Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Atmaram Gajjar

2026-05-07T10:24:16Z

JesusHupp231: Added

{{Short description|Indian architect}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Atmaram Mancharam Gajjar
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1901
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1961
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Architect
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Atmaram Mancharam Gajjar''' (1901-1961)<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Jon T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iwkAgAACAAJ |title=Architecture & Independence: The Search for Identity - India 1880 to 1980 |last2=Desai |first2=Madhavi |last3=Desai |first3=Miki |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-565247-5 |location=Delhi |pages=145, 174, 197 |language=}}</ref> was an Indian architect from [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]].

== Biography ==
Gajjar was born in 1901. He completed his graduation from the [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai). He was one of the first generation of the architects in India who had studied the western architecture. He started his practice in Ahmedabad. His buildings show the use of contemporary western architectural as well as traditional Indian architectural elements such as stone window grilles and ''chhajja'' shades. His works were influenced by [[Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Vincent Esch]] while his late works show influence of the [[Bauhaus]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> He designed Indian [[Art Deco|Art Deco style]] buildings as well.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Restoring an Art Deco Piece on the Ahmedabad Campus |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/blog/restoring-an-art-deco-piece-on-the-ahmedabad-campus/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=ahduni.edu.in}}</ref> He died in Ahmedabad in 1961. His office was taken over by [[Hasmukh Patel (architect)|Hasmukh Patel]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Frenger |first=Marion |url=https://www.degruyter.com/database/AKL/entry/_40458378/html |title=Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon - Internationale Künstlerdatenbank - Online |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |year=2005 |editor=Andreas Beyer, Bénédicte Savoy and Wolf Tegethoff |edition=Online |volume=XLVII |place=Berlin, New York |pages=341 |language=de |chapter=Gajjar, Atmaram Mancharam |access-date=2023-05-17 |others=K. G. Saur (2021)}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Works ==
Following buildings in [[Ahmedabad]] were designed by him:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-28 |title=Creative tale of Amdavad's iconic buildings |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/tale-of-amdavads-iconic-buildings/articleshow/53826775.cms |access-date=2023-05-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
[[File:Gujarat_University_Tower_Building.jpg|thumb|Main building of Gujarat University]]
* L. D. College of Arts (1937)<ref name=":1" />
* Shodhan House (1939, now demolished)<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - Overview - 20th century architecture |url=http://architecture-history.org/schools/INDIA.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=architecture-history.org}}</ref>
* M. G. Science Institute building (1946)
* L. D. College of Pharmacy (1947)
* [[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering|L. D. College of Engineering]] buildings (1948)
* Main building of [[Gujarat University]] (1947)
* A. G. Teachers Training College (late 1950s)
* Gajjar Hall near [[Law Garden]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Architecture - A Complete Ahmedabad City Guide by Dr. Manek Patel |url=https://www.welcometoahmedabad.com/127/modern-architecture.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.welcometoahmedabad.com}}</ref>
* [[St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad|St. Xaviers College]] (1956)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gajjar, Atmaram}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]

Car Nicobar-class fast attack craft

2026-05-06T14:03:43Z

JesusHupp231:

{{Short description|Type of Indian naval vessel}}
{{italic title|string=Car Nicobar}}{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Tarmugli (T91) near Visakhapatnam port.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Tarmugli'' (T91) near [[Visakhapatnam]] port.
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = ''Car Nicobar'' class
| builders = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]]
| operators = *{{navy|India}}
*{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maldivian Coast Guard]]
| class_before = {{sclass|Bangaram|patrol vessel|4}}
| class_after = [[New Water Jet Fast Attack Craft]]
| subclasses =
| cost = * {{INRConvert|500|c|year=2007|lk=on}} overall cost
* {{INRConvert|35|c|year=2007|lk=on}} for each ship
| built_range = 2007–2017
| in_service_range =
| in_commission_range = 2009-present
| total_ships_building =
| total_ships_planned = 14
| total_ships_completed = 14
| total_ships_canceled =
| total_ships_active = * 13 {{navy|India}}
* 1 {{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maldivian Coast Guard]]
| total_ships_laid_up =
| total_ships_lost =
| total_ships_retired = 0
| total_ships_preserved =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type = [[Fast attack craft]]
| displacement = *''Fleet I'': {{cvt|293|t}}<ref name="jfs-1617">{{cite book|editor1-last=Saunders|editor1-first=Stephen|editor1-mask=Commodore Stephen Saunders|title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2016–2017|date=2016|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|location=Coulsdon|isbn=978-0710631855|page=357|edition=119th|chapter=India}}</ref>
*''Fleet II'': {{cvt|315|t}}<ref name="jdw-1jul15" />
| length = {{cvt|48.9|m|ftin}}<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| beam = {{cvt|7.5|m|ftin}}<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| height =
| draught = {{cvt|2.1|m|ftin}}<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| draft =
| depth =
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| ramps =
| ice_class =
| power =
| propulsion = *3 × MTU 16V 4000 M90 diesel engines, {{cvt|11,238|PS}}
*3 × Hamilton HM811 waterjets<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| speed = {{cvt|35|kn|lk=in}}<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| range = {{cvt|2000|nmi}} at {{cvt|13|kn}}<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| troops =
| complement =
| crew = 29 including 6 officers<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = *Navigation radar
* LINK II tactical datalink and satellite communication (SATCOM) to [[GSAT-7|Rukmani]]<ref name="jdw-1jul15" />
* Surface search radar<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| EW =
| armament = * 1 × [[CRN 91 Naval Gun|CRN-91]] 30mm [[autocannon]]<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
* [[9K38 Igla|Igla]] SA-18 [[surface-to-air missile|SAM]]<ref name="jdw-1jul15" />
* 2 × 12.7 mm [[heavy machine gun|HMGs]]<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| armour =
| aircraft =
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

The '''''Car Nicobar'' class''' of high-speed [[fast attack crafts]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite press release |title=Indian Navy commissions Water Jet Fast Attack Craft at Mumbai - 26 Sep 17 |date=2017-09-26 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1504043&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-04-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401143140/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1504043&reg=3&lang=1 |archive-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> are built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]] (GRSE) for the [[Indian Navy]]. The vessels are designed as a cost-effective platform for patrol, anti-piracy and rescue operations in [[India]]'s [[Exclusive Economic Zone#India|exclusive economic zone]]. In 2023, one of the ships, INS Tarmugli, was donated to the [[Maldivian Coast Guard]].<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/eastern-naval-command-bids-farewell-to-ins-tarmugli-in-visakhapatnam/article66711727.ece|title=Eastern Naval Command bids farewell to INS Tarmugli in Visakhapatnam|newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/rajnath-singh-hands-over-fast-patrol-vessel-landing-craft-assault-ship-to-maldives/articleshow/99936343.cms?from=mdr|title=Rajnath Singh hands over Fast Patrol Vessel, Landing Craft Assault ship to Maldives|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=2 May 2023}}</ref>

The class and its vessels are named for Indian islands. They are the first [[water jet (propulsion)|water jet-propelled]] vessels of the Indian Navy.<ref name=id-rep4229>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-4229|title=Indian Navy to Commission INS Carnicobar, INS Chetlat|publisher=India Defence|date=16 February 2009|access-date=16 September 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814060245/http://www.india-defence.com/reports-4229|archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref>

Unlike the [[United States Coast Guard]]'s similarly sized [[Sentinel class cutters]], the class is propelled by water jets, at up to {{convert|35|knots|kph}}, where the American patrol vessels conventional propulsion systems maximum stated speed is {{convert|28|knots|kph}}. Both classes have a mission endurance of {{convert|2000|nmi|km}}.

INS ''Kalpeni'' (T-75) visited the [[Port of Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] from 19 to 21 October 2024 as a part of Operational Turnaround. The ship with a 70-member was commanded by [[Lieutenant commander|Lieutenant Commander]] Sunil K Kulhari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-10-19 |title=Indian navy fast attack craft INS Kalpeni arrives in Colombo |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/indian-navy-fast-attack-craft-ins-kalpeni-arrives-in-colombo-3239948 |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Design==
The ''Car Nicobar''-class vessels were designed and built by GRSE. Production of the class was fast tracked after the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]. The vessels feature improved habitability with fully air-conditioned modular accommodation, on board [[reverse osmosis]] plant for [[desalination]], and a [[sewage treatment]] plant.<ref name=id-rep4229/><ref name=bl-rajabagan>{{cite news |url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blnus/14161631.htm |title = GRSE delivers two warships from Rajabagan Dockyard |newspaper = The Hindu Business Line |access-date = 16 September 2011 }}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=Adamgerber80 |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The vessels are each powered by three HamiltonJet HM811 water jets, coupled with MTU 16V 4000 M90 engines, delivering a combined {{convert|8160|kW|abbr=on}} of power. An aluminium [[superstructure]] reduces weight and is designed to reduce radar cross-section.

As patrol vessels, they are lightly armed. They carry various sensors, including the Furuno navigation radar and sonar. Armament on board includes a 30 mm [[CRN 91 Naval Gun|CRN-91]] [[automatic cannon]] with an electronic day-night [[fire control system]] of [[Ordnance Factories Organisation|Ordnance Factory Board]] (OFB) and [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] (BEL) origin. The vessels also mount two 12.7 mm [[heavy machine gun]]s (HMG) and multiple medium machine guns, besides carrying shoulder-launched [[9K38 Igla|Igla]] [[surface-to-air missile]]s to combat aerial threats.

The first two vessels commissioned were initially restricted to speeds up to {{convert|27|kn|lk=in}} due to deficiency in the gearboxes, which was later rectified by KPCL. INS ''Kabra'', the eighth in the class, has a top speed of more than {{convert|35|kn}}. The improved maneuverability and speed allows these vessels to have high-speed interdiction of fast-moving targets.<ref name=hindu_commissioned/>

The last four ships are an improved variant of the ''Car Nicobar''-class patrol boats and have been dubbed 'follow on waterjet fast attack craft' (FOWJFAC) by the Indian Navy. Improvements include an enhanced electrical power generation capacity of 280 kW and twice the reverse osmosis (RO) capacity at 4 tonnes per day.<ref name="jdw-1jul15">{{cite news |last1=Mazumdar |first1=Mrityunjoy |title=GRSE launches three fast attack craft for Indian Navy |url=https://www.janes.com/article/52703/grse-launches-three-fast-attack-craft-for-indian-navy |work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly |date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705010451/https://www.janes.com/article/52703/grse-launches-three-fast-attack-craft-for-indian-navy |archive-date=5 July 2015}}</ref>

==Ships in the class==

{| class="wikitable"
!Yard No.
!Name
!Pennant number
!Launched
!Commissioned
!Homeport
!Status
|-
! colspan="7" | {{navy|India}}
|-
! colspan="7" | Fleet I
|-
| 2057
| ''Car Nicobar''
| T69
| 23 November 2007
| 16 February 2009
|[[Chennai]]
|Active
|-
| 2058
| ''Chetlat''
| T70
| 27 November 2007
| 16 February 2009
|[[Port Blair|Sri Vijaya Puram]]
|Active<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=47493 |title=Commissioning of INS Carnicobar & INS Chetlat |publisher=Government of India |date=13 February 2009 |access-date=30 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194156/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=47493 |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2059
| ''Cora Divh''<ref>[http://www.grse.nic.in/events10.htm Launching Ceremony of Kora Divh(Yard-2059) and Cheriyam (Yard-2060) on 16 Jul 2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719194855/http://www.grse.nic.in/events10.htm |date=19 July 2011 }}</ref>
| T71
| 16 July 2008
| 10 September 2009
|Sri Vijaya Puram
|Active
|-
| 2060
| ''Cheriyam''
| T72
| 16 July 2008
| 10 September 2009
|Sri Vijaya Puram
|Active<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyindia.com/show/333266.php |title=Indian Navy inducts two fast attack crafts to boost surveillance |publisher=Daily India |access-date=30 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074327/http://www.dailyindia.com/show/333266.php |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2061
| ''Cankarso''
| T73
| 27 March 2009
| 29 June 2010
|[[Goa]]
|Active<ref>[http://www.grse.nic.in/events3-27.htm Launching Ceremony of Cankarso (Yard 2061), Kondul (Yard 2062), Kalpeni (Yard 2063) on 27 Mar 09] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619085344/http://www.grse.nic.in/events3-27.htm |date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 2062
| ''Kondul''
| T74
| 27 March 2009
| 29 June 2010
|Goa
|Active
|-
| 2063
| ''Kalpeni''
| T75
| 27 March 2009
| 14 October 2010
|[[Kochi]]
| Active
|-
| 2064
| {{INS|Kabra|T76|2}}
| T76
| 29 March 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grse.nic.in/Launching.pdf|title=Simultaneous launching of three Waterjet Fast Attack Crafts
|access-date=7 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719195113/http://www.grse.nic.in/Launching.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref>
| 8 June 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/indian-naval-ship-kabra-commissioning-on-jun-8/715919.html |title=Indian Naval ship Kabra commissioning on Jun 8 |publisher=IBNLive.in.com |date=6 June 2011 |access-date=30 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015171010/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/indian-naval-ship-kabra-commissioning-on-jun-8/715919.html |archive-date=15 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|Kochi
| Active
|-
| 2065
| ''Koswari''
| T77
| 29 March 2010
| 12 July 2011<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irna.ir/ENNewsShow.aspx?NID=30474552&SRCH=1 |title=Indian Navy commissions Fast attack craft INS Koswari |access-date=12 July 2011 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528063053/https://www.irna.ir/ENNewsShow.aspx?NID=30474552&SRCH=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|Karwar
| Active
|-
| 2066
| ''Karuva''
| T78
| 29 March 2010
| 25 August 2011
| Port Blair
| Active<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/186232/fast-attack-warship-ins-karuva.html |title=Fast attack warship INS Karuva commissioned |newspaper=Deccan Herald|access-date=30 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082006/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/186232/fast-attack-warship-ins-karuva.html |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="7" | Fleet II: FOWJFAC<ref name="jdw-1jul15" />
|-
| 2110
| {{INS|Tillanchang|T92|2}}
| T92
| 30 June 2015
| 9 March 2017<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/ins-tillanchang-commissioned-to-indian-navy-by-vice-admiral-girish-luthra/580582/|title=INS Tillanchang commissioned to Indian Navy by Vice Admiral Girish Luthra|date=2017-03-09|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2017-03-09|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311184847/http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/ins-tillanchang-commissioned-to-indian-navy-by-vice-admiral-girish-luthra/580582/|archive-date=11 March 2017}}</ref>
|Karwar
| Active
|-
| 2111
| {{INS|Tihayu|T93|2}}
| T93
| 30 June 2015
| 19 October 2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-tihayu-commissioned/article9238836.ece|title=INS Tihayu commissioned|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|date=2016-10-19|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-10-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020153450/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-tihayu-commissioned/article9238836.ece|archive-date=20 October 2016}}</ref>
|Visakhapatnam
|Active
|-
| 2112
| {{INS|Tarasa|T94|2}}
| T94
| 30 June 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/launch-grse-yards-2112-fo-wjfac|title=Launch of GRSE Yards 2112 (FO-WJFAC) {{!}} Indian Navy|website=indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=2016-06-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701140740/http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/launch-grse-yards-2112-fo-wjfac|archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref>
|26 September 2017<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/74407/indian-navy-commissions-fourth-improved-car-nicobar-class-patrol-vessel|title=Indian Navy commissions fourth improved Car Nicobar-class patrol vessel {{!}} Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com|access-date=2017-09-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926201133/http://www.janes.com/article/74407/indian-navy-commissions-fourth-improved-car-nicobar-class-patrol-vessel|archive-date=26 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ins-tarasa-commissioned-into-indian-navy/articleshow/60841628.cms|title=INS Tarasa commissioned into Indian Navy|date=2017-09-26|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-09-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927003938/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ins-tarasa-commissioned-into-indian-navy/articleshow/60841628.cms|archive-date=27 September 2017}}</ref>
| Mumbai
|Active
|-
! colspan="7" | {{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maldivian Coast Guard]]
|-
! colspan="7" | Fleet II
|-
| 2109
| MCGS Huravee (formerly {{INS|Tarmugli|T91|2}})
|
| 30 June 2015
| 23 May 2016
|
|Transferred to [[Maldivian Coast Guard]] and commissioned on 2 May 2023 as MCGS Huravee<ref name="thehindu.com"/><ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com"/>
|}

==Operations==
INS ''Car Nicobar'' and INS ''Chetlat'' are based in [[Chennai]] under India's Eastern Naval Command.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/17/stories/2009021757620100.htm |title=Indigenously designed Fast Attack Crafts commissioned |date=17 February 2009 |access-date=30 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103212149/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/17/stories/2009021757620100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref>

INS ''Cankarso'' and INS ''Kondul'' are based in [[Goa]] under the Western Naval Command.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

INS ''Kalpeni'' is based in [[Kochi]] under the Southern Naval Command.<ref name=kondul>[http://www.grse.nic.in/Handing%20over%20of%20WJFAC.pdf Handing over of WJFAC, Yd No. 2063 (Kalpeni) – 25 Aug 10] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719194935/http://www.grse.nic.in/Handing%20over%20of%20WJFAC.pdf |date=19 July 2011 }}</ref>

INS ''Kalpeni'' called at [[Gan (Addu Atoll)|Gan]], [[Addu Atoll]], [[Maldives]] on 25 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-25 |title=Indian Navy's INS Kalpeni docks in Addu Atoll, underscores "deep-rooted friendly ties" with Maldives |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/indian-navys-ins-kalpeni-docks-in-addu-atoll-underscores-deep-rooted-friendly-ties-with-maldives20260425111852/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> The ship had earlier visited the [[Port of Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] on 19 October 2024 for a similar diplomatic mission.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-21 |title=INS Kalpeni arrived in Colombo, to boost maritime relations with Sri Lanka |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/ins-kalpeni-arrived-in-colombo-to-boost-maritime-relations-with-sri-lanka-124102100248_1.html |access-date=2026-04-29 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

===Operation Island Watch===
In January 2011, as a part of ''Operation Island Watch'', INS ''Cankarso'' and INS ''Kalpeni'' were deployed on anti-piracy patrol to the west of the [[Lakshadweep]] archipelago.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} On 28 January, ''Cankarso'' responded to a [[Mayday (distress signal)|''Mayday'']] call from a [[container ship]]. Upon reaching the site, she saw [[Somali pirate]] [[skiff]]s being hoisted aboard a hijacked [[Thailand|Thai]] [[fishing trawler]], ''Prantalay 14'', which was being used as a pirate [[mother ship]].<ref name=hindu_commissioned>{{cite news|title=Fast Attack Craft INS Kabra commissioned|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2088393.ece|access-date=21 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610182911/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2088393.ece|archive-date=10 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=csm>{{cite news |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2011/0207/India-pushes-back-on-Somali-pirates-new-mother-ship-offensive |title=India pushes back on Somali pirates' new 'mother ship' offensive |publisher=CSMonitor.com |date=7 February 2011 |access-date=30 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102250/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2011/0207/India-pushes-back-on-Somali-pirates-new-mother-ship-offensive |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>

''Cankarso'' ordered the pirated ship to stop for inspection. The pirates on board fired on ''Cankarso'' as they tried to flee west towards [[Somalia]]. ''Cankarso'' returned the fire, which hit some of the fuel drums stored on ''Prantalay 14''{{'}}s deck for refuelling the skiffs. The mother ship was set ablaze and sank, even as ''Kalpeni'' and an [[Indian Coast Guard]] patrol vessel, ICGS ''Sankalp'', reached the site. 15 pirates were arrested, and the 20 crew of the fishing trawler were all rescued unharmed.<ref name=mb>{{cite web |url=http://www.marinebuzz.com/2011/01/30/pirate-mother-ship-prantalay-sinks-off-lakshadweep-during-anti-piracy-operations-by-india/ |title=Pirate Mother Ship Prantalay Sinks off Lakshadweep during Anti Piracy Operations by India |publisher=MarineBuzz.com |date=30 January 2011 |access-date=30 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403182538/http://www.marinebuzz.com/2011/01/30/pirate-mother-ship-prantalay-sinks-off-lakshadweep-during-anti-piracy-operations-by-india/ |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref>

In another operation on 13 March 2011, an Indian Navy patrol aircraft spotted the [[Mozambique]]-registered fishing vessel, ''Vega 5'', when responding to a merchant ship reporting a pirate attack. [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira-based]] ''Vega 5'', owned by Spanish company [[Pescanova|Pescamar Lda]], had been captured on 27 December 2010 by pirates who were demanding US$1.8 million in ransom.<ref name=aa-vega5>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201102070657.html |publisher=allAfrica.com |title=Mozambique: Pirates Demand Ransom, Say 'Vega 5' Relatives |date=6 February 2011 |access-date=30 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019031255/http://allafrica.com/stories/201102070657.html |archive-date=19 October 2012}}</ref> INS ''Kalpeni'' intercepted the pirated ship about {{convert|1100|km|mi}} off Kochi on India's west coast. A fire broke out on the vessel when ''Kalpeni'' returned fired after being fired upon by the pirates. 61 pirates were rescued and arrested after they jumped into the Arabian Sea to escape the fire. The crew of ''Kalpeni'' put out the fire on board ''Vega 5'', rescued her 13 crew members and escorted her to [[Mumbai]]. [[Rocket-propelled grenade]]s and over 80 [[assault rifle]]s were recovered from the pirates.<ref name=dna-vega>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_navy-intercepts-pirate-ship-13-crew-rescued-61-brigands-held_1519685 |title=Indian Navy captures 61 pirates, rescues 13 sailors |newspaper=DNA India |date=14 March 2011 |access-date=30 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314232417/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_navy-intercepts-pirate-ship-13-crew-rescued-61-brigands-held_1519685 |archive-date=14 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=db-20110313>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailybreeze.com/latestnews/ci_17611248 |title=Indian navy captures 61 pirates |publisher=The Daily Breeze News |date=13 March 2011 |access-date=20 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524185127/http://www.dailybreeze.com/latestnews/ci_17611248 |archive-date=24 May 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Car Nicobar class patrol vessels}}
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/201-Car-Nicobar-Class.html Car Nicobar Class – Bharat Rakshak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016044836/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/201-Car-Nicobar-Class.html |date=16 October 2011 }}
* [https://archive.today/20130203183355/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071128/asp/calcutta/story_8599567.asp New age ship for patrol]

===Video===
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ys5sRVuIMTM INS Cankarso - Comprehensive Review by Autocar India]
* [http://specials.rediff.com/news/2008/jul/17video1.htm Indian Navy adds new warships]

===Images===
* [http://www.grse.nic.in/events10.htm Commissioning ceremony of INS Kora Divh and INS Cheriyam]
* [http://pib.nic.in/release/phsmall.asp?phid=22108 Governor taking salute during commissioning ceremony]
* [http://pib.nic.in/release/phsmall.asp?phid=22110 INS Car Nicobar during commissioning ceremony]
* [http://pib.nic.in/release/phsmall.asp?phid=22111 INS Chetlat during commissioning ceremony]

{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Car Nicobar Class Fast Attack Craft}}
[[Category:Car Nicobar-class patrol vessels| ]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Patrol boat classes]]

Sameer (Telugu actor)

2026-05-06T06:44:48Z

JesusHupp231:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sameer
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|02|26|df=yes}}
| other_names = Vinnakota Venkata Sameer<ref name="nettv4u.com profile">{{cite web|title=Telugu Movie Actor Sameer|url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/movie-actor/sameer-vinnakota|website=nettv4u.com|publisher=nettv4u.com|accessdate=11 October 2017}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| spouse = Aparna
}}
'''Vinnakota Sameer''' (also known as '''Sameer Hasan''') is an Indian actor who predominantly appears in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films and television.

==Early life==
Sameer Hasan was born in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], to a [[Muslims|Muslim]] father Intikhab Hasan and a [[Brahmin]] mother Mahalaxmi.<ref name="About Sameer on Telugu film nagar website" /> His father was absent during his childhood, and he was raised as a Hindu by his mother and maternal family.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 August 2021 |title=నేను ముస్లిం.. 5 సార్లు అయ్యప్పమాల వేశా.. పూజ గదిలో జీసస్..: వెంకట సమీర్‌‌‌గా మారిన సమీర్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/bigg-boss-fame-tollywood-actor-sameer-hasan-as-vinnakota-sameer-hasan/articleshow/85689882.cms |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
He has acted in many TV serials broadcast on [[Doordarshan]]. He played a supporting role in ''Ruthu Ragalu''. Sameer made his film debut in ''[[Subha Sankalpam]]'' (1995), directed by [[K. Viswanath]].<ref name="About Sameer on Telugu film nagar website">{{cite web|title=Sameer|url=https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/celebs/sameer/|website=thetelugufilmnagar.com|accessdate=11 October 2017|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011181430/https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/celebs/sameer/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sameer has stated that he identifies as [[Hindus|Hindu]]. He has worn the [[Ayyappan|Ayyappa]] ''mala'' multiple times and regularly visits temples.<ref name=":0" /> In 2020, he revealed he has adopted his mother's surname and legally changed his name from Sameer Hasan to Vinnakota Venkata Sameer to reflect his maternal heritage.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 September 2020 |title=నాన్న ముస్లిం.. అమ్మ బ్రాహ్మణ.. నేను హిందూ..: తండ్రి చేసిన మోసంపై సమీర్ సంచలన విషయాలు |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/serial-and-movie-actor-sameer-hasan-shocking-comments-on-his-father-and-religion/articleshow/77851137.cms |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

He is married to Aparna and has a son. The couple won the finals of ''Moguds Pellams'', a TV program conducted by [[Star Maa|MAA TV]] for celebrity couples.<ref name="idlebrain">{{cite web|last1=G. V|first1=Ramana|title=Moguds Pellams show final winner is Sameer|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-mogudspellams.html|website=idlebrain.com|publisher=Idlebrain|accessdate=13 October 2017}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= May 2022}}
{{incomplete list|date=November 2017}}
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Prema Pusthakam]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Subha Sankalpam]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Aahaa..! (1998 film)|Aahaa..!]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Student No.1]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Okato Number Kurradu]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Athade Oka Sainyam]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Love Today (2004 film)|Love Today]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Samba (2004 film)|Samba]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Mass (2004 film)|Mass]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Kaani (film)|Kaani]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Andagadu]]'' (2005)
* ''[[That Is Pandu]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Sri Ramadasu]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Style (2006 film)|Style]]''
* ''[[Rakhi (2006 film)|Rakhi]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Chandamama (2007 film)|Chandamama]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Anasuya (film)|Anasuya]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Pandurangadu]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Baladoor]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Hero (2008 film)|Hero]]'' (2008)
* ''Cell'' (2008)
* ''[[Magadheera]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Orange (2010 film)|Orange]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Khaleja]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Pilla Zamindar]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr Perfect]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Sudigadu]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Damarukam]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Laddu Babu]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Drushyam]]'' (2014)
*''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]'' (2014)
*''[[Pataas]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Lion (2015 film)|Lion]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Kerintha]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Kick 2]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Bengal Tiger (2015 film)|Bengal Tiger]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Sarrainodu]]'' (2016)
* ''Control C'' (2016)
*''[[Kittu Unnadu Jagratha]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Keshava (film)|Keshava]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Duvvada Jagannadham]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Pantham]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Saakshyam]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]'' (2018)
* ''Desamlo Dongalu Paddaru'' (2018)
* ''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Kathanam]]'' (2019)
*''[[Anukunnadi Okkati Ayyandhi Okati]]'' (2020)
*''[[Idhe Maa Katha]]'' (2021)
* [[Akhanda]] (2021)
*''[[Alludu Adhurs]]'' (2021)
*''[[Dhamaka (2022 film)|Dhamaka]]'' (2022) as Sanjay
* ''[[Lucky Lakshman]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]'' (2023) as Rudra Reddy
* ''[[Bhari Taraganam]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Kismat (2024 film)|Kismat]]'' (2024) as Loknath
* ''[[Paarijatha Parvam]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Purushothamudu]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Zebra (film)|Zebra]]'' (2024) as Janaki Raman
* ''[[Paderu 12th Mile]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani]]'' (2026)
{{colend}}

=== Television ===
*''[[Ruthuragalu]]'' ([[DD Saptagiri]])
* ''[[Lady Detective (TV series)|Lady Detective]]'' (ETV)
* ''Moguds Pellams'' ([[Maa TV]])
* ''Na Mogudu Naku Sontham'' (ETV; 2016–2019)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sameer Reveals Reason Behind His Exit From Telugu TV Serial Na Mogudu Naku Sontham |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sameer-reveals-reason-behind-his-exit-from-telugu-tv-serial-na-mogudu-naku-sontham-4790612.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219223540/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sameer-reveals-reason-behind-his-exit-from-telugu-tv-serial-na-mogudu-naku-sontham-4790612.html |archive-date=2022-02-19 |access-date=2025-10-20 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 1)|''Bigg Boss 1'']] ([[Star Maa]]; 2017)
*[[Santhi Nivasam (TV series)|''Santhi Nivasam'']] ([[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]])
*''Ala Venkatapuramlo'' ([[Gemini TV]])
*''[[Recce (web series)|Recce]]'' ([[ZEE5]]; 2022)
*[[AIR: All India Rankers|''AIR: All India Rankers'']] ([[ETV Win]]; 2025)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|15939163}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Sameer}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:People from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Male actors from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Islam]]

Sri Guru Ravidas Airport

2026-05-05T16:09:00Z

JesusHupp231:

{{Short description|Airport serving Jalandhar, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Shri Guru Ravidass Maharaj Ji Airport<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi inaugurates Adampur airport, renames it after Guru Ravidas Ji |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-inaugurates-adampur-airport-renames-it-after-guru-ravidas-ji-2861362-2026-02-01 |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=India Today |date=1 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
| nativename-a =
| image = File:Terminal building of Adampur Airport, Jalandhar.jpg
| caption =
| IATA = AIP
| ICAO = VIAX
| type = Military/public
| owner = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]], [[Indian Air Force]]
| city-served = [[Jalandhar]], [[Hoshiarpur]]
| location = [[Adampur]], [[Jalandhar district]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]]
| elevation-f = 776
| elevation-m = 236
| coordinates = {{coord|31|25|59|N|075|45|38|E|region:IN_type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/adampur|Adampur Airport}}
| metric-rwy = y
| r1-number = 13/31
| r1-length-m = 2,755
| r1-length-f = 9,039
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| r2-number =
| r2-length-m =
| r2-length-f =
| r2-surface =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label = '''AIP'''
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the airport in Punjab
| stat-year = April 2025 - March 2026
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 1,11,287 ({{increase}} 216%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 1194 ({{increase}} 54.7%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = —
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k26Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k26Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k26Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''Shri Guru Ravidass Maharaj Ji Airport, Adampur<ref>{{cite news |title=On the occasion of the 649th Birth Anniversary of Sant Guru Ravidas Ji, PM to visit Punjab on 1st February |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2221124&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=Press Information Bureau |language=en|url-status=live}}</ref>''' {{airport codes|AIP|VIAX}}, is a [[domestic airport]] and an [[Indian Air Force]] base serving the cities of [[Jalandhar]] and [[Hoshiarpur]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. It is located {{cvt|6.7|km}} from [[Adampur]] town in [[Jalandhar district]], {{cvt|28|km}} from Jalandhar and {{cvt|27|km}} from Hoshiarpur, and is situated beside [[National Highway 3 (India)|National Highway 3]] (NH-3). As it lies just between Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur, it serves both cities. The airport was required by the [[Doaba]] region of Punjab for facilitating commercial operations, as the other two main airports of the state at [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport|Amritsar]] and [[Chandigarh International Airport|Chandigarh]] are 100 and 145 km distant, respectively.

The airport changed its name to [[Ravidas|Shri Guru Ravidass Maharaj Ji Airport]] [[Airport]] and was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 1 February 2026<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab: PM Modi to rename Adampur airport after Guru Ravidas Ji, inaugurate Halwara airport terminal|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Jan/31/punjab-pm-modi-to-rename-adampur-airport-after-guru-ravidas-inaugurate-halwara-airport-terminal|website=New Indian Express|access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>

==History==
The airport was built around the 1950s. It was made as a base for the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF). The base played a crucial role in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. On 6 September 1965, the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) attacked Indian bases at [[Pathankot Airport|Pathankot]], [[Halwara Air Force Station|Halwara]] and Adampur. The attacks on Halwara and Adampur were failures. The strike group turned back before even reaching Adampur.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

On the next day (7 September 1965), the PAF [[parachute]]d 135 [[Special Services Group]] (SSG) para-commandos<ref>{{cite news|title=The 1965 War: A view from the east|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/05war.htm |access-date=21 November 2011 |newspaper=Rediff news}}</ref> at the same three Indian airfields (Halwara, Pathankot and Adampur).<ref name="Lal1986"/> The daring attempt proved to be an unavoidable impact. Only ten commandos were able to return to Pakistan,<ref name="Lal1986"/> while the rest were taken as prisoners of war (including one of the commanders of the operations, Major Khalid Butt). At Adampur, these troops landed in residential areas where the villagers caught, and handed them over to the police.<ref name="Lal1986">{{cite book |author=Pratap Chandra Lal|title=My years with the IAF|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvTM-xbW41MC&pg=PA138|year=1986|publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-008-2 |page=138}}</ref>

The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] on western front started with [[Operation Chengiz Khan]] on 3 December 1971. The Pathankot base was hit and the runway was heavily damaged. Pathankot was covered by interceptors from Adampur. Following this first strikez during the time, it took the ground crew to repair its runway.<ref name=lal>"My years with the IAF" by Air Chief Marshal P C Lal</ref>

During the [[Kargil War]], flying from Adampur, the mirages of [[No. 7 Squadron IAF]] struck at Tigerhill, Muntho Dhalo and Tololing.

In 2010s, the airport was considered by the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] and the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] to develop the Adampur base into a commercial airport to boost connectivity and socio-economic development of [[Jalandhar]] and adjoining regions. In 2017, the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) completed the construction of a new passenger terminal and began commercial operations,<ref name="year">{{cite news |title=A year gone, Adampur airport, Jalandhar awaits take-off |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/a-year-gone-adampur-airport-awaits-take-off/529872.html |date=17 January 2018 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-date=9 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409043058/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/a-year-gone-adampur-airport-awaits-take-off/529872.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> with daily and weekly flight services to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]] and [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]] operated by [[SpiceJet]]. However, until the end of 2019, the airline stopped all operations from the airport indefinitely, due to the wake of [[COVID-19]].

In July 2023, SpiceJet and [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]] announced that from November 2023, they will restart regular flight operations from the airport to five destinations–[[Hindon Airport|Ghaziabad]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport|Nanded]] and [[Goa]], under the [[UDAN|UDAN Scheme]].<ref name="Jalandhar Airport ops to restart in Nov 2023">{{cite news|last=Kaur|first=Deepkamal|title=Spicejet, Star Air to launch flights from Adampur to 5 destinations|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/spicejet-star-air-to-launch-flights-from-adampur-to-5-destinations-530176|work=The Tribune|date=30 July 2023|access-date=30 July 2023|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:PM Narendra Modi Saluting the Air Warriors and Soldiers at Adampur airforce base - Operation Sindoor.jpg|thumb|Image of Narendra Modi at the Adampur Air base on 13 May 2025 where the S-400 triumph missile defence system can clearly be seen in the background]]

On 10 May 2025, during the [[2025 India-Pakistan conflict]], the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] (PAF) launched drone and missile attacks on the Adampur air base,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan launches Operation Bunyan Marsoos: What we know so far |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/10/pakistan-launches-operation-bunyan-marsoos-what-we-know-so-far |last=Hussain |first=Abid |date=2025-05-10 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> with [[JF-17 Thunder]]s reportedly firing CM-400AKG anti-radiation missiles aiming to take out the [[S-400 Triumf]] air defense system deployed there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India says Pakistan attacked with 'high-speed' missiles, targeted air bases |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/india-says-pakistan-attacked-with-high-speed-missiles-targeted-air-bases/3562755 |date=2025-05-10 |website=Anadolu Agency}}</ref> Indian media, citing satellite imagery shortly after the attack and visuals from Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s visit to the base on 13 May 2025, refuted Pakistani claims of any damage to the S-400.<ref>{{cite news |last1=De |first1=Abhishek |title=With S-400 in backdrop, how PM Modi fact-checked Pakistan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-adampur-airbase-visit-message-importance-pakistan-s400-operation-sindoor-2724041-2025-05-13 |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=India Today |date=13 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Pakistani media, which initially claimed that the S-400 was destroyed,<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan destroys India's S-400 air defence system in Adampur |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545068/pakistan-destroys-indias-s-400-air-defence-system-in-adampur |access-date=15 May 2025 |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> later revised their account and claimed that the PAF had instead targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar, one of the units of the combined S-400 air defense system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=2025-05-13 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
The [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) built a passenger terminal at a cost of ₹ 18 crore<ref name="year"/> at [[Kandola, Punjab|Kandola]] village of [[Jalandhar district]], adjoining to the air force base to facilitate commercial civil aviation and connectivity, as well as development, in 2017. The [[Government of India]] cleared the techno-feasibility report for setting up the passenger terminal in July 2015, after AAI had inspected the proposed site of 50 acres of land, after receiving [[No Objection Certificate]] (NOC) from the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/AAI-team-examines-proposed-site-for-Adampur-airport/articleshow/48601029.cms AAI team examines proposed site for Adampur airport]</ref><ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/punjab-to-build-new-domestic-airport-at-adampur-540364 Punjab to build new domestic airport at Adampur]</ref><ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/commercial-status-for-adampur-airport-soon-sukhbir-singh-badal-779121 Commercial Status for Adampur Airport Soon: Sukhbir Singh Badal]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/clamour-grows-for-domestic-airport-at-adampur/103857.html |title=Clamour grows for domestic airport at Adampur |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614071555/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/clamour-grows-for-domestic-airport-at-adampur/103857.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Commercial flights started on 1 May 2018, when [[SpiceJet]] began operations under the government's [[UDAN|UDAN Scheme]]. The new terminal covers an area of 75,000 sq.ft. (42 acres). The contract of the new terminal were given to edifice consultants.

== Adampur Air Force Station ==
'''Adampur Air Force Station, Jalandhar''' is an airbase of the [[Indian Air Force]], in which the passenger terminal for commercial operations is situated, it is home to [[No. 47 Squadron IAF]] which flies the [[Mikoyan MiG-29]]UPG as part of [[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scramble.nl/planning/orbats/india/india-air-force#VIAX681|title=India - Air Force - Adampur AFS (VIAX)|publisher=Scramble.nl|access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref>

It is the second largest military airbase of India. It lies within {{cvt|100|km}} from the [[India–Pakistan border]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

It also has an [[underground hangar]], which is among Asia's largest, for storage of MiG-29 and [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]] interceptors.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

[[File:MiG-29B Adampur.jpg|thumb|A MiG-29 based at the Air Force station|200px]]

==Airlines and destinations==
Until the end of 2019, [[SpiceJet]] operated daily and weekly flights to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]] and [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]]. After a break of three years, in July 2023, SpiceJet and [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]] announced that they would start direct flights from November 2023 from the airport to five destinations,[[Hindon Airport|Ghaziabad]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport|Nanded]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]] and [[Goa]], under the [[UDAN|UDAN Scheme]].<ref name="Jalandhar Airport ops to restart in Nov 2023"/> On 31 March 2024, Star Air restarted commercial operations in the airport by starting direct flights from the airport to Bangalore, Ghaziabad and Nanded.<ref name="star">{{cite tweet|author=Star Air|user=OfficialStarAir|number=1768276577295446344|title=NDC-BLR, Hindon Daily flights starting March 31st|date 14 March 2024|access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref> Indigo also starts daily flight for Mumbai since 2 July 2025.{{fact|date=April 2026}}

{{Airport destination list

|{{nowrap|[[Star Air (India)|Star Air]]}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Flight Schedule|url=https://starair.in/|website=[[Star Air (India)|Star Air]]|access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref> | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Hindon Airport|Ghaziabad]], [[Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport|Nanded]]<ref name="star"/>

| [[IndiGo]] | [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]] }}

==Statistics==
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=AIP}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Operations and statistics
|-
! Year
! Passengers
! Aircraft
|-
|2018-19
|43,881<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data 2018-19 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k19Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|660<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data 2018-19 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k19Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2019-20
|48,670<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data 2019-20 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k20Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|702<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data 2019-20 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k20Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2020-21
|13,965<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data 2020-21 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k21Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|240<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data 2020-21 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k21Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2021-22
|1,955<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data 2021-22 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k22Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|52<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data 2021-22 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k22Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2022-23
|0<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data 2022-23 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k23Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|0<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data 2022-23 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k23Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2023-24
|536<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data 2023-24 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|14<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data 2023-24 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2024-25
|35,220<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data 2024-25 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|772<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data 2024-25 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2025-26
|1,11,287<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data 2025-26 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k26Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|1,194<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data 2025-26 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k26Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|}

==Renaming of Airport==
Adampur Airport was renamed Sri Guru Ravidass Ji Airport, Adampur in honour of Guru Ravidas, the Bhakti-era saint widely revered in Punjab and among the global Punjabi diaspora.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM renames Adampur airport after Guru Ravidas |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/pm-renames-adampur-airport-after-guru-ravidas/ |access-date=18 April 2026 |work=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

The renaming was approved by the [[Government of India]] following recommendations from the Government of Punjab and local public representatives. The airport was formally inaugurated by [[Narendra Modi]] during his visit to [[Dera Ballan]] on the occasion of the 649th birth anniversary celebrations of [[Guru Ravidas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jalandhar’s Adampur airport renamed after Guru Ravidas |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/jalandhars-adampur-airport-renamed-after-guru-ravidas-101769971152432.html |access-date=18 April 2026 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

The decision was presented as both a cultural recognition and a symbolic acknowledgement of the contribution of the Ravidasia community to Punjab’s social and economic life, particularly through the Non-Resident Indian population originating from the Doaba region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab: PM Modi renames Adampur airport after Guru Ravidas, inaugurates civil terminal of Halwara airport |url=https://theprint.in/india/punjab-pm-modi-renames-adampur-airport-after-guru-ravidas-inaugurates-civil-terminal-of-halwara-airport/2842731/ |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

== Connectivity ==
The airport is located close to [[Adampur]] town of [[Jalandhar district]], and can accessed via [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH-3]] and also from the nearest railway station of Adampur.

==See also==
*[[List of Indian Air Force stations]]
*[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
*[[8-Pass Charlie]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force bases]]
[[Category:Airports in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Airports with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Adampur Airport Jalandhar}}

Rangnath Mishra

2026-05-03T03:13:02Z

JesusHupp231:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rangnath Mishra
| office = Cabinet Minister of Uttar Pradesh [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Legislative Assembly]]
| caption =
| constituency = [[Aurai, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Aurai]]
| minister = Secondary Education
| office1 = Minister of State [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| image = Rangnath Mishra (1).jpg
| term1 = 1996-2002
| term_start = 2007
| term_end = 2012
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] and [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1959|7|1}}
| birth_place = [[Bhadohi district|Sahsepur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| profession = Politician
| minister1 = Home, Electricity, Health and Forest
}}
'''Rangnath Mishra''' (born 1 July 1959) is an Indian Politician belonging to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and hails from District [[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He has been two times minister in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] and four times [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]] representing [[Aurai, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Aurai]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): By Assembly |url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/by-assembly |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Member info |url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/web/guest/member?memberId=18928 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="Navbharat Times">{{Cite web |title=कहानी उत्‍तर प्रदेश की: टैक्सी यूनियन का वह नेता जो बसपा, भाजपा सरकार में मंत्री बन गया, अपने जिले में 24 घंटे बिजली के लिए अपनी ही सरकार में कर दी थी बगावत |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/story-of-uttar-pradesh-taxi-union-leader-who-became-a-minister-in-bsp-bjp-government-revolted-in-his-own-government-for-24-hours-electricity/articleshow/87965516.cms |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> He has notably served as [[Cabinet Minister]] for [[Secondary education|Secondary Education]] and Minister of State for [[Department of Home and Confidential|Home]] in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in" />

== Early life ==
Rangnath Mishra was born in village Sahsepur of [[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]] district (then in District [[Varanasi]]), [[Uttar Pradesh]] to father Keshav Prasad Mishra and mother Indrawati Devi.<ref name="upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in" /> He is the fifth of the six children in his family. He has three sons and three daughters.<ref name="upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in" />

== Political career ==
Rangnath Mishra started his career as a member of [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP) and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) member.<ref name="पूर्व मंत्री रंगनाथ मिश्र की पुरी राजनैतिक कहानी">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RpK09ScPjg |title=पूर्व मंत्री रंगनाथ मिश्र की पुरी राजनैतिक कहानी। जीप स्टैंड से गृह मन्त्री #loksabhaelection2024 |language=en}}</ref> In 1980 he joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]] (BJP).<ref name="पूर्व मंत्री रंगनाथ मिश्र की पुरी राजनैतिक कहानी" /> Mishra was appointed as [[Varanasi]] District president for [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]] (BJP) and played a significant role in creation of [[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]] district from [[Varanasi]].<ref name="Navbharat Times" /> He was also appointed as the first president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] from Bhadohi District<ref name="Navbharat Times" /> In [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]], he debuted as [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) candidate from [[Aurai, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Aurai]] Constituency and polled second to a [[Janata Dal|Janta Dal party]]'s candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3257-uttar-pradesh-1991/?do=download&r=7499&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=ed95f44c74d30e71b37deed005c918d8 |website=Election Commission of India |page=550 |format=PDF}}</ref> In [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993 elections]], he again contested from [[Aurai, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Aurai]] and became first-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] by defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]'s Raj Kumari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3258-uttar-pradesh-1993/?do=download&r=7501&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=ed95f44c74d30e71b37deed005c918d8 |website=Election Commission of India |page=575 |format=PDF}}</ref> In [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]], he was again elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the constituency by defeating [[Samajwadi Party]]'s candidate Jaheed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election 1996 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3259-uttar-pradesh-1996/?do=download&r=7503&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=ed95f44c74d30e71b37deed005c918d8 |website=Election Commission of India |page=526 |format=pdf}}</ref> He was appointed as a Minister of State in the [[Kalyan Singh]]'s, [[Ram Prakash Gupta]]'s and [[Rajnath Singh]]'s cabinet of 1996 [[Uttar Pradesh]]'s [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] Government and held various portfolios intermittently such as Home, Electricity, Health and Forest.<ref name="Navbharat Times" /> He was then popularly known to provide 24-hour electricity exclusively to his district Bhadohi.<ref name="Navbharat Times" /> In [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002 assembly elections]], he lost to [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]'s Uday Bhan Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3260-uttar-pradesh-2002/?do=download&r=7505&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=ed95f44c74d30e71b37deed005c918d8 |website=Election Commission of India |page=518 |format=pdf}}</ref> In 2005, after disqualification of the incumbent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], Mishra contested the [[Aurai, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Aurai]] Assembly bye-election on the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) ticket after switching from [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and won by defeating [[Samajwadi Party]]'s Rita Singh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-11-03 |title=Ranganath Mishra of BJP joins BSP in UP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ranganath-mishra-of-bjp-joins-bsp-in-up/articleshow/1283718.cms |access-date=2024-03-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrika |url=https://www.patrika.com/bhadohi-news/rangnath-mishra-will-contest-from-bhadohi-seat-in-loksabha-election-4426282 |website=पत्रिका|date=14 April 2019 }}</ref> In [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007 Assembly Elections]], he again contested from the said constituency and won by defeating [[Samajwadi Party]]'s Rita Singh again.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/?do=download&r=7507&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=ed95f44c74d30e71b37deed005c918d8 |website=Election Commission of India |page=674 |format=PDF}}</ref> He was sworn-in as a [[Minister of State]] (Independent Charge) in the [[Mayawati]]'s cabinet and held Rural Development portfolio.<ref name="upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in" /> Later he was elevated as a [[Cabinet Minister (India)|cabinet minister]] with the portfolio of Secondary Education.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://madhyamikshiksha.upsdc.gov.in/en-us/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113132858/http://madhyamikshiksha.upsdc.gov.in/en-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in" /> In [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]], after the [[Aurai, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Aurai]] Constituency was reservered Mishra contested from adjoining [[Mirzapur Assembly constituency|Mirzapur]] constituency where he polled second to [[Samajwadi Party]]'s Kailash Nath Chaurasia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/?do=download&r=7509&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=ed95f44c74d30e71b37deed005c918d8 |page=656 |format=PDF}}</ref> In [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 elections]], Mishra contested from [[Bhadohi Assembly constituency|Bhadohi Assembly]] Constituency where he polled as second runner-up. In [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general elections]], Mishra contested as a [[Mahagathbandhan (Uttar Pradesh)|Mahagathbandhan]] alliance candidate from [[Bhadohi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadohi Parliamentary Constituency]] where he lost to [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s [[Ramesh Chand Bind]] by a margin of 43,615 votes.<ref name="Jagran">{{Cite web |title=पूर्व मंत्री रंगनाथ मिश्र बसपा प्रभारी घोषित - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bhadohi-former-minister-ranganath-mishra-declared-bsp-incharge-18961320.html |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="affidavit.eci.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-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 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhadohi Lok Sabha Election Results 2019: भदोही लोक सभा चुनाव 2019 उम्‍मीदवार के नाम, पिछले विजेता– NDTV India |url=https://ndtv.in/elections/uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2019/bhadohi |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=ndtv.in}}</ref> In 2020, Mishra was appointed as BSP's co-ordinator for Mirzapur Division as part of BSP's strategy to muster Brahmin's vote.<ref>{{Cite web |title=यूपी चुनाव की तैयारियों के बीच मायावती का बड़ा प्रयोग, सभी भाईचारा कमेटियां भंग की, अब ब्राह्मणों पर फोकस |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/mayawati-desolved-all-committees-of-bahujan-samaj-party |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> In 2022, he rejoined BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-30 |title=Rangnath Mishra returns to BJP fold after 17 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/rangnath-mishra-returns-to-bjp-fold-after-17-years-101643481129057.html |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Positions held ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Description
|-
|1993 - 1996
|Elected to [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|1996 -2001
|Elected to [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] (2nd Term)

* Minister of State for Home, Health, Forest and Electricity
|-
|1997-1998
|Adhishthata Mandal and Committee on Delegated Legislation<ref name="upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in" />
|-
|2005 - 2007
|Elected to [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] (3rd Term) (Bye-election)
|-
|2007 - 2012
|Elected to [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] (4th Term)

* Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Rural Development (13.05.2007 to 17.10.2007)
* Cabinet Minister for Secondary Education (18.10.2007 to 15.03.2012)<ref name="upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in" />
|}

== Legal Issues ==

=== LACCFED Scam ===
In February 2012, a [[First information report|First Information Report]] (FIR) was registered with Husainganj Police Station Lucknow by the General Manager of the Uttar Pradesh Government recognized construction agency named Labour and Construction Co-operative Federation (LACCFED) alleging embezzlement by its management. Formed under the Co-operative department, LACCFED was entitled to undertake small construction/renovation work of different government departments not exceeding Rs 10 lakh per contract. The investigation into the case gained momentum against Mishra after the [[Akhilesh Yadav]]'s government came to power in March 2012 when the case was transferred to the co-operative cell of the U.P. Police, although Mishra alleged political vendetta.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-11 |title=Laccfed scam: Awadhpal fails to appear before probe team |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/laccfed-scam-awadhpal-fails-to-appear-before-probe-team/articleshow/16760492.cms |access-date=2024-05-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Mishra's name came into light after this change of this government and was first time inducted as an accused in the supplementary chargesheet in March 2013<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-16 |title=More chargesheets against Maya ministers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/more-chargesheets-against-maya-ministers/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>. [[Mayawati]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] head, had alleged political vendetta by Akhilesh Government. However, in February 2015, the Special Court Lucknow in the matter honorarily acquitted Mishra including three other former ministers while convicting seven others and summoning 14 more accused. The judge expressed serious dissatisfaction over the manner of investigation led by the investigating officer Aditya Prakash Gangwar and was astonished to see that the probe was conducted under influence and the investigators were biased for personal reasons. The court also questioned the manner of probe with regard to the seven acquitted accused and warned the investigators not to do such investigations in future. It directed to send the copy of the judgement to the principal secretary home for proper action in the matter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-10 |title=Kushwaha, 4 BSP ex-mins acquitted in Laccfed scam; Court Raps IO For Slipshod Probe Framing Mins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/kushwaha-4-bsp-ex-mins-acquitted-in-laccfed-scam-court-raps-io-for-slipshod-probe-framing-mins/articleshow/46180154.cms |access-date=2024-05-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Disproportionate Assets ===
After the [[Akhilesh Yadav]]'s government came to power in March 2012 , Mishra was subject to another political prosecution for having assets disproportionate to his known source of income. Mishra was accused by the Uttar Pradesh Vigilance Department that he amassed a wealth of more than four crores disproportionate to his known sources of income while a minister from 2007 to 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-08 |title=Mayawati assets case: Probe into DA and Taj corridor not linked, says SC |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/sc-refuses-review-petition-in-mayawati-assets-case-173196-2013-08-07 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> However, on 29 September 2021 on trial in the aforesaid case the Special Judge Allahabad honorarily acquitted Mishra observing that the investigating officer calculated most of the assets of Mishra acquired before the alleged check period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पूर्व मंत्री रंगनाथ मिश्र भ्रष्टाचार के आरोप से बरी, प्रयागराज की MP MLA Court का फैसला - Former minister Ranganath Mishra acquitted of corruption charges as MP MLA court of Prayagraj pronounced the verdict |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-city-former-minister-ranganath-mishra-acquitted-of-corruption-charges-as-mp-mla-court-of-prayagraj-pronounced-the-verdict-22067418.html |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=eCourts |url=https://services.ecourts.gov.in/ecourtindia_v6/ |website=CNR search |id=UPAD010080612013}}</ref>

=== Enforcement Directorate Case ===
In 2014, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) had registered a case of money laundering under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) on the basis of predicate offence in the Disproportionate Assets case. On being acquitted in the predicate offence on 29 September 2021, Mishra challenged the ED case in the Allahabad High Court Lucknow bench. On 18 May 2023 the court stayed the investigation of ED on the ground of its maintainability in light of three-judges bench ruling of the Supreme Court of India in Vijay Madanlal Choudhary vs Union Of India (27 July 2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allahabad High Court Judgements |url=https://elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in/elegalix/WebStartCaseSearch.do |website=Criminal Misc. Writ Petition 3712/2023 |type= }}</ref> On 19 September 2024, the ED conceding to the ruling filed the closure report before the High Court giving clean chit to Mishra, thus disposing of the case.<ref>{{Cite web |last=न्यूज |first=मोहम्मद मोइन, एबीपी |date=2024-09-21 |title=BJP नेता और पूर्व मंत्री रंगनाथ मिश्र आय से अधिक मामले में बरी, ED ने दाखिल की क्लोजर रिपोर्ट |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/former-up-minister-rangnath-mishra-ed-files-closure-report-after-clean-chit-ann-2788496 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Rangnath}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bhadohi district]]

Durga Das

2026-04-30T00:45:21Z

JesusHupp231: New Some Stub More To Come

{{Short description|Indian journalist and author (1900–1974)}}
{{Distinguish|Durga Das Basu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Durga Das
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = pnb
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1900|11|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Aur Nawanshahr|Aur]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], British India (present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and given age|1974|05|17|73|df=y}}}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Government Islamia College, Civil Lines, Lahore|Dayanand Anglo Vedic College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Journalist|author|social worker}}
| years_active = 1918–1966
| notable_works = ''Ram Rajya in Action (1956)'' ''India and the World (1958)'' ''India From Curzon to Nehru and After (1969)''
| spouse = Ratan Devi
}}
'''Durga Das''' (23 November 1900 – 17 May 1974) was an Indian journalist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=18 May 1974 |title=DUNA DAS DEAD; INDIAN NEWSMAN |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/18/archives/durga-das-dead-indian-newsman-chronicler-of-the-freedom-movement.html |access-date=31 March 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=Bernard Weinraub Special to The New York |date=17 December 1973 |title=India's Journalists Worry They Have Become Timid and Dependent on the Government |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/17/archives/indias-journalists-worry-they-have-become-timid-and-dependent-on.html |access-date=3 April 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vadukut |first=Sidin |date=27 June 2014 |title=Déjà View {{!}} A Nehruvian tragedy |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/zsGIQxAT8qPOHAH1tcEFIM/Dj-View--A-Nehruvian-tragedy.html |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171513/https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/zsGIQxAT8qPOHAH1tcEFIM/Dj-View--A-Nehruvian-tragedy.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Assembly 1974">{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Meghalaya (India) Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCmhFUWsXgQC&q=press+club+of+india+durga+das+london+press+club |title=Meghalaya Legislative Assembly Debates |date=1974 |publisher=Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |language=en}}</ref> He was the founding president of the [[Press Club of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shams Tabrez Qasmi is Felicitated with Amar Shaheed Molvi Baqar Award 2021 {{!}} Millat Times {{!}} Multilingual Digital Media House |url=https://millattimes.com/archives/9158 |access-date=31 March 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529055813/https://millattimes.com/archives/9158 |url-status=live }}</ref> A longtime parliamentary correspondent and editor with the [[Press Trust of India|Associated Press of India]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sQ5AQAAIAAJ&q=durga+das+journalist+d.a.v+college |title=Famous India, Nation's Who's who |date=1975 |publisher=Famous India Publications |language=en}}</ref> he worked in several newspaper publications, including [[The Statesman (India)|''The Statesman'']], ''[[The Times of India]]'' and lastly the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 1950 |title=EDITOR SAYS INDIA IS FOR DEMOCRACIES |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/06/06/archives/editor-says-india-is-for-democracies.html |access-date=3 April 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403142947/https://www.nytimes.com/1950/06/06/archives/editor-says-india-is-for-democracies.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2009 |title=Leading the change, again |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/leading-the-change-again/story-4LvNdAkSmB7cudbDNm1tGI.html |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> serving as its editor-in-chief from 1957 till 1959 before he went on to establish his own news agency, India News and Feature Alliance (INFA) in late 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India News and Features Alliance (INFA) - INFA |url=http://www.infa.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6&Itemid=3 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=www.infa.in |archive-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122048/http://www.infa.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6&Itemid=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Durga Das was born on 23 November 1900 in [[Aur Nawanshahr|Aur]], a village in present-day [[Jalandhar district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. He attended an [[Arya Samaj]]-run school in [[Jalandhar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sethi |first=Devika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToOWDwAAQBAJ&dq=durga+das+journalist+arya+samaj-in+school&pg=PA27 |title=War over Words: Censorship in India, 1930-1960 |date=23 May 2019 |page=27 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-48424-4 |language=en}}</ref> and graduated with a bachelor's degree from [[Government Islamia College, Civil Lines, Lahore|Dayanand Anglo Vedic College]] (now Government Islamia College) in late 1910s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2016 |title=A Superior Person, Thorough Professional |url=http://prembhatiatrust.com/2016/07/18/a-superior-person-thorough-professional-inder-malhotra/ |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=Prem Bhatia Memorial Trust |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
After graduating from [[Government Islamia College, Civil Lines, Lahore|Dayanand Anglo Vedic College]], he joined the [[Press Trust of India|Associated Press of India]] in 1918 and served as its Parliamentary Correspondent till 1937. He later joined the [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]-based [[The Statesman (India)|''The Statesman'']] as its Special Representative<ref name="Assembly 1974"/> and worked there till 1943. In 1944, he joined the ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2019 |title=Lessons from 1952, 1967, 1977 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/jawahar-lal-nehru-first-congress-dmk-lok-sabha-elections-lessons-congress-sucheta-kriplani-from-1952-1967-1977-5629997/ |access-date=4 April 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404082103/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/jawahar-lal-nehru-first-congress-dmk-lok-sabha-elections-lessons-congress-sucheta-kriplani-from-1952-1967-1977-5629997/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and went on to serve as its editor-in-chief from 1957 till 1959, before taking temporary retirement to establish organisations like the [[Press Club of India]] and India News and Feature Alliance (INFA).

During his five decades long journalistic career, he interacted with numerous political figures, including [[Viscount Chelmsford]], [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Bal Tilak]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] and [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=":0" />

He is said to have preferred [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], not Nehru, to become the first Prime Minister of India.<ref>{{cite book|title=India-Pakistan: An analysis of some structural factors|quote=Durga Das, who was an admirer of Sardar Patel and who together with some other witnesses of that period - would have preferred a Patel government to a Nehru one|page=155|author=Lars Blinkenberg|publisher = Odense University Press|year=1998}}</ref> He had authored three books, ''Ram Rajya in Action'' (1956), ''India and the World'' (1958) and ''India From Curzon to Nehru and After'' (1969).<ref>{{Cite book |first=Durga |last=Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLEZAAAAYAAJ&q=durga+das+indian+parliamentary+correspondent |title=Eminent Indians who was Who, 1900-1980, Also Annual Diary of Events |date=1985 |publisher=Durga Das Pvt. Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Durga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dojQPgAACAAJ |title=Ram Rajya in action |date=1956 |publisher=Coronation Print. Works |language=en}}</ref> The book ''India From Curzon to Nehru and After'' has been described as "reporter's fiction" and that it relies "on gossip, not history".<ref>{{cite book|title=Political Thinkers of Modern India: Jawaharlal Nehru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1VEAAAAIAAJ|year=1993|author=Virender Grover|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications| isbn=9788171002535 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Das was married to Ratan Devi,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWY6AQAAIAAJ&q=durga+das+ratan+devi+wife |title=The Illustrated Weekly of India |date=1975 |publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press |language=en}}</ref> and they had four sons and two daughters. He liked playing tennis and enjoyed swimming.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y40MAAAAYAAJ&q=durga+das+indian+parliamentary+correspondent |title=Personalities: A Comprehensive and Authentic Biographical Dictionary of Men who Matter in India [Northern India and Parliament] |date=1950 |publisher=Arunam & Sheel |language=en}}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
Durga Das died on 17 May 1974 due to cardiac arrest in [[New Delhi]], India. The then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] sent condolences to his family. [[President of India|President]] [[V. V. Giri]] also sent condolences and described him as "one of my best friends in life" and a "great journalist".<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=India News and Features Alliance (INFA) - INFA |url=http://infa.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6&Itemid=3 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=infa.in |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417083419/http://www.infa.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6&Itemid=3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2003, nearly 29 years after his death, the Indian government led by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] released a commemorative stamp in his honour.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khanduri |first=Ritu Gairola |via=Google Books |page=317 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf-GBAAAQBAJ&dq=durga+das+2003+stamp&pg=PA317 |title=Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World |date=2 October 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-04332-9 |language=en}}</ref>

His apparent bias in favour of [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] continues to be noted by the authors who have reviewed his work.<ref>{{cite book |title=The post - centenary volumes of Patel's miscellaneous writings which are now being brought out are free from the bias which Durga Das and others invested in the main volumes on Patel. |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRc6AAAAIAAJ |publisher= Triveni Publishers |year=1981 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Magnus & Muses: Off the Record Musings of "MC" (M. Chalapathi Rau) |quote=Till the day of his death, he was on the side of Patel. The ten volumes of Patel's Correspondence edited by him were evidence of his devotion to Patel. |page=38 |author=M. Chalapathi Rau |publisher=Academic Press |year=1980}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Durga}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district]]
[[Category:Government Islamia College alumni]]
[[Category:The Times of India journalists]]
[[Category:Hindustan Times journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Journalists from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Sachin Yadav (Madhya Pradesh politician)

2026-04-21T02:58:55Z

JesusHupp231: Put Up First Post W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{About||the athlete|Sachin Yadav (javelin thrower)|another politician|Sachin Yadav (Jasrana politician)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sachin Yadav
| native_name = सचिन यादव
| image = Sachin Yadav.png
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1982|01|10}}
| birth_place = [[Borawan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| citizenship = Indian
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2013<ref>{{cite web |title= Kasrawad Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Constituency |url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/20/khargone/kasrawad/yearwiseacdata.aspx |website=electionsinindia.com |accessdate=16 May 2018}}</ref>
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Kasrawad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kasrawad]]
| predecessor = Atma Ram Patel<ref>{{cite web|title= Kasrawad (Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kasrawad.html|website=Elections.in|accessdate=16 May 2018}}</ref>
| education = [[BCom]]<ref>{{cite web|title=MLA Profile|url=http://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/14thvs/2014_184.pdf|website=MP Vidhansabha|accessdate=16 May 2018}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Cardiff Metropolitan University]]
| profession = Politician
| footnotes =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| parents = [[Subhash Yadav]] (father)
| relatives = [[Arun Yadav]] (brother)
}}
'''Sachin Subhashchandra Yadav''' (born 10 January 1982)<ref>{{Cite web| title=यादव, ▓ी सिचन इंिडयन नेशनल कां स िनवा└चन āे╨ कसरावद (184) | language=hi | trans-title=Yadav, Shri Sachin Indian National Congress Election Results Kasrawad (184) | url=https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/14thvs/2014_184.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517005608/http://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/14thvs/2014_184.pdf | archive-date=2018-05-17}}</ref> is an [[Indian politician]] from Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kasrawad Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Sachin Subhashchandra Yadav of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kasrawad-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687398.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is a thiree-time [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Kasrawad]] Constituency of [[Khargone district|Khargone]] District representing the [[Indian National Congress]] and a former cabinet minister in the [[government of Madhya Pradesh]] from 2018 to 2020.

== Early life and education ==
Yadav is from Kasrawad, Khargone District, Madhya Pradesh. He is the son of the late Congress leader [[Subhash Yadav]], who was a former [[Deputy Chief Minister]], and the brother of former [[Union Minister of State]] and Former [[MP Congress]] chief [[Arun Yadav]]. He completed his graduation in commerce in 2003 at a college affiliated with Barkatullah University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sachin Subhashchandra Yadav(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- KASRAWAD(KHARGONE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=311 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

==Career==
Yadav won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Indian National Congress from [[Kasrawad Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasrawad Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Kasrawad Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/kasrawad-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He polled 102,761 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Atmaram Patel of the Bharatiya Janata Party, by a margin of 5,672 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasrawad Constituency Election Results 2023: Kasrawad Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/kasrawad |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He became an MLA for the first time winning the 2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election<ref>{{cite web|title=MLA Information|url=http://myneta.info/mp2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=989|website=myneta.info|accessdate=16 May 2018}}</ref> defeating Atmaram Patel from [[Kasrawad]] Seat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kasrawad assembly election results 2023: Kasrawad Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/kasrawad-assembly-result-12184 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He retained the seat for the Congress Party, in the [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], once again beating Atmaram Patel of the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasrawad (Madhya Pradesh) Election Results 2018, Current and Previous MLA |url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kasrawad.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> He then became an MLA for the third consecutive time in 2023.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Kasrawad, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Kasrawad सीट से फिर जीती INC |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/kasrawad-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830329-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> He began electoral politics in 2008 but lost to Atmaram Patel.<ref name=":1" />

On 25 December 2018, he took the oath as [[Cabinet Minister (India)|Cabinet Minister]] in the Madhya Pradesh Government headed by [[Kamal Nath|Kamalnath]]. He held the farmers welfare and agricultural development department, department of horticulture and food processing department.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-25 |title=Madhya Pradesh: 28 legislators take oath as ministers in Kamal Nath govt |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/madhya-pradesh-28-legislators-take-oath-as-ministers-in-kamal-nath-govt-1417017-2018-12-25 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
*[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|SYadavMLA}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Sachin}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]

Didarganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:26:01Z

JesusHupp231: New New Details More To Come.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Didarganj
| constituency_no = 350
| map_image = 350-Didarganj.svg
| mla = '''[[Kamlakant Rajbhar]]'''
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
}}

'''Didarganj''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Didarganj in the [[Azamgarh district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Didarganj is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Lalganj Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 350 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Didarganj<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Kamlakant Rajbhar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:74342}}
|percentage = 36.99
|change = {{increase}}5.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krishna Murari Vishwakarma
|votes = {{formatnum:60781}}
|percentage = 30.25
|change = {{increase}}3.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhupendra
|votes = {{formatnum:47094}}
|percentage = 23.43
|change = {{decrease}}9.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Ulama Council
|candidate = Huzaifa Aamir Rashadi
|votes = {{formatnum:10070}}
|percentage = 5.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Zaved
|votes = {{formatnum:2199}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:864}}
|percentage = 0.43
|change = {{decrease}}0.46
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13561}}
|percentage = 6.74
|change = {{increase}}4.79
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:200957}}
|percentage = 54.98
|change = {{increase}}0.11
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate '''Sukhdev Rajbhar''' won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Adil Sheikh''' by a margin of 3,645 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/didarganj.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Didarganj<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Sukhdev Rajbhar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:62125}}
|percentage = 33.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Adil Shaikh
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:58480}}
|percentage = 31.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Krishna Murari
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:49979}}
|percentage = 26.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Archana
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:6828}}
|percentage = 3.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jashwant
|party = Mahakranti Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:2227}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ranvijay
|party = NISHAD Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2105}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1653}}
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3645}}
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:187419}}
|percentage = 54.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!Scope=col|#
!scope=col|Term
!scope=col|Member of Legislative Assembly
!scope=col|Party
!scope=col|From
!scope=col|To
!scope=col|Days
!scope=col|Comment
|-
| 01|| [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Adil Shaikh Azmi]]||[[Samajwadi Party]]|| March 2012 ||March 2017 || 1,829||<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02|| [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]]||[[Sukhdev Rajbhar]]||[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|| March 2017 ||October 2021 ||{{age in days|2017|03|19}}||<ref name="election2017-1">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh 2017 Result |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/UP/10.Detailed%20Results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809125837/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/UP/10.Detailed%20Results.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-09 |access-date=11 December 2018 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|03
|[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Vidhan Sabha]]
|[[Kamlakant Rajbhar]]
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|March 2022
|Incumbent
|
|<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=UP Vidhan Sabha Election Result 2022: सहानुभूति के साथ ही जातीय ध्रुवीकरण ने कमलाकांत राजभर को दिलाई बड़ी जीत {{!}} sympathy with caste polarization gave Kamalakant Rajbhar a big victory |url=https://www.patrika.com/azamgarh-news/sympathy-with-caste-polarization-gave-kamalakant-rajbhar-a-big-victory-7393932 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|25.99|82.77|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Azamgarh district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Vadama

2026-03-28T11:49:50Z

JesusHupp231:

{{Short description|Sub-sect of the Iyer community of Tamil Brahmins}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image =
| group = Vadama
| popplace = Indian states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| langs = [[Brahmin Tamil]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]]
| related = [[Iyer]], [[Vadagalai Iyengar]], [[Tamil people]], [[Deshastha Brahmin]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

'''Vadama''', meaning "Northern", are a sub-sect of the [[Iyer]] community of [[Tamil Brahmin]]s. While some believe that their name is an indication of the fact that they were the most recent [[Brahmin]] migrants to the [[Sangam period|Tamil country]], others interpret the usage of the term "Vadama" as a reference to their strict adherence to the [[Sanskrit language]] and Vedic rituals which are of northerly origin.

==Etymology==
The term ''Vadama'' may have originated from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] term ''Vadakku'' meaning North, indicating the Northern origin of the Vadama Brahmins.<ref>"South Indian Studies", Harogadde Manappa Nayak, Balakrishnan Raja Gopal, T. V. Mahalingam, Geetha Book House, 1990</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}} However, what is not certain is whether 'North' refers to northern Tamil Nadu/Southern Deccan, or regions farther north. Other scholars are of the opinion that rather than the superficial indication of a northern origin for the people, the term ''"vadama"'' would rather refer to proficiency in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Vedic]] ritual, generally associated with the north prior to the first millennium CE.<ref>"Peasant state and society in medieval South India", [[Burton Stein]], Oxford University Press, 1980</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}}

==Sub-categories==

Vadamas are further sub-divided into five categories

* Vadadesa Vadama (''Vadamas of the northern country''){{cn|date=October 2023}}
* Choladesa Vadama<ref>"Caste in Indian Politics", R. Kothari, Orient Longman, 2004</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}}<ref>"Inequality and Its Perpetuation: A Theory of Social Stratification", Victor Salvadore D' Souza, University of California Press, 1981</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}} (''Vadamas of the [[Chola Nadu|Chola country]]''){{cn|date=October 2023}}
* Sabhaiyar(''member of the conference (Sabha))''{{cn|date=October 2023}}
* Injee{{cn|date=October 2023}} and
* Thummagunta Dravida.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

==History==

Some historians hold that all Brahmins who migrated to the far-south during and after the age of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta Emperors]], locally the [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalabhra interregum]] came to be classified as Vadama.<ref>"History of Tamilnad", N. Subrahmanian, Koodal Publishers, Tamil Nadu, 1977</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}}

===Second millennium===

====14th and 15th centuries====

Instability prevailed in Peninsular India in the aftermath of the [[Tughlaq]]s victory over [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]]s of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Deogiri]] and [[Kakatiya]]s of [[Warangal]] in the early 14th century. In response to the Moslem irruptions the Kingdom of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] was founded in 1336, and came to be locked in an existential struggle with the [[Bahmani]] Sultanate from 1347 to 1490, when the Moslem state broke up. This early period was marked by much strife, especially in the ''[[jihad]]s'' of [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah]] (1397–1422) and his brother [[Ahmad Shah I Wali]] (1422–1435), when thousands of Hindus, especially Brahmins, were enslaved and temples of the northern Deccan desecrated. The oppression was also felt in the eastern peninsula as far as the [[Gajapati Kingdom]] where, for instance in 1478, [[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari]] (1463–1482) demolished the Great Temple of [[Kondavid]]u and was acclaimed as a ''[[Ghazw|ghazi]]'', for personally decapitating all the Brahmins. Such excesses induced Brahmins to seek refuge in the realms of Vijayanagar, where many were appointed ''[[karnams]]'' ([[bailiffs]]) in preference to other castes, from the reign of [[Harihara I]] (1336–1357) onward.<ref name="Sastri">'A History of South India from Pre-historic Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar', [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]], Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1975</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}}

====Early 16th century====

After the division of the [[Bahmani]] Sultanate in 1490, into the Sultanates of [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]], [[Golconda]], [[Ahmadnagar]] and [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]], the armies of Vijayanagar were successful in fending of invasions and restricting the Sultanates to Central India, especially in the reign of [[Krishnadeva Raya]] (1509–1529), who also began the practice of appointing Brahmins as commanders of strategically important forts.<ref name="Sastri"/>

====16th and 17th centuries====

Relative peace prevailed until the [[Battle of Talikota]], in 1565, when [[Rama Raya]] of Vijayanagar was killed and the capital city razed to the ground. The land, in addition to being plundered by the combined armies of the Sultanates, came to be oppressed by renegade ''[[polygar]]s'' and bandits whose rise commenced with the destruction of the central power.<ref name="Sastri"/> The [[Mughal Empire|Mogul]] invasion of Peninsular India and the depredations of the Deccan by the Mahrattas under [[Shivaji]] also began early in the 17th century.

The relatives and family members of [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]], a Vadadesa Vadama, believed that they were descended from Brahmins of the [[Desh, Maharashtra|Desh]] region of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] who migrated to [[Chittoor]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]] from where they migrated to the northern part of Tamil Nadu in the 16th century where they were granted the village of [[Chetpet]] by a local chieftain.<ref name="cpp7">[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C. P. Remembered]], Pg 7</ref>

====17th century to the present====

During the 19th century, the Vadamas along with other [[Tamil Brahmins]] made ample use of the opportunities provided by British rule to dominate the civil services, legislature and the judiciary in the [[Madras Presidency]]. Throughout the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century there was intense political rivalry between the Vadamas and the Brahacharanams for the domination of Brahmin villages called ''agraharams''.<ref name="classp89">{{cite book|title=Caste and class: dynamics of inequality in Indian society |author=R. Jayaraman|page=89|year=1981}}</ref>

==Traditional occupation==

[[File:VadamaIyerpriestsintamilnadu.jpg|Vadama [[Purohita]]s in Tamil Nadu|thumb|right]]
[[Sociologist]] [[Andre Beteille]], in his thesis ''Caste, class, and power: changing patterns of stratification in a Tanjore village'', describes them as the biggest ''[[mirasidars]]'' among the Iyer community. They may also have organised the agraharams' defence in turbulent times for though there were not many who joined the army, they were not specifically forbidden to take to arms.<ref name="historyoftamilnadp334">{{cite book|title=History of Tamilnad: to A.D. 1565
|author=N. Subrahmanian|pages=334|publisher=Koodal Publishers|year=1978}}</ref>

In the 19th century, as with other [[Iyers]], many of the Vadama joined, the judiciary of [[British India]] as lawyers and judges, or served in the [[Indian Civil Service|Indian Civil]] and [[Indian Revenue Service|Revenue Services]]. Many others continued in the service of the kings of the princely states of [[Travancore]], [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], [[Pudukottai]], and [[Ramanathapuram|Ramnad]].<ref>"From Landlords to Software Engineers: Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans", C. J. Fuller and Haripriya Narasimhan, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2008</ref>

==Religious practices==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Gopichandanam1.jpg
| width1 = 100
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Gopichandanam2.jpg
| width2 = 100
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = The crescent or U-mark applied with the Gopichandanam is mostly used as [[caste mark]] by the Vadamas
}}

The Vadama traditionally claim to be superior to other classes of Iyers.<ref>"Tanjore District Handbook", Madras Record Office, Madras, India, 1957</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}}

Vadamas have also significantly contributed towards popularizing and propagating the worship of Shiva and Devi.<ref name="avadayakkal">{{cite news | title= A Kali Yuga woman saint | date=30 November 2003 | url =http://chennaionline.com/musicnew/Devotional/aavadai.asp | work =Chennai Online | access-date = 2008-09-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080503082723/http://www.chennaionline.com/musicnew/Devotional/aavadai.asp  |archive-date = 2008-05-03}}
</ref><ref name="syamasastri">{{cite web | title= A Genius of Syama Sastri | date=17 April 2002 | url =http://www.carnatica.net/composer/syama1.htm | work =www.carnatica.net | access-date = 2008-09-11}}
</ref>

==Notables==

===Religion===
*[[Appayya Dikshitar]] and nephew [[Neelakanta Deekshitar]] legendary scholars who re-established [[Advaita]] philosophy's predominance in the South belonged to the Vadadesa Vadama sect and migrated from places near [[Nasik]]. They were especially patronised by the rulers of [[Vellore]] and [[Madurai]], [[Chinnabomma Nayak]] and [[Tirumalai Nayak]], respectively.<ref>'Sri Appayya Dikshita', N. Ramesan, Srimad Appayya Dikshitendra Granthavaliu Prakashana Samithi, Hyderabad, India, 1972</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}}{{qn|date=October 2023}}

===Military===

* [[Nilakanta Krishnan]] - Recipient of the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)]] for his services to the [[Royal Indian Navy]] during the [[Second World War]]. Commanded the [[aircraft carrier]], {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} in the [[Bay of Bengal]] during [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]: was also the Flag officer commanding for the [[Eastern Naval Command]] of the [[Indian Navy]] during this war.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Sailor's Story |publisher=Punya Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-8189534134 |first=Nilakanta |last=Krishnan|editor-first=Arjun |editor-last=Krishnan}}</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}}

===Arts===
* [[Syama Sastri]], one of the doyens of Carnatic Music, a descendant of a group of Vadadesa Vadama who fled [[Kanchipuram|Conjeeveram]] in the wake of a Muslim attack.<ref>"Indian Music", Bigamudre Chaitanya Deva, Indian Council for Cultural Relations, 1974</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}}<ref>"Facets of Indian Culture", Ramanuja Srinivasan, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1962</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}}
* [[Muthuswamy Dikshitar]], Carnatic musician<ref>"Sri Krishna Leela Tarangini" by Nārāyaṇatīrtha, Balasubrahmanya Natarajan, Balasubrahmanyam Venkataraman, Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran, Mudgala Trust, 1990</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}}{{qn|date=October 2023}}

* [[Gopalakrishna Bharathi]], his father Ramaswami Bharathi and grandfather Kothandarama Bharathi, a family of eminent Carnatic musicians<ref>"Studies in Arts and Sciences", S. Thiruvenkatachari, Ram Bros., 1978</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}}<ref>"Bharati and the Fine Arts", T. S. Parthasarathy, publ. in "Shanmukha", 1982</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}}
*[[F.G. Natesa Iyer]] (1880–1963), founder of Rasika Ranjana Sabha, Trichy, talent scout, officer of the South Indian Railway Company, pioneered modern Tamil drama, Tamil cinema actor, also elected Mayor of Trichy in the 1920s <ref>Sruti issue number 330, March 2012, a monthly magazine for the performing arts, published since 1983, by SRUTI Foundation, Chennai</ref>{{full|date=October 2023}}

== Politics ==

* [[Swaminathan Gurumurthy]], activist
* [[Subramanian Swamy]], Indian politician
* [[H. Raja]], Indian politician

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* {{cite book|title=Sir C. P. Remembered|author=Shakunthala Jagannathan|isbn=81-87111-27-5|publisher=Vakils, Feffer and Simmons Ltd.|year=1999|ref=Sir C. P. Remembered}}

[[Category:Tamil Brahmins]]
[[Category:Smarta tradition]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

Sumeet Sachdev

2026-03-27T10:11:38Z

JesusHupp231:

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Sumeet Sachdev Khawaish Sets.jpg
| name = Sumeet Sachdev
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|03|18|df=yes}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|architect}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Amrita Gujral|2007}}
| years_active = 2002–present
| parents = Neena Sachdev (mother)
| relatives = {{ubl|Sandeep Sachdev (brother)|Sonia Sachdev (sister)}}
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=1}}
}}

'''Sumeet Sachdev''' (born 18 March 1976) is an Indian television actor and architect who is best known for his role as Gautam "Gomzy" Virani in ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' and Abhimanyu "Mani" Raghav in ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''.<ref name="Rege">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Nagpur_Times/Sumeet_Sachdev_to_make_a_comeback/articleshow/2218418.cms|title=Sumeet Sachdev to make a comeback|last=Rege|first=Harshada|date=2007-07-20|newspaper=Times of India|accessdate=2009-05-19}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sachdev was brought up in [[Delhi]].<ref name="Olivera"/> His younger brother Sandeep was the winner of the Indian [[Biggest Loser Jeetega]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Happy-to-be-a-loser/etarticleshow/2329676.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023224720/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-02/tv/27989687_1_healthy-lifestyle-medical-tests-amby-valley|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-23|title=Happy to be a loser!|date=2007-09-02|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2009-05-19}}</ref> Sachdev is an architect by profession.<ref name="Olivera">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/sachdev-ka-bolbala/articleshow/10104267.cms|title=Sach(dev) ka bolbala|last=Olivera|first=Roshni|date=2002-05-17|newspaper=Times of India|accessdate=2009-05-19}}</ref><ref name="Chogule">{{cite news|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=14471|title=Moonlighting?|last=Chogule|first=A. L.|date=2006-12-22|newspaper=The Indian Express|accessdate=2009-05-19}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He is known for playing the role of Gautam Virani along with his former classmate [[Smriti Irani]] in the 2000 Indian soap opera, ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''.<ref name="Faaria">{{cite news|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=11384|title=Girls are crazy about Gautam|last=Bhavsar|first=Deepali|date=2005-10-05|publisher=Screen India |accessdate=2009-06-22}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sachdev made his acting debut in Aamir Reza Hussain's tribute to Kargil war heroes, The Fifty Days War.<ref name="Olivera"/> He later auditioned for the role of Sahil Virani in the show ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]],'' but was finalized for another role in the same serial, Gautam "Gomzy" Virani.<ref name="Olivera" /> Sachdev gained popularity and recognition for his role as Gautam and made a prominent position for himself in the Indian television fraternity. Sachdev played a negative character for the first time as Rohit in the serial ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]''. He was finalized to play a negative character for the second time as Swayam in the serial ''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]'' but resigned due to back problems. Sachdev played the lead male role of Kabir Khan in ''[[Khwaish]]'', his character was killed off but during the end of the serial Sachdev was brought back in another role as Kamran. In November 2009, Sachdev made a comeback in TV after a year's break in ''[[Pyaar Ka Bandhan]]'' as Raunak. Moreover, Sachdev has been cast as Rudra in the serial ''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]''. He played Abhimanyu "Mani" Raghav in ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''. He was last seen as Sumer Babbar in ''[[Chashni (TV series)|Chashni]]''

==Personal life==
Sachdev married Amrita Gujral, the head of International Media Marketing at The Times of India on 9 December 2007.
The wedding took place in Gujral's home town of [[Chandigarh, India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/gomzy-to-tie-the-knot/articleshow/15762820.cms|title=Gomzy to tie the knot|author=Kavita Shyam|date=1 December 2007|work=Mumbai Mirror|accessdate=12 March 2019}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! Co–Star
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]'' – ''Hadsaa''
| Rohit (Episode 1 to Episode 25)
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| Episodic Role
| {{ubl|[[Pallavi Kulkarni]]|[[Geetanjali Tikekar]]}}
|-
| 2002–2008
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| Gautam "Gomzy" Virani
| [[Star Plus]]
| Supporting Role
| {{ubl|[[Shilpa Saklani]]|[[Ashlesha Sawant]]|''Ravee Gupta''|[[Riva Bubber]]}}
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]'' – ''Khaall''
| Rajeev Khandelwal (Episode 160 to Episode 176)
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| Episodic Role
| {{ubl|[[Achint Kaur]]|[[Geetanjali Tikekar]]|[[Urvashi Dholakia]]}}
|-
| 2006; 2007–2008
| ''[[Karam Apnaa Apnaa]]''
| Shashank Basu
| [[Star Plus]]
| Negative Role<ref>{{cite news |title='I don't want to be a victim of greed' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-don-t-want-to-be-a-victim-of-greed-1051511 |access-date=24 December 2020 |work=DNA India |date=6 September 2006 |language=en}}</ref>
| {{ubl|[[Pallavi Subhash]]|''Shaika Parveen''}}
|-
| 2007
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Khwaish]]''
| Kabir Khan (Episode 1 to Episode 37)
| rowspan = "3" | [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| Lead Role
| [[Priya Bathija]]
|-
| 2008
| Kamran (Episode 149 to Episode 163)
| Cameo Role
|
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[Pyaar Ka Bandhan]]''
| Raunak
| Supporting Role
| [[Lavanya Tripathi]]
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]''
| Rudra
| [[Imagine TV]]
| Cameo Role
| [[Aasiya Kazi]]
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'' – ''This Or That?''
| Aseem Sen (Episode 37)
| [[Bindass]]
| Episodic Role
| [[Anupriya Goenka]]
|-
| 2014; 2016–2019
| ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
| Abhimanyu "Mani" Raghav
| [[Star Plus]]
| Supporting Role
| {{ubl|[[Divyanka Tripathi]]|[[Anita Hassanandani]]}}
|-
| 2018
| ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]'' – ''Daya Ek Hathyara''
| Ankush / Jigar (Episode 1485)
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| Episodic Role
| ''Deepali Saini''
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Chashni (TV series)|Chashni]]''
| Sumer Babbar
| [[Star Plus]]
| rowspan = "4" | Supporting Role
| ''Srishti Singh''
|-
| 2025
| ''Aye Dil Jee Le Zara''
| Karan Bindra
| [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]
| [[Suhasi Dhami]]
|-
| 2025–present
| ''[[Jhanak]]''
| Aniruddh Bose
| rowspan = "2" | [[Star Plus]]
| {{ubl|[[Ashlesha Sawant]]|[[Parvati Sehgal]]}}
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]''
| Gautam 'Gomzy' Virani
| ''Ravee Gupta''
|-
|}

=== Reality Shows ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
| rowspan = "3" | Contestant
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| rowspan = "3" | Sports Reality Television Show
|-
| 2016
| ''Box Cricket League 2''
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2018
| ''Box Cricket League 3''
| [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV]]
|-
|}

=== Web Series ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2023
| ''Slum Golf''
| Kumud Vajpayee
| ''Amazon Mini TV''
|-
| ''Adhure Hum''
| Abhimanyu
| Atrangii
|-
|}

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sachdev, Sumeet}}
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Taj Mahotsav

2026-03-24T02:14:03Z

JesusHupp231: Put Up Initial Entry V1

{{Short description|Annual festival in Shilpgram in Agra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{advert|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Taj Mahotsav
| native_name = ताज महोत्सव
| English_name = Taj Festival
| date = 18 February - 27 February
| duration = 10 days
| Location = Shilpgram, [[Agra]]
| motive = To promote the local artisans and traditions of Agra
| organizers = Taj Mahotsav Committee, Agra
| website = {{URL|tajmahotsav.org}}
}}
'''Taj Mahotsav''' ([[Hindi]]: ताज महोत्सव, [[Urdu]]: '''تاج مہوتسو''', [[Indian English|translation]]: ''Taj Festival'') is an annual 10-day (from 18 to 27 February) event at Shilpgram in [[Agra]], [[India]]. This festival is inspired by the old [[Mughal era]] and [[nawab]]i style prevalent in [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the 18th and 19th centuries.

== Arts and crafts ==
About 400 artisans from different parts of India display their works of art. These include wood/stone carvings from [[Tamil Nadu]], bamboo/cane work from North East India, paper mash work from South India and [[Kashmir]], marble and zardozi work from [[Agra]], wood carving from [[Saharanpur]], brass wares from [[Moradabad]], hand-made carpets from [[Bhadohi]], pottery from Khurja, Chikankari work from [[Lucknow]], silk and Zari work from [[Banaras]], shawls and carpets from [[Kashmir]]/[[Gujarat]], hand printing from [[Farrukhabad]], and Kantha stitch from [[West Bengal]]. Various film production and media houses in Bollywood, like Dhaivat Records & Productions, also participate and manage artists in Mahotsav. {{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

== History ==
The Taj Mahotsav was started in 1992 to promote the local artisans and traditions of [[Agra]].

== Culture ==
The festival starts with a road procession which includes decorated elephants and camels to imitate the victory processions of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperors and warlords. Drum beaters, trumpet players, folk dancers, skilled craftsmen and artisans also join the procession. Artists from all over India come here to display their art and craftsmanship. {{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

== Initiatives ==
The [[Uttar Pradesh]] State AIDS Control Society understands the importance of the event and uses different folk dances to campaign about AIDS awareness. {{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

== Theme ==
Every year the Taj Mahotsav is celebrated with a message or theme for the world. In 2017, the theme for Taj Mahotsav was "विरासत की छाँव में" ("In the shadow of Heritage"). Through this theme, the whole heritage of the zone, which provides a backdrop to the festival, is stressed.

2022 - The theme of year 2022 was Aazadi ka Amrit Mahotsav sang, Taj key rang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agra: Taj Mahotsav to begin from March 20 {{!}} Check dates, theme and other details |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/agra/story/agra-taj-mahotsav-to-begin-from-march-20-details-here-1917307-2022-02-24 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Entry and tickets ==
* Entry Ticket mandatory (children under age 10 are free).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taj Mahotsav Entry : Ticket Fees & Timing of Taj Mahotsav Agra in India |url=http://www.tajmahotsav.org/entry_to_taj_mahotsav.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.tajmahotsav.org}}</ref>
* All foreign visitors have fee entry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taj Mahotsav Entry : Ticket Fees & Timing of Taj Mahotsav Agra in India |url=http://www.tajmahotsav.org/entry_to_taj_mahotsav.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.tajmahotsav.org}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Agra]]
* [[Ram Barat]]
* [[Taj Mahal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tajmahotsav.org tajmahotsav.org]
* [http://agra.nic.in/TajMahotsav.htm agra.nic.in/TajMahotsav.htm]
* [http://upaidscontrol.up.nic.in/Events/Mahotsav.mht upaidscontrol.up.nic.in/Events/Mahotsav.mht] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410030833/http://upaidscontrol.up.nic.in/Events/Mahotsav.mht |date=10 April 2009 }}

{{Tourist attractions in Agra}}
{{Agra Division topics}}

[[Category:Festivals in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Agra]]

T. P. G. Nambiar

2026-03-22T15:16:21Z

JesusHupp231:

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur (1929–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. P. G. Nambiar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1929|11|25}}
| birth_place = Thalassery, [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2024|10|31|1929|11|25}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], India <ref name="death"/>
| known for = Founder of [[BPL Group|BPL]]
| spouse = Thankam
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Rajeev Chandrashekhar]] (son-in-law)
| awards = Electronics Man of the Year National Citizen’s Award Lifetime Achievement Award Recognition by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)
}}
'''Thadathil Parambil Gopala Krishnan Nambiar''' known as '''T. P. G. Nambiar''' (25 November 1929 – 31 October 2024),<ref name="death">{{Cite news |date=31 October 2024 |title=BPL founder TPG Nambiar passes away at 94, leaving lasting impact |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/114819294.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> was an Indian entrepreneur, who is the founder of [[BPL Group|BPL]] (British Physical Laboratories).<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2024 |title=TPG Nambiar, the man behind BPL and an early 'Make in India' advocate |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/tpg-nambiar-the-man-behind-bpl-and-an-early-make-in-india-advocate/articleshow/114836675.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He supported the evolution of the Indian electronics industry between the years 1960 and 1990. When India was the leader in the market of luxurious televisions, video cassette recorders, and audio systems, Nambiar helped BPL to establish as a household name in [[consumer electronics]], especially in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഓർമയുണ്ടോ ബിപിഎൽ കളർ ടിവി? പാലക്കാട് നിന്ന് ഇന്ത്യക്കാരുടെ സ്വീകരണമുറി കീഴടക്കിയ 'കേരള' ബ്രാൻഡ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/sampadyam/business-news/2024/10/31/bpl-the-iconic-indian-electronics-brand-tpg-nambiar-aks.html |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=ഓർമയുണ്ടോ ബിപിഎൽ കളർ ടിവി? പാലക്കാട് നിന്ന് ഇന്ത്യക്കാരുടെ സ്വീകരണമുറി കീഴടക്കിയ 'കേരള' ബ്രാൻഡ് |language=ml}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Born in [[Kannur]], [[Keralam]], India, in 1933, TPG Nambiar started his career in manufacturing, quickly developing an interest in electronics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Babu |first=Venkatesha |date=1 November 2024 |title=‘Believe in the Best’: TPG Nambiar, the original atmanirbharata champion |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/believe-in-the-best-tpg-nambiar-the-original-atmanirbharata-champion/article68819160.ece |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> Early in his career, he traveled to Japan, where he studied manufacturing practices in consumer electronics and medical devices. This experience provided him with technical expertise and strategic insights, which he later applied in founding BPL.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2024 |title=കാഴ്ചയിലും കേൾവിയിലും വിപ്ലവം സൃഷ്ടിച്ച പാലക്കാട്ടുകാരൻ; ബിപിഎൽ സ്ഥാപകൻ വിടപറയുമ്പോൾ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/technology/news/bpl-founder-tpg-nambiar-passes-away-at-94-1.10038670 |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

== BPL Group ==
In 1963, T. P. G. Nambiar established BPL (British Physical Laboratories) in Kerala. The company began by producing precision measuring instruments and medical equipment, such as ECG machines. At the time, India's access to high-tech healthcare devices was limited, so BPL's entry into medical electronics addressed a significant gap. Over time, BPL expanded from healthcare technology into consumer electronics, gaining recognition as it adapted to broader market demands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consumer Electronics Giant BPL Is Plotting A Quiet Revival |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/indias-family-businesses/consumer-electronics-giant-bpl-is-plotting-a-quiet-revival/46353/1 |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2016 |title=BPL to be back in consumer electronics market in India |url=https://www.electronicsforyou.biz/headlines/bpl-back-consumer-electronics-market-india/ |access-date=2 November 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Pramod |date=7 October 2016 |title=BPL was India's largest exporter of TVs: Ajit Nambiar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2016/Oct/07/bpl-was-indias-largest-exporter-of-tvs-ajit-nambiar-1525936.html |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> BPL's partnerships with global firms such as Sanyo <ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2005 |title=Sanyo plans wholly-owned unit as venture with BPL yet to take off |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/brand-equity/agency-news/sanyo-plans-wholly-owned-unit-as-venture-with-bpl-yet-to-take-off/articleshow/1116266.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and Siemens <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fried |first=Rona |date=6 January 2010 |title=Siemens, BPL Global Team-up on Smart Grid Offerings |url=https://www.sustainablebusiness.com/2010/01/siemens-bpl-global-team-up-on-smart-grid-offerings-46222/ |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=Sustainable Business |language=en-US}}</ref> from Germany played a crucial role in its development. These alliances enabled the exchange of technology, helping BPL to establish more pleasing research and development team, as well as manufacturing skills. Nambiar took advantage of these partnerships to broaden BPL's range of products and strengthen its technological infrastructure, enabling the company to stay competitive in the market during the 1980s and 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=1 November 2024 |title=Tributes pour in for BPL founder TPG Nambiar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Nov/01/tributes-pour-in-for-bpl-founder-tpg-nambiar |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
BPL's influence declined over time, but Nambiar is still recognized for his role in promoting an Indian electronics brand capable of competing with international majors. During a period when most consumer electronics were imported, Nambiar sought to establish locally manufactured, high-quality products accessible to Indian consumers. His contributions helped BPL become a familiar name in the 1980s and 1990s, especially for products like televisions, audio systems, and VCRs, which became popular in Indian households.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhiraju |first=Pallavi |date=4 November 2023 |title=The legacy of BPL: Tracing the history of India’s pioneering electronics |url=https://business-news-today.com/the-legacy-of-bpl-tracing-the-history-of-indias-pioneering-electronics-giant/ |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=Business-News-Today.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Nambiar also invested in local manufacturing and training, which contributed to job creation and supported India's electronics ecosystem. His work set a foundation for future advancements in the electronics and technology sectors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=1 November 2024 |title=PM Modi condoles T P G Nambiar's demise, hails his contributions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-condoles-tpg-nambiar-demise/article68818129.ece |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nambiar, T. P. G.}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the electronics industry]]

Jaya Prakash Reddy

2026-03-22T15:10:48Z

JesusHupp231:

{{Short description|Indian actor (1946–2020)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jaya Prakash Reddy
| image = Jaya Prakash Reddy.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1946|05|08}}<ref name="theHindu200908">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/actor-jaya-prakash-reddy-dies/article32549229.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Jaya Prakash Reddy, Telugu actor, passes away|date=8 September 2020 |access-date=2020-09-08|archive-date=9 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909001727/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/actor-jaya-prakash-reddy-dies/article32549229.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = Sirvel, [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmXInC08nL0|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|access-date=3 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221141309/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmXInC08nL0|archive-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> (now in [[Kurnool|Sirvel, Kurnool]])
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1976{{Endash}}2020
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|09|08|1946|05|08|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Guntur|Guntur, Andhra Pradesh]], India
}}

'''Jaya Prakash Reddy''' (8 May 1946 – 8 September 2020)<ref name="theHindu200908"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-08|title=Jaya Prakash Reddy (1946–2020): Mahesh Babu, Jr NTR, Prakash Raj and others mourn demise of versatile actor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jaya-prakash-reddy-1946-2020-celebs-mourn-demise-of-telugu-actor-6587438/|access-date=2020-09-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011151511/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jaya-prakash-reddy-1946-2020-celebs-mourn-demise-of-telugu-actor-6587438/|url-status=live}}</ref> was an Indian actor who predominantly appeared in [[Telugu people|Telugu]] films and theatre.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nagabhushanam is my inspiration: actor |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/24/stories/2010102456400300.htm|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 October 2010 |access-date=27 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228134507/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/24/stories/2010102456400300.htm |archive-date=28 December 2010}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Since Jaya Prakash Reddy’s father was a sub-inspector, he was brought up at different places in [[Rayalaseema]]. He moved to Guntur, where he completed his [[Bachelor of Education|Bachelor's of Education]] and worked as a lecturer and in theatre.<ref name="T"/>

After seeing him perform for the play ''Gupchup'' in [[Nalgonda]], [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] gave him a role in ''[[Brahma Puthrudu]]'' (1988).<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rip-jaya-prakash-reddy-from-a-lecturer-and-theatre-artist-to-a-menacing-villain-and-comedian-lesser-known-facts-of-the-thespian/articleshow/77996380.cms|title=RIP Jaya Prakash Reddy: From a lecturer and theatre artist to a menacing villain and comedian, lesser known facts of the thespian|date=8 September 2020|work= The Times of India}}</ref> He came into the limelight with the film ''[[Samarasimha Reddy]]'' (1999) where he played the role of Veera Raghava Reddy. He acted as an antagonist in several films such as ''[[Jayam Manade Raa]]'' (2000) and ''[[Chennakesava Reddy]]'' (2002). Later in his career, he was also featured in many comic roles. He created a series of plays titled '' Nela Nela JP tho'' in 2014 at the Sri Venkateswara Vignana Mandiram in Guntur.<ref name="T"/>

He died of [[cardiac arrest]] at his home in [[Guntur]] on 8 September 2020, at the age of 74.<ref>{{cite news|title=Actor Jaya Prakash Reddy passes away|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jaya-prakash-reddy-dead-6587405/|work=The Indian Express|date=8 September 2020|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011151510/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jaya-prakash-reddy-dead-6587405/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Telugu films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role!!Notes
|-
| 1976 || ''Mutyala Pallaki'' || College Principal ||
|-
|1978
|''Nayudu Bava''
|Doctor
|{{cn|date=October 2024}}
|-
| 1981 || ''Varalabbayi'' || ||
|-
|1983
|''Tarzan Sundari''
|Gang leader
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1984
|''James Bond 999''
|Police Chief
|
|-
|''Tella Gulabeelu''
|
|
|-
|''Pralaya Simham''
|Driver Balaram
|
|-
|''[[Tandava Krishnudu]]''
|Principal
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1985
|''Kanchu Kavacham''
|General Jimbo
|
|-
|''Lady James Bond''
|
|
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Brahma Puthrudu]]'' ||S.P. ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989
|''Bhagavan''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dhruva Nakshatram (1989 film)|Dhruva Nakshatram]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1990 || ''[[Prema Khaidi]]'' || Police ||
|-
| ''[[Lorry Driver (film)|Lorry Driver]]'' || Bank manager ||
|-
|''[[Iddaru Iddare]]''
|Ramireddy
|
|-
| ''[[Bobbili Raja]]'' || Tribal ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1991
|''Ramudu Kadhu Rakshasudu''
|Suyodhana Rao
|
|-
|''Nayakuralu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sathruvu|Shatruvu]]'' || Mayor ||
|-
|''Niyantha''
|
|
|-
|''Nayakuralu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1992
| ''[[Chitram Bhalare Vichitram|Chitram Bhalare Vichitram!!]]'' || Phani ||
|-
|''Pelli Neeku Shobhanam Naaku'' || Maantrikudu ||
|-
| ''[[Two Town Rowdy]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993 || ''[[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (1992 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]]'' || Hijra ||
|-
|''[[Nippu Ravva]]''
|Labour officer
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1997 || ''[[Preminchukundam Raa]]'' || Veerabadrayya ||
|-
|''[[Priya O Priya]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Oke Maata]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1998
|''[[Ganesh (1998 film)|Ganesh]]''
|DIG
|
|-
|''Yuvarathna Rana''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sri Ramulayya]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bavagaru Bagunnara]]'' || Venkat's father ||
|-
| ''All Rounder'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999 || ''[[Samarasimha Reddy]]'' || Veeraraghava Reddy ||
|-
|[[Sambayya (film)|''Sambayya'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2000 || ''[[Jayam Manade Raa]]'' || Narasimha Naidu ||
|-
| ''[[Vijayaramaraju]]'' ||Home minister ||
|-
|''Ee Tharam Nehru''
|Rambhupal Chowdhary
|{{cn|date=October 2024}}
|-
| ''[[Vamsi (film)|Vamsi]]'' || Ramineedu || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/telugu/reviews/vamshee.html|last=Jalapathi|title=Vamshee : Drab and boring|website=Indiainfo|access-date=27 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010609224029/http://movies.indiainfo.com/telugu/reviews/vamshee.html|archive-date=9 June 2001}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Suri (2000 film)|Suri]]'' || Ram Das ||
|-
| ''Goppinti Alludu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rayalaseema Ramanna Chowdary]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2001 || ''[[Narasimha Naidu]]'' ||Anjali's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Khaki Chokka]]'' || Janardhan ||
|-
|''Jackpot''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ammayi Kosam]]'' || Police Inspector || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYBCRPRJwQI|title=Jaya Prakash Reddy Comedy in Ammai Kosam|date=28 August 2009|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anandam]]'' || Sub-Inspector of Police ||
|-
|''Narahari''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Snehamante Idera]]'' || Padmini's uncle ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2002 || ''[[Seema Simham]]'' || Kulashekar Rao||
|-
| [[Parasuram (2002 film)|''Parasuram'']] || Mental Anjaneyulu ||
|-
| ''[[Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru!|Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru]]'' || Constable||
|-
| ''[[Sontham (2002 film)|Sontham]]'' || Gulabi ||
|-
| ''[[Chennakeshava Reddy]]'' || Venkat Reddy||
|-
| ''Joruga Husharuga'' || Bhaskar Rama Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Allari Ramudu]]'' || Jayaprakash||
|-
| ''[[Holi (2002 film)|Holi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo]]'' || Achchamamba's nephew||
|-
| ''[[Thotti Gang]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2003 || ''[[Palnati Brahmanayudu]]'' || Narsinga Naidu||
|-
|''Indiramma''
|Madhava Rao
|{{cn|date=October 2024}}
|-
| ''[[Nijam]]'' || Sidda Reddy ||
|-
| ''[[Seetayya]]'' || Sarvarayudu ||
|-
| ''[[Kabaddi Kabaddi (2003 film)|Kabaddi Kabaddi]]'' || Head Constable||
|-
| ''[[Aayudham (2003 film)|Aayudham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ottesi Cheputunna]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Veede]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2004 || ''[[Shiva Shankar (film)|Shiva Shankar]]'' || ||
|-
|[[Varsham (2004 film)|''Varsham'']]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Swetha Naagu]] '' || Sarpararanya Dhora || Bilingual film
|-
|''[[Swamy (2004 film)|Swamy]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Apparao Driving School]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sankharavam (2004 film)|Sankharavam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2005 || ''[[Evadi Gola Vaadidhi]]'' || Banda Reddy||
|-
| ''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapati]]'' || Municipal Commissioner||
|-
| ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' || JP||
|-
| ''[[Narasimhudu]]'' || Local MLA||
|-
| ''[[Athadu]]'' || JP ||
|-
| ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]'' || Shanti's father ||
|-
| ''[[Sree (film)|Sree]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2006 || ''[[Sri Ramadasu]]'' || Mathisahib||
|-
|''[[Kithakithalu]]'' || Soundarya's father||
|-
| ''[[Vikramarkudu]]'' || Home Minister||
|-
| ''[[Raraju (2006 film)|Raraju]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2007 || '' [[Thiru Ranga|Julayi]] '' || Reddy || Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]'' || Pedhananayana||
|-
| ''[[Yamadonga]]'' || Ram Prasad ||
|-
| ''[[Godava]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pagale Vennela]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tulasi (2007 film)|Tulasi]]'' || Chandrayya || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tulasi.html|title=Tulasi - Telugu & Tamil cinema Review - Venkatesh & Nayana Tara|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Viyyalavari Kayyalu]]'' || Vengal Reddy ||
|-
| ''[[Aata (2007 film)|Aata]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anumanaspadam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhookailas (2007 film)|Bhookailas]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="16" | 2008 || ''[[John Apparao 40 Plus]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Bujjigadu]]'' || Minister ||
|-
|''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]'' || Chitti Naidu||
|-
| ''[[Siddu from Sikakulam]]'' || Obul Reddy||
|-
| ''[[King (2008 film)|King]]'' || Appaji||
|-
| ''[[Nagaram (2008 film)|Nagaram]]'' || Gudisala Narayana Murthy ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]'' || Jakka's uncle||
|-
| ''[[Parugu]]'' || Sub-Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Dongala Bandi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gunde Jhallumandi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kantri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Michael Madana Kamaraju]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Premabhishekam (2008 film)|Premabhishekam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Somberi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Swagatam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yuvatha]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2009 || ''[[Raju Maharaju]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Neramu Siksha (2009 film)|Neramu Siksha]]'' || MLA Suryanarayan ||
|-
| ''[[Anjaneyulu (film)|Anjaneyulu]]'' || Babulal ||
|-
| ''[[Bangaru Babu (2009 film)|Bangaru Babu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mahatma (film)|Mahatma]]'' || Dada || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mahatma.html|title=Mahatma film review - Telugu cinema Review - Srikanth & Bhavana|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kasko]]'' || JP ||
|-
| ''[[Boni (film)|Boni]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bumper Offer]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Fitting Master]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jayeebhava]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]'' || J.P. ||
|-
| ''[[Saleem (film)|Saleem]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sontha Ooru]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2010 || ''[[Maa Nanna Chiranjeevi]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Seeta Ramula Kalyanam Lankalo]]'' || Veera Pratap's father||
|-
| ''[[Prasthanam]]'' || Bangaru Raju||
|-
| ''[[Namo Venkatesa]]'' || Bhadrappa's grandfather||
|-
| ''[[Maa Annayya Bangaram]]'' || Parameshwar Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Bindaas (2010 film)|Bindaas]]'' || Seshadri Naidu||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2011 || ''[[Brahmi Gadi Katha]]'' || Siva's uncle|| {{cn|date=October 2024}}
|-
|''[[Madatha Kaja]]'' || JP||
|-
| ''[[Oosaravelli]]'' || Sarkar||
|-
| ''[[Seema Tapakai]]'' || Venkatappa||
|-
| ''[[Kandireega]]'' || Rajanna||
|-
| ''[[Aha Naa Pellanta! (2011 film)|Aha Naa Pellanta!]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Katha Screenplay Darsakatvam Appalaraju]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2012 || ''[[Betting Bangaraju]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' ||Police Commissioner ||
|-
| ''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Devaraya (film)|Devaraya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Genius (2012 film)|Genius]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Racha (film)|Racha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Srimannarayana]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2013 || ''[[Naayak]]'' || Babji's Paternal Uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'' || Aadhi's father ||
|-
| ''[[Bhai (2013 film)|Bhai]]'' || Venkat Reddy ||
|-
|''[[Sukumarudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Balupu]]'' || CI Basava ||
|-
| ''[[Shadow (2013 film)|Shadow]]'' || Home Minister Naidu ||
|-
| ''[[Adda (2013 film)|Adda]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Masala (2013 film)|Masala]]'' || Eddulu Kameshwar Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Venkatadri Express (film)|Venkatadri Express]]'' || Bride's father|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/venkatadriexpress.html|title=Venkatadri Express review - Telugu cinema review - Sundeep Kishan, Rakul Preet Singh, Nagineedu, Brahmaji, Saptagiri, Tagubothu Ramesh, Pruthvi, Jaya Prakash Reddy, MS Narayana, Narsing Yadav etc|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nenem Chinna Pillana]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Noothi Lo Kappalu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ongole Gittha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tadakha]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2014 || ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' || MP ||
|-
| ''[[Race Gurram]]'' || [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] J.P. ||
|-
| ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' || Home Minister J.P. ||
|-
| ''[[Jump Jilani]]'' || Veera Puli Reddy ||
|-
| ''[[Rabhasa]]''||Peddi Reddy alias Pedayya ||
|-
| ''[[Autonagar Surya]]'' || Corporator Indra ||
|-
| ''[[Eduruleni Alexander]]'' || Kotappa || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-03-21/Eduruleni-Alexander-Telugu-movie-review-rating/89701|title=Eduruleni Alexander Telugu Movie Review, Rating|work=[[The Hans India]]|language=en|access-date=2016-08-24}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bhimavaram Bullodu]]'' || Reddy || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/bhemavaram-bullodu-movie-review/movie-review/31116519.cms|title=Bhemavaram Bullodu Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Bhemavaram Bullodu by Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Brother of Bommali]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Laddu Babu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitham]]'' || JP ||
|-
| ''[[Prathinidhi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rough (film)|Rough]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="15" | 2015 || ''[[Pataas]]'' || Central Minister JP ||
|-
| ''[[Akhil (film)|Akhil]]'' || Kishore's father ||
|-
| ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]'' || Home Minister of A.P.||
|-
| ''[[Lacchimdeviki O Lekkundi]]''|| Somyayajulu||
|-
| ''[[Mosagallaku Mosagadu (2015 film)|Mosagallaku Mosagadu]]'' || Kaushik ||
|-
|''[[Where Is Vidya Balan]]'' || Minister Puli Naidu || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/where-is-vidya-balan-nothing-to-do-with-vidya/article7357973.ece|title=Where is Vidya Balan: Nothing to do with Vidya|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 June 2015|last1=Chowdhary|first1=Y. Sunita|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203093017/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/where-is-vidya-balan-nothing-to-do-with-vidya/article7357973.ece|archive-date=3 December 2023|access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[James Bond (2015 film)|James Bond]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Shivam (2015 Telugu film)|Shivam]]''
|Bhoji Reddy's brother-in-law
|
|-
| ''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter|Bruce Lee - The Fighter]]''|| Fight Master Dangerous David, Police Inspector G. Ramji || Dual Role
|-
| ''[[Soukhyam]]'' || Pellikoduku ||
|-
| ''[[Tripura (film)|Tripura]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[A Shyam Gopal Varma Film]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dongaata (2015 film)|Dongaata]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pandaga Chesko]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2016 ||''[[Sarrainodu]]'' || Bhoopathi ||
|-
|''[[Supreme (film)|Supreme]]'' || M.L.A.||
|-
| ''[[Hyper (2016 film)|Hyper]]'' || Party President ||
|-
|''[[Nandini Nursing Home]]'' || Dr. Venkateshwarlu ||
|-
|''[[Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu (film)|Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ism (film)|Ism]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2017 || ''[[Khaidi No. 150]]'' || Commissioner Krishna Murthy||
|-
| ''[[Radha (2017 film)|Radha]]'' || Acharya Deva|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/radha-is-a-complete-entertainer-it-will-leave-the-audience-in-splits/articleshow/58627859.cms|title=Radha is a complete entertainer; it will leave the audience in splits|date=12 May 2017|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]'' || Jailor||
|-
| ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]'' || Sravani's father||
|-
| ''[[Raja the Great]]'' || Devaraj's henchmen ||
|-
| ''[[Andhhagadu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Goutham Nanda]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Saranam Gacchami]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="14" | 2018 || ''[[Inttelligent]]'' || Sathya Murthy ||
|-
| ''[[Jai Simha]]'' || Central Minister JP ||
|-
| ''[[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (2018 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]]'' ||||
|-
| ''[[MLA (2018 Telugu film)|MLA]]'' || Nagappa || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mla/movie-review/63427634.cms|title=MLA Telugu Movie Review {3/5}: Entertaining, 'time-pass' kind of a film to watch along with your family|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=3 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chethilo Cheyyesi Cheppu Baava '' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nela Ticket]]'' || C.P. Ranjith Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Pantham]]'' || Health Minister||
|-
| ''[[Nartanasala (2018 film)|Nartanasala]]'' || Satya's father || <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/review-nartanasala-2018-telugu-film-humour-lacks-bite/article24819172.ece | title='@Nartanasala' review: Humour lacks bite | newspaper=The Hindu | date=30 August 2018 | last1=Chowdhary | first1=Y. Sunita }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lover (2018 film)|Lover]]'' || Goon||
|-
| ''[[Silly Fellows]]'' || Jacket Janakiram||
|-
| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' || WATA chairman||
|-
| ''[[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (2018 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Next Nuvve]]'' || JP || <ref>{{cite news|last1=Nadadhur|first1=Srivathsan|title='Next Nuvve' review: Parts don't add up|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/next-nuvve-review-parts-dont-add-up/article19975770.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=15 May 2018|language=en-IN|date=3 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sapthagiri LLB]]'' || ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Crazy Crazy Feeling]]'' || Dream father ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]'' || Nagendra's father ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[Alludu Adhurs]]'' || Police DCP || Posthumously released
|-
| ''[[Aaradugula Bullet]]'' || || Posthumously released
|-
|}

=== Other language films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Aamdani Atthanni Kharcha Rupaiya]]'' || Police Inspector || rowspan="2" | Hindi ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Durga (2002 film)|Durga]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003 || ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]'' || Jaya Prakash || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Diwan (film)|Diwan]]'' || Kandhavel ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Shwetha Naagara]]'' || Sarpa Kaadu Dhorey || Kannada || Bilingual film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' || Reddy || rowspan="4" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]'' || Chinna's ex boss ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Dharmapuri (film)|Dharmapuri]]'' || MLA Konda Mookan ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Thiru Ranga]]'' || Reddy || Bilingual film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Satya in Love]]'' || Veda's father || rowspan="3" | Kannada ||
|-
| ''Citizen'' || Home minister of Karnataka ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Yagna (film)|Yagna]]'' || Varadaraj ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]'' || Chinnamuthu Goundar || Tamil ||
|}

==Awards==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award and category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2000 || [[Nandi Award for Best Villain]] || ''[[Jayam Manadera]]'' || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
|-
| 2018 || [[16th Santosham Film Awards|Santosham Film Awards]] {{endash}} Alexander Special Jury Award || {{N/a}} || <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 August 2018|title=16వ 'సంతోషం' అవార్డ్స్: ఉత్తమ నటుడు చిరంజీవి|trans-title=16th 'Santhosham' Awards: Best Actor Chiranjeevi|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/santosham-south-indian-film-awards-16th-anniversary-here-is-the-2018-winners-list/articleshow/65564175.cms|access-date=29 July 2021|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0992003}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Jaya Prakash}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:People from Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-film-actor-1940s-stub}}

Anila Sreekumar

2026-03-16T16:19:04Z

JesusHupp231: expanded content

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anila Sreekumar
| image =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| occupation = Actress
| alma_mater = Government Arts and Science College, Kozhikode, Kerala
| yearsactive = 1992{{Endash}}present
| parents = {{Plain list|
* Peethambaran
* Padmavathy
}}
| spouse = RP sreekumar
| children = 2
}}

'''Anila Sreekumar''' (born February 11, 1970) is an Indian actress who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]] and television series.

== Personal life ==
Anila Sreekumar was born on February 11, 1970, in Chevayur, Kozhikode, India. Sreekumar is married to production controller and producer Sreekumar, and the couple has two children, Abhinav and Adhilekshmi.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ആ കെയറിങ് എനിക്ക് ഇഷ്ടപ്പെട്ടില്ല, ഞാൻ വഴക്കുണ്ടാക്കി, അതോടെ മിണ്ടാതായി'! മനസ്സ് തുറന്ന് മലയാളികളുടെ 'കൊച്ചുത്രേസ്യ' | anila sreekumar actress about life and cinema special interview |url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/anila-sreekumar-actress-about-life-and-cinema-special-interview.html}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sreekumar began her acting career in 1992 with her debut in the Malayalam film ''[[Sargam (1992 film)|Sargam]]''. She went on to establish herself in Malayalam television, appearing in popular serials such as ''Deepangal Chuttum'', ''Draupadi'', ''Jwalayayi'', ''[[Gundeninda Gudigantalu]]'', ''[[Krishnathulasi]],'' and ''[[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]]''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Sargam (1992 film)|Sargam]]''
| Maid
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994
| ''[[Parinayam (1994 film)|Parinayam]]''
| Nanikutty
|
|-
| ''[[Chakoram]]''
|Santha Surendran
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1995
| ''[[Kalyanji Anandji (film)|Kalyanji Anandji]]''
| Bhagyalakshmi
|
|-
| ''[[Pai Brothers]]''
|Parvathy Ganapathi Pai
|
|-
| ''[[Vrudhanmare Sookshikkuka]] ''
|Manager Shanti
|
|-
| ''[[Chantha]] ''
| Laila
|
|-
| ''[[Saadaram]] ''
|Kallu
|
|-
| ''[[Alancheri Thamprakkal]] ''
|Vimala
|
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Mr. Clean (film)|Mr. Clean]]''
| Gayathri
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[The Car (1997 film)|The Car]]''
|{{N/A}}
|Dubbing
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Manthrikumaran]]''
| Subhadra
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1999
| ''[[Pallavur Devanarayanan]] ''
|Hari's wife
|
|-
| ''[[Jalamarmaram]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Saaphalyam]] ''
|Prameela
|
|-
| ''[[Stalin Sivadas]]''
|{{N/A}}
| rowspan="6" |Dubbing
|-
| rowspan="4" |2000
| ''[[Mark Antony (2000 film)|Mark Antony]]''
|{{N/A}}
|-
| ''Aanamuttathe Aangalamar''
|{{N/A}}
|-
| ''[[Darling Darling (2000 film)|Darling Darling]]''
|{{N/A}}
|-
| ''Ival Draupathi''
|{{N/A}}
|-
|2002
| ''India Gate''
|{{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003
| ''[[Punarjani]] ''
|House owner lady
|
|-
| ''[[Pattanathil Sundaran]]''
|Nancy
|
|-
| ''Japam''
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Thathwamasi]]''
|Sabari
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[The Filmstaar]] ''
|Janaki
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Njananu party''
|Seethalakshmi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Thinkal Muthal Velli Vare]]''
| Herself
|
|-
| ''Mayapuri 3D ''
|Lady stared
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Sakhavinte Priyasakhi]] ''
|Indira
|
|-
|}

==Television career==
===Television serials (partial)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!! Title !!Channel !!Role!! Notes
|-
|||''Kulam''|| rowspan="12" |[[DD Malayalam]]||||Telefilm
|-
|||''Deepanalangalku Chuttum''|| ||Double role
|-
|||''Seemantham''|| ||
|-
|||''Iniyonnu Visramikkatte''|| ||
|-
|1995||''Vinodasala''|| ||
|-
|1997||''Deshadanapakshi''|| ||
|-
|||''Thunchath Achayan''|| ||
|-
|||''Gandharvayamam''|| ||
|-
|||''Manalnagaram''|| ||
|-
|||''Thamarakuzhali''||Thamara||
|-
|1999||''Draupadi''||Draupadi||
|-
|||''Vamsam''|| ||
|-
| ||''Karthika''|| ||Karthika||
|-
| ||''Asooyappookkal''||[[Kairali TV]]||||
|-
|2000||''Jwalayayi''||DD Malayalam||Thresiamma||Breakthrough role
|-
|2000||''Manthram''|| rowspan="2" |[[Surya TV]]||||
|-
|2001||''Sthreejanmam''||Mathangi||
|-
|2001||''Malakhapoovu''||DD Malayalam||||
|-
|2001-2002|| ''Vasundhara Medicals''|| rowspan="3" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||||
|-
|2003|| ''Seethalakshmi''||
|-
|2004||[[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|''Kadamattathu Kathanar'']]||Madhavi||
|-
|2007||''Sasneham''|| rowspan="2" |[[Amrita TV]]||||
|-
||2005||''Swaram''|| ||
|-
||2005||''Pavithra Bandham''||Surya TV||
|-
||2006||''Veendum Jwalayayi''||DD Malayalam||-||Archive footage
|-
||2004–2006||''Suryaputhri''||Asianet||Devayani||
|-
|2007||''Velankani Mathavu''||Surya TV||||
|-
|2007|||''Swantham Suryaputhri''|| rowspan="7" |Asianet||Devayani||Sequel to Suryaputhri
|-
||2007-2008||''Shree Krishnaleela''||Janaki||
|-
||2008||''Ente Alphonsamma''||Annaamma||
|-
||2008||''Vishudha Thomasleeha''|| ||
|-
||2008-2009||''Ammathottil''||Sulochana||
|-
||2008-2009||''Sree Mahabhagavatham''|| ||
|-
||2009||''Devi Mahathyam''||Subbalakshmi||
|-
|2009–2012||''Chakkarabharani''|| rowspan="6" |Surya TV||Unniyarcha||
|-
|2010||''Parayi Petta Panthirukulam''||Panchami||
|-
|2011–2012||''Avakashikal''||Raziya||
|-
|2011–2013||''Ilam Thennal Pole''||Padmam||
|-
|2012-2013||''Mohakkadal''||Chandra||
|-
|2013–2015||''Bhagyalekshmi''||Ambikadevi||
|-
|2013||''The Mistake''||[[Kairali TV]]||||Telefilm
|-
|2013–2015 ||[[Amala (TV series)|''Amala'']]||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Gayathri||
|-
|2013|||''Amma''||Asianet||||
|-
||2013-2014||''Ponnu Poloru Pennu''||Amrita TV||Rukkamma||
|-
|2014||''Evide Ellarkum Sugham''||Kairali TV||Kattuparambil KochuThresya||
|-
||2014||''Sooryakaladi Mana''||Amrita TV||||
|-
|2014||[[Karyam Nissaram (TV series)|''Karyam Nissaram'']]||Kairali TV||||
|-
||2015||''Viswaroopam''||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]]||||
|-
|2015-2016|| ''[[Kalathu Veedu]]'' || [[Star Vijay]] || Pattathi || Tamil Serial
|-
|2016–2017||''[[Krishnathulasi]]''||Mazhavil Manorama||Vijayalakshmi||
|-
|2016 ||[[Kana Kanmani (2016 TV series)|''Kana Kanmani'']]||Asianet||Thulika||
|-
||2016||''Anamika''||Amrita TV||||
|-
||2016||''Chechiyamma''||Surya TV||||
|-
|2017–2019||[[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|''Chinna Thambi'']]||[[Star Vijay]]||Annalakshmi||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] serial
|-
|2017||''[[Ammuvinte Amma]]''||Mazhavil Manorama||Seetha||
|-
|2018||''Decemberile Aakasham''||Amrita TV||Shanu's Umma||
|-
|2018–2019||''[[Thenum Vayambum]]''||Surya TV||Lakshmi||
|-
|2019–2020||[[Kaatrin Mozhi (TV series)|''Kaatrin Mozhi'']]||[[Star Vijay]]||Rajeshwari||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] serial
|-
|2019–2020||''[[Sathya Enna Penkutty]]''||[[Zee Keralam]]||Vimala||
|-
|2020||''Sri Lokanarkavilamma''||[[Kaumudy TV]]||[[Devi]]||
|-
|2020–2022||''Devatha - Anubandhala Alayam''||[[Star Maa]]||Devudamma||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] serial
|-
|2021–2022||''[[Paavam Ganesan]]''||[[Star Vijay]]||Sornam||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] serial
|-
|2021||''Kasthuri''||[[Star Maa]]||Devudamma||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] serial Special Appearance
|-
|2023–Present||''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''||[[Star Vijay]]|| Vijaya ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] serial
|-
|2023–2024||''Radhaku Neevera Pranam''||[[Zee Telugu]]||Dharmavathi||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] serial
|-
|2023–Present||''[[Gundeninda Gudigantalu]]''||[[Star Maa]]||Prabavathi
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] serial
|-
|2024–Present||''[[Pavithram (TV series)|Pavithram]]''||Asianet||Kamala||
|}

===Reality shows===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!! Title !!Channel !! Role!!Notes
|-
|2009–2012||''Tharolsavam''||Kairali TV||Contestant/Team Leader||
|-
|2013||''Celebrity Kitchen Magic''||Kairali TV||Contestant|| Winner : Shared with [[Nisha Sarang]]
|-
|2013||''Nakshathradeepangal''||Kairali TV||Team Leader||
|-
|2014||''Comedy Stars Season 2''||Asianet||Mentor||
|-
|2019||[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|''Jodi Number One'']] ||[[Star Vijay]]||Contestant||Finalist
(Tamil Reality Show)
|-
|2022||''[[Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai]]''||[[Star Vijay]]||Contestant||Eliminated (Tamil Reality Show)
|}

===TV shows as guest===
* Ivide Ingannanu Bhai (Mazahvil Manorama)
* Kootukari (DD Malayalam)
* Ormakal Marikkumo (DD Malayalam)
* Annie's Kitchen (Amrita TV)
* Malayali Darbar (Amrita TV)
* Onnum Onnum Moonu (Mazahvil Manorama)
* Kudumbasametham (ACV)
* Manassinoru Mazhavillu (Kairali TV)
* Adukkaliyil Ninnu Arangathekku (Kairali TV)
* Christmas Dishes (Kaumudy TV)
* Amma Ammayiyamma (Kairali TV)
* Ningalkkariyamo (Surya TV)
* Sarigama (Asianet)
* Surya Singer (Kairali TV)
* Valkkannadi (Asianet)
* Nammal Thammil (Asianet)
* Manam Pole Mangalyam (Jaihind TV)
*Smart show (Flowers TV)
* Run Baby Run (Asianet Plus)
* Don't Do Don't Do (Asianet Plus)

===Music albums===
* Nilayil Neeradi
* Chaithrasundari
* Karyasiddhi Pooja
* Amme Narayana
*Chandanam Kumkumam Chudala Bhasmarchitham
*Nandhi Orayiram Nandhi

==Drama==
* Shoorpanaka

==Awards and nominations==
*1998: Nana Best actress - (Thamarakuzhali)
*1999: [[Kerala State Television Award for Best Actress]] - (Draupadi)
*2000: Kerala film critics awards (Gandharayamam)
*2003: Kerala film critics awards (Jwalayayi)
*2010: Kerala film audience council award (Parayi petta Pathirukulam)
*2016: Nominated: Flowers TV Awards{{Snd}} Best Supporting Actress (Krishnathulasi)
*2018: [[Vijay Television Awards|Vijay Television Awards for Best Mother]] - ([[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]])
*2019: [[Vijay Television Awards|Vijay Television Awards for Best Mamiyar-Fiction]]
*2024: [[Vijay Television Awards|9th Annual Vijay Television Awards for Best Mamiyar]] - ([[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreekumar, Anila}}
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Guru Gopinath

2026-03-16T14:36:00Z

JesusHupp231: New A Stub More To Come.

{{short description|Indian actor-cum-dancer (1908–1987)}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Guru Gopinath
| image = Art77c.jpg
| birth_date = 24 June 1908
| birth_place = [[Central Division (Travancore)|Central Travancore]], Kerala
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1987|10|9|1908|6|24}}
| known_for = [[Kerala Natanam]] (Kerala Dance)
| children = 4, including [[Vinodini Sasimohan]], [[Venugopal]]
| relatives = [[Guru Kunchu Kurup]] (uncle)
}}

'''Perumanoor Gopinathan Pillai''', more popularly known as '''Guru Gopinath''' (24 June 1908 – 9 October 1987) was a well known Indian actor-cum-dancer. He is well regarded as the greatest preserver of the dance tradition. He is a recipient of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]],<ref name="SNA Awardees' List">{{cite web | url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm | title=SNA Awardees' List | publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi | date=2016 | access-date=February 5, 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331060603/http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm | archive-date=31 March 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/dance-ksna/458|title=Dance|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> and the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/dance-a-ksna/466|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Dance|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>

== Significance ==

Guru Gopinath was well tempered by traditional discipline, but he expanded the framework of tradition. He was instrumental in introducing and popularising Kathakali, the illustrious dance drama of [[Kerala]], lying in obscurity, to the outer world.

He is considered one of the epic personalities of Indian dancing in the 20th century like [[Uday Shankar]]. He carved out a contemporary style of dancing, [[classical Indian dance|classical]] in form but popular in appeal, through which the fame of [[Kathakali]] spread far and wide in the beginning of the 1930s.

He showed how Indian dancing could handle themes other an than those from [[Hindu mythology]]. Indian classical dance is the language of [[human]]ity, the global language. He popularised it by [[choreography|choreographing]] dance and ballets having [[biblical]] social current and political themes.

He was trained in both southern ([[Kaplingadan]]) and northern ([[Kalluvazhi]]) style of Kathakali. He was invited for higher studies when poet [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]] started [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] at Mulamkunnathukavu in [[Thrissur]]. He received training from masters in the field, such as [[Pattikkamthodi Ravunni Menon]], [[Guru Kunchu Kurup]] and Guru [[Kavalappara Narayanan Nair]]. He studied Rasa Abhinaya under Natyaacharya [[Padma Shri]] [[Mani Madhava Chakkiyar]]. Famous Kathakali artist [[Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair]] and dancer Ananda Shivaram were then students in the first batch of Kalamandalam.

He was dance partner to [[Ragini Devi]], formerly [[Ragini Devi|Esther Luella Sherman]], an American-born dancer from [[Michigan]]. Guru Gopinath and Ragini Devi made their first stage performance in [[Mumbai]] in December 1932.

The success of this performance encouraged them for more stage shows and an all India tour, making performances and lecture- demonstrations on [[Indian classical dance]]. Kathakali and dancing were thus made popular, which was comprehensive to the layman and connoisseur alike.

When [[Rabindranath Tagore]] saw young Gopinath's performance in early thirties he wrote an appreciation on the dancer:

"Mr Gopinath is a real artist and I am sure there are not many who could rightfully take their stand by his side either in India or abroad. He brought to my mind glimpses of the great past when dancing was one of the most treasured arts in India and not as today, a mere device of whetting up the jaded appetite of the idle rich. His presence in our midst was a great lesson and now that dancing is again coming into vogue amongst us, his style should give us a correct lead, for in want of it, we are yet groping in the dark."

He was awarded the [[Veera Srumkhala]] from, [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] the King of [[Travancore]]. The [[Guru]] Status was awarded later by [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA). The Rabindra Bharathi University honoured him with a doctorate. His statue was erected in Viswa Bharathi University. His illustrious demonstration of [[Nava Rasa]] (the nine emotions) is featured in major [[museums]] in US, France, Germany and [[Switzerland]].

Kathakali style of dancing and training was a male monopoly. It was Guru Gopinath who experimented and proved that females can perform Kathakali. He was appointed as the palace dancer and principal of the dance institution run by the royal family. The Natananiketan in [[Chennai]] and the [[Viswa Kala Kendra]] in [[Trivandrum]] the International Kathakali Centre in [[Delhi]] were institutions founded by him.

Malayalam film history has noted Guru Gopinath as one among the actors of the beginning years. He has acted in the movie [[Prahlada (1941 film)|Prahlada]] as Hiranyakasipu. This was the sixth Malayalam movie and the third movie having sound tracks.

He has made guest appearances as [[Jesus Christ]] in [[Jeevithanauka]] and Poothana in [[Bhakathakuchela]].

Guru Gopinath was one such artist who could show the nuances of the nine emotions in Kathakali and he could show different emotions on each half of his face at the same time.

He died on stage, as he wished, with makeup, attire and anklets while enacting the role of King Dasharatha in his famous ballet [[Ramayana]] on 9 October 1987 at Fine Arts Hall [[Eranakulam]].

The Kerala government has established a dance village named '[http://gurugopinathnatanagramam.org/Default.aspx Guru Gopinath Natanagramam] in [[Trivandrum]]. The Natanagramam has a 3-storey dance museum dedicated to him.

Guru Gopinath has travelled and performed in many parts of the world. He made performances in US, erstwhile [[USSR]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. He was a member of the first cultural delegation of independent India to the USSR in 1954. Among them was the great Indian Dancer Tara Chaudhri, the only North Indian born dancer performing dances from the south. He was invited as a judge of Classical Dances in the Eighth World Youth Festival held at [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]] in 1961.

==Early years==

Guru Gopinath's family the 'Perumanoor tharavad' has two hundred years of tradition in Kathakali. The Kathakali artist [[Champakkulam Paachu Pillai]], who was known for his performance in thaadi and kaththi roles in Kathakali, was his elder brother. [[Bheeman Paramu Pillai]] alias Unda Paramu Pillai, a court dancer (kathakali) of Travancore was his maternal grandfather.

He was born on 24 June 1908, as the second son of Madhavi Amma and Kaippilli Sankara Pillai, in [[Champakulam]], [[Kuttanad]] now in [[Alappuzha]] district of Kerala. There were many exponents of Kaplingadan style of 'Kathakali' in this family like [[Champakkulam Paramu Pillai]] and [[Champakkulam Shanku Pillai]]. Great Kathakali master [[Guru Kunchu Kurup]] is related to this family.

His initiation to Kathakali arangu (stage) was accidental. When he was a child once he had gone with his paternal uncle for a Kathakali show performed by his troupe. The show was on and at midnight suddenly uncle came to the sleeping boy and did some minimum make up to him to look like a maharshi – a hermit – and asked him to sit on a chair on the stage. He instructed him to hand over the bows and arrows when a man with glittering headgear comes and bestow him. He did exactly as told by uncle. That was Guru Gopinath's first appearance in a Kathakali show.

Great masters of Kathakali like [[Champakkulam Paramu Pillai]], [[Mathoor Kunjupilla Panicker]], and [[Thakazhi Kesava Panicker]] at Champakkulam were his teachers for the initial years, where he had undergone training in southern style of acting in kathakali, which gives importance to abhinaya.

Kavalappara Narayanan Nair was his main teacher at 'Kerala Kalamandalam' where he was asked to join as a special student for higher studies in northern style, which gives importance to gestures movements and footsteps. Guru Kunchu Kurup taught him lessons in [[Abhinaya]](acting). Later he went and stayed with [[Chenganoor Raman Pillai]] an expert in southern style, to learn more about Kathakali.

== Family ==
Guru Gopinath was married to [[Thankamani Gopinath|Mulakkal Thankamani Amma]], a great [[Mohiniyattam]] dancer and exponent of Kerala Natanam. She was the first student of Mohiniyattam at [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] in early 30s, when Poet [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]] and Manakkulam Mukunda Raja started a course to revive this dying art form. After marriage she became co-dancer and partner of Gopinath. Her relentless support of her husband was significant to his achievement.

They had four children. Their eldest daughter is [http://www.ambahouse.org/theauthor.shtml Vasanthi Jayaswal], a dancer and social worker. She is an exponent of Kerala Natanam & [[Bharatanatyam]] and is a teacher of shastras in USA. Their second daughter was Vilasini Ramachandran, a Senior I.A.S. officer in [[Gujarat]] (She died on 5 March 2015). The youngest daughter [[Vinodini Sasimohan]] was a child artist in Malayalam movies in the 60s and she is now the Chief Administrative Officer of ''Viswa Kala Kendra'', [[Trivandrum]]. G. Venugopal is his only son.

== Kerala Natanam (Kerala Dance) ==
He made "Kathakali" more accessible to teachers, students and audience. He brought some innovative changes to make a new style of dancing from this ancient dance form known as 'Oriental dance', 'Kathakali Natanam' and later '[[Kerala Natanam]]' (Keralanatanam), without sacrificing its essence and classicism.

Kerala Natanam can be called a stylised form of Kathakali. Guru Gopinath developed his own style that was appealing to the masses who were then devoid of art and dance, without compromising on the classical background. He never tried to reform Kathakali and to tamper with the originality and purity it possessed.

He was instrumental to bring Kathakali out from the courtyards of upper class [[Brahmin]]s and Nairs and rajas and dance chambers of temples to the masses. His performances created a dance wave in Kerala, which had reprecations all over India in thirties and forties

Ordinary people in India, who had no training knowledge in understanding classical dance started enjoying it and appreciating it, only after they had the opportunity of watching Gopinath perform.

== Ramlila and Ramayana ballet ==
Guru Gopinath was an exponent of various styles of Indian dances. The illustrious 'Raam Leela' of Delhi, choreographed and directed by him. His last choreography 'Ramaayana' ballet was the most popular one, which was staged more than 1500 times in various parts of Kerala.

== Books ==
Guru Gopinath has written books in Malayalam and English, which explain theory and practise of Indian and Kerala dances. Two books are in English- ''The classical Dance poses of India'' and ''Abinaya Prakashika'' (with Sanskrit slokas).

Other books are:
*Kathakali Natanam (kathakali dancing)
*Natanakairali (Kerala dance)
*Thalavum Natanavum (rhythm and dancing)
*Abhinayamkuram (The beginning of Acting)
*Abhinaya prakashika (The Expressions of Acting)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopinath}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:Artists from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Prema Pasam

2026-03-04T04:58:29Z

JesusHupp231: improve page further and corrected details

{{short description|1956 film directed by Vedantam Raghavayya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Prema Pasam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vedantam Raghavayya]]
| screenplay = Vedantam Raghavayya
| story = [[Gyan Mukherjee]]
| producer = V. L. Narasu
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
| cinematography = M. Masthan
| editing = R. Raja Gopal
| music = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| studio = Narasu Studios
| distributor = Chamria<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 1956 |title=Prema Pasam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19560413&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=7 May 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1956|3|21|ref1=}}
| runtime = 178 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Prema Pasam''''' is a 1956 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, produced by V. L. Narasu and directed by [[Vedantam Raghavayya]]. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Kismet (1943 film)|Kismet]]'' (1943). The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], with music composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]. It was simultaneously shot in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Bhale Ramudu]]'' (1956).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=25 December 2014 |title=Bhale Ramudu (1956) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-bhale-ramudu-1956/article6722677.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219001201/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-bhale-ramudu-1956/article6722677.ece |archive-date=19 December 2018 |access-date=18 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=15 May 2009 |title=A void on the film firmament |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/A-void-on-the-film-firmament/article15938335.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315104322/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/A-void-on-the-film-firmament/article15938335.ece |archive-date=15 March 2018 |access-date=18 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was released on 23 March 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1956 – பிரேமபாசம் – நரசு ஸ்டூடியோஸ் (பலே ராமுடு) தெலுங்கு – கிஸ்மத் (இந்தி). |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1956-cinedetails20.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809163452/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1956-cinedetails20.asp |archive-date=9 August 2016 |access-date=3 April 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
[[Zamindar]] Narayana Pillai has two daughters, Prema and Tara, both of whom have been learning dance since childhood. Prema is especially fascinated by it, so Narayana Pillai builds a theatre and invites dance teachers from all over the country. Nagabhushnam, who is Narayana Pillai’s manager, has two sons: Ramakrishnan (Ramu) and Radhakrishnan.

One day, Ramu pushes Prema down a staircase, leaving her disabled. The enraged Narayana Pillai shoots Ramu, who falls into a river. After that, Narayana Pillai disappears, entrusting his property to Nagabhushnam. Nagabhushnam takes control of the property, leaving Prema and Tara as orphans.

Years pass. Prema works hard, studies, and takes care of Tara. Ramu returns as a burglar, under the name Krishna. Although he recognises everyone, he hides his identity. He meets Prema and they fall in love. After that, Krishna steals a necklace from Nagabhushnam and gives it to Prema. When Krishna reveals his true identity, Prema is falsely accused of the theft. She is angry and distances herself from him.

Meanwhile, Radhakrishnan and Tara fall in love. However, Nagabushnam intervenes — he warns Prema and forces Radhakrishnan and Tara to separate. Tara attempts suicide, but Krishna rescues her and promises to arrange her marriage with Radhakrishnan.

Krishna, determined to relieve Prema from her disability, enlists the help of his friend Rathnam and robs Nagabhushnam's house to fund her treatment. Nagabhushnam recognises him as his son Ramu and files a police complaint. Then, Prema regains her mobility and regrets her actions when she realises what Krishna has done. Krishna plans the marriage of Radhakrishnan and Tara. The police organise a dance performance by Prema, who agrees, on the condition that Nagabhushnam withdraws his case against Krishna.

Narayana Pillai, now a wanderer, also attends the performance. Krishna arrives in disguise. After the performance, Krishna successfully gets Radhakrishnan and Tara married, and then surrenders himself. Due to the tattoo on his arm, Krishna is recognised as Ramu. At last, Nagabhushnam apologises to Narayana Pillai and returns his property, which he gives to Ramu. Finally, the movie ends with the marriage of Ramu and Prema.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|*[[Gemini Ganesan]] as Ramakrishnan/Krishna
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Prema
*[[K. Sarangapani]] as Rathnam
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Nagabooshanam
*[[K. Balaji]] as Radhakrishnan
*[[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as Thangam
*[[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as Tara
*[[M. G. Chakrapani]] as Inspector
*Jandhyala Gaurinatha Sastry as Zamindar Narayana Pillai
*Banerjee
*[[E. V. Saroja]] as dancer in the song "Enga Ooru Singappooru"
*K. Varalakshmi as Parvathi
* Sairam as Manager}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]. Lyrics were written by [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=112 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#cccccf; text-align:center;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Gumthala Gummaa Gumaaikkadhe" || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & [[Jikki]] || 02:54
|-
| "Baaratha Naadu Jeya Baaratha Naadu" || [[P. Leela]] || 03:17
|-
| "Avan Allaaal Puvi Mele Or Anuvum Asaiyaadhu" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || 03:25
|-
| || Jikki & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] || 04:40
|-
| "Anaitthaalum Neeye Aditthaalum Neeye" || P. B. Sreenivas & P. Leela || 03:51
|-
| "Penn Jenmam...Indha Pedhaiyin Vaazhnaallellaam" || P. Leela || 05:16
|-
| "Kala Maayamayena Tala Vrata Idena" || P. Leela || 03:10
|-
| "Muralidharaa Hare Mohanakrishnaa" || P. Leela || 03:16
|-
| "Enga Ooru Singappooru Thillaale Lelo" || Jikki || 03:08
|-
| "Oho Vennilaave Vinnaalum Vennilaave" || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & P. Leela || 03:03
|-
| "Oho Vennilaave Vinnaalum Vennilaave" || P. Leela || 04:02
|-
| "Avanallal Puvi Meethu" || P. Susheela, P. B. Sreenivas ||
|}

== Reception ==
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated Savitri's performance, but felt Ganesan's performance was lacking in some scenes, and the songs were hindering the film's pace. He said the cinematography was flawless.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=8 April 1956 |title=பிரேம பாசம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1956-04-08/page/28/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240920114612/https://archive.org/details/kalki1956-04-08/page/28/mode/2up |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=11 October 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=28–29 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Vedantam Raghavayya}}

[[Category:1956 Indian films]]
[[Category:1956 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1956 drama films]]
[[Category:1956 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vedantam Raghavayya]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Rajeswara Rao]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Vesham

2026-03-03T21:37:23Z

JesusHupp231: further updated references based on references additionally and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vesham
| image = Vesham.png
| director = [[V M Vinu (director)|V. M. Vinu]]
| producer = [[Swargachitra Appachan|Swargachithra Appachan]]
| writer = [[T. A. Razzaq]]
| starring = {{ubl
| [[Mammootty]]
| [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
| [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
| [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]]
| [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]
| [[Gopika]]
}}
| music = [[S.A. Rajkumar]]
| cinematography = [[Shaji Kumar]]
| editing = PC Mohanan
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2004|12|24|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}

'''''Vesham''''' is a 2004 [[Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by [[V M Vinu (director)|V. M. Vinu]], produced by Swargachithra Appachan in which [[Mammootty]] is in the lead role. [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] and [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] played other important roles.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/12/04/stories/2004120401171700.htm|title=Box office hits signal revival of film industry in Kerala|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 December 2004}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2005/01/01/stories/2005010100640200.htm|title=Man of the year|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 January 2005}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/audience-apathy-to-young-stars-continues-news-malayalam-kkfv6Vhcbhcsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318184518/http://www.sify.com/movies/audience-apathy-to-young-stars-continues-news-malayalam-kkfv6Vhcbhcsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2018|title=Audience apathy to young stars continues!|website=[[Sify]]|date=21 March 2005}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*[[Mammootty]] as Appukuttan Menon
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Pappan Menon
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Sivan
*[[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]] as Hariprasad Menon
*[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] as Ashwathi, Appu's wife
*[[Gopika]] as Revathy, Hari's wife
*Vishunuprakash as Revathy's father
*[[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]]
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Adv. Chithrabhanu
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Ganapathi
*[[Sindhu Menon]] as Veni
*[[T. P. Madhavan]]
*[[Riyaz Khan]] as Deepak
*[[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Poulose
*Ajay Jayaprakash as child actor
*Varsha as Appu's elder daughter
*[[V.M. Vinu]] as Man at the airport
*Keerthana Anil as Appu's younger daughter
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]]. Except for "Kelkkathoru Sangeetham", the film features songs reused from Rajkumar's previous compositions: "Oho Minnale" is based on "Aha Jumtaka" from the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Chandra Chakori]]'' and "Veshangal" is based on "Saamanthi Poovukkum" from the unreleased Tamil film ''Putham Puthu Poove''.<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=13640865&ctid=5&cid=2428|title=Review: Vesham|author=Moviebuzz|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308192034/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=13640865&ctid=5&cid=2428|archive-date=8 March 2005}}</ref>

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)

| all_lyrics = [[Kaithapram]]
| all_music =

| title1 = Kelkkathoru Sangeetham
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]

| title2 = Oho Minnale
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]

| title3 = Veshangal
| extra3 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]

| title4 = Veshangal
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
}}

==Release==
The film received mixed response upon release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/five-prominent-films-of-t-a-razzaq-video.html|title=Five prominent films of T A Razzaq|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=16 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Mammootty-Man-Of-The-Year-imagegallery-6-Movies-jdwmGdfhdgi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318182754/http://www.sify.com/movies/Mammootty-Man-Of-The-Year-imagegallery-6-Movies-jdwmGdfhdgi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2018|title=Mammootty-Man Of The Year|work=[[Sify]]|date=31 December 2005}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "The story of ''Vesham'' is as old as hills and the narration is old fashioned and predictable".<ref name="S"/>

== Awards ==
The film won three [[Asianet Film Awards]] in 2004.

* Best Actor – [[Mammootty]]
* Best Supporting Actor - [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
* Best Supporting Actress - [[Gopika]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0430735}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. M. Vinu]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Kishori (Maharani)

2026-02-27T09:48:38Z

JesusHupp231: New New Article W/ Refs!

{{Short description|Maharani Kishori}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| spouse = [[Suraj Mal]]
| father = Chaudhary Kashi Ram King of [[Hodal]] [[Monarchy|Kingdom]] in present day [[Palwal]]
| birth_place = [[Hodal]]
}}
'''[[Maharani Kishori]]''' ({{fl.}} 18th century) was the wife of [[Maharaja Suraj Mal]] of [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] in [[Rajasthan]], India. She was from [[Hodal]], a town in the modern day [[Palwal]] district of [[Haryana]], near [[Mathura]] and Bharatpur.<ref>Dr. Prakash Chandra Chandawat: Maharaja Suraj Mal aur unka yug, Jaypal Agencies Agra, 1982, Pages 110-118</ref> The house her husband built for her in Bharatpur is now a monument protected by the [[government of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Chandramani |year=2002 |title=Protected Monuments of Rajasthan |publisher=Jawahar Kala Kendra |page=110 |isbn=9788186782606}}</ref>

It is said the Maharaja was riding his elephant near Hodal when he saw an angry bull frightening people. Kishori was returning from the well with a pitcher on her head, and stepped onto the bull's bridle to control it. The Maharaja was impressed by her courage and beauty, and later sent his messenger to make an offer of marriage. They married in {{c.}} 1730.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phaugat |first1=Rajbala |title=Unknown antiquities of Hodal |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021109/windows/main1.htm |access-date=21 September 2022 |work=www.tribuneindia.com |date=9 November 2002}}</ref>

Kishori is described as "a symbol of pride for the local populace" who "played the role of patron to the Bharatpur state for three generation[s]".<ref name=college />

The [[Maharani]] [[Kishori]] Memorial College of Education in Hodal is named after her,<ref name=college>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://mkmcoe.com/index.php/about-us/ |publisher=MKM College Of Education |access-date=21 September 2022 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921075122/http://mkmcoe.com/index.php/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> as is the [[Maharani]] [[Kishori]] Devi Girls' School in [[Bikaner]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharani Kishori Devi Girls' School, Bikaner |url=https://mkdgsbkn.educationstack.com/ |website=mkdgsbkn.educationstack.com |access-date=21 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Maharaja Suraj Mal]]
*[[Jawahar Singh]]
*[[Bharatpur State]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*Kalika Ranjan Qanungo: History of the Jats : Contribution to the History of Northern India (Up to the Death of Mirza Najaf Khan, 1782). Edited and annotated by Vir Singh. Delhi, Originals, 2003, {{ISBN|81-7536-299-5}}
*Dr. Prakash Chandra Chandawat: Maharaja Suraj Mal aur unka yug, Jaypal Agencies Agra, 1982
*[[Kunwar Natwar Singh]]: [[Maharaja Suraj Mal]]

==External links==
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021109/windows/main1.htm Birth place of Maharani Kishori]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishori, Maharani}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:People from Faridabad district]]
[[Category:History of Bharatpur, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian royalty]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Jhala Madan Singh

2026-02-19T19:23:08Z

JesusHupp231: New The Bio First Draft!

{{Short description|Musahib-i-Ala of Kotah from 1834 to 1838 and Maharaj Rana of Jhalawar from 1838 to 1845}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rana Madan Singh
| title = Maharaj Rana
| succession = [[Jhalawar State|Maharaj Rana of Jhalawar]]
| reign = 1838 – 1845
| coronation = 1 August 1838
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = [[Prithviraj Singh]]
| birth_date = 1807
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1845
| spouse = *Chandrawatji (Sisodiniji) Suraj Kanwarji of [[Rampura State|Rampura]] in [[Malwa]]
*Bhatiyaniji Ajab Kanwarji from [[Jaisalmer]]
*Rathoreji Fateh Kanwarji of [[Badnor]] in [[Mewar]]
| issue = *[[Prithviraj Singh]]
*Baiji Lal Udai Kanwarji m.to Rawat Ragho Das of [[Deogarh, Rajasthan|Deogarh]] in [[Mewar]]
| full name = Madan Singh
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Jhalawar.svg}} [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]]
| house-type =
| father = [[Jhala Madho Singh|Madho Singh]]
| investiture = 8 April 1838
| succession1 = [[Kingdom of Kota|Musahib-i-Ala of Kota]]
| reign1 = 26 February 1834 – 1838
| predecessor1 = [[Jhala Madho Singh|Madho Singh]]
| successor1 = ''Position abolished''
| dynasty = [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]]
}}
'''Madan Singh''' was the [[Jhala Rajput]] [[Prime minister|Musahib-i-Ala]] of the [[Hada Chauhan]] house of [[Kingdom of Kota|Kotah]] from the year 1834 to 1838 and the first Maharaj Rana of [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]] from 1838 until his death in 1845.

== Biography ==
Madan Singh was born in 1807<ref name=":3" /> to [[Jhala Madho Singh|Madho Singh]], whom he succeeded in his office as Musahib-i-Ala and virtual regent of [[Kingdom of Kota|Kotah]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajvi Amar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |date=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref> along with his titles and lands, on 26 February 1834.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vashishtha Vijay Kumar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.242489 |title=Rajputana Agency (1832-1858) |pages=74–75, 82–88}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_YvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=185 |language=en}}</ref> Though young and inexperienced when he assumed office, he, unlike his father, maintained more amicable relations with Maharao Raja Ram Singh II of [[Kingdom of Kota|Kotah]] and was willing to consider the Maharao's preferences on various matters, except when asserting his own executive authority.<ref name=":0" /> However, the Maharao Raja began to overstep his boundaries and interfere with Madan's powers and duties.<ref name=":0" /> In June 1835, a civil dispute broke out between two wealthy bankers. Maharao Raja attempted to sway the Madan's decision in favor of one of them, which Ross, who took charge of the Hadauti Political Agency in November 1834, deemed inappropriate and forbade him from doing in the future.<ref name=":0" /> In July 1835, the Maharao Raja expressed to Ross that he was upset about Madan's absence from the Darbar he had held to celebrate Madan's birthday.<ref name=":0" /> Ross explained that Madan's absence was not meant to undermine the Maharao Raja's authority but was due to a fear for his life, as he had not invited the Political Agent to attend the Durbar.<ref name=":0" /> Due to this dual system of government, tensions and disagreements arose in [[Kingdom of Kota|Kotah]] between him and the Maharao Raja.<ref name=":1" />

== Maharaj Rana of Jhalawar ==
After much discussion and some armed contests, Captain John Ludlow, representing the British Government, convinced Maharao Raja and Madan to reach a compromise.<ref name=":0" /> They both assented to the proposition of establishing a new principality for Madan.<ref name=":0" /> On 8 April 1838, a treaty was signed between Madan Singh and the British Government, leading to the formation of a new state for him named [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]], which was created from one-third of the territory of [[Kingdom of Kota|Kotah]] and consisted of 17 parganas.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aitchison |first=C. U. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35556/ |title=A Collection Of Treaties, Engagements, And Sanads Relating To India And Neighbouring Countries Volume Iii Containing The Treaties Amp C., Relating To The States In Rajpuratana |date=1909 |pages=364}}</ref> At the same time, he acknowledged British supremacy, agreed to supply troops, and pay an annual tribute of Rs. 80,000.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/chiefsleadingfam00csba |title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=85–86}}</ref> He was vested with the title of Maharaj Rana and granted a salute of fifteen guns.<ref name=":2" /> On 10 April 1838, Maharao Raja Ram Singh II signed a treaty with the British Government in which he agreed to cede seventeen parganas to the Madan.<ref name=":0" /> Madan Singh continued to hold office as the Musahib-i-Ala of [[Kingdom of Kota|Kotah]] till 27 April 1838.<ref name=":0" />

=== Installation ===
Madan left [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kotah]] for [[Jhalrapatan]], which he had chosen as the capital of his new state, on 28 April 1838 and reached it on 2 May 1838.<ref name=":0" /> However, he fell sick, which delayed his installation on the throne of [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]].<ref name=":0" /> After his recovery, his installation took place on 1 August 1838.<ref name=":0" /> On the occasion, Shah Manik Chank presented a ''khillat'' of investiture on behalf of the British Government, and in return, he presented a nazrana to the Governor-General.<ref name=":0" />

=== Garh Palace, Jhalawar ===
{{Main|Garh Palace, Jhalawar}}
Upon his investiture as Maharaj Rana of [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]] in 1838, he initially resided in [[Jhalrapatan]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_YvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=190 |language=en}}</ref> However, in 1840, he began constructing the [[Garh Palace, Jhalawar|Garh Palace]], which was completed in 1845.<ref name=":03" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=sudhagee |date=2017-04-26 |title=The painted rooms of the Garh Mahal of Jhalawar |url=https://sudhagee.com/2017/04/26/the-painted-rooms-of-the-garh-mahal-of-jhalawar/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=My Favourite Things |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} DISTRICT & SESSIONS COURT JHALAWAR {{!}} India |url=https://jhalawar.dcourts.gov.in/about-department/history/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |language=en-US |archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213100029/https://jhalawar.dcourts.gov.in/about-department/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Marriage ==
When he was fifteen years old, his grandfather, [[Zalim Singh]], arranged his marriage in 1823 to the daughter of the Rao of Rampura.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=R. P. Shastri |url=https://archive.org/details/jhala-zalim-singh |title=Jhala Zalim Singh |pages=92, 138, 165, 216}}</ref> Feasts and festivities were organized on a grand scale, and the celebrations lasted for two months.<ref name=":3" /> The officers in general charge of the arrangements were Pandit Mahipat Rao and Pandit Krishnaji Tantiya.<ref name=":3" /> On this occasion, Maharo Raja Kishore Singh of [[Kingdom of Kota|Kotah]] and [[Lancelot Wilkinson]] were also invited.<ref name=":3" /> They were accommodated at [[Zalim Singh]]'s residence in his estate at Nanta.<ref name=":3" /> [[Zalim Singh]] gave lavish presents, including diamond necklaces and bracelets, to Kishore Singh. Presents, including gold mohars and 678 luxurious robes, were gifted to all male and female members of the Kishore Singh family, whether close or distant, by [[Zalim Singh]].<ref name=":3" /> [[Zalim Singh]] distributed cash and clothes to all the palace officials and servants, regardless of rank. In return, Kishore Singh spent three days at Nanta and presented gifts worth Rs. 1,497, which included 11 male robes and 28 female robes. [[Zalim Singh]] also invited many Maratha sardars, twelve of whom were particularly notable.<ref name=":3" /> Among these, five were jagirdars of [[Kingdom of Kota|Kotah]], and there were also representatives from [[Daulat Rao Sindhia|Daulat Rao Scindia]] and the [[House of Holkar|Holkar]].<ref name=":3" /> [[Amir Khan (Nawab of Tonk)|Amir Khan of Tonk]] also attended the wedding and presented the bridegroom with a gift of Rs. 500, a pearl necklace, and a [[sarpech]].<ref name=":3" />

== Death ==
He died in 1845 and was succeeded by his son, [[Prithviraj Singh]], as the Maharaj Rana of [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]].<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jhala Madan}}
[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1845 deaths]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

Thomas Blaney

2026-02-14T14:35:25Z

JesusHupp231: Put Up The Data W/ Sources

{{Short description|Irish physician and philanthropist (1823–1903)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{distinguish|Thomas Blamey}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Thomas Blaney
|image=Dr. Thomas Blaney - Bhau Daji Museum 01.JPG
|image_size=
|caption=Statue of Blaney
|birth_date=24 May 1823
|birth_place=[[Caherconlish]], Ireland
|death_date={{death date and age|1903|4|1|1823|5|24|df=y}}
|death_place=[[Bombay]], India
|occupation=Physician and philanthropist
|known_for=
}}
'''Thomas Blaney''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|CIE}} (24 May 1823 – 1 April 1903) was an Irish physician and philanthropist in [[Bombay]], India.

==Biography==
Blaney was born at [[Caherconlish]], Pallas-green, County Limerick, on 24 May 1823. Of humble origin, he went out to [[Bombay]] with his parents when only three. Ten years later (1836) he was apprenticed to the subordinate medical department of the [[East India Company]]. He served 'up-country' for eight years, but returning to Bombay in 1847 entered the [[Grant medical college]] as a government student in 1851, and attended classes there for four years. After reaching the post of apothecary at the European general hospital on Rs. 100 per mensem, he was invalided from the service in 1860. He rapidly founded a large private practice among all classes and aces in the city. In 1867 he published a pamphlet on 'Fevers as connected with the Sanitation of Bombay'; during the prevalence of famine in southern Indian in 1878 he identified relapsing fever. When plague betrayed its presence in 1896, he was foremost in detecting its true nature, and realised the gravity of the situation, which was much under-estimated by the health department of the municipality. Known as 'the jury-wallah doctor,' because he served as coroner from 1876 to 1893, he was held in great local repute professionally, and grateful native patients often remembered him in their wills. All his large earnings, save the small amount needed for Ms simple style of life, were given to the poor and to causes which won his sympathy. He made it a rule to take no professional fee from a widow. For many months he provided in his own home free tuition and a midday meal for. children of ' poor whites.' More than seventy children were thus cared for, and ultimately, under the name of the Blaney school, the institution was taken over and maintained for a time by a representative committee.

In civic affairs Blaney first came into notice by the vigour with which he condemned in the local press, under the pseudonym of 'Q in the Corner,' the wild speculation of the period (1861–5). In 1868 he was appointed to the bench of justices, which had restricted powers of municipal administration, and when a municipal corporation at Bombay was established in 1872 he was one of the original members, retaining office until his retirement from public life. He was elected to the chair on four occasions between 1877 and 1893. A member of the municipality's statutory standing committee responsible for the civic expenditure for nine years, and its chairman from 1890 to 1894, he refused the fees payable for attendance, and thus saved the rates about 1000l. An eloquent speaker and an ardent but always fair fighter, he exercised a wise and salutary influence on civic polity. He successfully resisted the efforts of a powerful English syndicate to obtain control of the water supply, the adequacy and efficiency of which under municipal management were his special care. He was chairman of the joint schools committee, a member of the city improvement trust, and a fellow of the university. The government of India appointed him [[sheriff of Bombay]] in 1875 and 1888. He was created a [[Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire|C.I.E.]] in May 1894, and on 2 June of the same year a statue of him in Carrara marble, by Signor Valla of Genoa, for which upwards of Rs. 22,000 (1460l.) were subscribed by his fellow-citizens, was unveiled, opposite the Bombay municipal buildings, by Mr. H. A. Acworth, I.C.S., then municipal commissioner. Four years later the infirmities of age compelled Blaney's relinquishment of both civic and professional work. His liberality had deprived him of means of support, but a few fellow-townsmen provided for his simple needs. He died a widower on 1 April 1903, and was buried at [[Sewri cemetery]] next day. His wife Mary Ann Mulheron whom he married on 29 November 1854 died on 18 September 1874. They had 4 children. Mary Ann herself a widow was previously married to George Thomas Donaldson.

==References==
{{DNB12|wstitle=Blaney, Thomas|first=Frank Herbert|last=Brown|authorlink=Frank Herbert Brown|volume=01}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blaney, Thomas}}
[[Category:1823 births]]
[[Category:1903 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Irish medical doctors]]
[[Category:19th-century Irish medical doctors]]
[[Category:19th-century Irish philanthropists]]
[[Category:Irish expatriates in India]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from County Limerick]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]

Rourkela Junction railway station

2026-02-05T11:25:14Z

JesusHupp231: added post

{{Short description|Railway station in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Rourkela Junction
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] junction station
| image = Rourkela junction Main Entrance.jpg
| address = Near New Bus Stand, [[Rourkela]], [[Odisha]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.2276|N|84.8629|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|219|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railways]]
| tracks = 10 {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| parking = Yes
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = ROU
| zone = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Chakradharpur}}
}}
| opened = {{start date and age|1891}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1961–62
| former = [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_type = India Odisha#India
| map_dot_label = Rourkela Junction
| map_caption = Location in Odisha##Location in India
| image_size =
| image_caption = Rourkela Junction Main Entrance
| line = [[Tatanagar–Bilaspur section]] of [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]], [[Rourkela–Ranchi section]] of [[Hatia–Rourkela line]], [[Rourkela–Birmitrapur branch line]]
| other = Auto stand [[File:Feature ticket office.svg|20px|Computerized Ticketing Counters]] [[File:Feature parking.svg|20px|Parking]] [[File:Feature accessible.svg|20px|Disabled Access]] [[File:SymbolCoffeeShop.svg|20px|Food Plaza]] [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|20px|Kiosks]] [[File:Aseos Públicos.jpg|20px|WC]] [[File:Aiga taxi.svg|20px|Taxi Stand]] [[File:Feature suburban buses.svg|20px|Public Transportation]]
| platform = 7
| accessible = {{access icon|20px}} Available
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=South Eastern Railway zone|left=Bondamunda|right=Panposh|type=[[Tatanagar–Bilaspur section]] of [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]],[[Hatia–Rourkela line]],[[Rourkela–Birmitrapur branch line]]}}
}}

'''Rourkela Junction railway station''' (station code:- '''ROU''') is a railway junction located in the north-western part of the Indian state of [[Odisha]] and serves [[Rourkela]] in [[Sundergarh district]]. Rourkela is the [[List of cities in Odisha by population|third-largest]] [[urban agglomeration]] in Odisha.

== History ==
Rourkela railway station came up with the opening of the Nagpur–Asansol main line of [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] in 1891. It became a station on the crosscountry [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]] in 1900.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 | title = Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway | publisher = South Eastern Railway | access-date = 2012-12-05 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 | archive-date = 1 April 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Rourkela was connected to Barsuan iron ore mines in 1960.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://rourkelarail.wetpaint.com/page/BONDAMUNDA+JUNCTION |title =Bondamunda Junction | access-date = 2012-12-08 }}</ref> In earlier days the railway station of Rourkela was within the village of Mahulpali. The railway station gained in importance with the setting up of India's first public sector steel plant at Rourkela in the nineteen fifties.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sail.co.in/|title = Steel Authority of India Limited – A Maharatna |work= Rourkela Steel Plant| publisher=SAIL | access-date = 2012-12-05 }}</ref> It was electrified in 1961–62.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-12-05 }}</ref>

==Busy station==
Rourkela railway station is amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=2012-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref> 11 trains originate at Rourkela and 111 trains(including weeklies and bi-weeklies) pass through it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=ROU&name=ROURKELA |title=Rourkela Railway Station details |publisher=indiantrains.org |access-date=2012-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715220818/http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=ROU&name=ROURKELA |archive-date=15 July 2012 }}</ref> It is situated on the Kolkata–Mumbai South Eastern railway line which is a major route connecting the two metros of India. Rourkela is connected to Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Asansol, Dhanbad, Ranchi, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune, Ahmedabad, Bhubaneswar, Nagpur, Patna, Vishakhapatnam, Jamshedpur, Raipur, Cuttack, Puri, Berhampur, Sambalpur and Jammu & Kashmir and Ranchi.

==Bimlagarh–Talcher project==
The {{convert|156|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long line connecting Bimlagarh on the [[Bondamunda–Barsuan branch line]] and Talcher on the [[Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line|Sambalpur–Talcher–Barang branch line]], was sanctioned in 2004–05 and construction is in progress. This line when complete would reduce the distance between Rourkela and Bhubaneswar, the state capital, from 460 km (via Sambalpur) to 300 km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.welcomeorissa.com/orissa_news.php?opt=view&id=31329&ChosenDay=19&ChosenMonth=04&ChosenYear=2011 |title=Bimlagarh–Talcher rail link: All decks cleared |publisher=Welcome Orissa |access-date=2012-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025742/http://www.welcomeorissa.com/orissa_news.php?opt=view&id=31329&ChosenDay=19&ChosenMonth=04&ChosenYear=2011 |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref>

==Electric Loco Shed, Rourkela==
[[File:BDM RKL Shed.png|center|thumb|536x536px|Rourkela Electric Locomotive Shed]]
'''Electric Loco Shed, Rourkela''' is the 3rd electric loco shed of
Chakradharpur Division, South Eastern Railway. It has a holding capacity of 200 Electric locomotives.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Serial No. !! Locomotive Class !! Horsepower !! Quantity
|-
| 1. || [[WAG-9]] || 6120 || 289
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Locomotives Active as of February 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electric Loco Holding |url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=Railnet}}</ref>|| 289
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/rourkela-junction-rou/170 Trains at Rourkela]
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Rourkela}}

{{Railway stations in Odisha}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Sundergarh district]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Odisha]]
[[Category:Chakradharpur railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1891]]
[[Category:Transport in Rourkela]]

Delsy Ninan

2026-01-31T16:54:14Z

JesusHupp231: New Some Data Basic Info

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Delsy Ninan
| image = Thampu Delsy Ninan.jpg
| alias = Thampu Delsy Ninan
| website =
}}
'''Delsy Ninan''' is an Indian playback singer from Kerala. She is also a VJ and has presented shows in Malayalam channels.

== Early life ==
Delsy did her schooling in Pathanamthitta. She completed her graduation in BA English BCM College, Kottayam; where her musical side was recognized and encouraged by her friends. Later on it was music director [[Sunny Viswanath]] who recognized her talent and introduced her into playback singing.

== Career ==
She started her career through the live show "Naalumani Pookkal" which was aired on [[Jeevan TV]]. Her first appearance in a band was through "GirlzBand" in [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. She was also part of "Star Band" which was the official band of the show Star Wars in Kairali TV. Her biggest break as a VJ came to her in 2014, when she anchored the super hit show "Surya Singer<ref>{{Citation|last=Pratheep Kalkkulam|title=Surya Singer Anjana G V krishna|date=2013-05-01|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKVrmszzQFk|accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>" in [[Surya TV]] which brought her huge recognition among the public as well as professional circles alike. She has performed in the super hit TV show Music Mojo<ref>{{Citation|last=Mathrubhumi Kappa TV|title=Tumse milke - Murali Gopy feat. Bennet & the band - Music Mojo Season 2 - KappaTV|date=2014-10-24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmiLoew6yZM|accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref> in [[Kappa TV]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Mathrubhumi Kappa TV|title=Star Jam - Merin & Delsy - Part 1 - Kappa TV|date=2014-12-27|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5L7fD9WBs0|accessdate=2016-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Mathrubhumi Kappa TV|title=Star Jam - Merin & Delsy - Part 2 - Kappa TV|date=2014-12-27|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LpHiz6Xu158|accessdate=2016-04-23}}</ref> She has also rendered many Jingles and has been featured in various brand adverts.<ref>{{Citation|last=Heather Wellness Centre|title=Heather Wellness Centre TV Advertisement|date=2016-03-23|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkWkoVc7I1U|accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Heather Wellness Centre|title=Heather Wellness Centre, Thrissur|date=2016-03-23|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvYA-FGLZv4|accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Red Hub|title=Metro Fashionmall aluva|date=2013-11-02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TROqsuZHvIE|accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref> She has also recorded<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/blending-energy-with-music/article3200851.ece|title=Blending energy with music|date=2006-10-07|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Ready-for-Malayalam-acapella/articleshow/15137734.cms|title=Ready for Malayalam acapella? - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-04-20}}</ref> as well as performed in various stage shows with prominent artists in India as well as USA,<ref>{{Citation|last=Malayalam TVUSA|title=Jayaram Show 2015|date=2015-06-29|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7EoPKPKvuA|accessdate=2016-04-23}}</ref> Canada, UK,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmauk.com/event|title=Event {{!}} MMAUK|website=www.mmauk.com|access-date=2016-04-20|archive-date=23 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423101140/http://www.mmauk.com/event|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishmalayali.co.uk/index.php?page=newsDetail&id=50318|title = Star night stage show in uK}}</ref> Australia,<ref>{{Citation|last=Heart Beats and Sahayas Pty Ptd|title="Joke n Jill" in Australia - Official Promo|date=2015-08-05|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3eAPyo_rR70|accessdate=2016-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Inarto Media|title=Joke n Jill in Adelaide part 2|date=2016-03-11|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8TvxLmT-6A4|accessdate=2016-04-23}}</ref> UAE, South Africa, Indonesia, Bahrain,<ref>{{Citation|last=MediaoneTV Live|title=Dulquer Salmaan in Star Night 2016 at Bahrain|date=2016-04-05|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8D46v0L1jQ|accessdate=2016-04-23}}</ref> Doha and Kuwait to name a few.

=== ''Career in Playback'' ===
Delsy's playback singing career started off with the movie "Isra" in 2005, songs of which were composed by [[Sunny Viswanath]]. She rendered two songs in the movie. The following year music director [[Jassie Gift]] utilized her voice in two of his songs, of which the song "Neelathadagangalo" (Balram vs Tharadas) went on to become a very noted song. She also rendered two songs for the veteran music director [[Reghu Kumar|Raghu Kumar]] for the movie Subhadram, of which the song "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTGiRnZGBRw Swapnangale]" was a duet with the legendary singer [[P. Jayachandran]]. In 2008, she ventured into Telugu playback through the movie 'John Appa Rao 40 Plus'. The song [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzX6PAmox6I 'Meghalalo'] from the movie made it to the hit charts that particular year.

She got her big break in playback singing through the 2010 [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] starrer Malayalam movie 'Karyasthan' in which the song [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djZ8ccGpiNg "Malayalai Penne"] went on to become a super hit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article175134.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505092530/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article175134.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2016|title=When a runaway hit is made|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-04-21}}</ref> This also kick started her association with the music direction duo Berny-Ignatious. In 2013, she sang two songs for Berny-Ignatious of which the song [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xwa5QPYyWBI "Minnaminungin vettam"], from yet again a Dileep starrer movie 'Sringaravelan'; went on to become a super hit. These two hits contributed in a big way into establishing Delsy as a sought after singer among the public as well as professional musicians. In 2015 she sang her first playback in Tamil, through the movie 'Romba Nallavanda Nee'. The song [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkZS_W_EnAY "Rajini Enakku"] from the movie was well appreciated. She also sang the song [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlAPXoBchU4 "Poonchola"] composed by Unni Nambiar in the movie "Village guys" the same year. In 2016, through the movie [[Sambar movie|Sambar]] she was able to sing yet another duet [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-BgycpG6-w "Poomkathirukal"] with the legend [[P. Jayachandran]]. The songs in the movie were composed by Music director [[Sunny Viswanath]]. She also rendered the theme song of the movie [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4pg-OC6qHA "The Sambar Song"]. The movie also set another milestone in her life, as she made her debut as a lyricist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/100216/cooking-a-musical-sambar.html|title=Cooking a musical Sambar|date=10 February 2016|access-date=2016-04-20}}</ref> by penning two songs in the movie.

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Music
!Language
!Song
|-
|2005
|ISRA

|[[Sunny Viswanath]]

|Malayalam

|1.Iravupol
2.Vellithinkal Vilakkanayunnu
|-
|2006
|[[Balram vs. Tharadas|Balram Vs Tharadas]]
|[[Jassie Gift]]
|Malayalam
|Neelathadagangalo (F)
|-
|2006
|Aswaroodan
|[[Jassie Gift]]
|Malayalam
|Anthivarum
|-
|2007
|Sooryakireedam
|Bennet-Veetrag
|Malayalam
|Sneham kondoru (Slow version)
|-
|2007
|Subhadram
|[[Reghu Kumar|Raghu Kumar]]
|Malayalam
|1.Swapnangale

2.Kaathil melle
|-
|2008
|[[John Appa Rao 40 Plus]]
|Kiran Varanasi
|Telugu
|Meghalalo (D)
|-
|2010
|[[Kaaryasthan|Karyasthan]]
|[[Berny-Ignatius|Berny Ignatious]]
|Malayalam
|Malayali Penne<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/interview-with-delsy-ninan.html|title=പത്രപ്രവർത്തനത്തിൽ നിന്നു പാട്ടു കൂട്ടിലേക്ക്|website=ManoramaOnline|access-date=2016-04-20}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|Climax
|[[Berny-Ignatius|Berny Ignatious]]
|Malayalam
|Mayangan Kazhinjilla (Solo & Duet)
|-
|2013
|[[Sringaravelan]]
|[[Berny-Ignatius|Berny Ignatious]]
|Malayalam
|Minnaminungin Vettam
|-
|2015
|[[Rombha Nallavan Da Nee|Romba Nallavanda Nee]]
|Ram Surender
|Tamil
|Rajini Enakku Pudikkum (D)
|-
|2015
|Village guys
|Unni Nambiar
|Malayalam
|Poonchola
|-
|2016
|[[Sambar movie|Sambar]]
|[[Sunny Viswanath]]
|Malayalam
|1.The Sambar Song
2.Poomkathirukal
|-
|2021
|[[Amma Marathanalil movie|Amma Marathanalil]]
|[[Shine Pulikkal]]
|Malayalam
|1.Naavooru Paattinte Viralonnu
|}

=== Other Music ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Album
!Music director
!Lyrics
!Song
|-
|Sooryakanthi
|[[Sunny Viswanath]]
|[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]]
|[http://www.saavn.com/s/song/malayalam/Sooryakanthi/Jeevane/By8KSBNRVQI Jeevane]
|-
| +2 Kaari
|Muralee Krishna
|Sijil Kodungalloor
|Ilaveyil
|-
|Gift (Christian Devotional)
|Fr. Louis Mariadas
|Fr. Louis Mariadas
|Minnum Thaarangal
|-
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzu8rK0gyWY Manaporutham (Serial)]
|[[Mohan Sithara]]
|
|(Duet)
|-
|Ente Kannan
|Unni Nambiar
|Harinarayanan BK
|Thamarakannanunni
|-
|Ente Kannan
|Unni Nambiar
|Suresh Damoradan
|Thaane Pookkum
|-
|Thejus
| [[Peter Cheranalloor]]
|
|Karaluruki
|}

=== As lyricist ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Music director
!Songs
|-
|2016
|Sambar
|Sunny Viswanath
|1.The Sambar Song
2. Poomkathirukal
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|12705468}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ninan, Delsy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]

Tapasya College of Commerce and Management

2026-01-23T07:19:29Z

JesusHupp231: Put Up Initial Info W/ Sources

{{Undisclosed paid|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Tapasya College of Commerce and Management
| image = [[File:Tapasya-logo-300x250-PNG.png|Tapasya College of Commerce & Management]]
| established = 2009
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = Osmania University, Telangana State Board of Intermediate Education, Karnataka Pre-University Board, Bangalore University
| type = Private
| chairman = CA Muppala Sreedhar
| director = K Srinivas Rao
| dean = Oguri Srihari Rao
| principal =
| city = [[Hyderabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| academic_staff = 800
| administrative_staff = 120
| students = 18472
| website = https://www.tapasyaedu.com/
}}

'''Tapasya College of Commerce and Management (TCCM)''' is an educational institute based in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref name=" loc">{{cite web |title=LIST OF OFFLINE UG COLLEGES FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2019-20 |url=https://www.osmania.ac.in/AcademicInfo2019/List%20of%20Offline%20colleges2019-20%20.pdf |website=www.osmania.ac.in}}</ref>
The college is affiliated with [[Osmania University]] and approved by [[Government of Telangana]] and [[Telangana State Board of Intermediate Education]].<ref name="TG"/>

==History==
Tapasya College of Commerce and Management (TCCM) was established in 2009 under the [[Osmania University]] and [[Telangana State Board of Intermediate Education]] based in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]].<ref name="TG">{{cite web |title=Telangana Academy for Skill and Knowledge |url=https://www.task.telangana.gov.in/College-Details/TAPASYA_DEGREE_COLLEGE_DILSUKHNAGAR |website=www.task.telangana.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=" loc"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Colleges in India]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Osmania University]]
[[Category:Commerce colleges in India]]

Sangli-Miraj-Kupwad Municipal Corporation

2026-01-16T13:53:55Z

JesusHupp231: Added

#REDIRECT [[Sangli, Miraj and Kupwad City Municipal Corporation]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Vaibhāṣika

2026-01-08T14:26:12Z

JesusHupp231: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|School of Buddhist philosophy}}
{{Buddhist Philosophy sidebar}}
'''Sarvāstivāda-Vaibhāṣika''' ({{langx|sa|सर्वास्तिवाद-वैभाषिक}}) or simply '''Vaibhāṣika''' ({{lang|sa|वैभाषिक}}) was an ancient Buddhist tradition of [[Abhidharma]] (scholastic [[Buddhist philosophy]]), which was very influential in [[North India]], especially [[Kashmir]].<ref name=":0">Westerhoff 2018, pp. 60–61.</ref><ref>Willemen et al 1998, p. 152.</ref> In various texts, they referred to their tradition as ''Yuktavāda'' (the doctrine of logic), and another name for them was ''Hetuvāda'' (the doctrine of causes).<ref name=":7">Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 56, 164.</ref> The Vaibhāṣika school was an influential subgroup of the larger [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]] school. They were distinguished from other Sarvāstivāda sub-schools like the [[Sautrāntika]] and the "Western Masters" of [[Gandharan Buddhism|Gandhara]] and [[Bactria]] by their orthodox adherence to the doctrines found in the ''[[Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra|Mahāvibhāṣa]],'' from which their name is derived (''Vaibhāṣa'' is a ''vṛddhi'' derivative of ''vibhāṣa,'' meaning "related to the ''vibhāṣa''"). Vaibhāṣika thought significantly influenced the Buddhist philosophy of all major [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] Buddhist schools of thought and also influenced the later forms of [[Theravada|Theravāda]] [[Theravada Abhidhamma|Abhidhamma]] (though to a much lesser extent).<ref name=":4">KL Dhammajoti. ''The Contribution of Saṃghabhadra to Our Understanding of Abhidharma Doctrines,'' in Bart Dessein and Weijen Teng (eds) "Text, History, and Philosophy Abhidharma across Buddhist Scholastic Traditions."</ref>

The Sarvāstivāda tradition arose in the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]] during the second century BCE, and was possibly founded by Kātyānīputra (c. 150 BCE).<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 55.</ref> During the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan era]], the "Great Commentary" (''[[Mahavibhasa|Mahāvibhāṣa]])'' on Abhidharma was compiled, marking the beginning of Vaibhāṣika as a proper school of thought. This tradition was well-supported by [[Kanishka]], and later spread throughout North India and [[Central Asia]]. It maintained its own canon of scriptures in [[Sanskrit]], which included a seven-part ''Abhidharma Piṭaka'' collection. Vaibhāṣika remained the most influential Buddhist school in [[Northwest India]] from the first century CE until the seventh century.<ref name=":7" />

Despite numerous variations and doctrinal disagreements within the tradition, most Sarvāstivāda-Vaibhāṣikas were united in their acceptance of the doctrine of "''sarvāstitva''" (all exists), which says that all phenomena in the three times (past, present and future) can be said to exist.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 59.</ref> Another defining Vaibhāṣika doctrine was that of simultaneous causation (''sahabhū-hetu''), hence their alternative name of "''Hetuvāda"''.

== Sources ==
[[File:Buddhist tope baramula1868.jpg|thumb|Stupa of ''Jayendra Vihar'' at [[Ushkur]] (Huṣkapur) near [[Baramulla]], Jammu and Kashmir, during excavations in 1869. Jayendra was known as great center of learning and Xuanzang is said to have studied Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma here.<ref>Lal Mani Joshi (1977). ''Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the 7th and 8th Centuries A.D.'', p. 139. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.</ref>]]

=== Canonical texts ===
The main source of this tradition is the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma Piṭaka.

The texts of the Sarvāstivādin Abhidharma Piṭaka are:

* ''[[Sangītiparyāya]]'' ('Discourses on Gathering Together'), essentially a commentary on the ''Samgiti Sūtra'' ([[Taishō Tripiṭaka|T]]. 9, [[Dīgha Nikāya]] No. 33).
* ''[[Dharmaskandha]]'' ('Aggregation of Dharmas'), a list of key doctrinal topics.
* ''[[Prajñāptiśāstra]]'' ('Treatise on Designations'), a list of doctrinal topics followed by question and answer sections.
* ''[[Dhātukāya]]'' ('Collection of Elements'), similar to the ''[[Dhātukathā]],'' though it uses a different doctrinal list of dharmas.
* ''[[Vijñānakāya]]'' ('Collection of Consciousness'), attributed to master Devasarman. It is here that the existence of all [[dharma]]s through past, present and future, is first found.
* ''[[Prakaraṇapāda]]'' ('Exposition')

Together, these comprise the '''Six Treatises''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 六足論; [[Sanskrit]]: षड्पादशास्त्र, ''Ṣaḍ-pāda-śāstra''). The seventh text is the [[Jnanaprasthana|''Jñānaprasthāna'']] ('Foundation of Knowledge'), also known as ''Aṣṭaskandha'' or ''Aṣṭagrantha,'' said to be composed by Kātyāyanīputra.

Yaśomitra is said to have likened this text to the body of the above six treatises, referring to them as its legs (''pādas'').

=== Exegetical texts ===
The ''Jñānaprasthāna'' became the basis for Sarvastivāda exegetical works called ''vibhāṣa'', which were composed in a time of intense sectarian debate among the Sarvāstivādins in [[Kashmir]]. These compendia not only contain sūtra references and reasoned arguments but also contain new doctrinal categories and positions.<ref>Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett. Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholasticism, Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung. Indien. Brill, 1998, p. 229.</ref> The most influential of these was the [[Mahavibhasa|''Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra'']] ("Great Commentary"), a massive work which became the central text of the Vaibhāṣika tradition who became the Kashmiri Sarvāstivāda orthodoxy under the patronage of the [[Kushan Empire]].<ref>Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett. Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholasticism, Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung. Indien. Brill, 1998, p. XII.</ref>

There are also two other extant vibhāṣa compendia, though there is evidence for the existence of many more of these works which are now lost. The ''Vibhāṣa Śāstra'' of Sitapani and the ''Abhidharma Vibhāṣa Śāstra'' translated by Buddhavarman c. 437 and 439 CE are the other extant Vibhāṣa works. Though some scholars claim the ''Mahāvibhāṣa'' dates to the reign of Kanishka during the first century CE, this dating is uncertain. However, we at least know it was translated into Chinese by the late 3rd or early 4th century.<ref>Willemen et al 1998, p. 148.</ref>

=== Treatises ===
In addition to the canonical Sarvāstivādan Abhidharma, a variety of expository texts or treatises were written to serve as overviews and introductions to the Abhidharma. The best known belonging to the Sarvāstivāda tradition are:{{sfn|Gethin|1998|p=205}}<ref>Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett. Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholasticism, Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung. Indien. Brill, 1998.</ref>

* ''Abhidharma-hṛdaya-śāstra'' (''The Heart of Abhidharma''), by the [[Tocharians|Tocharian]] Dharmasresthin, circa 1st. century BCE, Bactria. It is the oldest example of a systematised Sarvāstivāda treatise.
* ''Abhidharma-āmrtaṛasa'' (''The Taste of the Deathless'') by the Tocharian Ghoṣaka, 2nd century, based on the above work.
* ''Abhidharma-hṛdaya-śāstra'' (''The Heart of Abhidharma'') by Upasanta, also based on Dharmasresthin's ''Abhidharma-hṛdaya-śāstra''.
* ''Samyuktabhidharma-hṛdaya'' by Dharmatrata, also based on Dharmasresthin's ''Abhidharma-hṛdaya-śāstra''.
* ''[[Abhidharmakośakārikā|Abhidharmakośa-bhāsya]]'' (''Treasury of Higher Knowledge'') by [[Vasubandhu]] (4th or 5th century) – a highly influential series of verses and accompanying commentary by [[Vasubandhu]]. It often critiques [[Vaibhashika|Vaibhāṣika]] views from a [[Sautrantika]] perspective. This is the main text used to study Abhidharma in Tibet and East Asia. It remains influential in Chinese and [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. However, [[K. L. Dhammajoti]] notes that this work sometimes presents the Vaibhāṣika views unfairly.<ref name=":4" />
* ''Abhidharmakośopāyikā-ṭīkā'', a commentary on the ''Kośa'' by Śamathadeva.
* ''Nyāyānusāra'' (''Conformance to Correct Principle'') by [[Saṃghabhadra]], an attempt to criticise Vasubandhu and defend orthodox [[Vaibhashika|Vaibhāṣika]] views.
* ''Abhidharma-samaya-pradīpikā'', a compendium of the above by Saṃghabhadra.
* ''Abhidharmavatara'' ("Descent into the Abhidharma"), an introductory treatise by master Skandhila (5th century).
* ''Abhidharma-dipa'' and its auto-commentary, the ''Vibhāṣa-prabha-vrtti'', a post-Saṃghabhadra Vaibhāṣika treatise which follows closely the ''Abhidharmakośa'' verses and attempts to defend [[Vaibhashika|Vaibhāṣika]] orthodoxy.

The most mature and refined form of Vaibhāṣika philosophy can be seen in the work of master [[Saṃghabhadra]] (c. 5thcentury), "undoubtedly one of the most brilliant Abhidharma masters in India".<ref name=":4" /> His two main works, the ''*Nyāyānusāra'' (''Shun zhengli lun'' 順正理論) and the ''*Abhidharmasamayapradīpikā'' (''Apidamo xian zong lun'' 阿毘達磨顯宗論), are very important sources for late Vaibhāṣika thought.<ref name=":4" /> His work was referenced and cited by various important figures, such as [[Xuanzang]] and [[Sthiramati]].

== Dharmas ==

=== Dharmas and their characteristics ===
All Buddhist schools of Abhidharma divided up the world into "dharmas" (phenomena, factors, or "psycho-physical events"), which are the fundamental building blocks of all phenomenal experience.<ref name=":5">Ronkin, Noa, [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/abhidharma/ "Abhidharma", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)].</ref> Unlike the sūtras, the Abhidharma analyses experience into these momentary psycho-physical processes. Dharmas refers to the discrete and impermanent instances of consciousness along with their intentional objects that rapidly arise and pass away in sequential streams. They are analogous to atoms, but are psycho-physical. Hence, according to Noa Ronkin, "all experiential events are understood as arising from the interaction of ''dharmas''."<ref name=":5" />

From the Vaibhāṣika perspective, "Abhi-dharma" refers to analysing and understanding the nature of dharmas and the wisdom (''[[Prajñā (Buddhism)|prajñā]]'') that arises from this. This systematic understanding of the Buddha's teaching was seen by Vaibhāṣikas as the highest expression of the Buddha's wisdom which was necessary to practice the Buddhist path.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 10, 16.</ref> It is seen as representing the true intention of the Buddha on the level of absolute truth (''paramārtha-satya'').<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 16.</ref> According to the ''Mahāvibhāṣa'', "Abhidharma is [precisely] the analysis of the intrinsic characteristics and common characteristics of dharmas."<ref name=":1" />

For Vaibhāṣikas, dharmas are the "fundamental constituents of existence" which are discrete and real entities (''dravya'').<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 8, 19.</ref> [[K. L. Dhammajoti]] states:<blockquote>A dharma is defined as that which holds its intrinsic characteristic (''svalakṣaṇadhāraṇād dharmaḥ''). The intrinsic characteristic of the dharma called rūpa, for example, is the susceptibility of being molested (''rūpyate''), obstructability and visibility; that of another dharma called vedanā is sensation, etc. And for a dharma to be a dharma, its intrinsic characteristic must be sustainable throughout time: A rūpa remains a rūpa irrespective of its various modalities. It can never be transformed into another different dharma (such as vedanā). Thus, a uniquely characterizable entity is a uniquely real (in the absolute sense) entity, having a unique intrinsic nature (''svabhāva''): “To be existent as an absolute entity is to be existent as an intrinsic characteristic (''paramārthena sat svalakṣaṇena sad ityarthaṛ'').”<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 19.</ref></blockquote>This idea is seen in the ''Jñānaprasthāna'' which states: "Dharmas are determined with respect to nature and characteristic... Dharmas are determined, without being co-mingled. They abide in their intrinsic natures, and do not relinquish their intrinsic natures ([[Taishō Tripiṭaka|T]]. 26, 923c)."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 8.</ref>

According to Vaibhāṣikas, the ''svabhāvas'' of dharmas are those things that exist substantially (''dravyasat'') as opposed to those things which are made up of aggregations of dharmas and thus only have a nominal existence (''prajñaptisat'').<ref name=":3" /> This distinction is also termed the doctrine of the [[Two truths doctrine|two truths]], which holds that there is a conventional truth (''saṁvṛti'') that refers to things which can be further analysed, divided or broken up into smaller constituents and an ultimate truth (''paramārtha'') referring to that which resists any further analysis.<ref>Siderits, Mark (2007). ''Buddhism as Philosophy'', p. 112.</ref><ref name=":5" />

Thus, a dharma's intrinsic characteristic (''svalakṣaṇa'') and the very ontological existence of a dharma (i.e. ''[[Svabhava|svabhāva]],'' "intrinsic nature"'','' or ''dravya,'' "substance") is one and the same.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 19</ref> For the Vaibhāṣika school, this "own nature" (''svabhāva'') was said to be the characteristic of a dharma that persists through the three times (past, present and future).<ref name=":3">Westerhoff, 2018, p. 70.</ref>

Vaibhāṣika Abhidharma also describes dharmas as having "common characteristics" (''sāmānya-lakṣaṇa''), which applies to numerous dharmas (for example, impermanence applies to all material dharmas and all feelings, etc.). Only the mental consciousness can cognise common characteristics.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 20.</ref>

However, the intrinsic characteristics of a dharma have a certain kind of relativity due to the relationship between various dharmas. For example, all rūpa (form) dharmas have the common characteristic of resistance, but this is also an intrinsic characteristic with respect to other dharmas like vedanā (feeling).<ref name=":1">Dhammajoti (2009) p. 21.</ref>

Also, various sources state that the intrinsic nature of a dharma is "weak" and that they are interdependent with other dharmas. The ''Mahāvibhāṣa'' states that "conditioned dharmas are weak in their intrinsic nature, they can accomplish their activities only through mutual dependence" and that "they have no sovereignty (''aisvarya''). They are dependent on others."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 187–188.</ref> Thus, an intrinsic nature (''svabhāva)'' arises due to dependently originated processes or relationships between various dharmas and therefore, a ''svabhāva'' is not something which is completely ontologically independent.

=== Classification of dharmas ===

Abhidharma thought can be seen as an attempt at providing a complete account of every type of experience. Therefore, an important part of Vaibhāṣika Abhidharma comprises the classification, definition and explanation of the different types of dharma as well as the analysis of conventional phenomena and how they arise from the aggregation of dharmas. Thus there is the element of dividing up things into their constituents as well as the element of synthesis, i.e. how dharmas combine to make up conventional things.<ref name=":5" />

The Vaibhāṣikas made use of classic early Buddhist doctrinal categories such as the [[Skandha|five skandhas]], the sense bases ([[āyatana]]s) and the "[[Skandha|eighteen dhātus]]". Beginning with the ''Pañcavastuka'' of Vasumitra, the Vaibhāṣikas also adopted a five group classification of dharmas which outlined a total of 75 types of phenomena.<ref name=":6">Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 35–37.</ref>

The five main classifications of dharmas are:<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" />
* '''''[[Rūpa]]''''' (11 dharma types)'','' refers to matter or physical phenomena/events.
* '''''[[Citta|Ćitta]]''''' (1 type)'','' refers to thought, intentional consciousness or the bare phenomenon of consciousness. Its main characteristic is cognising an object.
* '''''[[Mental factors (Buddhism)|Ćaitasikas]]''''' (46 types) refers to "thought-concomitants", mental events or "associated mentality".
* '''''Ćittaviprayuktasaṃskāras''''' (14 types) refers to "conditionings disjoined from thought" or "factors disassociated from thought". This category is unique to Vaibhāṣika and not shared with other Abhidharma schools. It groups together various experiential events that are not associated with thought but are also not physical.
* '''''Asaṃskṛta dharmas''''' (3 types) refers to the three unconditioned dharmas: space and two states of cessation (''[[nirodha]]'').

Dharmas are also classified and divided into further taxonomical categories providing further aids to understanding the Buddhist view and path. Some of the major ways that the Vaibhāṣikas classified dharmas include the following:<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 37–43.</ref>

* Skillful, wholesome or useful on the path (''kuśala''), unskillful (''akuśala'') or non-defined/non-determined (''avyākṛta''). Skillful dharmas generate desirable and good outcomes, unskillful ones are the opposite. Non-defined dharmas are neither good nor bad.
* ''Saṃskṛta'' (conditioned, fabricated), or ''asaṃskṛta'' (unconditioned). According to the ''Mahāvibhāṣa,'' a dharma is conditioned "if it has arising and ceasing, cause and effect, and acquires the characteristics of the conditioned."
* ''Sāsrava'' (with [[Asava|āsravas]], which are the "outflows" or mental impurities, a synonym for defilement) and ''anāsrava'' (without āsravas).
* ''Darśana-heya'' are sāsrava dharmas abandonable by vision (into the [[Four Noble Truths]]), ''bhāvanā-heya'' are sāsrava dharmas abandonable by cultivation of the Buddhist path, and ''aheya dharmas'' are anāsrava dharmas that are not to be abandoned.

=== ''Rūpa'' (matter) ===

Matter is that which is "subject to deterioration or disintegration." As Vasubandhu says, it is what "is repeatedly molested/broken" by contact.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 188–189.</ref> The main way of defining matter for Vaibhāṣikas is that it has two main distinctive natures: resistance (''sa-pratighātatva''), which is “the hindrance to the arising of another thing in its own location,” and visibility (''sa-nidarśanatva''), which allows one to locate matter since "it can be differently indicated as being here or being there" (Saṃghabhadra).<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 190.</ref>

The primary material dharmas are the four Great Elements (''[[mahābhūta]]'', "Great Reals") — earth (''pṛthivī''), water (''ap''), fire (''tejas''), air (''vāyu''). All other dharmas are "derived matter" (''upādāya-rūpa/bhautika'') which arise on the basis of the Great Realities.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 193.</ref> According to Dhammajoti: "The four Great Elements exist inseparably from one another, being co-existent causes (''sahabhū-hetu'') one to another. Nevertheless, rūpa-dharmas are manifested and experienced in diverse forms because of the difference in intensity or substance of one or more of the four Elements."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 195.</ref>

Vaibhāṣika also had a theory of atoms. However, these atoms (''paramāṇu'') were not seen as eternally immutable or permanent and instead are seen as momentary.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 198–199.</ref> For Vaibhāṣika, an atom is the smallest unit of matter, which cannot be cut, broken up and has no parts. They come together (without touching each other) to form aggregations or "molecules". They held that this is "known through mental analysis".<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 199, 205–206.</ref>

=== Mind and mental factors ===
In Vaibhāṣika Abhidharma, the mind is a real entity, which is referred to by three mostly synonymous terms: ''ćitta'', ''manas'' (thinking) and ''[[vijñāna]]'' (cognition), which are sometimes seen as different functional aspects of the mind.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 211.</ref> As defined by Dhammajoti, ćitta "is the general discernment or apprehension with respect to each individual object. This discernment is the mere grasping of the object itself, without apprehending any of its particularities."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 227.</ref> Saṃghabhadra defines it as what "grasps the characteristic of an object in a general manner."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 228.</ref>

Ćitta never arises by itself, it is always accompanied by certain mental factors or events (ć''aittas or ćaitasikas''), which are real and distinct dharmas that make a unique contribution to the mental process. Therefore, a moment of thought always has a specific nature and content. Ćittas and ćaittas always arise together simultaneously in mutually dependent relationships.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 212–213.</ref>

The doctrine which said that these two always arise and operate together is called "conjunction" (''saṃprayoga''). What conjunction meant was a disputed topic among the early masters.{{refn|According to Dhammajoti: "For Vasumitra, saṃprayoga means mutually giving rise to each other and having the same basis (āśraya). For Dharmatrāta, it is companionship or association. The vijñāna and caittas are saṃprayukta only if they mutually accommodate each other, co-arise and take the same object. For Ghoṣaka, it refers to the sameness (samatā) of the citta and the caittas with regard to basis, object (ālambana), mode of activity (ākāra), and action (kriyā)." Dhammajoti 2009 p. 225.|group=note}} Later, it came to be accepted that for ćitta and ćaittas to be conjoined, the following had to be true: both must be supported by the same basis (''āśraya'' i.e. sense organ), they must have the same object (''[[ālambana]]''), mode of activity (''ākāra''), same time (''kāla''), and the same substance (''dravya''). This doctrine was repudiated by the Sautrāntika, who held that dharmas only arise successively, one after the other.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 225.</ref>

As seen in their list of dharmas, the Vaibhāṣikas classified ćaittas into various sub-categories based on various qualities. For example, the first classification, the universal dharmas (''mahābhūmik''a), are so called because they exist in all types of ćitta. Then there are also universal good dharmas (''kuśala mahābhūmikā'') and universal defilements (''kleśa'').<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 215–216.</ref>

One of the major controversies in Abhidharma Buddhism dealt with the question of the original nature of ćitta. Some, like the [[Mahāsāṃghika]], held the view that it retains an originally pure nature. Vaibhāṣikas like Saṃghabhadra rejected this view, holding that the nature of ćitta can also be defiled.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 234.</ref>

=== ''Ćittaviprayuktasaṃskāras'' ===
Unlike other Abhidharma schools, the Vaibhāṣikas added another ultimate classification termed ''ćitta-viprayukta-saṃskāra,'' “conditionings (forces) disjoined from thought.” These "are real entities which are neither mental nor material in nature, which yet can operate on both domains" and can be seen as laws of nature.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 285.</ref> Dhammajoti notes however that the Abhidharma works of other schools like the ''*[[Śāriputrābhidharma]]'' also contain this category, just not as one of the main ultimate classifications.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 286.</ref> He also notes that there was never full agreement on how many dharmas are found in this category and that the Sautrāntikas did not accept their reality. Thus it was a much debated topic in northern Abhidharma traditions.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 291.</ref>

Perhaps the most important of these conditionings are acquisition (''prāpti'') and non-acquisition (''aprāpti''). Acquisition:<blockquote>Is a force that links a dharma to a particular serial continuity (''santati/santāna''), i.e., the individual. Non-acquisition is another real entity whose function and nature are just opposed to those of acquisition: It acts to ensure that a given dharma is delinked from the individual serial continuity... It was at a relatively later stage that acquisition came to be defined generally as the dharma that effects the relation of any dharma to a living being (''santāna'').<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 293, 296.</ref></blockquote>These conditionings are particularly important because, due to their theory of tri-temporal existence, acquisition is central to the Vaibhāṣika understanding of defilement and purification. Since a defilement is a real dharma that exists always (''sarvadā asti''); it cannot be destroyed, however it can be de-linked from an individual by disrupting the acquisition-series. This also helps to explain how one can obtain a pure dharma such as nirvāṇa, since it is only through acquisition that one experiences nirvāṇa.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 300.</ref>

Another doctrinally important set of conditionings are "the four characteristics of the conditioned (''saṃskṛta-lakṣaṇa'')". Dharmas are said to have the production-characteristic (''jāti-lakṣaṇa'') which allows them to arise, the duration-characteristic (''sthiti-lakṣaṇa'') which is what enables it to temporarily remain and the decay-characteristic (''jarā‑lakṣaṇa'') which is the force which impairs its activity so that it can no longer continue projecting another distinct effect. A dharma also has the impermanence or disappearance characteristic (''anityatā/vyayalakṣaṇa'') which is what causes it to enter into the past.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 306–307.</ref>

=== ''Asaṃskṛta'' (the unconditioned) ===

Unconditioned dharmas are those which exist without being dependently co-arisen (''[[Pratītyasamutpāda|pratītya-samutpanna]]''), they are also not temporal or spatial. They transcend arising and ceasing, and are real existents that possess a unique efficacy (though not a temporal causal efficacy like other dharmas).<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 472–474.</ref>

The Vaibhāṣika school taught three types of unconditioned dharmas: space (''[[Akasha|ākāśa]]''), cessation through deliberation (''pratisaṃkhyā-nirodha''), and cessation independent of deliberation (''apratisaṃkhyā-nirodha'').<ref name=":17">Dhammajoti (2009), p. 471.</ref>

In the MVŚ, some disagreement among Sarvāstivāda masters regarding these dharmas can be seen. Some like "the Bhadanta" (Dharmatrāta) denied the reality of space. Meanwhile, Dārṣṭāntikas denied the ontological reality of all three.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 473.</ref>

According to Dhammajoti, cessation through deliberation refers to "the cessation of defilements acquired through the process of discriminative or deliberative effort." There are just as many of these cessations as there are with-outflow dharmas. Cessation independent of deliberation meanwhile "are those acquired simply on account of the deficiency in the required assemblage of conditions for the particular dharma‑s. They are so called because they are independent of any deliberative effort." There are as many of these cessations are there are conditioned dharmas.<ref name=":17" />

Cessation through deliberation is also the technical term for the Buddhist goal of [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nirvāṇa]], which is also defined as "a disjunction (''visaṃyoga'') from with-outflow dharma‑s acquired through the process of discrimination/deliberation (''pratisaṃkhyāna'') which is a specific outflow-free prajñā."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 474.</ref> Nirvāṇa is the absolute absence of karma and the defilements, the escape from the skandhas and all saṃsāric existence which attained by an arhat.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 275–476.</ref>

==== Nirvāṇa's real existence ====
In Sarvāstivāda, nirvāṇa is a "distinct positive entity" (''dravyāntara''). It is "an ontologically real force that is acquired by the practitioner when a given defilement is completely abandoned." This force ensures that the defilement's acquisition will never arise again. Master Skandhila's definition indicates how this real entity has a positive presence, which is said to be "like a dike holding back the water or a screen blocking the wind."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 476.</ref>

Vaibhāṣika holds that the real existence of nirvāṇa is supported both by direct perception and by scripture which depict the Buddha stating that "There is definitely the unborn."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 477.</ref> Sautrāntikas disagree with this interpretation of scripture, holding that the unborn simply refers to the discontinuity of birth (''janmāpravṛtti''), and thus it is a mere concept referring to the absence of suffering due to the abandoning of the defilements and thus it is only relatively real (''prajñaptisat''). However, Saṃghabhadra argues that "It is only when the unborn is conceded to be a distinct real entity that it is meaningful to say 'There is.' Besides, if there were no such entity, the Buddha should have simply said 'There is the discontinuity of the born.'"<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 483.</ref>

According to Vaibhāṣika, nirvāṇa must be an ultimately real existent because no real supporting phenomena can be found which could serve as the basis on which to designate nirvāṇa as a relative existent (as the aggregates serve to designate the self as relative, for example).<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 278.</ref> Also, if nirvāṇa is not a real force, then beings could not give rise to delight in nirvāṇa and disgust towards [[saṃsāra]], for nirvāṇa would be inferior in terms of existence. It would also mean that the Buddha had been deluding everyone by speaking of non-existents in the same way that he spoke of the existents.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 479.</ref>

Furthermore, if nirvāṇa was unreal, it could not be one of the four noble truths, since a non-existent cannot be said to be true or false. An ārya is said to directly see the four truths, including the third truth of ''duḥkhanirodha'' (the end of suffering, i.e. nirvāṇa) and wisdom cannot arise with regard to a non-existent object.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 480.</ref>

== Time and Ontology ==

=== Existence ===
The name Sarvāstivāda literally means "all exists" (''sarvām asti''), referring to their doctrine that all [[Dhamma theory|dharmas]], past present and future, exist.<ref name=":13">Westerhoff, 2018, p. 61.</ref> This doctrine of tri-temporal existence has been described as an [[Eternalism (philosophy of time)|eternalist theory of time]].<ref>Kalupahana, David; A History of Buddhist Philosophy, Continuities and Discontinuities, p. 128.</ref>

What does it mean for a dharma to exist? For the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharmikas, the main reasons that something is real or existent is causal efficacy and the fact that it abides in its own nature (''svabhāva'').<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 65.</ref> The Vaibhāṣika philosopher Saṃghabhadra defines an existent as follows: "The characteristic of a real existent is that it serves as an object-domain for generating cognition (''buddhi'')."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 69.</ref> Each cognition is intentional and it has a distinctive character which is caused by the intrinsic characteristic (''svalakṣaṇa'') of the object of cognition. If there is no object of cognition (''viṣaya''), there is no cognition.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 72-73.</ref>{{refn|Saṃghabhadra elucidates this notion as follows:
Cognition (buddhi) is vis-à-vis the cognized, for cognition can only be accomplished where a cognitive object exists. That is to say, a cognition is so called only when its object (viṣaya) can be apperceived (upa-labh). If the apperceived does not exist, of what is that which apperceives? (I.e., it is
an apperception of what?). Moreover, the intrinsic nature of consciousness is the discerning of an object; if the object of consciousness does not exist, what does consciousness discern? Hence, the consciousness of a non-existent object conceded by the [Sautrāntika] ought not to be called consciousness, since there is nothing to discern. A non-existent is an absolute non-entity and necessarily without (lit., ‘going beyond’ — 越) an intrinsic characteristic and common characteristics (sāmānya-lakṣaṇa), what is it that is said to be the object of cognition or consciousness? Should one say that non-existence itself is the object of consciousness — no, for a consciousness necessarily has an object. That is: All mental elements (citta-caitta-dharmas) have intrinsic and common characteristics as their objects; it is not the case that
an absolutely non-existent dharma arises as an object. Dhammajoti 2009 pp. 72–73.|group=note}}

Furthermore, according to Saṃghabhadra, only if there are true existent forms can there be a difference between correct and incorrect cognitions regarding material things.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 73.</ref>

Saṃghabhadra further adds that they are of two types of existents:<blockquote>What exists truly (''dravyato’sti'') and what exists conceptually (''prajñaptito’sti''), the two being designated on the basis of conventional truth and absolute truth. If, with regard to a thing, a cognition (''buddhi'') is produced without depending on anything else, this thing exists truly — e.g., ''rūpa, vedanā'', etc. If it depends on other things to produce a cognition, then it exists conceptually/relatively — e.g., a vase, army, etc.<ref name=":8">Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 69-70.</ref></blockquote>Furthermore, things that truly exist are also of two types: those things that just have their own nature and those things that have both their own nature and also have activities (''kāritra''). Additionally, this last type is divided into two: "with or without function (''sāmarthya/vyāpara/śakti'')". Lastly, relative existents are also of two types, "having existence on the basis of something real or on something relative, like a vase and an army, respectively."<ref name=":8" />

=== Arguments in favor of temporal eternalism ===
According to [[Jan Westerhoff]], one reason they had for holding this theory was that moments of consciousness are [[Intentionality|intentional]] (are directed, "about something") and thus if there are no past entities which exist, thoughts about them would be objectless and could not exist.<ref name=":2">Westerhoff, 2018, p. 62.</ref> Another argument is that to account for past actions (karma) which have effects at a later time. If an act of karma no longer exists, it is difficult, argues the Vaibhāṣika, to see how they can have fruits in the present or future.<ref name=":2" /> Finally, past, present and future are mutually interdependent ideas. If past and future are non-existent, argued the Vaibhāṣikas, how can one make sense of the existence of the present?<ref name=":2" />

In the ''Samyukta-abhidharma-hrdaya,'' a fourth century Gandharan Sarvāstivāda text, the core Sarvāstivāda theory is defended thus:

{{blockquote|"If there were no past and future, then there would be no present period of time; if there were no present period of time, there would also be no conditioned factors (samskrta dharma). That is why there are the three periods of time (trikala). Do not state that there is a mistake. When stating that [the fact that] what is remote is past and that what will exist is future, does not exist, and that there only is the present, this is not right. Why? Because there is retribution (vipaka) of action. The World-honored One has been saying: "There is action and there is retribution." It is not the case that this action and retribution are both present. When action is present, it should be known that retribution is future; when retribution is present, it should be known that action is already past. [ ... ] As has been said: "If there are no such five faculties as faith (sraddhendriya), I say that this is the generation of worldlings (prthagjana)." When the seeker (saiksa) is the one who is bound by envelopers (paryavasthana), such five faculties as faith are not present; because the path is not together with defilement ([[Kleshas (Buddhism)|kleśa]]). That is why it should be known that there is past and future. If it were different, noble persons (aryapudgala) would have to be worldlings."<ref>Willemen et al. 1998, p. 21.</ref>|author=|title=|source=}}

Vasubandhu outlines the main arguments based on scripture and reason for all exists as follows:<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 63.</ref>

* a. For, it has been said by the Buddha: “O bhikṣus, if past rūpa did not exist, the learned noble disciple could not have become disgusted with regard to the past rūpa. It is because past rūpa exists that the learned noble disciple becomes disgusted with regard to the past rūpa. If future rūpa did not exist, the learned noble disciple could not have become free from delight with regard to the future rūpa. It is because future rūpa exists that…”
* b. It has been said by the Buddha, “Conditioned by the two [— sense organ and the object —], there is the arising of consciousness…”
* c. Consciousness arises when there is an object, not when there is no object. This is a fixed principle. If past and future [dharmas] were non-existent, there would be a consciousness having a non-existent object. Hence, in the absence of an object, consciousness itself would not exist.
* d. If past [dharmas] were non-existent, how could there be in the future the fruit of pure or impure karma? For it is not the case that at the time of the arising of the fruit a present retribution-cause exists!

===Temporality===
Regarding time (''adhvan''), for Vaibhāṣikas, it is just a superimposition on the activity of these different types of dharmas and does not exist independently.<ref name=":9">Dhammajoti (2009) p. 119.</ref> Because of this, there was a need to explain how one experiences time and change. Among the different Sarvāstivāda thinkers, there were different ideas on how dharmas change so as to give rise to the experience of time. The ''Mahāvibhāṣa'' (MVŚ) speaks of four major theories which attempt to do this:<ref name=":9" />

* The theory which says there is a change in mode of being (''bhāva-anyathātva'').
* The theory which says there is a change in characteristic (''lakṣaṇa-anyathātva'').
* The theory which says there is a change in state or condition (''avasthā-anyathātva'').
* The theory which says there is a change in [temporal] relativity (''anyathā-anyathātva'').

The positions are further outlined by [[Vasubandhu]] as follows:<ref>Poussin; Pruden, ''Abhidharmakosabhasyam of Vasubandhu'', Vol. 3, 1991, p. 808.</ref>

# "The Bhadanta [[Dharmatrāta|Dharmatrata]] defends '''''change in mode of being''''', that is, he affirms that the three time periods, past, present, and future, are differentiated by their non-identity of existence (bhava). When a dharma goes from one time period to another its nature is not modified, but its existence is."
# "The Bhadanta Ghosaka defends '''''change in characteristic''''', that is, the time periods differ through the difference in their characteristics. A dharma goes through the time periods. When it is past, it is endowed with past characteristics (''laksana''), but it is not deprived of its present and future characteristics..." [and so on with present and future].
# "The Bhadanta [[Vasumitra (Buddhism)|Vasumitra]] defends '''''change in state/condition''''', that is, the time periods differ through the difference of condition (''avastha''). A dharma, going through the time periods, having taken up a certain condition, becomes different through the difference of its condition, not through a difference in its substance. Example: a token placed on the square of ones, is called one; placed on the square of tens, ten; and placed on the square of hundreds, one hundred."
#"The Bhadanta Buddhadeva defends '''''change in [temporal] relativity''''', that is, the time periods are established through their mutual relationships. A dharma, going throughout the time periods, takes different names through different relationships, that is, it is called past, future, or present, through a relationship with what precedes and with what follows. For example, the same woman is both a daughter and a mother."

In the ''[[Abhidharmakośakārikā|Abhidharmakośa]],'' Vasubandhu argues that: "The best system is that of Vasumitra."<ref>Poussin; Pruden, ''Abhidharmakosabhasyam of Vasubandhu'', Vol. 3, 1991, p. 810.</ref> The ''Samyukta-abhidharma-hrdaya'' agrees''.''<ref>Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein and Collett Cox; Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism, p. 23.</ref>

Later Sarvāstivāda developed a combination of the first and third views. This can be seen in Saṃghabhadra, who argues that while a dharma's essential nature does not change, its function or activity (''kāritra'') and its existence (''bhāva'') changes:<blockquote>The essential nature of a dharma remains eternally; its bhāva [existence] changes: When a saṃskṛta [conditioned] dharma traverses through adhvan [time], it gives rise to its kāritra [activity] in accordance with the pratyayas [conditions], without abandoning its substantial nature; immediately after this, the kāritra produced ceases. Hence it is said that the svabhāva exists eternally and yet it is not permanent, since its bhāva changes.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 123.</ref></blockquote>Thus, for Saṃghabhadra, "a dharma is present when it exercises its ''kāritra'', future when its ''kāritra'' is not yet exercised, past when it has been exercised."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 126.</ref> The term ''kāritra'' is defined as "a dharma’s capability of inducing the production of its own next moment".<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 129.</ref> When the right set of conditions come together, a dharma becomes endowed with activity (which vanishes in a single moment). When it does not have activity, a dharma's own nature still has the capacity to causally contribute to other dharmas.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 130–133.</ref>

=== ''Svabhāva'' in time ===
Regarding the essential nature (''[[Svabhava|svabhāva]]'') or reality (''dravya'') of a dharma, all Vaibhāṣika thinkers agreed that it is what remains constant and does not change as a dharma moves throughout the three times. However, as noted by Dhammajoti, this does not necessarily mean that a dharma's ''svabhāva "''is immutable or even permanent, for a dharma’s mode of existence and its essential nature are not different, so that when the former is undergoing transformation, so is its ''svabhāva''."<ref name=":10" />

From the Vaibhāṣika perspective this is not a contradiction, since it is the same process that remains (even while changing) throughout time. Thus, in this particular sense, there is no change in the ''svabhāva'' or ''svalakṣaṇa''. This is said to be the case even though a dharma is always being transformed into different modes of being. Each of these is actually a new occasion or event in a causal stream (though it is not different in terms of its nature than previous dharmas in that stream).<ref name=":10">Dhammajoti (2009) p. 135.</ref> Thus according to Dhammajoti, there is a way in which the essential natures are transformed, and yet, one can say that they remain the same ontologically. Dharmatrāta used the example of a piece of gold that is transformed into different things (cups, bowl, etc). While there are different entities, the essential nature of gold remains the same.<ref name=":10" />

This perspective is expressed by Saṃghabhadra who argues that ''svabhāva'' is not permanent since it goes through time and its existence (''bhāva'') varies through time. Saṃghabhadra also notes that a dharma is produced by various causes (and is part of a causal web which has no beginning), and once a dharma has ceased, it does not arise again. However, for Saṃghabhadra, one can still say that dharmas do not lose their ''svabhāva.'' He uses the example of ''vedanās'' (sensation). Even though we speak of various modes of sensation, all the types of sensation in a person's [[mindstream]] have the same nature of being sensitive phenomena (''prasāda rūpa''). Saṃghabhadra then states:<blockquote>It is not the case that since the function is different from the existence, that there can be the difference in the functions of seeing, hearing, etc. Rather, the very function of seeing, etc., is none other than the existence of the eye, etc. On account of the difference in function, there is definitely the difference in the mode of existence… Since it is observed that there are dharmas that co-exist as essential substances and whose essential characteristics do not differ but that [nevertheless] have different modes of existence, we know that when dharma‑s traverse the three times, their modes of existence vary while their essential characteristics do not change.<ref name=":11" /></blockquote>He also states:<blockquote>[Our explanations] also have properly refuted the objection that [our theory of ''sarvāstitva''] implies the permanence of [a dharma’s] essential nature, for, while the essential nature remains always [the same], its ''avasthā'' [condition] differs [in the stages of time] since there is change. This difference of ''avasthā'' is produced on account of conditions and necessarily stays no more than one ''kṣaṇa'' [moment]. Accordingly, the essential nature of the dharma too is impermanent, since it is not distinct from the difference [that arises in it]. [But] it is only in an existent dharma that changes can obtain; there cannot be change in a non-existent. In this way, therefore, we have properly established the times.<ref name=":11">Dhammajoti (2009) p. 136.</ref></blockquote>According to Dhammajoti, what the Vaibhāṣikas had in mind with this view was that even though the different dharmas in a causal series are different entities, there is an overall "individuality or integrity", and the series thus remains "dynamically identical". This is a relationship of identity-in-difference (''bhedābheda''). In this sense, a ''svabhāva'' is not a static entity, it is impermanent and undergoes change and yet "ontologically it never becomes a totally different substance."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 137.</ref> Saṃghabhadra claimed that it is only when understood in this way that the doctrine of "all exists" is logically compatible with the doctrine of impermanence.

===Momentariness===
Orthodox Sarvāstivāda also defended the theory of moments (''kṣaṇavāda''). This doctrine held that dharmas last only for a moment, this measure of time is the smallest measure of time possible, it is described in the ''Samyukta-abhidharma-hrdaya'' as:

{{blockquote|The smallest [period of] time is one ''kṣaṇa''. Time is extremely small with one instant. That is why a ''kṣaṇa'' is said to be the limitation in time. Concerning the measure of a ''kṣaṇa'', some say that it is as a powerful man who, looking around hurriedly, observes the multitude of stars: according to the going of time, one star is one ''kṣaṇa''. Moreover, some say that it is as a powerful man who, during a long time, snaps with the fingers: sixty-four ''kṣaṇas'' pass! Moreover, some say that it is as a powerful man who cuts thin silk thread of Kasi with a very sharp knife: cutting one thread is one ''kṣaṇa''. Moreover, some say that the World-honored One did not pronounce [the word] ''kṣaṇa''."<ref name="Baruah, Bibhuti 2008. p. 457">Baruah, Bibhuti. ''Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism''. 2008. p. 457.</ref>}}

== Theory of Causality ==
An important topic covered in Vaibhāṣika Abhidharma was the investigation of causes, conditions and their effects. Vaibhāṣikas used two major schemes to explain causality: the four conditions (''pratyaya'') and the six causes (''hetu'').<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 143.</ref> In this system, the arising of dharmas is totally dependent on specific causes. Causal force is what makes a dharma real and thus they are also called ''[[Saṅkhāra|saṃskāras]]'' (conditioning forces). Because of this, all dharmas belong to some kind of causal category, and are said to have causal efficacy.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 146.</ref> Indeed, it is only through examining their causes that the intrinsic nature manifests in a cognisable way. In the Vaibhāṣika system, the activities of dharmas arises through the mutual interdependence of causes. Thus, their intrinsic natures are said to be "feeble", which means they are not able to act on their own, and their activity is dependent on other dharmas.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 148–149.</ref>

A particularly unique feature of the Vaibhāṣika system is their acceptance of simultaneous causation. These "co-existent causes" are an important part of the Sarvāstivāda understanding of causality. It allowed them to explain their theory of [[Direct Realism|direct realism]], that is to say, their affirmation that we perceive real external objects. It also was used in their defense of temporal eternalism. Thus, it was central to their understanding of cause and effect. For thinkers like Saṃghabhadra, a sense organ and its object must exist at the same moment together with its effect, the perception. Thus, for a cause to be efficacious, it must exist together with its effect.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 162–163.</ref> This view of simultaneous causation was rejected by the Sautrāntikas, but later adopted by the [[Yogachara|Yogācāra]] school.<ref name=":12" />

=== The Six Causes ===

*'''Efficient cause''' (''kāraṇa-hetu''). According to Dhammajoti, "It is any dharma that either directly or indirectly — by not hindering — contributes to the arising of another dharma." Vasubandhu defines it as: "A conditioned dharma has all dharma‑s, excepting itself, as its efficient cause, for, as regards its arising, [these dharma‑s] abide in the state of non-obstructiveness." This is type of cause is rejected by Sautrāntikas like Śrīlāta.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 149–150.</ref>
*'''Homogeneous cause''' (''sabhāga-hetu''). This refers to the kind of causality in which an effect is of the same moral type as the previous cause in a series. Thus, in the series c1 → c2 → c3, if c1 is skillful, it is the homogeneous cause for c2 which is also skillful, and so on. According to Vaibhāṣika, this form of causality exists among mental and material dharmas, but Sautrāntikas deny that it can apply to material dharmas.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 150.</ref>
*'''Universal cause''' (''sarvatraga-hetu''). This is similar to the homogeneous cause in that it is a cause that produces the same kind of effect, however, it only applies to defiled dharmas. Another way it is distinct from the homogeneous is that there is "no necessary homogeneity in terms of category of abandonability". This is because, as Saṃghabhadra says in the ''Nyāyānusāra,'' "they are the cause of [defiled dharma‑s] belonging to other categories as well, for, through their power, defilements belonging to categories different from theirs are produced."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 152.</ref>
*'''Retribution cause''' (''vipāka-hetu''). This is the skill or unskillful dharmas that are karmic causes, and thus lead to good or bad karmic retribution.<ref name="Dhammajoti 2009 p. 153">Dhammajoti (2009) p. 153.</ref> For Vaibhāṣikas, retribution causes and their fruits comprise all five aggregates. Sautrāntikas held that retribution cause is only volition (''[[cetanā]]''), and retribution fruit comprises only sensation (''[[vedanā]]'').<ref name="Dhammajoti 2009 p. 153"/>
*'''Co-existent cause''' (''sahabhū-hetu''). This is a new causal category developed by Sarvāstivāda. The ''Mahāvibhāṣa'' states that the intrinsic nature of the co-existent cause is "all the conditioned dharma‑s". Saṃghabhadra's ''Nyāyānusāra'' states that this refers to those causes "that are reciprocally virile effects, on account of the fact that they can arise by virtue of mutual support… For example: the four Great Elements are co-existent cause mutually among themselves … for it is only when the four different kinds of Great Elements assemble together that they can be efficacious in producing the derived matter (upādāya rūpa)... In this way, the whole of the conditioned, where applicable (i.e., where a mutual causal relationship obtains) are co‑existent causes."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 155.</ref> Another sense in which they are co-existent is because they come together to produce a common effect, they function together as causes at the time of the arising of a dharma.<ref name=":12">Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 159–161.</ref>
*'''Conjoined cause''' (''saṃprayuktaka-hetu''). This refers to co-existent causes in the mental domain of ''ćitta-ćaittas.'' According to Saṃghabhadra: ''"''This [conjoined] cause is established because thought and thought concomitants, being conjoined, accomplish the same deed by grasping the same object."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 156.</ref>

=== The Four Conditions ===

Saṃghabhadra argues that even though the arising of dharmas depends on numerous conditions, the Buddha taught only four conditions in the sūtras. Against the Sautrāntikas, who held that these were mere conceptual designations, Vaibhāṣikas assert that they are real existents.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 171.</ref>

The four conditions are first found in Devaśarman’s ''Vijñānakāya'' (c. 1st century CE) and they are:<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 169–175.</ref>

*'''Condition qua cause''' (''hetu-pratyaya''). According to Dhammajoti, "This is the condition in its capacity as direct cause in the production of an effect — it is the cause functioning as the condition." This condition subsumes all causes, except the efficient cause.
*'''Equal-immediate condition''' (''samanantara-pratyaya''). This refers to a mental process (a ćitta or ćaitta) that is a condition for the arising of the next mental process. Dhammajoti: "It both gives way to and induces the arising of the next citta-caitta in the series." For Vaibhāṣikas, this does not apply to matter, but Sautrāntikas argued that it does.
*'''Condition qua object''' (''ālambana-pratyaya''). This refers to the fact that cognition cannot arise without an object and thus "in this sense, the object serves as a condition for the cognition." Since the mind can take any object, "the condition qua object is none otherthan the totality of dharmas" (Saṃghabhadra).
*'''Condition of dominance''' (''adhipati-pratyaya''). Dhammajoti defines it thus: "This is the most comprehensive or generic condition, corresponding to efficient cause: It is whatever serves as a condition, either in the sense of directly contributing to the arising of a dharma, or indirectly through not hindering its arising. From the latter perspective, the unconditioned dharmas — although transcending space and time altogether — are also said to serve as conditions of dominance."

=== Five Fruits ===
The Sarvāstivāda also taught that there are five fruits i.e. causal effects:<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 177–183.</ref>

* '''Disconnection fruit''' (''visaṃyoga-phala''). This refers to disconnection from the defilements, and is acquired through the practice of the noble path which leads to the acquisition of the dharma "cessation through deliberation" (''pratisaṃkhyā-nirodha'').
* '''Virile fruit''' (''puruṣakāra-phala''). This is related to the co-existent cause and the conjoined cause. According to Vasubandhu it is "That which is the activity or efficacy (''kāritra'') of a dharma; [so called] because it is like a virile action."
* '''Fruit of dominance''' (''adhipati-phala''). This is the most generic fruit, they are produced by efficient causes. According to Dhammajoti, "the fruits commonly shared by a collection of beings by virtue of their collective karmas belong to this category. Thus, the whole universe with all its planets, mountains and oceans, etc., is the result — the fruit of dominance — of the collective karmas of the totality of beings inhabiting therein."
* '''Uniform-emanation fruit''' (''niṣyanda-phala''). This is a fruit issued from a cause of a similar nature, it is correlated to the homogeneous cause and the universal cause.
* '''Retribution fruit''' (''vipāka-phala''). This fruit only deals with individual sentient beings (sattvākhya), and is correlated with the retribution cause.

== Epistemology ==
The Vaibhāṣika [[epistemology]] defended a form of realism that is established through experience. Their theory of knowledge held that one could know dharmas as unique forces with unique characteristics by two means of knowledge ([[Pramana|''pramāṇa'']]): direct perception (which includes spiritual vision) or inference (''anumāna''), which relies on direct experience.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 242.</ref>

For Vaibhāṣikas like Saṃghabhadra “the characteristic of an existent (''sal-lakṣaṇa'') is that it can serve as an object producing cognition (''buddhi'').” Because of this, an object of knowledge is necessarily existent, though it can be either a true existent (''dravyata'') or a conceptual existent (''prajñapti''). As Dhammajoti notes, "the possibility of knowing an object necessarily implies the true ontological status of the object."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 267.</ref>

This view was rejected by Sautrāntikas like Śrīlāta, who argued that a cognitive object could be unreal, pointing to examples such as optical illusions, dreams, the false cognition of a self or really existent person (''pudgala''), and so on. The Vaibhāṣika response to this is that even in the case of such mistaken cognitive constructs, there is a real basis which acts as part of the causal process. As explained by Dhammajoti: <blockquote>An absolute non-existent (''atyantam asad)'' has no function whatsoever and hence can never engender a consciousness. Thus, in the case of the perception of the unreal pudgala, the perceptual object is not the pudgala which is superimposed, but the five [[skandha]]s which are real existents.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 268.</ref> </blockquote>Furthermore, as noted by Dhammajoti: "sensory perception as a ''pratyakṣa'' experience is fully accomplished only in the second moment on recollection." This is because the external object must first be experienced by "direct perception supported by a sense faculty" (''indriyāśrita-pratyakṣa'') before a discerning perception (''buddhi-pratyakṣa'') can arise, since the discerning perception uses the previous sense faculty perception as a cognitive support (''[[ālambana]]'').<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 277.</ref>

Vaibhāṣika defended the real existence of external objects by arguing that mental defilements arise in different ways because of the causal force of the mind's intentional object. Likewise, sensory perception (''pratyakṣa'') is said to arise due to various causes and conditions, one of which is a real external object.<ref name=":14">Dhammajoti (2009) p. 243.</ref> According to Dhammajoti, for Vaibhāṣikas like Saṃghabhadra, "a sensory consciousness necessarily takes a physical assemblage or agglomeration of atoms (''he ji'' 和集; *saṃcaya, *saṃghāta, *samasta). What is directly perceived is just these atoms assembled together in a certain manner, not a conceptualised object such as a jug, etc."<ref name=":14" />

For Vaibhāṣika knowledge (''jñāna'') is a ''ćaitta'' (mental factor) that has the distinguishing characteristic of being "understanding that is decisive or definite (''niścita'')." There are various kinds of knowledge, for example, dharma-knowledge (''dharma-jñāna''), is the knowledge that realises the true nature of dharmas, conventional-knowledge (''saṃvṛti-jñāna'') deals with conventional (not ultimate) things and knowledge of non-arising (''anutpāda-jñāna'') refers to the knowledge one has when one knows nirvāṇa has been achieved.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 247–249.</ref>

== Defilement (''kleśa'') ==
The goal of Buddhism is often seen as the freedom from suffering which arises from the complete removal of all defilements (''kleśa''). This is a state of perfection that is known by an arhat or Buddha through the "knowledge of the destruction of the outflows" (''āsravakṣaya-jñāna''). Ābhidharmikas saw the Abhidharma itself, which in the highest sense is just wisdom (''prajñ''ā), as the only means to end the defilements.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 322.</ref>

''Kleśa'' is commonly defined as that which "soils" or defiles as well as that which disturbs and afflicts a psycho-physical series.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 324.</ref> Another important synonym for defilement is ''anuśaya,'' which is explained by Vaibhāṣikas as a subtle or fine (''aṇu'') dharma that adheres and grows with an object, "like the adherence of dust on a wet garment or the growth of seeds in an irrigated field."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 325, 344.</ref> This is in contrast to other interpretations of ''anuśaya'', such as that of the Sautrāntikas, who saw them as "seeds" ([[Bījā|''bīja'']]) of ''kleśas.'' Thus, for Vaibhāṣikas there is no such thing as a latent defilement.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 341.</ref>

The defilements are seen as the root of existence (''mūlaṃ bhavasya''), since they produce karma, which in turn leads to further rebirths.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 325.</ref> The most fundamental defilements are known as the three unskillful roots ([[Three poisons|''akuśala-mūla'']]), referring to greed (''rāga''), hostility (''pratigha'') and ignorance (''[[Avidyā (Buddhism)|avidyā]]'').<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 334.</ref> Out of these, ignorance is the most fundamental of all. It is defined by Saṃghabhadra as "a distinct dharma which harms the capability of understanding (''prajñā''). It is the cause of topsy-turvy views and obstructs the examination of merits and faults. With regard to dharmas to be known it operates in the mode of disinclination, veiling the thought and thoughtconcomitants."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 335.</ref>

According to Dhammajoti, other major terms used to describe defilements are: 1. [[Fetter (Buddhism)|fetter]] (''saṃyojana''); 2. bondage (''bandhana''); 3. envelopment (''paryavasthāna''); 4. outflow ([[Asava|āsrava]]); 5. flood (''ogha''); 6. yoke (''yoga''); 7. [[Upādāna|clinging]] (''upādāna''); 8. corporeal tie (''kāya-grantha''); 9. [[Five hindrances|hindrance]] (''nivaraṇa'').<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 326.</ref> These numerous categories are used to describe various doctrinal topics and create a taxonomy of dharmas. For example, all dharmas are either with or without outflows (''āsrava''), which are dharmas that keep sentient beings flowing on through existence and also cause impurities to flow through the sense fields.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 327.</ref>

These are also further divided into sub-categories. For example, there are three āsrava types: sensuality-outflow (''kāmāsrava''), existence-outflow (''bhavāsrava'') and ignorance-outflow (''avidyāsrava''); there are four clingings: sensuality-clinging (''kāmopādāna''), view-clinging (''dṛṣṭy-upādāna''), clinging to abstentions and vows (''śīlavratopādāna''), and soul-theory-clinging (''ātmavādopādāna''); and there are five hindrances: (i) sensual-desire, (ii) malice, (iii) torpor-drowsiness (''styāna-middha''), (iv) restlessness-remorse (''auddhatyakaukṛtya''), and (v) doubt.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 327–329.</ref>

For Vaibhāṣikas, the elimination of the defilements thus begins with an investigation into the nature of dharmas (''dharma-pravicaya''). This examination is carried out in various ways, such as investigating how defilements arise and grow, what its cognitive objects are, and whether a defilement is to be abandoned by insight into the four noble truths (''darśanapraheya'') or by cultivation (''bhāvanāpraheya'').<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 331.</ref>

In the Vaibhāṣika system, the abandonment of a defilement is not the complete destruction of it, since all dharmas exist throughout the three times. Instead, one becomes defiled when the dharma of acquisition links one with the defilement (''saṃyoga''), and one abandons the defilement when there is both the ceasing of the dharma of acquisition as well as the arising of the acquisition of disconnection (''visaṃyoga-prāpti'').<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 345–347.</ref> While the abandonment of a dharma happens at once and is not repeated, the acquisition of disconnection can take place over and over again, reflecting deeper and firmer spiritual progress.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 347.</ref>

This is important because as Dhammajoti notes, Vaibhāṣikas affirm that "freedom from duḥkha must be gained by gradually and systematically abandoning the defilements" and reject the view that awakening happens abruptly.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 352.</ref> There are four methods of abandoning a defilement, the first three deal with abandonment by insight (''darśana-heya''):<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 353.</ref>

# '''''ālambana-parijñāna''''': Complete understanding of the nature of the object due to which the defilement arises.
# '''''tadālambana-saṃkṣaya''''': The destruction of a defilement which is the object of another defilement along with the destruction of the latter (the subject).
# '''''ālambana-prahāṇa''''': The abandonment of a defilement that takes as object another defilement by abandoning the latter — the object.
# '''''pratipakṣodaya''''': The abandonment of a defilement on account of the arising of its counteragent. This is specifically applied to the defilements that are abandoned by cultivation (''bhāvanā-heya)''.

== Karma ==
While the Vaibhāṣikas acknowledge the profound and ultimately inconceivable nature of [[karma]], they still attempted to give a rational account of its basic workings and to show how it was a [[Middle Way|middle way]] between [[determinism]] and absolute freedom.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 369–370.</ref> The ''Mahāvibhāṣa'' (MVŚ) notes that there are different but related ways in which the term karma is used. It can refer to actions in a general sense and it can refer specifically to ethical actions which have desirable or undesirable effects.<ref name=":15"/>

Karma is also used to refer to the actual retribution causes (''vipāka‑hetu'') of actions, which according to Dhammajoti, play a crucial role "in determining the various spheres (''dhātu''), planes (''gati'') and modes of birth (''yoni'') of a sentient being’s existence and in differentiating the various types of persons (''pudgala'') with their various life-span, physical appearances, social status, etc."<ref name=":15">Dhammajoti (2009) p. 370.</ref>

It is also important to note that, karma is not the only contributing factor to rebirth, as Vasubandhu states: "It is not karma alone which is the projector of a birth (''janman'')."<ref name=":15" /> Karma is also related to the defilements since the defilements act as the generating cause and supporting condition for karma.<ref name="Dhammajoti 2009 p. 374">Dhammajoti (2009) p. 374.</ref>

=== Classifications ===
There are three main types of karma: bodily, vocal and mental.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 371.</ref> Out of all the different elements of karma, it is the volitional aspect (''abhisaṃ-kṛ, cetanā''), which comprises all mental karma, that is the most central and fundamental, since it originates and assists the other types of karma.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 370–371.</ref> Saṃghabhadra, citing the sūtras, states that volition (i.e. mental karma) is karma "in the proper or specific sense inasmuch as it is the prominent cause (''*viśiṣṭa-hetu'') in projecting a sentient existence."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 372.</ref>

The Vaibhāṣikas also had further classifications of the different types of karma. For example, there are:<ref name="Dhammajoti 2009 p. 374"/>

* Volitional karma (''cetanā'') and karma subsequent to willing (''cetayitvā'').
*Informative (''vijñapti'') and non‑informative (''avijñapti'') karma. This refers to bodily and vocal actions which inform others of the corresponding mental state.
* Skillful (''kuśala''), unskillful (''akuśala'') and morally neutral (''avyākṛta'') karmas.
* Karmas which are with-outflow (''sāsrava'') and outflow-free (''anāsrava'') karmas.
*Determinate (''niyata'') and indeterminate (''aniyata'') karma.
*Karma that is done (''kṛta'') and karma that is accumulated (''upacita'').
*Projecting (''ākṣepaka'') and completing (''paripūraka'') karmas.

The informative and non-informative category is particularly important. For the Vaibhāṣika, both types are real entities and are included as cetayitvā karma. Also, the nature of informative karma is material, it is the specific bodily shape at the time of the accomplishment of an action (which includes sound). Saṃghabhadra defends this by arguing that if all karma is mere volition (as held by Sautrāntika), then as soon as one has the intention to kill, this is the same as committing the deed.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 377.</ref> Vaibhāṣikas also held that non-informative karma was a kind of subtle "non-resistant" matter which preserved karmic efficacy, a view that was vigorously attacked by the Sautrāntikas.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 379–381, 392.</ref>

Like other Buddhist schools, the Vaibhāṣikas taught [[Buddhist ethics|the ten paths of karma]] as a major ethical guide to what should be avoided and what should be cultivated. It should be emphasised that volition remains the core of this teaching, that is, even if one avoids acting on one's harmful intentions, the intention itself remains an unskillful karma.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 386.</ref>

=== Karma through time ===
The Vaibhāṣika theory of karma is also closely related to their theory of tri-temporal existence, since karmas also exist in the past and in the future. Indeed, the efficacy of past karma is part of their argument for "all exists", since, for the Vaibhāṣika, if a past karmic retributive cause ceases to exist completely, it cannot lead to the karmic effect or fruit.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 385</ref> As Dhammajoti explains:<blockquote>At the very moment when a retributive cause arises, it determines the causal connection with the fruit-to-be; i.e., ‘it grasps the fruit.’ At a subsequent time, when the necessary conditions obtain, it, although past, can causally actualize the fruit by dragging it, as it were, out of the future into the present; i.e., ‘it gives the fruit.’<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 389–390.</ref></blockquote>This was of course rejected by the Sautrāntikas, who posited a competing theory, known as the theory of seeds, which held that a volition creates a chain of momentary dharmas called seeds, which are continuously transmitted in the mind stream until they sprout, producing the karmic effect.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 390.</ref>

Saṃghabhadra critiques this theory by pointing out that when a seed turns into a plant, there is no interruption in the process. But in the Sautrāntika view, there can be an interruption, as when a person has thoughts of a different ethical type or when they enter into meditations that completely interrupt mental activity (such as ''asaṃjñi-samāpatti'' or ''[[Dhyana in Buddhism|nirodha-samāpatti]]''). And since Sautrāntikas are presentists, the past karma has also ceased to exist at this point and thus cannot be a cause for its fruit.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 391.</ref>

=== Karmic retribution ===
In Vaibhāṣika Abhidharma, the nature of karmic retribution, i.e. how a person experiences the results of their actions, is not fixed and depends on different conditions, such as the spiritual status and wisdom of the person.{{refn|Vasubandhu's AKB has the following stanza: The ignorant, committing even a small evil goes below. The wise, although committing a great one, leaves behind the bad [abodes]. A compacted [piece of] iron, although small, sinks into water; The same made into a bowl, although great, floats. Dhammajoti 2009 p. 409.|group=note}} There are six factors that effect the gravity of karmic retribution (and subsequently, how bad one's future rebirth is):<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 410.</ref>

* The actions performed after the major karmic act.
* The status of the ‘field’ (''kṣetra-viśeṣa''), referring to the ethical and spiritual status of the person.
* The basis (''adhiṣṭhāna''), which is the act itself.
* The preparatory action (''prayoga'') leading up to the main act.
* Volition (''cetanā''), the intentional mental force behind the act.
* The strength of the intention (''āśaya-viśeṣa'').

There are also said to be some karmas that may or may not lead to retribution at all, these are indeterminate (''aniyata'') karmas which are contrasted with determinate karmas, i.e. those that necessarily cause retribution (whether in this life, in the next or in some further life).<ref name=":16">Dhammajoti (2009) p. 411.</ref> These indeterminate karmas can be rendered weak or fruitless through the practice of the spiritual path. The "Salt Cristal Sūtra" (''Loṇaphala Sutta'') is cited in support of this. Determinate karmas are particularly dark acts, such as killing one's parents, which cannot be so transformed.<ref name=":16" />

Another important distinction here is that between karma that is done (''kṛta'') which refers to preparatory and principal actions, and karma that is accumulated (''upacita'') which refers to the consecutive actions which "complete" the action. For example, one may prepare to kill someone and attempt to do so, but fail. In this sense, the action is not accumulated. Also, an action not done intentionally is not accumulated. Though the preparation is still a bad karma, it is not necessarily retributive. If however, something willed and accomplished is necessarily retributive.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 414.</ref>

Yet another key distinction is that between projecting (''ākṣepaka'') and completing (''paripūraka'') karmas. A projecting karma is a single act which is the principal cause that projects one's future existence (as well as for the intermediate existence, the ''[[Bardo|antarā-bhava]]''), while completing karmas are responsible for specific experiences within that one existence, such as lifespan.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 417.</ref>

Finally, it is important to note that in this system, karma is primarily individual. That is to say, one person's karma will not cause a retribution fruit to be experienced by another person.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 425.</ref>

However, there is a karmic fruit which is experienced by a collective of individuals, which is the fruit of dominance (''adhipati-phala''), which affects the vitality and durability of external things, such as plants and planets. This is used to explain how, when persons do good actions, the external world is affected by the "four increases": "of lifespan, of sentient beings, of external items of utility and enjoyment (''pariṣkāra''), and of skillful dharmas". In this sense then, there is "collective karma." Thus, for the Vaibhāṣikas, the whole universe is the collective karma (i.e. the fruit of dominance) of all beings living in it.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 426.</ref>

== Dependent Origination ==
The Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma interpretation of the key Buddhist doctrine of [[Pratītyasamutpāda|Dependent Origination]] (''pratītya-samutpāda'') focuses on how the 12 links (''nidāna'') contribute to rebirth from the perspective of three periods of existence (past, present, future). This is explained in the following way:<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 418–419.</ref>
*'''Past causes'''
**'''''1. ignorance''''' (avidyā), represents all the defilements in one's past life, since all defilements are conjoined with and caused by ignorance.
**'''''2. conditionings''''' (saṃskāra), this refers to all past karmic constructions driven by ignorance.
*'''Present effects'''
** 3. '''consciousness''' (vijñāna), this specifically refers to the consciousness that enters the womb at the moment of rebirth.
** 4. '''psycho-physical complex''' (nāma-rūpa), represents the body and mind, particularly as it develops in the womb.
** 5. '''six sense fields''' (ṣaḍāyatana), refers to the five senses and the mental sense.
** 6. '''contact''' (sparśa), refers to contact between the sense faculties and their objects.
** 7. '''sensation''' (vedanā), refers to different pleasant, unpleasant and neutral sensations.
*'''Present causes'''
** 8. '''craving''' (tṛṣṇā), refers to craving for sensuality, desire for material things and sex.
** 9. '''grasping''' (upādāna), strong clinging for the objects of craving.
** 10. '''existence''' (bhava), refers to all present karmas that project a future existence.
*'''Future effects'''
** 11. '''birth''' (jāti), represents the first re-linking consciousness in a future birth.
** 12. '''old-age-and-death''' (jarā-maraṇa), represents everything that happens from future rebirth until death.

Though presented in a linear way in the form of a list, these factors are said to be mutually conditioning among each other in various interconnected ways.

Though the three life model, also called "prolonged" (''prākarṣika''), is the most widely used way of understanding dependent origination, Sarvāstivāda Abhidharmikas also accepted three other ways of explaining it:<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 420–422.</ref>

* '''Momentary''' (kṣaṇika): the 12 links are explained as being present within a single mind moment.
* '''Pertaining to states''' (āvasthika): This model states that the five aggregates are present in each of the 12 links. Each link is so named because it is the predominant force among the aggregates at that moment, and thus the entire collection of aggregates is given the name ignorance (and so on) at that point in time.
* '''Connected''' (sāṃbandhika): Refers to how the 12 links are conjoined with the entire field of causes and effects, i.e. "all conditioned dharmas" or the whole of phenomenal existence.

== Spiritual path ==
The study of the nature and function of spiritual paths is important to Abhidharma. For the Vaibhāṣikas the spiritual path is a gradual process of abandoning the defilements; there is no "[[Subitism|sudden enlightenment]]".<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 433.</ref> The analysis of the various spiritual paths provided by the Vaibhāṣika Abhidharma correspond to the abandoning of various defilements.

The beginning of the path consists of preliminary practices: approaching "true persons", listening to the Dharma, contemplating the meaning and practicing the Dharma and what accords with the Dharma.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 345.</ref> Preparatory practices also include the observance of the ethical precepts (''śīlaṃ pālayati''), [[Dāna|giving]], and studying the Abhidharma.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 436–438.</ref>

The ''Mahāvibhāṣa'' (MVŚ) contains the following succinct explanation of the stages leading up to stream entry:<blockquote>At the beginning, because of his aspiration for the fruit of liberation, he diligently practices [i] giving (dāna) and the pure precepts (śīla); [ii] the understanding derived from listening, the contemplation of the impure, mindfulness of breathing and the foundations of mindfulness (smṛtyupasthāna); and [iii] warmth, summits, receptivities and the supreme mundane dharma‑s; and [then he enters into] [iv] the 15 moments of the path of vision. This is collectively said to be “firmly on one’s feet”.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 436–437.</ref></blockquote>

=== Stages of the path ===
Vaibhāṣika developed an influential outline of the path to awakening, one which was later adapted and modified by the scholars of the Mahāyāna tradition into the schema of the "five paths" (''pañcamārga'').<ref name=":02">Watanabe, Chikafumi (2000), ''A Study of Mahayanasamgraha III: The Relation of Practical Theories and Philosophical Theories.'' Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Calgary, pp. 38–40.</ref><ref name="5paths2">[http://www.losangsamten.com/files/04_intro_buddhist_path_5_paths.pdf Losangsamten, ''Introduction to the Buddhist Path''].</ref><ref>Watanabe, Chikafumi, ''A Study of Mahayanasamgraha III: The Relation of Practical Theories and Philosophical Theories'', 2000, pp. 40–65.</ref> The original Vaibhāṣika schema is divided into seven stages of preparatory effort (prayoga) and four stages of spiritual fruits (phala):<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 440–449.</ref>

'''Seven ''prayogas'''':'''''{{refn|According to Dhammajoti: "It is further stated that the practitioner can acquire these roots only at the stages of the ‘not-yet-arrived’ (anāgamya), the intermediate meditation (dhyānāntara) and the four meditations ([[Dhyāna in Buddhism|dhyāna]]). This means that he must have acquired the degree of concentration of the ‘not-yet arrived’ stage. This stage is a ‘neighborhood’ (sāmantaka), i.e., a meditative state bordering the dhyāna stage proper into which its power of concentration is strong enough to lead. There is one such ‘neighborhood’ stage bordering each of the meditative attainments (samāpatti). Since there are eight meditative attainments — four dhyānas (also called the four ‘fundamental or principal meditations’, maula‑dhyāna) of the fine‑material sphere and four meditative attainments of the non-material sphere (ārūpya) — there are corresponding eight ‘neighborhood’ stages, the first of which, bordering the first dhyāna, is called the ‘not‑yet-arrived’ stage." Dhammajoti 2009 p. 445.|group=note}}
* '''''Mokṣabhāgīya''''' ("conducing to liberation") refers to meditations which are causes for liberation, mainly calm and insight. These are not completely separate and can exist together in the same thought. They are also said to constitute the wisdom (prajñā) derived from cultivation. These are outlined as follows:
** [[Samatha|'''Śamatha''']] (calming meditation) practices, mainly contemplation on the impure (''[[Asubha|aśubha-bhāvanā]]'') and mindfulness of breathing (''[[Anapanasati|ānāpānasmṛti]]''), but also includes other meditations such as loving kindness (''[[maitrī]]'').
** [[Vipassanā|'''Vipaśyana''']] (insight meditation), consisting of the fourfold application of mindfulness ([[Satipatthana|''smṛtyupasthānas'']]) practiced one at a time, contemplating how they are impure, unsatisfactory, impermanent and without a self.
** '''In a more advanced stage of vipaśyana''', one meditates on the four smṛtyupasthānas at the same time.
* '''''Nirvedhabhāgīya''''' ("conducing to penetration") refers to the "four skillful roots" (''kuśalamūla'') of the arising of out-flow free knowledge. It thus refers to that which leads stream entry, the first noble (''ārya'') stage of liberation. They are said to be the wisdom derived from reflection. Each one serves as a cause for the next one:
** '''Uṣmagata''' (warmth) is the initial arising of "the warmth of the noble knowledge capable of burning the fuels of defilements" (MVŚ). This is a lengthy stage, where one gradually accumulates wisdom through study, contemplation and meditation on the Dharma, especially the 16 aspects of [[Four Noble Truths|the four noble truths]]. At this point, one may still retrogress.
** '''Mūrdhan''' (summits). One continues to contemplate the 16 modes of the four noble truths, but at the highest level of excellence, their "summit" or "peak". At this point, one may still retrogress.
** '''Kṣānti''' (receptivities) is the stage of the highest level of receptivity or acceptance of the four noble truths. One is so receptive to them that one can no longer retrogress from accepting them. There are various receptivities covering the sense sphere as well as the upper spheres of existence.
** '''Laukikāgradharma''' (supreme mundane dharmas). These dharmas contemplate the unsatisfactoriness of the sphere of sensuality and refer to those dharmas that are a condition for the arising of the darśana-mārga (path of vision).

'''Four ''phalas:'''''

Each has two stages, the candidacy stage and the fruit stage.
* '''[[Sotāpanna|Srotaāpatti]]''' (stream-enterer).
** The candidate for the fruit of stream-entry (''srotaāpatti-phalapratipannaka''), also known as the ''darśana-mārga'' (path of vision).
** The “abider in the fruit of stream entry” (''srotaāpatti-phala-stha''). At this point, one has entered the ''bhāvanā-mārga'' (path of cultivation), where one gradually eliminates all the remaining defilements.
* '''[[Sakadagami|Sakṛdāgāmin]]''' (once-returner), both stages fall within the ''bhāvanā-mārga''.
* '''[[Anāgāmi]]n''' (non-returner), both stages also fall within the ''bhāvanā-mārga''.
* '''[[Arhat]]'''. Its candidacy stage is part of the bhāvanā-mārga, but the phala stage is known as ''aśaikṣa-mārga'' (path of no more learning).

In the prayoga stages, the contemplation of the four noble truths was done with knowledge that are with-outflow (''sāsrava''). Immediately after the last prayoga stage, one is able to access outflow-free knowledges (''anāsrava-jñāna''), and must apply these to the noble truths. This is known as direct realisation (''abhisamaya''), direct spiritual insight into the intrinsic and common characteristics of the four truths. This takes 16 thought moments.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 451–454.</ref> Insight into the truths is achieved in two moments called "paths". Dhammajoti explains them as follows:

<blockquote>In the first moment, called the unhindered path (ānantarya-mārga), the outflow-free understanding that arises is called a receptivity (kṣānti) to knowledge, and with this, the defilements abandonable by vision into the particular truth are abandoned. In the following moment, called the path of liberation (vimukti-mārga), knowledge proper arises through the induction of which the acquisition (prāpti) of the cessation through deliberation (pratisaṃkhyā-nirodha) of the defilements arises. In this way, for the whole contemplative process covering the sphere of sensuality followed by the two upper spheres, there arise eight receptivities and eight knowledges, all being prajñā in their intrinsic nature.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 451–452.</ref></blockquote>

From the first moment of insight, which is the first moment of receptivitity, one is said to be an ārya, a noble being. This is because the out-flow free path has arisen in them and thus they are no longer an ordinary worldling (''pṛthagjanatva'').<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 457.</ref> Also, according to this system, when one has entered into stream entry, there is no going back, no retrogression.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 460.</ref> Regarding arhatship, some arhats can retrogress, mainly those who, due to their weak faculties, entered the path as a "pursuer through faith" (''śraddhānusārin''). Those who have sharp faculties and have studied and understood the teachings (''dharmānusārins'') are not retrogressible, they are ‘ones liberated through wisdom’ (''prajñā-vimukta'').<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 458, 464.</ref>

=== The three vehicles and noble beings ===
The Vaibhāṣika Sarvāstivādins are known to have employed schema of the three vehicles, which can be seen in the ''Mahāvibhāṣā'':{{sfn|Nakamura|1980|p=189}}

# ''[[Śrāvakayāna]]'' – The vehicle of the disciples, who reach the attainment of an [[Arhat]].
# ''[[Pratyekabuddhayāna]]'' – The vehicle of the "Solitary Buddhas".
# [[Bodhisattva|''Bodhisattvayāna'']] – The vehicle of the beings who are training to become a fully enlightened buddha (''[[Samyaksambuddha]]'').

The Vaibhāṣikas held that though arhats have been fully liberated through the removal of all defilements, their wisdom (prajñā) is not fully perfected and thus inferior to a Buddha's wisdom.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 256.</ref> Also, arhats have subtle traces (''vāsanā'') that the defilements have left behind after they have been abandoned.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) p. 357.</ref> Thus, for Vaibhāṣikas, arhats are said to have a certain non-defiled ignorance (''akliṣṭājñāna''), which Buddhas lack. Furthermore, a Buddha has both omniscience (''sarvajñā'') and ‘wisdom of all modes’ (''sarva‑ākāra‑jñāna''), i.e. a knowledge of all the spiritual paths.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009) pp. 256–257.</ref>

The inferiority of the arhat attainment can be seen in texts such as the Sarvāstivādin ''Nāgadatta Sūtra'', which critiques the [[Mahīśāsaka]] view of women in a narrative about a bhikṣuṇī named Nāgadatta. Here, the demon [[Mara (demon)|Māra]] takes the form of her father, and tries to convince her to work toward the lower stage of an arhat.{{sfn|Kalupahana|2001|p=109}} Nāgadatta rejects this, saying, "A Buddha's wisdom is like empty space of the ten-quarters, which can enlighten innumerable people. But an Arhat's wisdom is inferior."{{sfn|Kalupahana|2001|p=109}}

However, against the docetic view of the Mahāsāṃghikas, the Sarvāstivādins viewed the Buddha's physical body (Skt. ''rūpakāya'') as being impure and improper for taking refuge in, and they instead regarded taking refuge in the Buddha as taking refuge in bodhi itself (awakening) and also in the [[Dharmakāya]] (body of the teaching).{{sfn|Xing|2005|p=49}}

The Sarvāstivādins also admitted the path of a [[bodhisattva]] as a valid one. References to the bodhisattva path and the practice of the six [[pāramitā]]s are commonly found in Sarvāstivāda works.<ref>Baruah, Bibhuti. ''Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism''. 2008. p. 456.</ref> The ''Mahāvibhāṣā'' of the Vaibhāṣika Sarvāstivādins includes a schema of four pāramitās: generosity (''[[dāna]]''), discipline (''[[śīla]]''), energy (''[[vīrya]]''), and wisdom (''[[Wisdom in Buddhism|prajñā]]''), and it says that the four pāramitās and six pāramitās are essentially equivalent (seeing patience as a kind of discipline and meditation as a kind of intuitive wisdom).{{sfn|Xing|2005|p=48}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=note|35em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* Dhammajoti, K. L. (2009) ''Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma''. Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong. {{ISBN|978-988-99296-5-7}}.
* {{cite book |last=Gethin |first=Rupert |author-link=Rupert Gethin |date=1998 |title=Foundations of Buddhism |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-160671-7}}
* {{Citation | last =Kalupahana | first =David | year =2001 | title =Buddhist Thought and Ritual | publisher =Paragon House | location =New York | isbn =978-0892260898}}
* {{cite book|last=Nakamura|first=Hajime|author-link=Hajime Nakamura|title=Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC|year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0272-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=Vasubandhu|author-link1=Vasubandhu|last2=de La Vallée-Poussin|first2=Louis |author-link2=Louis de La Vallée-Poussin|title=Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWpiNAEACAAJ|date=1 June 1990|publisher=Asian Humanities Press|isbn=978-0-89581-913-0}}.
* Westerhoff, Jan (2018) ''The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy in the First Millennium CE'', pp. 60–61.
* Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett (1998). ''Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism'', Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung. Indien.
* {{cite book | last=Xing | first=Guang | title=The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikāya Theory | publisher=RoutledgeCurzon | publication-place=London | date=2005 | isbn=0-203-41310-5 | oclc=57298090}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Early Buddhist schools]]
[[Category:Nikaya schools]]
[[Category:Buddhism in India]]
[[Category:Abhidharma]]
[[Category:Sarvāstivāda]]
[[Category:Sthaviravāda]]

Engineering Services Examination

2025-12-21T01:23:20Z

JesusHupp231: New Basic Pg W/ Sources

{{Short description|Technical civil services of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox examination
| name = Engineering Services Examination
| image_name =[[File:Emblem of India.svg|120px|frameless|upright=0.6|class=skin-invert]]
| image_alt =
| caption =
| acronym = ESE
| type = Paper-based standardised test
| test_admin = [[Union Public Service Commission]]
| skills_tested = {{hlist|[[General knowledge]]|[[Engineering|Engineering knowledge]]}}
| purpose = Recruitment of Engineers
| duration = Stage I (5 hours) Stage II (6 hours)
| offered = Once a year
| regions = India
| score_users = [[Government of India]]
| language = English
| prerequisite = [[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]] or [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] from a recognised university or equivalent
| fee = {{INRConvert|200}}
| website = {{URL|upsc.gov.in}}
|qualification_rate=0.4%|attempt_restriction=Unlimited until the upper age limit|year_started={{Start date and age|1923}}|test_takers=350,000 (approx)|score_range=*'''Overall (0-1300)'''
** Prelims (0-500)
** Mains (0-600)
** Interview (0-200)}}
The '''Engineering Services Examination''' ('''ESE''') is a [[standardized test]] conducted annually by the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC) to recruit officers to various engineering services under the [[Government of India]]. Held in four categories—Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, and Electronics & Telecommunication, the exam has three stages comprising objective, subjective and personality tests.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/702-candidates-clear-indian-engg-services-exam-114022800099_1.html |title=702 candidates clear Engg Services exam | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=2014-02-28 |access-date=2016-12-01|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref> The Services are also informally known as Indian Engineering Services (IES).

Officers recruited through ESE are mandated to manage and conduct activities in diverse technical fields. Government infrastructure includes railways, roads, defence, manufacturing, inspection, supply, construction, public works, power, and telecommunications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/ies-opens-new-avenues-for-young-engineers/article533758.ece?css=print |title=IES opens new avenues for young engineers - Tirupati |work=The Hindu |date=2010-07-26 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> Appointments are made by the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.persmin.gov.in/DOPT/EmployeesCorner/Acts_Rules/ccs%28cca%29/ccstotal1.htm |title=CCS (CCA) Rules |publisher=Persmin.gov.in |access-date=2016-12-01 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203202814/http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/EmployeesCorner/Acts_Rules/ccs(cca)/ccstotal1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== List of Services ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=ENGINEERING SERVICES EXAMINATION, 2021 |url=https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Notif-ESEP-21-Engl-07042021.pdf}}</ref>

===Civil Engineering===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name of the Service
!Ministry/Department/Organization
|-
| [[Indian Railway Service of Engineers]]
| [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]
|-
|Central Engineering Service
|[[Central Public Works Department]]
|-
|Central Engineering Service (Roads) (Group A)
|[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]
|-
|[[Survey of India Service]] (Group A)
|[[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]
|-
|{{Abbr|AEE|Assistant Executive Engineer}}(Civil) in Border Road Engineering Service
|[[Border Roads Organisation]]
|-
|Indian Defence Service of Engineers
|[[Military Engineer Services (India)|Military Engineer Services]]
|-
|Indian Ordnance Factory Services
(Group A)
|(Civil) Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence
|-
|AEE({{Abbr|QS&C|Quality Surveying & Contracts}}) in {{Abbr|MES|Military Engineer Services}} Surveyor Cadre
|[[Military Engineer Services (India)|Military Engineer Services]]
|-
|Central Water Engineering Service (Group A)
|[[Central Water Commission]]
|-
|Indian Skill Development Service
|[[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]
|}
Indian railway management services includes Irms post

=== Mechanical Engineering ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name of the Service
!Ministry/Department/Organization
|-
| [[Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineering]]
| [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]
|-
|AEE in [[Central Geological Service|{{Abbr|GSI|Geological Survey of India}} Engineering Service]] (Group A)
|[[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines]]
|-
|Indian Defence Service of Engineers
|[[Military Engineer Services (India)|Military Engineer Services]]
|-
|Indian Ordnance Factory Services
(Group A)
|(Mechanical) Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence
|-
|Indian Naval Armament Service (Mechanical)
|[[Indian Navy]]
|-
|Indian Naval Material Management Service (Mechanical)
|[[Indian Navy]]
|-
|Central Water Engineering Service (Group A)
|Central Water Commission
|-
|Indian Skill Development Service
|Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
|-
|Defence Aeronautical Quality Assurance Services/{{Abbr|SSO|Senior Scientific Officer}}‐II (Mechanical)
|Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance, [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
|-
|[[Central Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Service]] (Mechanical)
|Central Public Works Department
|-
|[[Central Power Engineering Service]] (Group A) (Mechanical)
|[[Central Electricity Authority (India)|Central Electricity Authority]]
|-
|AEE (Electrical and Mechanical) in Border Roads Engineering
|Border Roads Organisation
|}

=== Electrical Engineering ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name of the Service
!Ministry/Department/Organization
|-
| [[Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers]]
| [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]
|-
|Central Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Service (Electrical)
|Central Public Works Department
|-
|Indian Defence Service of Engineers
|[[Military Engineer Services (India)|Military Engineer Services]]
|-
|Indian Ordnance Factory Services
(Group A)
|(Electrical) Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence
|-
|Indian Naval Material Management Service (Electrical)
|[[Indian Navy]]
|-
|Central Power Engineering Service (Group A) (Electrical)
|Central Electricity Authority
|-
|Indian Naval Armament Service (Electrical)
|[[Indian Navy]]
|-
|Defence Aeronautical Quality Assurance Service/SSO‐II (Electrical)
|Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance, Ministry of Defence
|-
|Indian Skill Development Service
|Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
|}

=== Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name of the Service
!Ministry/Department/Organization
|-
| [[Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers]]
| [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]
|-
|[[Indian Radio Regulatory Service]] (Group A)
|[[Department of Telecommunications]], [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]]
|-
|[[Indian Telecommunication Service]] (Group A)
|Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications
|-
|Indian Ordnance Factory Services
(Group A)
|(Electronics)Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence
|-
|Indian Naval Armament Service (Electronics and Telecommunication)
|[[Indian Navy]]
|-
|Indian Naval Material Management Service (Electronics and Telecommunication)
|[[Indian Navy]]
|-
|Junior Telecom Officer (Group B)
|Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications
|-
|Defence Aeronautical Quality Assurance Service/SSO‐II (Electronics & Telecommunication)
|Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance, Ministry of Defence
|-
|Central Power Engineering (Group A) (Electronics & Telecommunication)
|Central Electricity Authority
|-
|Indian Skill Development Service
|Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
|}

== Functions of officers ==
The work performed by these officers largely depends on their engineering branch and service (or cadre). However, they can move to any [[Civil Services of India|cadre]], organization, agency, department, [[Union Council of Ministers|ministry]] or [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertaking]] of the government of India. They are appointed to posts analogous to their present one, either on a fixed-term [[Delegation|deputation]] basis (at least five years and extensible, after which the officer returns to their parent cadre) or an absorption basis where the official leaves the parent cadre for the new one.<ref name="upsc1">{{cite web|url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/|title=Welcome to|date=2016-09-15|publisher=UPSC|access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://centralstaffing.gov.in/WebOfferList/List%20of%20Services%20Participating%20under%20css.htm |title=Central Staffing Scheme 2008-List of Services |publisher=Centralstaffing.gov.in |access-date=2016-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220024626/http://centralstaffing.gov.in/WebOfferList/List%20of%20Services%20Participating%20under%20css.htm |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== {{anchor|Nationality|Educational qualifications|Age limits}}Eligibility ==

Candidates must be a citizen of India or [[Nepal]] or a subject of [[Bhutan]], or a person of Indian origin who has migrated from [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]], [[Zaire]], [[Ethiopia]] or [[Vietnam]] with the intention of permanently settling in India.

The minimum educational requirement is a bachelor's degree in engineering (B.E. or B.Tech) from a recognised university or the equivalent. An M.Sc. degree or equivalent with wireless communications, electronics, radio physics or radio engineering as special subjects is also acceptable for certain services or posts.<ref name="engg1">{{cite web |url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/general/engg.htm |title=Engineering Services Examination |access-date=2012-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001065054/http://www.upsc.gov.in/general/engg.htm |archive-date=1 October 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>

The age range is 21–30 years on 1 January of the year of the Engineering Services Examination.<ref name="engg1"/> The upper age limit is relaxed as follows:
* A maximum of three years for [[Other Backward Class]] candidates (non-[[creamy layer]] only)
* A maximum of four years for Defence Services personnel disabled in operations during hostilities with any foreign country or in a disturbed area and discharged as a consequence
* A maximum of five years for:
** Candidates belonging to a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe]]
** Candidates who resided in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 1989
** Ex-servicemen (including commissioned officers and ECOs or SSCOs) with at least five years of military service by 1 August
** Candidates already in a permanent post of the Central Government Engineering Department

=={{anchor|Application|Application fee|Test centers|Plan of examination|Personality Test}}Examination==

Candidates are required to apply on the UPSC website. The application fee for general-category male candidates is 200. No fee is required for female and reserved-category applicants. Stage 1 of the test is conducted during the first week of January; Stage 2 is conducted in June and July across India. The government of India changed the Engineering Services Examination in 2017.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Revised examination<ref>{{cite web|url=https://competition.careers360.com/articles/upsc-ese#UPSC-ESE-2020-Exam-Pattern|title=UPSC ESE Exam Pattern|date=14 July 2018}}</ref>
!Stage
!Type
!Time
!Marks
|-
|rowspan="2"|I
|General studies and engineering aptitude paper
|2 hours
|200 (maximum)
|-
|Engineering discipline-specific paper
|3 hours
|300 (maximum)
|-
|rowspan="2"|II
|Discipline-specific paper I
|3 hours
|300 (maximum)
|-
|Discipline-specific paper II
|3 hours
|300 (maximum)
|-
|III
|Personality test
|
|200 (maximum)
|}

Candidates who qualify at Stage I are permitted to appear for the Stage II examination, and those who qualify at Stage II are permitted to appear for the Stage III examination. Candidates qualifying at all three stages are included on the examination's final merit list. The maximum score is 1300.

The personality test is an interview which assesses the candidate's suitability for a career in public service by a board of unbiased observers. The interview also assess social traits and interest in current affairs. Qualities judged include mental alertness, critical ability, clear and logical exposition, judgment, variety and depth of interests, social cohesion and leadership, and intellectual and moral integrity.

== Notable officers ==
* [[Narinder Singh Kapany]] – Former [[IOFS]] officer. Invented [[fibre optics]] that revolutionised laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery, telecommunications, power transmission, etc. Named as one of the seven "Unsung Heroes of the 20th century" by [[Fortune magazine]] for his [[Nobel Prize]]-deserving invention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm|title=How India missed another Nobel Prize|website=Rediff.com|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> Known as the "Father of Fibre Optics" and "The Man who Bent Light".<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001118/windows/main1.htm|title=The Tribune – Windows – Main Feature|website=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> Former Professor at [[Stanford]], Universities of California at [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]], [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Santa Barbara]] and [[University of California, Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]]. Had more than 150 patents to his credit.<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/> Conferred upon with [[Padma Vibhushan]], the second-highest honour in India, [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]], [[FREng|Fellowship of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng)]]. He was also offered the post of [[DRDS|Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister of India]] by the first Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].
* [[Nalini Ranjan Mohanty]] - Former [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service|IOFS]] officer. Secured All India 2nd Rank in the Engineering Services Examination of 1965, served as the Chairman & Managing Director of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], Director of [[Kudremukh Iron Ore Company]], [[Mahanadi Coalfields]], [[National Aluminium Company|National Aluminium Company (NALCO)]], [[Bharat Earth Movers|Bharat Earth Movers (BEML)]]. Awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 2004 by the [[Government of India]] for his role in the development of [[HAL Tejas|LCA – Tejas]].
* [[Rajendra K. Pachauri]] - former [[Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers|IRSME]] officer; chair of [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] when the organisation received the [[Nobel Prize]] in 2007; director general of [[the Energy and Resources Institute]]; received [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Padma Vibhushan]] from the government of India, the [[Order of the White Rose of Finland]] from the Finnish government, the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] (Gold and Silver Star) from the Japanese government and the [[Legion of Honour]] from the French government.
* [[H. P. S. Ahluwalia]] – [[IOFS]]. First Indian to climb [[Mount Everest]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/may/31/youngest-everest-climber-meets-first-indian-who-scaled-the-peak.htm|title=Youngest and first: Indian Everest conquerors meet|website=Rediff.com|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/first-indian-group-to-scale-mt-everest-feted_1576035.html|title=First Indian group to scale Mt Everest feted|date=9 April 2015|website=Zeenews.india.com|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> Author, mountaineer, social worker. Founder & Chairman of Indian Spinal Injuries Centre. Conferred on with the [[Arjuna Award]], [[Padma Shri]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] by the Government of India, [[Royal Geographical Society|Fellowship of Royal Geographical Society (FRGS)]]. Also served as a Commissioned officer in the [[Indian Army]] and Member of [[Planning Commission (India)]].
* [[Santu Shahaney]] - IOFS. Served as the first Indian Director General [[Ordnance Factories]] (DGOF). He was awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 1962, and [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1965, by the [[Government of India]], in the Civil Service category, for his contributions during the [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War of 1962]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], respectively.<ref name="mha.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (Public Section) Padma Awards Directory (1954-2017) |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017_0.pdf}}</ref>
* [[R. M. Muzumdar]] - IOFS. Second Indian Director General of the [[Indian Ordnance Factories]]. He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the Government of India, in 1973, in the Civil service category, for his contributions during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].
* [[Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan]] - IOFS officer. Developed the solid propellant for India's first space rocket launched from Thumba, and the detonation system of India's first nuclear bomb used in [[Operation Smiling Buddha]]. Served at the Ammunition Factory Khadki, and as the first Director of [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) and the [[Armaments Research and Development Establishment]] (ARDE) of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO). Awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 1974.
* [[H.G.S. Murthy]] - IOFS. Known as one of the "Seven Pioneers of the Indian Space Programme".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/slidesowdev/flashback-indian-space-stalwarts-though-the-years/photostory/65501656.cms|title = Indian space stalwarts though the years|website = [[The Times of India]]|date = 22 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/jul/29/among-the-seven-pioneers-787617.html|title = Among the Seven Pioneers| date=29 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096|title=I'm proud that I recommended him for ISRO: EV Chitnis}}</ref> He served at the Machine Tool Prototype Factory (MTPF), Ambernath, and as the first Director of the [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station |Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS)]], and the Space Science & Technology Centre, now known as the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)]]. Awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 1969.<ref name="mha.gov.in" />
*K. C. Banerjee - IOFS. Received [[Padma Shri]] in 1967, for his contributions during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], as the General Manager of [[Rifle Factory Ishapore]],<ref>{{cite web|title=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (Public Section) Padma Awards Directory (1954-2017) Year-Wise List|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017_0.pdf|access-date=July 11, 2021|website=www.mha.gov.in}}</ref> that developed and manufactured the [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle|7.62 Self-Loading Automatic Rifle]], that played decisive role in India's victory in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-rifle-that-won-the-war-in-1965/articleshow/49327325.cms|title=The rifle that won the war in 1965 | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=12 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-200-yr-old-ordnance-factories-anxiety-anticipation-and-some-sulk/articleshow/71613086.cms|title=At India's 200-year-old ordnance factories, anxiety and anticipation | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=16 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rfi.nic.in/Milestones.html |title=Important Milestones |publisher=Rfi.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2022-08-05 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111810/http://rfi.nic.in/Milestones.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/RFI/our-history1 |title=Our History | RIFLE FACTORY ISHAPORE | Government of India |access-date=21 September 2021 |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222151343/https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/RFI/our-history1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[O. P. Bahl]], an [[IOFS]] officer. Received [[Padma Shri]] in 1972, in the civil-service category, as the General Manager of [[Ammunition Factory Khadki]], which developed and manufactured the [[Anti-submarine missile|anti-submarine rockets]] used in sinking the submarine [[PNS Ghazi]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=1810|title=Padma Shri Awardees|website=Government of India|access-date=17 October 2019|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033024/http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=1810|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Ashwani Lohani]] - IRSME officer; chairman of [[Indian Railways]] and former chairman and managing director of [[Air India]]. Holds a [[Limca Book of Records|Limca record]] for having four engineering degree equivalents (mechanical, electrical and metallurgical engineering and electronics and telecommunications engineering from the [[Institution of Engineers (India)|Institution of Engineers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/report/pix-ais-new-chief-features-in-record-books-has-garden-named-after-him/20150820.htm |title=AI's new chief features in record books, has garden named after him - Rediff.com Business |work=Rediff.com |date=2015-08-20 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ashwani-lohani-in-limca-book/story-9EYuqu0iGIvpp4uZ6FtxSL.html |title=Ashwani Lohani in Limca Book | India |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2016-04-22 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>
* G. B. Meemamsi - Former [[Indian Telecommunication Service|ITS]] officer. Founding Director of [[C-DOT]]; received Padma Shri in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=126342|title=C-DOT celebrates Foundation Day|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/remembering-founder-executive-director-of-c-dot-gb-meemamsi/50379357|title=Remembering founder executive director of C-DoT GB Meemamsi - ET Telecom|website=ETTelecom.com}}</ref>
* [[Satyendra Dubey]] - [[Whistleblower]] against corruption; project director of the [[National Highways Authority of India]]'s (NHAI) [[Golden Quadrilateral]] project at [[Koderma]]. After his assassination, the [[Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011]] was passed.
* [[E. Sreedharan]] - Former [[Indian Railway Service of Engineers|IRSE]] officer, chairman and managing director of [[Konkan Railway]], [[Cochin Shipyard]] and the [[Delhi Metro]]. Retired member of the [[Railway Board]]. Received Padma Shri and [[Padma Vibhushan]] from India, the Order of the Rising Sun (Gold and Silver Star) from Japan and the Legion of Honour from France.

== See also ==
* [[Indian Railways Management Service]]
* [[Union Public Service Commission]]
* [[Central Civil Services]]
* [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.upsc.gov.in/ Union Public Service Commission (Official Website)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111010202110/http://persmin.gov.in/EmployeesCorner/Acts_Rules/CCSRules_1964/ccs_conduct_rules_1964_details.htm The Central Civil Services Conduct Rules of 1964]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426032055/http://mowr.nic.in/mowr/section/iwsu/opmay2003/Start.htm Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure 12th edition]

{{Civil service}}
{{Standardized tests in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engineering Services}}
[[Category:Indian Engineering Services| ]]
[[Category:Civil service tests in India]]
[[Category:Engineering education in India|Civil service]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

Beer in India

2025-12-19T17:30:36Z

JesusHupp231: put up first bio w/ refs

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}

'''Beer in India''' has been prepared from rice or millet for thousands of years. In the 18th century, the British introduced European beer to India. Beer is not as popular as stronger alcoholic beverages like [[desi daru]] and [[Indian-made foreign liquor]], such as [[Indian whiskey]]. The most popular beers in India are [[strong beer]]s.<ref name="strong beers reuters"/>

Beer-like [[sura (alcoholic drink)|sura]] has been produced in India since the [[Vedic era]] (c. 1500–1200 BCE, Rig Veda),<ref name="Eraly2002"/> rice beer has been produced by the [[Adivasi|native tribes]] since ancient times,<ref name="Chaudhuri"/> European beer imports to India from England started in 1716, introduced by the [[British Raj]]].<ref name="burton"/> [[Kasauli Brewery#Lion|Lion beer]], produced continuously since the 1820s, is Asia's first beer brand, and the first Indian brewed European style beer.<ref name="solan">{{cite web |title=Himachal Pradesh: Solan |url=http://hpsolan.gov.in/solan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210130442/http://hpsolan.gov.in/solan.html |archive-date=10 December 2012 |access-date=8 October 2013 |publisher=Government of Himachal Pradesh |df=dmy}}</ref><ref name="liv1">https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PiKqdbm2wPGiQnCisfynmK/1800s-Solan-No-1--The-accidental-legacy.html, The Mint, 13 Aug 2012.</ref><ref name="Damodaran">{{cite book |last=Damodaran |first=Harish |title=India's New Capitalists: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation |date=25 June 2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9780230594128 |page=63}}</ref>

==History==

===Traditional beer===
[[File:Lungzubel Meghalaya.JPG|thumb|Traditional beer vats in [[Meghalaya]].]]

The [[Veda]]s mention a beer-like drink called ''sura''.<ref name="Eraly2002">{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|title=Gem in the Lotus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YokatCwNG90C&pg=PT165|date=23 January 2002|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-014-2|page=165}}</ref> It was the favourite of the god [[Indra]].<ref name="DasguptaLangman2012">{{cite book|author1=Amitava Dasgupta|author2=Loralie J. Langman|title=Pharmacogenomics of Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AiHaRjs3grYC&pg=PA13|access-date=8 October 2013|year=2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-5611-6|page=13}}</ref> Sura is also mentioned in the [[Ramayana]].<ref name="Prakash2005">{{cite book|author=Om Prakash|title=Cultural History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzpYb5UOeiwC&pg=PA503|access-date=8 October 2013|date=1 January 2005|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1587-2|page=503}}</ref> [[Megasthenes]] has recorded usage of rice beer in India. [[Kautilya]] has also mentioned two intoxicating beverages made from rice called ''Medaka'' and ''Prasanna''.<ref name="Prakash2005"/>

[[Rice beer]] or ''handia'' has been traditionally prepared by various indigenous tribes of India, in which ''[[Ruellia]] suffruticosa'' is sometimes added for flavor. Rice beer also has ceremonial use among the [[Asur people]].<ref name="Chaudhuri">{{cite book|author1=Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri|author2=Sucheta Sen Chaudhuri|title=Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India: Concept, Ethnography and Demography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oG9_QkvmUKMC&pg=PA57|year=2005|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-026-0|page=57}}</ref> Millet beer is also prepared by some tribes. According to biologist [[J. B. S. Haldane]], local beer helped in keeping diseases like [[beri beri]] checked in these tribes. Recently, government and social workers have been trying to curb alcohol usage among these tribes.<ref name="PatiDash2002">{{cite book|author1=Rabindra Nath Pati|author2=Jagannatha Dash|title=Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxxnZ4XxUbsC&pg=PA123|year=2002|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-322-3|page=123}}</ref> Elephant herds have been known to attack villages to drink this rice beer for which they have acquired a taste.<ref name="elephants love beer">{{cite news|title=Beer-swilling elephants terrorize Indian villages |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2002090414_elephants14.html |access-date=8 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]] |date=14 November 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016143829/http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2002090414_elephants14.html |archive-date=16 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name=rampage>{{cite news|title=India elephant rampage|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/241781.stm|access-date=8 October 2013|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=24 December 1998}}</ref>

===European beer===
European-style beer was introduced in India by the British. By 1716, [[pale ale]] and Burton ale were being imported to India from [[England]].<ref name="burton">{{cite book|author=Pete Brown|title=Hops and Glory: One man's search for the beer that built the British Empire|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QI9sbhX9jlIC&pg=PT57|access-date=8 October 2013|date=11 August 2011|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-74047-1|page=57|chapter=Chapter 17: Hodgson's India Ale}}</ref> To protect the beer from spoiling during the long journey, it had to have high alcohol content and [[hops]] were added to it. This led to the invention of [[India pale ale]] in about 1787 by Bow Brewery.<ref name="pale ale">{{cite book|title=Global Histories, Imperial Commodities, Local Interactions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fkzAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|access-date=8 October 2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-28360-3|page=40|date = 12 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="lion beer"/>

[[Edward Dyer (brewer)|Edward Dyer]], travelled to back India and set up India's first brewery, the [[Kasauli Brewery]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The life of General Dyer|last=Colvin|first=Ian Duncan|date=1929-01-01|publisher=W. Blackwood & Sons Ltd.|location=Edinburgh; London|language=en|oclc = 1335678}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TM3riRQIkwgC&q=edward&pg=PA1|title=The Life of General Dyer|last=Colvin|first=Ian Duncan|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Unistar Books|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C&q=edward&pg=PA4|title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer|last=Collett|first=Nigel|date=2006-10-15|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781852855758|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/dREvXCimvI0BIYRLNbavRO/How-Old-Monk-went-from-Indias-star-to-another-hasbeen.html|title=How Old Monk went from India's star to another has-been|last=Saikia|first=Arunabh|date=2016-04-23|newspaper=Mint on Sunday|access-date=2017-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/reginald-edward-dyer_2419138|title=Reginald Edward Dyer 1864-1927 - Ancestry|website=www.ancestry.com|language=en-us|access-date=2017-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawrencecollege.edu.pk/reginald-edward-harry-dyer/|title=Reginald Edward Harry Dyer – the Butcher of Amritsar | Lawrence College Ghora Gali|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-date=28 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128214708/http://lawrencecollege.edu.pk/reginald-edward-harry-dyer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It produced the beer brand Lion, which is still available. The beer production at Kasauli brewery was moved to [[Kasauli Brewery#Solan|Solan Brewery]] at [[Solan]] in a swap when Kasauli Brewery started producing India's first single malt whisky, the [[Kasauli Brewery#Solan whisky|Solan No. 1]]. In 1855, it was incorporated as Dyer Breweries. Later, more breweries were built across India, Burma and Sri Lanka, and added to it. Later, H. G. Meakin bought the Solan brewery and added some more. It came to be known as Dyer-Meakin & Company.<ref name="lion beer">{{cite news|title=Spirits still soar at Asia's oldest brewery|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-08-13/news/27493620_1_beer-london-stock-exchange-asia-s|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202093903/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-08-13/news/27493620_1_beer-london-stock-exchange-asia-s|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014|access-date=8 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=13 August 2013}}</ref> By the year 1882, there were 12 breweries in India in all, including one in [[Rangoon]].<ref name="Hunter1886">{{cite book|author=Sir William Wilson Hunter|title=The Indian Empire: Its People, History, and Products|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUhvfR1S_UEC&pg=PA616|year=1886|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1581-6|page=616}}</ref>

In the year 1892, 4,831,127 gallons of beer were produced in India. Out of this 2,748,365 gallons were purchased by [[commissariat]] and rest was left for consumption by the civilian population. But, British soldiers reportedly did not like local beer and preferred imported beer which they were able to acquire cheaply. In 1967 the price was only 6.5 rupees.<ref name=beer1892>{{cite news|title=Beer in India|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1xBlAAAAIBAJ&dq=beer%20india&pg=6274%2C2182354|access-date=7 October 2013|newspaper=[[Calgary Herald|The Calgary Weekly Herald]]|date=26 December 1893}}</ref>

In 1937, [[Burma]] was separated from India and the company lost its Burmese assets.<ref name="lion beer"/> The company was restructured and renamed as Dyer Meakin Breweries. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange.<ref name="london stock">{{cite news|title=Calcutta Stocks Neglected|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=es4-AAAAIBAJ&dq=dyer%20meakin%20breweries&pg=3090%2C3095985|access-date=8 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=5 November 1948}}</ref> In 1949, N. N Mohan acquired all the assets of Dyer Meakin Breweries and added a few more units. In 1967, the company was renamed to [[Mohan Meakin]] Breweries.<ref name="lion beer"/>

===Modern===

Established in 1969, Lilasons Breweries in Madhya Pradesh is known for their strong beer brand Khajuraho. It is considered the first super-strong beer brand in India.<ref name="Lilasons">{{cite news|title=Lilasons looks at AP to grow their business|url=http://www.ambrosiaindia.com/2014/may.asp|access-date=10 March 2016|work=Ambrosia India|date=May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310190426/http://www.ambrosiaindia.com/2014/may.asp|archive-date=10 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In recent years, foreign companies have been entering India and acquiring local businesses. In 1999, United Breweries floated a subsidiary called Millennium AlcoBev. It was a joint venture between United Breweries, UK-based [[Scottish & Newcastle]] and Ravi Jain.<ref name="ubl holdings">{{cite news|title=United Breweries (Holdings) Ltd.|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/united-breweries-(holdings)-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-12850.cms|access-date=8 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
In 2000, SABMiller India entered Indian market by acquiring Narang Breweries.<ref name=narang>{{cite news|title=SABMiller brews new plan|url=http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2005/nov/10sab.htm|access-date=8 October 2013|date=10 November 2005}}</ref> In June 2001, it acquired the Mysore Breweries.<ref name=mysore>{{cite news|title=SABMiller moving base to Bangalore|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/04/12/stories/2003041202720100.htm|access-date=8 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 April 2003}}</ref> In 2003, SABMiller India acquired 50% stake in local [[Shaw Wallace]]'s beer business.<ref name="sabmiller wallace"/> In November 2002, SABMiller India acquired Rochees Breweries.

In May 2005, SABMiller India acquired Shaw Wallace's beer assets for {{currency|600|INR}} crore.<ref name="sabmiller wallace">{{cite news|title=SABMiller buys S Wallace for USD 135m|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/SABMiller-buys-S-Wallace-for-USD-135m/articleshow/1124971.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131008185036/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-28/india-business/27845253_1_shaw-wallace-breweries-beer-business-castle-lager|url-status=live|archive-date=8 October 2013|access-date=8 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 May 2005}}</ref> Also in 2005, Carlsberg entered India with its local venture, South Asian Breweries. Also in 2005, Singapore-based [[Asia Pacific Breweries]] acquired a 76% shared the local Aurangabad Breweries.<ref name="beer war">{{cite news|title=Beer war hots up in India|url=http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2007/dec/04bspec.htm|access-date=7 October 2013|newspaper=[[Rediff]]|date=4 December 2007}}</ref> In late 2005, UK-based [[Cobra Beer]] entered the Indian market by beginning negotiations with in December.<ref name=Cobra>{{cite news|title=Ravi Kaza to head Cobra Beer India biz|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-10-16/news/27697187_1_indian-beer-cobra-beer-india-ravi-kaza|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322172656/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-10-16/news/27697187_1_indian-beer-cobra-beer-india-ravi-kaza|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 March 2014|access-date=7 October 2013|date=16 October 2008|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref name="cobra thirsty hiss">{{cite news|title=Cobra thirsts for India beer boom|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4503232.stm|access-date=7 October 2013|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=6 December 2005}}</ref> In 2006, SABMiller India acquired Foster's Indian assets.<ref name="foster sab">{{cite news|title=SABMiller to acquire Foster's India assets|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/05/stories/2006080503201600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117154925/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/05/stories/2006080503201600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2008|access-date=8 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 August 2006}}</ref>

In February 2006, [[Anheuser-Busch Inbev]], the makers of [[Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch)|Budweiser]], entered a partnership with Hyderabad-based Crown Beers.<ref name="beer war"/><ref name=buds>{{cite news|title=Budweiser beer to be made in India|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/budweiser-beer-to-be-made-in-india/article1650549.ece?ref=archive|access-date=7 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=24 February 2007}}</ref> Also in 2006, Ravi Jain divested his holdings in Millennium AlcoBev.<ref name=ravi>{{cite news|title=UB, S&N buy Ravi Jain's 20% stake in JV for Rs 18 cr|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-03-14/news/27420327_1_ub-mabl-millennium-alcobev|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201235925/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-03-14/news/27420327_1_ub-mabl-millennium-alcobev|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2014|access-date=8 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=14 May 2006}}</ref> In 2010, United Breweries consolidate its assets, merging Millennium AlcoBev and other units back into itself.<ref name=consolid>{{cite news|title=United Breweries to fold in Millennium Alcobev, other arms|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/1438053/report-united-breweries-to-fold-in-millennium-alcobev-other-arms|access-date=8 October 2013|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=15 September 2010}}</ref> In 2011, United Breweries announced that they would produce the [[Heineken]] brand beer in India.<ref name=hein>{{cite news|title=United Breweries to manufacture Heineken beer in India|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-59316520110913|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305212859/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-59316520110913|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=7 October 2013|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=13 September 2011}}</ref> In 2012 after India allowed foreign-direct investment from Pakistan, [[Murree Beer]] representatives stated that they were seeking to export their brand to India.<ref name=murree>{{cite news|title=24 May 2012|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/24/pakistan-india-trade-beer|access-date=7 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=24 May 2012}}</ref> The Rawalpindi-based Murree Beer, which was established in 1861, has been trying to enter the Indian market since 2003.<ref name=2003Pak>{{cite news|title=Pakistan eyes the India beer market|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EG01Df01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030817110324/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EG01Df01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=17 August 2003|access-date=7 October 2013|newspaper=[[Asia Times]]|date=1 July 2003}}</ref>

"Oktoberfest Goa", a beer, food and [[electronic music]] festival, has been held every year since 2011 in [[Goa]].<ref name=beerfest>{{cite news |title=Beer, music, food: Oktoberfest back in Goa |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-15/news-and-interviews/42080816_1_festival-director-ma-faiza-electronic-dance-music |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131008185122/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-15/news-and-interviews/42080816_1_festival-director-ma-faiza-electronic-dance-music |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 October 2013 |access-date=7 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The [[Competition Commission of India]] found United Breweries Limited (UBL), Anheuser Busch InBev India Ltd. (AB InBev) and Carlsberg India Private Limited (CIPL) guilty of price fixing and imposed fines in September 2021. UBL and CIPL were fined {{INRConvert|750|c}} and {{INRConvert|120|c}} respectively, while AB InBev was given a 100% benefit of reduction in penalty.<ref>{{cite web |title=CCI imposes penalty on beer companies in price-fixing case |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/cci-imposes-penalty-on-beer-companies-in-price-fixing-case-11632480998180.html |website=mint |access-date=24 September 2021 |language=en |date=24 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CCI Penalises United Breweries India And Carlsberg India For Carterlisation |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/cci-penalises-makers-of-kingfisher-foster-and-carlsberg-beer-for-carterlisation-7504151.html |website=Moneycontrol |date=24 September 2021 |access-date=24 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Brands and breweries==
The largest selling India beer brand is [[Kingfisher (beer)|Kingfisher]]. Other major Indian brands are Hunter, Kalyani, Haywards, Knock Out and Zingaro. The largest brewery in India by market share is the [[Bangalore]] based [[United Breweries]]. Other major breweries in India are Carlsberg, SABMiller India, B9 Beverages (Bira 91) Som Distilleries and Breweries Ltd and Anheuser-Busch Inbev.<ref name="strong beers reuters"/> In 2013, United Breweries had a market share of 55% and SABMiller India had a share of 23%.<ref name="live mint beer"/> SABMiller India owns the Haywards brand, KALS breweries owns Foster's Indian units.<ref name="live mint beer"/><ref name=foster>{{cite news|title=India key to SABMiller's global bid for Foster's beer unit|url=http://www.sify.com/finance/india-key-to-sabmiller-s-global-bid-for-foster-s-beer-unit-news-news-kgobu7fgbjf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303163827/http://www.sify.com/finance/india-key-to-sabmiller-s-global-bid-for-foster-s-beer-unit-news-news-kgobu7fgbjf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2014|access-date=7 October 2013|newspaper=[[Sify]]|date=14 June 2010}}</ref>

Although imported beer brands like, [[Corona (beer)|Corona]], [[Singha]], [[Tsingtao Brewery|Tsingtao]], [[Victoria Bitter]], [[Geist]] and {{illm|Christoffel (beer)|lt=Christoffel|nl|Christoffel Bier}}, are available in India, they are costly due to high import duties reaching up to 100%.<ref name="imported">{{cite news|title=Indian cheer for foreign Beer|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-02-21/news/28618056_1_indian-beer-beer-brands-beer-geek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226071728/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-02-21/news/28618056_1_indian-beer-beer-brands-beer-geek|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 December 2013|date=21 February 2011|access-date=9 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Carlsberg's Tuborg Booster Strong brand (8% ABV) and Anheuser-Busch Inbev's Budweiser Magnum (6.5% ABV) are sold only in India. United Breweries' Kingfisher Strong (8% ABV) is India's best selling brand.<ref name="strong beers reuters"/>

Some of the major beer brands in India by market share are:

<div align="center">
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan=4|Popular beer brands by market share (2014)<ref name="GlobalBeer-ET">{{cite news|title=Say cheers to global beer!|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-09-04/news/66213192_1_global-beer-heineken-sabmiller|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911011919/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-09-04/news/66213192_1_global-beer-heineken-sabmiller|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2015|access-date=23 March 2016|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=4 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
! Company !! Market share (%) !! Beer brand !! Market share (%)
|-
| rowspan=7|[[United Breweries]] || rowspan=7| 51.1 || [[Kingfisher beer|Kingfisher]] || 41.2
|-
| Kalyani Black Label || 2.7
|-
| UB Export || 2
|-
| Sandpiper || 1.5
|-
| Bullet Super Strong || 1
|-
| Zingaro ||0.9
|-
| London Pilsner || 0.2
|-
| rowspan=4|[[SABMiller]] || rowspan=4|25.6 || [[SABMiller brands#SABMiller India Ltd. breweries|Haywards]] || 15
|-
| Knockout || 8.7
|-
| [[Foster's Lager|Foster's]] || 1.3
|-
| Royal Challenge Premium Lager || 0.6
|-
| rowspan=3|[[Carlsberg Group|Carlsberg]] || rowspan=3|7.6 || [[Okocim Brewery|Okocim]] || 5.1
|-
| [[Tuborg]] || 1.3
|-
| [[Carlsberg Group|Carlsberg]] || 1.2
|-
| rowspan=3|[[Mohan Meakin]] || rowspan=3|3.1 || Golden Eagle || 1.7
|-
| Black Knight || 1.1
|-
| Vorion || 0.2
|-
| [[Anheuser–Busch InBev|Anheuser-Busch]] || 2.1 || [[Budweiser]] || 2
|-
| [[Molson Coors]] || 0.2 || [[Cobra Beer|Cobra]] || 0.2
|-
|}
</div>

===Craft beer===
Modern craft beer came relatively late to India. The first Indian brewpubs opened in Pune (Doolally) and [[Gurgaon]] [[Ahirwal]] (Howzat) in 2009. Also around the same time, India's first bottled craft beers were launched by the Martin Judd's brewery in Maharashtra, and Australian owned "Little Devils" in Ghaziabad. While the bottling ventures proved short-lived, and closed down within a years time, brewpubs have since become a successful format and common sight, especially in India's large cities. In 2019, India counts more than 200 brewpubs, of which about 60 each are located in Bangalore and Gurgaon, respectively.

Bottled Indian craft beer became available again after a long break in 2016, when the White Rhino brewery opened in Gwalior, and soon after started selling their beers in Haryana and Delhi. Since then, new packaging craft breweries have opened in Bangalore and Goa.

Due to restrictive Indian liquor manufacturing laws, some entrepreneurs have chosen to manufacture their beer outside of India. Among them was Bira91, an Indian [[Wheat beer#Witbier|witbier]] brand, which became extremely popular across the country, and has since shifted its production back to India.

==Sales and consumption==
In 2014-15 financial year, the beer market in India grew by 6% to 22.3 million hectolitres (or to 286 million cases). On the one hand, this rate is twice faster as compared to the 2013-14-year; on the other hand, it is half than the average rate over the preceding decade.<ref name="Journal.Beer">{{cite news|title=Analysis of beer market in India|url=http://journal.beer/2015/10/01/analysis-of-beer-market-in-india-journal-beer-3-2015/|work=Beer Journal|access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> The per capita consumption of beer is 1.6 litres.<ref name="live mint beer"/> Due to the increase in disposable income and discerning consumers, the potential is high. The industry has been growing over the last few years and this growth is attributed to the growing middle class.<ref name="strong beers reuters">{{cite news|title=Stronger is better: brewers tap India thirst for potent beer|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-beer-idUSBRE98N0BC20130924|access-date=7 October 2013|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=24 September 2013|archive-date=28 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928083346/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/24/us-india-beer-idUSBRE98N0BC20130924|url-status=live}}</ref> The increased consumption has raised the price of barley in India.<ref name=barley>{{cite news|title=India barley prices surge on buoyant beer market|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/barley-beer-india-idINBOM3519920071120|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306160936/http://in.reuters.com/article/barley-beer-india-idINBOM3519920071120|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2016|access-date=7 October 2013|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=20 November 2007}}</ref>

Indians prefer stronger alcoholic drinks, like [[whiskey]], over beer, because it is cheaper and has a higher alcohol content. Indians mostly consume stronger brews. Strong beer with alcohol content in the 5-8% range accounted for 83% of the total beer sales in 2012. Beer accounts for only 5% of the total alcohol consumed.<ref name="strong beers reuters"/> The low consumption is attributed to high cost, availability and stringent regulations. [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]] are the only two state in India which has a lower tax rate for beer compared to other alcoholic beverages. Maharashtra has the highest tax on alcohol, at 43%. The latest entrant into the Indian market is the [[Bira 91]] brand with its headquarters in Delhi, making a steady rise in the beer market.<ref name="live mint beer">{{cite news|title=Beer still a luxury for the average Indian|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/Vhca64Ta4m7m4ywMsdViQK/Beer-still-a-luxury-for-the-average-Indian.html|access-date=7 October 2013|newspaper=[[Live Mint]]|date=29 September 2013|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210154204/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/Vhca64Ta4m7m4ywMsdViQK/Beer-still-a-luxury-for-the-average-Indian.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=kerala>{{cite web |url=http://www.ksbc.kerala.gov.in/sales.htm |title=Sales and Revenue |publisher=Kerala State Beverages Corporation Limited |access-date=2016-01-30 |archive-date=8 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708040628/http://www.ksbc.kerala.gov.in/sales.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Domestic-market beer is packaged in 650-ml bottles and come in cases of 6. Export-market beer come in 330-ml Standard European or 625-ml (22 imp. oz.) bottles. They come in mild (4% to 5% ABV) and strong (6% to 8% ABV) lagers.

==See also==
{{portal|Beer|Drink|India}}

* Beer related
** [[Beer and breweries by region]]
** [[sura (alcoholic drink)|Sura]]
** [[Kasauli Brewery]]
** [[Kasauli Brewery#Solan|Solan brewery]]
** [[Kasauli Brewery#Lion|Lion beer]], Asia's first beer brand
* Other India alcohol related
** [[Sura_(alcoholic_drink)#Vedic_beverages|List of vedic and ayurvedic alcoholic drinks]]
** [[List of Indian beverages#Alcohol|Alcoholic Indian beverages]]
** [[Alcohol laws of India]]
** [[Alcohol prohibition in India]]
** [[Alcohol laws of India#Dry days|Dry Days in India]]
** [[Desi daru]]
** [[Indian-made foreign liquor]]
** [[Indian whisky]]
** [[Scotch whisky]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Pete Brown|title=Hops and Glory: One man's search for the beer that built the British Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QI9sbhX9jlIC|date=11 August 2011|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-74047-1}}
* {{cite news|last1=O’Yeah|first1=Zac|title=Last orders at Beer-uru's classic watering holes|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/last-orders-at-beerurus-classic-watering-holes/article9449462.ece|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=30 December 2016}}
* ScoopHub [http://scoophub.in/top-10-best-beer-brands-in-india/ Beer Brands List in India] Author :- Mukta Dhiman

{{portalbar|Beer|Liquor|India}}
{{Alcohol in India}}
{{Alcohol by countries}}
{{Alcoholic beverages}}
{{Indian beverages}}
{{Beers of the world}}
{{Prohibition |state=collapsed}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Whisky |state=collapsed}}
{{Asia topic |Beer in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beer in India}}
[[Category:Beer in India| ]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian alcoholic beverages]]

List of villages in Madhubani district

2025-12-16T06:32:32Z

JesusHupp231:

{{short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

This is a list of villages in [[Madhubani district]] of [[Bihar state]], India.<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/10/1005_PART_A_DCHB_MADHUBANI.pdf District Census Handbook - Madhubani]. [[2011 Census of India]].</ref>

== A–C ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Aunsi]]
* [[Balirajpur]]
* Bardaha
* [[Bardepur]]
* [[Baruar, Madhubani district|Baruar]]
* [[Basuki Bihari]]
* [[Belarahi]]
* [[Belhi, Madhubani|Belhi]]
* [[Bhalni]]
*[[Bhaur Gram|Bhaur]]
* [[Bhoj Pandaul]]
* [[Bichkhana]]
* [[Bijlipur, India|Bijlipur]]
* [[Bistaul]]
* [[Champa, Madhubani|Champa]]
* [[Dahila, Madhubani|Dahila]]
{{div col end}}

== D–L ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[, Bihar|Damla]]
* [[Dahila]]
* [[Dhanga, Bihar|Dhanga]]
* [[Gangdwar]]
* [[ ghoghardiha ]]
* [[Imadpatti]]
* [[Jamsam]]
* [[Jamuthari]]
* [[Kaluahi]]
* [[Kapsiya]]
* [[Karmauli]]
* [[Lakhnaur]]
* [[Laukaha]]
* [[Lohna, Bihar|Lohna]]
{{div col end}}

== M–N ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Mahrail]]
* [[Maibi, Madhubani|Maibi]]
* [[Malmal]]
* [[Mangrauni]]
* [[Mehath]]
* [[Mohanpur, Madhubani|Mohanpur]]
* [[Mohna]]
* [[Nabtol]]
* [[Nagdah Balain, Madhubani|Nagdah Balain]]
* [[Nahari, Madhubani|Nahari]]
* [[Naruar]]
* [[Navani]]
* [[Navtol]]
{{div col end}}

== P–U ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Pandaul]]
* [[Parjuar Dih]]
*[[Pipraun]]
*[[Pirokhar]]
* [[Rajaur]]
* Ramnagar
* [[Rampatti]]
* [[Ranipur, Bihar|Ranipur]]
* [[Sarisav Pahi]]
* [[Saurath Sabha]]
* [[Shibipatti]]
* [[Siriyapur]]
* [[Sudai]]
* Tajpur
* [[Uchhaith]]
* [[Uttra]]

{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Villages in Madhubani district}}
[[Category:Villages in Madhubani district| ]]
[[Category:Lists of villages in Bihar|Madhubani]]

National Highway 130C (India)

2025-12-03T01:26:09Z

JesusHupp231:

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 130C
| length_km = 219
|map ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=8|frame-lat=20.45|frame-long=82.32|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q55624752|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 130C}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=Route of the National Highway in red
| direction_a = North
| direction_b = South
| terminus_a = [[Abhanpur]]
| terminus_b = Baldhimal
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 30
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 30 
| next_route = 26 
| states = [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 130C''', commonly referred to as '''NH 130C''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158817.pdf|title=New highways notification dated March, 2014|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 30 (India)|National Highway 30]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> NH-130C traverses the states of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Odisha]] in India.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137688|title=New National Highways in Chhattisgarh|date=10 Mar 2016|website=Press Information Bureau - [[Government of India]]|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref>

== Route ==

; Chhattisgarh

[[Abhanpur]], [[Rajim]], [[Gariaband]], Bardula, [[Deobhog]] - Odisha Border.<ref name=":0" />

; Odisha

Chhattisgarh Border - Baldhimal.<ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|30|country=IND}} Terminal near Abhanpur.<ref name=":0" />
: {{jct|NH|26|country=IND}} Terminal near Baldhimal.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11603078 NH 130C on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH30 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Odisha]]
[[Category:National highways in Chhattisgarh]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

2025 Nagaland Super League

2025-11-03T20:45:59Z

JesusHupp231: Added

{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Nagaland Super League]]
| season = [[2024–25 in Indian football|2024–25]]
| dates = 28 January – 1 April
| winners = [[Barak FC|Barak]] (1st title)
| matches = 46
| total goals = 148
| league topscorer =
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason =
| nextseason = ''[[2026 Nagaland Super League|2026]]''
| updated =
}}

The '''2025 Nagaland Super League''' was the inaugural season of the [[Nagaland Super League]], the men's professional [[Franchising|franchise]] [[Association football|football]] league in [[Nagaland]], [[India]]. It was organised by the [[Nagaland Football Association]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-01-15 |title=Nagaland Super League launches official logo |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/nagaland-super-league-launches-official-logo/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland Super League official logo released |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/nagaland-super-league-official-logo-released |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Mirror |url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/details/official-logo-of-nagaland-super-league-unveiled |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.easternmirrornagaland.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TIMES |first=MOKOKCHUNG |date=2025-01-14 |title=CM Neiphiu Rio visits Chümoukedima stadium ahead of Nagaland Super League kickoff » MokokchungTimes.com |url=https://mokokchungtimes.com/cm-neiphiu-rio-visits-chumoukedima-stadium-ahead-of-nagaland-super-league-kickoff/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=mokokchungtimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-01-13 |title=CM interacts with footballers at Chümoukedima ahead of 1st Nagaland Super League |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/cm-interacts-with-footballers-at-chumoukedima-ahead-of-1st-nagaland-super-league/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Nagaland Super League kicks off on Jan 28, 2025! Seven clubs, two stadiums, one epic battle for glory. Join the action at Chumoukedima & IG Stadium, Kohima. |url=https://x.com/NSLOfficial2024/status/1879127922172461398 |website=x.com}}</ref>

== Clubs ==
{{Location map+|India Nagaland|float=right|width=300|caption=Locations of the NSL clubs|places=
{{Location map~ |India Nagaland |lat=25.554 |long=93.7406 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Barak FC|Barak]]}} |position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India Nagaland |lat=26.32 |long=94.5 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Longterok FC|Longterok]]}} |position=top}}


{{Location map~ |India Nagaland |lat=25.7916 |long=93.7818 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Nagaland United SC|Nagaland United]]}} |position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India Nagaland |lat=25.909174 |long=93.726602 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Red Scars FC|Red Scars]]}} |position=top}}


{{Location map~ |India Nagaland |lat=25.715 |long=94.0365 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Sechü Zubza FC|Sechü Zubza]]}} |position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India Nagaland |lat=26.271559 |long=94.831384 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Frontier Warriors FC|Frontier Warriors]]}} |position=bottom}}


{{Location map~ |India Nagaland |lat=25.67 |long=94.1 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[27 United FC|27 United]]}} |position=bottom}}}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Club
!City
!Stadium
!Capacity
|-
|[[Barak FC|Barak]]
|[[Peren, Nagaland|Peren]]
| rowspan="4" |Chümoukedima Football Stadium
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center" |5,000
|-
|[[Longterok FC|Longterok]]
|[[Mokokchung]]
|-
|[[Nagaland United SC|Nagaland United]]
|[[Chümoukedima]]
|-
|[[Red Scars FC|Red Scars]]
|[[Dimapur]]
|-
|[[Sechü Zubza FC|Sechü Zubza]]
|[[Sechü Zubza]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Indira Gandhi Stadium (Kohima)|Indira Gandhi Stadium]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |20,000
|-
|[[Frontier Warriors FC|Frontier Warriors]]
|[[Tuensang]]
|-
|[[27 United FC|27 United]]
|[[Kohima]]
|}

== League table ==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source = [https://www.nagalandfootball.com/standings Nagaland Super League]
|update = complete
|show_groups=no


|team_order=BAR, NAU, LON, TUN, SEZ, RED, FRO


|win_BAR=9 |draw_BAR=2 |loss_BAR=1 |gf_BAR=26 |ga_BAR=9 |status_BAR=C 
|win_LON=5 |draw_LON=5 |loss_LON=2 |gf_LON=17 |ga_LON=13 |status_LON=R |status_text_R=Runners-up 
|win_NAU=6 |draw_NAU=3 |loss_NAU=3 |gf_NAU=22 |ga_NAU=9 |status_NAU= 
|win_RED=2 |draw_RED=4 |loss_RED=6 |gf_RED=10 |ga_RED=17 |status_RED= 
|win_SEZ=4 |draw_SEZ=3 |loss_SEZ=5 |gf_SEZ=23 |ga_SEZ=23 |status_SEZ= 
|win_FRO=1 |draw_FRO=1 |loss_FRO=10 |gf_FRO=18 |ga_FRO=39 |status_FRO= 
|win_TUN=4 |draw_TUN=4 |loss_TUN=4 |gf_TUN=22 |ga_TUN=28 |status_TUN= 


|result1=M1 |result2=M1 |result3=M2 |result4=M2


|name_BAR=[[Barak FC|Barak]]
|name_LON=[[Longterok FC|Longterok]]
|name_NAU=[[Nagaland United SC|Nagaland United]]
|name_RED=[[Red Scars FC|Red Scars]]
|name_SEZ=[[Sechü Zubza FC|Sechü Zubza]]
|name_FRO=[[Frontier Warriors FC|Frontier Warriors]]
|name_TUN=[[27 United FC|27 United]]


|status_text_W= Nagaland Super League Cup winners


|show_limit=5


|res_col_header=Q
|col_M1=green1 |text_M1=Advanced to [[#Playoffs|Match 2]]
|col_M2=yellow1 |text_M2=Advanced to [[#Playoffs|Match 1]]
}}
</onlyinclude>

== Playoffs ==
===Bracket===
<onlyinclude>
{{4TeamBracket-PagePlayoff
| team-width = 150px | score-width = 150px

| RD1b = Match 1
| RD1b-text1 = 25 March 2025
| RD1b-seed1 = 3
| RD1b-team1 = '''[[Longterok FC|Longterok]]'''
| RD1b-score1 = '''2'''
| RD1b-seed2 = 4
| RD1b-team2 = [[27 United FC|27 United]]
| RD1b-score2 = 1

| RD1 = Match 2
| RD1-text1 = 27 March 2025
| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Barak FC|Barak]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''1 (3)'''
| RD1-seed2 = 2
| RD1-team2 = [[Nagaland United SC|Nagaland United]]
| RD1-score2 = 1 (1)

| RD2 = Match 3
| RD2-text1 = 30 March 2025
| RD2-seed1 = 2
| RD2-team1 = [[Nagaland United SC|Nagaland United]]
| RD2-score1 = 0
| RD2-seed2 = 3
| RD2-team2 = '''[[Longterok FC|Longterok]]''' {{aet}}
| RD2-score2 = '''1'''

| RD3 = Final
| RD3-text1 = 1 April 2025
| RD3-seed1 = '''1'''
| RD3-team1 = '''[[Barak FC|Barak]]'''
| RD3-score1 = 3
| RD3-seed2 = 3
| RD3-team2 = [[Longterok FC|Longterok]]
| RD3-score2 = 1

}}

</onlyinclude>

===Final===
{{football box
| round = Fnal
| date = {{Start date|2025|04|01|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Barak FC|Barak]]
| score = 3–1
| report = https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2025/04/02/barak-football-club-scripts-history-lifts-first-nsl-trophy/
| team2 = [[Longterok FC|Longterok]]
| goals1 =
* Mangkholen {{goal|52}}
* Toka Achumi {{goal|66}}
* Ngamminlun Melvin {{goal|85}}
| goals2 =
* Kakhevi Assumi {{goal|90+6}}
| location = [[Chümoukedima]]
| stadium = Chümoukedima Football Stadium
| attendance =
| motm = Kenumdi (Barak)
| referee =
}}

== Season statistics ==

{{Empty section|date=January 2025}}

==Awards==
NSL Awards Night 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=NSL Awards Night 2025: Celebrating Stars, Stories, and Spirit of the Game |url=https://www.nagalandsuperleague.com/blog_content.php?id=64}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Recipient
!Club
|-
|The William Koso Award (Best Coach)
|[[Khogen Singh]]
|[[Nagaland United SC|Nagaland United]]
|-
|Best Defender
|Benrithung Humtsoe
|[[Barak FC|Barak]]
|-
|Best Striker
|Nisede Peseyie
|[[Nagaland United SC|Nagaland United]]
|-
|Golden Glove
|Dziesengulie Kire
|[[Barak FC|Barak]]
|-
|Golden Boot
|Toka Achumi
|[[Barak FC|Barak]]
|-
|Golden Star
|Namang Yimong
|[[Longterok FC|Longterok]]
|-
|Golden Ball
|Kevisanyu Peseyie
|[[Barak FC|Barak]]
|-
|Best Midfielder
|Cornelius Laldinsang Pudaite
|[[Longterok FC|Longterok]]
|-
| colspan="2" |Fairplay Award
|[[Frontier Warriors FC|Frontier Warriors]]
|-
|Best Goal
|Kunozo Venyo
|[[27 United FC|27 United]]
|-
| colspan="2" |Best Social Media
|[[Barak FC|Barak]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2024–25 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Nagaland Super League]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football]]

Bengal Film Journalists' Association - Best Female Playback Singer (Hindi)

2025-10-31T06:06:20Z

JesusHupp231: New

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{notability|date=January 2018}}
Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|- bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year || Singer || Film
|-
| 2007 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2006 ||
|-
| 2005 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2004 ||
|-
| 2003 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2002 ||
|-
| 2001 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2000 ||
|-
| 1999 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1998 || ||
|-
| 1997 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1996 ||
|-
| 1995 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1994 || ||
|-
| 1993 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1992 || [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || [[Lekin...]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1991 ||
|-
| 1990 || ||
|-
| 1989 || [[Alka Yagnik]] || [[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1988 || [[Alisha Chinai]] || [[Jalwa]]
|-
| 1987 || [[Asha Bhosle]] || [[Ek Pal]]
|-
| 1986 || [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || [[Ram Tera Ganga Maili]]
|-
| 1985 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1984 || ||
|-
| 1983 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1982 || ||
|-
| 1981 || [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || [[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1980 || ||
|-
| 1979 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1978 || ||
|-
| 1977 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1976 || [[Usha Mangeshkar]] || [[Jai Santoshi Maa]]
|-
| 1975 || [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || [[Kora Kagaz]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197235.htm?_e_pi_=7,PAGE_ID10,1328874186|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422071853/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197235.htm?_e_pi_=7,PAGE_ID10,1328874186|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2008|date=22 April 2008|publisher=| title=STL News | World News | Breaking News | Latest News | Today News }}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1974 || ||
|-
| 1973 || [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || ''[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]''
|-
| 1972 || [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || [[Pakeezah]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1971 || [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || [[Tere Mere Sapne (1971 film)|Tere Mere Sapne]]
|-
| 1970 || [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || [[Do Raaste]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197134.htm?_e_pi_=7,PAGE_ID10,3510523608|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421212747/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197134.htm?_e_pi_=7,PAGE_ID10,3510523608|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2008|date=21 April 2008|publisher=| title=STL News | World News | Breaking News | Latest News | Today News }}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1969 || [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || [[Saraswatichandra (film)|Saraswatichandra]]
|-
| 1968 || [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || [[Raja Aur Runk]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/awards-won-by-manna-dey/683|title=Manna Dey Awards, List Of Awards Won By Manna Dey|website=www.gomolo.com}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1967 || [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || [[Milan]]
|-
| 1966 || [[Asha Bhosle]] || [[Teesri Kasam]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1965 || [[Asha Bhosle]] || [[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1964 || [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || [[Woh Kaun Thi?]]
|-
| 1963 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1962 || ||
|-
| 1961 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1960 || ||
|-
| 1959 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1958 || ||
|-
| 1957 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1956 || ||
|-
| 1955 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1954 || ||
|-
| 1953 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1952 || ||
|-
| 1951 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1950 || ||
|-
| 1949 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1948 || ||
|-
| 1947 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1946 || ||
|-
| 1945 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1944 || ||
|-
|1943 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1942 || ||
|}

==See also==

* [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20080229010408/http://www.bfjaawards.com/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengal Film Journalists' Association - Best Female Playback Award}}
[[Category:Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|Best Female Playback]]

Sadasiva Pradhani

2025-09-30T00:08:10Z

JesusHupp231: Put Up Some Info More To Come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nabarangpur]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Manohar Randhari
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| image =
}}
'''Sadasiva Pradhani''' is an Indian politician from Odisha who was a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabarangpur Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Nabarangpur Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/nabarangpur-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Nabarangpur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/nabarangpur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916927.html |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhani, Sadasiva}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Shobdo Jobdo

2025-09-22T15:50:34Z

JesusHupp231: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Rajat Kapoor#Television]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Sukhdev Prasad

2025-07-23T13:55:15Z

JesusHupp231:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Sukhdev Prasad Rajya Sabha photo.jpg
| imagesize = 200
| name = Sukhdev Prasad
| caption =
| birth_date ={{Birth date |df=yes|1921|03|20}}
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date ={{death date and age|df=yes|1995|5|19|1921|3|20}}
| death_place =
| order= 8th
| office = Governor of Rajasthan
| term_start = 20 February 1988
| term_end = 3 February 1990
| predecessor = [[Vasantdada Patil]]
| successor = [[Milap Chand Jain]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] ([[Rajya Sabha]])
| constituency3 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| salary =
| term2 =1966-78
|term3 =82-88
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party =[[Indian National Congress]]
| religion =
| spouse = Sajani Dev
| children = 6 Sons and 5 daughters
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source =http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/s.pdf
}}
'''Sukhdev Prasad''' (1921-1995) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]] representing [[Uttar Pradesh]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] for 3 terms. He was the Union Deputy Minister for Steel and Mines from 1973 to 1977.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/s.pdf| title=Rajya Sabha Members Biographical Sketches 1952–2003 | publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] | accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Sabha1995">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha|title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Av9OAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=31 October 2015|year=1995|page=166}}</ref><ref name="Singh1991">{{cite book|author=Bhawani Singh|title=Governor, role identification and Sarkaria commissions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uceKAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=26 April 2018|year=1991|publisher=Printwell|isbn=978-81-7044-279-0|page=101}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://rajassembly.nic.in/govphoto.htm | title=Former Governors of Rajasthan | publisher=Rajasthan Raj Bhavan | accessdate=26 April 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Governors of Rajasthan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Sukhdev}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Governors of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Steel ministers of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]

Grindlays Bank

2025-07-22T14:54:24Z

JesusHupp231: minor update

{{short description|Historic British bank}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Grindlays Bank
| logo = File:Grindlays Bank Logo.jpg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_padding =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Grindlay & Co Headquarters.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = Parliament Street Headquarters
| trading_name =
| romanized_name =
| former_name =
| type =
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Banking]], [[insurance]], [[financial services]]
| fate = Acquired by [[Australia and New Zealand Banking Group|ANZ Bank]] in 1984
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = {{Start date and age|1828|df=yes}} in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
| founder = [[Robert Melville Grindlay]]
| defunct = 
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = London
| hq_location_country = United Kingdom
| num_locations = 183 (1863-1963)<ref name="Tyson" />
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = {{Unbulleted list|Europe|Asia-Pacific|Middle East|Africa|}}
| key_people = Notable Chairmen: {{Bulleted list|[[Toby Low, 1st Baron Aldington]]|[[Baron Colgrain|Donald Campbell, 2nd Baron Colgrain]]|[[Jeremy Raisman|Sir Jeremy Raisman]]}}
| products =
| brands =
| production =
| production_year = 
| services =
| revenue =
| revenue_year = 
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| aum = 
| assets = £277.3 million (1963)<ref name="Tyson" /> {{small|~£7.4 billion (2023)}}
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner = 
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees = c.10,000 (1963)<ref name="Tyson" />
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| module = 
| website = 
| footnotes =
| image_caption = Grindlay & Co, 54 & 55 Parliament Street, Westminster on 22 August 1899
| coordinates =
}}

The historic overseas bank was established in London in 1828 as '''Leslie & Grindlay''', agents and bankers to the [[British Army]] and business community in [[India]]. Banking operations expanded to include the [[Indian subcontinent]], the [[Middle East]] and elements of [[Africa]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. It was styled '''Grindlay, Christian & Matthews''' in 1839, '''Grindlay & Co''' from 1843, '''Grindlay & Co Ltd''' from 1924 and '''Grindlays Bank Ltd''' in 1947 until its merger with the '''National Bank of India'''.<ref name="Tyson" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://heritagearchives.rbs.com/companies/list/grindlays-bank-ltd.html|title=Royal Bank of Scotland - Heritage Archives}}</ref>

The '''National Bank of India''' was formed in 1863 and became one of the larger London overseas banks operating not only in the Indian sub-continent but in communities around the Indian Ocean. In 1948 it merged with the smaller '''Grindlays Bank Ltd''', renaming itself '''National and Grindlays Bank Ltd''' some ten years later.<ref name="Tyson">Geoffrey Tyson, 100 Years of Banking in Asia and Africa, (1963)
</ref> Following further acquisitions, its name was shortened to '''Grindlays Bank''' in 1974, and then renamed '''ANZ Grindlays Bank''' when it was taken over by [[Australia and New Zealand Banking Group]] in 1984.<ref name="Jones">Geoffrey Jones, British Multinational Banking 1830-1990, (1993)</ref> [[Standard Chartered Bank]] acquired ANZ Grindlays in 2000, after which the Grindlays name fell out of use.

==History ==

===Grindlays===

[[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] [[Robert Melville Grindlay]] (1786 - 1877)<ref name="Chatterjee">{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arup K. |title=Robert Melville: The artist, Indophile and imperialist who founded Grindlays Bank |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/866960/robert-melville-the-artist-indophile-and-imperialist-who-founded-grindlays-bank |website=Scroll.in |date=6 March 2018 |access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref> established the firm, Leslie & Grindlay, in [[London]] in 1828, to arrange secure passage to and from India for customers and their baggage. Initially based in Birchin Lane near [[Lombard Street, London|Lombard Street]] in London, the company acted as agents to organise travel arrangements and provide advisory services for their clientele, particularly [[East India Company]] employees and British officials.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=John |date=29 June 2021 |title=Untold lives blog – Outfitting an East India Company employee |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2021/06/outfitting-an-east-india-company-employee-.html |website=British Library – India Office Records}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite book |url=https://www.manfamily.org/PDFs/Grindlay%2520Travel%2520Advice.pdf |title=Grindlay & Co.'s Overland Circular – Hints for Travellers to India, Detailing the Several Routes. |publisher=Smith, Elder & Co |year=1847 |location=London}}</ref> Expansion of the business saw the opening of several other offices in the [[City of London]] ([[Cornhill, London|Cornhill]] and [[Bishopsgate]]) and [[Westminster]] ([[Whitehall]] and [[St James's Square]]).<ref name="Tyson" />

In time, under the guidance of Capt. R M Grindlay, the firm added [[private banking]], [[insurance]], and other financial activities to its menu of services, and operations expanded to include [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], and elements of [[Africa]]. The acquisition of additional partners during this period, caused the firm to change its name to Grindlay, Christian & Matthews in 1839 and then Grindlay & Co. in 1843.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Royal Bank of Scotland – Heritage Archives |url=http://heritagearchives.rbs.com/companies/list/grindlays-bank-ltd.html}}</ref> When Grindlay eventually retired in 1842, the firm had become "the most distinguished bankers and agents to the civil and military officials of the business community and the British Army in India".<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Arup K Chatterjee |title=Robert Melville Grindlay: The artist, Indophile and imperialist who founded Grindlays Bank |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/866960/robert-melville-the-artist-indophile-and-imperialist-who-founded-grindlays-bank |website=Scroll In|date=6 March 2018 }}</ref>

The firm remained based solely in London until 1854 when offices were opened at [[Calcutta]] in 1864 and then [[Bombay]] in 1865.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shankar's Weekly|date=1974|pages=2, 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6IcAQAAMAAJ&q=grindlays+bank+first+branch+in+calcutta+opened+in+year|access-date=24 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> These offices were largely autonomous, administered from London, until the local partners interests were bought out in 1908. Additional branches were opened in [[Shimla|Simla]] (1912), [[Delhi]] (1923), [[Lahore]] (1924) and [[Peshawar]] (1926).<ref name="Tyson" />

Grindlays was regarded as "pre-eminently bankers to the Indian Army", concentrating in areas of important civil or military headquarters, and undertook little [[commercial banking]].<ref name="Tyson" /> The failure of army bankers, MacGrigors in 1922 and then the [[Alliance Bank of Simla]] in 1923,<ref>{{Cite web |title=McGRIGOR'S BANK. (Hansard, 24 November 1922) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1922/nov/24/mcgrigors-bank |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref> encouraged the Grindlays partners to seek the security of a larger organisation. In 1924, the Bank was acquired by the [[National Provincial Bank]], converted into a company and allowed to operate independently as Grindlay & Co Ltd.<ref name="Tyson" /> When National Provincial decided to exit overseas banking in 1948, it sold Grindlays to the National Bank of India, in which it took a small share position.

===National Bank of India===

The Calcutta City Banking Corporation was formed in 1863 as an Indian registered bank, changing its name to the National Bank of India (NBI) a few months later. Offices in [[London]] and [[Bombay]] followed in 1864 and 1865. Crucial to the Bank's future, its head office was transferred to London in 1866 and the company was registered under the UK Companies Act, giving it much greater international potential, but it was a move that was fiercely contested for many years.<ref name="Tyson"/>

NBI remained with these three offices until 1870 when it sought to exploit opportunities in [[China]] with a branch in [[Hong Kong]] and, later, in [[Shanghai]]. Substantial losses threatened the Bank and the Chinese operations were eventually closed. Without neglecting its domestic market, NBI began to expand around the fringes of the [[Indian Ocean]], particularly [[Aden]] and [[East Africa]]; by 1900 NBI had 19 branches<ref name="Tyson"/> and £10m of assets.<ref name="Jones"/>

Steady expansion continued through the early 1900s and by the outbreak of [[World War I]] NBI was the seventh largest of the London-registered overseas banks. Growth continued during the War and by 1918 the Bank's assets were £33m with record profits of over £400,000.<ref name="Jones"/> Around that time, detailed discussions took place with [[Lloyds Bank (historic)|Lloyds Bank]] and agreement was reached in principle for Lloyds to acquire NBI but, according to the Bank's official history, the proposal was vetoed by "the authorities".<ref name="Tyson"/>

The inter-war years saw NBI stagnate; only two new branches were opened<ref name="Tyson"/> and there was no growth in the Bank's assets.<ref name="Jones"/> More substantial change was to come after the [[Second World War]]. In August 1947 [[India]] was granted independence with all the turmoil that entailed in the Bank's main market. Undaunted, the following year NBI purchased Grindlays Bank from [[National Provincial Bank]], then Grindlays Bank Ltd; Grindlays then had deposits of around £20m compared with over £70m for NBI.<ref name="Tyson"/>

===National and Grindlays===
[[File:Coat of Arms of National and Grindlays Bank.jpg|thumb|Coat of Arms of National and Grindlays Bank]]
NBI and Grindlays were not merged operationally until 1958 under the name National Overseas and Grindlays Bank, renamed National and Grindlays Bank (NGB) in 1959. In 1961, NGB exchanged a 25 per cent share in NGB for [[Lloyds Bank (historic)|Lloyds Bank]]’s Eastern Division, an operation which included the celebrated [[Cox & Kings|Cox’s Bank]], "''par excellence'' bankers to the British Army".<ref name="Tyson"/> In 1968 National Provincial Bank sold its shareholding to Lloyds Bank and in 1969, [[Citibank]] took a 40 per cent stake in NGB.

Also in 1969, the [[Ottoman Bank]] sold its branches in London, Cyprus, Sudan, Jordan, Qatar, East Africa, the Emirates, and Rhodesia to the National and Grindlays Bank, which dropped the National prefix in 1975. Grindlays Bank later bought the [[Ottoman Bank]]'s separate operations in France and Geneva, Banque Ottomane, and renamed them Grindlays Bank - France.<ref>''[http://www.obarsiv.com/english/history.html History of the Bank] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413230240/http://www.obarsiv.com/english/history.html |date=13 April 2012 }}'', from the [[Ottoman Bank]]'s [http://www.obarsiv.com/english/welcome.html Archives and Research Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116051107/http://www.obarsiv.com/english/welcome.html |date=16 January 2008 }}. Retrieved 2 February 2008.</ref>

In 1984 [[Citibank]] and Lloyds sold Grindlays to the [[Australia and New Zealand Banking Group]]. In 1989, five years after it acquired Grindlays, ANZ changed Grindlays' name to ANZ Grindlays Bank and transferred its domicile (requiring an Act of Parliament)<ref>{{cite web | title=Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Act 1996 | url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/localact1996/ukla_19960002_en_1 | work=[[Office of Public Sector Information]], [[The National Archives]] | access-date=2009-04-12 }}</ref> to Australia in 1996. In 1993, ANZ Grindlays sold its African operations to [[Stanbic Bank|Standard Bank Investment Corporation (Stanbic)]], which was the holding company for [[Standard Bank of South Africa]]'s operations outside [[South Africa]]. [[Standard Chartered Bank]] had sold its shares in [[Standard Bank of South Africa]] to the bank's existing shareholders in 1987 to escape anti-apartheid sanctions against [[South Africa]].

In 2000, ANZ sold its Grindlays subsidiary to [[Standard Chartered]] for US$1.34 (A$2.2) billion in cash,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Journal|first=Sara WebbStaff Reporter of The Wall Street|date=2000-04-28|title=Standard Chartered to Acquire Grindlays in $1.34 Billion Deal|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB956821379729244271|access-date=2020-06-11|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> which merged it with its existing banking operations.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Banks}}

*
*[[Robert Melville Grindlay]], the founder of Grindlays Bank
* [[Grindlay family]], the wider family into which Captain Robert Melville Grindlay was born
* [[Minerva House]], Grindlay's London headquarters from 1983
* [[List of banking families]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery heights="200" widths="220">
File:Buildings, Whitehall, London SW1 - geograph.org.uk - 1419082.jpg|Frontage of the historic Grindlays Bank in 2009
File:Grindlay & Co headquarters, Parliament street (2017).jpg|Facade of Grindlay & Co headquarters, 54 and 55 Parliament Street, London (2017)
File:Grindlay & Co lettering (2017).jpg|'Grindlay & Co' lettering can still be seen on the railings outside 54 and 55 Parliament Street (2017)
File:Grindlay & Co lettering (Grindlays Bank).jpg|Railings outside 54 and 55 Parliament Street (2017)
File:Standard Chartered Bank Building (Grindlays Bank).jpg|Grindlays Bank, now Standard Chartered Bank building, in Fort, Mumbai (2023)
File:WHS plaque of Standard Chartered Bank Building in English.jpg|[[UNESCO]] plaque on former Grindlays Bank building in Mumbai, now a [[World Heritage Site]] (2024)
File:-Grindley and Company Building, Calcutta- MET DP147438.jpg|Grindlay & Co building in Calcutta (1850s)
File:Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Act 1996 (UKLA 1996-2).pdf|ANZ Banking Group Act 1996, moving Grindlays Bank domicile to Australia in 1996
File:Myanma Agricultural Development Bank.jpg|Former Grindlays Bank building in Yangon, Myanmar, and latterly the [[National Museum of Myanmar (Yangon)|National Museum of Myanmar]] (2020)
File:Minerva House, Southwark, London, c1985.png|[[Minerva House]] overlooking the Thames. Headquarters from 1983
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Grindlays Bank}}
* Extract from 100 Years of Banking in Asia and Africa (1963), Robert Melville Grindlay - http://www.manfamily.org/PDFs/GrindlaySBank.pdf{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* An example of one of the Grindlay Club's around the world - http://grindlaysclubsrilanka.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701013721/http://grindlaysclubsrilanka.com/ |date=1 July 2017 }}
* Documentary about Grindlays Bank in Sri Lanka - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_2BBR4yBIQ
* Advert produced by ANZ Grindlays Bank (Going Away) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3axwVCi0ks
* Advert produced by ANZ Grindlays Bank (Lunch Bill) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSchTnDVJyg

{{Australia and New Zealand Banking Group}}
{{Banking in India}}
{{Standard Chartered}}
{{Royal Bank of Scotland Group}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Standard Chartered]]
[[Category:NatWest Group]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1828]]
[[Category:Defunct banks of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Defunct banks of India]]
[[Category:British overseas banks]]
[[Category:Australia and New Zealand Banking Group]]
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]

2025 India-Pakistan conflict

2025-05-10T18:16:28Z

JesusHupp231: put up new post added tags

#REDIRECT [[:2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]

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Manishankar Pandey

2025-02-22T07:11:39Z

JesusHupp231: new the info basic info...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=July 2022}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=April 2022}}
}}

'''Manishankar Pandey''' (born 20 October 1950) is an Indian politician from the state of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=
https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/former-up-congress-leader-mani-shankar-pandey-joins-ljp-118101501023_1.html|title=Former UP Congress leader Mani Shankar Pandey joins LJP
|website=business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://manishankarpandey.com|title=Manishankar Pandey- President of Lok Janshakti Party, Uttar Pradesh|website=manishankarpandey.com}}</ref> Pandey has completed his BA, MA & LLB from Banaras Hindu University. He represented the Uttar Pradesh Legislative council from 1989 to 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://manishankarpandey.com/pdf/UP_Legislative_Council_Shri_Manishankar_Pandey.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council Note On Pandey|website=manishankarpandey.com}}</ref> He was active in the [[Indian National Congress Party]] for more than 45 years from the 1960s to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://manishankarpandey.com|title=Manishankar Pandey- President of Lok Janshakti Party, Uttar Pradesh|website=manishankarpandey.com}}</ref> In 2018, Manishankar Pandey left [[Indian National Congress Party]] for joining [[Lok Janshakti Party]]. [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] appointed Manishankar Pandey as state president for Uttar Pradesh [[Lok Jan Shakti Party]] wing the moment he joined the party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/brahmin-leader-who-left-congress-named-ljps-up-unit-chief-5403618/|title=Brahmin leader who left Congress named LJP's UP unit chief|website=indianexpress.com|date=16 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ram-vilas-paswan-appoints-ex-congress-leader-as-uttar-pradesh-party-chief-1932627|title=Ram Vilas Paswan Appoints Ex-Congress Leader As Uttar Pradesh Party Chief|website=ndtv.com}}</ref> During the split of [[Lok Jan Shakti Party]], Pandey stood with the [[Chirag Paswan]] faction. Now, Manishankar Pandey is acting as State President for the Uttar Pradesh [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]] wing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/lok-janshakti-party-to-contest-up-assembly-polls-alone-1063881.html|title=Lok Janshakti Party to contest UP Assembly polls alone|website=deccanherald.com|date=23 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/imanishankarp|title=Manishankar Pandey Official Twitter|website=twitter.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Manishankar}}
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party politicians]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Evergreen Movie International

2024-09-23T23:44:10Z

JesusHupp231: New New Pg From Scratch.

{{Short description|Indian film company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Evergreen Movie International
| image =
| logo =
| type = [[Film producer|Film production]] [[Film distribution]]
| genre =
| foundation = 2000
| founder =
| location_city = [[Chennai]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = V. A. Durai
| industry = [[Entertainment industry|Entertainment]]
| products = [[Motion picture]]s ([[Tamil language|Tamil]])
| services =
| market cap =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage =
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Evergreen Movie International''' is an Indian [[film producer|film production]] and [[film distributor|distribution]] company headed by V. A. Durai. The studio collaborated with actor [[Sathyaraj]] and director [[Sakthi Chidambaram]] on multiple ventures in the early 2000s, before running into financial trouble through the making of [[Bala (director)|Bala]]'s ''[[Pithamagan]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bd9715291|title=V.A. Durai|website=BFI}}{{dead link|date=October 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pitamagan-imagegallery-movies-jdwmBRbaiaesi.html|title=Pitamagan|website=[[Sify]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== History ==
Durai made his first film ''[[Ennamma Kannu]]'' (2000) directed by [[Sakthi Chidambaram]], and starring [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]. He later collaborated with Sathyaraj again in ''[[Looty]]'' (2001) and ''[[Vivaramana Aalu]]'' (2002), and with Sakthi Chidambaram in ''[[Lovely (2001 film)|Lovely]]'' (2001). Durai and Evergreen Movie International worked as executive producers for the making of Suresh Krishna's ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' (2002) starring [[Rajinikanth]].

The studio ran into financial trouble during the making of [[Bala (director)|Bala]]'s ''[[Pithamagan]]'' (2003) starring [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and [[Suriya]]. Bala went over the agreed budget, and as a result, Durai held back on settling the payments for the lead actors. The film won critical acclaim upon release, also winning Durai the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/pithamagan/movieawards/65022833.cms|title=Pithamagan Awards: List of Awards won by Tamil movie Pithamagan|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> Bala later agreed to pay Durai following the release of his maiden production venture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-01/07-02-06-bala.html|title=Tamil movies : Pithamagan controversy still haunts Bala|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> Bala announced and started projects as a producer including ''[[Maayavi]]'' (2005), ''[[Paramasivan]]'' (2006) and ''[[Naan Kadavul]]'' (2009), before selling the rights to other producers. As a result, Durai pursued a litigation case against Bala.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1410568/|title=Madras High Court|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=13 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mayavi-has-the-last-laugh-tamil-news-13643.html|title=Mayavi has the last laugh – Tamil News|date=10 March 2005|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> As a result of the complications following ''Pithamagan'''s release, Durai produced ''[[Gajendra (2004 film)|Gajendra]]'' under a different production studio named Tamilanai Cine Creation. The film ran into release issues as a result of Vijayakanth's political involvement, with cadres from [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] threatening to indulge in violence at theatres owing to Vijayakanth's comments against their party leader.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Film-industry-strike-back-at-PMK/articleshow/752733.cms|title=Film industry strike back at PMK | undefined News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=24 June 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/gajendras-producers-holds-meeting-ramadoss-telugu-news-10388|title=Gajendra's producers holds meeting Ramadoss – Telugu News|date=30 August 2004|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> In 2005, Durai planned a film with director P. C. Anbazhagan and actor [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], but the film did not begin production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/-tamil-news-13513|title=V A Durai's next with Murali – News|date=3 March 2005|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> He later also attempted to cast [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Jiiva]] in films by [[Tarun Gopi]] and [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer]] respectively, but neither project materialised.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/tharun-gopi-in-demand-tamil-news-33672.html|title=Tharun Gopi in demand – Tamil News|date=20 September 2007|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Jeeva reaching towards the top - Tamil News | website=IndiaGlitz.com | date=16 September 2006 | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jeeva-reaching-towards-the-top-tamil-news-25333 | access-date=13 August 2023}}</ref>

In mid-2008, Durai announced a return to films with a project titled ''[[Naai Kutty]]'' (2010) by newcomer S. S. Joe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/41759.html|title='Naai Kutty' – Saga of a slum dweller|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925222720/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/41759.html|archive-date=25 September 2008|access-date=6 November 2019|website=IndiaGlitz.com|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] and Nicole signed to play the lead roles while comedian [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] was approached to play a significant role and [[Sundar C. Babu]] was chosen to compose the music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/41759.html|title=Prasanna to play a rustic youth|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925041544/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/41718.html|archive-date=25 September 2008|access-date=6 November 2019|website=IndiaGlitz.com|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23092008-4.shtml|title=Nai Kutti from tomorrow|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804055305/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23092008-4.shtml|archive-date=4 August 2010|access-date=6 November 2019|publisher=cinesouth.com|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In late-September 2008, a complaint had been lodged by director Ram Shiva alleging that the story had been taken from the Kannada film ''[[Nanda Loves Nanditha]]''. He alleged that Durai tried to buy the rights for remaking the film in Tamil but his efforts were in vain and had decided to plagiarise the script as a result.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/41817.html|title=Debutant director Joe opts out of 'Naai Kutty'?|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925151904/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/41817.html|archive-date=25 September 2008|access-date=6 November 2019|website=IndiaGlitz.com|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/41890.html|title=Complaint against 'Naai Kutty'|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830184010/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/41890.html|archive-date=30 August 2009|access-date=6 November 2019|website=IndiaGlitz.com|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Durai later restarted the project with a new script and Sathaji was chosen to direct the film after Joe opted out. Newcomer Selvin signed on after Prasanna opted out of the role and [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] replaced Santhanam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/naaikutty-dropped-prasanna-dejected-news-tamil-kkfs7rdgffgsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106110957/https://www.sify.com/movies/naaikutty-dropped-prasanna-dejected-news-tamil-kkfs7rdgffgsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2019|title=Naaikutty dropped, Prasanna dejected|date=21 December 2008|access-date=6 November 2019|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/49674.html|title=Parotta Suri's kuthu dance!|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106165504/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/49674.html|archive-date=6 January 2010|access-date=6 November 2019|website=IndiaGlitz.com|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/jul/29/simbu-releases-naikutty-audio-72072.html|title=Simbu releases Naikutty audio|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2012 }}</ref> He made a second attempted comeback through the comedy drama ''Kagitha Kappal'' (2016) starring [[Appukutty]] but the film went unnoticed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/-tamil-news-165034|title=Appukutti's Return Gift to Ajith – News|date=12 August 2016|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

V. A. Durai died in October 2023 following long-term illnesses.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-03 |title=Film producer VA Durai passes away; film industry mourns the loss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/film-producer-va-durai-passes-away-film-industry-mourns-the-loss/articleshow/104124940.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width: 82%; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Cast
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Synopsis
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Ennamma Kannu]]''
| 2000
| [[Sakthi Chidambaram]]
| [[Sathyaraj]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]]
| Kaasi, a womaniser woos a girl Gayathri she rejects him and is in love with his friend Vishwa. When Vishwa deserts her on the day of the wedding, Kaasi offers refuge to her.
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-ennamma-kannu/article28028702.ece|title=Film Review: ''Ennamma Kannu''|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 June 2000|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Looty]]''
| 2001
| [[Sakthi Paramesh|Parameshwar]]
| [[Sathyaraj]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], [[Mumtaj]]
| Rasappa and Geetha who are childless adopt a baby however Geetha suspects the baby as Rasappa's biological son
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-looty/article27911539.ece|title=Film Review: Looty|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 January 2001|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Lovely (2001 film)|Lovely]]''
| 2001
| [[Sakthi Chidambaram]]
| [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]], [[Monal (actress)|Monal]]
| Chandru and Niveditha who are in love comes up with a plan to impress her father who hates love
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/A2A30C4E41AD8BAAE5256AD1001B70DE?OpenDocument|title=Film Review: Lovely – The Hindu|date=13 August 2012|website=web.archive.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813141822/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/A2A30C4E41AD8BAAE5256AD1001B70DE?OpenDocument|archive-date=13 August 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Vivaramana Aalu]]''
| 2002
| [[K. Selva Bharathy]]
| [[Sathyaraj]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Mumtaj]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vivaramana-aalu-review-tamil-pcluordjhbgda.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228202423/http://www.sify.com/movies/vivaramana-aalu-review-tamil-pcluordjhbgda.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2016|title=Vivaramana Aalu|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Pithamagan]]''
| 2003
| [[Bala (director)|Bala]]
| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Suriya]], [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]], [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]]
| A naive but violent grave digger and loud mouthed thief befriend each other
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/pithamagan/article28574643.ece|title=Pithamagan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 October 2003|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Gajendra (2004 film)|Gajendra]]''
| 2004
| [[Suresh Krissna]]
| [[Vijayakanth]], [[Flora (actress)|Flora]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbthots.com/reviews/2004/gajendra.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218215051/http://www.bbthots.com/reviews/2004/gajendra.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Naai Kutty]]''
| 2009
| Sathaji
| Selvin, Nicole, [[Soori (actor)|Soori]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/naai-kutty-review-tamil-pclxyFgcbacad.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910045753/http://www.sify.com/movies/naai-kutty-review-tamil-pclxyFgcbacad.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2015|title=Naai Kutty|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''Kagitha Kappal''
| 2016
| S. Sivaraman
| [[Appukutty]], Dilija, [[M. S. Bhaskar]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/kagitha-kappal/movieshow/61307666.cms|title=Kagitha Kappal Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Film distributors of India]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian film studios]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2000]]

Merak, Ladakh

2024-05-25T19:45:13Z

JesusHupp231: new basic stub needs work

{{Short description|Village in Ladakh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Merak
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| population_est =
| website =
| government_footnotes =
| elevation_ft =
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| subdivision_name4 = [[Leh district]]
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| subdivision_type1 = Union Territory
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Ladakh]]
| postal_code = 194201
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| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Merak+194201/@33.7973707,78.59121,150m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x3901d20b786f0f71:0x2f35f3d4cd9a8553!8m2!3d33.7977457!4d78.5916335|title=Merak|website=Merak, Ladakh on Google Maps}}</ref>
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh
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| pushpin_map = Ladakh# India
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'''Merak''' is a village on the southern banks of [[Pangong Tso]], near [[Spangmik]] on the south India-China border in the [[Leh District]], [[Ladakh]].

== Location ==
Merak is situated 176 kilometers east of [[Leh]], on the southern banks of [[Pangong Tso]]. It is directly opposite to Finger 3 which is located on the northern bank of the lake.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|first=Sanjay|last=Dutta|date=14 Apr 2021|title=Army, people power cell service in village on Pangong shore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-people-power-cell-service-in-village-on-pangong-shore/articleshow/82056945.cms|access-date=2021-11-06|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
In 2018, a telescope was installed to study solar chromosphere at Indian Astronomical Observatory, Merak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ravindra |first1=B. |last2=Kesavan |first2=Prabhu |last3=Thulasidharen |first3=K. C. |last4=Rajalingam |first4=M. |last5=Sagayanathan |first5=K. |last6=Kamath |first6=P. U. |last7=Dorjey |first7=Namgyal |last8=Dorjee |first8=Angchuk |last9=Kemkar |first9=P. M. M. |last10=Dorjai |first10=Tsewang |last11=Banyal |first11=Ravinder K. |date=2018-09-27 |title=Installation of solar chromospheric telescope at the Indian Astronomical Observatory, Merak |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-018-9554-1 |journal=Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy |language=en |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=60 |arxiv=1808.07643 |bibcode=2018JApA...39...60R |doi=10.1007/s12036-018-9554-1 |issn=0973-7758 |s2cid=119081673}}</ref> The village is also the proposed site for [[National Large Solar Telescope]] (NLST), a [[Gregorian Telescope|Gregorian]] multi-purpose open telescope.<ref name="harvard2">{{Cite journal |last=Hasan |first=S. S. |date=2010-02-01 |title=The Indian National Large Solar Telescope (NLST) |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010IAUS..264..499H |journal=NASA/ADS |volume=264 |pages=499–504 |doi=10.1017/S1743921309993206}}</ref> Stable [[Aurora|Auroral]] Red (SAR) arcs were observed in Merak in November 2023<ref>{{Cite twitter |number=1722496780884189259 |user=IIABengaluru |title=Red auroral activity, attributed to a SAR event, was seen on 5 November from our observatories in Hanle and Merak in Ladakh! This was due to a geomagnetic storm caused by a solar storm #Aurora #RedAurora |last=IIAstrophysics |date=2023-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-08 |title=IIA’s observatory captures red-hued Aurora from Hanle, Merak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iias-observatory-captures-red-hued-aurora-from-hanle-merak/articleshow/105071268.cms |access-date=2024-05-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and during the [[May 2024 solar storms]].<ref>{{Cite twitter |number=1789292630288846948 |user=IIABengaluru |title=Intense aurorae were seen at latitudes as low as Ladakh this morning due to the strongest solar storm in 2 decades. And our cameras captured its glory! See the timelapse from all-sky camera at #Hanle #Ladakh #HDSR @IndiaDST @asipoec @dorje1974 @utladakhtourism @fiddlingstars |last=IIAstrophysics |date=2024-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |date=2024-05-11 |title=Two Indian sky-cameras at Ladakh capture aurora caused by most powerful solar storm in two decades |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ladakh/two-indian-sky-cameras-at-ladakh-capture-aurora-caused-by-most-powerful-solar-storm-in-two-decades-3018442 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, the village got its first tap water supply.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Excelsior|first=Daily|date=2021-10-30|title=75 years after independence, Ladakh habitations start getting tap water supply|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/75-years-after-independence-ladakh-habitations-start-getting-tap-water-supply/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|language=en-US}}</ref> Also, [[BSNL]], a state-run telecom service provider got approval from [[Indian Army]] for a 25-km optical fibre cable link between Merak and [[Chushul]] for civilian telecom traffic.<ref name=":0" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Merak.police.jpg| Police check-post, [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] (October 2016)
File:Merak,see.JPG| View of [[Pangong Tso]] from Merak village (October 2016)
File:Merak.town.JPG|Merak village (October 2016)
File:Merak.ladakh.JPG|Merak village (October 2016)
File:Merak.permit.JPG|Police signpost, Merak (October 2016)
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Indian Astronomical Observatory]]
* [[Hanle (village)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Durbuk tehsil]]

{{Ladakh-geo-stub}}

Bhajan kutir

2024-01-27T22:44:58Z

JesusHupp231: Added

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
[[File:JivaGoswami.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Jiva Gosvami]]’s Bhajana Kutir at [[Radha-kunda]]]]
In [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], a '''bhajan kutir''' ({{IAST3|bhajana-kuṭira}}) is a residence or [[meditation]] hut used by [[ascetic]]s.<ref name=bkutir>{{cite journal
| author = K Dasa, BS Press
| title = The Life and Teachings of
| url = http://blazingsapphirepress.com/krsna-das-baba/krsna-das-baba-sample.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-04-16
| url-status = dead
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080907232009/http://www.blazingsapphirepress.com/krsna-das-baba/krsna-das-baba-sample.pdf
| archivedate = 2008-09-07
}}
"As I had come with the intention of staying one week, Baba let me stay in his meditation hut (bhajan kutir) situated in front of Shri [[Radharaman]] Mandir (Temple of [[Radha Ramana]])."</ref> They are usually a small, basic residence located in [[Vrindavan]].

----
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
*[[Vrindavana]]
*[[Radha ramana]]
*[[Radha Krishna]]
*[[Svayam Bhagavan]]

[[Category:Hindu architecture]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Sacred groves]]

{{Hinduism-stub}}

Churmuri

2024-01-13T04:36:01Z

JesusHupp231: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Jhalmuri#Churumuri]]

Aakasamantha

2024-01-10T22:34:24Z

JesusHupp231: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Abhiyum Naanum (film)]]

2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy Plate Group

2023-12-29T22:39:08Z

JesusHupp231: Stub

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy Plate Group
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fromdate = 8
| todate = 27 December 2021
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[List A cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]]
| host =
| champions =
| count =
| runner up =
| participants = 8
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website =
| previous_year = 2020–21
| previous_tournament = 2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy
| next_year =
| next_tournament =
}}
{{2021–22 Indian domestic cricket season}}
The '''2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy''' was the twentieth season of the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]], a [[List A cricket]] tournament that was played in India. It was contested by 38 teams, divided into six groups, with eight teams in Plate Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-returns-after-gap-year-due-to-covid-19-as-bcci-announces-2021-22-domestic-calendar-1268528|title=Ranji Trophy returns as BCCI announces full 2021-22 domestic season|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-postpones-ranji-trophy-to-january-5-in-revised-domestic-calendar-1274144 |title=BCCI postpones Ranji Trophy start date to January 5 in revised domestic calendar |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> The tournament was announced by the BCCI on 3 July 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/154550/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2021-22|title=BCCI announces India’s domestic season for 2021-22|work=Board of Control for Cricket in India|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref> [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] won the Plate Group to advance to the [[2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy#Preliminary quarter-finals|preliminary quarter-finals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/vijay-hazare-trophy-2021-22-punjab-crash-out-after-tie-puducherry-stun-mumbai-1293381 |title=Punjab crash out after tie; Puducherry stun Mumbai |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref>

==Points table==
{{2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy Plate Group}}

==Fixtures==
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2021-22-1280193/match-schedule-fixtures |title=2021/22 Vijay Hazare Trophy Fixtures |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>

===Round 1===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 December 2021
| team1 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score1 = 222/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sakibul Gani]] 114 (139)
| wickets1 = Remruatdika Ralte 5/60 (10 overs)
| score2 = 223/3 (47.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Uday Kaul]] 121[[not out|*]] (137)
| wickets2 = Malay Raj 1/40 (7.4 overs)
| result = Mizoram won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280318.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]]
| motm =
| toss = Mizoram won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Abhijeet Saket]], Bipin Saurabh, Malay Raj (Bihar), Joseph Lalthankhuma and Remruatdika Ralte (Mizoram) all made their List A debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 December 2021
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| score1 = 336/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Samit Gohel]] 135 (128)
| wickets1 = [[Nazeeb Saiyed]] 2/86 (10 overs)
| score2 = 126 (39.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nazeeb Saiyed]] 75[[not out|*]] (103)
| wickets2 = [[Rahil Shah]] 4/16 (10 overs)
| result = Tripura won by 210 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280319.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[KL Saini Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Kuppuraj Madanagopal and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm =
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Akash Singh (cricketer, born 1995)|Akash Singh]] and Manish Pal (Arunachal Pradesh) both made their List A debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 December 2021
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| score1 = 265/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chirag Khurana]] 100 (120)
| wickets1 = [[Sumit Singh (cricketer)|Sumit Singh]] 3/50 (10 overs)
| score2 = 101 (39 overs)
| runs2 = [[Liyan Khan]] 26 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Dippu Sangma]] 3/13 (7 overs)
| result = Meghalaya won by 164 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280320.html Scorecard]
| venue = Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground, [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Sikkim won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Akash Luitel, Codanda Ajit Karthik, Kranthi Kumar, [[Liyan Khan]] (Sikkim) and [[Aryan Bora]], Kishan Lyngdoh and Ram Gurung (Meghalaya) all made their List A debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 December 2021
| team1 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| team2 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| score1 = 80 (32.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jayanta Sagatpam]] 15 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Abu Nechim]] 3/10 (6 overs)
| score2 = 83/2 (28.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shrikant Mundhe]] 51[[not out|*]] (96)
| wickets2 = [[Bishworjit Konthoujam]] 1/23 (9 overs)
| result = Nagaland won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280321.html Scorecard]
| venue = Soul Feel Cricket Stadium, [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = M Mohammed Rafi and K Prabhakar Rao
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Round 2===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 December 2021
| team1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| score1 = 200 (49.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Song Tacho]] 63 (127)
| wickets1 = [[Imliwati Lemtur]] 3/21 (10 overs)
| score2 = 203/3 (41.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rongsen Jonathan]] 67 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Rajesh Bishnoi]] 4/35 (10 overs)
| result = Nagaland won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280337.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Manish Jain and Pranav Joshi
| motm =
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 December 2021
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| score1 = 273/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chirag Khurana]] 117[[not out|*]] (128)
| wickets1 = [[Amod Yadav]] 4/33 (8 overs)
| score2 = 272 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sakibul Gani]] 94 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Dippu Sangma]] 1/41 (10 overs)
| result = Meghalaya won by 1 run
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280338.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[KL Saini Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]]
| motm =
| toss = Bihar won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Amod Yadav]] (Bihar) made his List A debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 December 2021
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| score1 = 183/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 69 (110)
| wickets1 = Codanda Ajit Karthik 2/27 (10 overs)
| score2 = 185/6 (44.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kranthi Kumar (cricketer)|Kranthi Kumar]] 63[[not out|*]] (83)
| wickets2 = Remruatdika Ralte 2/29 (7 overs)
| result = Sikkim won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280339.html Scorecard]
| venue = Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground, [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Kuppuraj Madanagopal and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm =
| toss = Sikkim won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 December 2021
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score1 = 273/2 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bishal Ghosh]] 119[[not out|*]] (139)
| wickets1 = [[Homendro Kabrambam]] 1/31 (8 overs)
| score2 = 187/5 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Langlonyamba Meitan Keishangbam]] 78[[not out|*]] (100)
| wickets2 = [[Rahil Shah]] 1/18 (10 overs)
| result = Tripura won by 86 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280340.html Scorecard]
| venue = Soul Feel Cricket Stadium, [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Longjam Gibson Singh (Manipur) made his List A debut.
}}

===Round 3===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 December 2021
| team1 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| team2 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| score1 = 231/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Liyan Khan]] 120 (148)
| wickets1 = [[Amit Ali]] 4/50 (10 overs)
| score2 = 232/2 (46.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bishal Ghosh]] 127[[not out|*]] (137)
| wickets2 = Codanda Ajit Karthik 1/38 (8 overs)
| result = Tripura won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280356.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Mohamad Rafi and Prabhakar Rao
| motm =
| toss = Sikkim won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Phur Lepcha (Sikkim) made his List A debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 December 2021
| team1 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| team2 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| score1 = 280/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mangal Mahrour]] 94[[not out|*]] (93)
| wickets1 = [[Shrikant Mundhe]] 2/61 (10 overs)
| score2 = 142 (31.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shrikant Mundhe]] 74 (77)
| wickets2 = [[Sarfaraz Ashraf]] 3/18 (5.4 overs)
| result = Bihar won by 138 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280357.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[KL Saini Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Manish Jain and Parashar Joshi
| motm =
| toss = Nagaland won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Nikhil Anand]] (Bihar) made his List A debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 December 2021
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score1 = 258/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Punit Bisht]] 85 (71)
| wickets1 = [[Thomas Moirangthem]] 2/44 (10 overs)
| score2 = 147 (49.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[L Kishan Singha]] 50 (123)
| wickets2 = [[Nafees Siddique]] 6/39 (10 overs)
| result = Meghalaya won by 111 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280358.html Scorecard]
| venue = Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground, [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]]
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Nafees Siddique]] (Meghalaya) made his List A debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 December 2021
| team1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score1 = 218/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Techi Neri]] 86 (142)
| wickets1 = [[Parvez Ahmed]] 3/39 (9 overs)
| score2 = 221/5 (47.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 94[[not out|*]] (91)
| wickets2 = [[Techi Neri]] 2/45 (10 overs)
| result = Mizoram won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280359.html Scorecard]
| venue = Soul Feel Cricket Stadium, [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Madanagopal Kuppuraj and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm =
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Suraj Tayam]] (Arunachal Pradesh) and Zothanzuala (Mizoram) both made their List A debuts.
}}

===Round 4===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 December 2021
| team1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score1 = 116 (45 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nazeeb Saiyed]] 47 (83)
| wickets1 = [[Bishworjit Konthoujam]] 5/11 (10 overs)
| score2 = 117/2 (23.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Johnson Singh]] 37[[not out|*]] (56)
| wickets2 = [[Akhilesh Sahani]] 1/30 (6 overs)
| result = Manipur won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280375.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Kengo Bam]] (Arunachal Pradesh) made his List A debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 December 2021
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score1 = 237 (49 overs)
| runs1 = [[Punit Bisht]] 142 (129)
| wickets1 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 4/37 (9 overs)
| score2 = 218/7 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Uday Kaul]] 109 (123)
| wickets2 = [[Ram Gurung]] 2/26 (6 overs)
| result = Meghalaya won by 19 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280376.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[KL Saini Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Mohamad Rafi and Prabhakar Rao
| motm =
| toss = Mizoram won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = B Lalnunfela (Mizoram) and Bamanbha Shangpliang (Meghalaya) both made their List A debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 December 2021
| team1 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| team2 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| score1 = 48 (14 overs)
| runs1 = [[Imliwati Lemtur]] 16[[not out|*]] (24)
| wickets1 = [[Manisankar Murasingh]] 5/19 (6 overs)
| score2 = 50/0 (10.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Samrat Singha]] 32[[not out|*]] (26)
| wickets2 =
| result = Tripura won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280377.html Scorecard]
| venue = Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground, [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Manish Jain and Parashar Joshi
| motm =
| toss = Tripura won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 December 2021
| team1 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| team2 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| score1 = 193/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Liyan Khan]] 31 (39)
| wickets1 = [[Ashutosh Aman]] 4/37 (10 overs)
| score2 = 194/3 (36.5 overs)
| runs2 = Bipin Saurabh 92[[not out|*]] (96)
| wickets2 = Rahul Tamang 1/12 (4 overs)
| result = Bihar won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280378.html Scorecard]
| venue = Soul Feel Cricket Stadium, [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]]
| motm =
| toss = Sikkim won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Pankaj Kumar Rawat, Rahul Tamang and Rajiv Malay (Sikkim) all made their List A debuts.
}}

===Round 5===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 December 2021
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| score1 = 116 (39.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chirag Khurana]] 55 (93)
| wickets1 = [[Amit Ali]] 5/26 (7.5 overs)
| score2 = 118/1 (28 overs)
| runs2 = [[Samit Gohel]] 55[[not out|*]] (97)
| wickets2 = [[Chengkam Sangma]] 1/25 (5 overs)
| result = Tripura won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280394.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Madanagopal Kuppuraj and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm =
| toss = Tripura won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 December 2021
| team1 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score1 = 230/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = Codanda Ajit Karthik 45 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Homendro Kabrambam]] 3/30 (10 overs)
| score2 = 234/8 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Langlonyamba Meitan Keishangbam]] 50 (64)
| wickets2 = Codanda Ajit Karthik 3/42 (9 overs)
| result = Manipur won by 2 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280395.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[KL Saini Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Sikkim won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 December 2021
| team1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| score1 = 83 (21.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rajesh Bishnoi]] 25 (30)
| wickets1 = Malay Raj 5/38 (10 overs)
| score2 = 87/4 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Pratyush Singh]] 28[[not out|*]] (36)
| wickets2 = [[Rajesh Bishnoi]] 3/24 (6 overs)
| result = Bihar won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280396.html Scorecard]
| venue = Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground, [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Mohamad Rafi and Prabhakar Rao
| motm =
| toss = Bihar won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Kumar Rajnish]], Washim Ashrar (Bihar), Ngurang Tana and Teli Camdir (Arunachal Pradesh) all made their List A debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 December 2021
| team1 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score1 = 236/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abu Nechim]] 62[[not out|*]] (62)
| wickets1 = [[Parvez Ahmed]] 3/49 (10 overs)
| score2 = 156 (48 overs)
| runs2 = [[Uday Kaul]] 39 (55)
| wickets2 = [[Imliwati Lemtur]] 4/23 (10 overs)
| result = Nagaland won by 80 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280397.html Scorecard]
| venue = Soul Feel Cricket Stadium, [[Jaipur]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss = Mizoram won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Andrew Vanlalhruaia]] (Mizoram) and Vijay Rai (Nagaland) both made their List A debuts.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vijay Hazare Trophy}}
{{Domestic cricket in 2021–22}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2021-22 Plate}}
[[Category:2021 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2021–22]]
[[Category:Vijay Hazare Trophy seasons]]

Dance India Dance (season 5)

2022-12-08T00:10:03Z

JesusHupp231: minor edit

#REDIRECT [[Dance India Dance#Season_5]]

Gautama Buddha

2022-10-20T10:50:55Z

JesusHupp231: basic correct structure and corrected details after review

#REDIRECT [[The Buddha]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Hinduism in Tonga

2019-02-03T14:24:53Z

JesusHupp231: put up initial bio initial version

#redirect [[Religion in Tonga#Other religions]]

{{Rshell|
{{R with history}}
{{R from subtopic}}
}}