases against central employees: Supreme Court |url=https://madhyamamonline.com/india/state-police-can-investigate-corruption-cases-against-central-employees-supreme-court-1488174 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=madhyamamonline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/supreme-court-allows-state-acb-to-prosecute-central-officials-without-cbi-approval-prnt/cid/2143602}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2018-12-01 |title=ACB has jurisdiction on Central staff too: DGP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/acb-has-jurisdiction-on-central-staff-too-dgp/article25645123.ece |access-date=2026-02-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

.The Lokayukta is the ombudsman institution at the state level that deals with [[corruption]]. Its powers and jurisdiction vary from state to state. The Lokayukta has an investigation branch (police wing) that investigates offences. In some states, such as [[Karnataka]], the state anti-corruption agency was abolished and its investigative powers were transferred to the [[Lokayukta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-11 |title=After 6 years, Karnataka government orders abolition of ACB, revival of Lokayukta |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-government-orders-abolition-of-acb-revival-of-lokayukta-8141965/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">https://cbi.gov.in/about-us?search=moto-vision-mission</ref>{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text col2center col5center hover-highlight" "style="font-size: 90%"
|+List of Anti-Corruption Agencies
!State/UT
!Anti-Corruption Agency
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|[[Anti-Corruption Bureau, Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh Anti-Corruption Bureau]]
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Lokayukta]]
|-
|Assam
|Directorate of Vigilance & Anti-Corruption, Assam
|-
|Bihar
|Vigilance Department, Bihar
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|Anti-Corruption Bureau, Chhattisgarh
|-
|Goa
|Goa Police Anti-Corruption Branch
|-
|Gujarat
|[[Gujarat Anti-corruption Bureau|Gujarat Anti-Corruption Bureau]]
|-
|Haryana
|Haryana State Vigilance Bureau
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|Himachal Pradesh State Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau
|-
|Jharkhand
|Anti-Corruption Bureau, Jharkhand
|-
|Karnataka
|[[Karnataka Lokayukta|Lokayukta ,Karnataka]]
|-
|Kerala
|[[Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau, Kerala]] (VACB)
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|Lokayukta Special Police Establishment, Madhya Pradesh
|-
|Maharashtra
|[[Anti Corruption Bureau, Maharashtra|Maharashtra Anti-Corruption Bureau]]
|-
|Manipur
|Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Department, Manipur
|-
|Meghalaya
|Meghalaya Police Anti-Corruption Branch
|-
|Mizoram
|Anti-Corruption Bureau, Mizoram
|-
|Nagaland
|Directorate of Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Police, Nagaland
|-
|Odisha
|Odisha Vigilance Directorate
|-
|Punjab
|Punjab State Vigilance Bureau
|-
|Rajasthan
|Anti-Corruption Bureau, Rajasthan
|-
|Sikkim
|Vigilance Police Department, Sikkim
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|Directorate of Vigilance & Anti-Corruption, Tamil Nadu
|-
|Telangana
|Telangana Anti-Corruption Bureau
|-
|Tripura
|Tripura Anti-Corruption Bureau
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|Anti-Corruption Organisation, Uttar Pradesh
|-
|Uttarakhand
|Vigilance Establishment of Uttarakhand
|-
|West Bengal
|Directorate of Anti-Corruption Branch, West Bengal
|-
|Delhi
|Delhi Police Vigilance Department
|}

[[Karnataka Lokayukta|Andhra]] Pradesh's Anti Corruption Bureau ([[Anti-Corruption Bureau, Andhra Pradesh|ACB]]) has launched a large scale investigation in the "cash-for-bail" scam.<ref name="cash-for-bail">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Andhra-cash-for-bail-scam-Suspended-judge-questioned/articleshow/14261658.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514145619/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-19/india/32316870_1_acb-official-favour-anti-corruption-bureau-officials |url-status=live |archive-date=14 May 2013 | title=Andhra cash-for-bail scam: Suspended judge questioned| author=PTI |website=[[The Times of India]] | date=19 June 2012}}</ref>
CBI court judge Talluri Pattabhirama Rao was arrested on 19 June 2012 for taking a bribe to grant bail to former Karnataka Minister Gali Janardhan Reddy.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/569049.html?CMP=outlook_news| title=Srinivasan questioned in politician's corruption case| author=Tariq Engineer| publisher=ESPN CricInfo| date=19 June 2012| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313235613/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/569049.html?CMP=outlook_news| archive-date=13 March 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref>
A case has also been opened against seven other individuals under the Indian Penal Code and the Prevention of Corruption Act.<ref name="cash-for-bail" />

=== Civic anti-corruption organisations ===
A variety of organisations have been created in India to actively fight against corrupt government and business practices. Notable organisations include:
* Bharat Swabhiman Trust, established by [[Ramdev]], has campaigned against black money and corruption for a decade.{{when|date=December 2014}}
* 5th Pillar is most known for the creation of the [[zero-rupee note]], a valueless note designed to be given to corrupt officials when they request bribes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/49752/zero-rupee-note-to-fight-corruption/|title = How a Zero Rupee Note Can Help You Fight Corruption and Bribery in India!|date = 22 March 2016}}</ref>
* [[India Against Corruption]] was a popular movement active during 2011–12 that received much media attention. Among its prominent public faces were [[Arvind Kejriwal]], [[Kiran Bedi]] and [[Anna Hazare]]. Kejriwal went on to form the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] and Hazare established Jan Tantra Morcha.<ref name="express">{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article376075.ece|title=Wasn't easy for Anna's 'thambis'|last=G Babu Jayakumar|date=10 April 2011|work=The New Indian Express|location=India|language=en-IN|access-date=12 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203084419/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article376075.ece|archive-date=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Jaago Re! One Billion Votes]] was an organisation founded by [[Tata Tea]] and [[Janaagraha]] to increase youth voter registration.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tata Tea and NGO launch programme on right to vote for youth|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/holnus/004200809162080.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119112915/http://hinduonnet.com/holnus/004200809162080.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 January 2009|access-date=30 May 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> They have since expanded their work to include other social issues, including corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaagore.com/articles|title=Articles|publisher=Tata Tea|access-date=30 May 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611041334/http://www.jaagore.com/articles|archive-date=11 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*The [[Lok Satta Movement]], has transformed itself from a civil organisation to a full-fledged political party, the [[Lok Satta Party]]. The party has fielded candidates in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Bangalore. In 2009, it obtained its first elected post, when [[Jayaprakash Narayan (Lok Satta)|Jayaprakash Narayan]] won the election for the [[Kukatpally]] Assembly Constituency in Andhra Pradesh.
*Right to Recall Party founded by [[Rahul Chimanbhai Mehta]] is among parties contesting elections on the agenda of decreasing corruption through their right to recall drafts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fight for recall right |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/fight-for-recall-right/37560635.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This IIT graduate makes 'right to recall' his poll plank |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/this-iit-graduate-makes--right-to-recall--his-poll-plank/694337/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

===Electoral reforms===
{{See also|Electoral reform in India}}
A number of ideas have been in discussion to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of electoral processes in India.

==Factors contributing to corruption in India==

In a 2004 report on Corruption in India,<ref name=kpmg2011>{{cite web|title=Survey on Bribery and Corruption – Impact on Economy and Business Environment|publisher=KPMG|year=2011|url=http://www.kpmg.com/IN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ThoughtLeadership/KPMG_Bribery_Survey_Report_new.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108141829/http://www.kpmg.com/IN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ThoughtLeadership/KPMG_Bribery_Survey_Report_new.pdf|archive-date=8 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> one of the world's largest audit and compliance firms [[KPMG]] notes several issues that encourage corruption in India. The report suggests high taxes and excessive regulation bureaucracy as a major cause; India has high marginal tax rates and numerous regulatory bodies with the power to stop any citizen or business from going about their daily affairs.<ref name=kpmg2011/><ref name="The Economist">{{cite news|title=Corruption in India – A rotten state|newspaper=The Economist|date=10 March 2011|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2011/03/10/a-rotten-state|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818134512/http://www.economist.com/node/18332796|archive-date=18 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

This power of Indian authorities to search and question individuals creates opportunities for corrupt public officials to extract bribes—each individual or business decides if the effort required for due process and the cost of delay is worth paying the bribe demanded. In cases of high taxes, paying off the corrupt official is cheaper than the tax. This, according to the report, is one major cause of corruption in India and 150 other countries across the world. In the real estate industry, the high capital gains tax in India encourages large-scale corruption. The KPMG report claims that the correlation between high real estate taxes and corruption is high in India, as it is in other countries, including the developed economies; this correlation has been true in modern times as well as throughout centuries of human history in various cultures.<ref name=kpmg2011/><ref name="The Economist"/>

The desire to pay lower taxes than those demanded by the state explains the demand side of corruption. The net result is that the corrupt officials collect bribes, the government fails to collect taxes for its own budget and corruption grows. The report suggests regulatory reforms, process simplification and lower taxes as means to increase tax receipts and reduce causes of corruption.<ref name=kpmg2011/><ref name="The Economist"/>

In addition to tax rates and regulatory burdens, the KPMG report claims corruption results from opaque process and paperwork on the part of the government. Lack of transparency allows room for manoeuvre for both demanders and suppliers of corruption. Whenever objective standards and transparent processes are missing, and subjective opinion driven regulators and opaque/hidden processes are present, conditions are ripe for corruption.<ref name=kpmg2011/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Cures |author=U Myint |journal=Asia-Pacific Development Journal |volume=7 |number=2 |date=December 2000 |url=http://www.unescap.org/DRPAD/publication/journal_7_2/myint.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027095628/http://www.unescap.org/drpad/publication/journal_7_2/myint.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2011 }}</ref>

Vito Tanzi in an [[International Monetary Fund]] study suggests that in India, like other countries in the world, corruption is caused by excessive regulations and authorisation requirements, complicated taxes and licensing systems, mandated spending programmes, lack of competitive free markets, monopolisation of certain goods and service providers by government controlled institutions, bureaucracy, lack of penalties for corrupt public officials and lack of transparent laws and processes.<ref name=WFR2011>{{cite web|title=Corruption in India|publisher=The World Finance Review|author=Debroy and Bhandari|year=2011|url=http://www.worldfinancialreview.com/?p=1575|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209132023/http://www.worldfinancialreview.com/?p=1575|archive-date=9 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Corruption Around the World – Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures|author=Vito Tanzi|publisher=IMF Staff Papers|volume=45|number=4|date=December 1998}}</ref> A Harvard University study finds these to be some of the causes of corruption and underground economy in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Role of Law and Legal Institutions in Asian Economic Development: The Case of India|author=Anant and Mitra|publisher=Harvard University|date=November 1998|url=http://www.cid.harvard.edu/hiid/662.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429191844/http://www.cid.harvard.edu/hiid/662.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Impact of corruption==

===Loss of credibility===
In a study on bribery and corruption in India conducted in 2013<ref name="ey.com"/> by global professional services firm [[Ernst & Young]] (EY), a majority of the survey respondents from PE firms said that a company operating in a sector which is perceived as highly corrupt may lose ground when it comes to fair valuation of its business, as investors bargain hard and factor in the cost of corruption at the time of transaction.

According to a report by KPMG, "high-level corruption and scams are now threatening to derail the country's credibility and [its] economic boom".<ref>{{cite news|last=Colvin|first=Geoff|title=Corruption: The biggest threat to developing economies|url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/04/19/news/international/corruption_developing_economies.fortune/?section=money_latest|publisher=CNNMoney|access-date=23 May 2011|date=20 April 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430083130/https://money.cnn.com/2011/04/19/news/international/corruption_developing_economies.fortune/?section=money_latest|archive-date=30 April 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Economic losses===
Corruption may lead to further bureaucratic delay and inefficiency if corrupt bureaucrats introduce red tape in order to extort more bribes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Busch |first1=Joel H. |title=Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations |journal=The Australian Quarterly |date=1968 |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=118–121 |doi=10.2307/20634250 |jstor=20634250 }}</ref> Such inadequacies in institutional efficiency could affect growth indirectly by lowering the private [[marginal product]] of capital and investment rate.<ref name="Mauro, Paolo 1995">{{cite journal |last1=Mauro |first1=Paolo |title=Corruption and Growth |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |date=1995 |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=681–712 |doi=10.2307/2946696 |jstor=2946696 }}</ref> Levine and Renelt showed that investment rate is a robust determinant of economic growth.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=Ross |last2=Renelt |first2=David |title=A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions |journal=The American Economic Review |date=1992 |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=942–963 |jstor=2117352 }}</ref>

Bureaucratic inefficiency also affects growth directly through misallocation of investments in the economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1993/11/01/000009265_3961005131850/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf |title=How Much do Distortions Affect Growth |publisher=[[World Bank]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605154519/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1993/11/01/000009265_3961005131850/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Additionally, corruption results in lower economic growth for a given level of income.<ref name="Mauro, Paolo 1995"/>

===Quality of education===
{{excerpt|Education in India|Corruption in education}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}{{col div|colwidth=36em}}
* [[Political funding in India]]
* [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]
* [[Crime in India]]
* [[Economic history of India]]
* [[List of scandals in India]]
* [[Licence Raj]]
* [[Mafia Raj]]
* [[Uprising 2011, Indians Against Corruption]]
* [[Debt bondage in India]]

'''Anti-corruption:'''
* [[2012 Indian anti-corruption movement]]
* [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]]
* [[Jan Lokpal Bill]]
* [[Right to Public Services legislation]]
* [[Lokayukta|Lok Ayukta]]

'''General:'''
* [[Corruption Perceptions Index]]
* [[Rent seeking]]
* [[Socio-economic issues in India]]
* [[International Anti-Corruption Academy]]
* [[Group of States Against Corruption]]
* [[International Anti-Corruption Day]]
* [[ISO 37001|ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems]]
* [[United Nations Convention against Corruption]]
* [[OECD Anti-Bribery Convention]]
* [[Transparency International]]

{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Khatri, Naresh. 2013. Anatomy of Indian Brand of Crony Capitalism. {{ssrn|2335201}}
* {{Cite book | last1=Kohli | first1=Suresh | year=1975 | title=Corruption in India: The Growing Evil | place=India | publisher=Chetana Pvt.Ltd| isbn=978-0-86186-580-2}}
* {{Cite book | last1=Dwivedy | first1=Surendranath | last2=Bhargava | first2=G. S. | year=1967 | title=Political Corruption in India | url=https://archive.org/details/politicalcorrupt0000dwiv | url-access=registration }}
* {{Cite book | last1=Gupta | first1=K. N. | year=2001 | title=Corruption in India | publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd | isbn=978-81-261-0973-9 }}.
* {{Cite book | last1=Halayya | first1=M. | year=1985 | title=Corruption in India | publisher=Affiliated East-West Press }}
* {{Cite book | last1=Guhan | first1=Sanjivi | last2=Paul | first2=Samuel | year=1997 | title=Corruption in India: Agenda for Action | publisher=Vision Books }}
* {{cite book|title=Crony Capitalism in India: Establishing Robust Counteractive Institutional Frameworks|author=Khatri, N. and Ojha, A.|isbn=978-1-1375-8287-4|year=2017|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]}}
* {{Cite book| last1=Vittal | first1=N. | year=2003 | title=Corruption in India: The Roadblock to National Prosperity | publisher=Academic Foundation | isbn=978-81-7188-287-8 | url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EI06Df01.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030919195118/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EI06Df01.html | url-status=unfit | archive-date=2003-09-19 }}
* {{cite book|last=Somiah|first=C.G.|title=The honest always stand alone|year=2010|publisher=Niyogi Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-89738-71-6}}
* {{cite book| title=GAS WARS: Crony Capitalism and the Ambanis|author=Thakurta, P.G. and Ghosh, S. and Chaudhuri, J.
|isbn=978-8-1928-5513-4|year=2014|publisher=[[Paranjoy Guha Thakurta]] }}
* Krishna K. Tummala (2006) Regime Corruption in India, Asian Journal of Political Science, 14:1, 1-22, {{doi| 10.1080/02185370600832315}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kaur|first=Ravinder|title=India Inc. and its Moral Discontents|url=https://www.academia.edu/3347336|journal=Economic and Political Weekly}}
* Sharma, Vivek Swaroop. "Give Corruption a Chance" in ''The National Interest'' 128, November/December 2013: 38–45. Full text available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279587155_Give_Corruption_a_Chance.
* [[Arun Shourie]] (1992). These lethal, inexorable laws: Rajiv, his men and his regime. Delhi: South Asia Books. {{ISBN|978-0836427554}}
* Bhattacharyya, Dilip K., and Susmita Ghose. “Corruption in India and the Hidden Economy.” [[Economic and Political Weekly]] 33, no. 44 (1998): 2795–99. {{JSTOR|4407329}}.
* Mattoni, Alice, and Anwesha Chakraborty. “Visual Memory in Grassroots Mobilizations: The Case of the Anti-Corruption Movement of 2011 in India.” In The Visual Memory of Protest, edited by Ann Rigney and Thomas Smits, 159–80. [[Amsterdam University Press]], 2023. {{doi|10.2307/jj.5610579.11}}.
* JENKINS, MATTHEW. “Anna Hazare, Liberalisation and the Careers of Corruption in Modern India: 1974-2011.” Economic and Political Weekly 49, no. 33 (2014): 41–49. {{JSTOR|24480452}}.
* {{cite book|title=The Scam: Who Won, who Lost, who Got Away|author=Basu, D. and Dalal, S.|isbn=978-8-1859-4410-4|lccn=93902443|year=1993|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors}}
* Ganeshaiah, K. N. “Has the Behaviour of the Stock Market Been Affected by the Scam? — A Statistical Analysis.” [[Current Science]], vol. 63, no. 7, 1992, pp. 345–47. {{JSTOR|24095453}}. Accessed 13 Feb. 2024.
* Rahman, Kaunain. “Overview of Corruption and Anti-Corruption Developments in India.” [[Transparency International]], 2022.{{JSTOR |resrep39425}}.
* BOROOAH, VANI K. “Corruption in India: A Quantitative Analysis.” [[Economic and Political Weekly]] 47, no. 28 (2012): 23–24. {{JSTOR|23251709}}.
* Mathur, R. S. (2011). Corruption in India—Extent, Dimension and Response. Indian Journal of Public Administration, 57(3), 464-471. {{doi|10.1177/0019556120110309}}
* Dutta, Nabamita, Saibal Kar, and Adam Stivers. “Does Economic Freedom Moderate Perceived Corruption for Firms in India?” [[IZA Institute of Labor Economics]], 2023. {{JSTOR|resrep57398}}.
* {{cite book|title=Corruption in India: The Roadblock to National Prosperity|author=Vittal, N.|isbn=9788171882878|lccn=2003309095| year=2003|publisher=Academic Foundation}}
* {{cite book|title=Combating Corruption in India|author=Verma, A. and Sharma, R.|isbn=9781108427463|lccn=2019030301|year=2019|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Ending Corruption?: How to Clean Up India|author=Vittal, N.|isbn=9788184756562|year=2012|publisher=Penguin Books Limited}}
* Balasubramanian, Bala N., Captured Boards and Fractured Governance in a World of Cronyism - The Case of India (October 1, 2017). Available at {{SSRN|2907630}} or {{doi|10.2139/ssrn.2907630}}
* Shaurav, K., Deheri, A. and Rath, B.N. (2024), "Understanding corruption in India: determinants, nonlinear dynamics and policy implications", International Journal of Emerging Markets, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. {{doi|10.1108/IJOEM-08-2023-1273}}
* Varma, A., Hu, B., Bloomquist, L. (2016). Family Oligarchies and Crony Capitalism in India. In: Khatri, N., Ojha, A.K. (eds) Crony Capitalism in India. Palgrave Studies in Indian Management. [[Palgrave Macmillan]], London. {{doi|10.1007/978-1-137-58287-4_8}}
* Hager, L. M. (1973). Bureaucratic Corruption in India: Legal Control of Maladministration. Comparative Political Studies, 6(2), 197-219. {{doi|10.1177/001041407300600203}}
* Krishna K. Tummala (2002) Corruption in India: Control measures and consequences, Asian Journal of Political Science, 10:2, 43-69, {{doi|10.1080/02185370208434210}}
* {{cite book|title=When Ideas Matter: Democracy and Corruption in India|author=Baloch, B.A.|isbn=9781316519837|lccn=2021017244|series=South Asia in the Social Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USg0EAAAQBAJ|year=2021|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] }}
* {{cite book| title=Why Scams are Here to Stay: Understanding Political Corruption in India|author=[[N. Ram|Ram, N.]]|isbn=9789384067311|lccn=2017329017| year=2017|publisher=Aleph }}
* {{cite book|title=Corruption and Development in Indian Economy|author=Mitra, A. and Sharma, C.| isbn=9781316843321|year=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book|title=Costs of Democracy: Political Finance in India|author=Kapur, D. and Vaishnav, M.|isbn=9780199093137|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] }}
* Jon S.T. Quah (2008) Curbing Corruption in India: An Impossible Dream?, Asian Journal of Political Science, 16:3, 240-259, {{doi|10.1080/02185370802504266}}
* GUPTA A. Changing Forms of Corruption in India. Modern Asian Studies. 2017;51(6):1862-1890. {{doi|10.1017/S0026749X17000580}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://cic.gov.in/ CIC] – The Central Information Commission is charged with interpreting the Right to Information Act, 2005.
* [http://righttoinformation.gov.in/ DoPT] – The Department of Personnel and Training, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions, is charged with being the nodal agency for the Right to Information Act, 2005. It has the powers to make rules regarding appeals, fees, etc.
* [https://kisancollege.com/ncib-corrupt-department-list/ NCIB Corrupt Department List: India’s Top 10 Most Corrupt Government Departments – Full Report]
* [https://kisancollege.com/most-corrupt-government-job-in-india/ 2025 Most Corrupt Government Job in India]

{{Corruption in India}}
{{India topics}}
{{Asia in topic|Corruption in}}
{{Social issues in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Corruption in India}}
[[Category:Corruption in India| ]]
[[Category:Corruption by country|India]]
[[Category:Corruption in Asia|India]]
[[Category:Crime in India]]
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Economy of India]]
[[Category:Government of India]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Society of India]]

Saharsa district

2026-03-08T03:45:01Z

JewelWoodcock19:

{{Short description|District in Bihar, India}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Saharsa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Saharsa district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Bihar|District]] of [[Bihar]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Chandika Sthan Temple near Saharsa Town.jpg
| image_caption = Chandika Sthan Temple near [[Saharsa]]
| image_map = Bihar district location map Saharsa.svg
| map_caption = Location of Saharsa district in Bihar
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Saharsa
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative divisions of Bihar|Division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kosi division|Kosi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1 April 1954
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Saharsa]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 1702
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,900,661
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 54.57 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 906
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Sonbarsha, Saharsa Assembly constituency|Sonbarsha]], [[Saharsa Assembly constituency|Saharsa]], [[Simri Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency|Simri Bakhtiarpur]], [[Mahishi Assembly constituency|Mahishi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 231 (India)|NH 231]] and [[National Highway 327 (India)|NH 327]]
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://saharsa.nic.in/}}
}}

'''Saharsa district''' is one of the thirty-eight [[districts of Bihar]], India. [[Saharsa]] city is the administrative headquarters of this district. Saharsa district is a part of the [[Kosi Division]] and it became a district on 1 April 1954 and has subsequently become smaller with other districts being carved from it, most notably [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]] in 1981.

Saharsa is located in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]], one of the earliest centers of Brahminical civilization in India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rPWPT6Fr9QEC&q=saharsa+mithila&pg=PA12|title=Rural Tension in India|pages=12|isbn=9788171414161|last1=Mishra|first1=Anil Kant|year=1998}}</ref> Saharsa is considered as the heart of whole Mithila region. it is the place which gave birth to legends such as like [[Maṇḍana Miśra|Mandana Misra]], [[Laxminath Gosain (Babajee)|Laxminath Gosain]], [[Ubhay Bharati|Ubhai Bharti]], etc.

==History==
[[File:Ancient Vishhara temple of Saharasa.jpg|thumb|Ancient Vishhara Temple located in Saharasa district.]]
Saharsa is part of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA27 |title = Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective|isbn = 9788175330344|last1 = Jha|first1 = Makhan|year = 1997}}</ref> Mithila first gained prominence after being settled by [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] who established the [[Mithila Kingdom]] (also called Kingdom of the Videhas).<ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 17 116–124, 141–143</ref>
During the late Vedic period (c. 1100–500 BCE), Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcāla. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called [[Janaka]]s.<ref>{{cite book |author=Witzel, M. |author-link=Michael Witzel |year=1989 |chapter=Tracing the Vedic dialects |title=Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes |location=Paris |editor1-last=Caillat |editor1-first=C. |pages=141–143 |publisher=Fondation Hugot}}</ref> The Videha Kingdom was later incorporated into the [[Vajjika League]], which had its capital in the city of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], which is also in Mithila.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hemchandra, R. |year=1972 |title=Political History of Ancient India |location=Calcutta |publisher=University of Calcutta}}</ref>

Mandan Mishra whose conversation with the [[Adi Shankara|Shankaracharya]] was considered one of the most intellectual conversations in the world was done in Mahismati village, nowadays Mahisi village. During the Dharma Vijaya yatra of [[Adi Shankara]], He visited Mahisi village (then called Mahishmati) to debate Mandana Misra. After winning in all discussions in all over the nation, He lost the [[Shastrartha|Sastrartha]] there.<ref name="youtube.com">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/qLdUesiPSb0 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160910212028/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLdUesiPSb0&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |title=Bharatvarsh: Episode 4: Watch the glorious story of Adi Shankaracharya |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLdUesiPSb0 |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Earlier, the Saharsa district was part of the [[Munger district|Munger]] and [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]] districts. On 1 April 1954 it was made a district of its own. It was also made headquarters of [[Kosi division]] on 2 October 1972, comprising Saharsa, [[Purnia district|Purnia]] and [[Katihar district]], with its headquarters at Saharsa. Similarly a new Civil Sub-Division Birpur was created on 1 December 1972, consisting of 24 development blocks, including Raghopur, Chhatapur, Basantpur and Nirmali, which were previously under Supaul subdivision of the district. Two new districts, [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]] and [[Supaul district|Supaul]], were formed from Saharsa district on 30 April 1981 and 1991. Saharsa district now consists of two subdivisions, Saharsa Sadar and Simri Bakhtiarpur. The district consists of 10 development blocks and anchals each.

== Geography ==
Saharsa district occupies an area of {{convert|1687|km2|sqmi}},<ref name='Reference Annual'>{{cite book | last1 = Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Bihar: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1118–1119 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}</ref>

Saharsa district is surrounded on the west by the river [[Koshi River|Kosi]], which has an abundance of fish and [[Euryale ferox|Makhana]]. Saharsa is famous for its varieties of mangoes and litchis.

Saharsa district comprises the following Sub-Divisions: Saharasa Sadar and Simri Bakhtiyarpur.
== Politics ==
{{transcluded section|source=18th Bihar Assembly}}
{{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|Saharsa district}}
|}

== Administration ==
Saharsa consists of 10 blocks arranged in two subdivisions:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks {{!}} Saharsa District {{!}} India |url=https://saharsa.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Saharsa subdivision ===
* [[Nauhatta]]
* Sattar Kataiya
* [[Mahishi]]
* Kahara
* [[Saur Bazar|Sour Bazar]]
* Patarghat
* Sonbarsa

=== Simri Bakhtiyarpur subdivision ===

* [[Simri Bakhtiyarpur]]
* Salkhua
* Banma Itahri

==Economy==
It is the major producer of best quality of [[Maize|Corn]] and [[Euryale ferox|Makhana]] in India. From Saharsa corn and Makhana are exported abroad country such as [[United States|America]], [[France]], [[Japan]], [[England]]. Every year 2 lakhs tonnes of corn are exported to different country and similarly Makhana also. The follgrown in the region; [[Euryale ferox|Makhana]] (''Euryale ferox'' Salisb), [[rice]], [[mango]]es, [[litchi]], [[bamboo]], [[Mustard oil|mustard]], [[Maize|corn]], [[wheat]], [[ber]] and [[sugarcane]]. [[Teak|Sagwan]] or ''Tectona grandis'') trees are now grown on a large scale.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,97,566|13=1911|14=4,09,867|15=1921|16=3,95,756|17=1931|18=4,18,762|19=1941|20=4,22,038|21=1951|22=4,89,307|23=1961|24=5,82,156|25=1971|26=7,21,202|27=1981|28=9,02,008|29=1991|30=11,32,413|31=2001|32=15,08,182|33=2011|34=19,00,661|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43343/download/47022/10%20A-2%20Bihar.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Saharsa district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11366/download/14479/DDW10C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.72}}
{{bar percent|[[Bihari Muslims|Islam]]|green|14.03}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.25}}
}}
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Saharsa district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,900,661,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Saharsa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/306/download/874/DH_2011_1012_PART_A_DCHB_SAHARSA.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 247th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|1125|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 25.79%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Saharsa has a [[sex ratio]] of 906 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 54.57%. 8.24% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes make up 16.69% and 0.32% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Saharsa district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]] |value1 = 68.87 |color1 = mistyrose
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 21.15 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 9.62 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.36 |color4 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 68.87% of the population in the district spoke [[Maithili language|Maithili]], 21.15% [[Hindi]] and 9.62% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10196/download/13308/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX|website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Mehboob Ali Kaiser (Indian politician)|Mehboob Ali Kaiser]] - Politician and MP from Khagaria
* [[Yusuf Salahuddin (Indian politician MR)|Yusuf Salahuddin]] - Politician and MLA from Simri Bakhtiarpur MR
* [[A. A. Khan (academic)|A. A. Khan]] - Physicist
* [[Anand Mohan Singh|Anand Singh]] - politician
* [[Abdul Ghafoor (Saharsa politician)|Abdul Ghafoor]] - Politician and former minister
* [[Baldev Mishra]] - Maithili writer
* [[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]] - Politician and MP
* [[Jamshedpur Gopeshwar]] - Trade union leader and politician
* [[Laxminath Gosain (Babajee)|Laxminath Gosain]] - Yogi and Poet
* [[Maṇḍana Miśra|Mandana Mishra]] - Advaita scholar
* [[Ulka Gupta]] - TV Serial actress
*[[Dilkhush Kumar]] - Indian Entrepreneur

== See also ==
*[[List of villages of Saharsa]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110430232046/http://www.allaboutbihar.com/districts/saharsa/index.php Saharsa Information Portal]
* [http://saharsa.bih.nic.in/ Official website of Saharsa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090531073513/http://saharsa.in/ http://saharsa.in]
* [http://www.topix.com/in/saharsa Saharsa news]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Saharsa district
|North = [[Madhubani district]]
|Northeast = [[Supaul district]]
|East = [[Madhepura district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Khagaria district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Darbhanga district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Districts of Bihar}}
{{Kosi Division}}
{{Kosi Division topics}}

{{coord|25|53|N|86|36|E|source:itwiki_type:adm3rd|display=title}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saharsa District}}
[[Category:Saharsa district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Bihar]]
[[Category:Kosi division]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:districts in Kosi Region]]

Baamma Maata Bangaru Baata

2026-03-03T19:03:57Z

JewelWoodcock19: Redirect page

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baamma Maata Bangaru Baata
| image = Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]]
| writer = [[Jandhyala]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[Chitralaya Gopu]]
| screenplay = Rajasekhar
| producer = [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravan]] M. Balasubramaniyan
| starring = [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]] [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Gautami]] [[Nutan Prasad]]
| cinematography = Ranga
| editing = R. Vittal C. Laasni
| music = [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1989|3|9}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Baamma Maata Bangaru Baata''''' ({{translation|Granny's Word is a Golden Route}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] produced by [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravan]] and M. Balasubramanian of [[AVM Productions]] and directed by [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]]. It stars [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Gautami]] and [[Nutan Prasad]], with music composed by Chandrabose. The film is a remake of AVM's [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Paatti Sollai Thattathe]]'' (1988).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |pages=318–319 |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |orig-date=2005}}</ref>

Though critically and commercially acclaimed, this film is infamous for the on-set accident in which Nutan Prasad broke his back. This left him paralysed from the waist down and he used a wheelchair for the remainder of his life.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=3 April 2011 |title=Against all odds |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Against-all-odds/article14668543.ece |url-status=live |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510093720/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Against-all-odds/article14668543.ece |archive-date=10 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2011 |title=Nutan Prasad, famous Telugu actor, dies |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nutan-prasad-famous-telugu-actor-dies-364825.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231026130656/https://www.news18.com/news/india/nutan-prasad-famous-telugu-actor-dies-364825.html |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins in a village with its chieftain, Rajyalakshmi, an indomitable woman. Suraiah, her husband, is just nominal, and a shirker stays under his wife's wing. The couple raises their heir, Krishna Murthy / Kishtaiah, who lost his parents as an infant. Rajyalakshmi dotes him in a shower of affection above any other. Kishtaiah hard-won graduation in 5 years, and Rajyalaksmi sets a felicitation because she is ignorant of his idiocy. While driving home, he acquits a girl, Sita, who feigns blindness, but Kishtaiah gazes it. Next, he is aware that she is eluding from forcible espousal with a blackguard conducting women's trafficking. Thus, Kishtaiah covertly shelters Sita at Govindu, a hotel owner in their town, of which Rajyalakshmi is unaware, along with the two crushes. Parallelly, Rajyalakshmi fixes a wealthy alliance without Kistaiah's knowledge, and he quiets concerning his grandmother's respect.

Consequently, Govindu airs Sita's presence to the gang that chases her—the bride's father also onslaughts, mindful of their love affair. Yet, Kishtaiah secures Sita, and they land at a police station where the Inspector knits them. Soon after, the newlywedded approaches Rajyalakshmi for blessing, which she refuses as per complete nosedive of mortification. Hence, Kishtaiah & Sita quit steps in the city and faced challenges. Thereupon, the same Police accommodates them at their outhouse. Kishtaiah & Sita gained Peon & Steno posts at Advocates Kutumba Rao & Kireeti. Whereat, they pretend to be unmarried & unbeknownst since they allot jobs only to singles. From there, it goes with funny scenarios. Kireeti entices Sita, and that envies Kishtaiah. Plus, typist Rita lusts for Kishtaiah and attempts to subdue him, but he detests her. Sita views it, misconstrues her husband, and a rift arises.

Meanwhile, Rajyalakshmi broods for Kishtaiah and makes his long quest, but in vain. So, she declares that she will bestow her totality to a temple. Suraiah walks to Kutumba Rao to handle it, where he spots Kishtaiah, and they proceed home. At the same time, the Inspector's wife entrusts their baby boy to Sita for a while. Suraiah misreads him as their own, rushes, and notifies Rajyalakshmi. Being ecstatic, she proceeds for her great-grandson. Here, Kishtaiah is conscious of the error and seeks the Inspector's aid, but out of the blue, he gets transferred. Then, Kistaiah advances to a hoaxer, Anasuya. She rents her baby with a masterful deceit of forging a girl into a boy and intruding into their house. Now, Suraiah & Rajyalakhmi arrive when Kishtaiah senses Anasuya's fraud and struggles to keep that from his grandmother.

After a few comic scenes, Anasuya threatens and tries to loot Kishtaiah. Sita becomes distressed and re-suspects Kishtaiah's link with Anasuya—additionally, Sita conceives and divulges the whole to Rajyalakshmi. Startlingly, she discerns the sham on day one and continues the play. Forthwith, Rajyalakshmi drags Anasuya out, which enrages her ruffian husband. Accordingly, he abducts the ladies, the men behind them, by acquiring a scientist's magical ''Super Car,'' resulting in a thrilling chase. At last, Rajalakshmi fights back single-handedly when Kishtaiah joins and ceases the baddies. Finally, the movie ends happily with Sita giving birth to twins and all living together.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]] as Rajyalakshmamma
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Krishna Murthy / Kishtaiah
*[[Gautami]] as Seeta
*[[Nutan Prasad]] as Suraiah
*[[Silk Smitha]] as Anasuya
*[[Basavaraju Venkata Padmanabha Rao|Padmanabham]] as Govindu
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Inspector
*[[Suthi Velu]] as Lawyer Kukuteswara Rao
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Lawyer Keerti
*[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Gumastha
*[[Anandaraj]] as Anasuya's husband
*Hema Sundar
*Potti Prasad
*K. K. Sarma
*Chidatala Appa Rao
*Dham
*Preethi as Reetha
*Chilakala Radha as Manga
*[[Kalpana Rai]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]]. The music is released on AVM Audio Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhama Mata Bangaru Baata |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bhama-mata-bangaru-baata/fXRc6J0X1nw_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510093702/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bhama-mata-bangaru-baata/fXRc6J0X1nw_ |archive-date=10 May 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Singers!!Length
|-
| "Delhi Ki Raja Aina"
| [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]]
| 3:55
|-
| "Maa Palle Gopaluda"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]]
| 4:57
|-
| "Chenna Patnam"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| 3:46
|-
| "Prematho"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| 2:57
|-
| "Salam Sadugudu"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S.P. Sailaja]]
| 4:17
|-
| "Prematho" (Pathos)
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S.Janaki]]
| 4:11
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0259208}}
{{AVM Productions}}
{{Rajasekhar (director)}}

[[Category:1989 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1989 comedy films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajasekhar (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chandrabose (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy films]]

Pathaam Valavu

2026-03-03T09:42:04Z

JewelWoodcock19: Created new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pathaam Valavu
| image = File:Pathaam Valavu.jpeg
| caption = Official Film Poster
| director = [[M. Padmakumar]]
| producer = Dr. Zacharia Thomas Gijo Kavanal Sreejith Ramachandran, Prince Paul Nitin Keni Naveen Chandra
| writer = Abhilash Pillai
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]
*[[Indrajith Sukumaran]]
*[[Aditi Ravi]]
*[[Swasika]]
*[[Ajmal Ameer]]
}}
| music = [[Ranjin Raj]]
| cinematography = Ratheesh Ram
| editing = [[Shameer Muhammed]]
| studio = United Global Media Productions Mumbai Movie Studios Pvt. Ltd.
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2022|5|13|df=y}}
| country = India
| runtime = 122 Minutes
| language = Malayalam}}

'''''Pathaam Valavu''''' ({{translation|The Tenth Curve}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam language]] [[Crime-thriller film|crime thriller]] [[drama film]] directed by [[M. Padmakumar]]
written by Abhilash Pillai starring [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] in the lead role with [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Ajmal Ameer]], [[Aditi Ravi]] and [[Swasika]].<ref>
* {{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suraj-venjaramoodu-and-indrajith-sukumaran-to-star-in-m-padmakumars-pathaam-valavu/articleshow/85486763.cms|title=Suraj Venjaramoodu and Indrajith Sukumaran to star in M Padmakumar's 'Pathaam Valavu' - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/05/12/patham-valavu-movie-release-emotional-family-thriller.html|title='Patham Valavu' promises to be an emotional family thriller|website=OnManorama}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/mar/24/padmakumar-suraj-indrajith-film-pathaam-valavu-to-release-in-may-2433470.html|title=Padmakumar-Suraj-Indrajith film 'Pathaam Valavu' to release in May|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 March 2022 }}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/suraj-venjaramoodu-starrer-film-pathaam-valavu-countdown-poster-out-rbnvn3|title=Pathaam Valavu : 'പത്താം വളവു'മായി സുരാജ്, കൗണ്ട്ഡൗണ്‍ പോസ്റ്റര്‍ പുറത്തിറക്കി|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref> The film's script was written by Abhilash Pillai, who also wrote ''[[Night Drive (film)|Night Drive]]'' (2022) also starring Indrajith Sukumaran.<ref>
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/mar/24/padmakumars-pathaam-valavu-gets-release-date-39769.html|title=Padmakumar's Pathaam Valavu gets release date|website=www.indulgexpress.com|date=24 March 2022 }}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/scenarist-abhilash-pillai-on-writing-the-scripts-for-malayalam-films-night-drive-and-patham-valavu/article65400726.ece|title=Scenarist Abhilash Pillai on writing the scripts for Malayalam films 'Night Drive' and 'Patham Valavu'|first=Shilpa Nair|last=Anand|date=12 May 2022|work=The Hindu}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/aradhana-jeevanatha-pathaam-valavu-movie-lyric-video-jk-527092.html|title=Pathaam Valavu | 'ആരാധനാ ജീവനാഥാ...'; പെരുന്നാള്‍ ഗാനവുമായി 'പത്താം വളവ്'|date=17 April 2022|website=News18 Malayalam}}<
* {{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/new-malayalam-release-hit-the-screen-on-may-13-649695/|title=ഈ ആഴ്ച റിലീസിനെത്തുന്ന ചിത്രങ്ങൾ}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pathaam-valavu-twitter-review-check-out-what-netizens-have-to-say-about-m-padmakumars-thriller/articleshow/91557108.cms|title='Pathaam Valavu' Twitter review: Check out what netizens have to say about M Padmakumar's thriller - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pathaam-valavu-trailer-suraj-venjaramoodu-indrajith-sukumaran-starrer-promises-an-engaging-thrill-ride/articleshow/90284328.cms|title='Pathaam Valavu' trailer: Suraj Venjaramoodu - Indrajith Sukumaran starrer promises an engaging thrill ride - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pathaam-valavu-indrajith-sukumaran-suraj-venjaramoodu-starrer-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/90412268.cms|title='Pathaam Valavu': Indrajith Sukumaran - Suraj Venjaramoodu starrer gets a release date - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Aditi Ravi plays a mother in the film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aditi-ravi-portraying-a-mothers-emotion-on-screen-was-a-challenge-for-me/articleshow/88645331.cms|title=Aditi Ravi: Portraying a mother's emotion on screen was a challenge for me - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Ajmal Ameer returns to Malayalam cinema with this film after a hiatus.<ref name=minute/>

== Plot ==
SI M. Sethunath is eager to go on leave for his wife Suja's delivery. He is 43 and Suja's first two pregnancies were miscarriages. He and his family are extremely worried. On the day when his leave was supposed to start, his superior Shihab Ali asks him to track down and capture Solomon who is out on parole and hasn't returned after his return date. Being an honest and straightforward officer who gives primary importance to duty, he readily takes up the task. Sethu goes to Solomon's house but Solomon runs away. Later in the day, Solomon tries to kill a guy but he's beaten up by the public . Sethu arrives on scene and arrests Solomon.

On the way back to the police station, they halt at a local teastall. While they were having tea, the teastall owner who knows Solomon very well, narrates his story to the police. He was an orphan and a well loved man in his village. He had fallen in love with a Hindu girl Seetha, and they both had eloped and gotten married. They had a daughter named Lachumol. One day during the local church festival, Lachu goes missing. The next day, Lachu's corpse is found, and the postmortem report tells that she was raped before death. The villagers assume that Head Constable Varadhan, who had wanted to marry Seetha was the culprit. SI Antony asks Varadhan to take time off as only he had a problem with Solomon and everyone is under the impression that he killed Lachu and for that reason villagers might attack him. With a heavy change of heart, Varadhan decided to investigate the case unofficially by himself. He finds out that the culprits are two drug addict youngsters, and they had committed the crime while under influence. Overcome with guilt and being responsible for Lachu's death, Varadhan tells Anthony that he had started a fight with Solomon on the festival and that if he hadn't started it, then Seetha might have been with Lachu. The court acquits the accused due to lack of evidence as the police also helps them.

Seetha tells Solomon that she wants both the culprits to be killed. Solomon kills one of them in front of the court but gets captured by their friends and relatives. Solomon is sent to jail. Now that he is out on parole , he tells Sethu that this would be his only chance to kill the second guy . But Sethu tries to calm him down and takes him to the jail . Meanwhile, Suja delivers a baby girl.

After Sethu returns from his time off, he visits Solomon in prison. Sethu tells Solomon that he does not have to worry about revenge anymore as the second guy is also dead . Sethu hands over a news paper report of a bike accident in which that youngster was killed. Solomon says that during his last 4 years in prison no God heard him and now if his prayers are answered, then that must be by someone who is also a father of a girl. Sethu silently walks away. In a flashback, it is shown that Sethu had killed that guy by running his official jeep over him after knocking him down from his bike, avenging Lachu's death.

Solomon gets released from jail after serving his term and reunites with Seetha who had been waiting for him.

==Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Solomon
*[[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as [[Sub Inspector of Police#Kerala|SI]] M. Sethunath
*[[Aditi Ravi]] as Seetha, Soloman's wife
*[[Swasika]] as Suja, Sethu's wife
*[[Ajmal Ameer]] as [[Head Constable#Kerala|Head Constable]] Varadhan
*[[Sudheer Karamana]] as Father Stephen Koshy
*Kiara Rinku Tomy as Lachumol, Soloman's and Seetha's daughter
*[[Sohan Seenulal]] as [[Police Constable#Kerala|Constable]] Swami
*[[Aneesh G. Menon]] as [[Police Constable#Kerala|Constable]] Satheesh
*[[Jayakrishnan]] as [[Sub Inspector of Police#Kerala|SI]] Antony
*[[Major Ravi]] as [[Inspector of Police#Kerala|CI]] Shihab Ali, Sethunath's superior officer
*Nisthar Ahmed as Xavier
*Abhinav Raj as Jerin Xavier
*[[Binu Adimali]] as Constable Charlie
*Shaju Sreedhar as Paul
*[[Edavela Babu]] as Ajayan, Anju's father
*Joy John Antony as Mahesh
*Sudheer Paravoor as Kochachan
*Nandhan Unni as Pachu
*Krittika Pradeep as Anitha, Seetha's sister
*Pria Menon as Sethunath's mother
*Thushara Pillai as Seetha's mother
*Anjana Appukuttan as Anju's relative
}}

==Production and release==
The film began production in August 2021. The film had its theatrical release on 13 May 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/suraj-venjarammoodu-and-indrajith-team-up-for-pathaam-valavu-news-malayalam-viuldfjagcdbd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821012556/https://www.sify.com/movies/suraj-venjarammoodu-and-indrajith-team-up-for-pathaam-valavu-news-malayalam-viuldfjagcdbd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 August 2021|title=Suraj Venjarammoodu and Indrajith team up for 'Pathaam Valavu|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/nov/24/first-look-of-m-padmakumars-next-pathaam-valavu-released-2387314.html|title=First look of M Padmakumar's 'Pathaam Valavu' released|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 November 2021 }}</ref> and [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] release through [[ManoramaMAX]] on 22 July 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/list-of-5-south-india-releases-to-stream-on-ott-in-july-1977300-2022-07-19|title=List of 5 South India releases to stream on OTT in July |date=19 July 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |work=The India Today}}</ref>

==Dubbed versions==
The film is also available in [[Hindi]] & [[Marathi language]] dubbed versions currently streaming on [[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Play]] & [[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Jhakaas]] app respectively.

==Soundtrack==
Music by [[Ranjin Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/pathaam-valavu-movie-new-song-elamalakadinullil-out-now-film-to-release-in-theaters-soon-90775|title=Pathaam Valavu Movie : "ഏലമലകാടിനുള്ളിൽ" പുതിയ ഗാനവുമായി പത്താം വളവ്; ചിത്രം ഉടൻ തീയേറ്ററുകളിലെത്തും|date=8 May 2022|website=Zee News Malayalam}}</ref>

==Reception==
V. Vinod Nair of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3/5 and opined that "Patham Valavu can be a one-time watch with an interesting twist".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/pathaam-valavu/movie-review/91561199.cms|title=Pathaam Valavu Movie Review: An emotional cop-convict drama|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 May 2022|accessdate=31 August 2022}}</ref> Fair Maithutty of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote that "Pathaam Valavu is underwhelming".<ref name=minute>
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pathaam-valavu-review-underwhelming-crime-drama-nothing-new-offer-163963|title=Pathaam Valavu review: An underwhelming crime drama with nothing new to offer|date=14 May 2022|website=The News Minute}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/pathaam-valavu-movie-review-rating-suraj-venjaramood-indrajith-650467/|title=സോളമനായി തിളങ്ങി സുരാജ് വെഞ്ഞാറമൂട്; പത്താം വളവ് റിവ്യൂ}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pathaam-valavu-movie-review-suraj-indrajiths-emotional-drama-hits-a-dead-end-due-to-lacklustre-writing/ce9cdcefac323|title=Pathaam Valavu movie review: Suraj, Indrajith's emotional drama hits a dead end due to lacklustre writing|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt15302594}}
* ''[https://www.ultraplay.in/movie/khatarnak-mod-pathaam-valavu/dhccjg8wur5b Pathaam Valavu (Hindi)]'' at [[Ultra_Media_%26_Entertainment |Ultra Play]]
* ''[https://www.ultrajhakaas.com/movie/nashibache-rahasya-pathaam-valavu/r1gsrg0kvdwk Pathaam Valavu (Marathi)]'' at [[Ultra_Media_%26_Entertainment |Ultra Jhakaas]]

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Padmakumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ranjin Raj]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]

Nalla Thomas

2026-03-02T08:25:55Z

JewelWoodcock19: done

{{Short description|Indian Christian pastor (1946–2021)}}{{Primary sources|date=April 2023}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox clergy
| child =
| honorific_prefix = Pastor<ref>Donald E. Miller, Tetsunao Yamamori, ''Global Pentecostalism: The New Face of Christian Social Engagement'', University of California Press, Berkeley, 2007, p.229.[https://books.google.com/books?id=cbIwDwAAQBAJ&dq=nalla+thomas+baptist&pg=PA229]</ref>
| name = Nalla Thomas, [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]]
| honorific_suffix = ''Ayyagaru''
| image =
| image_size =
| alt = 
| caption =
| citizenship =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|03|02|df=y}}<ref name="DC">''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', Hyderabad City Edition, ''Obituary'', p.4, 20 April 2021.</ref>
| birth_place = Nellutla,<ref name="DC"/> in Warangal Division District of erstwhile [[Hyderabad State|princely State of Hyderabad]]
| burial_place = Bhoiguda,<ref name="DC"/> Secunderabad district (Telangana)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|04|19|1946|03|02|df=y}}<ref name="DC"/>
| death_place = [[Secunderabad]]<ref name="DC"/> (Telangana)
| other_names =
| years_active = 1974–2015<ref name="YT">Centenary Baptist Church, ''Funeral Service of Rev. Dr. Nalla Thomas'', 20 April 2021.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7_3uvJH74s]</ref>
| occupation = Priest<ref name="DC"/>
| education = [[Licentiate in Theology|L. Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]) {{small|(1970)}}, [[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]] (Serampore) {{small|(1975)}}
| alma_mater =
*STBC-Preston Institute, Jangaon (Telangana),
*[[Osmania University|OU]]-Arts and Science College, Secunderabad (Telangana),
*[[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Rajahmundry]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]]) {{small|(1967–1970)}},<ref name="JK">{{cite magazine |last= |first= |date=29 April 2021 |title=జీవకిరణం |trans-title= |url= |language=Telugu |magazine=Jeevakiranam (Special edition on Nalla Thomas) |location=Secunderabad |publisher=Centenary Baptist Church, Secunderabad |access-date=}}</ref>
*[[Methodist Church in India|MCI]]-Leonard Theological College, [[Jabalpur]] ([[Madhya Pradesh]]) {{small|(1973–1975)}}<ref name="JK"/>
| known_for = [[Spiritual development]]<ref name="YBT">''Yearbook of the American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A.'', 1986, p.85.
[https://books.google.com/books?id=I7bkAAAAMAAJ&q=n.thomas+associate+general+secretary]</ref>
| parents = 
| website = 
| footnotes =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| nocat_wdimage =
| religion = Christianity
| church = [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]] Society
| ordained =
| laicised =
| writings =
| congregations =
*[[CBCNEI]]-Telugu Baptist Church, [[Maligaon]] ([[Assam]]) {{small|(1970–1972)}}<ref name="JK"/>
*STBC-Unruhpura Centenary Baptist Church, [[Jangaon]] (Telangana) {{small|(1975–1984)}}<ref name="JK"/>
*STBC-[[Centenary Baptist Church, Clock Tower, Secunderabad]] (Telangana) {{small|(1991–2015)}}
| offices_held =
*Associate General Secretary,<ref name="YB">''Yearbook of the American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A.'', 1991, p.74.[https://books.google.com/books?id=arbkAAAAMAAJ&q=rev.n.thomas+samavesam]</ref> Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches {{small|(1984–1991)}},<ref name="JK"/>
*Member, Board of Governors, [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] {{small|(1984–1991)}},
*Treasurer, Baptist Youth Fellowship, India<ref name="BYFI">Samaresh Nayak, ''A brief history of the Baptist Youth Fellowship India''.[http://www.byfindia.com/about-us/]</ref>{{small|(1992–2004)}}<ref name="BYFI"/>
| title = The Reverend
| module =
}}
'''Nalla Thomas<ref name="BP">Wendy Ryan, ''India worship conference draws over 2,000 people'', Baptist Press, 25 October 2000.[https://www.baptistpress.com/resource-library/news/india-worship-conference-draws-over-2000-people/]</ref>''' (2 March 1946 – 19 April 2021<ref name="DC"/>) was an [[Asian Christian]]<ref name="BP"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PHHkAAAAMAAJ&q=nalla+thomas+baptist ''The Wisconsin Baptist'', Phoenix Printing Company, 1989, p.4]</ref> and a spiritual personality,<ref name="TS">[[Government of Telangana]], ''Presentation of state-level awards'', 2016.[https://www.telangana.gov.in/PDFDocuments/StateFormationDay2016/31052016YATC_RT336.PDF]</ref> who served the Church in [[Assam]] and undivided Andhra Pradesh for nearly four decades, spanning the 1970s to the early 2000s. He was known for composing hymns to enhance [[spiritual direction]] and devotion.<ref>[https://www.uecf.net/songs/s31.htm ''Silver Jubilee Melodies of Ezra Sastry'']</ref> Thomas also served as an [[Ecclesiastical]] administrator of the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]] Society.

In 2016,<ref name="Sakshi">{{cite news |last=Prabhukiran |first=T. A. |date=21 April 2021 |title=రెవ్ నల్ల థామస్ అస్తమయం|trans-title=Nalla Thomas no more|url=https://epaper.sakshi.com/c/59895217 |language=Telugu |work=Sakshi |location=Hyderabad |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> on Telangana State Formation Day, the [[Government of Telangana]] included Thomas's name in a list of 62 awardees who had made significant contributions in various fields. Under the category of Spiritual Personalities, Thomas was honored alongside two other spiritual leaders: [[Vedic scholar]] Sri Kodakandla Narasimha Rama Sidhanthi and [[Islamic scholar]] Sri Janab Mufti Ajeemuddin Saheb of [[Jamia Nizamia]].<ref name="TS"/> The three spiritual figures, along with 59 others, were honored on the occasion by the then [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor of Telangana]], [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]] and the [[Chief Minister of Telangana]], [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]].

==Contribution==
===Ordination of women priests===
Thomas was a proponent of the [[Ordination of women in Christianity|ordination of women in Protestant denominations]] and ordained two women during his pastorate in [[Secunderabad]].<ref>[https://robbijames.com/2020/07/25/she-preached/ Robbie James, ''She Preached'', July 25, 2020]</ref> He was also invited to the conclaves of the [[Association of Theologically Trained Women of India]], which were led by [[Smt.]] [[Navamani Elia Peter]] (MCI), The Rev. Florence Deenadayalan (CSI), and Smt. Johanna Rose Ratnavathi (AELC).<ref name="ATTWI">[https://books.google.com/books?id=SgN0HAAACAAJ&q=association+of+theologically+trained+women+of+india+handbook ATTWI Handbook]</ref>

===Vocation promotion===
As a member of the Board of Governors of the near-ecumenical Andhra Christian Theological College in the 1980s, Thomas provided valuable leadership to his alma mater in matters of seminary administration. Representing the Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches on the Board in Secunderabad, he played a pivotal role in guiding youth in congregations to recognize their [[Vocational discernment in the Catholic Church|vocational calling]] and prepare themselves for the path of [[Priest|priesthood]].<ref name="JK"/>

===Ecclesiastical administration===
Much of Thomas's contribution was in undivided Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="Sakshi"/> After returning from [[Assam]], he began focusing on the overall [[leadership]] of the Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches (STBC), starting with [[youth development]] and [[Spirituality|spiritual growth initiatives]].<ref name="YBT"/> He was later appointed<ref name="JK"/> as Associate General Secretary of the STBC,<ref name="YB"/> with ecclesiastical jurisdiction spanning [[Tamil Nadu]] and undivided Andhra Pradesh.

Thomas worked closely with other [[spiritual leader]]s,<ref name="YBT" /> including The Revds. [[Suppogu Joseph]], [[G. Samuel]], and [[Ravela Joseph]], of the STBC. In 1988,<ref name="YBT" /> as part of the STBC leadership, he visited several churches in the United States at the invitation of the [[American Baptist International Ministries]]. He also spent four<ref name="YBT" /> months at [[Charleston Baptist Temple]], [[Charleston, West Virginia]], as a guest of its pastor, The Rev. David Fish of the American Baptist Mission.<ref name="YBT" />

===Scriptural===
Some [[Protestant]] groups had been working to make the [[sacred Scripture]]s available in the [[Lambadi language]]. To this end, the [[Bible Society of India]] (BSI) initiated the translation work. This effort was initially undertaken by The Rev. [[B. E. Devaraj]] of the Church of South India ([[Church of South India|CSI]]), who was teaching at [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], then located in the river town of [[Rajahmundry]]. Later, The Rev. Lal Singh Lazarus (CSI)<ref name="Sowing"/> took on the responsibility of continuing the translation.

Simultaneously, the Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches (STBC) was engaged in ministries among the [[Lambadis]]<ref>''Gipson, Tracy Greer and Marjorie Papers'', American Baptist Historical Society.[https://libraries.mercer.edu/archivesspace/repositories/2/resources/1]</ref> through Banjara Development Trust.<ref>[http://eacinet.org/bdt.php EACINET]</ref> During this time, The Revds. Robbie and James Francovich of the [[Cooperative Baptist Fellowship]] were also ministering to the [[Lambadis]]<ref>Darrel Watson, ''Oasis of Hope'' in ''Visions'', December 2006/January 2007, p.2.[https://www.cbfga.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Visions2006-2007-1201.pdf]</ref> and took a keen interest in the progress of the translation work.

When the [[Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary]] approached Thomas to release a copy of the [[New Testament]] in the Lambadi language, he unwittingly became part of history. The New Testament was officially released on 25 October 1999<ref name="Sowing">''Sowing Circle, A Bulletin of the [[Bible Society of India]]'', Volume 15, Number 1, January–April 2000 (For Private Circulation), Bengaluru. pp. 24–25.</ref> at the STBC-[[Centenary Baptist Church, Clock Tower, Secunderabad]]. The event was attended by [[Old Testament]] scholars The Rev. G. Babu Rao<ref name="Sowing" /> ([[CBCNC]]), who served as the auxiliary secretary of the BSI Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary, and The Rev. [[G. D. V. Prasad]] ([[Church of South India|CSI]]), the translations director of BSI. Also present was Sri Bidyut Kumar Pramanik,<ref name="Sowing" /> the then General Secretary of the BSI.

==Early life, education and spirituality==
===Telangana===
Thomas completed his early schooling at the STBC-Preston Institute in [[Jangaon]], which was renowned for providing quality education.<ref>''Guide to Technical Assistance Services of United States Voluntary Agencies Abroad 1949–1951'', Department of State Publication, 1952, p.76.[https://books.google.com/books?id=mJgvAAAAYAAJ&dq=preston+institute+jangaon&pg=PA76]</ref> For his collegiate studies, he moved to [[Secunderabad]] to pursue a [[pre-university course]] at the OU-Arts and Science College<ref>''World List of Universities 1977–78 / Liste Mondiale des Universites'', International Association of Universities, Palgrave Macmillan, London, p.188.[https://books.google.com/books?id=C9GbCwAAQBAJ&dq=arts+and+science+college+secunderabad&pg=PA188]</ref> (now Postgraduate College, Secunderabad).

===Andhra Pradesh===
Thomas discerned his calling toward [[spirituality]] and approached the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]] (STBC), which evaluated his candidature and potential for [[Christian ministry]]. During this period, The Revds. [[Louis F. Knoll]], Maurice Blanchard,<ref>Bula Dell Blanchard, ''Remembering: 25 Years of God's Faithfulness in India'', Koiner Co., 1996.[https://books.google.com/books?id=qAtuBgAAQBAJ&dq=maurice+blanchard+american+baptist+india&pg=PA15]</ref> and Tracy Greer Gipson,<ref>''Yearbook of the American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A. 1979'', 1979, p.83.[https://books.google.com/books?id=e3PkAAAAMAAJ&q=Tracy+Gipson+andhra+christian+theological+college]</ref> all of the [[International Ministries (organization)|American Baptist Mission]] (ABM), were leading theological education efforts.

For his [[spiritual formation]], Thomas enrolled at the near-ecumenical [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] (ACTC) in [[Rajahmundry]], where he studied from 1967 to 1970, completing an [[Licentiate in Theology|L. Th.]]<ref name="JK" /> program under the principalship of [[Old Testament]] scholar The Rev. [[W. D. Coleman]] ([[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]]). His study companions included The Rev. D. J. Jeremiah (CBCNC)<ref>John Prabhakar, Anuparthy, ''Preaching Contextually: A Case with Rural Dalits in India'', Notion Books, Chennai, 2016.[https://books.google.com/books?id=d040DQAAQBAJ&dq=samavesam+of+telugu+baptist+churches+membership&pg=PT33]</ref> and The Rev. B. J. Christie Kumar (STBC).<ref>B. J. Christie Kumar, ''An Indian Christian Appreciation of the Doctrine of the Holy Spirit: A Search into the Religious Heritage of the Indian Christian,'' in ''[[Indian Journal of Theology]]'', Volume 30.1, Jan–March 1981, pp. 29–35.[https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/30-1_029.pdf]</ref>

At ACTC, Thomas had the opportunity to interact with members of various denominations, including [[Methodist]]s, [[Lutheran]]s, [[Baptist]]s, [[Anglican]]s, [[Congregationalist]]s, [[Presbyterian]]s, and [[Wesleyan]]s. After completing his ministerial studies in Rajahmundry, he returned to the Deccan Association of the Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches to begin his ministry.

During the convocation of the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] held in 1971, led by its Registrar, The Rev. [[Chetti Devasahayam]] ([[CBCNC]]), Thomas was awarded the L.Th. degree.

===Madhya Pradesh===
In 1973,<ref name="JK"/> Thomas moved to Madhya Pradesh, where he spent two years<ref name="JK"/> upgrading his studies at Leonard Theological College, [[Jabalpur]], an institution managed<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RfMpKxKHjwsC&q=1971+director+leonard+theological+college+jabalpur ''World Christianity'', Volume 3, South Asia, 1980, p.124]</ref> by the [[Methodist Church in India]]. There, he studied in a near-[[Ecumenism|ecumenical]] setting that included members from various [[Protestant]] denominations and the Orthodox Church. The college was led by its then principal, The Rev. John Radhakrishnan (MCI),<ref>''The Indian Medical Register, 1960: Supplementary list'', Medical Council of India, New Delhi, 1972, p.463.[https://books.google.com/books?id=PvkfAQAAMAAJ&q=john+radhakrishan]</ref> supported by a faculty that included The Revds. Saiyyad Mohammed Zahir Ahsan (MCI),<ref>''The Indian Medical Register 1960: Supplementary list, Medical Council of India, New Delhi, 1969, p.2460.[https://books.google.com/books?id=GfgfAQAAMAAJ&q=Livyat+Miryam+Ratnaike]''</ref> D. V. Singh (MCI), Cariappa Samuel (MCI),<ref>John Norman Hollister, ''The Centenary of the Methodist Church in Southern Asia'', Lucknow Publishing House, Lucknow, 1956, p.iv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=QYwcAAAAMAAJ&q=carriappa+samuel+leonard+theological+college]</ref> and S. K. Parmar (MCI),<ref>Dinesh K. Agarwal, ''Great Struggle: Bishop's Story'', Patridge Publishing, 2016.[https://books.google.com/books?id=I2TjCwAAQBAJ&dq=s.k.parmar+leonard+theological+college&pg=PT23]</ref> among others.

During the 1976 convocation of the Senate of Serampore College (University), Thomas was awarded the [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] degree by the Registrar, The Rev. [[Johannes Thoft Krogh]] ([[Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church|NELC]]).

===Special studies in Biblical languages===
As a [[Seminary|seminarian]] in [[Rajahmundry]] from 1967 to 1970, Thomas showed a keen interest in studying [[Biblical Greek]] and [[Biblical Hebrew]],<ref name="JK"/> demonstrating strong cognitive skills in language acquisition. He was greatly influenced by the renowned [[Old Testament]] scholar The Rev. [[Victor Premasagar]] (CSI), a [[Cambridge Tripos]] graduate, as well as The Revds. K. David ([[CBCNC]]) and [[Muriel Spurgeon Carder]] ([[Canadian Baptist Ministries|CBM]]), who taught Biblical Greek. In 1969, the seminary faculty was further strengthened by the addition of The Revds. [[M. Victor Paul]] (AELC) and [[Suppogu Joseph]] (STBC), both of whom were experts in the New Testament.

From 1973 to 1974, while pursuing his B.D. studies in Jabalpur, Thomas maintained his enthusiasm for Biblical languages, studying Biblical Greek and Hebrew under a new team of scholars. In 1975, he moved to Jangaon to lead a congregation. Around the same time, Andhra Christian Theological College (ACTC) relocated from [[Rajahmundry]] to [[Secunderabad]].

Thomas remained committed to his academic pursuits, frequently visiting ACTC in Secunderabad to continue studying Biblical languages under The Rev. Victor Premasagar and The Rev. K. David. These efforts led him to attempt university examinations, aiming to qualify for a postgraduate course in [[Biblical studies]] at [[United Theological College, Bangalore]].<ref name="JK" /> However, circumstances took a different turn, and Thomas chose to continue his pastoral work in Jangaon.

==Career==
===Assam===
After completing his spiritual formation in 1970,<ref name="JK"/> Thomas was sent by the STBC to [[Maligaon]], [[Guwahati]], Assam, where he served as pastor of a [[Telugu language|Telugu-speaking]] congregation for two years. The Telugu Baptist Church in Maligaon was a branch of the Guwahati Baptist Church, operating under the aegis of the [[Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India]]. This church primarily catered to the spiritual needs of railway employees from undivided [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>''[[National Council of Churches Review]]'', Volume 101, 1981, pp.29–30.[https://books.google.com/books?id=IPzYAAAAMAAJ&q=maligaon+baptist]</ref>

In 1972, Thomas left Guwahati to pursue a special course under the aegis of the [[National Council of Churches in India]].<ref name="JK" />

===Telangana===
[[File:Unrupura_Centinory_Baptist_Church.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|STBC-Unruhpura Centenary Baptist Church in Jangaon; N. Thomas pastored this Church between 1975 and 1984.<ref name="JK"/>]]
In the latter half of the 1970s, Thomas was assigned a pastoral role at the STBC-Unruhpura Centenary Baptist Church in [[Jangaon]],<ref name="Sakshi"/> where he served for a decade from 1975 to 1984.<ref name="JK"/>

In the 1990s, after [[Old Testament]] scholar [[Gaddala Solomon]] stepped down as pastor of the STBC-Centenary Baptist Church, there was an intermittent gap, temporarily filled by Pastor P. Jyothi Solomon (STBC).<ref name="Souvenir">''Pastors who served the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]]-Centenary Baptist Church'' in Souvenir of the 125th anniversary of the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]]-Centenary Baptist Church, Secunderabad, 2000.</ref> During this time, the church leadership in Secunderabad felt the need for a strong and dedicated pastor, eventually considering Thomas for the role.

In 1991, Thomas moved from Jangaon to Secunderabad to take on the pastoral leadership of the church. Under his guidance, the church grew steadily, with Thomas working closely with its leadership to provide much-needed support for [[spiritual development]] and expanding its missions across the twin cities and beyond.<ref name="YB" />

Thomas’s pastorate in Secunderabad coincided with the [[archbishopric]] of [[Samineni Arulappa]], [[Marampudi Joji]], and [[Thumma Bala]].

The [[Kuki people]] have acknowledged the efforts of the leadership at Centenary Baptist Church and Pastor Thomas in providing a space for their worship in the [[Kuki language]].<ref>[https://www.aikws.org/hyderabad All India Kuki Worship Service]</ref> As pastor, Thomas also advocated strongly for [[youth development]], leading to an all-India youth gathering in Secunderabad in 1992. This event eventually transformed into the Baptist Youth Fellowship, India.<ref name="BYFI" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=John Prabhakar |first=Anuparthy |date=2016 |title=Preaching Contextually: A Case with Rural Dalits in India |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=d040DQAAQBAJ&dq=samavesam+of+telugu+baptist+churches+membership&pg=PT33|location=Chennai |publisher=Notion Books |isbn=978-1-945926-85-3 }}
*{{cite book |last=Jayakumar (Compiled) |first=K. J. W. |author-link= |date=2008 |title=The Lights That Never Quench - Baptist Missionaries |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=}}
*{{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Ravela |author-link= |date=2003 |title=A History of the Telugu Baptist Churches ([[American Baptist Mission]]) |url= |location= |publisher=Self-published |page= |isbn=}}
*{{cite book |last=Downie |first=David |author-link= |date=1924 |title=The Lone Star: A History of the Telugu Mission of the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel}}
{{succession box | before=[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] P. Jyothi Solomon, STBC<ref name="Souvenir">Pastors who served the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]]-Centenary Baptist Church in ''Souvenir of the 125th Anniversary of the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]]-Centenary Baptist Church, Secunderabad'', 2000.</ref> 1988–1991| title=Pastor, [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]]-[[Centenary Baptist Church, Clock Tower, Secunderabad]]|after=The Rev. T. Ephraim, STBC<ref name="Souvenir"/> 1993–2018| years=1991–2015}}
{{s-hon}}
{{succession box | before=| title=Associate General Secretary,<ref name="YB">''Yearbook of the American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A.'', 1991, p.74.[https://books.google.com/books?id=arbkAAAAMAAJ&q=rev.n.thomas+samavesam]</ref> [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]]|after=
| years=1984–1991}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box | before=B. Victor Emmanuel| title=Member, Board of Governors [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] Secunderabad|after=
| years=1984–1991}}
{{s-end}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Nalla}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:Leonard Theological College alumni]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Baptist ministers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Christian clergy]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Christian revivalists]]
[[Category:Christian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:Spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian Baptist missionaries]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Christian clergy]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
<references />

Kajangala

2026-03-01T18:56:57Z

JewelWoodcock19: edit

{{Short description|Ancient Territory}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
[[File:Ancient Political Divisions.jpg|250px|thumb]]

'''Kajangala''' ({{langx|bn| কজঙ্গল}}), refers to a territory located near [[Rajmahal]] in ancient times, in eastern part of [[India]].<ref name = "RCMajumdar">Majumdar, Dr. R.C., ''History of Ancient Bengal'', First published 1971, Reprint 2005, p. 64, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, {{ISBN|81-89118-01-3}}.</ref>

==Extent==
It was spread across what is now part of [[Birbhum district]] in [[West Bengal]] and [[Santhal Parganas]] in [[Jharkhand]].<ref name = "Roy">Roy, Niharranjan, ''Bangalir Itihas, Adi Parba'', {{in lang|bn}}, first published 1972, reprint 2005, pp. 99-100, 81-93, Dey’s Publishing, 13 Bankim Chatterjee Street, Kolkata, {{ISBN|81-7079-270-3}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Pali]] Vinayaka-pitaka fixed the eastern limit of [[Aryavarta]] (land of the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryans]]) at Kajangala.<ref>Majumdar, Dr. R.C., p. 454</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Birbhum topics}}
{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}

{{coord|25.0489|N|87.83803|E|source:itwiki_region:IN|format=dms|display=title}}

[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Ancient divisions in Bengal]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Usha (princess)

2026-02-27T06:28:07Z

JewelWoodcock19:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{short description|Daughter of Banasura and wife of Aniruddha in Hinduism}}
{{About|Daughter of Banasura|other uses|Usha (disambiguation){{!}}Usha}}

{{Infobox deity
| texts = [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Vishnu Purana]], [[Shiva Purana]], [[Mahabharata]]
| image = File:Raja Ravi Varma, Usha's Dream (oleographic print).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Usha dreaming of Aniruddha by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]
| family =
| spouse = [[Aniruddha]]
| children = [[List_of_characters_in_the_Mahabharata#Vajra|Vajra]]
| type = Hindu
| father = [[Banasura]]
| birth_place = Shonitapura
| mother = Ambavati
| dynasty = [[Yadu|Yaduvamsha]] (by marriage)
}}

'''Usha''' ([[Sanskrit]]: उषा, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Uṣā) is a character in [[Hindu history]]. She is the daughter of the [[asura]] king [[Banasura]] and the wife of [[Aniruddha]], the grandson of [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5iBAAAAMAAJ&q=banasur+Usha|title=Fables and Folk-tales of Assam|date=1998|publisher=Firma KLM|isbn=9788171020751|language=en}}</ref> Her story of falling in love with Aniruddha and wedding him is described in the [[Bhagavata Purana]].

== Legend ==
Banasura, ruling his kingdom from the city of [[Tezpur|Sonitapura]], was the son of Bali and the grandson of [[Prahlada]]. Banasura was a great devotee of Shiva and as a result of a boon granted to him from the deity, had gained 1000 arms. Intoxicated by his prowess, he observed to Shiva that he was the latter's equal, and that he had attempted to fight elephants, but the creatures had grown terrified of him. Shiva, enraged by his words, spoke thus: 'Your flag will be broken, oh fool, when your pride is vanquished in a battle you have with someone like me.'

One day, Usha saw a young man in her dream, made love to him, and fell in love with him. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Story of Usha and Aniruddha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/aug/01/the-story-of-usha-and-aniruddha-642616.html |access-date=2021-10-16 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Chitralekha (deity)|Chitralekha]], a friend of Usha a talented artist, helped Usha to identify the young man seen in her dream by sketching various portraits of the [[Vrishni|Vrishnis]]. Usha realised that she had dreamt of [[Aniruddha]], the grandson of [[Krishna]]. Chitralekha, through her yogic powers, shrunk Aniruddha to the size of a doll, abducted him from the palace of Krishna and brought him to Shonitapura.<ref name="CompetitionShankar2004">{{cite book |author=M. Padmanabhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39TA4-XyaQkC&pg=PT56 |title=Tales of Krishna from Mahabharatha |author2=Meera Ravi Shankar |date=1 August 2004 |publisher=Sura Books |isbn=978-81-7478-417-9 |pages=56–57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Vanamali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFwoDwAAQBAJ&q=banasura+krishna+shiva&pg=PT170 |title=The Complete Life of Krishna |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2012 |isbn=978-1594776908}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Stephen Knapp |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fw_ODQAAQBAJ&q=banasura+krishna+shiva&pg=PT16 |title=Krishna Deities and Their Miracles |date=January 1, 2021 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1SrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |title=Krishna |publisher=Har Anand Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-8124114223 |pages=68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Chandra Sekhar Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iifBDQAAQBAJ&q=banasura+krishna+shiva&pg=PT393 |title=The Purans volume-02 | date=8 December 2016 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1365593277}}</ref>
[[File:Union of Usha and Aniruddha.jpg|thumb|left|''Union of Usha and Aniruddha'' by M. V. Dhurandhar, c. 1934]]
Usha worshipped her lover and furnished him with priceless garments, garlands, fragrances, lamps, and with beverages, dishes, and words. Breaking her vow of chastity with him, she kept him hidden in her maiden quarters, and the lovers lost track of the days. Catching wind of his daughter's activities, Banasura rushed to her chambers to find her playing dice with doll sized Aniruddha. Even as the prince fended off the guards, Banasura subdued him with the mystical ropes of [[Varuna]] due to Aniruddha's shrunken state. Usha was overwhelmed with sorrow due to this incident. Aniruddha was held captive by Banasura for a month, until Narada informed the Yadus in [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]], who were searching for Aniruddha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srimad Bhagavatam: Canto 10 - Chapter 62 |url=http://bhagavata.org/canto10/chapter62.html |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=bhagavata.org}}</ref>

The Yadus' army attacked Banasura in a great battle. When the Yadu princes and their army besieged his kingdom with 12 [[Akshauhini|akshauhinis]], surrounding it completely. Banasura staged a fierce counterattack. During the war, [[Shiva]] appeared on the battlefield, riding on Nandi, to protect his devotee, Banasura. Balarama fought against Banasura's commander, while Samba fought against Banasura's son. To bear witness, the leaders of the godly souls headed by Brahma came in their celestial vehicles, as also the sages, the perfected souls, and the venerable personalities, the singers and [[Apsara|apsaras]] of heaven, and the [[Yakshini|yakshinis]]. Krishna and Shiva faced each other. Krishna used a ''brahmastra'' against Shiva's ''brahmastra'', a mountain weapon against a wind weapon, a rain weapon against a fire weapon, and his ''narayanastra'' against Shiva's ''pasupatiastra''. [[Kartikeya]], assaulted by Pradyumna's arrows, fled the battlefield on his peacock. After duelling with [[Satyaki]], Bana took up arms against [[Krishna]]. However, Krishna blew his conch and instantly, Banasura's charioteer was killed and his chariot broken and shattered.
In a desperate attempt to save Banasura, Kothara, his mother, stood naked before Krishna with her hair dishevelled. When the deity looked away, the asura fled to the city. When Shiva's forces had been defeated, [[Jvarasura|Jvara]], the embodiment of Shiva's fever, bearing three heads and three feet, attacked Krishna with scorching heat. Krishna produced his own Jvara of frigid coldness, and the two fought each other. Overwhelmed by Vishnu's fever, Shiva's Jvara offered its surrender and obeisance to Krishna and departed.

Meanwhile, Balarama defeated Banasura's commander. Bana rode forth upon his chariot to fight with Krishna, and the latter fought back with his Sudarshana Chakra. When Krishna started chopping Banasura's arms, [[Shiva]] returned to his senses and extolled the glories of [[Krishna]], not to kill Banasura, whom he had bestowed with fearlessness. Obliging, Krishna replied that he had never intended to kill Banasura, since he was the son of Bali and the grandson of the devout [[Prahlada]]. Vishnu had promised Bali not to kill any member of his family, and therefore would not slay him. However, Krishna severed Banasura's extra arms to destroy the latter's pride, leaving Banasura with only four arms.

Banasura realised his mistake and bowed his head before Krishna, arranging for a chariot to seat Aniruddha and Usha for their wedding in Dvaraka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srimad Bhagavatam: Canto 10 - Chapter 63 |url=http://bhagavata.org/canto10/chapter63.html |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=bhagavata.org}}</ref>

=== Rebirth ===
{{Main|Behula}}
According to the Bengali text [[Manasamangal Kāvya|Manasamangala Kavya]], Usha and Aniruddha were reborn as Behula and Lakshmindara in the next life and married each other again.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McDaniel|first=June|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d21MCAAAQBAJ&q=behula+lakhindar+usha&pg=PT51|title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal|date=2004-08-05|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-029056-6|language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Usha-Aniruddha Wedding.jpg|thumbnail|Sculpture of Usha-Aniruddha Wedding on [[Agnigarh]] hillock]]
The story of and Usha (as ''Okha'' in Gujarati) is depicted in the 18th century [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] [[Akhyana]] entitled ''Okhaharan'' by [[Premanand Bhatt]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Siba Pada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyhuAAAAMAAJ&q=okha+haran+Akhyan+Premanand|title=Sources of the History of India|date=1988|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|language=en}}</ref>

A 1901 Telugu language play titled ''[[Usha Parinayam]]'' written by [[Vedam Venkataraya Sastry]] was based on story of Usha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leiter|first=Samuel L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JttNAAAAYAAJ&q=Usha+Parinayam+play|title=Encyclopedia of Asian Theatre: A-N|date=2007|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33530-3|language=en}}</ref> The play was also taken as a Telugu film in 1961 by [[Kadaru Nagabhushanam]] under Rajarajeswari films.

''[[Usha Kalyanam]]'' is a 1936 Tamil-language film directed by [[K. Subramanyam|K. Subramaniam]].

== References ==
{{commons category}}
<references />
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]
[[Category:Mythological princesses]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]

Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen

2026-02-24T20:54:22Z

JewelWoodcock19: fix formatting for clarity and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Kerala based salafi organisation}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen
| image = Cover page Almanar monthly march 2012 knm magazin.jpg
| image_border =
| size =
| caption = ''Almanar'' magazine
| map =
| msize =
| mcaption =
| abbreviation = KNM
| formation = 1950<ref name="EI6-462">{{cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam Volume 6 |publisher=E.J. Brill |page=462 |url=https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/06.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonLewPel.etc.UndPatIUA.v6.Mah-Mid.Leid.EJBrill.1990.1991.#page/n483/mode/1up |accessdate=8 May 2020}}</ref>
| extinction =
| type = Religious based organization
| status =
| purpose =
| headquarters = C D Tower, [[Calicut]]
| location = [[Kerala]]
| region_served = [[India]]
| membership =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization = [[Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama]]
| affiliations = Mujahid Movement
[[Salafism|Salafiyya Movement]]
[https://www.ahlehadees.org/ All-India Jamaat-e- Ahl-i Hadith]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller |first=Roland E. |title=Mappila Muslims of Kerala: Study in Islamic Trends |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |year=1976 |isbn=0-86311-270-6 | location=160 Anna Salai, Madras 600 002 |page=337 | quote="..the Mujahīd Movement, also known as the Salafīyya or Wahhābi Movement, strengthened its criticism of practices that it regards as superstitious and pursued its struggle for a purified concept of tawhid... The movement is organised on a functional basis. The clergy unit is the Kerala Jamiat-ul-Ulema (1932), while the wider organisation is the Nadvat-ul-Mujahideen (1952)... The Mujāhids are affiliated the all India Jamaat-e-Ahl-Hadith.""}}</ref>
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = {{URL|http://knm.org.in/}}
| remarks =
}}

'''Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen''' ('''KNM''') is an Islamic organization in the state of [[Kerala]] founded in 1950.<ref name="EI6-462"/> The organization is part of the [[Islah|Islamic reformist]] ''Mujahid'' Movement and follows the principles of [[Salafism]]. The Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen was formed as a result of [[renaissance]] activities among Keralite Muslims led by scholars and clerics such as Sheikh Hamadani Thangal, [[K. M. Maulavi|K.M. Moulavi]], [[Vakkom Moulavi]], E. Moidu Moulavi and Ummer Moulavi. Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen is considered as the successor of Kerala Muslim Aikya Sangam,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Filippo Osella & Caroline Osella |title=Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India |journal=Modern Asian Studies |year=2008 |volume=42 |issue=2/3 |page=321 |jstor=20488022}}</ref> the first Muslim organization in the state of [[Kerala]], founded in 1924. The ''Mujahid'' movement laid the foundations of [[Islamic renaissance]] in [[Kerala]] by campaigning against corrupted practices of the [[Tariqa|Sufi orders]], superstitions, false beliefs, [[Shirk (Islam)|polytheism]] etc., and called for the revival of true Islamic practices to the Muslim community in Kerala which had until then been severely lacking in crucial aspects of religious and socio-civic knowledge. The ''Mujahids'' consider themselves as proponents of authentic Islamic reform, pursuing a purified concept of ''[[Tawhid]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Roland E.|title=Mappila Muslims of Kerala: Study in Islamic Trends|publisher=Orient Longman Limited|year=1976|isbn=0-86311-270-6|location=160 Anna Salai, Madras 600 002|page=337|quote=""..the Mujahīd Movement, also known as the Salafīyya movement, strengthened its criticism of practices that it regards as superstitious and pursued its struggle for a purified concept of tawhid..."}}</ref>

The social, cultural, educational, and religious activities of Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen enhanced the Islamic renaissance, and enabled the state's Muslims to create their own characteristics and peculiarities that distinguished them from other Muslim communities in [[India]] by achieving high rates of [[literacy]] and a prestigious status in Kerala society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/nm21/kerala-s-muslims-record-highest-literacy/article1-196379.aspx |title=Kerala's Muslims record highest literacy |accessdate=2015-02-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223191944/http://www.hindustantimes.com/nm21/kerala-s-muslims-record-highest-literacy/article1-196379.aspx |archivedate=2015-02-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/5359-muslim-literacy-lowest-demographic-report|title=Muslim literacy lowest: demographic report|first=Abdul Hafiz|last=Lakhani|website=Milligazette.com|accessdate=2 October 2017|archive-date=2 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002220743/http://www.milligazette.com/news/5359-muslim-literacy-lowest-demographic-report|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''Mujahid'' movement continues the [[Islah|Islamic reform]] traditions of the scholars [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Taqi al-Din ibn Taymiyya]] (1263-1328 C.E/661-728 A.H), [[Ahmad Sirhindi]] (1564-1624 C.E/ 971-1034 A.H), [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi|Shah Waliullah ad-Dehlawi]] (1703-1762 C.E/ 1114-1176 A.H), [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab|Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab]] (1703-1792 C.E/ 1115-1207 A.H) and [[Rashid Rida|Muhammad Rashid Rida]] (1865-1935 C.E/ 1281 A.H-1353 A.H).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Osella, Osella|first=Filippo, Caroline|date=March 2008|title=Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231955323|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=42|issue=2–3|pages=330–331|doi=10.1017/S0026749X07003198|s2cid=143932405 |via=Research Gate}}</ref>

The theological reformation initiated by Vakkom Abdul Qadir Moulavi and his disciples was a conservative reform movement directly influenced by the Arab ''[[Salafi movement|Salafiyya]]'' scholarly circles and trends popular in [[Syria]], [[Egypt]], etc. Although the ''Mujahids'' often visited the scholars of [[Saudi Arabia]], the movement differed from both the militant Puritanism of the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian]] [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] reformation as well as the "Neo-Mu'tazilism" of the culture-oriented [[North India]]n [[Islamic modernism|Muslim modernists]] like [[Syed Ahmad Khan|Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan]]. Instead, it was closer in spirit to the Arab ''Salafiyya'' movement, advancing a Keralite adaptation of reformist doctrines that focused on awakening [[Pan-Islamism|Pan-Islamic]] consciousness; which became a major reason for its popularity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Roland E.|title=Mappila Muslims of Kerala: Study in Islamic Trends|publisher=Orient Longman Limited|year=1976|isbn=0-86311-270-6|location=160 Anna Salai, Madras 600 002|pages=265, 274–275}}</ref>

== History ==
The consensus among historians is that Islam arrived in [[Kerala]] through Arab traders either during the time of [[Muhammed]] himself (AD 609 - AD 632) or in the following few decades. [[Kerala]] has an ancient relation with the Middle East even during the Pre-Islamic period. Muslim merchants ([[Malik, son of Dinar]]) settled in Kerala by the 8th century AD and introduced [[Islam]]. For a long time they kept the Islamic beliefs based on the message of [[Quran]] and the teachings of Muhammed. Later the Muslim community divided into different groups because of religious and political reasons. By the 16th century AD, with the arrival of [[colonization]] led by the Portuguese and the colonial modernity they gradually declined to a culturally, economically, and educationally deprived condition.

=== Kerala Muslim Aikhya Sangam ===
{{See also|Ibn Taymiyyah|Muhammad Rashid Rida|Al-Manār (magazine)|Vakkom Moulavi|K. M. Moulavi|label 3=Al-Manar magazine|label 4=Vakkom 'Abd al-Qadir Moulavi|label 5=Khatib Muhammad Moulavi}}
The history of Kerala [[Mappila Muslims|Mappila]] renaissance began in the 19th century AD with [[Sayyid Sanaulla Makti Thangal]]. He encouraged Muslims to settle their differences by returning to the message of the Quran and the teachings of Muhammed. Sayyid Sanaulla Makti Thangal died in 1912, but he inspired scholars such as Sheikh Hamadani Thangal, [[K. M. Maulavi|K.M. Moulavi]] and [[Vakkom Moulavi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.com/kerala_Celebrities/celebrity.php?recid=102|title=Kerala Celebrity, Celebrity of the week|website=Kerala.com|accessdate=2 October 2017|archive-date=2 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002215522/http://www.kerala.com/kerala_Celebrities/celebrity.php?recid=102|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from Sayyīd Sānāullah, the works of other scholars such as [[Chalilakath Kunahmed Haji|Chalilakath Kunjahamed Hajji]] (d. 1920), Shaikh Muhammad Hamādāni Thăngâl (d. 1922) provided the impetus for theological reformation amongst the Mappila Muslim ''[[Ulama|Ulema]]''. They formed the first Muslim movement in Kerala, known as the [[Kerala Muslim Aikhya Sangam]], in [[Kodungallur]] in 1922, founded by the freedom fighter and Islamic scholar [[Vakkom Moulavi|Vakkom 'Abdul Qadir Moulavi]] (d. 1873 - 1932 C.E). Beginning his career as an orthodox [[Mawlawi (Islamic title)|Maulavi]], 'Abdul Qadir would become most influential social, theological and educational reformer of the ''Mujahids''.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Roland E.|title=Mappila Muslims of Kerala: Study in Islamic Trends|publisher=Orient Longman Limited|year=1976|isbn=0-86311-270-6|location=160 Anna Salai, Madras 600 002|pages=270–271}}</ref>

With the help of a Malabari [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]], Vakkom Moulavi was introduced to the popular [[Pan-Islamism|Pan-Islamic]] journal ''[[Al-Manār (magazine)|Al-Manar]]'', published by the influential Salafi scholar [[Rashid Rida|Mùhāmmád Ráshīd Rîdâ]] (1865 - 1935 C.E) from [[Cairo]]. Vakkom Moulavi would be its ardent reader, and through ''Al-Manar'', Moulavi became familiar with a wide range of contemporary Islamic reform movements and would be influenced by the doctrines of the 14th century [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] theologian [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Taqi al-Din Ibn Taymiyya]] (d. 1328 C.E / 728 A.H). Impressed by these reformers' staunch commitment to ''[[Tawhid]]'', Moulavi began vigorously campaigning against ''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]'' and ''[[bidʿah]]'' (innovations); and proclaimed the centrality of upholding ''[[Tawhid]]''. Advocating the teachings of Rashid Rida and Ibn Taymiyya, Vakkom Moulavi attacked [[Madhhab|Madhab]] partisanship, condemned ''[[Taqlid]]'', calling upon [[Muslims]] to shun un-Islamic customs by directly returning to ''[[Quran|Qur'an]]'' and ''[[Hadith]]''; and establish Islamic Unity. Modelled after ''[[Al-Manār (magazine)|Al-Manar]]'', Moulavi would publish numerous journals and magazines with the purpose of spreading Islamic message, in a way that would directly reach the common masses, through three languages [[Malayalam]], [[Arabic]] and [[Arabi Malayalam|Arabi-Malayalam]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Proclaiming the reformers' gratitude to Rashid Rida, Vakkom Moulavi wrote:<blockquote>"It is through Rashid Rida's ''Al-Manar'' that Kerala Muslims were awakened"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller |first=Roland E. |title=Mappila Muslims of Kerala: Study in Islamic Trends |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |year=1976 |isbn=0-86311-270-6 | location=160 Anna Salai, Madras 600 002 |page=270}}</ref></blockquote> Vakkom Moulavi's teachings would be popularised across Malabar by his disciples like [[K. M. Maulavi|Khatib Muhammad Moulavi]] (1886 - 1964 C.E). Like his teacher, K.M Moulavi was a regular reader of ''Al-Manar'' journal and a well-read expert of ''[[Fiqh]]'' (Islamic jurisprudence) and Islamic theology. K.M Moulavi was a fierce opponent of the British administration and played a major role in the [[Malabar rebellion|Mappila rebellion]] of 1921, which sought to topple [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] in [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]]. After the uprising was put down, K.M Moulavi fled to [[Kodungallur|Kodungalur]], a Muslim region free from British influences. From Kondungalur, Moulavi became known as a reputed scholar and advocated reformist campaigns calling for the eradication of ''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]'' and ''[[bidʿah]]''. He was also a founding leader of Kerala Muslim Aikya Sangham in 1921. K.M Moulavi played an important role in the proliferation of various Islamic publications like ''Al-Irshad'', ''Al-Islah'', ''Al-Murshid'', etc and was a regular contributor in Rashid Rida's ''[[Al-Manār (magazine)|Al-Manar]]''. At popular request, the British authorities would withdraw all Mappila Rebellion charges in 1932 and the Moulavi would return home. In 1932, K.M Moulavi held a meeting of major [[Mawlawi (Islamic title)|Moulavis]] from all parts of Kerala and announced the establishment of "''Kerala Jam'iyyat al-Ulema''". Thereafter, Moulavi would become the most influential Islamic scholar of the [[Mappila Muslims]] of [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]]. His ''[[fatwa]]s'' were widely requested all across Kerala due to his immense knowledge of ''[[Quran|Qur'an]]'' and ''[[Hadith]]''; as well as his juristic mastery of [[Shafiʽi school|Shafi'i]] and [[Hanafi]] madh'habs (legal schools). By force of his charismatic personality and widely accepted scholarly credentials, Moulavi was able to overcome newly developed opposition to the ''[[Islah]]i'' movement.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Roland E.|title=Mappila Muslims of Kerala: Study in Islamic Trends|publisher=Orient Longman Limited|year=1976|isbn=0-86311-270-6|location=160 Anna Salai, Madras 600 002|pages=272–273}}</ref>

The movement encouraged Muslims to settle their differences by returning to the message of the [[Quran]] and the teachings of [[Muhammed]]. This message attracted educated people, and the group slowly gained the confidence of the Muslims of Kerala. The efforts of Aikhya Sangam promoted the formation of several formal and informal associations in other areas of Kerala. The Muslim Nishpaksha Sangam and Islam Dharma Sangam were important among them. The common goal of all these organizations was to promote the [[:wikt:unity|unity]] of Muslims based on the message of Quran and the teachings of Muhammed. The annual meetings of Kerala Muslim Aikhya Sangam gained attention by the participation of international Islamic scholars such as [[Marmaduke Pickthall]].

=== Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama ===
Many Muslim scholars in different areas of Kerala attracted by the message of "Kerala Muslim Aikhya Sangam" but they could not interact due to the lack of a common forum. Therefore, the leaders of "Kerala Muslim Aikhya Sangam" decided to create a forum of Muslim scholars for discussing religious matters. It resulted in the formation of the First Forum of Muslim Scholars Of Kerala at the Annual General Meeting of Kerala Muslim Aikhya Sangam in 1924 at Aluva. This scholars' forum is referred to as "Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama Ahlussunna wal Jamaath", also known as [[Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama]] (KJU). It acted as the advisory body of the Aikhya Sangam until the latter dissolved in 1934, but is still an active body in providing religious leadership to Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen.

=== Formation of Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen ===

The KJU decided to propagate the Islamic ideologies with the participation of people of all intellectual levels under its guidance. So, on 12 April 1947, in a working committee meeting of KJU, they decided to form a public organization. Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen officially formed on 20 April 1950 in a meeting held at the office off "Al Manar" Magazine at Calicut. The organization registered in 1957 under the [[Indian Societies Registration Act|Society Act]].

KNM had been split into two groups from 2002. Both the groups completed discussions at all levels in their respective feeder organizations and a joint sitting was held on 20 December. This division in KNM happened in 2002 when a faction led by Hussain Madavoor split from the parent organization over a number of ideological and organizational issues. In 2012, another organization came into existence from the KNM on the issues related to genie and sorcery, known as Wisdom Global Islamic Mission.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wisdom Islamic Organization |url=http://www.wisdomislam.org/ |website=www.wisdomislam.org |access-date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829073833/http://www.wisdomislam.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The two major groups decided to merge into one platform in 2016. This was announced on 20 December 2016 in front of a huge audience at Calicut. However, soon after in 2018, another split occurred on the same ideological and organizational issues and currently they both are known as KNM (Official) and KNM (Markazudda'wa) respectively.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oct 11 |first1=M. P. Prashanth / TNN / |title=Kerala Salafis heading for split again {{!}} Kozhikode News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kerala-salafis-heading-for-split-again/articleshow/66163049.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711165034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kerala-salafis-heading-for-split-again/articleshow/66163049.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim bodies in Kerala planning joint action against CAA |url=https://english.madhyamam.com/kerala/2019/dec/20/muslim-bodies-kerala-planning-joint-action-against-caa |website=english.madhyamam.com |language=en |date=20 December 2019 |access-date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711165003/https://english.madhyamam.com/kerala/2019/dec/20/muslim-bodies-kerala-planning-joint-action-against-caa |url-status=live }}</ref> The youth and student wings of both organizations work under the same names such as ISM and MSM respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISM Kerala |url=https://ismkerala.in/ |website=ismkerala.in}}</ref> KNM Markazudda'wa recently formed IGM for women parallel to MGM of KNM (Official).

== Organization ==
KNM have a number of feeder organizations under the religious leadership of [[Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama]] (KJU) to achieve its objectives at all levels of society.

=== Ithihadu Shubbanil Mujahideen ===
The youth wing is referred to as [[Ithihadu Shubbanil Mujahideen]] (ISM). It was organized in 1967, and its main objective is to teach youth about the messages of the Quran and of Muhammed. Since its formation, it conducts youth oriented campaigns, seminars and symposiums on social issues. In December 2006 ISM conducted an international exhibition on Islam named "Salvation" at [[Calicut]], which gained international attention and helped clear misconceptions about Islam. Its second and third editions were conducted at [[Eranakulam]] and [[Dubai]].

=== Mujahid Students Movement ===
The student wing is known as [[Mujahid Students Movement]] (MSM). It was formed in 1971 to organize all Muslim students under the [[renaissance]] activities and to promote quality education and Islamic values.
MSM conducts annual meetings for students of various fields of study, such as:

* Profcon: The largest gathering of [[professional]] students in [[India]]. Students from hundreds of professional colleges and universities participate in these 3-day moral classes. The first edition was held at JDT Islam Campus, [[Calicut]] in 1995 and the last edition was held at [[Kodungallur]] in 2018 November.
* NASCO: National Arabic Students Conference
* Signs: Arts and Science students.
* ILLUMINA: Exclusive conference of medical students

=== Muslim Girls & Women's Movement ===
The female wing is known as Muslim Girls & Women's Movement (MGM), which was formed in 1988. The organization's main objectives are to promote women's education and spread awareness about [[Women in Islam|women's rights in Islam]]. MGM conducts study classes and conferences exclusively for women.

Besides its feeder organizations, KNM has formed a number of specialized forums to attend to the particular needs of the society. They include:

* Integrated Medical Brotherhood (IMB), medical wing of KNM<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.imbkottakkal.com/ |title=天天中彩【中国集团】有限责任公司 |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203125436/http://imbkottakkal.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* BISMI:
* ECGC: Education and Career Guidance Centre.
* Education Board
* Zakath Cells: Centralized collection and distribution of [[Zakat]]
* Hilal Committee
* KNM Publishing Wing
* Gulf Islahi Centre (GIC)

== Conferences ==

Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen is noted for its annual conferences held during the initial stages of its formation. Great public attention began to be drawn when it decided to hold quinquennial conferences. The enthusiasm with which people have responded to the call of Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen has been highly encouraging. After every conference the fame and name of Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen spread far and wide. Many people have participated in these conferences. The flow of people, not only from Kerala, but from other areas of India and from foreign countries, made the conference into a large event. International scholars of repute, religious leaders of all communities, heads of states and governments addressed various sessions of the mega conferences. The theme of the eighth conference was "A century of renaissance", which presented the Kerala Muslim renaissance as a complete model of renaissance to the world, which touches all the levels of society for a complete social reformation.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl.no !! Year & date !! Place !! Inauguration !! Chief guests !! Theme
|-
| 1 || 1979 March 8, 9, 10, 11 || [[Pulikkal]] || Shaikh Mohammed Umar Fallata ([[Islamic University of Madinah]]) || ||
|-
| 2 || 1982 February 25, 26, 27, 28 || [[Feroke]] || || ||
|-
| 3 || 1987 January 1, 2, 3, 4 || [[Kuttippuram]] || || ||
|-
| 4 || 1992 December 24, 25, 26, 27 || [[Palakkad]] || || ||
|-
| 5 || 1997 December 18, 19, 20, 21|| [[Kannur]] || [[Bilal Philips]] || ||
|-
|6 || 2002 December 19, 20, 21, 22 || Ernakulam Kochi
/Cochin
| || || To creator To peace
|-
|7 || 2008 January 31, Feb 1,2,3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Mujahid-meet-begins/article15156004.ece|title=Mujahid meet begins|date=1 February 2008|accessdate=2 October 2017|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>||[[Changaramkulam]]|| Sheik Tharq Saami Sulthaan al Eisa, (chairman of the Ihyau Thuraasul Islami, [[Kuwait]]) ||[[Yusuf Estes]]|| Lord's message for the redemption of humanity
|-
|8 || 2012 December 27, 28, 29, 30<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Mujahids-instrumental-in-resisting-militancy-KNM/article15734412.ece|title=Mujahids instrumental in resisting militancy: KNM|date=28 November 2012|accessdate=2 October 2017|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>||[[Kozhikode]]|| Sheikh Abdul Azeez Abdulla Mohammed Hanafi (Consulate General of [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/ignorance-of-religion-leads-to-extremism-scholar/article4247843.ece|title=Ignorance of religion leads to extremism: scholar|author=Staff Reporter|date=28 December 2012|publisher=|accessdate=2 October 2017|website=Thehindu.com|archive-date=31 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831190826/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/ignorance-of-religion-leads-to-extremism-scholar/article4247843.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>||[[Zakir Naik]]|| A century of renaissance
|-
|9
|2017 December 28, 29, 30, 31
|[[Malappuram]]
|
|
|Religion, Tolerance, Coexistence, Peace
|-
|10
|2022 December 29, 30, 31 and 2023 January 1
|[[Kozhikode]]
|
|
|Fearlessness is religion, pride is secularism
|}

== Institutions ==
In [[Kerala]], KNM has set up many arts and science colleges such as Jamia Nadwiyya Edavanna and [[Jamia Salafia Pulikkal]], professional colleges like Jamia Salafia Pharmacy College, Arabic colleges, [[madrassas]], training colleges and orphanages.<ref>''Journal of Kerala studies'' [[University of Kerala]] 1982 - Volume 9 - Page 86 "Several religious and cultural organisations like Kerala Nadvatul Mujahideen, Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama, Samastha Kerala Jamiyathul Ulama and Jamaat-e-Islami established and continued to establish their own Madrasas. Each group ..."</ref>

=== Jamia Salafiya Pulikkal ===
This is the first institution of the Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen.

===Jamia Nadwiyya Edavanna===
Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen founded Jamia Nadwiyya Edavanna in 1964. It is a group of education institutions consisting of Nursing College, Training College, Teachers Training Institute, Arts and Science College, Higher Secondary School for Girls, Residential High School, and Thahfeezul Quran. The campus is located in [[Edavanna]], in [[Malappuram]] district, [[Kerala]]. With a student strength of 2500 during the academic year 2007-8, JNE has grown into a large campus spread over 27 acres of land and sufficient infrastructural facilities. A rich blend of qualified and experienced academics and researchers drawn from various disciplines handle the sessions for the students undergoing the undergraduate and postgraduate degrees at JNE.

==Social welfare==
The Integrated Medical Brotherhood (IMB) is the medical wing of KNM. They provide services such as distributing medicine, providing free medical treatments to poor patients, home care, advice about health care, and treatments through "pain and palliative clinics".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Dialysis-unit-to-be-inaugurated/article16570699.ece|title=Dialysis unit to be inaugurated|date=5 June 2009|accessdate=2 October 2017|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Publications==
KNM Publishing wing published thousands of books in social, educational and religious areas. The weekly ''Vichinthanam'' and the monthly ''Al manar'' are its publications.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://knm.org.in/ Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen]
* ''[http://www.vichinthanamweekly.com Vichinthanam]'' weekly
* ''[http://www.almanarmonthly.com Almanar]'' monthly
*http://www.msmkerala.in
* [http://ismofficial.org/ ISM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222000834/http://ismofficial.org/ |date=22 December 2016 }}

{{Islam in Kerala}}

[[Category:Indian Salafis]]
[[Category:Salafi groups]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1950]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Islamic organisations based in Kerala]]

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Panchavati

2026-02-21T21:40:44Z

JewelWoodcock19: enhanced content after review and cleaned formatting

{{More citations needed|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Panchavati
| image = JNVP.JPG
| caption = Academic Block
| address =
| motto = Prajnanam Brahma
| motto_translation = Consciousness is Brahman
| location = Panchavati
| city = Mundgod
| state = Karnataka
| postal_code = 581346
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|14.733534|74.979774|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| schooltype = Public
| established = October 1988
| school_board =
| district = Uttara Kannada
| school_number =
| school_code = 06380
| principal = V B Lamani
| teaching_staff =
| employees =
| grades = Class 6 - 12
| years =
| gender_label = Co-education
| age_range = 11-18
| enrollment = 536
| classes =
| avg_class_size =
| language = English
| classrooms = 12
| campus_size = {{convert|42|acre|ha}}
| campus_type = Rural
| houses = 13 Boarding houses
| colors = {{Color box|blue|border=silver}}{{Color box|green|border=silver}}{{Color box|red|border=silver}}{{Color box|yellow|border=silver}}
| slogan =
| song = Ham Navyug Ki Nayi Bharti
| nickname = JNVP
| national_ranking =
| fees = Free
| affiliations = [[Central Board for Secondary Education|C.B.S.E.]]
| information =
| website = {{URL|http://www.jnvuttarakannada.gov.in}}
}}

'''Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Panchavati''' ('''JNVP''') is a [[boarding school]] near [[Malgi, Uttara Kannada|Malgi]], [[Uttara Kannada]], [[India]]. JNVP is funded by the Indian Ministry of [[Education]].<ref>[http://navodaya.nic.in/welcome%20sbs.htm Directory of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas, Karnataka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221103040/http://www.navodaya.nic.in/welcome%20sbs.htm |date=21 December 2014 }} The Official Website Of Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti</ref>

==History==
{{Empty section|date=March 2018}}

==Principals==
*K G Saunshi (24/10/1987 - 31/10/1988)
*T K K Tathachare (31/10/1988 - 04/08/1990)
*R T Devaraddi (04/06/1990 - 22/04/1992)
*Btoseph Mundiyankal (23/04/1992 - 15/06/1997)
*M Shivananda Murthy (17/07/1997 - 22/04/2004)
*N P Rajan (26/06/2004 - 22/04/2015)
*V B Lamani (08/06/2015 - 2023)
*Asokan N M (2023 - May 2025)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{URL|http://www.jnvuttarakannada.gov.in}}

{{Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya}}

[[Category:Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1988]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Schools in Uttara Kannada district]]

Ganesh Bagler

2026-02-13T02:07:29Z

JewelWoodcock19: Made New Page

{{short description|Indian biologist (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ganesh Bagler
| image = File:Professor Ganesh Bagler.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1977|}}
| birth_place = [[Solapur]], Maharashtra, India
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] | [[University of Hyderabad]] | [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] | [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]] | [[Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics]] }}
| known_for =
| fields = [[Computational Biology]]
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology]] | [[Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur]] | [[Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology]] | [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi]] }}
| website = {{URL|http://cosylab.iiitd.edu.in}}
}}

'''Ganesh Bagler''' is an Indian scientist known for his work in [[computational gastronomy]],<ref name="Madhu">{{cite web |last=Madhu |first=K. P. |title=Computational Gastronomy |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/116/07/1051.pdf |access-date=2020-02-24 |publisher=[[Current Science]]}}</ref><ref name="Sathe-2018">{{cite web |last=Sathe |first=Gopal |date=16 December 2018 |title=Can A Computer Cook Up The Perfect Recipe? |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/can-a-computer-cook-up-the-perfect-recipe_in_5c11153de4b084b082feafa1 |website=[[HuffPost India]]}}</ref><ref name="Sathe-2019">{{cite web |last=Sathe |first=Gopal |date=5 January 2019 |title=Food Scientists Say AI Can Give Ayurveda Scientific Rigor |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/food-scientists-ai-ayurveda-scientific-rigor_in_5c18e73be4b0432554c4362b |website=[[HuffPost India]]}}</ref> an interdisciplinary field that applies [[data science]] and [[complex systems]] to culinary practices and food systems. His research spans global [[cuisines]], and explores phenomena such as [[food pairing]], flavor networks, and the cultural and health aspects of food.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pangin |first=Inam Sarah |date=2015-12-06 |title=This is why Indian food is so delicious... - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/This-is-why-Indian-food-is-so-delicious-/articleshow/46455378.cms |access-date=2020-02-23 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sinha |first=Vimmy |date=22 March 2018 |title=The tastes of India: Spices give Indian food the edge |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/03/22/the-tastes-of-india-spices-give-indian-food-the-edge.html |website=[[The Jakarta Post]]}}</ref><ref name="Madhu"/><ref name="Sathe-2018" /> As of 2025, he was a professor at the [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology]], Delhi.<ref name="Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology">{{cite web |title=Ganesh Bagler |url=https://www.iiitd.ac.in/bagler |access-date=2020-02-23 |website=[[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology]] |publisher=}}</ref>
== Early life and education ==
Ganesh Bagler was born and raised in Solapur, Maharashtra, where he completed his schooling at Sharada School and Siddheshwar High School, [[Solapur]] in the western peninsular Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].{{Cn|date=April 2025}}

He pursued a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree in Physics from Sangameshwar College, affiliated with Shivaji University, graduating in 1997. Bagler continued his academic journey at the [[University of Hyderabad]], earning a Master of Technology (M.Tech.) in Computational Techniques. He later joined the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB) for his doctoral studies, where his Ph.D. research focused on the application of graph theoretical models to protein structures.{{Cn|date=April 2025}}

== Career ==
After earning his Ph.D. from the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]], where he focused on graph theoretical models of protein structures, Bagler completed postdoctoral research in computational neuroscience at the [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]]. He then worked at the [[Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics]] in Prof. Michael Lappe's (Otto Warburg Laboratory, Bioinformatics/Structural Proteomics) group in Germany on bioinformatics and structural proteomics. Returning to India, Bagler joined the CSIR-[[Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology]] as a scientist before moving to the [[Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur]] as an assistant professor and later the [[Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology]].{{Cn|date=April 2025}}

In March 2015, Bagler was removed from the position of assistant professor at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur]].<ref name="Parmar-2015">{{cite news |last=Parmar |first=Ajay |date=3 April 2015 |title=Students want 'terminator' IIT-Jodhpur chief to go - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Students-want-terminator-IIT-Jodhpur-chief-to-go/articleshow/46792927.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathew |first=Sunalini |date=2019-01-22 |title=Micro-chips: the scoop on computational gastronomy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/microchips-computational-gastronomy-food-data-science-technology/article26058254.ece |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Students protested the termination.<ref name="Parmar-2015" /><ref>{{cite news |author= |date=3 April 2015 |title=IIT Jodhpur students urge Prez, HRD Minitsry to sack Director |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/iit-jodhpur-students-urge-prez-hrd-minitsry-to-sack-director-115040300947_1.html |access-date=2020-02-23 |newspaper=[[Business Standard India]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Anand |first=Kunal |date=2015-04-03 |title=These IIT Students Are Waging A Social Media War On Their Director |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/these-iit-students-are-waging-a-social-media-war-on-their-director-dictatorfreeiitj-231571.html |access-date=2020-02-23 |website=[[India Times]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |date=April 2015 |title=IIT-J students protest against faculty termination |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/iit-j-students-protest-against-faculty-termination-115040101301_1.html |access-date=2020-02-23 |newspaper=[[Business Standard India]] |publisher=Business-standard.com}}</ref> Bagler moved to [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology]] and became a professor there.<ref name="Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology" />

== Research ==
Bagler's research focuses on identifying the molecules in food ingredients responsible for creating flavour and investigating how this information can be used to understand how various combinations taste and behave in the body without trial and error, which can be time consuming and wasteful.<ref name="Sathe-2018"/><ref name="Sathe-2019"/>

== Most cited works ==
* {{cite journal |title=Analysis of Airport Network of India as a complex weighted network |author1=Ganesh Bagler |journal=Physica A |year=2008 |doi=10.1016/j.physa.2008.01.077 |volume=387 |issue=12 |pages=2972–2980 |bibcode=2008PhyA..387.2972B |arxiv=cond-mat/0409773 |s2cid=119387720}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ganesh Bagler |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=qyth_0QAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=[[Google Scholar]]}}</ref>
* {{cite journal | title= FlavorDB: A database of flavor molecules |author1= Neelansh Garg |author2= Apurup Sethupathy |author3= Rudraksh Tuwani |author4= Rakhi NK |author5= Shubham Dokania |author6= Arvind Iyer |author7= Ayushi Gupta |author8= Shubhra Agrawal |author9= Navjot Singh |author10= Shubham Shukla |author11= Kriti Kathuria |author12= Rahul Badhwar |author13= Rakesh Kanji |author14= Anupam Jain |author15= Avneet Kaur |author16= Rashmi Nagpal |author17= Ganesh Bagler | journal= Nucleic Acids Research | year= 2018 | doi=10.1093/nar/gkx957 |pmid= 29059383 |pmc= 5753196 | volume= D1 |issue= D1 | pages= D1210–D1216}}<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagler, Ganesh}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Computational biologists]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Hyderabad alumni]]
[[Category:Shivaji University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institutes of Technology]]

Satya Prakash (physicist)

2026-02-11T07:13:33Z

JewelWoodcock19: adding new page

{{Short description|Indian physicist (born 1929)}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Satya Prakash
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1929|7|1}}
| birth_place = [[Najibabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Plasma physics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Physical Research Laboratory]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Allahabad University]] | [[National Research Council (Canada)|National Research Council]] | [[California Institute of Technology]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Vikram Sarabhai]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies in Plasma physics
| awards = {{ubl|1975 [[Physical Research Laboratory#National awards|Hari Om Ashram Prerit Senior Scientist Award]]|1982 [[Padma Shri]]}}
}}

'''Satya Prakash''' (born 1 July 1929) is an Indian plasma physicist and a former senior professor at the [[Physical Research Laboratory]]. He is known for his studies on [[Langmuir probe]]s and other contributions in [[Space science|space]] and [[plasma science]]s. A protégé of [[Vikram Sarabhai]], Satya Prakash is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies such as [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian National Science Academy]] and [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] as well as the Gujarat Science Academy and is a recipient of the [[Physical Research Laboratory#National awards|Hari Om Ashram Prerit Senior Scientist Award]]. The Government of India honored him with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award for his contributions to the discipline of Physics, in 1982.

== Biography ==
Satya Prakash was born on 1 July 1929, at [[Najibabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. He is a Physicist and has done pioneering work in the study of Solar time variation of Cosmic Ray Neutrons, the study of the equatorial ionospheric D, E and F region using space borne as well as ground based techniques. In recognition to these researches, he was awarded the First Hari Om Prerit Vikram Sarabhai award during 1975 and was decorated with Padma Shree award during 1982 by the President of India. In recognition he was elected as fellows of all the three important Indian Academies. He was elected as a Fellow of INSA during 1983. Later on he was also elected a fellow of Indian Academy of Sciences Bangalore, National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad, and Gujarat Science Academy.
Satya Prakash earned his bachelor's degree and master's degree in Science from [[Allahabad University]] in 1951, joined [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL) Ahmedabad and worked on Solar influence on the cosmic ray neutrons under the supervision of [[Vikram Sarabhai|Prof. Vikram Sarabhai]]. For his studies, which was during the International Geophysical year he developed and established neutron piles at Kodaikanal and Gulmarg to measure cosmic ray produced neutrons. For the neutron counters used in the pile, he developed an all cooper metal system for purification of highly corrosive BF3 gas used in the counters. After his Ph D degree from Gujarat University, he continued his cosmic ray studies at [[National Research Council Canada]] as a Post- Doctoral fellow with Prof. I. B. Mc. Diarmid during 1958–60 and worked on the development of cosmic ray neutron detectors at [[California Institute of Technology]] as Post- Doctoral fellow with Prof. H.V. Neher during 1960–62.
At PRL during 1962, he developed a group for in-situ studies of the upper atmospheric plasmas, plasma density irregularities and associated instability mechanisms, fields, and currents in the Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ), E and F region of the ionosphere. He indigenously developed a modified Langmuir probe and other supporting payloads that enabled him to carry out pioneering in-situ measurement of the plasma density irregularities in the EEJ leading to the identification of various plasma processes. Rocket borne payloads of Resonance probe, Electric field probe and Lyman Alpha detector with many special features were developed and used to carry out various studies. Ultraviolet monochromator and light sources were developed for the calibration of UV detectors. Payloads for the study of the energetic electrons were developed and flown on the first Indian Satellite Aryabhata. VHF radar operating at 50 MHz was developed and established at Thumba for structure and dynamics of the EEJ. Theoretical studies of the gravity wave wind generated electron density irregularities in the D, E and F region, electric field in the E region and their transmission to the F region via the geomagnetic field lines. He guided several research scholars and had many scientific publications in reputed journals.

== Other contributions ==
The VHF [[Radar]] developed by him at [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thumba]] has now grown into a powerful system and is being used for the study of the EEJ and the F region dynamics. The vacuum ultraviolet monochromator, light sources, and other associated techniques development by him lead to the development of Laboratory Astrophysics group at [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL). On the initiation Prof. Sarabhai and Prof. Dhawan Indian Institute of Science, he initiated jointly with Prof. [[Predhiman Krishan Kaw]] a plasma simulation experimental program of the EEJ associated plasma density irregularities at Physical Research Laboratory. This activity later developed into Institute of plasma research.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Family==
Satya Prakash was married to Sushila Mittal, and has three children; Meena, Veena, and Div. Meena was born at Ottawa, Canada, while Veena and Div were both born in India.

==Awards==
The Indian Academy of Sciences elected Satya Prakash as an elected fellow in 1974<ref name="Indian Academy of Sciences Fellow">{{Cite web |title=Indian Academy of Sciences Fellow |url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1974033 |access-date=2021-01-15 |website=fellows.ias.ac.in}}</ref> and later, he was elected as a fellow by the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="The National Academy of Sciences, India - Fellows">{{Cite web |title=The National Academy of Sciences, India - Fellows |url=http://www.nasi.nic.in/fellows.asp |access-date=2021-01-15 |website=www.nasi.nic.in}}</ref> and the Indian National Science Academy (1983).<ref name="Indian National Science Academy Fellow">{{Cite web |title=Indian National Science Academy Fellow |url=http://insajournal.in/intranetinsa/list_all_fellows.php |access-date=2021-01-29 |website=fellow.nasi.nic.in/}}</ref> A fellow of the Gujarat Science Academy,<ref name="Fellow Members - GSA">{{Cite web |title=Fellow Members - GSA |url=https://gujaratscienceacademy.org/fellow-members/ |access-date=2021-01-15 |website=Gujarat Science Academy |language=en-US}}</ref> Satya Prakash received the [[Physical Research Laboratory#National awards|Hari Om Ashram Prerit Senior Scientist Award]] in 1975.The Government of India included him in the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India#Civilian awards|Republic Day honors]] list in 1982 for the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]], for his contributions in the field of Physics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-10 }} MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS(Public Section) Padma Awards Directory (1954-2011)(see page 72)</ref><ref name="Padma Awards - Interactive Dashboard">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards - Interactive Dashboard |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=1982-1982&Award=Padma%2520Shri |access-date=2021-01-15 |website=www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
* {{Cite journal | last1=Neher | first1= H.V. | last2= Prakash | first2= Satya | date = 1957|title= Metal system for chemical reactions and for studying properties of gases and liquids| url= https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1715855 | journal= Review of Scientific Instruments| volume= 28| issue= 4 | page= 267 | doi=10.1063/1.1715855| bibcode= 1957RScI...28..267N | url-access= subscription }}
* Sarabhai, V. and S. Prakash, Variation of intensity and anisotropy of cosmic ray measured at the geomagnetic equator, Pro. Ind. Acad. Sci., LI, 84-116 (1960)
* Prakash, S. and B.H.Subbaraya, Langmuir probe for the measurement of electron density and electron temperature in the ionosphere, The Review of Sci. Instr. 38, 1132 (1967)
*Prakash, S., B.H.Subbaraya and S.P.Gupta, A study of equatorial E region during evening twilight using Langmuir Probe, J. Atmos. and Terr. Phys., 30, 1193 -1202 (1968)
*{{Cite journal |last1=Prakash |first1=Satya |last2=Gupta |first2=S. P. |last3=Subbaraya |first3=B. H. |date=September 1969 |title=Irregularities in the Equatorial E Region Over Thumba |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/RS004i009p00791 |journal=Radio Science |language=en |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=791–796 |doi=10.1029/RS004i009p00791|bibcode=1969RaSc....4..791P }}
* Prakash S., S.P.Gupta and B.H.Subbaraya, A study of irregularities in the nighttime equatorial E region using a Langmuir Probe and Plasma Noise Probe, Planet Space Sci. 18, 1307-1318 (1970)
* Prakash S., B.H.Subbaraya, S.P.Gupta, Investigation of the daytime lower ionosphere over the equator using Langmuir Probe and plasma noise probe, Jour. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 33, 129-135 (1971)
* Subbaraya B.H., S. Prakash and S.P.Gupta, Night time E-region at Thumba, Indian Journal of pure and applied Phy. 9, 8, 626-630 (1971)
* Prakash S., B.H. Subbaraya & S.P.Gupta, Rocket measurement of ionospheric irregularities in the equatorial ionosphere at Thumba and identification of plasma irregularities, Indian J. of Radio & Space Phys., 34, 72-80 (1972).
* Subbaraya, B.H., Muralikrishna, P., Sastry, T.S.G. and Prakash, S., A study of the structure of electrical conductivities and the electrostatic field within the equatorial electrojet. Planet. Space Sci., 20, 47–52, (1972)
* Subbaraya, B.H., S. Prakash and P.N.Pareek, Molecular oxygen concentration in the equatorial mesosphere, Jour. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 34, 1141-1144 (1972)
* Height variation of the electron density and irregularity amplitudes measured at Thumba, India, around noon and midnight. [Adopted from Prakash et al. 1972].refer page 161, https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780124040137/the-earths-ionosphere, Kelly Book 'The earth's Ionosphere, by Michael C. Kelley. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
* Prakash S., B.H.Subbaraya, S.P.Gupta, Some features of equatorial D region as revealed from the Langmuir probe experiments, Space Research, XIV, 259-265(1974)
* {{Cite journal |last1=Prakash |first1=S. |last2=Jain |first2=C. L. |last3=Balsley |first3=B. B. |last4=Greenwald |first4=R. A. |date=1974-10-01 |title=Evidence of two types of electron density irregularities in the electrojet over Thumba, India |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JA079i028p04334 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |language=en |volume=79 |issue=28 |pages=4334–4336 |doi=10.1029/JA079i028p04334|bibcode=1974JGR....79.4334P |url-access=subscription }}
* Subbaraya, B.H., S. Prakash, S.P. Gupta and H.S.S. Sinha, Measurement of electron temperatures in the lower ionosphere by detecting the space potential on the Langmuir probe characteristics, Planet. and Space Sci. 22, 180–181, (1974).
* {{Cite journal |last1=Prakash |first1=S. |last2=Muralikrisha |first2=P. |date=1976 |title=The nature of electric field in E-Region close to morning and evening reversals |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/GL003i008p00445 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=445–447 |doi=10.1029/GL003i008p00445|bibcode=1976GeoRL...3..445P }}
* Rao T.R. and S. Prakash, Electron plasma resonances detected by a mutual admittance probe in equatorial ionosphere. Space Research, XVIII, 281–284, (1978)
* Prakash S., B. H. Subbaraya, Vijay Kumar, P.N. Pareek, J.S. Shirke, R.N. Misra, K.K. Goswami, R.S. Singh and A. Banerjee, The Aeronomy experiment of Aryabhatta, Proc. Indi. Acad. Sci., 321-329 (1978)
* Muralikrishna, P. and S. Prakash, Height shift in the radar echoes from the E-region around the morning and evening reversals, J. Geomag. Geoelect., 30, 125–129, (1978)
* Prakash S., R. Pandey, Interaction of gravity waves with the ionospheric plasma and the production of electric fields and currents, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 88A, 229-245 (1979)
* Prakash S. and R. Pandey, Formation of electron density layers in the equatorial E region, Adv. in Space Exploration, 8, 83-86 (1980)
* Subbaraya B.H., Shyam Lal and S. Prakash, Low latitude mesospheric molecular oxygen profiles from Lyman alpha absorption measurement from Thumba. Space Research, XX, 75- 78 (1980)
* Prakash S., S.P.Gupta and B.H.Subbaraya, and R. Pandey, A review of the electron density irregularities in the equatorial D and E-region, Adv. in Space Exploration, 8, 3-16 (1980)
* {{Cite journal |last1=Prakash |first1=S. |last2=Muralikrishna |first2=P. |date=1981 |title=E and F region electric fields over dip equator |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JA086iA04p02095 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |language=en |volume=86 |issue=A4 |pages=2095 |doi=10.1029/JA086iA04p02095 |bibcode=1981JGR....86.2095P |issn=0148-0227}}
* Subbaraya, B.H., P. Muralikrishna, S. Prakash, P.V. Kulkarni, M. Herse, and G. Moreels, A Spacelab experiment for the study of gravity waves in the mesosphere, Handbook for MAP Vol. 2, ed. S.K. Avery, 483–489, (1981)
* Muralikrishna, P., S. Prakash, and B.H. Subbaraya, Digital Processing of Spacelab Imagery, Adv. Space Res., 2., 107–110, (1983)
* Prakash S., S. Pal and R. Pandey, Electric field and electron density measurements in the equatorial E-region, Adv. Space Res, 2, 10, 93-96 (1983)
* Prakash S., S. Pal, R. Pandey and B.H. Subbaraya, In situ studies of electron density during equatorial Spread-F, Adv. Space Res, 2, 10, 195-197(1983)
* Pal S., S. Prakash, Y.B. Acharya, R.N.Misra, A payload for the study of electric fields and electron density in the equatorial region. Adv. Space Res. 2, 7, 57-59 (1983)
* Subbaraya B.H., S. Prakash and S.P.Gupta, Electron density in the equatorial lower ionosphere from the Langmuir probe experiments conducted at Thumba during 1966 -1978, Scientific report No. ISRO-PRL-SR-15-83 of Indian Space research organization Banglore (1983)
* Prakash S., and R. Pandey, Rocket borne studies of electron density irregularities in the equatorial D and F region, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Earth and Planet Sci., 93, 283-308(1984)
* Prakash S., and R. Pandey, Generation of electric fields due to the gravity waves and their transmission to other ionospheric regions, Jour. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 47, 363-374 (1985)
* Prakash S. and S. Pal, Electric field and electron density irregularities in the equatorial electrojet, J. Atmos. Terrs. Phys., 47, 853-866 (1985)
* Subbaraya B.H., S. Prakash and S.P. Gupta, Structure of equatorial lower ionosphere from the Thumba Langmuir Probe Experiments, Adv. Space Res., 5, 35-38 (1985).
* Sinha H.S.S. and S. Prakash, Rocket observations of E-region ionization irregularities produced through cross-field instability mechanism - current status, Ind. J. Radio. and Space Phys., 16, 102–113, (1987).
* Pandey R., S. Prakash and H.S.S. Sinha, Formation of Blanketing Es-layers during daytime counter electrojet over magnetic equator, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 54, 63–74, (1992).
* Chandra H., G.D. Vyas, H.S.S. Sinha, R.N. Misra and S. Prakash, Ionospheric Scintillations Observations from SHAR, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 54, 167–172, (1992)
* {{Cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=H. S. S. |last2=Prakash |first2=Satya |year=1995 |title=Electron densities in the equatorial lower ionosphere over Thumba and SHAR |url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/35803/1/IJRSP%2024%284%29%20184-192.pdf |journal=Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics |volume=24 |pages=184–192}}
*{{Cite journal | last1=Chandra | first1=H.| last2=Vyas | first2=G.D.| last3=Sinha | first3=H.S.S. | first4=Prakash |last4=S. | first5=Misra | last5=R.N. | date=1997 | title= Equatorial Spread-F campaign over SHAR | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/1364682695001999|journal= Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics| volume=59| issue=2|pages=191–205| doi=10.1016/1364-6826(95)00199-9| bibcode=1997JASTP..59..191C| url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Prakash |first=Satya |date=1999 |title=Production of electric field perturbations by gravity wave winds in the E region suitable for initiating equatorial spread F |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics |language=en |volume=104 |issue=A5 |pages=10051–10069 |doi=10.1029/1999JA900028|bibcode=1999JGR...10410051P |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Prakash |first1=S. |last2=Pallamraju |first2=D. |last3=Sinha |first3=H. S. S. |date=2009 |title=Role of the equatorial ionization Anomaly in the development of the Evening Pre-Reversal Enhancement of the Equatorial Zonal Electric Field|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2007JA012808 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics | language=en |volume=114 |issue=A2 |pages=n/a |doi=10.1029/2007JA012808|bibcode=2009JGRA..114.2301P }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |last=ORCID |title=Satya Prakash (0000-0001-5260-9019) |url=http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5260-9019 |access-date=2021-01-15 |website=orcid.org |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=NASI Fellows list |url=http://www.nasi.nic.in/ZONE%20-2015.pdf |access-date=2021-01-15 |website=National Academy of Sciences, India}}
* {{Cite web |title=Author: Prakash S |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Prakash%252C+S |access-date=2021-01-15 |website=AGU Journals |language=en}}
* Prakash, Satya. ''Advanced Chemistry of Rare Elements''. [First American edition]. Chemical Pub. Co., 1967.

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Satya}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Indian plasma physicists]]
[[Category:Indian space scientists]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:National Research Council (Canada)]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]

Kamala Saikhom

2026-02-07T23:20:38Z

JewelWoodcock19: put up data.

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kamala Saikhom
| image =
| caption = ''Kamala Saikhom in [[Mamado Leisabido Angaobido]] (2010)''
| birth_name = Kamala Saikhom
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Uripok, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India
| occupation = Actress, Producer
| years active = 2002-2012
| relatives =
}}

'''Kamala Saikhom''' is an Indian actress who predominantly appeared in [[Manipuri films]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalmag.com/chopsticks-in-manipur-korean-culture-india/|title=Chopsticks in Manipur|author=AKOIJAM SUNITA|accessdate=7 December 2021|website=www.himalmag.com}}</ref> She was a resident of Uripok, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]. Besides acting in films, she had also produced two movies ''Nangsu Mouni'' and ''[[Kadarmapee]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/noted-manipuri-film-actor-saikhom-kamala-is-all-set-to-hold-a-special-show-of-her-second-production-christened-kadar-mapi-at-bangalore-on-november-8-and-at-imphal-on-november-4-i-have-chosen-november-8-to-coincide-with-ningol-chakouba-one-of-the-biggest-festivals-for-manipuri-women-kamala-25-who-has-so-far-acted-more-than-120-manipuri-feature-films-in-digital-format-said-on-sunday-/articleshow/6804070.cms|title=Kamala is all set to hold a special show of her second production christened Kadar Mapi at Bangalore on November 8 and at Imphal on November 4|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref> She had acted in more than 120 [[Manipuri films]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/speednewsshow/6804070.cms|title=Manipuri actor Kamala all set to hold a special show of 'Kadar Mapee'|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
She married an Army officer, Avinash from [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manipur.org/news/2012/06/23/film-actress-kamala-ties-knot-with-army-officer/|title=Film actress Kamala ties knot with Army officer|publisher=}}</ref>

==Career==
She started acting in music video albums and then to films. Her debut [[Manipuri films|Manipuri feature film]] as a leading lady was ''Saya'' in 2003. Among her famous films, ''Sakthibee Tampha'', ''Natephamda Tero'', ''Ayukki Likla'', ''Khuji'', ''Aabirkhan'', ''Ta-Tomba the Great'', ''Khujingee Mami'', ''Kangla Karabar'' and ''Minambagi Phajaba'' may be mentioned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://manipurtimes.com/public-support-behind-growth-of-manipur-film-industry-romi-meetei/|title=Public support behind growth of Manipur Film Industry – Romi Meitei|author=Amukhomba Ngangbam |accessdate=29 September 2024|website=manipurtimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://communicationtoday.net/2014/06/30/growth-of-manipuri-digital-films/|title=Growth of Manipuri Digital Films|date=30 June 2014|work=Communication Today|first=M. Nawaz|last=Khan}}</ref>

In ''Sakthibee Tampha'' and ''Africa Leishabi'', she played the roles of dark skinned ladies, Tampha and Bina respectively. Her role of Tampha in ''Sakthibee Tampha'' was well received by audiences. Saikhom played a tongue stammered woman in the movie ''Natephamda Tero''. In the movie ''Ashit Awanthada Pee Thadoi Ahum'', she played the role of a poet. She played Bengali and Bihari ladies in ''Leeklam'' and ''Kangla Karabar'' respectively.

''Minambagi Phajaba'', released on 9 August 2012, is her last film released till date, even though shooting of the film completed some years before the release. Her last film shootings were of ''Africa Leishabi'' and ''Khujingee Mami''.

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
!Director
|-
|2004
|''Nungshi Hekta Hairage''
|Kamala
|Ksh. Kishorekumar
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005
|''Ta-Tomba the Great''
|Thoibi
|Ksh. Kishorekumar
|-
|''Mathang Mapokta''
|Linthoi
|Diya Khwairakpam
|-
|rowspan="10"|2006
|''Sageigee Mouni''
|Thambal
|Diya Khwairakpam
|-
|''Hero''
|Fajabi
|Diya Khwairakpam
|-
|''Eishu Thammoi Palli''
|Medha
|Ksh. Kishorekumar
|-
|''Amuktang Chamthoknashi''
|Sheela
|Diya Khwairakpam
|-
|''Sakthibee Tampha''
|Tampha
|Diya Khwairakpam
|-
|''Khuji''
|Rani
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|''Mittrang Keithel''
|Tamphasana
|[[Homen D' Wai]]
|-
|''Best Friend''
|Thaba
|O. Sanou
|-
|''Eshworgee Khudol''
|Linthoi
|Diya Khwairakpam
|-
|''Thamoina Kari Hairi''
|Laika
|Diya Khwairakpam
|-
| rowspan="4"|2007
|''Meitei Chanu''
|Chanu
|Amar Raj
|-
|''Nangna Thawaini''
|Tampha
|Chan Heisnam
|-
|''Marupki Marup''
|Shanti
|[[Khwairakpam Bishwamittra]]
|-
|''Akhunba Mani''
|Takhellei
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
| rowspan="4"|2008
|''Malla Malla Leinungshi''
|Usha
|Amar Raj
|-
|''Kangla Karabar''
|Dasini
|Pilu H.
|-
|''[[Kekoo Lotpee]]''
|Lawyer
|[[Homen D' Wai]]
|-
|''Handakta Nouna Khangnaba''
|Nganthoi
|P. Praphullo
|-
| rowspan="5"|2009
|''Khangdreda Nongdamba''
|Thoibi
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|''Leeklam''
|Deepika Mukherjee
|[[Homen D' Wai]]
|-
|''Atiyagee Meenok''
|Phajabi
|Ksh. Kishorekumar
|-
|''Oja Sandhya''
|Sandhya
|[[Oken Amakcham]]
|-
|''Khongthang-gi Makhol''
|Bijaya
|[[Oinam Gautam Singh|O. Gautam]]
|-
| rowspan="5"|2010
|''Ashit Awanthada Pee Thadoi Ahum''
|Thoibi
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|''Aabirkhan''
|Amina
|Pilu H.
|-
|''Imagi Laman Singamdre''
|Thoibi
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|''[[Kadarmapee]]''
|Tamphasana
|L. Prakash
|-
|''[[Mamado Leisabido Angaobido]]''
|Sushila Saikhom
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
| rowspan="5"|2011
|''Leima''
|Leima
|Ojitkumar Elangbam
|-
|''Thawaigee Mani''
|Purnima
|Bijgupta Laishram
|-
|''Thadoi''
|Thadoi
|Chan Heisnam
|-
|''Loibataare Ta Raju''
|Kamala
|Pilu H.
|-
|''Khujingee Mami''
|Thoibi
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|2012
|''Africa Leishabi''
|Bina
|Pilu H.
|-
|''Cheitheng''
|Tamna
|Chan Heisnam
|-
|''Minambagi Phajaba''
|Linthoi
|Eepu
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/people/Kamala-Saikhom/100002617882216|title=Kamala Saikhom - Facebook|via=Facebook}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saikhom, Kamala}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]
[[Category:Actresses from Manipur]]
[[Category:Actresses in Meitei cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Falaque Rashid Roy

2026-02-07T19:03:29Z

JewelWoodcock19: Made A Stub...

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Falaque Rashid Roy
| image = Falaque Rashid Roy.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Rashid Roy in 2021
| native_name =
| other_names =
| birth_name = Falaque Rashid
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Neil Roy
| mother =
| known_for =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress, model
| years_active =
}}
'''Falaque Rashid Roy''' (née '''Rashid''') is an Indian film actress who works in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language films. She made her debut in 2019 film ''Khwaishein – The Desires of the Lost'', and gained wider public recognition with her roles in ''[[Parineeta (2019 film)|Parineeta]]'' (2019), ''[[F.I.R No. 339/07/06]]'' (2021) and ''[[Maayakumari]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Falaque excited to be a part of Sayantan's next thriller|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/falaque-excited-to-be-a-part-of-sayantans-next-thriller/articleshow/79756936.cms|access-date=2022-12-05|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|first=Sankha|last=Ghosh|date=16 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Falaque to play a bar dancer in next film - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/falaque-to-play-a-bar-dancer-in-next-film/articleshow/78574954.cms|access-date=2021-05-08|website=The Times of India|date=9 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ABIR IN TALKS FOR ARINDAM SIL S NEXT FILM, MAAYAKUMARI ABIR IN TALKS FOR ARINDAM SIL S NEXT FILM, MAAYAKUMARI|url=https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/imageview_300548_14830527_4_79_01-11-2019_4_i_1_sf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103161043/https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/imageview_300548_14830527_4_79_01-11-2019_4_i_1_sf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2019|access-date=2021-05-08|website=epaper.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-18|title=Exclusive: মায়াকুমারীর শুটিং ফ্লোর থেকে....কী চলছিল সেখানে?|url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/tollywood-movies-shooting-stills-of-bengali-movie-mayakumari-pbd-390292.html|access-date=2021-05-08|website=bengali.news18.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Glitz|first=Kolkata|title="Go with the flow & just keep going"- Falaque Rashid Roy|url=http://www.kolkataglitz.com/2020/04/quickten-with-falaque-rashid-roy.html|access-date=2021-05-08|website=Kolkata GlitZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Falaque Rashid Roy movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/falaque-rashid-roy-156919|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144032/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/falaque-rashid-roy-156919|url-status=live|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=2021-05-08|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
Rashid Roy was born in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":0" />

She is married to Neil Roy.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
Rashid Roy started her career with the film ''Khwaishein - The Desires of the Lost'' as a lead role. In 2019 she played an important role in the film ''[[Parineeta (2019 film)|Parineeta]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Falaque Rashid Roy: I had to do workshops under Sudiptaa Chakraborty to play a bar dancer - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/falaque-rashid-roy-i-had-to-do-workshops-under-sudiptaa-chakraborty-to-play-a-bar-dancer/articleshow/86675269.cms|access-date=2021-10-02|website=The Times of India|date=October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Falaque Rashid Roy: 'FIR' ছবিতে পানশালার ডান্সার ফালাক! বিশেষ ওয়ার্কশপ করেছেন সুদীপ্তার কাছে|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/falaque-rashid-roy-plays-character-shiuli-bar-dancer-fir-movie-has-done-workshop-sudipta-chakraborty-shares-experiences-soc-299617-2021-09-22|access-date=2021-10-02|website=Aaj Tak বাংলা|language=bn}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''Khwaishein – The Desires of the Lost''
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Parineeta (2019 film)|Parineeta]]''
|Sayantika Sen
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Nirbandhamer Jora Khun]]''
|Riyanka
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nirbandhamer Jora Khun's actress Falaque is all praise for director Sayantan Ghosal - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/nirbandhamer-jora-khuns-actress-falaque-is-all-praise-for-director-sayantan-ghosal/articleshow/78018089.cms|access-date=2021-05-08|website=The Times of India|date=9 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[F.I.R No. 339/07/06 (film)|''F.I.R'']]''
|Shiuli
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-10-28 |title=দুর্গাপুজোয় ঘরে ফিরে আসবেন 'মৃত' মা? আসছে 'অনন্য শারদীয়া' |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/tollywood-film-a-film-named-anannya-saradiya-directed-by-sanjay-das-is-going-to-release-know-in-details-930653 |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Dear Diary (2022 film)''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Falaque Rashid Roy talks about film Dear Diary - The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/falaque-rashid-roy-talks-about-film-dear-diary/cid/1916836|access-date=2023-02-16|website=The Telegraph|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Maayakumari]]''
|
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm9881399}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Gogte Group

2026-01-29T19:39:21Z

JewelWoodcock19: Made New Post

{{Short description|Indian conglomerate}}
{{Infobox company
|name = Gogte Group
|type = [[Private company|Private]]
|foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1957}}
|founder = [[Raosaheb Gogte]]
|location = [[Belgaum]], [[Karnataka]], India
|industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| subsid = {{plainlist|
*Gogte Mines
*Gogte Salts
*Gogte Minerals
*Gogte Textiles}}
}}

'''Gogte Group''' is an Indian conglomerate, headquartered in [[Belgaum]], [[Karnataka]], involved in [[mining]], [[minerals]], [[salts]] and [[textiles]]. The conglomerate was founded by [[Raosaheb Gogte]], beginning in 1957.

== History ==
=== Gogte Mines ===
In the early 1950s, [[Japan|Japanese]] interest in the [[iron ore|iron]] and [[manganese ore]]s of [[Portuguese India|Portuguese Goa]] led [[Raosaheb Gogte]], a lawyer at the time, to explore the possibility of mining for the ores in the districts of [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]] and [[North Kanara]]. In 1954, he began mining for manganese near Kuveshi. With financial encouragement from local lenders, Gogte established the Gogte Mines company and began mining for iron ore at [[Redi, Maharashtra|Redi]] in 1957, having leased 187 acres and 16 [[guntha]]s for the project, and producing 15,000 tonnes of iron ore within the first four months.<ref name="kamath">{{cite book |last1=Kamath |first1=M. V. |authorlink=M. V. Kamath |title=The Makings of a Millionaire: A Tribute to a Living Legend, Raosaheb B.M. Gogte, Industrialist, Philanthropist & Educationist |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |pages=78–110 |asin=B0000CQNU1 | date=1991 |oclc=25633742}}</ref><ref name="barve">{{cite book |last1=Barve |first1=D. K. |title=सागरमेघ: बा. म. ऊर्फ रावसाहेब गोगटे यांचा भैतिक व आत्मिक आविष्कार|trans-title= Sagarmegh: The Physical and Spiritual Invention of B. M. "Raosaheb" Gogte |date=1982 |publisher=Bombay Book Ḍepot |location=[[Mumbai]] |language=mr|oclc=12024875|pages=89–227}}</ref>

In 1962, the company came under scandal when one of its mines collapsed, injuring several workers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mines |first1=India Dept of |title=Report of the Chief Inspector |date=1962 |location=[[University of California]] |page=280 |language=en}}</ref> When contractors began demanding higher rates, he commissioned two self-propelled [[barge]]s for the transport of the ore, which were inaugurated by [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] and his wife.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karkaria |first1=Bachi J. |title=Dare to Dream: A Life of Rai Bahadur Mohan Singh Oberoi |date=1992 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-670-84723-5 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_DgAAAAMAAJ&q=raosaheb%20gogte |language=en}}</ref> Turning a profit after a decade of functioning, Gogte formally incorporated his mining company on July 20, 1967.<ref name="barve"/>

By 1972, the company was exporting iron and manganese ore to [[Europe]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Export Directory: With Foreign Section |date=1972 |location=[[University of Michigan]] |page=214 |volume=5 |language=en}}</ref> By 1973, the company was considered one of the leading exporters of iron ore in Maharashtra,<ref>{{cite book |title=Capital: A Weekly Journal of Commerce, Industry, and Finance |date=July 1973 |location=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1640 |language=en}}</ref> with their mine in Redi, being cited as the principal producer.<ref>{{cite book |title=Principal Producers of Major Minerals in India |date=1999 |publisher=Mining & Minerals Statistics Division, Indian Bureau of Mines, Ministry of Steel & Mines, Department of Mines |location=[[University of Michigan]] |page=10 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Gogte Salts ===
In 1963, Gogte scouted 1500 acres of land near [[Nala Sopara]] for developing a [[salt farm|salt works]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sousa |first1=J. P. De |title=Chemical Age of India |date=1968 |publisher=Technical Press Publications. |location=[[University of Michigan]] |page=102 |language=en}}</ref> He tasked his brother Vasudev with its management, who would apply [[France|French]] and [[Tunisia|Tunisian]] techniques of salt production at the works. The Gogte Salts company was inaugurated in 1964 at the hands of [[Sadashiv Govind Barve]],<ref name="kamath" /> after Gogte's brother Vaman, dealt with lengthy legal proceedings to obtain letters of intent from the government for the company to go into commercial production in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sabha |first1=India Parliament Lok |title=[[Lok Sabha]] Debates |date=1967 |publisher=[[Indian Parliament]] |location=[[University of Michigan]] |page=9929 |language=en}}</ref> Negotiations concluded, after the company acquiesced to manufacture both [[edible salt|edible]] and [[Magnesium sulfate|industrial salt]] for which the government would allot 2,000 acres of land to the company.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Industries |first1=Maharashtra (India) Directorate of |title=Industrial Bulletin |date=1964 |location=[[University of California]] |page=141 |language=en}}</ref> In July 1964, the [[Government of Maharashtra]] gave the company licenses to manufacture [[soda ash]] and [[ammonium chloride]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sabha |first1=India Parliament Rajya |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |date=1967 |publisher=Council of States Secretariat |location=[[University of Michigan]] |page=545 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Gogte Minerals ===
By 1974, Gogte had secured buyers for the company's iron ore in [[Romania]], formally incorporating the Gogte Minerals company on February 23, 1977, for promotion of [[ammonium chloride]] [[fertilizer]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Mining Directory |date=1989 |publisher=Mining, Geological, and Metallurgical Institute of India |location=[[University of Michigan]] |page=50 |language=en}}</ref> As of 2020, the company's research in the use of the minerals it mines, as well as the company's export practices have been cited by several government and educational institutions studying the field.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Jian |last2=Zhang |first2=Mingming |last3=Li |first3=Bowen |last4=Monteiro |first4=Sergio Neves |last5=Ikhmayies |first5=Shadia |last6=Kalay |first6=Yunus Eren |last7=Hwang |first7=Jiann-Yang |last8=Escobedo-Diaz |first8=Juan P. |last9=Carpenter |first9=John S. |last10=Brown |first10=Andrew D. |title=Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2020 |date=23 January 2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-36628-5 |page=i |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mineral Research |date=1990 |publisher=Directorate of Geology and Mining, and Groundwater Development |location=[[University of Minnesota]] |page=4 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Gogte Textiles ===
On May 17, 1980, Gogte established Gogte Textiles, venturing into [[textiles]], manufacturing [[cotton yarn]]s and [[fabric]]s. Under the advisement of [[S. M. Krishna]], he pursued to obtain a license from the [[Government of Karnataka]] under [[Gundu Rao]], to set up a [[textile mill]] in Kakti, acquiring 100 acres for the venture, and ordering weaving machinery from [[Switzerland]]. After promises of financial encouragement from the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Industry]] fell through, Gogte appealed to [[R. N. Malhotra]] at the [[Reserve Bank of India]] for provision of [[working capital]]. Financial encouragement came from the [[State Bank of Mysore]] and [[IDBI]], under the advisement of [[Shankarrao Chavan]].<ref name="barve"/>

In the late 1980s, Gogte's son Arvind, and his wife presented samples of their Textile Mills' [[terrycloth]] towels to then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]], when they learned that his wife [[Sonia Gandhi]] had enquired after them. When Gandhi requested Gogte to arrange a visit to the mills, the mills' workers went on strike. By 1990, the Gogte Textile Mills was one of the largest exporters of textile goods in Karnataka.<ref name="kamath" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Asia|Business|Company}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gogte Group}}

[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1957]]
[[Category:Companies based in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1957]]
[[Category:Metal companies of India]]
[[Category:Iron ore mining companies of India]]
[[Category:Mining companies of India]]
[[Category:Textile companies of India]]
[[Category:Chemical companies of India]]
[[Category:Fertiliser companies of India]]

ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit

2026-01-24T07:52:52Z

JewelWoodcock19: formatting fix

{{Infobox country
|name = ASEAN-India Commemorative Summit
|linking_name = ASEAN – India Commemorative Summit
|symbol_type = Logo
|image_symbol = ASEAN-India Commemorative Summit 2012 Logo.jpg
|symbol_width = 280px
|image_map =
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|languages_type = [[Official language]]s
|languages = [[English language|English]]
|demonym = South Asian
|membership =
{{collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = [[#Current members|11 members]]
|{{flagcountry|Brunei Darussalam}}
|{{flagcountry|Cambodia}}
|{{flagcountry|India}}
|{{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
|{{flagcountry|Laos}}
|{{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
|{{flagcountry|Myanmar}}
|{{flagcountry|Philippines}}
|{{flagcountry|Singapore}}
|{{flagcountry|Thailand}}
|{{flagcountry|Vietnam}}
<hr/>
}}
|admin_center_type =
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|established = 1992
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|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = 8 currenciesb
| {{small|([[ISO 4217]] in brackets)}}
| {{small|(BND)}}  [[Brunei dollar]]
| {{small|(KHR)}}  [[Cambodian riel]]
| {{small|(Rp)}}  [[Indonesian rupiah]]
| {{small|(INR)}}  [[Indian rupee]]
| {{small|(LAK)}}  [[Lao Kip]]
| {{small|(MYR)}}  [[Malaysian ringgit]]
| {{small|(MMK)}}  [[Burmese kyat]]
| {{small|(PHP)}}  [[Philippine peso]]
| {{small|(SGD)}}  [[Singapore dollar]]
| {{small|(THB)}}  [[Thai baht]]
| {{small|(VND)}}  [[Vietnamese đồng]]
}}
|time_zone = +05.30 to +09:00
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}}

{| class="infobox" border="1" cellpadding="2" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 285px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%; clear: right"
|-
!Heads of State Governments at the '''ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit''', 2012 in New Delhi
|-
|
----
<div align=left>
; {{flag|Brunei Darussalam}}
: [[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan]] [[Hassanal Bolkiah]]

; {{flag|Cambodia}}
: [[Prime Minister of Cambodia|Prime Minister]] [[Hun Sen]]

; {{flag|India}}
: Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]

; {{flag|Indonesia}}
: [[List of Presidents of Indonesia|President]] [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]

; {{flag|Laos}}
: Prime Minister [[Thongsing Thammavong]]

; {{flag|Malaysia}}
: Prime Minister [[Najib Tun Razak]]

; {{flag|Myanmar|1974}}
: Prime Minister [[Thein Sein]]

; {{flag|Philippines}}
: [[Vice President of the Philippines|President]] Incumbent [[Jejomar Binay]]

; {{flag|Singapore}}
: Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]]

; {{flag|Thailand}}
: Prime Minister [[Yingluck Shinawatra]]

; {{flag|Vietnam}}
: Prime Minister [[Nguyễn Tấn Dũng]]

Also represented
; {{flagu|ASEAN}}
: Secretary General of ASEAN [[Surin Pitsuwan]]

</div>
|}

The '''ASEAN – India Commemorative Summit''' was an international meeting which [[India]] hosted to mark the 20th anniversary of the [[ASEAN]] – [[India]] dialogue relations and 10-years of its summit level partnership. The summit was held from 20 to 21 December 2012 in [[New Delhi]], India.<ref name=aseanindiahomepage>{{cite web|last=ASEANIndia |title=ASEAN-INDIA COMMEMORATIVE SUMMIT 2012 |url=http://www.aseanindia.com/summit-2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117122818/http://www.aseanindia.com/summit-2012 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=December 21, 2012|title=ASEAN-India Commemorative Summit|journal=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/december-21-2012/asean-india-commemorative-summit/articleshowpics/17705278.cms}}</ref> The India-ASEAN relationship was elevated to a "strategic" partnership at the 2012 meeting.<ref name=mea>[http://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?22297/India+and+the+ASEAN+A+Pivotal+Relationship India and the ASEAN: A Pivotal Relationship]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/look-east-has-become-act-east-policy-pm-modi-at-asean/|title=‘Look East’ has become ‘Act East Policy': PM Narendra Modi at ASEAN|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

To commemorate 20 years of relationship between [[ASEAN]] and [[India]], India hosted the ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit on the theme "ASEAN-India Partnership for Peace and Shared Prosperity" in New Delhi on December 20–21, 2012.<ref>{{cite journal|date=Dec 20, 2012|title=In China's shadow, ASEAN leaders look to India for maritime security|journal=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-southeastasia-idUSBRE8BJ0Q220121220}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=Dec 21, 2012 |title=India and ASEAN seek to expand relations |journal=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=http://aje.me/WxQEMN |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703025553/http://aje.me/WxQEMN |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 3, 2013 }}</ref> The commemorative summit included the Plenary Session on 20 December and Ceremonial Flag-down of the ASEAN-India Car Rally on 21 December. The commemorative summit was attended by the Heads of States of the 10 ASEAN countries and Indian Prime Minister Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=December 20, 2012 |title=India-ASEAN summit begins in Delhi |journal=The Assam Tribune |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec2112/at092 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208160959/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec2112%2Fat092 |archive-date=December 8, 2015 }}</ref>

A series of flagship events, meetings and workshops were organised through the year 2012. Part of these flagship events included the 2nd ASEAN-India Car Rally and the ASEAN expedition of the sail training ship [[INS Sudarshini]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=August 9, 2012|title=ASEAN-India Commemorative Summit|journal=[[Voice of India]]|url=http://voiceof.india.com/features/asean-india-commemorative-summit-2012/6471|access-date=May 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403145606/http://voiceof.india.com/features/asean-india-commemorative-summit-2012/6471|archive-date=April 3, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=August 9, 2012|title=Car rally, naval expedition to 13 ASEAN ports|journal=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/270534/car-rally-naval-expedition-13.html}}</ref>

==ASEAN India Car Rally 2012==
{{Infobox motorsport championship
| name = ASEAN-India Car Rally 2012
| logo = ASEAN-INDIA Car Rally 2012 Logo.jpg
| image-size =
| caption = ASEAN-INDIA Car Rally 2012 Official Logo
| country/region = [[Indonesia]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[India]]
| Flag-Off = [[Yogyakarta]], Indonesia & Ceremonial Flag-off in Singapore
| Participants = 120
| teams = 11
| engines = [[Mahindra XUV500]] and [[Mahindra Scorpio]]
| website =
}}
[[File:Asean India Car Rally While Reached Numaligarh.jpg|thumb|left|Asean India Car Rally 2012 at [[Numaligarh]], [[Assam]], [[India]]]]
The 2nd edition of the [[ASEAN-India Car Rally 2012|ASEAN-India Car Rally]] was flagged-off from [[Yogyakarta]], Indonesia on November 26, 2012.<ref>{{cite journal|date=Nov 26, 2012|title=Second ASEAN-India car rally kicks off at Yogyakarta|journal=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-26/top-stories/35366118_1_asean-countries-second-asean-india-indian-ministry|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629122338/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-26/top-stories/35366118_1_asean-countries-second-asean-india-indian-ministry|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=Nov 26, 2012|title=ASEAN-India Car Rally to start in Yogyakarta today|journal=[[The Jakarta Post]]|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/11/26/asean-india-car-rally-start-yogyakarta-today.html}}</ref> There was also a ceremonial flag-off in [[Singapore]]. The rally passed through 8 ASEAN countries (except Brunei and the Philippines) covering a distance of around 8000 km over 22 days and was flagged down in Guwahati on December 17, 2012.<ref>{{cite journal|date=Dec 17, 2012|title=ASEAN-India Car Rally 2012 ends with Flag Down Ceremony in Guwahati|journal=News Post|url=http://www.newslivetv.com/regional/asean-india-car-rally-2012-ends-with-flag-down-ceremony-in-guwahati.html|access-date=May 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010115925/http://www.newslivetv.com/regional/asean-india-car-rally-2012-ends-with-flag-down-ceremony-in-guwahati.html|archive-date=October 10, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> 500 took part in this rally covering about 8000 km through 8 Asian countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aseanindia.com/car-rally |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130215132522/http://www.aseanindia.com/car-rally |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 15, 2013 |title=ASEAN India |access-date=February 1, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asean.org/news/asean-secretariat-news/item/asean-india-car-rally-officially-concluded-in-new-delhi |title=ASEAN-India Car Rally Officially Concluded in New Delhi |date=21 December 2012 |access-date=3 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230102428/http://www.asean.org/news/asean-secretariat-news/item/asean-india-car-rally-officially-concluded-in-new-delhi |archive-date=30 December 2012 }}</ref>

The Car Rally was ceremonially flagged down by the Prime Minister of India and Leaders of ASEAN in New Delhi on December 21, 2012, during the ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit.<ref>{{cite journal|date=December 28, 2012|title=ASEAN-India Car Rally 2012 concludes in New Delhi|journal=Gaadi.com|url=http://www.gaadi.com/blog/asean-india-car-rally-2012-concludes-in-new-delhi}}</ref>

"Marker" events, including business seminars, tourism road-shows, cultural performances, etc. were organized along the route of the Car Rally by Indian Missions, CII, Ministry of Tourism and ICCR. The business events include: Seminars on 'Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity and Public-Private Partnerships' in Singapore on November 27, 2012;<ref>{{cite journal
|date=Nov 27, 2012
|title=ASEAN-India Seminar on the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity and Public-Private Partnerships
|journal=ASEAN Studies Centre
|url=http://asc.iseas.edu.sg/about-us/home/item/173-asean-india-seminar-on-the-master-plan-on-asean-connectivity-and-public-private-partnerships
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130706121603/http://asc.iseas.edu.sg/about-us/home/item/173-asean-india-seminar-on-the-master-plan-on-asean-connectivity-and-public-private-partnerships
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=July 6, 2013
}}</ref> 'India-ASEAN Connectivity: The opportunities in infrastructure' in Malaysia on November 29, 2012, 'ASEAN-India Connectivity: Promoting Business Linkages between ASEAN and India's North-East' in Bangkok on December 3, 2012;<ref>{{cite journal
|date=Dec 5, 2012
|title=Seminar on ‘ASEAN-India Connectivity: Promoting Business Linkages between ASEAN and India’s North-East’
|journal=Aseanindia.com
|url=http://www.aseanindia.com/press-release/2012/12/03/press-releaseseminar-on-asean-india-connectivity-promoting-business-linkages-between-asean-and-indias-north-east
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628165621/http://www.aseanindia.com/press-release/2012/12/03/press-releaseseminar-on-asean-india-connectivity-promoting-business-linkages-between-asean-and-indias-north-east
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=June 28, 2013
}}</ref> 'ASEAN - India : IT & ITES' at Ho Chi Minh City on November 6, 2012; a Round Table on Small and Medium Enterprise in Phnom Penh on December 7, 2012, and a Seminar on 'ASEAN – India Connectivity : A Successful Border Trade' in Mandalay on December 13, 2012.

Dignitaries from India who participated at the various events associated with the car rally include: Shri Sathyanarayana Sarvey, Hon'ble Minister of State for Road Transport & Highways (in Malaysia); Shri Tarun Gogoi, Chief Minister of Assam (in Ho chi Minh city); Shri O.Ibobi Singh, Chief Minister of Manipur (in Manipur); Shri Tarun Gogoi, Chief Minister of Assam and Smt.D.Purandeswari, Minister of State (Commerce & Industry) at the flag down of the car rally in Guwahati.<ref>{{cite journal|date=Nov 15, 2012|title=ASEAN-India Car Rally 2012 will open up NE region to South East Asia: Tarun Gogoi|journal=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-15/news/35133043_1_india-asean-asean-countries-tarun-gogoi|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629122136/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-15/news/35133043_1_india-asean-asean-countries-tarun-gogoi|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref>

==INS Sudarshini's ASEAN Expedition==

The INS Sudarshini Expedition was flagged off from Kochi on 15 September 2012, was given a Naval send-off at Chennai on September 29, 2012. The expedition concluded on 29 March 2013 at Kochi where it was received by [[Minister of Defence (India)]] [[A. K. Antony]].<ref>{{cite journal|date= March 22, 2013|title=INS Sudarshini returns from historic odyssey on March 25|journal=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-sudarshini-returns-from-historic-odyssey-on-march-25/article4538969.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date= March 23, 2013|title=INS Sudarshini to return to Kochi on 25 March|journal=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|url=http://thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=448969&catid=36}}</ref> During the 6-month expedition, INS Sudarshini called on [[Padang]], [[Bali]], [[Manado]], [[Brunei]], [[Cebu]], [[Manila]], [[Da Nang]],<ref>{{cite journal|date=December 28, 2012|title=Indian naval ships to visit Vietnam|journal=Vietnamnet.vn|url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/government/55811/indian-naval-ships-to-visit-vietnam.html}}</ref> [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]], [[Bangkok]], [[Singapore]], [[Klang, Malaysia|Klang]], [[Phuket (city)|Phuket]] and [[Sittwe]].<ref>{{cite journal|date= March 27, 2013|title=INS Sudarshini Returns Home to Kochi|journal=Navaltoday.com|url=http://navaltoday.com/2013/03/27/ins-sudarshini-returns-home-to-kochi/}}</ref>

During this expedition, several business events were organised including: Seminar on 'ASEAN-India FTA' in Indonesia followed by B2B Meeting on October 24, 2012; 'India-Indonesia Business Seminar for Progress & Prosperity' organized at the Bali Chamber of Commerce & Industry followed by B2B Meeting on October 29, 2012;<ref>{{cite journal|date=Oct 30, 2012|title=INDIAN-ASEAN BUSINESS SEMINAR FOR PROGRESS & PROSPERITY ON 29TH OCTOBER, 2012, AT BANK INDONESIA – DENPASAR|journal=queenstandoor.com|url=http://queenstandoor.com/blog/?p=1098}}</ref> 'Academic Seminar on India & Indonesia–Shared History & Culture and Opportunities for deepening People–to–People Contacts' organized at Udayana University on October 30,
2012 <ref>{{cite journal|date=Oct 30, 2012|title=Academic Seminar on Culture and Historical Links in Udayana University, Bali – DENPASAR|journal=MEA.gov.in|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/CountryNews/37_Culture_Seminar.pdf}}</ref> and B2B Meeting between Manado Chamber of Commerce (Kadin Manado) and delegation of Indian businessmen led by FICCI, preceded by a half-day IT-ITeS Seminar at Sam Ratulangi University on November 12, 2012; a Seminar on 'India-ASEAN FTA' organized in association with ICC, Kolkata. Philippine Chamber of Commerce and India-Philippine Business Council on December 14, 2012, in Manila. Other events included, Seminar on 'India-ASEAN FTA' in Vietnam followed by B2B Meeting on January 2, 2013; Seminar on 'India - ASEAN FTA' followed by B2B meeting in Bangkok on January 18, 2013, Seminar on 'India – Singapore Partnership: Ports, Logistics & related Maritime Domain' in association with FICCI in Singapore in February 2013; Seminar on 'Trade and Investment Forum – India-Malaysia Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement: the Next Steps' in Malaysia on February 16, 2013, followed by a B2B Meeting; Seminar on 'India-ASEAN FTA' at Sittwe organized in association with ICC, Kolkata followed by a B2B Meeting in March 2013.

==See also==
* [[ASEAN–India relations]]
* [[ASEAN-India Car Rally 2012]]
* [[INS Sudarshini]]
* [[ASEAN–India Free Trade Area]]
* [[ASEAN]]
* [[Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==External links==
*[https://archive.today/20130624235744/http://aseanindia.com/car-rally ASEAN-India Car Rally Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:ASEAN-India Commemorative Summit}}
[[Category:India–ASEAN relations|Commemorative Summit]]

Pitambara Peeth

2026-01-15T20:04:17Z

JewelWoodcock19: Created a info

{{more citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Pitambara Peeth
| image = Shri Peetambra Peetha, Datia entrance gate.jpg
| alt = Shri Pitambara Peeth entrance gate
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = India
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Datia]]
| location = Datia
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Bagalamukhi]]
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website = {{Official website|https://shreepeetambarapeeth.com/}}
}}

'''Shri Peetambra Peetha''' is a complex of [[Hindu temple]]s (including an [[Ashram]]), located in the city of [[Datia]], in the [[Madhya Pradesh]] state of central India. It was, according to many legends 'Tapasthali' (place of meditation) of many mythological as well as real life people. The [[Shivling]] of shree Vankhandeswar [[Shiva]] is alleged to be from the times of [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shree Pitambara Peeth - Maa Baglamukhi Temple, Datia |url=https://www.mptourism.com/shree-pitambara-peeth-datia.html#:~:text=The%20story%20of%20Peetambara%20Peeth,brilliance%20of%20their%20spiritual%20discipline. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129203534/https://www.mptourism.com/shree-pitambara-peeth-datia.html |archive-date=2024-11-29 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.mptourism.com |language=en}}</ref> It is primarily a [[Shakta pithas|Shakti pitha]] place of worship (devoted to Mother Goddess).
Many people come here for worship on Saturday.

[[File:Pitambara Peeth temple, Datia city.jpg|thumb|right|'''Pitambara Peeth''' at [[Datia]]]]

==Overview==
Shri Peetambara Peetha is one of the most famous temples of Baglamukhi. It was established by [[Shree Swami ji of Pitambara Peeth|Shree Swami Ji]] in 1920s. He also established the temple of goddess [[Dhumavati]] within the ashram. Dhumavati and [[Bagalamukhi]] are two of the ten [[Mahavidyas]]. In addition to these, there are temples of [[Parashurama|Parshuram]], [[Hanuman]], [[Kal Bhairav]] and other god and goddess spread across the large area of Ashram.

Currently the Peeth is maintained by a trust. There is a [[Sanskrit]] library which was established by the Pujyapaad, and is maintained by Ashram. One can get the books explaining the history of the Ashram and secret [[Mantra#Hinduism|mantra]]s of various kind of [[sadhana]]s and [[tantra]]s. One of the unique feature of the Ashram is its endeavor to spread the light of Sanskrit language to young children, free of cost. Ashram conducts Sanskrit debates across the years.

Pujyapaad was called 'Swamiji'or 'Maharaaj' by the devotees. No one knows from where he came, or his name; nor did he disclose this to anyone. However, he was a Parivrajakachrya Dandi Swami, who stayed on in Datia for a longer period. He was and still is a spiritual icon for many who visit the Peeth or have been associated with him directly or indirectly. He did and led many anushthans and sadhanas for the protection and welfare of both humanity and the country. Pt Shri Gaya Prasad Nayak ji (Babuji) of Garhi Malehara is renowned for his knowledge of Swamiji. Pujya Swamiji Maharaj and Babuji's Guruji were Gurubhai.

Pujyapaad was a strong devotee of the Goddess Pitambara. He like the Sanskrit language, and had good knowledge of Urdu, Persian and Arabic, English, [[Pali]] and [[Prakrit]]. He liked the classical music and various great classical musicians used to visit the ashram, including Pundit Gundai Maharaj, [[Siyaram Tiwari (musician)|Siyaram Tiwari]], [[Rajan and Sajan Mishra]], and Dagar Bandhu. Classical musician Acharaya Brhaspati was follower of Pujyapaad.

== Nearby Tourist place to visit ==

=== Sonagir Temples ===
This cluster of white marble is the famous Jain pilgrimage known as Swarnagiri or Shravangiri. It has 77 temples on a hill and 26 in the village below. The most beautiful among these is dedicated to Chandranatha, the eighth of the 24 Tirthankaras. It is located in the [[Sonagiri]] hills, Datia district.

==Location==
The ashram is located in [[Datia]] town of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India approx 75 km from [[Gwalior]] ( Airport) and approx 29 km from Jhansi. It is well connected by train and the ashram is around 3 km from Datia railway station.

This Shakta pitha has Vankhandeswar Shiva Temple as well which is not only said to be of the time of Mahabharata but has been certified by the Archeological Survey of India/ASI.

The temple of Goddess Pitambara doesn't take any offerings in the form of money from the devotees who come to visit the temple.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://shreepeetambarapeeth.com/shreepeetambarapeeth.com Official site]

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Bagalamukhi temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Datia]]

Department of Telecommunications

2026-01-12T21:04:05Z

JewelWoodcock19: refined structure additionally and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Indian government department}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Telecommunications (DoT)
| type = Department
| seal = Ministry of Communications India.svg
| seal_width = 150px
| seal_caption = Parent Agency - Ministry of Communications
| logo = Department of Telecommunications logo.png
| logo_width = 250px
| logo_caption = Department of Telecommunications
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|1985|df=yes}}
| preceding1 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India
| coordinates = 
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/PM-Modi-announces-list-of-Cabinet-ministers-with-portfolios/articleshow/35621676.cms?imageid=35623175#slide12|title=PM Modi announces list of Cabinet ministers with portfolios - Times of India|work=The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref>
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications]]
| deputyminister1_name = [[Devusinh Chauhan]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = Minister of state for Ministry of Communications
| chief1_name = Amit Agrawal, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position = 
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]]
| parent_agency =
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|http://www.dot.gov.in/}}
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| agency_type =
}}

The '''Department of Telecommunications''', abbreviated to '''DoT''', is a [[Ministry (government department)|department]] of the [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]] of the executive branch of the [[Government of India]].

==History==
Telecom services have been recognized the world-over as an important tool for socio-economic development for a nation and hence telecom infrastructure is treated as a crucial factor to realize the socio-economic objectives in India. Accordingly, the Department of Telecom has been formulating developmental policies for the accelerated growth of the telecommunication services. The department is also responsible for grant of licenses for various telecom services like Unified Access Service Internet and VSAT service. The department is also responsible for frequency management in the field of radio communication in close coordination with the international bodies. It also enforces wireless regulatory measures by monitoring wireless transmission of all users in the country.

== Services ==

* Launched [[Sanchar Saathi]] portal in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-17 |title=Sanchar Saathi: Now subscribers can track, block lost cellphone via portal |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/now-track-block-lost-mobile-phones-via-sanchar-saathi-portal/articleshow/100278817.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-23 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* [[Integrated Theatre Command (India)#Defence Communication Network|Defence Communication Network]] - launched on 30 June 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2016 |title=India's first integrated defence communication network launched |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-first-integrated-defence-communication-network-launched-116063000506_1.html |access-date=7 July 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-25 |title=Towards an Integrated Military Future |url=https://raksha-anirveda.com/towards-an-integrated-military-future/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=raksha-anirveda.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Statutory Bodies ==

* [http://www.tdsat.gov.in/Delhi/Delhi.php Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal(TDSAT)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101012016/https://tdsat.gov.in/Delhi/Delhi.php |date=2020-11-01 }}
* [https://www.trai.gov.in/ Telecom Regulatory Authority of India(TRAI)]

== Attached Offices ==

* [https://www.tec.gov.in/ Telecommunication Engineering Centre(TEC)]
* [http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/home.jsp Universal Service Obligation Fund(USOF)]

== Subordinate Offices ==

* [[Wireless Monitoring Organisation|Wireless Monitoring Organization]]

== Field Offices ==

* [https://dot.gov.in/relatedlinks/director-general-telecom Director General Telecom]
* [https://dot.gov.in/cca Controller of Communication Accounts(CCA)]

== Autonomous Bodies ==

* [https://www.cdot.in/cdotweb/web/home.php Centre for Development of Telematics(C-DOT)]

== Training Institutes ==

* [http://www.ntiprit.gov.in/ National Telecommunications Institute for Policy Research Innovation Training(NTIPRIT)]
* [http://www.nicf.gov.in/ National Institute of Communication Finance(NICF)]

==Specialised Units==
The following units function under the DoT:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dot.gov.in/content/units-under-dot |title=Units Under DOT {{!}} Department of Telecommunications, Government of India. |website=www.dot.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623115602/http://www.dot.gov.in/content/units-under-dot |archive-date=2013-06-23}}</ref>

*[[Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring]] (TERM) Cells, formerly Vigilance Telecom Monitoring (VTM)
*[[Wireless and Planning and Coordination Wing|Wireless Planning & Coordination Wing]] (WPC)
*[[Telephone Advisory Committees]]<ref name="dot">{{cite web|url=http://www.dot.gov.in/circulars/telephone-advisory-committees-tacs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806015748/http://dot.gov.in/circulars/telephone-advisory-committees-tacs |archive-date=2014-08-06 |url-status=dead|title=Telephone Advisory Committees (TACs) | PHP Section | Circulars/Notifications | Department of Telecommunications|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dot.gov.in/circulars/telephone-advisory-committees-tacs | title=Telephone Advisory Committees (TACs) | work=dot.gov.in | access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/raghuram-rajan-went-aheadtac-viewinterest-rate_1074695.html | title=Raghuram Rajan went ahead with TAC view on interest rate | work=moneycontrol.com | access-date=25 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/community/bsnl-holds-second-tac-meeting/138416.html | title=BSNL holds second TAC meeting | work=tribuneindia.com | access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/BSNL-to-provide-3G-connectivity-to-Lasalgaon-Satana/articleshow/39640578.cms | title=BSNL to provide 3G connectivity to Lasalgaon, Satana | work=[[Times of India]] | date=5 August 2014 | access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/1_6.pdf | title=Circular| work=dot.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/core-function-of-tac-remains-unchanged/article2024284.ece | title=Core function of TAC remains unchanged| work=thehindu.com| date=17 May 2011| access-date=17 May 2011| last1=Varma| first1=M. Dinesh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypost.in/chandigarh/47105-telephone-advisory-committee-meeting-of-bsnl-organised |title=Telephone Advisory Committee meeting of BSNL organised |work=dailypost.in |access-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208004426/http://www.dailypost.in/chandigarh/47105-telephone-advisory-committee-meeting-of-bsnl-organised |archive-date=8 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://tech.firstpost.com/watch-videos/telephone-advisory-committee-tac-meeting-of-bsnl-presided-over-by-dr-ashok-tanwar-mp_cbqcH3OhIIU.html| title=Telephone Advisory Committee meeting presided over by Dr Ashok Tanwar Member of Parliament| work=firstpost.com| access-date=25 September 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126093232/http://tech.firstpost.com/watch-videos/telephone-advisory-committee-tac-meeting-of-bsnl-presided-over-by-dr-ashok-tanwar-mp_cbqcH3OhIIU.html| archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bsnltariff.com/2020/05/bsnl-employees-download-aarogya-setu.html | title=DoT mandates BSNL Employees to Download Aarogya Setu App for Safety | work=bsnltariff.com | access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telecomtariff.in/2021/09/no-sim-card-number-to-minors-says-dot.html|title=DoT says, The Indian Contract Act of 1872, No SIM card to Minors|website=www.telecomtariff.in}}</ref>

== Central Public Sector Undertakings ==
*[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL)
*[[Indian Telephone Industries Limited]] (ITI)
*[[Telecommunications Consultants India Limited]] (TCIL)
*[[Bharat Broadband Network Limited]] (BBNL)

==See also==

'''[[Government of India|Central Civil Service]]s'''
* [[Indian Post & Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service|Indian Communication Finance Service]]

'''[[Government of India|Central Engineering Services]]'''
* [[Indian Telecommunication Service]]
* [[Indian radio regulatory service|Indian Radio Regulatory Service]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dot.gov.in/index.php Official site]
*[https://tafcopportal.info/ Tafcop Portal]
{{Union ministries of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Department Of Telecommunications}}
[[Category:Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)]]
[[Category:Telecommunications in India]]
[[Category:Telecommunications authorities of India]]
[[Category:Computer security in India]]

Suryanelli rape case

2026-01-06T17:57:16Z

JewelWoodcock19: adding details

{{Short description|1996 incident in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
The '''Suryanelli rape case''' (also called the '''Suryanelli sex scandal''')<ref name="indiankanoon.org">{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/923693/|title=Prof.P.J.Kurian vs State of Kerala on 4 April, 2007|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref> refers to a case of [[kidnapping]] and subsequent [[rape]] of a 16-year-old school girl from [[Suryanelli]], Kerala, India, in 1996.<ref name=Fl-rehearing/> The girl was allegedly lured with the promise of marriage on 16 January 1996 and kidnapped. She was allegedly raped by 37 of the 42 accused persons, over a period of 40 days. The remaining had abetted the crime.<ref name=New-67times>{{cite news|title=Suryanelli victim was raped 67 times in 40 days|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Suryanelli-victim-was-raped-67-times-in-40-days/2013/08/30/article1758840.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902015834/http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Suryanelli-victim-was-raped-67-times-in-40-days/2013/08/30/article1758840.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2013|access-date=17 October 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 August 2013}}</ref> After [[P.J. Kurien]], the then Union Minister and later Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman belonging to UDF led by Congress party, was named, the issue was politicised, due to a then upcoming general election.<ref name=Fl-rehearing/> Several women's rights activists like [[K. Ajitha]]<ref name=Tehe-Ajitha>{{cite news|title=A new avatar, a new Ajitha|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main11.asp?filename=In040905A_new_avatar.asp|access-date=17 October 2015|work=[[Tehelka]]|date=9 April 2005}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and Suja Susan George,<ref name=Tehe-elusive>{{cite news|title=Justice remains elusive for rape victim|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2013/02/justice-remains-elusive-for-rape-victim/|access-date=17 October 2015|work=[[Tehelka]]|date=9 March 2010|archive-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930055833/http://www.tehelka.com/2013/02/justice-remains-elusive-for-rape-victim/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and women's organisations, like [[National Federation of Indian Women|NFIW]] and [[Anweshi Women's Counselling Centre|Anweshi]], have taken an interest in the case.<ref name=Hin-ConflictZone>{{cite news|title=House becomes conflict zone over Suryanelli|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/house-becomes-conflict-zone-over-suryanelli/article4386472.ece|access-date=17 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=TOI-NotRaped/>

On 2 September 2000, a Special Court in [[Kottayam]] found 35 of 39, of those who faced trial, to be guilty of various charges.<ref name=Hin-35guilty/> On 12 July 2002, the prime accused - Dharmarajan was found guilty of various charges and sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref name=Hin-2000life/> However, he left jail on bail on 25 October 2002 and then disappeared.<ref name=Hin-2013TV/> On 20 January 2005, the [[Kerala High Court]] acquitted all 35 convicts, except prime accused Dharmarajan, due to lack of evidence corraborating the victim's statement. The court found her to be untrustworthy.<ref name=Joseph2005/> The verdict was criticised by women's rights activists.<ref name=Hin-FreshProbe>{{cite news|title=Demand for fresh probe into Kottiyam sex scandal|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/02/23/stories/2005022312030300.htm|access-date=17 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 February 2005}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
In January 2013, the [[Supreme Court of India]] repealed the acquittals awarded by the High Court and ordered a fresh hearing.<ref name=TOI-1996Suryanelli>{{cite news|title=1996 Suryanelli rape case: SC sets aside Kerala HC verdict acquitting 35 accused|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1996-Suryanelli-rape-case-SC-sets-aside-Kerala-HC-verdict-acquitting-35-accused/articleshow/18270593.cms|access-date=17 October 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 January 2013}}</ref> In early February 2013, Dharmarajan appeared in a TV interview and said that P. J. Kurien was involved and the police covered it up.<ref name=ANI-KurienInvolved>{{cite news|title=Dharmarajan says Kurien involved in Suryanelli Rape Case|url=http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail2/story98645/dharmarajan-says-kurien-involved-in-suryanelli-rape-case.html|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[Asian News International|ANI News]]|date=11 February 2013|archive-date=13 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213201709/http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail2/story98645/dharmarajan-says-kurien-involved-in-suryanelli-rape-case.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This stirred a controversy and politicians began demanding Kurien's resignation.<ref name=IT-chorus>{{cite news|title=Suryanelli rape case: Chorus for Kurien's resignation as deputy chief of Rajya Sabha grows|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/suryaneeli-rape-case-chorus-for-pj-kurien-resignation-deputy-chief-of-rajya-sabha-grows-india-today-153811-2013-02-12|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=12 February 2013}}</ref> The High Court of Kerala has discharged Prof Kurien from all charges on 4 April 2007.<ref name="indiankanoon.org"/> The Supreme Court also confirmed it. It has been refuted in Indian Parliament too.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0BgWbiB9kc|title = P J Kurien case Ministers Statement in Parliament|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref> Soon after, Dharmarajan was arrested.<ref name=DC-tamely/> In May, he retracted his previous statements.<ref name=Madh-Didntsee/> Kurien was acquitted by the Kerala High Court.<ref name=Hin-2007setAside>{{cite news|title=Criminal proceedings against Kurien set aside|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/criminal-proceedings-against-kurien-set-aside/article1823761.ece|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 April 2007}}</ref>

On 4 April 2014, the Kerala High Court upheld Dharmarajan's life sentence and acquitted 7 of the 35 surviving accused.<ref name=IT-Dharmarajan/> {{As of|October 2015}}, the case is in appeal at the Supreme Court.<ref name=IE-SCnotice>{{cite news|title=Suryanelli case: SC notice to Kerala govt|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/suryanelli-case-sc-notice-to-kerala-govt/|access-date=17 October 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=9 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=Hin-ManyPoints>{{cite news|title=Many points of 'disbelief' in Suryanelli rape case: SC|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/many-points-of-disbelief-in-suryanelli-rape-case-sc/article7759595.ece|access-date=17 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 October 2015}}</ref>

==Incident and investigation==
On 16 January 1996, a 16-year-old girl (initially reported as 15),<ref name=Red-sexcase>{{cite news|title=P J Kurien found prima facie guilty in sex case|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/may/08keral.htm|access-date=15 October 2015|work=[[Rediff]]|date=8 May 1999}}</ref> from Suryanelli village in [[Idukki district]], disappeared from her hostel. The family had come to Suryanelli because the father, employee of the Department of Telecommunications, had been posted there. The girl lived in the [[hostel]] of the Little Flower Convent School in [[Munnar]], where she was a student. Her father reported her disappearance, but despite a police search she was not found. The girl reappeared after 40 days on 26 February 1996 at her father's workplace. The next day her kidnapping and rape was reported to the police.<ref name=Fl-rehearing/><ref name=Red-sexcase/><ref name=ITog-Overturned/>

The girl was examined by V. K. Bhaskaran (later prosecution witness #73), a [[gynaecologist]] at Government Taluk Hospital, [[Adimali]], on 28 February 1996.<ref name=hin-medicalreport>{{cite news|title=Medical report can play crucial role in Suryanelli case retrial|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/medical-report-can-play-crucial-role-in-suryanelli-case-retrial/article4422829.ece?ref=relatedNews|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 February 2013}}</ref> He noted the vaginal examination was painful and the [[vulva]] was [[oedematous]]. The doctor, during the trial in 2002, stated that the victim had been subjected to "violent sexual acts". There was infection. The doctor said that intercourse would have been painful, if done during the infection. He said the vaginal wall was not lacerated. (Violent intercourse can result in lacerations.) The doctor said that there was no sign or evidence of resistance. However, the doctor did not rule out the possibility of rape, stating, "If, as stated by the victim, she was raped after being threatened and intimidated, then there would not be any sign of resistance on her body." The infection, inflammation, ulcers and fresh tears, coupled with the victim's visible distress, signified violence. Additionally, he pointed out that contusions or abrasions occurring in the initial days would have healed by the end of the ordeal, given the timeline.<ref name=Joseph2005/><ref name=DoctorCrucial>{{cite news|title=Deposition by doctor crucial in Suryanelli case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/deposition-by-doctor-crucial-in-suryanelli-case/article4541767.ece|access-date=11 January 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 March 2013}}</ref>

The police named 42 persons as accused initially and 40 of them were found by 1999. The list included politicians and other notable persons.<ref name=Hin-35guilty/><ref name=Red-sexcase/><ref name=Tri-doom>{{cite news|title=Sex scandal spells doom for Kurien|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99oct08/nation.htm#13|access-date=15 October 2015|work=[[The Tribune (India)]]|date=7 October 1999}}</ref>

==Events as established by prosecution==
{{Location map+ | India Kerala
| caption =

'''Red: Events of the first 24 hours''' 
[[Munnar]]: The girl left hostel on 16 January. [[Adimali]]: The girl met up with Raju. They took a bus at 4:30pm. [[Kothamangalam]]: Raju disappeared. The girl reached Kothamangalam at 7:30pm, and decides to go to Kottayam. [[Muvattupuzha]]: The girl reached Muvattupuzha by bus. She noticed Usha on the bus. She changed buses here. [[Kottayam]]: She reached Kottayam. She was approached by Usha and introduced to Dharmarajan. Dharmarajan raped her in a lodge. [[Ernakulam]]: The girl was taken to Ernakulam in a bus.

| places =
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Munnar
| position = right
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 10.0892
| lon_deg = 77.0597
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Adimali
| position = bottom
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 10.0148
| lon_deg = 76.9561
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Kothamangalam
| position = top
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 10.0800
| lon_deg = 76.6200
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Muvattupuzha
| position = left
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 9.9700
| lon_deg = 76.5800
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Adimali
| position = bottom
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 10.0148
| lon_deg = 76.9561
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Kottayam
| position = bottom
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 9.6000
| lon_deg = 76.5200
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Ernakulam
| position = left
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 9.6800
| lon_deg = 76.2800
}}
}}
The prosecution found that she had been coaxed by a [[bus conductor]], Raju (accused #1), to elope with him. The girl was reportedly in love with him. Raju asked the girl to leave her hostel in [[Munnar]] and meet him at [[Adimali]] on 16 January 1996. There, he convinced her to accompany him to [[Kothamangalam]] and they left at 4:30pm. The man abandoned the girl on the bus and disappeared midway. The girl reached the destination at 7:30pm. She decided to travel onward to [[Kottayam]] where her mother's sister lived. She took a bus to [[Muvattupuzha]]. Reaching Muvattupuzha, she took an [[auto-rickshaw]] to the [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] bus stand. From there, she took a [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation#Fleet|fast passenger]] bus towards [[Trivandrum]]. On this bus, she noticed a woman, later identified as Usha (accused #2).<ref name=Joseph2005>{{cite court |litigants=Joseph alias Baby v. S. I. Of Police|court=[[Kerala High Court]] |date=2005 |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/207046/|quote= Taking into account the nature of the offence committed and the plight of the victim, who had been subjected to such offence for about long 40 days, we feel that no leniency need be shown to such an accused.}}</ref>

She reached Kottayam but was apprehensive of navigating the city's [[lane]]s at night. She decided to go to her uncle at [[Mundakkayam]]. But, there was no bus to Mundakkayam at night. Usha approached her and offered help. She introduced the girl to one Sreekumar, who was later identified as Dharmarajan, a lawyer and prime accused. He promised that he would take her to Mundakayam later. He told her that his mother was staying at a lodge and she could stay there. The girl agreed to accompany him, but he raped her in the lodge. On the same night, her father had reported her as missing. An [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|assistant sub-inspector]] had conducted a search but could not locate her.<ref name=Joseph2005/>

The next morning she was taken to [[Ernakulam]] in a bus. Thereafter, she was taken to the various places, which included [[Kumili]], [[Kambam]], [[Palakkad]], [[Vanimel]], [[Aluva]], [[Theni]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Trivandrum]], and [[Kuravilangad]]. On the morning of 26 February 1996, she was freed. During the intervening period, she was raped or [[gang rape]]d by 38 of the 42 accused. The remaining four, including Usha and Raju, had abetted the crimes. Several of the 38 were political workers or involved in politics. Later, many claimed the accusation was a conspiracy to frame them.<ref name=Joseph2005/>

==Trials and appeals==

===2000-2002===

====Initial convictions====
On 2 September 2000, the Special Court at [[Kottayam]] found 35 of the 39 accused persons to be guilty and four were acquitted. Among the convicts were three women. One of the accused had died during the trial and two were still absconding. The verdict was 356 pages long. The court criticised the police's handling of the case in the initial stages and its attempt to shield the accused persons. Various charges which included Sections 120 (B) ([[criminal conspiracy]]), 376 (2)(B) ([[gang rape]]), 365 (kidnapping with intent to confine), and 366 (A) (kidnapping with intent to rape) of the [[Indian Penal Code]], were proven against various persons. The sentencing took place on 6 September.<ref name="Hin-35guilty">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-20 |title=Suryanelli sex case: 35 found guilty, four acquitted - Others - The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/suryanelli-sex-case-35-found-guilty-four-acquitted/article28041387.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220040520/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/suryanelli-sex-case-35-found-guilty-four-acquitted/article28041387.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-12-20 |access-date=2023-01-10 }}</ref><ref name=Red-Kottayam>{{cite news|title=35 found guilty in Kottayam sex scandal: PTI|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/sep/02sex.htm|work=[[Rediff]]|date=2 September 2000}}</ref>

====Dharmarajan's trial====
On 16 September 2000, Dharmarajan was arrested from [[Karnataka]]. He had been absconding for 4 years.<ref name=Hin-2000Remand>{{cite news|title=Dharmarajan remanded to judicial custody|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/09/19/stories/0419211g.htm|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 September 2000}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In 2002, the trial of the prime accused, Dharmarajan, began. The court presided by P. Chandrasekhara Pillai found him guilty of several charges including gang rape and abduction on 10 July 2002. The court said that as a lawyer he was aware of the implications of his actions and sentenced him to life in prison on 12 July 2002 by judge V. Chandrasekharan Nair.<ref name=Hin-2000life>{{cite news|title=Life term for key accused in Suryanelli case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/07/13/stories/2002071303120600.htm|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 July 2002}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=ITog-Overturned/><ref name=Hin-2002Guilty>{{cite news|title=Dharmarajan found guilty|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2002/07/11/stories/2002071102060600.htm|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 July 2002}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He was found guilty of Sections 120 (B) ([[criminal conspiracy]]), 363 ([[kidnapping]]), 366 (A) (kidnapping with intent to rape), 368 ([[Imprisonment|illegal confinement]]), 332 (hurting a public servant), 373 ([[human trafficking|buying a minor for sex]]), 376 ([[rape]]), 376(2)(B) ([[gang rape]]), 392 ([[robbery]]) read with Sections 109 ([[abettor|abetting a crime]]) and 34 (common intent) of the Indian Penal Code.<ref name=appeal2002/>

Dharmarajan had filed an appeal in the [[Kerala High Court]], but it was rejected on 13 June 2002.<ref name=appeal2002>{{cite court |litigants=Dharmarajan v. State |court=[[Kerala High Court]] |date=2002 |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1536804/|quote= I have no hesitation to say that the petitioner furnished a list of 45 witnesses only with the object of delaying the proceedings. I see no infirmity in the order of the lower court.}}</ref> After receiving his sentence, Dharmarajan only served a small part of his sentence. He had been sent to the [[Central Prison, Poojappura]] on 13 July 2002 and 25 October 2002 he had been released on bail. After that, he disappeared.<ref name=Hin-2013TV>{{cite news|title=Police in tight spot after convict on run turns up on TV|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/police-in-tight-spot-after-convict-on-run-turns-up-on-tv/article4406185.ece|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 February 2013}}</ref> The police could not track him down and in 2010 the warrant was dropped.<ref name=ND-serve>{{cite news|title=Suryanelli rape case: Kottayam court asks Dharmarajan to serve life term|url=http://www.ndtv.com/south/suryanelli-rape-case-kottayam-court-asks-dharmarajan-to-serve-life-term-513508|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|date=16 February 2013}}</ref> He had served 2 years and 92 days, including the time in custody during pre-trial.<ref name=Joseph2005/>

===2005-2007===

====Kerala High Court's acquittals====
On 20 January 2005, a [[Kerala High Court]] bench, comprising Justice K. A. Abdul Gafoor and Justice R. Basant, overturned the lower court's verdict and acquitted 35 of the 36 accused due to lack of evidence. Dharmarajan's sentence was reduced from life imprisonment to 5 years. The court decided that her statements cannot be taken as the truth in absence of collaborating evidence, as she had been deemed untrustworthy.<ref name=Fl-rehearing/><ref name=Joseph2005/><ref name=ITog-Overturned>{{cite news|title=Suryanelli verdict : justice overturned?|url=http://indiatogether.org/surynelli-women|access-date=15 October 2015|work=India Together|date=14 April 2015}}</ref>

====Defence's arguments====
The defence had pointed out as girl had squandered her hostel fees on other purposes and had admitted to [[pawnbroker|pawning]] her jewellery on 1 January 1996, weeks before eloping. The defence said that there was lack of evidence that she had resisted, or indicted to the accused persons that she was an unwilling participant. Thus, rape could not be proved. The only other notable witness, apart from the victim, was accused #42 who had been remanded. She had turned into a prosecution witness. The defence called the victim to be deemed untrustworthy citing past cases.<ref name=Joseph2005/>

The defence claimed that the prosecution had also tried to withhold certain evidences and witnesses. One investigating officer initially a prosecution witness, was not called during the second case. He had to be presented by the defence. The prosecution also had tried to suppress evidence that proved that the girl had given her hostel fees to one of the accused. The evidence, regarding a letter left by the girl on the day she vanished, was also suppressed. The initial statements given to various officers after her reappearance were presented a very late date, as a result the defence couldn't make a good case or cross examine the victim properly. They called these unfair towards the accused. The defence also pointed to an early statement made by the father which proved that, he was aware that the girl had run away, not kidnapped.<ref name=Joseph2005/>

====Prosecution's arguments====
The [[public prosecutor]] said that accused #1 had first blackmailed the girl with a photo album and later asked her to leave with him. The girl had given the album to a friend Fatima. Fatima had entrusted the album to accused #1 who had promised to give to the girl. The girl had allegedly collected the money to pay off accused #1. An auto-rickshaw driver had overheard him talking to accused #2 about the girl. The prosecution also provided evidence that the prime accused, Dharmarajan, was residing in the lodge where she was first raped, since 2 January 1996. The prosecution said that this proved that there was conspiracy to abduct the girl. As both her parents were working, the prosecution said that the girl no lack of money and had no need to sort such means. The prosecution also replied to the other contentions raised by the defence.<ref name=Joseph2005/>

====Other evidences and witnesses====
{{Location map+ | India Kerala
| caption =

'''Blue: Places where the girl was taken''' 
[[Ernakulam]]: She taken there on 17 January and kept at a lodge. [[Vanimel]]: The girl was at the house of an accused from 22 to 25 January. [[Kumili]]: The girl was at a rest house from 15 to 21 February. She was allegedly rape by Kurien there on 19. She was taken to the Periyar Hospital on 21. [[Elappara]]: The girl was taken to the Appu Hospital on 25 February. Other places where she was taken: [[Kambam]], [[Palakkad]], [[Aluva]], [[Theni]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Trivandrum]], and [[Kuravilangad]].

| places =
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Ernakulam
| position = left
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 9.6800
| lon_deg = 76.2800
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Vanimel
| position = bottom
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 11.7197
| lon_deg = 75.6990
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Kumili
| position = right
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 9.6167
| lon_deg = 77.1500
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Elappara
| position = bottom
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 9.6167
| lon_deg = 76.9667
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Kambam
| position = right
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 9.7300
| lon_deg = 77.3000
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Palakkad
| position = top
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 10.7700
| lon_deg = 76.6500
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Aluva
| position = top
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 10.1167
| lon_deg = 76.3500
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Theni
| position = top
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 10.0090
| lon_deg = 77.4700
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Kanyakumari
| position = left
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 8.0780
| lon_deg = 77.5410
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Trivandrum
| position = left
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 8.4875
| lon_deg = 76.9525
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Kuravilangad
| position = top
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 9.7500
| lon_deg = 76.5500
}}
}}

The court noted that some investigating officers were aware of the existence of a letter written by the girl before her disappearance, but they had not tried to trace it or simply did not present it. The content was only known to a witness who had read it before giving it to the police, and the receiving officer recorded this. The witness had said that letter said that she was going on a trip with accused #1, but later it was claimed the she was lured with the promise of marriage. The auto-rickshaw driver was found an investigator much late into the case on 23 July 1996. Even though by then the case had become infamous, the driver had not approached the police. The investigating officers before him were aware of the letter and thus did not suspect a conspiracy. The appearance of the driver changed the course of the case. Another public witness, used to prove conspiracy, had changed his statement later, claimed that he being harassed by the police and had to move away. The girl had not searched for accused #1 when he allegedly disappeared before Kothamangalam. The court observed that the girl refused to talked about accused #1. The court noted that all these raised doubts on whether there was a conspiracy between accused #1, #2 and Dharmarajan. The court said the letter proved that there was no kidnapping.<ref name=Joseph2005/>

The court accepted the evidence proving the girl had stayed at the various places she mentioned, but said that these did not prove non-consent. The girl then just passed the [[age of consent]] (then 16 years), so the cases could not be treated as [[statutory rape]]. The court noted she had given away her hostel fees to someone and pawned her jewellery. She had given a false name while pawning it. She had been questioned in the [[Sister Abhaya murder case]] but she said she couldn't remember it. The court noted that she was expelled from the Mount Carmel School, Kottayam, in Class 8, was home-tutored for a year, before joining Little Flower Girls High School, Nallathanni. When asked for the reason of expulsion, she said that she used to wet her bed and her older sister used to cleaned it up. But, after her sister graduated, she could no longer clean up. But, her tutor, presented as a witness, said that she was expelled for bad conduct. There was also evidence that the father kept close tabs on her movements and frequently called the nuns of the convent school. On 16 January, the school had called the father to inform him that the girl had sought permission to go and give her clothes to the laundry.<ref name=Joseph2005/>

The court said that the girl had admitted that she was kept at lodges and hotels wherever she was taken. She was also taken to hospitals twice during the ordeal. But, she did not try to alert anyone about her plight or tried to escape. On the morning of 17 January, she was taken by Dharmarajan to the [[Kottayam]] bus stand. Even though the place was familiar to her from the previous day and she had studied for some years in Kottayam while commuting from [[Mundakkayam]] to Kottayam, she did not run. Instead, she was taken to [[Ernakulam]]. Dharmarajan took a room in Ernakulam at 6:45pm. In a statement, she had said that she went to see a film with him later, this was retracted and the statement was called fabricated. But it was found, the police could not have guessed the film's name. The court said that it implied she was outdoor during daylight in a busy city for hours. In one case, she had been left alone for half-a-day by an accused in a room and she had made no attempt to escape. In another incident on 4 February, one Jacob Sait walked into her room but she did not inform him of her ordeal, and Sait had gone away. In another incident, a room boy had walked in and found her with two men. From 22 January to 25 January, the girl was at the house of an accused in Vanimmel, [[Kozhikode]]. A neighbour had seen her on veranda and in the courtyard, but she did not try to escape. She had made a call to her uncle during her captivity, but it was not certain whether her captors forced her to call him. But her uncle did not notify the police, raising doubts on whether it was an abduction.<ref name=Joseph2005/>

On 21 February, she was taken to the Periyar Hospital in [[Kumili]]. The girl said that she had been taken there because of pain in her private parts and [[pus]] was coming out of her vagina. However, the doctor at the Periyar hospital said she looked normal and had a normal gait. The [[out-patient]] card showed that she complained only of a sore throat and had a false name. Even though she was alone with the doctor, she did not tell him about her plight or her real name. She told him that she was visiting [[Thekkady]] and will return to [[Ponkunnam]]. On 25 February, she was staying overnight with an accused at his house, when she complained of stomach pain. She had not revealed her plight to the women family members of the accused. She was taken to Appu Hospital in [[Elappara]]. She was diagnosed with constipation and undressed by a nurse for an [[enema]] but the nurse did not notice any injuries. The prescription card showed a false name. The robbery charge was against Dharmarajan dropped as the police could not find the ornaments. The girl had said he had forcibly taken her to the jewelers and sold them. The court said that all these raised doubt on the truth of her statements. There was also an evidence Dharmarajan had taken money from other accused, in exchange for supplying the girl.<ref name=Joseph2005/>

====Verdict====
The court held Dharmarajan guilty of Sections 366 (A) (kidnapping with intention of rape) and 372 (selling a minor for sex) of the [[Indian Penal Code]]. He was fined with {{currency|25,000|INR}} for each offence and given a sentence of 5 years. Failure to pay, on each count carried a year of additional jail. Before the trial was complete, the media had begun reporting misleadingly on the judgement. This was noted in the final verdict. The court asked the media to report "only after ascertaining the truth and not from any truncated or partial version." It said that the reports should be based on the complete contents of the judgement. The verdict also recommended raising the age of consent to 18.<ref name=Joseph2005/> In November 2005, the [[Supreme Court of India]] accepted an appeal against the verdict.<ref name=hind-2005appeal>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court admits appeal in Suryanelli case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/12/stories/2005111204300700.htm|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 November 2005}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

====Evidences and witnesses====
{{Location map+ | India Kerala
| caption =

The girl and 3 witnesses put Kurien in [[Kumili]] at 7:00pm on 19 February. The 4 witnesses and telephone records put Kurien in [[Tiruvalla]] and [[Perunnai]] between 3:22pm and 10:22pm on 19 February.

| places =
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Kumili
| position = left
| mark = Black pog.svg
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 9.6167
| lon_deg = 77.1500
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Tiruvalla
| position = bottom
| mark = Green pog.svg
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 9.3850
| lon_deg = 76.5750
}}
{{Location map~ | India Kerala
| label = Perunnai
| position = left
| mark = Green pog.svg
| marksize = 6
| lat_deg = 9.4333
| lon_deg = 76.5333
}}
}}

====Verdict====
The court noted that the family could have known that Kurien was not named as an accused from media sources. Thus, there was no cause for the delay in filing the complaint. The court also question why Poulose, Rajappan and Kunjukutty were not given to the police as witnesses by the family for one year. The court noted that two of the witnesses who placed Kurien on the crime scene, were chance witnesses and not locals. The court found that prior acquaintance of Poulose with the father suspicious. The court that the lower court had erred by letting case go so far. The court, presided by Justice K. R. Udayabhanu, used the power vested in it under the Section 482 of the [[Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]], to correct errors of lower court, and discharged the Kurien under Section 227 of the [[Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]] ([[insufficient evidence]]).<ref name=KurienVsState>{{cite court |litigants=P. J. Kurian v. State Of Kerala|court=[[Kerala High Court]]|date= 4 April 2007|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/923693/|accessdate=1 November 2015|quote=}}</ref>

====Supreme Court appeal====
On 16 November 2007, a Supreme Court bench, comprising Justice K. G. Balakrishnan and Justice R. V. Raveendran, rejected an appeal from the state government seeking a retrial against P. J. Kurien. But, the Court said that it was a private complaint not a state prosecution and no new evidence had been found.<ref name=IE-SCrelief>{{cite news|title=Suryanelli sex scam: SC relief for ex-minister|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/suryanelli-sex-scam-sc-relief-for-exminister/240075|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=17 November 2007}}</ref> Kurien had been represented by [[Arun Jaitley]], also a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader. This later became controversial.<ref name=Teh-BJPQuit>{{cite news|title=BJP sticks to stand on Kurien, should quit as RS Dy Chairman|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2013/02/bjp-sticks-to-stand-on-kurien-should-quit-as-rs-dy-chairman/|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[Tehelka]]|date=14 February 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111146/http://www.tehelka.com/2013/02/bjp-sticks-to-stand-on-kurien-should-quit-as-rs-dy-chairman/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===2013-present===

====Supreme Court retrial order====
Following the [[2012 Delhi rape case]], a women's rights group, Janadhipatya Mahila Association, petitioned the [[Supreme Court of India]] pointing out that the appeal against the Kerala High Court's acquittal had been pending for 8 years. Justice [[Altamas Kabir]] took cognizance of the case. On the first day, 31 January 2013, a bench of Justice [[A. K. Patnaik]] and [[Gyan Sudha Misra]] set aside the Kerala High Court's order. A fresh hearing, by the Kerala High Court, and sentencing within six months was ordered.<ref name=Fl-rehearing>{{cite news|title=A rehearing in Kerala|url=http://www.frontline.in/the-nation/a-rehearing-in-kerala/article4431423.ece|access-date=15 October 2015|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=8 March 2013}}</ref>

====Dharmarajan's arrest====
After the Supreme Court order, a new warrant was issued for Dharmarajan.<ref name=ND-serve/> On 15 February 2013, the Kerala Police found Dharmarajan in [[Sagara, Karnataka]]. The police found him drunk and walking on the streets.<ref name=DC-tamely>{{cite news|title=Drunk Dharmarajan was caught tamely|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130217/news-current-affairs/article/drunk-dharmarajan-was-caught-tamely|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=17 February 2015}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=FP-SScaught>{{cite news|title=Suryanelli case: Absconding convict SS Dharmarajan caught in K'taka|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/suryanelli-case-absconding-convict-ss-dharmarajan-caught-in-ktaka-626956.html|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=15 February 2013}}</ref> On 16 February 2013, he was presented at a [[Kottayam]] court. He was ordered to serve rest of his sentence and sent to [[Central Prison, Poojappura|Thiruvananthapuram]] prison.<ref name=ND-serve/>

Around 9 February 2013, TV channel [[Indiavision]] broadcast an interview of former judge R. Basant, who was part of the two-member bench that acquitted most of the accused in 2005. The video recorded with a hidden camera showed Basant defending his judgement he said, "There was ample evidence to show the girl was used for child prostitution, which is not rape." He also said, "I am not blaming her. The girl is not normal, she is deviant. All these are there in the judgment." He repeatedly asked the interviewer to read the judgement to understand why he and judge Gafoor (by then deceased) had acquitted them. The statements made in the interview were vocally condemned by women's organisations. Basant later did not deny that the interview had taken place, but said the interviewer had come for a discussion and he was not aware that the interviewer was carrying a hidden camera.<ref name=TOI-NotRaped>{{cite news|title=Suryanelli case: Ex-HC judge says girl used for child prostitution, not raped|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Suryanelli-case-Ex-HC-judge-says-girl-used-for-child-prostitution-not-raped/articleshow/18419584.cms?referral=PM|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=Tele-SuryanelliFurore>{{cite news|title=Judge's references to Suryanelli girl spark furore|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130211/jsp/nation/story_16548177.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212941/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130211/jsp/nation/story_16548177.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=10 February 2013}}</ref>

On 17 February 2015, [[K. Sudhakaran]], an [[Indian National Congress|INC]] leader, said that people knowing the history of the girl's case would know that she had several chances to escape but she stayed back. He also said that she moved around "as a prostitute, making money and accepting gifts". He added later that prostitution is different from rape. The statement attracted strong criticism from political parties and women's groups.<ref name=IT-Doubting>{{cite news|title=Cong MP in row for doubting Suryanelli victim's character|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/india/south/story/20130218-suryanelli-victim-congress-mp-k-sudhakaran-doubts-character-762147-2013-02-07|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=IE-MakingMoney>{{cite news|title=Suryanelli gangrape: Cong MP says victim moved 'around as prostitute making money'|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/suryanelli-gangrape-cong-mp-says-victim-moved-around-as-prostitute-making-money/1075730/|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 February 2013}}</ref>

On 29 May 2013, Dharmarajan retracted his previous statement claiming Kurien's involvement. He said that he had never met him and had only seen him on the news.<ref name=DC-NoRole>{{cite news|title=Kurien had no role, says Dharmarajan|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130530/news-current-affairs/article/kurien-had-no-role-says-dharmarajan|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=30 May 2013}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He also said that he did not own a car back then.<ref name=Madh-Didntsee>{{cite news|title=Now Dharmarajan says he didn't see P J Kurien|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/en/node/12446|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[Madhyamam Daily]]|date=29 May 2013}}</ref>

====Kerala High Court verdict====
{{expand section|date=October 2015}}
On 4 April 2014, a [[Kerala High Court]] bench, comprising Justice [[K. T. Sankaran]] and M. L. Joseph Francis, upheld the lower court's sentence, for the prime accused Dharmarajan, of [[life imprisonment]]. It also rejected an appeal that the victim was a deviant and did not try to escape, instead, observing that there was clear evidence of prolonged rape and abuse over approximately 40 days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 4, 2014 |title=Kerala HC confirms sentences of 23 in Suryanelli sex case |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kerala-hc-confirms-sentences-of-23-in-suryanelli-sex-case-114040400833_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-04 |title=Suryanelli victim wasn't a deviant girl: Kerala HC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/suryanelli-victim-wasnt-a-deviant-girl-kerala-hc/articleshow/33228060.cms |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The bench also acquitted seven of the accused. The remaining accused were given sentences ranging from 13 years [[imprisonment]] to [[fine (penalty)|fine]], with 3 months of [[rigorous imprisonment]] in case of [[default (law)|default]]. By then, five of the 35 accused had died.<ref name=IT-Dharmarajan>{{cite news|title=Suryanelli rape cas: Prime accused Dharmarajan sentenced to life|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/suriyanelli-rape-case-prime-accused-dharmarajan-sentenced-to-life-187594-2014-04-04|access-date=15 October 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=4 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=Hin-Confirms>{{cite news|title=Kerala High Court confirms life term for Dharmarajan in Suryanelli rape case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-high-court-confirms-life-term-for-dharmarajan-in-suryanelli-rape-case/article5871186.ece|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 April 2014}}</ref> In May 2014, arrest warrants were issued for 23 accused who had failed to surrender before the court.<ref name=hin-2014Warrant>{{cite news|title=Warrant against 23 in Suryanelli sex scandal case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/warrant-against-23-in-suryanelli-sex-scandal-case/article6004645.ece?ref=relatedNews|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 May 2014}}</ref>

====Supreme Court appeals====
In October 2014, 16 accused filed appeals in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name=Ex-scnotice>{{cite news|title=Suryanelli case: SC notice to Kerala govt|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/suryanelli-case-sc-notice-to-kerala-govt/|access-date=2 November 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=9 October 2014}}</ref> On 13 October 2015, the court rejected a bail petition from the accused.<ref name=TH:SCdisbelief>{{cite news|title=Many points of 'disbelief' in Suryanelli rape case: SC|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/many-points-of-disbelief-in-suryanelli-rape-case-sc/article7759595.ece|access-date=2 November 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 October 2015}}</ref>

==Victim and her family in the aftermath==
In 2006, it was reported that the girl was working at the sales tax office at [[Devikulam]]. The job had been provided to her by the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] government under Chief Minister [[E. K. Nayanar]]'s reign, who belonged to CPI-M. The family had built a house in [[Suryanelli]], but they had to sell it and move away in 2006 due to the hostile environment. The victim's older sister was reported to be working as a [[nurse]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref name=Sify-Suryanelli>{{cite news|title=Sex scandal victim's kin flee Suryanelli|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14320282&cid=13214744|access-date=15 October 2015|work=[[Sify]]|date=29 October 2006}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=DC-haunted/>

In 2012, it was reported that the victim had been suspended from her job at the [[Changanacherry]] sales tax office in a case of breach of trust and forgery. She was reinstated after 8 months due to public criticism. They said that they were still being treated as outcasts. It was reported that Suja Susan George, a teacher and a CPI-M candidate, was their only family friend. Her older sister had chosen to remain unmarried.<ref name=DC-haunted>{{cite news|title=Victim still haunted by rape 16 years ago|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/302037/victim-still-haunted-rape-16.html|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=31 December 2012}}</ref><ref name=DC-longs>{{cite news|title=Suryanelli rape victim longs for justice|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/121224/news-crime/article/suryanelli-rape-victim-longs-justice|access-date=15 October 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=24 December 2012}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=BP-trauma>{{cite news|title=Suryanelli Sexual Assault victim traumatized even after 16 Years|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/01/suryanelli-sexual-assault-victim-traumatized-even-after-16-years/|access-date=15 October 2015|work=Bihar Prabha|date=1 January 2013}}</ref>

In 2013, she told Sneha Mary Koshy of ''[[NDTV]]'' that her family had changed house twice due to jeering neighbours.<ref name=NDTV-rapedby42>{{cite news|author1=Sneha Mary Koshy|title=Raped by 42 men in 40 days. Sixteen years later, she awaits justice|url=http://www.ndtv.com/south/raped-by-42-men-in-40-days-sixteen-years-later-she-awaits-justice-509091|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|date=3 January 2013}}</ref> In 2013, she and her family were interviewed by Shahina K. K. of ''[[Open (Indian magazine)|OPEN]]'' magazine. The victim said that she does not go to social events. Her work environment was hostile towards her.<ref name=OPEN-17Years>{{cite news|author1=Shahina K. K.|title=17 Years of Solitude|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/17-years-of-solitude|access-date=16 October 2015|work=23 February 2013}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
A [[Malayalam language]] film, ''[[Achanurangatha Veedu]]'', was made by director [[Lal Jose]] based on this case. The film was released in 2006.<ref name=TH-Issue>{{cite news|title=Handling a sensitive issue|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3217419.ece|access-date=15 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 March 2006}}</ref>

[[The Chronicle of Golgotha Days]] a Novel by the author [[Sujith Balakrishnan]] was inspired from the 42 days of the tormenting events.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishnan |first=Sujith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GoWfwwEACAAJ |title=The Chronicle of Golgotha Days |date=2019-03-25 |publisher=Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US |isbn=978-93-5201-178-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rape in India]]
*[[Ajmer rape case]]
* [[2012 Delhi rape case]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite court |litigants=Joseph alias Baby v. S. I. Of Police|court=[[Kerala High Court]] |date=2005 |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/923693/|quote=}}
* {{cite court |litigants=P. J. Kurian v. State Of Kerala |court=[[Kerala High Court]] |date=2007 |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/923693/|quote=}}

{{Rape in India}}

[[Category:1996 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]]
[[Category:1990s in Kerala]]
[[Category:Human trafficking in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Gang rape in India]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against girls]]

Chambal (region)

2025-12-29T22:05:48Z

JewelWoodcock19: update intro for accuracy and corrected details

{{Short description|Chambal topography}}[[File:Chambal map.svg|thumb]]
The '''Chambal''' is a geographical and cultural region in north-central India. It lies along the [[Chambal River|Chambal]] and [[Yamuna]] river valleys, in southeastern [[Rajasthan]], southwestern [[Uttar Pradesh]] and northern [[Madhya Pradesh]].
== Etymology==
The region derives its name from the [[Chambal River]] which flows through it.

The name of the region in early modern times at least till 1811 as attested by [[James Tod]] was Gujargarh, literally the fortress of the [[Gurjars]].<ref> "In 1811 his duties called him to a survey amidst the ravines of the Chambal, the tract called Gujargarh, a district inhabited by the Gujar tribe" in Tod, J. (1920). [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57374/57374-h/57374-h.htm#r2.7.104 ANNALS AND ANTIQUITIES OF RAJASTHAN OR THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN RAJPUT STATES OF INDIA Volume I of Three]. Oxford University Press</ref>

== Geography ==
It covers the districts of [[Baran district|Baran]], [[Kota district|Kota]], [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]], [[Karauli district|Karauli]], and [[Dholpur district|Dholpur]] districts of Rajasthan, parts of [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]], [[Etawah district|Etawah]], [[Auraiya district|Auriya]] and [[Jalaun district|Jalaun]] districts of UP, and [[Gwalior]], [[Bhind district|Bhind]], [[Morena district|Morena]] and [[Sheopur district|Sheopur]] districts of Madhya Pradesh. The region is covered by an estimated half a million hectares of badlands. It drains the northwest of the Central Vindhya Plateau and the southeastern part of the [[Aravalli Range]]. Southeastern tributaries like the [[Kali Sindh River|Kali Sindh]] and [[Parbati River (Madhya Pradesh)|Parbati]] begin at the extreme south of the Vindhyas and flow north in deep valleys, forming a triangular alluvial plain at elevation of 240-270 m. Afterwards the Banas, a northwestern tributary of the Chambal draining the Aravalli Range, joins the Chambal after crossing the hills near [[Sawai Madhopur]] in southeastern Rajasthan. The valley of the Chambal is wider near the confluence of the Kali Sindh and the Parbati and narrower after the confluence of the Banas. The Chambal extends to the ravines of the [[Parbati River (Rajasthan)|Choti Parbati]] in Rajasthan and the [[Kwari River|Kwari river]] in northeastern Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3qLxQxgtjQC&dq=chambal&pg=PR5|title=The Physiography of the Lower Chambal Valley and Its Agricultural Development: A Study in Applied Geomorphology|last=Sharma|first=Hari Shanker|date=1979|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|language=en}}</ref>
The Chambal badlands are part of the greater Vindhyan Basin.<ref name=":0" />

==Ravines of Chambal==
The ravines of Chambal were infamously known in India as a region favored by the lawless. Many renowned dacoits, or bandits, such as [[Phoolan Devi]] maintained hideouts in the ravines of Chambal. The reasons for dacoit activity in the Chambal valley are disputed. It may be feudal exploitation of those in the region prompted some to take to arms. The area was underdeveloped and poor, so banditry posed significant economic incentives. Yet many gangs operating in the valley were composed of higher-caste and wealthy individuals, suggesting that feudalism is only a partial explanation (Bhaduri, 1972; Khan, 1981; Jatar, 1980; Katare, 1972). Furthermore, traditional honour codes and [[blood feud|blood feuds]] would drive some into criminality.

In Chambal, organized crime controlled much of the countryside from the time of the [[British Raj]] up to the early 2000s, with the police offering high rewards for the most notorious bandit chiefs. The criminals regularly targeted local businesses, though they preferred to kidnap wealthy people, and demand ransom from their relatives - cutting off fingers, noses, and ears to pressure them into paying high sums. Many dacoity also posed as [[Social bandit|social bandits]] toward the local poor, paying medical bills and funding weddings.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}One ex-dacoit described his own criminal past by claiming that "I was a rebel. I fought injustice."{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} Following intense anti-banditry campaigns by the Indian Police, highway robbery was almost completely eradicated in the early 2000s. Nevertheless, Chambal is still popularly believed to be unsafe and bandit-infested by many Indians. One police officer noted that the fading of the dacoity was also due to social changes, as few young people were any longer willing to endure the harsh life as a highway robber in the countryside. Instead, they prefer to join crime groups in the city, where life is easier.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Regions of India]]

Krishnarao Shankar Pandit

2025-12-19T02:50:53Z

JewelWoodcock19:

{{short description|Indian musician (1894–1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pt. Krishnarao Shankar Pandit
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1893|07|26}}
| birth_place = [[Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1989|08|22|1893|07|26}}
| death_place = Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| occupation = Musician Vocalist
| known for = [[Gwalior gharana]]
| children = 3
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] [[Tansen Samaroh#Tansen Samman|Tansen Award]] Sangeet Bhishmacharya [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashwani]] Award Shikhar Samman Gaan Maharishi Bhuwalka Award Swar Vilas
}}
'''''Gaan Maharishi'' Pt. Krishnarao Shankar Pandit''' (1894–1989) was an Indian musician, considered by many as one of the leading vocalists of the [[Gwalior gharana]].<ref name="Pandit Krishna Rao Shankar Pandit">{{cite web | url=http://davidphilipson.com/pages/krs_pandit.html | title=Pandit Krishna Rao Shankar Pandit | publisher=David Philipson | date=2016 | access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref> He authored several articles and 8 books on music and was the founder of ''Shankar Gandharva Mahavidyalaya'', a music college based in Gwalior.<ref name="Padma Bhushan Pt. Krishnarao Shankar Pandit">{{cite web | url=http://www.meetapandit.com/pt-krishnarao-shankar-pandit/ | title=Padma Bhushan Pt. Krishnarao Shankar Pandit | publisher=Meeta Pandit | date=2016 | access-date=17 April 2016 | archive-date=28 February 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228232021/http://www.meetapandit.com/pt-krishnarao-shankar-pandit/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1973, for his contributions to music.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> He was also a recipient of several other honors, including the 1959 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] and the 1980 [[Tansen Samaroh#Tansen Samman|Tansen Award]] of the Government of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="Pt. Krishnarao Shankar Pandit on IAPA">{{cite web | url=http://www.iapa-usa.org/gwalior/krishnarao_shankar_pandit.htm | title=Pt. Krishnarao Shankar Pandit on IAPA | publisher=Indian Academy of Performing Arts | date=2016 | access-date=17 April 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Krishnarao Pandit was born on 26 July 1893 in [[Gwalior]], a town known for its musical tradition, in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], to a notable musician by name, Shankarrao Pandit.<ref name="Tribute to a Maestro">{{cite web | url=http://www.itcsra.org/tribute.asp?id=10 | title=Tribute to a Maestro | publisher=ITC Sangeeth Research Academy | date=2016 | access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref> His early music training was under his father as well as the father-son duo of Nathu Khan and Nissar Hussain Khan and learnt [[Khyal]], [[Tappa]], [[Tarana]] and ''Layakari'' genres of vocal renditions. After his debut performance aged 11, he started his solo career at the age of 14 as one of the younger musicians of the [[Gwalior gharana|Gwalior durbar]].<ref name="End of an era: Krishnarao Shankar Pandit">{{cite web | url=http://www.mohannadkarni.org/end-of-an-era-krishnarao-shankar-pandit/ | title=End of an era: Krishnarao Shankar Pandit | publisher=Mohan Nadkarni | date=2016 | access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> In 1914, at the age of 18, he founded ''Shankar Gandharva Mahavidyalaya'',<ref name="GuptaKumar2006">{{cite book|author1=Ameeta Gupta|author2=Ashish Kumar|title=Handbook of Universities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKgM7P5iGwgC&pg=PA384|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0607-9|pages=384–}}</ref> a music college, which has since become a recognized music institution.<ref name="Shankar Gandharva Sangeet Mahavidyalaya">{{cite web | url=http://www.punjabcolleges.com/52680-indiacolleges-Shankar-Gandharva-Sangeet-Mahavidyalaya-Gwalior/ | title=Shankar Gandharva Sangeet Mahavidyalaya | publisher=Punjab Colleges | date=2016 | access-date=18 April 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Six years later, he was appointed as the State Musician of the [[History of Satara district|Satara Principality]] but he returned to Gwalior after one year.<ref name="The virtuoso: Krishnarao Pandit">{{cite web | url=http://www.mohannadkarni.org/virtuoso-pandit-krishnarao-pandit/ | title=The virtuoso: Krishnarao Pandit | publisher=Mohan Nadkarni | date=2016 | access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref>

Pandit was credited with designing the curriculum for vocal and instrumental music for which he wrote eight text books and several articles.<ref name="Padma Bhushan Pt. Krishnarao Shankar Pandit" /> He tutored many notable singers including his two sons, Laxman Krishnarao Pandit and Chandrakant Pandit, and [[Meeta Pandit]], his grand daughter.<ref name="Ongoing legacy">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ongoing-legacy/article915171.ece | title=Ongoing legacy | newspaper=The Hindu | date=27 November 2010 | access-date=17 April 2016| last1=Chakra | first1=Shyamhari }}</ref><ref name="With music genres on tabs">{{cite web | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/375981/with-music-genres-tabs.html | title=With music genres on tabs | publisher=Deccan Herald | date=22 December 2013 | access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref> However, he continued his concerts without break and many of his renditions have been archived.<ref name="Krishnarao Shankar Pandit on Parrikar">{{cite web | url=http://www.parrikar.org/vpl/?page_id=620 | title=Krishnarao Shankar Pandit on Parrikar | publisher=Parrikar | date=2016 | access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Akashvani Sangeet ">{{cite web | url=http://www.prasarbharatiarchives.co.in/pt.-krishnarao-shankar-pandit-91 | title=Akashvani Sangeet | publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives | date=2016 | access-date=18 April 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1959, he received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for [[Hindustani music]]<ref name="Sahitya Akademi Award winners">{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp | title=Sahitya Akademi Award winners | publisher=Sahitya Akademi Award | date=2015 | access-date=28 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Indira Kala Sangeet University]] honoured him with a doctorate, three years later.<ref name="The virtuoso: Krishnarao Pandit" /> The Government of India included him the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day Honours]] list for the civilian award of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1973,<ref name="Padma Awards" /> the same year as he received the ''Shikhar Samman'' from the Government of Madhya Pradesh. The state government honoured him again in 1980 with the [[Tansen Samaroh#Tansen Samman|Tansen Award]]. He is also a recipient of honours such as [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashwani]] Award, Swar Vilas title of Sursingar Samsad, Mumbai (1971), Gaan Maharishi title of the Jagatguru Shankaracharya Sankeshwar Peet (1975), Bhuwalka Award of Sangeet Saurabh (1982) and Sangeet Bhishmacharya title of the All World Marathi Sammelan, Mumbai (1989).<ref name="Padma Bhushan Pt. Krishnarao Shankar Pandit" />

His disciples include his sons, Chandrakant Pandit and veteran Gwalior gharana vocalist, Pt. Laxmanrao Pandit, Pt. Sharatchandra Arolkar and granddaughter, noted torchbearer of the Gwalior parampara, [[Meeta Pandit|Dr. Meeta Pandit]].

Krishnarao Pandit, who was associated with [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]] as a producer,<ref name="The virtuoso: Krishnarao Pandit" /> died on 22 August 1989, at the age of 96.<ref name="Tribute to a Maestro" /> His life has been documented in a biography, ''Krishnarao Shankar Pandit, a Doyen of Khayal'', brought out by [[Neela Bhagwat]].<ref name="Bhagwat1992">{{cite book|author=Neela Bhagwat|title=Krishnarao Shankar Pandit, a Doyen of Khayal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsufAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-729-6}}</ref> Another book, written by M. Chary also details the life of Pandit.<ref name="Krishnarao Shankar Pandit on Parrikar" /> Recently, his granddaughter [[Meeta Pandit]] published a book, titled "India's Heritage of Gharana Music: The Pandits of Gwalior" in 2018, based on the life of the Pandit lineage and their invaluable contribution to the Indian classical music scene in all.

== See also==
* [[Tansen Samaroh]]

{{portal|India|Music}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://sarangi.info/vocal/krsp/ | title=Krishnarao Shankar Pandit on Sarangi | publisher=Sarangi.info | date=2016 | access-date=17 April 2016 | archive-date=14 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914203308/https://sarangi.info/vocal/krsp/ | url-status=dead }}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|author=Kumāraprasāda Mukhopādhyāẏa|title=The Lost World of Hindustani Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MR_6Gr26hAC&pg=PA95|year=2006|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306199-1|pages=95–}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandit, Krishnarao Shankar}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Gwalior]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:Doordarshan]]
[[Category:Singers from Madhya Pradesh]]

Varanasi–Rae Bareli–Lucknow line

2025-11-16T20:40:28Z

JewelWoodcock19: adding a data

{{Short description|Railway line in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Varanasi–Rae Bareli–Lucknow Varanasi–Lucknow Grand Chord line
| color =
| logo = 
| logo_width = 100 px
| image = Raebareli Junction.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Rae Bareli Junction lies on Varanasi–Lucknow Section
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic Plain]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| start = [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi]]
| end = [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow]]
| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1864
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] for main line
| character =
| depot = Lucknow Alambagh
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength = {{convert|301|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = <nowiki>25 kV 50 Hz AC]] </nowiki>[[Overhead line|OHLE]]
| speed = up to 130 km/h (68 mph) To be 150 km/h
| elevation = Varanasi {{convert|82|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Lucknow {{convert|123|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| website =
| map = {{Varanasi–Rae Bareli–Lucknow line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Varanasi–Rae Bareli–Lucknow Grand Chord line''' (also known as Varanasi–Lucknow chord line) is a railway line connecting [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi]] and [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow]], both in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The line is under the administrative jurisdiction of [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]].

==History==
The Lucknow–Rae Bareli extension was completed in 1864 and the Varanasi–Lucknow chord line via Rae Bareli was constructed in 1864.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://management.ebooks6.com/The-Oudh-Rohilkhand-Railway-download-w23852.html | title = Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway | publisher = Management Ebooks | access-date = 12 January 2014 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140111051716/http://management.ebooks6.com/The-Oudh-Rohilkhand-Railway-download-w23852.html | archive-date = 11 January 2014 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==Line doubling and electrification==
As of 2013, the railways have taken up doubling of the {{convert|66|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Utaratia–Raebareli sector and the {{convert|60|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Raebareli–Amethi sector. Work is in progress for electrification of the {{convert|200|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Varanasi–Unchahar railway line.<ref name=northern>{{cite web| url = http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2761&id=0,4,268|title = Railway projects and amenities to transform Rae Bareli and surrounding areas | publisher= Northern Railway, 17 May 2013| access-date = 12 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-17/lucknow/39335299_1_rail-budget-railway-line-coaching-complex| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130814045036/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-17/lucknow/39335299_1_rail-budget-railway-line-coaching-complex| url-status = dead| archive-date = 14 August 2013|title =Rlys rolls out schemes in Rae Bareli, Amethi |date=17 May 2013| work = [[The Times of India]]| access-date = 12 January 2014}}</ref>

==New lines==
Railways have taken up construction of the {{convert|116|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Rae Bareli–Akbarganj–Faizabad new line and the {{convert|134|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Unchahar-Amethi-Sultanpur–Kadipur new line in 2013.<ref name=northern/>

==Passenger movement==
[[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi]] and [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow]] on this line are amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=12 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref>

==Sheds, workshops and manufacturing facilities==
Lucknow diesel loco shed or Alambagh diesel shed is home to 160+ locomotives, including [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]], WDM-3A, WDM-3D, WDG-3A and [[WDG-4]] varieties. Charbagh locomotive workshops handle periodical overhaul jobs.<ref name=sheds>{{cite web |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title= Sheds and workshops|publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 12 January 2014}}</ref>

[[Banaras Locomotive Works]] at Varanasi initially assembled [[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]] kits. Subsequently, with technology transfer from [[Electro-Motive Diesel|GM EMD]], it produces advanced diesel locomotives with high efficiency and low maintenance costs. It produces around 240 locomotives annually.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shop.html | title= Production Units & Workshops |work=Diesel Loco Works, Varanasi|publisher= IRFCA| access-date=12 January 2014}}</ref>

[[Rail Coach Factory, Raebareli]] was inaugurated in 2012. It would initially produce 1,000 coaches per year and the capacity would be enhanced later.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sonia-opens-rail-coach-factory-at-rae-bareli/article4075693.ece| title=Sonia opens rail coach factory at Rae Bareli| newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 November 2012 |access-date=12 January 2014}}</ref>

==Railway reorganisation==
Around 1872, the [[Indian Branch Railway Company]] was transformed into [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]].<ref name=irfcai>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |title = IR History: Early History (1832-1869) | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 12 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.oldmartiniansassociation.co.uk/documents/OudhandRohilkandRly.pdf | title = The Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway | publisher = Old Martinian Association | access-date = 12 January 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130621225555/http://www.oldmartiniansassociation.co.uk/documents/OudhandRohilkandRly.pdf | archive-date = 21 June 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Indian_Branch_Railway |title = Indian Branch Railway | publisher= fibis| access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref> Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway was merged with [[East Indian Railway Company]] in 1925.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title = IR History III : (1900-1947) | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 12 January 2014}}</ref>

The Government of India took over the Bengal and North-Western Railway and merged it with the Rohilkhand and Kumaon Railway to form the [[Oudh and Tirhut Railway]] in 1943.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Bengal_and_North-Western_Railway |title =Bengal and North-Western Railway | publisher= fibis| access-date = 12 January 2014}}</ref>

In 1952, [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]], [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] and [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]] were formed. Eastern Railway was formed with a portion of [[East Indian Railway Company]], east of Mughalsarai and [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]. Northern Railway was formed with a portion of East Indian Railway Company west of Mughal Sarai, Jodhpur Railway, Bikaner Railway and Eastern Punjab Railway. North Eastern Railway was formed with Oudh and Tirhut Railway, Assam Railway and a portion of [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 12 January 2014}}</ref> East Central Railway was created in 1996–97.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/ |title = East Central Railway| publisher= ECR| access-date = 12 January 2014}}</ref> North Central Railway was formed in 2003.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261|title = North Central Railway| publisher= NCR| access-date = 12 January 2014 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/varanasi-junction-bsb/334 Trains at Varanasi]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/rae-bareli-junction-rbl/461 Trains at Rae Bareli]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/lucknow-charbagh-lko/336 Trains at Lucknow Charbagh]

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varanasi-Rae Bareli-Lucknow line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1898]]
[[Category:Lucknow NR railway division|*]]

Guwahati–Dekargaon Intercity Express

2025-11-11T09:25:09Z

JewelWoodcock19: put up place.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Guwahati–Dekargaon Intercity Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Intercity]]
| locale = [[Assam]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2014|01|04}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Guwahati}} (GHY)
| stops = 10
| end = {{stnlnk|Dekargaon}} (DKGN)
| distance = {{convert|189|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 4h 45m
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage =
| otherfacilities=
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 15815/15816
| speed = {{cvt|41|km/h}}
| map = [[File:(Kamakhya - Dekargaon) Intercity Express Route map.png|250px|(Guwahati–Dekargaon) Intercity Express route map]]
| map_state =
}}

'''Guwahati–Dekargaon Intercity Express''' is an intercity train belonging to [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Guwahati}} and {{stnlnk|Dekargaon}}. It is currently being operated with 15815/15816 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=721&did=1410940631609DB0A38795B11665536CFFA62EB89CCFB.web91 Intercity Express to stop at Namtiali station on experimental basis]</ref><ref>[http://www.sentinelassam.com/cachar/story.php?sec=2&subsec=12&id=298594&dtP=2017-02-16&ppr=1 NF Railway awards trackmen for averting accident]</ref><ref>[http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/railway-honours-two-trackmen-for-averting-accident/ Railway honours two trackmen for averting accident]</ref>

== Service==

The 15815/Guwahati–Dekargaon Intercity Express has an average speed of 41 km/h and covers 183 km in 4h 25m. The 15816/Dekargaon–Guwahati Intercity Express has an average speed of 40 km/h and covers 183 km in 4h 35m.

== Route and halts ==

* {{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rangiya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Udalguri}}
* {{stnlnk|Dhekiajuli Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Rangapara North Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dekargaon}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 12 coaches:

* 10 General
* 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Guwahati|Guwahati Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3A]] or [[WDM-3D]] diesel locomotive from Guwahati to Tezpur and vice versa.

== See also ==

The train shares its rake with:

* 55823/55824 [[Rangapara North–Dekargaon Passenger]]
* 55861/55862 [[Rangiya–Dekargaon Passenger]]
* 55813/55814 [[Dekargaon–Murkongselek Passenger]]
* 55811/55812 [[Dhubri–Kamakhya Passenger]]

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 2 times:

* {{stnlnk|Rangiya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rangapara North Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Kamakhya Junction railway station]]
* [[Dekargaon railway station]]
* [[Dekargaon–Murkongselek Passenger]]
* [[Rangapara North–Dekargaon Passenger]]
* [[Dhubri–Kamakhya Passenger]]
* [[Rangiya–Dekargaon Passenger]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22688 15815/Guwahati–Dekargaon Intercity Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22262 15816/Dekargaon–Guwahati Intercity Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamakhya-Dekargaon Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Transport in Tezpur]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2014]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Matiranjan Tar

2025-10-03T05:18:20Z

JewelWoodcock19: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Matiranjan Tar''' was an [[India]]n politician, belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]]. Tar was elected to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Cooch Behar Uttar Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar North constituency]] in the [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967 election]].<ref name=wbelec>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=CNeNAAAAMAAJ Election Results of West Bengal: Statistics & Analysis, Vol. 1]''. p. 448</ref> He obtained 17,440 votes (37.73%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404194327/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

Tar lost the Cooch Behar North seat in the subsequent [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. Although Tar's vote share had increased to 21,514 votes (46.06%) he was defeated by the [[All India Forward Bloc]] candidate Bimal Kanti Basu.<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718182429/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1969 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tar, Matiranjan}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Cooch Behar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Gangwar (surname)

2025-10-01T17:22:01Z

JewelWoodcock19: Made A Data...

{{short description|Indian surname}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
'''Gangwar''' is an Indian surname which is often associated with [[Kurmi]] caste of northern India. <ref>{{cite news |first=Swaraj |last=Thapa |date=1 March 2012 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/from-bareilly-to-pilibhit-bjp-finds-gangwars-vs-its-gangwars/918297/0 |title=From Bareilly to Pilibhit, BJP finds Gangwars vs its Gangwars |work= The Indian Express |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>

==Notable people==
This is a list of notable people carrying "Gangwar" as their surname, who may or may not be associated with the Kurmi caste:
*[[Bhagwat Saran Gangwar]], former member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA) from [[Nawabganj Assembly constituency]].
*[[Chhatrapal Singh Gangwar]], former member of UPLA.
*[[Chetram Gangwar]], former Member of UPLA from [[Nawabganj Assembly constituency]].
*[[Harish Kumar Gangawar]], former Member of Indian Parliament from [[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency]].
*[[Kesar Singh|Kesar Singh Gangwar]], former member of UPLA.
*[[Santosh Gangwar]], former Minister of State in [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]], [[Government of India]].
*[[Sanjay Singh Gangwar]], member of UPLA from Pilibhit Assembly constituency.

==See also==
*[[Maurya (surname)]]
*[[Shakya (surname)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

Arunawati Dam

2025-09-26T14:31:55Z

JewelWoodcock19: cleanup article per standard format and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Arunawati Dam
| image = ArunavatiDam.jpeg
| image_caption = Arunavati Dam
| name_official = Arunawati Dam
| dam_crosses = Arunawati river
| location = Digras
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]]
| dam_length = {{convert|5170|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|29.5|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|4412000|m3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1994
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|169675000|m3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|60|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|20.1313238|77.7493107|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Arunawati Dam''' is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] and [[dam#Gravity dams|gravity]] dam on [[Arunavati River]] near [[Digras]] in [[Yavatmal district]] of state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above its lowest foundation is {{convert|29.5|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|5170|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|4412000|m3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|198395000|m3|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation & flood control

==See also==
* [[Isapur Dam]]
* [[Upper Pus Dam]] in [[Pusad]]
* [[Lower Pus Dam]] in [[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]]
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1994]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Indian reserve (disambiguation)

2025-09-08T19:43:36Z

JewelWoodcock19: put up stub.

The terms '''Indian Country''', '''Indian Reserve''', '''Indian Reservation''', '''Indian Territory''' and '''Indian Land''' may be easily confused. Articles on related topics are titled as follows:

==Places==
===Places for groups of Indigenous peoples to live===
* [[Indian colony]], land reserved for urban Native American settlements, especially in Nevada and California
* [[Indian country]] (collectively or individually), the many self-governing Native American communities throughout the United States
* [[Indian reservation]], a similar area for Native American tribes in the United States
** [[List of Indian reservations in the United States]]
* [[Indian reserve]], land reserved for First Nation peoples in Canada
** [[Urban Indian reserve]], an urban area later designated for First Nation peoples in Canada
** [[List of Indian reserves in Canada]]
* [[Indigenous territory (Brazil)]]
* [[Indigenous territory (Bolivia)]]
* [[Indigenous territory (Colombia)]]
* [[Indigenous territory (Costa Rica)]]
* [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India]]
* [[Lands inhabited by Indigenous peoples]], a more worldwide discussion of the topic

===Other geographic areas===
* [[Indian Land, South Carolina]], a community in South Carolina
* [[Indian Mound Reserve]], a park in Ohio, United States
* [[Indian Reserve (1763)]], a territory in British colonial America ceded by France to Britain and created by the Royal Proclamation of 1763
* [[Indian Territory]], a historical territory in the United States of America
* [[Indiana Territory]], a historical territory in the United States
* [[Union Territory]], a sub-national administrative division of India that are ruled directly by the federal national government

==Arts, entertainment, and media==
* ''Indian Country'', a 1953 collection of stories by [[Dorothy M. Johnson]]
* ''[[Indian Country Today]]'', a Native American news magazine
* "Indian Reservation", a 1979 song by [[Orlando Riva Sound]] (O.R.S.)
* "[[Indian Reservation (The Lament of the Cherokee Reservation Indian)]]", a 1971 hit song by Paul Revere and the Raiders

==Affirmative action program==
* [[Reservation in India]], an affirmative action program in India

==See also==
*[[Indian barrier state]]
*[[Indian nation (disambiguation)]]

{{disambig}}

7th Indian Infantry Brigade

2025-08-27T22:07:15Z

JewelWoodcock19: slightly adjusted article after review also and corrected details

{{For|the First World War formation|7th (Ferozepore) Brigade}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=7th Indian Infantry Brigade
|abbreviation=
|image=
|caption=
|dates= 1939–1945
|country= {{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj|British India]]
|allegiance= {{flag|British Empire}}
|branch= [[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|26px]] [[British Indian Army]]
|type= [[Infantry]]
|role=
|size= [[Brigade]]
|command_structure=
|equipment=

|Past Commanders=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|notable_commanders= [[Frank Crowther Roberts|Frank Roberts VC]]

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_2=

|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=[[World War II]] [[Sino-Indian War of 1962]]
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
}}
The '''7th Indian Infantry Brigade''' was an [[infantry]] [[brigade]] of the [[Indian Army during World War II]]. It was formed in September 1939, by the redesignation of the '''Poona Independent Brigade''' as the 7th Indian Infantry Brigade and renumbered [[4th Indian Infantry Brigade|4th]] in June 1940, A second 7th Brigade was formed in June 1940, and assigned to the [[5th Infantry Division (India)|5th Indian Infantry Division]]. In September 1940, it was reassigned to the [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Indian Infantry Division]]. The brigade formed the garrison at [[Mersa Matruh]] in early December 1940. In January 1941, with the rest of the 4th Indian Division were sent to fight in the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|Sudan campaign]].

The brigade moved between the 4th and 5th Indian Divisions command in April 1941, before moving to [[Cyprus]] at the end of the month. Returning to the [[Western Desert Campaign|Western Desert]] (and the 4th Indian Division), it took part in the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]]. After reaching [[Tunisia Campaign|Tunisia]] the brigade come under command of the [[50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division|British 50th Infantry Division]] in March 1943. Returning to the 4th Division the brigade took part in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] and ended the war in [[Greece]] where the division had been sent to keep the factions apart in the [[Greek Civil War]].

The brigade was destroyed in the [[Sino-Indian War of 1962]]. Its commander, Brigadier [[John Dalvi]], was the highest-ranking officer to be captured by the PLA. Before the Sino-Indian War the 7th Brigade was deemed to be one of the best brigades in the [[Indian Army]]. The unit was disbanded after the war.

==Commanders during World War II==
* Brigadier Sydney A. H. Hungerford (Sep 1939 – Sep 1940)
* Brigadier [[Harold Rawdon Briggs]] (Sep 1940 – May 1942)
* Brigadier John A. Finlay (May 1942 – Oct 1942)
* Brigadier [[Arthur Holworthy]] (Oct 1942 – Jan 1943)
* Brigadier Osmond de T. Lovett (Jan 1943 – Apr 1943) (wounded)
* Lieutenant-Colonel Charles E. A. Firth (Apr 1943 – Jun 1943)
*Brigadier Osmond de T. Lovett (Jun 1943 – )

==Commanders during Sino-Indian War 1962==
* Brigadier [[John Dalvi]] (Jan 1962 – Nov 1962)

==Formation==
* 1st Battalion, [[Royal Sussex Regiment]]
* 2nd (Royal) Battalion, [[11th Sikh Regiment]]
* 4th Battalion, 11th Sikh Regiment ''(up to April 1942)''
* [[9th Bhopal Infantry|4th Battalion]], [[16th Punjab Regiment]]
* 1st Battalion, [[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)]] ''(from April 1942)''

==See also==

* [[List of Indian Army Brigades in World War II]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:British Indian Army brigades]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1939]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945]]

Kingnyu

2025-08-17T00:36:21Z

JewelWoodcock19: put up new details.

{{Short description|Village in Nagaland, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kingnyu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kix
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.115178|94.961099|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Noklak district|Noklak]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1026
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Patsho Khiamniungan]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = NL
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kingnyu''', also known as '''Kingniu village''', is a village located in [[Patsho|Panso]] circle of [[Noklak district]] in [[Nagaland, India]]. It is situated 11 km away from sub-district headquarter Panso (tehsildar office), and 91 km away from district headquarter Tuensang.<ref>[https://noklak.nic.in/village-panchayats/: THE FRONTIER DISTRICT NOKLAK-Kingnyu]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.borderlens.com/articles/nagalands-kingniu-village-navigates-ancestral-wisdom-beyond-borders/ | title=Nagaland's Kingniu village navigates ancestral wisdom beyond borders | first=Rehana | last=Rehman | date=30 January 2024 | accessdate=16 August 2025 }}</ref> The language most widely spoken is [[Patsho Khiamniungan]], that of the [[Patsho|Patsho people]] there.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Noklak district]]

{{India-stub}}