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List of Indian Bengali films of the 1980s

2026-05-08T10:49:34Z

JestineLegg9: Adding a bio nd citations.

{{Short description|None}}
{{Citations needed|date=May 2026}}
{{Bengali films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

A list of films produced by the [[Tollywood Bangla|Tollywood]] ([[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali language film industry]]) based in [[Kolkata]] in the '''1980s'''.

==1980==

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
|-
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Notes
|-
|''[[Aro Ekjan]]''||Srijan||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]], [[Samit Bhanja]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Banchharamer Bagaan]]''||Tapan Sinha||Manoj Mitra, [[Dipankar De]], Nirmal Kumar Chakraborty|| ||
|-
|''Bhagya Chakra''||Ajoy Biswas||[[Ranjit Mallick]], Mithu Mukherjee, [[Sandhya Roy]]||Romance, Drama||
|-
|''Chattogram Astragar Lunthan''||Nirmal Chowdhury||Dipti Roy, Banani Choudhury, Aparna Devi||Patriotic||
|-
|''[[Dadar Kirti]]''||[[Tarun Majumdar]]||[[Tapas Paul]], [[Mahua Roychoudhury]], [[Debashree Roy]]||Romance, Drama||
|-
|''[[Dui Prithibi (1980 film)|Dui Prithibi]]''||Piyush Bose||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Supriya Chowdhury]]||Drama ||
|-
|''[[Hirak Rajar Deshe]]''||[[Satyajit Ray]]||[[Tapen Chatterjee]], [[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Utpal Dutt]]||Dystopian Fantasy ||
|-
|''[[Paka Dekha]]''||Arabinda Mukherjee||[[Utpal Dutt]], [[Mahua Roychoudhury]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]||Comedy, Drama||
|-
|''[[Pankhiraj]]''||Piyush Bose||[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Samit Bhanja]]|| ||
|-
|''Parabesh''||Kalpataru||[[Samit Bhanja]], Mahua Roychoudhury, Santu Mukhopadhyay||Drama||
|-
|''[[Pikoo]]''||Satyajit Ray||Arjun Guha Thakurta, Aparna Sen, [[Victor Banerjee]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Rajnandini]]''||[[Sukhen Das]]||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Bikash Roy]], [[Subhendu Chatterjee]]||Romantic Drama ||
|-
|''Samadhan''||Jayanta Basu||[[Dipankar De]], [[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Uttam Kumar]]|| ||
|}

== 1981 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes/Music
|-
|''[[36 Chowringhee Lane]]''
|[[Aparna Sen]]
|[[Jennifer Kendal]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Aaj Kal Parsur Galpa''
|Nabyendu Chatterjee
|[[Mahua Roychoudhury]], [[Dipankar Dey]], Niranjan Ray
|Drama
|
|-
|''Abichar''
|[[Biswajit Chatterjee]]
|[[Biswajit Chatterjee]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Bikash Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Adalat o Ekti Meye]]''
|[[Tapan Sinha]]
|[[Jennifer Kendal]], [[Manoj Mitra]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Baishakhi Megh''
|Utpal Dutt
|[[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Utpal Dutt]], Ramaprasad Banik
|
|
|-
|''Bodhan''
|Amal Dutta
|[[Mahua Roychoudhury]], [[Dipankar De]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Bondi Balaka''
|Inder Sen
|[[Aparna Sen]], [[Dipankar De]], Sumitra Mukhopadhyay
|
|[[Shyamal Mitra]]
|-
|''Choto Bakulpurer Jatri''
|Purnendu Pattrea
|Snigda Banerjee, Parthasarathi Deb, Tarit Chowdhury
|
|
|-
|''[[Dakhal]]''
|[[Goutam Ghose]]
|[[Mamata Shankar]]
|
|Won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]
|-
|''[[Dooratwa]]''
|[[Buddhadev Dasgupta]]
|[[Bijon Bhattacharya]], [[Pradip Mukherjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Dustu Misti''
|Rajkumar Roychoudhuri
|Panchali Sen, Swati Biswas, Kanika Mazumder, [[Jayashree Roy]], Sreetama Gope
|Children
|[[Abhijit Bandyopadhyay]]
|-
|''Kakhono Megh''
|Agradoot
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Anjana Bhowmik]], [[Kali Banerjee]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Kalankini Kankabati]]''
|[[Uttam Kumar]]
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Supriya Devi]]
|Crime Drama
|
|-
|''[[Kapalkundala (1981 film)|Kapalkundala]]''
|Pinaki Bhushan Mukherji
|Bhanu Bannerjee, Samita Biswas, [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Khana Baraha]]''
|Bijoy Bose
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sandhya Roy]]
|Historical Drama
|
|-
|''Mahakabi Krittibas''
|Ashok Chakraborty
|[[Lily Chakravarty]], Ashim Kumar, [[Tarun Kumar]]
|
|
|-
|''Nyay Anyay''
|Sukhen Das
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]], Shubhendru Chattopadhyay
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Ogo Bodhu Shundori]]''
|Salil Dutta
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Santosh Dutta]]
|Comedy
|
|-
|''[[Plot No. 5]]''
|Yogesh Saxena
|Vikas Anand, Benjamin Gilani, [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]
|
|
|-
|''Pratisodh''
|Sukhen Das
|Soumitra Chatterjee, Sumitra Mukherjee, Mahua Roychoudhury
|Drama
|
|-
|''Simabaddha''
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Barun Chanda]], [[Dipankar Dey]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Subarna Golak]]''
|Manu Sen
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|Comedy Drama
|
|-
|''[[Surya Sakkhi]]''
|Gautam Mukherjee
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Soumitra Bannerjee]]
|Romantic Drama
|
|-
|''Upalabdhi''
|Tapan Saha
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Mahua Roychoudhury]], [[Anil Chatterjee]], Cheratra Radasinghe
|
|
|}

== 1982 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|''[[Akaler Shandhaney]]''
|[[Mrinal Sen]]
|[[Dhritiman Chatterjee]], [[Smita Patil]]
|Documentary
|
|
|-
|''[[Amrita Kumbher Sandhane]]''
|Dilip Roy
|[[Subhendu Chatterjee]], [[Aparna Sen]]
|Documentary
|
|
|-
|''Bandini Kamala''
|Bhimal Bhowmick
|Sarika Thakur, Madhavi Mukherjee, [[Chhaya Devi]]
|
|
|
|-
|''Bijayini''
|Palash Bandopadhyay
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|Drama
|
|
|-
|''[[Chokh]]''
|[[Utpalendu Chakrabarty]]
|[[Om Puri]], [[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Shyamanand Jalan]], [[Sreela Majumdar]]
|Drama
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]], [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
|
|-
|''Dulia''
|Saikat Bhattacharya
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=সিনেমা নিয়ে খ্যাপামি আজও সমান জ্যান্ত |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/people-of-murshidabad-are-always-crazy-about-films-1.865545 |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=www.anandabazar.com}}</ref>
|-
|''Faisala''
|Raaj
|[[Samit Bhanja]], Santu Mukhopadhyay, [[Mahua Roychoudhury]]
|Drama
|
|
|-
|''[[Grihajuddha]]''
|[[Buddhadev Dasgupta]]
|[[Sunil Mukherjee]], [[Anjan Dutt]]
|
|
|
|-
|''Jake Ghoosh Dite Hoy''
|Saikat Bhattacharya
|Pradip Mukherjee, Devika Mukherjee, Haradan Bandopadhyay
|Drama
|
|
|-
|''[[Kharij]]''
|[[Mrinal Sen]]
|[[Anjan Dutt]], [[Mamata Shankar]], [[Sreela Majumdar]]
|
|Won the Jury Prize at the [[1983 Cannes Film Festival]]
|
|-
|''Ma Bhabani Ma Amar''
|Sadhan Chowdhury
|Gurudas Banerjee, Asit Bharan, Padma Devi
|Devotional
|
|
|-
|''Ma Kalyaneswari''
|Shree Krishna
|Sandhya Rani, Nandini Maliya, Gita Pradhan
|Devotional
|
|
|-
|''Mayer Ashirvad''
|Parimal Ghosh
|[[Dipankar Dey]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]], [[Soma Dey]]
|Drama
|
|
|-
|''Prafulla''
|Sujoy Dutta
|Sumitra Mukherjee, Santu Mukherjee, Madhavi Mukherjee
|
|
|
|-
|''Preyasi''
|Shrikant Guha-Thakurta
|[[Bhanu Bannerjee]], [[Kali Bannerjee]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
|
|
|
|-
|''Rajbadhu''
|Partha Pratim Chowdhury
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Moon Moon Sen]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|Drama
|
|
|-
|''[[Shathe Shathyang]]''
|Dinen Gupta
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Mahua Roy Choudhury|Mahua Roy Chowdhury]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]], [[Shekhar Chatterjee]]
|Action, comedy
|
|
|-
|''Sonar Bangla''
|Kedar Agarwal, Ardhendu Chatterjee
|[[Biswajit Chatterjee]], Vasant Choudhury, Mahua Roy Chowdhury
|
|
|
|-
|''Swarna Mahal''
|Sukhen Das
|Shambu Bhattacharya, [[Lily Chakravarty]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Troyee]]''
|Gautam Mukherjee
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Soumitra Bannerjee]]
|Romantic drama
|
|
|}

== 1983 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''[[Abhinoy Noy]]''
|[[Archan Chakraborty]]
|Aparna Sen, [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Agami Kal''
|Tapan Saha
|[[Kali Bannerjee]], [[Utpal Dutt]], Rita Bannerjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Agradani]]''
|Palash Bannerjee
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Amar Geeti''
|Tarun Majumdar
|George Baker, Satya Bannerjee, [[Biswajit Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Aparupa''
|Bidesh Sarkar
|[[Debashree Roy]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Madhu Kapoor, [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Arpita''
|Arabinda Mukhopadhyay
|[[Dipankar De]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Ashleelotar Daye]]''
|Uma Nath Bhattacharya
|[[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], [[Alpana Goswami]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Chena Achena (1983 film)|Chena Achena]]''
|Pinaki Choudhury
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Amol Palekar]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Din Jai''
|Manu Sen
|[[Mahua Roychoudhury]], [[Joy Sengupta]], [[Chiranjit Chakraborty]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Duranta Jay''
|Ardhendu Mukherjee
|[[Bikash Roy]], Anil Chatterjee, Nirmal Kumar
|Romance
|
|-
|''Duti Pata''
|Bimal Roy, jr.
|[[Utpal Dutt]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|
|
|-
|''Indira''
|Dinen Gupta
|[[Aparna Sen]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Nishi Bhor''
|Rashbehari Sengupta
|[[Debashree Roy]], Somnata Chowdhury, Sandhya Rani
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Phatik Chand (film)|Phatik Chand]]''
|[[Sandip Ray]]
|[[Kamu Mukherjee]], Rajib Ganguly
|Children's
|
|-
|''[[Protidan]]''
|[[Prabhat Roy]]
|[[Victor Bannerjee]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Sharmila Tagore]]
|Action Drama
|
|-
|''Rajeswari''
|Salil Dutta
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Moon Moon Sen]], [[Mahua Roychoudhury]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Sagar Balaka''
|Dinen Gupta
|[[Debashree Roy]], [[Dipankar Dey]], Soma Dey
|
|
|-
|''Samarpita''
|Gurudas Bagchi
|[[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], [[Rabi Ghosh]], Ruma Guha Thakurta
|
|
|-
|''Samapti''
|Bijoy Bose
|Ajoy Bannerjee, Laxmi Bannerjee, Rita Bannerjee
|
|
|-
|''Shilalipi''
|Palash Bandopadhyay
|[[Tanuja]], [[Ashok Kumar]], Santu Mukhopadhyay
|
|
|-
|''Utsargo''
|Tapan Saha
|Santu Mukhopadhyay, Mahua Roychoudhury, Rajeswari Roychoudhury
|Drama
|
|}

== 1984 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''[[Abhishek (1984 film)|Abhishek]]''
|[[Subhash Mukhopadhyay (director)|Subhash Mukhopadhyay]]
|Aalpana Goswami, Bidisha Sinha
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Agnishuddhi''
|Sachin Adhikari
|[[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]], [[Dipankar De]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Ajantay''
|Arvind Mukherjee
|[[Moon Moon Sen]], [[Tapas Paul]], Alpana Goswami
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Bisha Briksha''
|Ajoy Kar
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Debashree Roy]]
|Romance
|
|-
|''Dadamoni''
|Sujit Guha
|Sukhen Das, Sandhya Rani, [[Sumitra Mukherjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Dakhal''
|Gautam Ghose
|Mamata Shankar, Robin Sengupta, Sunil Mukherjee
|
|
|-
|''Debigarjan''
|Pijushkanti Gangopadhyay
|[[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Samit Bhanja]], Gyanesh Mukherjee
|Drama
|
|-
|''Deepar Prem''
|Arundhati Devi
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Moon Moon Sen]]
|
|
|-
|''Devi Chowdhurani''
|Dinen Gupta
|[[Suchitra Sen]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], Basanta Choudhury
|Drama
|
|-
|''Didi''
|Swadesh Sarkar
|[[Sumitra Mukherjee]], [[Samit Bhanja]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]''
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Victor Bannerjee]], [[Jennifer Kendal]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Harishchandra Shaibya]]''
|Ardhendu Chatterjee
|[[Biswajit Chatterjee]], [[Sandhya Roy]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]], [[Alka Nupur]]
|Religious
|
|-
|''[[Kony (film)|Kony]]''
|[[Saroj Dey]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], Sriparna Bannerjee
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Lalita (1984 film)|Lalita]]''
|Tapan Choudhury
|[[Dipankar Dey]], [[Santosh Dutta]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Madhuban''
|Ajoy Kar
|[[Victor Banerjee]], [[Utpal Dutt]], Swarup Dutt
|Drama
|
|-
|''Pragaitihasik''
|Jochon Dastidar
|Mridul Sen, Sujit Ghosh, Bhabatosh Banerjee
|
|
|-
|''Prarthana''
|Asit Sen
|Victor Bannerjee, Moushumi Chatterjee, [[Debashree Roy]]
|
|
|-
|''Shatru''
|Anjan Choudhury
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], Anup Kumar, [[Chiranjit Chakraborty]]
|
|
|-
|''Pujarini''
|Partha Pratim Chowdhury
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Moon Moon Sen]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|}

== 1985 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''[[Aamar Prithibi]]''
|[[Bimal Bhowmik]]
|[[Anil Chatterjee]], Anup Kumar
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Ahuti''
|[[Prabir Mitra]]
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Aloye Phera''
|Ajit Ganguly
|[[Dipankar Dey]], [[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Antarale''
|Shantanu Mitra
|[[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], [[Moon Moon Sen]]
|
|
|-
|''Anweshan''
|Shankar Bhattacharya
|[[Sumitra Mukherjee]], [[Pradip Mukherjee]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
|Thriller
|
|-
|''Anyay Abichar''
|[[Shakti Samanta]]
|[[Rozina (Bangladeshi actress)|Rozina]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''[[Baidurya Rahasya]]''
|[[Tapan Sinha]]
|[[Basanta Choudhury]], [[Moon Moon Sen]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Manoj Mitra]]
|Thriller
|
|-
|''Baikunther Will''
|Sushil Mukherjee
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], Sandhya Rani, Satya Bannerjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhalobasa Bhalobasa (1985 film)|Bhalobasa Bhalobasa]]''
|[[Tarun Majumdar]]
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]] and others
|[[Family Romance]]
|
|-
|''Devika''
|Anil Ghosh
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Kali Banerjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Harishchandra Shaibya]]''
|Ardhendu Chatterjee
|[[Biswajit Chatterjee]], [[Sandhya Roy]]
|Religious Drama
|
|-
|''Jiban Sathi''
|Adhir Bhat
|[[Samit Bhanja]], [[Alpana Goswami]], Madhabi Chakraborty
|Drama
|
|-
|''Neelakantha''
|Indrajit
|Anurag, Soma Roy, Jeniva, Ruma Bhattacharya
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Nishantey]]''
|[[Narayan Chakraborty]]
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Debashree Roy]]
|Romance
|
|-
|''Palataka''
|Swaran Dey
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Sanghamitra Bandopadhyay, Babita Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''[[Parama (film)|Parama]]''
|[[Aparna Sen]]
|[[Raakhee]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Phoolan Devi (film)|Phoolan Devi]]''
|Ashok Roy
|[[Rita Bhaduri]], [[Suresh Oberoi]], [[Joy Mukherjee]]
|Action
|
|-
|''Pratignya''
|Asit Sen
|Moushumi Chatterjee, [[Victor Bannerjee]], Papiya Adhikari
|
|
|-
|''Sonar Sansar''
|Rathish Dey Sarkar
|[[Sumitra Mukherjee]], [[Kali Bannerjee]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Till Theke Thal''
|Shantimoy Bannerjee
|[[Sabitri Chatterjee]], Sumitra Mukherjee, Sanchita Basu
|
|
|}

== 1986 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Abhiman''
|[[Sujit Guha]]
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Mahua Roychoudhury]], [[Sukhen Das]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Abhishap''
|Biresh Chattopadhyay
|Ranjit Mallick, [[Debashree Roy]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Amar Bandhan''
|Tapan Saha
|Babita Adhikari, Nirmal Kumar Chakraborty, Subhendru Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Amar Kantak]]''
|[[Sukhen Das]]
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Moon Moon Sen]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Anurager Chowa''
|Jahar Biswas
|Tapas Paul, Subhendu Chatterjee, Madhavi Mukherjee
|
|
|-
|''Ashirbad''
|Biresh Chatterjee
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Mahua Roychoudhury]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Atanka''
|Tapan Sinha
|Ranjit Mallick, [[Kali Bannerjee]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Bouma''
|Sujit Guha
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Sandhya Roy]], Sanghomitra Banerjee, [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Samit Bhanja]], Satya Bandopadhyay
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Muktapran''
|Samir Ghosh
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]], [[Joy Banerjee]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Pathbhola]]''
|[[Tarun Majumder]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|Action
|
|-
|''Prem O Paap''
|Umanath Bhattacharya
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Mahua Roychoudhury]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Shapmukti''
|Ajit Ganguly
|[[Dipankar De]], Mahua Roy Chowdhury, [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Shyam Saheb''
|Salil Dutta
|[[Aparna Sen]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Dipankar Dey]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Swarga Sukh''
|Bablu Sammadar
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Alpana Goswami]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]], Meenakshi Goswami
|Drama
|
|-
|''Tin Purush''
|Umanath Bhattacharya
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Satya Bandyopadhyay]]
|Drama
|
|}

== 1987 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Abhishek''
|Pavan Kaul
|Aditya Pancholi, Archana Puran Singh, Nitish Bharadwaj
|
|
|-
|''Abir''
|Kajal Majumdar
|[[Tarun Kumar]], [[Mahua Roychoudhury]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''[[Amar Sangi]]''
|[[Sujit Guha]]
|[[Prasenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''[[Antarjali Jatra]]''
|[[Goutam Ghose]]
|[[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Vasant Choudhury]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Apon Gharey''
|Pinaki Bhushan Mukherjee
|Debashish Ghosh
|
|
|-
|''Arpan''
|Srinivas Chakraborty
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Bandook Baj''
|Goutam Gupta
|Madhabi Chakraborty, [[Anil Chatterjee]], Koushik Chattopadhyay
|Drama
|
|-
|''Bidrohi''
|Anjan Choudhury
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], Santu Mukhopadhyay, [[Alpana Goswami]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Contemporary Indian Sculpture]]''
|[[Buddhadev Dasgupta]]
|
|Documentary
|
|-
|''Dabar Chal''
|Kumar Chowdhury
|[[Dipankar Dey]], Alpana Goswami, Anup Kumar
|
|
|-
|''Dolon Chanpa''
|Sujit Guha
|[[Sandhya Roy]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Rajeshwari Raychowdhury]]
|
|
|-
|''Ekanto Apon''
|Biresh Chattopadhyay
|[[Victor Banerjee]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Shakuntala Barua]], [[Subhendu Chatterjee]], Master Tapu
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Gayak''
|Shantanu Bhowmick
|Amit Kumar, [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Debashree Roy]], Ruma Guha Thakurta, [[Dipankar De]], R. D. Burman, [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Kalpana Iyer]]
|Musical, Drama, Action
|
|-
|''[[Guru Dakshina (1987 film)|Guru Dakshina]]''
|[[Anjan Choudhury]]
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Jar Je Priya''
|Salil Dutta
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|
|
|-
|''Madhuganjer Sumati''
|Agantuk
|Satya Banerjee, Dipti Roy, [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Maha Milan''
|Dinen Gupta
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]], [[Alpana Goswami]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Maha Yatra''
|Goutam Ghose
|Mohan Agashe, Kalyan Chatterjee, Vasant Choudhury
|
|
|-
|''Mouna Mukhar''
|Samit Bannerjee
|[[Debashree Roy]], [[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], Prasenjit Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''Nirjan Sanlap''
|Archana Chakraborty
|[[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]], Soma Dey
|Drama
|
|-
|''Pap Punnya''
|Rajat Das
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], Indrani Dutta
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Pratibha''
|Hiren Nag
|George Baker, Ayan Bannerjee, Satya Bannerjee
|
|
|-
|''Pratikar''
|Prabhat Roy
|[[Victor Banerjee]], [[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Shakuntala Barua]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|Action, Drama
|
|-
|''Ranima''
|Abanish Banerjee
|[[Sumitra Mukherjee]], Dipankar Dey, Shashi Puri
|
|
|-
|''Rudrabeena''
|Pinaki Mukherjee
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Tapas Paul]], Madhabi Mukherjee
|Drama
|
|-
|''Samrat O Sundari''
|Bimal Roy, jr.
|[[Utpal Dutt]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Sukumar Ray (film)|Sukumar Ray]]''
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Utpal Dutt]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Tapen Chatterjee]]
|Documentary
|
|-
|''Swarnamoyeer Thikana''
|Sushil Mukherjee
|[[Prasenjit Chatterjee]], Papiya Adhikar, [[Sumitra Mukherjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Tania''
|Ramaprasad Chakraborty
|[[Sumitra Mukherjee]], [[Dipankar De]], [[Tarun Kumar]]
|Drama
|
|}

== 1988 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Aagoon''
|Victor Banerjee
|[[Victor Banerjee]], [[Tanuja]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Adwitiya''
|Nabyendu Chatterjee
|[[Madhabi Mukherjee]], Sarbendra, [[Bikash Roy]], [[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Agaman''
|[[Tarun Majumdar]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Tapas Paul]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Aghat''
|Deb Singha
|[[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Agni Sanket''
|Aroop Dutta
|Satya Bannerjee, Kumkum Bhattacharya, Premangshu Bose
|
|
|-
|''Anjali''
|Anjan Choudhury
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Moon Moon Sen]], [[Kali Banerjee]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Antaranga''
|Dinen Gupta
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Satabdi Roy]], Vasant Choudhury
|
|
|-
|''[[Apaman]]''
|Chandan Mukherjee
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Tarun Kumar]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Apon Gharey''
|Pinaki Chaudhuri
|Prosenjit Chatterjee, Subhendu Chatterjee, [[Chhaya Devi]]
|
|
|-
|''Boba Sanai''
|Ajit Ganguly
|Rameshwari, [[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], Sukhen Das
|
|
|-
|''Channachara''
|Anjan Mukherjee
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Tapas Paul]], Sunil Mukherjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Choto Bou]]''
|Anjan Choudhury
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Sandhya Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Debi Baran''
|Srikanta Guha Thakurta
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Deepshikha''
|Amal Nag
|[[Joy Banerjee]], Papia Adhikari, Madhabi Mukherjee
|Drama
|
|-
|''Dena Paona''
|[[Sukhen Das]]
|[[Dipankar De]], [[Soumitra Bannerjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Sukhen Das]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]], [[Joy Banerjee]], [[Ratna Ghoshal]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Hirer Shikal]]''
|Murari Chakraborty
|[[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], [[Debashree Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Jyoti (1988 film)|Jyoti]]''
|Shabda Kumar
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Anuradha Patel]]
|Romance
|
|-
|''Kidnap''
|Aabir Basu
|[[Dipankar Dey]], [[Shakuntala Barua]], Manoj Mitra
|Drama
|
|-
|''Krishna Bhakta Sudama''
|Kedar Agarwal
|[[Biswajit Chatterjee]], [[Bharat Bhushan]], [[Gita Dey]]
|Devotional
|
|-
|''Maa Ek Mandir''
|Sukhen Das
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Ora Charjon]]''
|Samit Bhanja
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Debashree Roy]]
|Action Drama
|
|-
|''[[Parashmoni]]''
|[[Tarun Majumder]]
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Santu Mukhopadhyay]]
|Family Drama
|
|-
|''Pathe Jete Jete''
|Umanath Bhat
|[[Tapas Paul]], Papiya Adhikari, [[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Roy]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Phera]]''
|[[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
|[[Aloknanda Roy]], [[Kamu Mukherjee]], [[Sunil Mukherjee]]
|Drama
|Entered into the [[38th Berlin International Film Festival]]
|-
|''Pratik''
|Prabhat Roy
|[[Rakhee Gulzar]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Chiranjit Chakraborty]]
|
|
|-
|''Pratipaksha''
|Rathish Dey Sarkar
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Rameshwari, [[Utpal Dutt]]
|
|
|-
|''Punarmilan''
|Jayanta Basu
|
|
|
|-
|''Sudhu Tomari''
|Prabir Mitra
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Surer Akashe''
|Biresh Chatterjee
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Debashree Roy]], Abhishek Chatterjee
|Drama
|
|-
|''Surer Sathi''
|Tapan Saha
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Tumi Koto Sundar''
|Manoj Ghosh
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Moon Moon Sen]], Nirmal Kumar Chakraborty
|
|
|}

== 1989 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes/Music
|-
|''Aakrosh''
|Sujit Guha
|[[Victor Banerjee]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|Romance, Drama
|Rahul Dev Burman
|-
|''Aamar Shapath''
|[[Prabhat Roy]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|Kanu Bhattacharya
|-
|''[[Aamar Tumi]]''
|Bimal Ray, jr.
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Farah (actress)|Farah]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|Bappi Lahiri
|-
|''Agni Trishna''
|[[Prabhat Roy]]
|[[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Rupa Ganguly]]
|[[Drama]]
|Bappi Lahiri
|-
|''[[Amar Prem (1989 film)|Amar Prem]]''
|[[Sujit Guha]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]]
|Romance
|Bappi Lahiri
|-
|''Amanat''
|[[Santanu Bhowmik]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Rupa Ganguly]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]], Shakuntala Barua, [[Deepankar Dey]]
|Romance
|Amit Kumar
|-
|''Angar''
|Srinivas Chakraborty
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|
|
|-
|''Aparanher Alo''
|Agradoot
|[[Debashree Roy]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Sandhya Rani
|
|
|-
|''Asha''
|Anup Sengupta
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Debashree Roy]], Rajeshwari Roychowdhury
|
|
|-
|''[[Asha O Bhalobasha]]''
|[[Sujit Guha]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Deepika Chikhalia]]
|Romance, Drama
|Bappi Lahiri
|-
|''[[Bagh Bahadur]]''
|[[Buddhadev Dasgupta]]
|[[Archana (actress)|Archana]], [[Pavan Malhotra]]
|Drama
|[[Shantanu Mohapatra]]
|-
|''Bandhabi''
|Shankar Bhattacharya
|Santu Mukhopadhyay, [[Moon Moon Sen]], Devika Mukherjee
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Bandini''
|Sujit Guha
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], Sandhya Rani
|Romance, Drama
|Kanu Bhattacharya
|-
|''Bidai''
|Ajit Ganguly
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], Sandhya Rani
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Chandaneer''
|Utpalendu Chakrabarty
|[[Debashree Roy]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], Ajoy Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''Chhoto Bou''
|Anjan Choudhury
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Devika Mukherjee, [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Chokher Aloy]]''
|Sachin Adhikari
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Debashree Roy]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|Bappi Lahiri
|-
|''Jaj Saheb''
|Pijush Debnath
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|Thriller
|
|-
|''Jhankar''
|Sujit Guha
|Prosenjit Chatterjee, Debashree Roy, Samit Bhanja
|
|
|-
|''Kari Diye Kinlam''
|Biresh Chattopadhyay
|[[Aparna Sen]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Supriya Devi]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Arjun Chakraborty]], Shakuntala Barua, [[Utpal Dutta]], [[Haradhan Banerjee]]
|Romance, Drama
|Swapan Chakraborty
|-
|''Mahapith Tarapith''
|Guru Bagchi
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]]
|Devotional
|
|-
|''Mandanda''
|Pinaki Chowdhury
|Nirmal Kumar Chakraborty, Urmi Chakraborty, [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Mangal Deep''
|Haranath Chakraborty
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], Haradhan Bannerjee, [[Kali Bannerjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Maryada''
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Satabdi Roy]], Sandhya Rani
|[[Drama]]
|Babul Bose
|-
|''[[Mone Mone]]''
|[[Partha Pratim Chowdhury]]
|[[Satabdi Roy]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Nirmal Kumar]]
|Romance, Drama
|Kanu Bhattacharya
|-
|''[[Nishi Trishna]]''
|Parimal Bhattacharya
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Shekhar Chatterjee]], [[Moon Moon Sen]]
|Horror
|
|-
|''Nutan Surja''
|Sachin Adhikari
|Papia Adhikari, Mita Bannerjee, Abhishek Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Parshuramer Kuthar]]''
|[[Nabyendu Chatterjee]]
|[[Sreelekha Mukherjee]], Arun Mukhopadhyay
|Drama
|
|-
|''Pronomi Tomaya''
|Prabhat Roy
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Reshma Singh, [[Arjun Chakraborty]]
|Romance, Drama
|Bappi Lahiri
|-
|''Satarupa''
|Palash Bandopadhyay
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Soumitra Banerjee]]
|Romance, Drama
|Rahul Dev Burman
|-
|''[[Sati (film)|Sati]]''
|[[Aparna Sen]]
|[[Shabana Azmi]], Arun Bannerjee
|Drama
|Chidananda Das Gupta, Chandan Raichaudhri
|-
|''[[Shatru Pakhha]]''
|Nripen Saha
|[[Chiranjeet]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|Drama
|Sumit Bandopadhyay
|-
|''Sreemati Hansaraj''
|Ajit Ganguly
|Satabdi Roy, Kunal Dutta, Soumitra Bannerjee
|
|
|-
|''Toofan''
|Biresh Chattopadhyay
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Indrani Dutta]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], Shakuntala Barua, [[Rupa Ganguly]], Nayana Bandopadhyay, [[Soma Dey]], [[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Roy]]
|Romance, Drama
|Swapan Chakraborty
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* http://www.bangdarshan.com - samaj - chalachchitra

{{Indian film list}}
{{Cinema of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year]]

Sinlung Hills Council

2026-05-06T16:23:43Z

JestineLegg9: Added new stub

{{Short description|Local administrative body in Mizoram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Sinlung Hills Council
| native_name =
| house_type = Local Administrative Council
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader1_type = Chief Executive Member
| leader1 = Ricky Lalremsanga <ref name="diprshc2024"/>
| party1 =
| leader2_type = Chairman
| leader2 = R. Lalfakzuala <ref name="diprshc2024"/>
| party2 =
| leader3_type = Deputy Chairman
| leader3 = Benjamin Lalrawnliana <ref name="diprshc2024"/>
| leader4_type =Executive members
|leader4 = 4<ref name="gadshchistory">{{Cite web
|title=Brief History of Sinlung Hills Council
|url=https://gad.mizoram.gov.in/page/brief-history-of-sinlung-hills-council
|publisher=General Administration Department, Government of Mizoram
|access-date=24 February 2026
}}</ref>
| party3 =
| members = 14 Councillors (12 elected, 2 nominated)<ref name="gadshc">{{Cite web
|title=Brief History of Sinlung Hills Council
|url=https://gad.mizoram.gov.in/page/brief-history-of-sinlung-hills-council
|publisher=General Administration Department, Government of Mizoram
|website=Government of Mizoram
|access-date=24 February 2026
}}</ref>
| Next_election1 =
| meeting_place = [[Aizawl]] / [[Sakawrdai]]
}}

The '''Sinlung Hills Council (SHC)''' is a local administrative body in [[Mizoram]], India. Unlike other [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|Autonomous District Councils]] in the state, the council has limited administrative autonomy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mizoram hopes for lasting peace as lone active rebel outfit signs peace deal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mizoram-hopes-for-lasting-peace-as-lone-active-rebel-outfit-signs-peace-deal/story-M8n2Pl0nsN1pstU9jCEAnJ.html |access-date=2024-03-10 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
It was created on 9 July 2018 as an administrative body for the [[Hmar people]] and covers Hmar-dominated areas in northern Mizoram across the [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]], [[Kolasib district|Kolasib]] and [[Saitual district|Saitual]] districts.<ref name="dh2024">{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Sinlung Hills Council elections on November 5 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/mizoram/sinlung-hills-council-elections-on-november-5-3217943 |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The term ''Sinlung'' refers to the supposed ancestral origin of the [[Hmar people]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sakhong |first1=Lian H |title=In Search of Chin Identity: A Study in Religion, Politics and Ethnic Identity in Burma |date=2003 |publisher=NIAS Press |isbn=978-87-91114-15-1}}</ref> The headquarters of the council is located in [[Aizawl]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinlung Hills Council 2024 |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/sinlung-hills-council-2024-la-lut |access-date=2026-02-24 |publisher=Directorate of Information & Public Relations, Government of Mizoram}}</ref><ref name="diprshc2024">{{Cite web
|title=Sinlung Hills Council, 2024 Inthlan Neih Zawh Tak a Thlan Tlin Mi 12-te Lakluhna Programme
|url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/sinlung-hills-council-2024-la-lut
|publisher=Directorate of Information and Public Relations, Government of Mizoram
|date=18 November 2024
|access-date=24 February 2026
}}</ref>

== History ==
Sinlung Hills Council covers an area in and around the inter-state borders with neighbouring [[Assam]] and [[Manipur]] in the north eastern corner of Mizoram. The Council covers 31 Villages under 3 (three) different Rural Development Blocks and under 3 (three) different districts. As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], it has a population of 30,160 with a literacy rate of 94.68% and a Scheduled Tribe population of 95.27%.

In July 1986, some Hmar leaders in Mizoram formed the Mizoram Hmar Association (MHA), which was later renamed as the [[Hmar People's Convention]] (HPC). The HPC spearheaded a political movement for social, economic, cultural and educational advancement of the Hmar people in line with the Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) of the [[Lai people|Lai]], [[Mara people|Mara]] and [[Chakma people|Chakma]]. The HPC representatives and the [[Government of Mizoram]], after multiple rounds of talks, signed a Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) in Aizawl on 27 July 1994 and the Sinlung Hills Development Council was officially formed on 27 August 1997.

At the time of the MoS signing in 1994, some of the HPC leaders formed the HPC (Democratic), which has continued an armed movement for autonomy within Mizoram. To end a prolonged militancy in Mizoram, a series of peace talks was held between the Government of Mizoram and the Leaders of the Hmar People’s Convention (Democratic). Settlement on various issues were reached during the course of the Talk and Memorandum of Settlement to give enhanced autonomy in the manner of administration, in the sphere of socio-economic, political and cultural development of the people under the jurisdiction of the Sinlung Hills Council was signed between the Government of Mizoram and the Leaders of the Hmar People’s Convention (Democratic) on 2 April 2018. Sinlung Hills Council was established by the Sinlung Hills Council Act, 2018 (No. 6 of 2018) which came into force on 5 July 2018.<ref name="gadshc">{{Cite web
|title=Brief History of Sinlung Hills Council
|url=https://gad.mizoram.gov.in/page/brief-history-of-sinlung-hills-council
|publisher=General Administration Department, Government of Mizoram
|website=Government of Mizoram
|access-date=24 February 2026
}}</ref>

== Area & Population ==
The council comprises 31 villages in the Hmar-dominated northeastern part of Mizoram. It covers three assembly constituencies in the districts of [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]], [[Kolasib district|Kolasib]] and [[Saitual district|Saitual]].<ref name="dh2024" />

SHC estimated population

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! Village
! Population (2011)
|-
| 1 || Daido || 603
|-
| 2 || East Damdiai || 205<ref name="eastdamdiai">{{Cite web |title=East Damdiai Village |url=https://villagegram.in/mizoram/aizawl/darlawn/east-damdiai/ |access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || Khawlian || 1,804
|-
| 4 || Khawpuar || 556
|-
| 5 || Lamherh || 598
|-
| 6 || Lungsum || 413
|-
| 7 || Mauchar || 1,375<ref name="mauchar">{{Cite web |title=Village Directory – Schedule II |url=https://des.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/attachments/96b1e6680eae5f068d12af45f9f2f6ea/pages-124-schedule-ii.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Mizoram |access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
| 8 || N. Khawdungsei || 251
|-
| 9 || N. Khawlek || 769
|-
| 10 || N. Tinghmun || 873
|-
| 11 || N.E. Tlangnuam || 658
|-
| 12 || New Vervek || 729
|-
| 13 || North Chawnpui || 389
|-
| 14 || Palsang || 370
|-
| 15 || Phainuam || 1,727
|-
| 16 || Phuaibuang || 2,134
|-
| 17 || Ratu || 2,176
|-
| 18 || Saihapui V || 368
|-
| 19 || Sailutar || 536
|-
| 20 || Saiphai || 2,052
|-
| 21 || Saipum || 2,359
|-
| 22 || Sakawrdai || 2,649
|-
| 23 || Suangpuilawn || 1,724
|-
| 24 || Sunhluchhip || 568
|-
| 25 || Thingsat || 154
|-
| 26 || Sakawrdai || 2,649
|-
| 27 || Vaitin || 1,069
|-
| 28 || Vanbawng || 1,231
|-
| 29 || Zawngin || 617
|-
| 30 || Zohmun || 1,399
|-
| 31 || Zokhawthiang || 955
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Total'''
! '''35,127 (Estimate)'''
|}

The total population is an approximate calculation based on the 2011 Census of India data for 29 villages, with population data for East Damdiai derived from a 2009 village record<ref name="eastdamdiai"/> and Mauchar obtained from the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Mizoram.<ref name="mauchar"/>

== Composition ==
The council has 14 members. 12 of whom are elected and 2 are nominated. The council is headed by a Chief Executive Member.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-09-30 |title=Mizoram: Schedule for Sinlung Hills Council polls to be announced on Oct 3 |url=https://theprint.in/india/mizoram-schedule-for-sinlung-hills-council-polls-to-be-announced-on-oct-3/2291106/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Election ==

=== 2019 SHC election ===
About 20,914 voters were eligible to vote for the election. It was the first election since its election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital Desk |first=Northeast Live |date=2019-10-12 |title=Sinlung Hills Council polls on November 4; MNF, HPC forge alliance |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/sinlung-hills-council-polls-on-november-4-mnf-hpc-forge-alliance/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Mizo National Front|MNF]]-[[Hmar People's Convention|HPC]] alliance won 10 seats, and Independents won 2 seats.<ref name=":1" />

<ref name="shc2024">{{cite web
|title=2nd General Election to Sinlung Hills Council, 2024 Result Book

|url=https://sec.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/attachments/2025/03/0054f2544196621d1f9073bf4166eddc/ge-to-shc-2024-result-book.pdf
|publisher=State Election Commission, Mizoram
|access-date=2026-02-24
}}</ref>

===2nd General Election to Sinlung Hills Council, 2024===

The alliance between the [[Mizo National Front]] (MNF) and the [[Hmar People's Convention (Reformed)]] (HPC-R) secured a majority in the [[Sinlung Hills Council]] elections held on 5 November 2024.<ref name="nenow2024">{{cite web
|title=Mizoram: MNF-HPC(R) wins SHC polls
|url=https://m.nenow.in/article/mizoram/mizoram-mnf-hpcr-wins-shc-polls/392659/amp
|publisher=NorthEast Now
|date=6 November 2024
|access-date=24 February 2026
}}</ref>

The MNF–HPC(R) combine won seven seats in the 12-member council, surpassing the simple majority mark required to form the executive body.<ref name="nenow2024"/> The ruling alliance between the [[Zoram People's Movement]] (ZPM) and the Hmar People's Convention (HPC) suffered defeat in the polls, with ZPM winning three of the eight seats it contested.<ref name="nenow2024"/>

The HPC failed to secure any seats out of the four constituencies it contested, while the [[Indian National Congress]] managed to win one seat out of the twelve it contested.<ref name="nenow2024"/> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), which contested one constituency, failed to win any seats.<ref name="nenow2024"/>

Election officials reported that a total of 49 candidates, including one woman, contested the election, and voter turnout stood at 71.69 percent of the 23,789 eligible voters.<ref name="nenow2024"/>

{| style="border-collapse:collapse;margin:auto"
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" style="padding:5px;" |
Structure of the Sinlung Hills Council after the 2024 election
|-
| style="background:#FFD700; width:25px; height:25px; border-radius:50%;" |
| style="background:#FFD700; width:25px; height:25px; border-radius:50%;" |
| style="background:#FFD700; width:25px; height:25px; border-radius:50%;" |
| style="background:#FFD700; width:25px; height:25px; border-radius:50%;" |
| style="background:#003366; width:25px; height:25px; border-radius:50%;" |
| style="background:#003366; width:25px; height:25px; border-radius:50%;" |
| style="background:#003366; width:25px; height:25px; border-radius:50%;" |
| style="background:#003366; width:25px; height:25px; border-radius:50%;" |
| style="background:#003366; width:25px; height:25px; border-radius:50%;" |
| style="background:#006400; width:25px; height:25px; border-radius:50%;" |
| style="background:#006400; width:25px; height:25px; border-radius:50%;" |
| style="background:#87CEEB; width:25px; height:25px; border-radius:50%;" |
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! Party !! Seats !! Colour
|-
| MNF || 5 || style="background:#003366;" |
|-
| ZPM || 4 || style="background:#FFD700;" |
|-
| HPC-R || 2 || style="background:#006400;" |
|-
| INC || 1 || style="background:#87CEEB;" |
|}

===Final Voter Turnout Report of 2024 election ===
Submitted to the Commission at 5:00 PM after the Close of Poll<ref name="shc2024"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Sinlung Hills Council Election 2024 – Final Voter Turnout
|-
! Constituency !! Polling Station !! Male Voters !! Female Voters !! Total !! Male Votes Cast !! Female Votes Cast !! Total !! Percent
|-
| rowspan="5"|1-Khawlian
|1/1 – Khawlian I||373||357||730||244||196||440||60.27
|-
|1/2 – Khawlian II||403||356||759||303||246||549||72.33
|-
|1/3 – NE Tlangnuam||220||261||481||136||138||274||56.96
|-
|1/4 – Daido||212||210||422||139||133||272||64.45
|-
| style="background:#D5E8D4;"|Sub-Total||1208||1184||2392||822||713||1535||64.17
|-
| rowspan="3"|2-Phuaibuang
|2/1 – Phuaibuang I||507||482||989||390||348||738||74.62
|-
|2/2 – Phuaibuang II||366||389||755||286||271||557||73.77
|-
| style="background:#D5E8D4;"|Sub-Total||873||871||1744||676||619||1295||74.25
|-
| rowspan="4"|3-Suangpuilawn
|3/1 – Suangpuilawn I||332||373||705||237||242||479||67.94
|-
|3/2 – Suangpuilawn II||377||337||714||275||254||529||74.09
|-
|3/3 – Zawngin||260||251||511||207||187||394||77.10
|-
| style="background:#D5E8D4;"|Sub-Total||969||961||1930||719||683||1402||72.64
|-
| rowspan="4"|4-Vanbawng
|4/1 – Vanbawng||463||469||932||356||301||657||70.49
|-
|4/2 – Lamherh||222||182||404||160||149||309||76.49
|-
|4/3 – Khawlek||339||306||645||195||216||411||63.72
|-
| style="background:#D5E8D4;"|Sub-Total||1024||957||1981||711||666||1377||69.51
|-
| rowspan="5"|5-Ratu
|5/1 – Ratu I||352||451||803||252||272||524||65.26
|-
|5/2 – Ratu II||495||510||1005||314||337||651||64.78
|-
|5/3 – Sailutar||186||214||400||133||146||279||69.75
|-
|5/4 – Sunhluchhip||199||176||375||157||126||283||75.47
|-
| style="background:#D5E8D4;"|Sub-Total||1232||1351||2583||856||881||1737||67.25
|-
| rowspan="4"|6-New Vervek
|6/1 – New Vervek||307||310||617||247||247||494||80.06
|-
|6/2 – Lungsum||188||175||363||158||134||292||80.44
|-
|6/3 – Damdiai||112||113||225||90||90||180||80.00
|-
| style="background:#D5E8D4;"|Sub-Total||607||598||1205||495||471||966||80.17
|-
| rowspan="4"|7-Sakawrdai South
|7/1 – Sakawrdai II||433||459||892||325||313||638||71.52
|-
|7/2 – Thingsat||92||73||165||68||58||126||76.36
|-
|7/3 – N Khawdungsei||82||74||156||69||47||116||74.36
|-
| style="background:#D5E8D4;"|Sub-Total||607||606||1213||462||418||880||72.55
|-
| rowspan="5"|8-Sakawrdai North
|8/1 – Sakawrdai I||606||613||1219||419||444||863||70.80
|-
|8/2 – Vaitin||479||457||936||308||286||594||63.46
|-
|8/3 – Khawpuar||198||207||405||138||126||264||65.19
|-
|8/4 – Upper Sakawrdai||46||66||112||35||46||81||72.32
|-
| style="background:#D5E8D4;"|Sub-Total||1329||1343||2672||900||902||1802||67.44
|-
| rowspan="3"|9-Zohmun
|9/1 – Zohmun||534||543||1077||414||385||799||74.19
|-
|9/2 – Palsang||171||165||336||143||117||260||77.38
|-
| style="background:#D5E8D4;"|Sub-Total||705||708||1413||557||502||1059||74.95
|-
| rowspan="4"|10-Tinghmun
|10/1 – Tinghmun||384||379||763||319||290||609||79.82
|-
|10/2 – Zokhawthiang||94||92||186||63||63||126||67.74
|-
|10/3 – Mauchar||380||384||764||296||291||587||76.83
|-
| style="background:#D5E8D4;"|Sub-Total||858||855||1713||678||644||1322||77.17
|-
| rowspan="4"|11-Saipum
|11/1 – Saipum-I||447||464||911||365||359||724||79.47
|-
|11/2 – Saipum-II||536||540||1076||436||414||850||79.00
|-
|11/3 – Chawnpui||151||157||308||102||121||223||72.40
|-
| style="background:#D5E8D4;"|Sub-Total||1134||1161||2295||903||894||1797||78.30
|-
| rowspan="5"|12-Saiphai
|12/1 – Saiphai-I||341||309||650||243||222||465||71.54
|-
|12/2 – Saiphai-II||422||440||862||318||345||663||76.91
|-
|12/3 – Phainuam||473||485||958||318||303||621||64.72
|-
|12/4 – Saihapui 'V'||93||85||178||72||62||134||75.28
|-
| style="background:#D5E8D4;"|Sub-Total||1329||1319||2648||951||932||1883||71.11
|-
! colspan="2"|GRAND TOTAL!!11875!!11914!!23789!!8730!!8325!!17055!!71.69
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Sinlung Hills Council Election 2024 – Consolidated Result
|-
! Constituency !! Candidate !! Party !! Votes !! Result
|-
|1-Khawlian||Andrew Zothansanga||BJP||55||
|-
|||Lalrawngbawla|| style="background:#87CEEB;"|INC||415||'''Elected'''
|-
|||Rochungnunga|| style="background:#003366; color:white;"|MNF||336||
|-
|||K. Hrangkunga||HPC||380||
|-
|||Lalpuithanga|| style="background:#66CC66;"|IND||47||
|-
|||J. Thantluanga|| style="background:#66CC66;"|IND||293||
|-
|||NOTA||-||1||
|-
|2-Phuaibuang||Lallianzama|| style="background:#87CEEB;"|INC||273||
|-
|||LordJoyFulla|| style="background:#003366; color:white;"|MNF||262||
|-
|||Vanlalsiamsanga|| style="background:#FFD700;"|ZPM||429||'''Elected'''
|-
|||J. Lalchhanhima|| style="background:#66CC66;"|IND||314||
|-
|||NOTA||-||5||
|-
|3-Suangpuilawn||M. Dawngliana|| style="background:#87CEEB;"|INC||501||
|-
|||Lalvenhima Hmar|| style="background:#FFD700;"|ZPM||542||'''Elected'''
|-
|||Vanlaltluangliana|| style="background:#003366; color:white;"|MNF||244||
|-
|||Rinpuia|| style="background:#66CC66;"|IND||105||
|-
|||NOTA||-||2||
|-
|4-Vanbawng||Lalfakawma|| style="background:#87CEEB;"|INC||192||
|-
|||H.C. Lalhunhlua|| style="background:#FFD700;"|ZPM||519||
|-
|||Ricky Lalremsanga|| style="background:#003366; color:white;"|MNF||643||'''Elected'''
|-
|||NOTA||-||19||
|-
|5-Ratu||Lalhmingthanga|| style="background:#003366; color:white;"|MNF||714||'''Elected'''
|-
|||Lalthlamuana|| style="background:#87CEEB;"|INC||382||
|-
|||Saizawna Sailo|| style="background:#FFD700;"|ZPM||610||
|-
|||NOTA||-||3||
|-
|6-New Vervek||Lalhlunchhunga|| style="background:#FFD700;"|ZPM||396||'''Elected'''
|-
|||C. Lalnuntlanga|| style="background:#003366; color:white;"|MNF||384||
|-
|||P.C. Vanlalthlana|| style="background:#87CEEB;"|INC||80||
|-
|||C. Vanlalhruaia|| style="background:#66CC66;"|IND||93||
|-
|||NOTA||-||0||
|-
|7-Sakawrdai South||Lalrokima|| style="background:#87CEEB;"|INC||287||
|-
|||Lalhriatchhunga Hmar|| style="background:#66CC66;"|IND||366||'''Elected'''
|-
|||Lalremruata Varte|| style="background:#66CC66;"|IND||211||
|-
|||NOTA||-||4||
|-
|8-Sakawrdai North||Lalrammuanpuia|| style="background:#FFD700;"|ZPM||788||
|-
|||H.C. Lalthanglura|| style="background:#87CEEB;"|INC||144||
|-
|||Melody Lalchhuangzeli|| style="background:#66CC66;"|IND||842||'''Elected'''
|-
|||NOTA||-||3||
|-
|9-Zohmun||Benjamin Lalrawnliana|| style="background:#003366; color:white;"|MNF||416||'''Elected'''
|-
|||Biakchungnunga|| style="background:#87CEEB;"|INC||241||
|-
|||H.C. Lalmalsawma|| style="background:#FFD700;"|ZPM||387||
|-
|||NOTA||-||0||
|-
|10-Tinghmun||R. Lalfakzuala|| style="background:#003366; color:white;"|MNF||306||'''Elected'''
|-
|||Lalzoliana|| style="background:#87CEEB;"|INC||206||
|-
|||Daniela|| style="background:#66CC66;"|IND||184||
|-
|||H. Lalchhuanawma|| style="background:#66CC66;"|IND||234||
|-
|||Vanlalhlua|| style="background:#66CC66;"|IND||118||
|-
|||Zoramthanga Ralte|| style="background:#66CC66;"|IND||248||
|-
|||NOTA||-||2||
|-
|11-Saipum||Laldawmliana|| style="background:#003366; color:white;"|MNF||243||
|-
|||Lalmuanpuia Ngurte|| style="background:#87CEEB;"|INC||431||
|-
|||Lalrawngbawla|| style="background:#FFD700;"|ZPM||455||'''Elected'''
|-
|||Eleazer Rozarmawia|| style="background:#66CC66;"|IND||280||
|-
|||Lalropianga|| style="background:#66CC66;"|IND||200||
|-
|||Timothy Lalzamlova|| style="background:#66CC66;"|IND||157||
|-
|||NOTA||-||3||
|-
|12-Saiphai||Lalthlirlien Hmar|| style="background:#87CEEB;"|INC||490||
|-
|||Zokhumthanga|| style="background:#003366; color:white;"|MNF||516||'''Elected'''
|-
|||H.L. Banliana||HPC||459||
|-
|||H.A. Dawngliana|| style="background:#66CC66;"|IND||391||
|-
|||NOTA||-||17||
|}

{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}

[[Category:Autonomous district councils of India]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Government of Mizoram| ]]

Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency

2026-05-03T19:39:28Z

JestineLegg9: Made Initial Entry More To Come

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 156
| map_image = Constitution-Kurinjipadi.svg

| established = 1962
| district = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddalore]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| mla = [[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Kurinjipadi
| electors = 238,189
| reservation = None
}}

'''Kurinjipadi''' is a legislative assembly constituency in [[Cuddalore district]], which includes [[Vadalur]] municipality and [[Kurinjipadi]] Town Panchayat. There are 59 Panchayats, including 39 Village Panchayats of [[Kurinjipadi]] Panchayat Union and 20 Panchayats of [[Cuddalore]] Panchayat Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> It is a part of [[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Before 1977, Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency was reserved for [[Scheduled Castes]]. Most successful party: DMK (ten times)

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| 1962
| [[N. Rajangam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 1967
| N. Rajangam
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Assembly
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Duration
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifth]]
| 1971-77
| [[N. Rajangam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]
| 1977-80
| [[M. Selvaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]
| 1980-84
| [[A. Thangarasu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]
| 1984-89
| A. Thangarasu
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]
| 1989-91
| [[N. Ganeshmurthy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]
| 1991-96
| [[K. Sivasubramanian]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]
| 1996-01
|rowspan="3"|[[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]
| 2001-06
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]
| 2006-11
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourteenth]]
| 2011-16
| [[R. Rajendran (AIADMK politician)|R. Rajendran]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifteenth]]
| 2016-21
|rowspan="2"|M. R. K. Panneerselvam
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixteenth]]
| 2021-[[Incumbent]]
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.35}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.64}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.92}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.90}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|28.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.50}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.48}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurinjipadi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. K. Pannerselvam]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Bhuvanendhiran|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kavitha Renganathan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajkumar |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =236297 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurinjipadi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=101,456 |percentage=51.35% |change={{increase}} 7.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Selvi Ramajayam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=83,929 |percentage=42.48% |change={{increase}} 13.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sumathi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=8,512 |percentage=4.31% |change={{increase}} 3.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,212 |percentage=0.61% |change={{decrease}} 0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chandramouli |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=1,189 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Vasanthakumar |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=837 |percentage=0.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rajesh |party=Independent politician |votes=515 |percentage=0.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Velayudham |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=482 |percentage=0.24% |change={{increase}} 0.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sarathkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=154 |percentage=0.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Muthukrishnan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=140 |percentage=0.07% |change={{decrease}} 29.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Madhiyazhagan |party=Independent politician |votes=139 |percentage=0.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,527 |percentage=8.87% |change=-6.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=197,569 |percentage=81.25% |change= -2.93% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=468 |percentage=0.24% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 243,164 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.32% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurinjipadi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=82,864 |percentage=44.03% |change={{increase}} 2.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Rajendran (AIADMK politician)|R. Rajendran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,756 |percentage=29.09% |change={{decrease}} 27.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muthukrishnan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=22,705 |percentage=12.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. S. Balamurugan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=21,063 |percentage=11.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,541 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Jaladeepan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,534 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mu. Shakthi Ganapathy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=957 |percentage=0.51% |change={{decrease}} 0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Tatabirla |party=Independent politician |votes=855 |percentage=0.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Muthukumaran |party=Independent politician |votes=636 |percentage=0.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=342 |percentage=0.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Senthilmurugan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=288 |percentage=0.15% |change={{decrease}} 0.4 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,108 |percentage=14.93% |change=-0.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=188,205 |percentage=84.18% |change= -1.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 223,575 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.35% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurinjipadi<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Rajendran (AIADMK politician)|R. Rajendran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=88,345 |percentage=56.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,497 |percentage=41.16% |change={{decrease}} 4.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Panneerselvam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,863 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Vairakannu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,123 |percentage=0.72% |change={{decrease}} 0.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. S. Premalatha |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=866 |percentage=0.55% |change={{increase}} 0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,848 |percentage=15.22% |change=13.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=181,914 |percentage=86.14% |change= 12.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,694 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.74% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurinjipadi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,462 |percentage=45.64% |change={{decrease}} 10.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ramalingam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,547 |percentage=44.09% |change={{increase}} 38.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sundara Moorthy |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=8,541 |percentage=6.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Saravanas Undaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,002 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Hari Krishnan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=636 |percentage=0.51% |change={{decrease}} 0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kaliyamoorthy |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=590 |percentage=0.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Bala Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=515 |percentage=0.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Pazhni Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=431 |percentage=0.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Kantharajan |party=Independent politician |votes=334 |percentage=0.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chandra |party=Independent politician |votes=276 |percentage=0.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muralidharan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=206 |percentage=0.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,915 |percentage=1.55% |change=-18.80% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=123,708 |percentage=73.79% |change= 13.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,658 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.14% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurinjipadi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,425 |percentage=55.78% |change={{increase}} 0.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sivasubramanian K |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,562 |percentage=35.44% |change={{increase}} 12.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ramalingam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,415 |percentage=5.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Susila G |party=Independent politician |votes=1,007 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jawahar Mohan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=985 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. S. Ramanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=864 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajendran C |party=Independent politician |votes=594 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ravi G |party=Independent politician |votes=431 |percentage=0.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,863 |percentage=20.35% |change=-11.60% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=117,283 |percentage=60.17% |change= -6.83% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,949 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.80% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurinjipadi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=MRK Panneer selvam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,152 |percentage=54.99% |change={{increase}} 19.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Pandarinathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,139 |percentage=23.04% |change={{decrease}} 23.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gnanamoorthy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=12,231 |percentage=10.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Balakrishnan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,387 |percentage=9.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ashokkumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,717 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=231 |percentage=0.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthupattusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=216 |percentage=0.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Muthazhagan |party=Independent politician |votes=186 |percentage=0.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kumaraguru |party=Independent politician |votes=139 |percentage=0.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. S. Nathan |party=Independent politician |votes=137 |percentage=0.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Baskar |party=Independent politician |votes=123 |percentage=0.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,013 |percentage=31.95% |change=20.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=122,122 |percentage=67.00% |change= 1.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,256 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.07% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurinjipadi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sivasubramanian |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,313 |percentage=46.92% |change={{increase}} 30.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. M. Ganeshmurthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,842 |percentage=35.52% |change={{decrease}} 11.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thangarasu |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=18,638 |percentage=17.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. N. Anbuduraisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=571 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,471 |percentage=11.40% |change=-18.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=109,364 |percentage=65.59% |change= -0.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,154 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.22% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurinjipadi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ganeshmurthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,887 |percentage=47.14% |change={{increase}} 9.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rasendran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,043 |percentage=16.85% |change={{decrease}} 33.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Natesan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,000 |percentage=15.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sivashanmugam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,923 |percentage=8.32% |change={{decrease}} 41.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Shanmugasundaram |party=India Farmers and Tailers Party |votes=6,311 |percentage=6.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Dakshinamurthy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,019 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Jayakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=955 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Thangavel |party=Independent politician |votes=843 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Arasuganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=823 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Dhanagopal |party=Independent politician |votes=610 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. S. Rahiman Sait |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=319 |percentage=0.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,844 |percentage=30.29% |change=18.24% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,222 |percentage=65.80% |change= -11.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,835 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.76% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurinjipadi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Thangarasu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,400 |percentage=49.90% |change={{increase}} 0.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kuppusami |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,434 |percentage=37.85% |change={{decrease}} 7.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Pandarinathan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,908 |percentage=11.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murthupattusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=239 |percentage=0.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,966 |percentage=12.05% |change=8.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,981 |percentage=77.24% |change= 9.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,612 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurinjipadi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Thangarasu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,349 |percentage=49.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Selvaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,390 |percentage=45.82% |change={{increase}} 17.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Elumalai |party=Republican Party of India |votes=2,083 |percentage=2.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Dhayalan |party=Independent politician |votes=929 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. T. P. Palaniappa Nadar |party=Independent politician |votes=246 |percentage=0.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Palanivelu |party=Independent politician |votes=118 |percentage=0.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mathu Pattusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=116 |percentage=0.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,959 |percentage=3.83% |change= 0.11% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,231 |percentage=67.88% |change= 5.94% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,509 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 20.90% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurinjipadi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Selvaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,523 |percentage=28.75% |change={{decrease}} 22.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Natarrajan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=16,997 |percentage=25.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Radhakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,663 |percentage=21.60% |change={{decrease}} 26.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Balasubramaniyan |party=Janata Party |votes=13,080 |percentage=19.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,818 |percentage=2.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Dhanagopal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,690 |percentage=2.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthupattusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,526 |percentage=3.72% |change= 0.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,898 |percentage=61.94% |change= -7.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,845 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -22.68% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurinjipadi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Rajangam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,465 |percentage=51.43% |change={{decrease}} 3.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jayaraman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,939 |percentage=48.57% |change={{increase}} 9.58 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,526 |percentage=2.86% |change= -12.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,404 |percentage=69.57% |change= 3.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,098 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.07% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurinjipadi<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Rajangam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,478 |percentage=54.50% |change={{decrease}} 1.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jayaraman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,226 |percentage=38.99% |change={{increase}} 0.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vaithilingam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,569 |percentage=3.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Dhanagopal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,473 |percentage=3.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,252 |percentage=15.51% |change= -2.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,746 |percentage=65.88% |change= 3.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,712 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurinjipadi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Rajangam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,046 |percentage=56.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jayaraman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,898 |percentage=38.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Dhanagopal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,796 |percentage=4.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,148 |percentage=17.89% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,740 |percentage=62.38% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,690 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|11.57|N|79.60|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]

Singham 123

2026-05-03T15:18:45Z

JestineLegg9: Added new biography.

{{Use dmy dates|date = May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Singham 123
| image =Singam 123 poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Akshat Ajay Sharma
| screenplay =
| story =
| writer = [[Manchu Vishnu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vishnu-manchu-pens-a-script/articleshow/45248919.cms|title=Vishnu Manchu pens a script|date=15 January 2017|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
| producer = Manchu Vishnu
| starring = [[Sampoornesh Babu]]
| cinematography = Satish Mutyala
| editing = M. R. Varma
| music = Seshu
| distributor = [[24 Frames Factory]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|06|05}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
}}

'''''Singham 123''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by Akshat Ajay Sharma and is written and produced by [[Manchu Vishnu]] under his production banner [[24 Frames Factory]]. The film stars [[Sampoornesh Babu]] in the lead role. The film released on 5 June 2015 to mixed reviews but was a box-office hit. The film has been released by 24 Frames Factory officially for home viewing.

The film is a parody of several films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/singham-123-not-again/article7291779.ece|title=Not again!|work=The Hindu|date=7 June 2015|access-date=18 June 2023|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928162606/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/singham-123-not-again/article7291779.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The action sequence from this film involving a banana became popular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflix-indonesia-goes-bananas-over-viral-action-sequence-from-telugu-film-singham-123-5812201.html|title=Netflix Indonesia goes 'bananas' over viral action sequence from Telugu film, Singham 123|date=30 December 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

==Plot==
Set in the backdrop of a village called Singarayakonda which is ruled by a self-proclaimed king and mafia-lord, Lingam. He fancies himself as the destructive force and an archenemy of Law and Order. After several failed attempts by Indian Police throughout the decade, Singham 123 is assigned the mission impossible - to arrest Lingam. Will Singham 123 be successful in completing the mission?

==Cast==
* [[Sampoornesh Babu]] as Singham 123
* [[Sanam Shetty]] as Chandini
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]] as Annapoorna
* Bhavani as Lingam
* [[Prudhviraj]] as Jaggam, Singam 123's father
* [[Viva Harsha]] as Junior Lingam (Lingam's son)
*Ambati Srinivas

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "After a long time comes Sampoornesh’s second film ''Singham 123'' in which he plays a cop and the story that follows his filmi introduction is nothing but collection of spoofs, parodies from all hit films".<ref name=":0"/>

A critic from ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five and wrote that "Watch for good laughs without expecting story".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-06-05/Sampoornesh-Babus-Singham-123-review-rating/155537|title=Sampoornesh Babu's Singham 123 review, rating|first=Gossip|last=Girl|date=6 June 2015|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|4697026}}

[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2015 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 comedy films]]

{{2010s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Hospet Assembly constituency

2026-05-02T08:22:50Z

JestineLegg9: Made A Article Basic Info

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hospet
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Ballari district|Ballari]]
| division = [[Gulbarga division|Gulbarga]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Bellary]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1951
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
}}

'''Hospet Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#ABDADC" | [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="2" | R. Nagana Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Murari Kamala. M. Sreeramulu || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || R. Nagana Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1970 elections in India#Mysore|1970 By-election]] {{efn|Died on 19/07/1969}} || S. Singh . B || {{Full party name with color|NCJ}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || N. Chikkegowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || K. Gudusaheb || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || G. Shankar Goud || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Bheemaneni Kondaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Gujjala Hanumanthappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1991 elections in India#Karnataka|1991 By-election]] {{efn|Death of Gujjala Hanumanthappa}} || R. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || G. Shankar Goud || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Jayalakshmi Gujjal]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[H. R. Gaviyappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}
Sources:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hospet Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/hospet-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Hospet 1999 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1999/karnataka/hospet/43/21884/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1999/karnataka/hospet/43/21884/143 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hospet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. R. Gaviyappa]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 31,440 |percentage = 28.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Shankar Goud |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,737 |percentage = 21.25% |change = {{decrease}}17.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumanthappa. G. K |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,068 |percentage = 18.86% |change = {{decrease}}31.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajarao. G |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,459 |percentage = 18.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ayyali Thimappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,731 |percentage = 6.92% |change = {{increase}}5.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhavikatti Basanna |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 2,692 |percentage = 2.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sheela. T. S |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,813 |percentage = 1.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rudrareddy. G |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 1,540 |percentage = 1.38% |change = {{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandramouli. E |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,213 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,703 |percentage = 6.90% |change = {{decrease}}5.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 111,733 |percentage = 58.49% |change = {{increase}}0.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 111,693}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,021 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.24 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}22.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hospet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jayalakshmi Gujjal]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,220 |percentage = 50.24% |change = {{increase}}20.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Shankar Goud|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=36,015|percentage=38.32%|change={{decrease}}9.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Prasannakumar|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=4,103|percentage=4.37%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kaviraju|party=Independent politician|votes=2,977|percentage=3.17%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Venkateshwara Reddy|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|votes=1,371|percentage=1.46%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Showkath Ali|party=Independent politician|votes=1,102|percentage=1.17%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Daki Reddy. K|party=Pyramid Party of India|votes=836|percentage=0.89%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,205 |percentage = 11.92% |change = {{decrease}}6.27 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=101,481|percentage=58.03%|change={{decrease}}5.36}}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,996}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=7,485|percentage=7.38%|change={{increase}}4.51}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,870 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.24 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hospet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Shankar Goud |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,249 |percentage = 48.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Abdul Wahab |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,988 |percentage = 29.87% |change = {{decrease}}6.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bheemaneni Kondaiah |party = Janata Dal |votes = 18,281 |percentage = 18.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambika Jalagar |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 1,677 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maharaj Durgappa |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 693 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,261 |percentage = 18.19% |change = {{increase}}17.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,365 |percentage = 63.39% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,401}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,964 |percentage = 2.87% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,057 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1991 elections in India#Karnataka|1991 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Hospet <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Singh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,021 |percentage = 35.93% |change = {{increase}}4.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Gouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 26,588 |percentage = 35.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Bhrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,908 |percentage = 25.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. H. Lingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 907 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Apparao |party = Independent politician |votes = 793 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Niyaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 525 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 433 |percentage = 0.58% |change = {{decrease}}31.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,212}}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}27.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hospet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gujjala Hanumanthappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 63,805 |percentage = 63.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Abdul Wahab |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,603 |percentage = 31.60% |change = {{decrease}}5.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ko. Kotreswara |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,841 |percentage = 2.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhanavelu |party = Independent politician |votes = 641 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,202 |percentage = 32.20% |change = {{increase}}7.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,278 |percentage = 65.19% |change = {{increase}}5.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,006}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,272 |percentage = 5.90% |change = {{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,029 |ref = |change = {{increase}}30.98 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hospet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bheemaneni Kondaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 45,777 |percentage = 62.51% |change = {{increase}}38.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Shankar Goud |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,452 |percentage = 37.49% |change = {{decrease}}5.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,325 |percentage = 25.02% |change = {{increase}}11.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,859 |percentage = 60.14% |change = {{decrease}}3.90 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,229}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,630 |percentage = 2.18% |change = {{decrease}}1.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,465 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.97 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}19.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hospet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Shankar Goud |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,572 |percentage = 42.88% |change = {{increase}}40.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gujjala Hanumanthappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,381 |percentage = 29.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Kondaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 16,611 |percentage = 24.09% |change = {{decrease}}17.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. G. Gadigeppa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,145 |percentage = 3.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,191 |percentage = 13.33% |change = {{increase}}0.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,826 |percentage = 64.04% |change = {{decrease}}2.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,965}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,861 |percentage = 3.98% |change = {{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,162 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.33 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}11.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hospet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Gudusaheb |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 34,855 |percentage = 53.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Shankar Goud |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,754 |percentage = 41.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Rangappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,357 |percentage = 2.10% |change = {{decrease}}145.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Thimma Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 794 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Ratnavelu |party = Independent politician |votes = 738 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,101 |percentage = 12.53% |change = {{decrease}}17.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,178 |percentage = 66.08% |change = {{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,641}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,537 |percentage = 3.78% |change = {{increase}}3.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,659 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.14 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}34.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hospet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Chikkegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,227 |percentage = 80.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Satyanarayana Singh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,717 |percentage = 53.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Shankar Goud |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 17,305 |percentage = 34.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Kembarai |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 6,937 |percentage = 13.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. N. Thabasappa |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 2,351 |percentage = 4.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. C. Dasan Solomon |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 725 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Korisetty Jambanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 685 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Rama Rao |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 401 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,510 |percentage = 26.94% |change = {{increase}}3.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,134 |percentage = 68.53% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,146}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,612 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = NCJ |swing = {{increase}}18.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1970 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1970 elections in India#Mysore|1970 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Hospet <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Singh . B |party = NCJ |votes = 28,218 |percentage = 61.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Setty. P |party = NCN |votes = 17,506 |percentage = 38.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,712 |percentage = 23.43% |change = {{increase}}2.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,724}}
{{Election box gain |winner = NCJ |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hospet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Nagana Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,718 |percentage = 58.06% |change = {{increase}}25.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Naglingaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,736 |percentage = 37.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. J. Ambanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,510 |percentage = 4.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,982 |percentage = 20.56% |change = {{decrease}}11.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,544 |percentage = 54.08% |change = {{decrease}}18.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,964}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,576 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.15 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hospet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Murari Kamala. M. Sreeramulu |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 21,913 |percentage = 64.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Nagana Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,153 |percentage = 33.06% |change = {{decrease}}20.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Korisetty Jambanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 674 |percentage = 2.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,760 |percentage = 31.89% |change = {{increase}}24.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,273 |percentage = 72.54% |change = {{increase}}3.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,740}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,001 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.49 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hospet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Nagana Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,656 |percentage = 53.69% |change = {{decrease}}8.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Murarai Venkataswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,505 |percentage = 46.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,151 |percentage = 7.38% |change = {{decrease}}30.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,161 |percentage = 69.10% |change = {{increase}}9.91 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,161}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,199 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}40.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hospet <ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Nagana Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,339 |percentage = 62.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahabaleswarappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,349 |percentage = 24.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jambayya Banada |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,768 |percentage = 8.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Thirumala Rao |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 1,801 |percentage = 4.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,990 |percentage = 37.84% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,257 |percentage = 59.19% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,257}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,387 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{Coord|18.018162|77.010178|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Ballari district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

University of Cambridge

2026-05-01T12:54:45Z

JestineLegg9:

{{Short description|Public collegiate university in England}}
{{Redirect|Cambridge University}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2013}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University of Cambridge
| image = University of Cambridge coat of arms.svg
| image_upright = 0.6
| caption = [[Coat of arms of the University of Cambridge|Coat of arms]]
| latin_name = Universitas Cantabrigiensis<ref>{{Cite book |title=Record of the Jubilee Celebrations of the University of Sydney |date=1903 |publisher=William Brooks and Co. |isbn=9781112213304 |publication-place=[[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]] |language=en-AU }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University |date=1894 |publisher=[[Hodges Figgis|Hodges, Figgis & Co.]] |isbn=9781355361602 |publication-place=[[Dublin]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Ireland]] |language=en-IE }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Actes du Jubilé de 1909 |date=1910 |publisher=Georg Keck & Cie |isbn=9781360078335 |publication-place=[[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] |language=fr-CH }}</ref>
| motto = {{langx|la|Hinc lucem et pocula sacra}}
| mottoeng = Literal: From here, light and sacred draughts. Non-literal: From this place, we gain enlightenment and precious knowledge.
| established = {{circa|{{start date and age|df=yes|1209}}}}
| other_name = The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge<ref name="fullname"/>
| type = [[public university|Public]] [[collegiate university|collegiate]] [[research university]] [[Ancient university]]
| endowment = £2.76 billion (2025; excluding colleges)<ref name="annualfinstat25">{{Cite web |title= Annual Reports and the Financial Statements 2025 |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/system/files/university_of_cambridge_group_annual_reports_financial_statements_2024-25.pdf |access-date=18 December 2025 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref>
| budget = £2.66 billion (2024/25; excluding colleges)<ref name="annualfinstat25"/>
| chancellor = [[Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury|The Lord Smith of Finsbury]]
| vice_chancellor = [[Deborah Prentice]]
| academic_staff = {{HESA academic staff population|INSTID=10007788}} ({{HESA staff year}})<ref name="HESA staff citation">{{HESA staff citation}}</ref>
| administrative_staff = {{HESA non-academic staff population|INSTID=10007788}} ({{HESA staff year}})<ref name="HESA staff citation"/>
| students = {{HESA student population|INSTID=10007788}} ({{HESA year}})<ref name="HESA citation">{{HESA citation}}</ref> {{HESA FTE student population|INSTID=10007788}} [[Full-time equivalent|FTE]] ({{HESA year}})<ref name="HESA citation"/>
| undergrad = {{HESA undergraduate population|INSTID=10007788}} ({{HESA year}})<ref name="HESA citation"/>
| postgrad = {{HESA postgraduate population|INSTID=10007788}} ({{HESA year}})<ref name="HESA citation"/>
| city = [[Cambridge]]
| country = England
| campus_type = [[College town|University town]]
| campus_size = {{convert|617|ha}}<ref name=estate>{{Cite web |date=July 2021 |title=Operational Estate Facts & Figures |url=https://www.em.admin.cam.ac.uk/what-we-do/annual-report-and-facts-figures |access-date=28 February 2023 |website=Estates Division |publisher=University of Cambridge |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301044308/https://www.em.admin.cam.ac.uk/what-we-do/annual-report-and-facts-figures |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|Refers to operational estate owned by the university, including the {{convert|550|ha|adj=on}} University Farm<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.em.admin.cam.ac.uk/what-we-do/estate-operations/university-farm-rural-estate/farm-facts-figures|title=Farm Facts & Figures|access-date=28 February 2023|website=Estates Division|date=June 2020|publisher=University of Cambridge|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301044305/https://www.em.admin.cam.ac.uk/what-we-do/estate-operations/university-farm-rural-estate/farm-facts-figures|url-status=live}}</ref> but not including college-owned property or investment properties}}
| affiliations = {{hlist|[[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]|[[European University Association|EUA]]|[[International Alliance of Research Universities|IARU]]|[[League of European Research Universities|LERU]]|[[Russell Group]]|[[SES (universities)|SES]]|[[Universities UK]]}}
| colours = {{color box|#A3C1AD}} [[Cambridge Blue (colour)|Cambridge Blue]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Identity Guidelines – Colour |url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/offices/communications/services/identityguidelines/guidelines-colour.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910064615/http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/offices/communications/services/identityguidelines/guidelines-colour.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2008 |access-date=28 March 2008 |publisher=University of Cambridge Office of External Affairs and Communications}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://cam.ac.uk}}
| logo = University of Cambridge logo.svg
| logo_size =
}}
The '''University of Cambridge''' is a [[collegiate university|collegiate]] [[research university]] in [[Cambridge]], England. Founded in 1209, the University of Cambridge is the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|world's third-oldest university in continuous operation]]. The university's founding followed the arrival of scholars who left the [[University of Oxford]] for Cambridge after a dispute with local townspeople.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Catto |first=J. I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkJO3TAxMtwC&pg=PA37 |title=The History of the University of Oxford: I The Early Oxford Schools |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1984 |isbn=0199510113 |edition=1st |location=Oxford |pages=37–41 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History: Early records |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/history/records.html |access-date=17 August 2008 |publisher=University of Cambridge |archive-date=2 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902111945/http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/history/records.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The two [[ancient university|ancient]] English universities, although sometimes described as rivals, share many common features and are often jointly referred to as ''[[Oxbridge]]''.

In 1231, 22 years after its founding, the university was recognised with a [[royal charter]], granted by [[Henry III of England|King Henry III]]. The University of Cambridge includes [[colleges of the University of Cambridge|31 semi-autonomous constituent colleges]] and [[Schools of the University of Cambridge|more than 150 academic departments, faculties, and other institutions organised into six schools]]. The largest department is [[Cambridge University Press and Assessment]], which contains the oldest [[university press]] in the world, with £1 billion of annual revenue and with 100 million learners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2023 |title=
Cambridge University Press & Assessment grows global impact
|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/cambridge-university-press-assessment-grows-global-impact/ |access-date=29 January 2024 |publisher=University of Cambridge }}</ref> All of the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, managing their own personnel and policies, and all students are required to have a college affiliation within the university. Undergraduate teaching at Cambridge is centred on weekly small-group [[Tutorial system|supervisions]] in the colleges with lectures, seminars, laboratory work, and occasionally further supervision provided by the central university faculties and departments.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tapper |first1=Ted |title=Oxford, the Collegiate University |last2=Palfreyman |first2=David |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-94-007-0046-8 |series=Higher Education Dynamics |volume=34 |pages=95–115 |chapter=The Tutorial System: The Jewel in the Crown |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-0047-5_6 |access-date=7 June 2021 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0047-5_6 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607211616/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0047-5_6 |url-status=live | issn=1571-0378 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2017 |title=What should students expect from their College and the University? |url=https://magazine.alumni.cam.ac.uk/brainwaves82/ |access-date=7 June 2021 |publisher=University of Cambridge |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607210917/https://magazine.alumni.cam.ac.uk/brainwaves82/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The university operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the [[Fitzwilliam Museum]] and [[Cambridge University Botanic Garden]]. [[Libraries of the University of Cambridge|Cambridge's 116 libraries]] hold a total of approximately 16 million books, around 9 million of which are in [[Cambridge University Library]], a [[Legal deposit|legal deposit library]] and one of the world's largest [[academic library|academic libraries]].

Among the university's [[List of University of Cambridge people|notable alumni]] are [[Francis Bacon]], [[Lord Byron]], [[Oliver Cromwell]], [[Charles Darwin]], [[Rajiv Gandhi]], [[John Harvard]], [[Stephen Hawking]], [[John Maynard Keynes]], [[John Milton]], [[Vladimir Nabokov]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Isaac Newton]], [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Alan Turing]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], [[William Wordsworth]], and 194 [[Olympic medal]]-winning athletes.<ref name="Hawks">"[https://www.hawksclub.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Olympians-A2-Poster-Artwork.pdf All Known Cambridge Olympians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308013239/https://www.hawksclub.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Olympians-A2-Poster-Artwork.pdf |date=8 March 2021 }}". ''Hawks Club''. Retrieved 17 May 2019.</ref> Its alumni, academics, and affiliates have won 126 [[Nobel Prize]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2025 |title=Cambridge alumnus awarded 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cambridge-alumnus-awarded-2025-nobel-prize-in-physics |access-date= 7 October 2025|website=Cambridge Universe |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Founding===
{{See also|Timeline of Cambridge}}
Prior to the founding of the University of Cambridge in 1209, [[Cambridge]] and the area surrounding it already had developed a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation largely due to the intellectual and academic contributions of monks from the nearby [[Ely Cathedral]]. The founding of the university, however, mostly originated with an incident at the [[University of Oxford]] during which two Oxford scholars, following the death of a local woman, were [[hanging|hanged]] by the town's secular authorities. The local ecclesiastical authorities, who were not consulted, would have traditionally been inclined to pardon scholars in such cases. During this time, Oxford's town authorities were in conflict with [[John, King of England|King John]]. Fearing more violence from Oxford townsfolk, University of Oxford scholars began leaving Oxford for more hospitable cities, including Paris, [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]], and [[Cambridge]]. Enough scholars ultimately took residence in Cambridge to form, along with the many scholars already there, the nucleus for the new university's formation.<ref name="Early records">{{Cite web |date=28 January 2013 |title=Early records |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/history/early-records |access-date=5 December 2019 |website=University of Cambridge |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216091436/http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/history/records.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Mark |date=4 November 2010 |title='To lick a Lord and thrash a cad': Oxford 'Town & Gown' |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/local/oxford/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9158000/9158705.stm |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104002457/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/oxford/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9158000/9158705.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Leedham-Green |first=Elisabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvScOaG7mHYC |title=A Concise History of the University of Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-43978-7 |page=3 |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927184430/https://books.google.com/books?id=xvScOaG7mHYC |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 1225, a chancellor of the university was appointed, and writs issued by [[Henry III of England|King Henry III]] in 1231 established that rents in Cambridge were to be set ''secundum consuetudinem universitatis'', according to the custom of the university, and established a panel of two masters and two townsmen to determine these. A letter from [[Pope Gregory IX]] two years later to the chancellor and the guild of scholars granted the new university ''ius non trahi extra'', or the right not to be drawn out, for three years, meaning its members could not be summoned to a court outside of the diocese of Ely.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23272738 | jstor=23272738 | title=The Dispersal of Scholars from Oxford and the Beginnings of a University at Cambridge: A Study of the Sources | last1=Zutshi | first1=Patrick | journal=The English Historical Review | date=2012 | volume=127 | issue=528 | pages=1041–1062 | doi=10.1093/ehr/ces209 | access-date=1 March 2023 | archive-date=1 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301163530/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23272738 | url-status=live }}</ref> After Cambridge was described as a ''[[studium generale]]'' in a letter from [[Pope Nicholas IV]] in 1290,<ref name="Hackett">{{Cite book |last=Hackett |first=M.B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7og8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA178 |title=The original statutes of Cambridge University: The text and its history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-521-07076-8 |page=178 |access-date=2 September 2012}}</ref> and confirmed as such by [[Pope John XXII]]'s 1318 [[papal bull]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Willey |first=David |author-link=David Willey (journalist) |date=2012 |title=Vatican reveals Cambridge papers |journal=Cam |volume=66 |page=5}}</ref> it became common for researchers from other European [[medieval university|medieval universities]] to visit Cambridge to study or give lectures.<ref name="Hackett" />

=== Foundation of the colleges ===
{{see also|Colleges of the University of Cambridge|Oxford and Cambridge Act 1571}}[[File:Peterhouse Chapel.jpg|thumb|[[Peterhouse, Cambridge|Peterhouse]], Cambridge's first college, founded in 1284]]
[[File:Emmanuel College Front Court, Cambridge, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|[[Emmanuel College, Cambridge|Emmanuel College]] Chapel]]
The [[Colleges of the University of Cambridge|31 colleges]] of the present-day University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the university; no college within the University of Cambridge is as old as the university itself. The colleges within the university were initially endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, which were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, and they have left some traces, including the naming of Garret Hostel Lane and [[Garret Hostel Bridge]], a street and bridge in Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cooper |first=Charles Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bQWAAAAIAAJ |title=Memorials of Cambridge |publisher=W. Metcalfe |year=1860 |volume=1 |page=32 |access-date=9 September 2012 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927184441/https://books.google.com/books?id=7bQWAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The University of Cambridge's first college, [[Peterhouse, Cambridge|Peterhouse]], was founded in 1284 by [[Hugh de Balsham]], the [[Bishop of Ely]]. Multiple additional colleges were founded during the 14th and 15th centuries, and colleges continued to be established during modern times, though there was a 204-year gap between the founding of [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge|Sidney Sussex]] in 1596 and that of [[Downing College, Cambridge|Downing]] in 1800. The most recent college to be established is [[Robinson College, Cambridge|Robinson]], which was built in the late 1970s. Most recently, in March 2010, [[Homerton College, Cambridge|Homerton College]] achieved full university college status, making it the university's newest full college.

In [[Middle Ages|medieval]] times, many colleges were founded so that their members could [[Prayer|pray]] for the [[soul]]s of the founders. University of Cambridge colleges were often associated with chapels or [[abbey]]s. The colleges' focus began to shift in 1536, however, with the [[dissolution of the monasteries]] and [[Henry VIII]]'s order that the university disband the [[canon law]] that governed the university's faculty<ref>{{Cite book |last=Helmholtz |first=R.H. |title=Roman Canon Law in Reformation England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-38191-8 |series=Cambridge Studies in English Legal History |pages=35,153}}</ref> and stop teaching [[Scholasticism|scholastic philosophy]]. In response, colleges changed their curricula from canon law to [[classics]], the Bible, and mathematics.

Nearly a century later, the university found itself at the centre of a [[Protestant]] schism. Many nobles, intellectuals, and also commoners saw the [[Church of England]] as too similar to the [[Catholic Church]] and felt that it was being used by [[The Crown]] to usurp the counties' rightful powers. [[East Anglia]] emerged as the centre of what ultimately became the [[Puritans|Puritan movement]]. In Cambridge, the Puritan movement was particularly strong at [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge|Emmanuel]], [[St Catharine's College, Cambridge|St Catharine Hall]], [[Sidney Sussex College|Sidney Sussex]], and [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's]].<ref>Thompson, Roger, ''Mobility & Migration, East Anglian Founders of New England, 1629–1640'', Amherst: [[University of Massachusetts Press]], 1994, 19.</ref> These colleges produced many [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|nonconformist]] graduates who greatly influenced, by social position or preaching, some 20,000 Puritans who ultimately left England for [[New England]] and especially the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] during the [[Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)|Great Migration]] decade of the 1630s.

=== Mathematics and mathematical physics ===
{{see also|Lucasian Professor of Mathematics|Mathematical Tripos}}
The university quickly established itself as a global leader in the study of mathematics. The university's examination in mathematics, known as the [[Mathematical Tripos]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Forsyth |first=A. R. |year=1935 |title=Old Tripos days at Cambridge |journal=The Mathematical Gazette |volume=19 |issue=234 |pages=162–179 |doi=10.2307/3605871 |jstor=3605871|s2cid=165040321 }}</ref> was initially compulsory for all undergraduates studying for the Bachelor of Arts degree, the most common degree first offered at Cambridge. From the time of [[Isaac Newton]] in the late 17th century until the mid-19th century, the university maintained an especially strong emphasis on [[applied mathematics]], and especially [[mathematical physics]]. Students awarded [[British undergraduate degree classification|first class honours]] after completing the mathematics Tripos exam are called [[Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|wranglers]], and the top student among them is known as the [[Senior Wrangler]], a position that has been described as "the greatest intellectual achievement attainable in Britain."<ref name="Forfar 1996">{{cite journal |last=Forfar |first=David |title=What became of the Senior Wranglers?|journal=Mathematical Spectrum |volume=29 |issue=1 |year=1996}}</ref>

The Cambridge Mathematical Tripos is highly competitive and has helped produce some of the most famous names in British science, including [[James Clerk Maxwell]], [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Lord Kelvin]], and [[John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|Lord Rayleigh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Mathematics in Cambridge |url=http://www.maths.cam.ac.uk/about/history/ |access-date=9 September 2012 |publisher=Faculty of Mathematics, University of Cambridge |archive-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214184157/https://www.maths.cam.ac.uk/about/history |url-status=live }}</ref> However, some famous students, such as [[G. H. Hardy]], disliked the Tripos system, feeling that students were becoming too focused on accumulating high exam marks at the expense of the subject itself.

Pure mathematics at the University of Cambridge in the 19th century achieved great things, though it largely missed out on substantial developments in French and German mathematics. By the early 20th century, however, pure mathematical research at Cambridge reached the highest international standard, thanks largely to G. H. Hardy and his collaborators, [[J. E. Littlewood]] and [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]. [[W. V. D. Hodge]] and others helped establish Cambridge as a global leader in [[geometry]] in the 1930s.

===Modern period===
{{see also|Cambridge movement (philosophy)}}
[[File:Selwyn College Old Court, Cambridge, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|[[Selwyn College, Cambridge|Selwyn College]], founded in 1882]]
The [[Cambridge University Act 1856]] formalised the university's organisational structure and introduced the study of many new subjects, including theology, history, and [[Modern language]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=The National Archives |title=Cambridge University Act 1856 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/19-20/88/contents |access-date=2 May 2012 |archive-date=7 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407000931/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/19-20/88/contents |url-status=live }}</ref> Resources necessary for new courses in the arts, architecture, and [[archeology|archaeology]] were donated by [[Richard FitzWilliam, 7th Viscount FitzWilliam|Viscount Fitzwilliam]] of [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], who also founded [[Fitzwilliam Museum]] in 1816.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2010 |editor-last=University of Cambridge |title=Biography – The Hon. Richard Fitzwilliam, 7th Viscount FitzWilliam |url=http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/gallery/hiddenhistories/biographies/bio/love/fitzwilliam_biography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630183332/http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/gallery/hiddenhistories/biographies/bio/love/fitzwilliam_biography.html |archive-date=30 June 2013 |access-date=2 May 2012}}</ref> In 1847, [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]] was elected the university's chancellor in a close contest with the [[Earl of Powis]]. As chancellor, Albert reformed university curricula beyond its initial focus on mathematics and classics, adding [[modern era|modern era history]] and the [[natural science]]s. Between 1896 and 1902, [[Downing College, Cambridge|Downing College]] sold part of its land to permit the construction of [[Downing Site]], the university's grouping of scientific laboratories for the study of [[anatomy]], [[genetics]], and [[Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge|Earth sciences]].<ref>{{harvnb|Taylor|1994|p=22}}</ref> During this period, the [[New Museums Site]] was erected, including the [[Cavendish Laboratory]], which has since moved to [[West Cambridge]], and other [[Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry|departments for chemistry]] and medicine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cambridge University Physics Society |title=A Hundred Years and More of Cambridge Physics |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Physics Society |isbn=978-0-9507343-1-6 |editor-last=Cambridge University Physics Society}}</ref> The University of Cambridge began to award PhD degrees in the first third of the 20th century; the first Cambridge PhD in mathematics was awarded in 1924.<ref>John Aldrich – [http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Doc1.htm "The Maths PhD in the UK: Notes on its History – Economics"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103452/http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Doc1.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

The university contributed significantly to the [[Allies of World War I|Allies' forces]] in [[World War I]] with 13,878 members of the university serving and 2,470 being [[killed in action]] during the war. Teaching, and the fees it earned, nearly came to a halt during World War I, and severe financial difficulties followed. As a result, the university received its first systematic state support in 1919, and a [[Royal commission]] was appointed in 1920 to recommend that the university (but not its colleges) begin receiving an annual grant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2013 |editor-last=University of Cambridge |title=The Revived University of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/history/nineteenth-and-twentieth-centuries |access-date=7 August 2014 |archive-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707145603/http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/history/nineteenth-and-twentieth-centuries |url-status=live }}</ref> Following [[World War II]], the university experienced a rapid expansion in applications and enrolment, partly due to the success and popularity gained by many Cambridge scientists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History: The University after 1945 |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/history/post1945.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804082343/http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/history/post1945.html |archive-date=4 August 2008 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref> This was not without controversies, however. For example, Cambridge researchers were accused in 2023 of helping to develop weapon systems for Iran.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/06/08/drones-cambridge-iran-raf-ukraine-suicide-universities/|title=The 11 UK universities accused of helping to develop Iran's 'suicide drones'|author1=Gabriella Swerling|author2=Louisa Clarence-Smith|date=8 June 2023|newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==== Parliamentary representation ====
{{Main|Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)}}

{{Category see also|Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the University of Cambridge}}
The University of Cambridge was one of only two universities to hold parliamentary seats in the [[Parliament of England]] and was later one of 19 represented in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. The constituency was created by a [[Royal charter]] of 1603 and returned two members of parliament until 1950 when it was abolished by the [[Representation of the People Act 1948]]. The constituency was not a geographical area; rather, its electorate consisted of university graduates. Before 1918, the franchise was restricted to male graduates with a [[Doctor of Philosophy|doctorate]] or [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|MA]] degree.

=== Women's education ===
[[File:Cambridge Newnham.JPG|thumb|[[Newnham College, Cambridge|Newnham College]], one of two colleges at the university which only admit female students]]
For the first several centuries of its existence, as was the case broadly in England and the world, the University of Cambridge was only open to male students. The first colleges established for women were [[Girton College, Cambridge|Girton College]], founded by [[Emily Davies]] in 1869, [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Newnham College]], founded by [[Anne Clough]] and [[Henry Sidgwick]] in 1872, [[Hughes Hall, Cambridge|Hughes Hall]], founded in 1885 by [[Elizabeth Phillips Hughes]] as the Cambridge Teaching College for Women, [[Murray Edwards College]], founded in 1954 by [[Rosemary Murray]] as [[Murray Edwards College, Cambridge|New Hall]], and [[Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge|Lucy Cavendish College]], founded in 1965. Prior to ultimately being permitted admission to the university in 1948, female students were granted the right to take University of Cambridge exams beginning in the late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chambers |first=Suzanna |date=31 May 1998 |title=At last, a degree of honour for 900 Cambridge women |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/at-last-a-degree-of-honour-for-900-cambridge-women-1157056.html |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819075153/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/at-last-a-degree-of-honour-for-900-cambridge-women-1157056.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Women were also allowed to study courses, take examinations, and have prior exam results recorded retroactively, dating back to 1881; for a brief period after the turn of the 20th century, this allowed the [[steamboat ladies]] to receive ''[[ad eundem gradum|ad eundem]]'' degrees from the [[University of Dublin]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=Trinity Hall's Steamboat Ladies |work=Trinity News | Ireland's Oldest Student Paper |url=http://trinitynews.ie/trinity-halls-steamboat-ladies/ |access-date=9 September 2012 |publisher=Trinity news |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212042531/http://trinitynews.ie/trinity-halls-steamboat-ladies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1998, a special graduation ceremony was held in which the women who attended Cambridge before admission was allowed in 1948 were finally conferred their degrees.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wade |first1=Francesca |title='Frustrate the Feminine Fanatics' – how women overcame their critics at Cambridge University |url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/frustrate-the-feminine-fanatics-how-women-overcame-their-critics-at-cambridge-university/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=[[Apollo (magazine)|Apollo]] |date=18 October 2019}}</ref>

Beginning in 1921, women were awarded diplomas that conferred the title associated with the Bachelor of Arts degree. But since women were not yet admitted to the Bachelor of Arts degree program, they were excluded from the university's governance structure. Since University of Cambridge students must belong to a college, and since established colleges remained closed to women, women found admissions restricted to the few university colleges that had been established only for them. [[Darwin College, Cambridge|Darwin College]], the first graduate college of the university, matriculated both male and female students from its inception in 1964 and elected a mixed fellowship. Undergraduate colleges, starting with [[Churchill College, Cambridge|Churchill]], [[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare]], and [[King's College, Cambridge|King]]'s colleges, began admitting women between 1972 and 1988. Among women's colleges at the university, [[Girton College, Cambridge|Girton]] began admitting male students in 1979, and [[Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge|Lucy Cavendish]] began admitting men in 2021. But the other female-only colleges have remained female-only colleges as of 2023. As a result of [[St Hilda's College, Oxford]], ending its ban on male students in 2008, Cambridge is now the only remaining university in the [[United Kingdom]] with female-only colleges; [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Newnham]] and [[Murray Edwards College, Cambridge|Murray Edwards]] only admit female students.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Nicole |date=8 June 2006 |title=St Hilda's to end 113-year ban on male students |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1520628/St-Hilda%27s-to-end-113-year-ban-on-male-students.html |url-status=dead |access-date=8 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202175950/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1520628/St-Hilda%27s-to-end-113-year-ban-on-male-students.html |archive-date=2 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Single-sex colleges: a dying breed? |url=http://www.hero.ac.uk/uk/studying/archives/2007/single_sex_colleges__a_dying_breed__Jun.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612072113/http://www.hero.ac.uk/uk/studying/archives/2007/single_sex_colleges__a_dying_breed__Jun.cfm |archive-date=12 June 2008 |access-date=20 April 2009 |publisher=HERO}}</ref> As of the 2019–2020 academic year, the university's male to female enrolment, including post-graduates, was nearly balanced with its total student population being 53% male and 47% female.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special No 19 |url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2004-05/special/19/ |access-date=8 September 2008 |website=Cambridge University Reporter |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201081210/http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2004-05/special/19/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018 and later years, the university has come under some criticism and faced legal challenges over alleged sexual harassment at the university.<ref>"[https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/16576 'This isn't right. My rapist is still in my college'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815025105/https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/16576 |date=15 August 2020 }}," ''Varsity News'', 16 November 2018.</ref><ref>"[https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/17737 She reported her rape to the University, then it was dismissed: How a second student's complaint was stopped in its tracks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926121304/https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/17737 |date=26 September 2020 }}," ''Varsity News'', 28 July 2019.</ref> In 2019, for example, former student Danielle Bradford, represented by sexual harassment lawyer [[Ann Olivarius]], sued the university for its handling of her sexual misconduct complaint. "I was told that I should think about it very carefully because making a complaint could affect my place in my department", Bradford alleged in 2019.<ref>Rosie Bradbury, "[https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/17750 Cambridge graduate suing University over handling of sexual misconduct complaint] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111180549/https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/17750 |date=11 November 2020 }}," ''Varsity News'', 13 August 2019.</ref> In 2020, hundreds of current and former students accused the university in a letter, citing "a complete failure" to deal with sexual misconduct complaints.<ref>James Tapper, "[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/feb/22/cambridge-university-sexual-misconduct-cases Students slam Cambridge over handling of sexual misconduct cases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913034214/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/feb/22/cambridge-university-sexual-misconduct-cases |date=13 September 2020 }}", ''The Guardian'', 22 February 2020.</ref>

===Town and gown===
{{Main|Town and gown}}

{{Further|Away with the learning of clerks, away with it!|Silicon Fen}}
The relationship between the university and the city of [[Cambridge]] has sometimes been uneasy. The phrase [[town and gown]] continues to be employed to distinguish between Cambridge residents (town) and University of Cambridge students (gown), who historically wore [[academic dress|academical dress]]. Ferocious rivalry between Cambridge's residents and university students have periodically erupted over the centuries. During the [[Peasants' Revolt]] of 1381, strong clashes led to attacks and [[looting]] of university properties as locals contested the privileges granted by the British government to the University of Cambridge's academic staff. Residents burned university property in [[Market Hill, Cambridge|Market Square]] to the famed rallying cry "[[Away with the learning of clerks, away with it!]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Firth Green |first=Richard |title=A Crisis of Truth: Literature and Law in Ricardian England. |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8122-1809-1 |location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Following these events, the [[List of chancellors of the University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge's Chancellor]] was given special powers allowing him to prosecute criminals and reestablish order in the city. Attempts at reconciliation between the city's residents and students followed; in the 16th century, agreements were signed to improve the quality of streets and student accommodation around the city. However, this was followed by new confrontations when the [[plague (disease)|plague]] reached Cambridge in 1630 and colleges refused to assist those affected by the disease by locking their sites.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shepard |first1=Alexandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLkULGOljPsC |title=Communities in Early Modern England: Networks, Place, Rhetoric |last2=Phil |first2=Withington |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7190-5477-8 |editor-last=Manchester University Press |pages=216–234 |publisher=Manchester University Press |access-date=4 September 2012 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927184431/https://books.google.com/books?id=xLkULGOljPsC |url-status=live }}</ref>

Such conflicts between Cambridge's residents and university students have largely disappeared since the 16th century, and the university has grown as a source of enormous employment and expanded wealth in Cambridge and the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bringham |first=Allan |date=7 October 2008 |title=Is Town v Gown a thing of the past? |work=[[Cambridge Evening News]] |url=http://www.colc.co.uk/cambridge/tours/article2.htm |access-date=9 May 2015 |via=Cambridge Online |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205344/http://www.colc.co.uk/cambridge/tours/article2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The university also has proven a source of extraordinary growth in [[high tech]] and [[biotech]] start-ups and established companies and associated providers of services to these companies. The economic growth associated with the university's high tech and biotech growth has been labeled the Cambridge Phenomenon, and has included the addition of 1,500 new companies and as many as 40,000 new jobs added between 1960 and 2010, mostly at [[Silicon Fen]], a business cluster launched by the university in the late 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Cambridge Phenomenon? |url=http://www.cambridgephenomenon.com/what-phenomenon/ |access-date=4 September 2012 |publisher=Cambridge Phenomenon |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811070123/https://www.cambridgephenomenon.com/what-phenomenon/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Myths, legends and traditions ===
{{Main|University of Cambridge legends}}

{{See also|Category:Terminology of the University of Cambridge}}
{{Further|Nine Lessons and Carols|wooden spoon (award)}}
[[File:Queens' College - Mathematical Bridge.jpg|thumb|[[Mathematical Bridge]] crossing [[River Cam]] at [[Queens' College, Cambridge|Queens' College]]]]
Partly because of the University of Cambridge's extensive history, which now exceeds 800 years, the university has developed a large number of traditions, myths, and legends. Some are true, some are not, and some were true but have been discontinued but have been propagated nonetheless by generations of students and tour guides.

One such discontinued tradition is that of the [[wooden spoon (award)|wooden spoon]], the prize awarded to the student with the lowest passing honours grade in the final examinations of the university's [[Mathematical Tripos]]. The last of these spoons was awarded in 1909 to Cuthbert Lempriere Holthouse, an oarsman of the Lady Margaret Boat Club at [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]]. It was more than one metre in length and had an oar blade for a handle. It can now be seen outside the Senior Combination Room of St John's College. Since 1908, examination results have been published alphabetically within class rather than in strict order of merit, which made it difficult to ascertain the student with the lowest passing grade deserving of the spoon, leading to discontinuation of the tradition.

Each Christmas Eve, [[Nine Lessons and Carols|The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols]], sung by the [[Choir of King's College, Cambridge|Choir of King's College]], are broadcast globally on [[BBC World Service]] television and radio and syndicated to hundreds of additional radio stations in the U.S. and elsewhere. The radio broadcast has been a national Christmas Eve tradition since 1928, though the festival has existed since 1918 and the celebration itself originated even earlier at [[Truro Cathedral]] in Cornwall in 1880.<ref name="guardian-truro">{{cite web |last1=Gray |first1=Christopher |title=How Truro created Christmas musical history |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2013/nov/29/truro-nine-lessons-carols-christmas-history |website=The Guardian |access-date=30 January 2023 |date=29 November 2013 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130232938/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2013/nov/29/truro-nine-lessons-carols-christmas-history |url-status=live }}</ref> The first television broadcast of the festival was in 1954.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2001 |title=Choir that sings to the world |publisher=BBC |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1703517.stm |access-date=8 September 2008 |archive-date=31 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231210438/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1703517.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Baxter |first=Elizabeth |date=18 December 2009 |title=Carols from King's: Cambridge prepares for Christmas |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/6840413/Carols-from-Kings-Cambridge-prepares-for-Christmas.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/6840413/Carols-from-Kings-Cambridge-prepares-for-Christmas.html |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
{{wide image|Panorama depicting the Front Court of King's College Cambridge v2.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|Front Court of [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]], founded in 1441 by [[Henry VI of England|King Henry VI]]}}

==Locations and buildings==
[[File:The Cavendish Laboratory - geograph.org.uk - 631839.jpg|thumb|The entrance to the original [[Cavendish Laboratory]] on the [[New Museums Site]]]]
[[File:Library in winter, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge.jpg|thumb|The [[Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge|Faculty of Education]] building]]
[[File:Cmglee Cambridge University Faculty of Law.jpg|thumb|The [[Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge|Faculty of Law]] building on the [[Sidgwick Site]]]]

=== Buildings ===
{{see also|A Classical Adventure: The Architectural History of Downing College, Cambridge|Cambridge Medical School building|Cambridge Observatory|Cambridge University Library|Cambridge University Real Tennis Club|Fitzwilliam Museum|Goldie Boathouse|Lady Mitchell Hall|Old Schools|Senate House, Cambridge|Scott Polar Research Institute|University of Cambridge Sports Centre|William Gates Building, Cambridge}}
The university occupies a central location within the city of [[Cambridge]]. University of Cambridge students represent approximately 20 percent of the town's population, which was 145,674 as of 2021, resulting in a lower age demographic in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2011 |title=Cambridge City: Annual demographic and socio-economic report |url=http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/3B0B3A7B-E448-4D61-A853-0B5A1A467969/0/CambridgeCityDistrictReport2011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828063418/http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/3B0B3A7B-E448-4D61-A853-0B5A1A467969/0/CambridgeCityDistrictReport2011.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2013 |access-date=4 September 2012 |publisher=Cambridgeshire County Council}}</ref>

Most of the university's older colleges are located near the city centre, through which [[River Cam]] flows. Students and others traditionally [[Punt (boat)|punt]] on the River Cam, which provides views of the university's buildings that surround the river.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief history of Punting |url=http://www.cambridgerivertour.co.uk/history.php |access-date=4 September 2012 |publisher=Cambridge River Tour |archive-date=26 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326232140/http://www.cambridgerivertour.co.uk/history.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

A few of the notable University of Cambridge buildings are [[King's College Chapel, Cambridge|King's College Chapel]];<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vitullo-Martin |first=J. |date=19 December 2009 |title=What the late Middle Ages wrought |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704517504574590023741272370 |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613090855/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704517504574590023741272370 |url-status=live }}</ref> the history faculty building<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty of History: The building |url=http://www.hist.cam.ac.uk/directory/building |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=University of Cambridge |archive-date=22 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422002126/http://www.hist.cam.ac.uk/directory/building |url-status=live }}</ref> designed by [[James Stirling (architect)|James Stirling]]; and the New Court and Cripps Buildings at [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2009 |title=Modernist building at St John's College Cambridge is listed |url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about/news/modernist-st-johns-cambridge-listed |publisher=English Heritage |access-date=30 June 2013 |archive-date=4 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204032541/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about/news/modernist-st-johns-cambridge-listed |url-status=live }}/</ref> The [[brickwork]] of several colleges is notable: [[Queens' College, Cambridge|Queens' College]] has some of the earliest patterned brickwork in England<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Woodcock |first1=N. |last2=Norman |first2=D. |date=20 August 2010 |title=Building Stones of Cambridge: A walking tour around the historic city-centre. Department of Earth Sciences |url=http://www.esc.cam.ac.uk/teaching/geological-sciences/building-stones-of-cambridge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115221640/http://www.esc.cam.ac.uk/teaching/geological-sciences/building-stones-of-cambridge |archive-date=15 January 2014 |publisher=University of Cambridge Retrieved from}}</ref> and the brick walls of St John's College are examples of [[English bond]], [[Flemish bond]], and [[Running bond]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Joshi |first1=A. |last2=Ryan |first2=D. |date=20 June 2013 |title=Bricks: A Light Foundation |url=http://johnianblog.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/a-johnian-blog-xxx.html |publisher=Johnianblog.blogspot.co.uk |access-date=30 June 2013 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102075235/http://johnianblog.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/a-johnian-blog-xxx.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sites ===
The university is divided into several sites, which house the university's various departments, including:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Map of the University of Cambridge |url=http://map.cam.ac.uk/ |access-date=4 September 2012 |publisher=University of Cambridge |archive-date=25 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225212649/http://map.cam.ac.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Div col}}
* [[Addenbrooke's Hospital]]
* [[Downing Site]]
* Madingley/Girton
* [[New Museums Site]]
* [[North West Cambridge development|North West Cambridge Development]]
* [[Old Addenbrooke's Site]]
* [[Old Schools]]
* [[Sidgwick Site]]
* [[Silver Street, Cambridge|Silver Street]]/[[Pembroke Street, Cambridge|Mill Lane]]
* [[West Cambridge]]
{{Div col end}}

The university's [[School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge|School of Clinical Medicine]] is based in [[Addenbrooke's Hospital]], where medical students undergo their three-year clinical placement period after obtaining their [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] degree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Clinical Medicine: History of the School |url=http://www.medschl.cam.ac.uk/about/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209023135/http://www.medschl.cam.ac.uk/about/history.html |archive-date=9 December 2012 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref> The [[West Cambridge]] site is undergoing a major expansion and will host new buildings and fields for university sports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Cambridge site |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/map/v4/drawmap.cgi?mp=main;xx=400;yy=480;sx=4;;tl=West%20Cambridge%20Site |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313184712/http://www.cam.ac.uk///map/v4/drawmap.cgi?mp=main%3Bxx%3D400%3Byy%3D480%3Bsx%3D4%3B%3Btl%3DWest%20Cambridge%20Site |archive-date=13 March 2012 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref> Since 1990, [[Cambridge Judge Business School]], on [[Trumpington Street]], provides management education courses and is consistently ranked among the top 20 business schools in the world by ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business school rankings: University of Cambridge, Judge Business School |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/university-of-cambridge-judge |access-date=3 January 2013 |website=[[Financial Times]] |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126042840/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/university-of-cambridge-judge |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many of the sites are quite close together, and the area around Cambridge is reasonably flat. Furthermore, students are not permitted to hold car park permits except under special circumstances. For these reasons, the favourite mode of transport for students is the bicycle; an estimated one-fifth of journeys in the city are made by bike.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laker |first=Laura |date=17 August 2011 |title=What makes Cambridge a model cycling city? |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/bike-blog/2011/aug/17/cambridge-model-cycling-city |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109052933/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/bike-blog/2011/aug/17/cambridge-model-cycling-city |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Notable locations===
The University of Cambridge and its constituent colleges include many notable locations, some of which are iconic or of historical, academic, religious, and cultural significance, including:
{{Div col}}
* [[Bridge of Sighs, Cambridge]]
* [[Cambridge University Botanic Garden]]
* [[Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge]]
* [[Downing Site]]
* [[Fenner's]]
* [[Goldie Boathouse]]
* [[King's College Chapel, Cambridge]]
* [[Lady Mitchell Hall]]
* [[Mathematical Bridge]]
* [[Nevile's Court, Trinity College, Cambridge]]
* [[Sidgwick Site]]
* [[The Backs]]
* [[Trinity College Chapel, Cambridge]]
* [[West Cambridge]]
{{Div end}}

== Organisation and administration ==
{{See also|Colleges of the University of Cambridge|Schools of the University of Cambridge}}
[[File:Cam colls from johns.jpg|thumb|View over [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville and Caius College]], [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge|Trinity Hall]], and [[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare College]] towards [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]] Chapel seen from [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]] Chapel on the left. In front of King's College Chapel is the [[Senate House (University of Cambridge)|Senate House]].]]
Cambridge is a [[collegiate university]], which means that its colleges are self-governing and independent, each with its own property, endowments, and income. Most colleges bring together academics and students from a broad range of disciplines. Each faculty, school, or department at the university includes academics affiliated with differing colleges. The university is legally structured as an [[exempt charity]] and a common law corporation. Its corporate titles include the [[List of chancellors of the University of Cambridge|Chancellor]], Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.<ref name="fullname">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2013 |title=The University as a charity |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/the-university-as-a-charity |access-date=12 April 2021 |website=University of Cambridge |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416204702/https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/the-university-as-a-charity |url-status=live }}</ref>

The college faculties are responsible for giving lectures, arranging seminars, performing research, and determining the [[syllabus|syllabi]] for teaching, all of which is overseen by the university's general board. Together with the central administration headed by the [[List of vice-chancellors of the University of Cambridge|Vice-Chancellor]], the college faculties make up the University of Cambridge. Facilities such as libraries are provided on all these levels by the university. The [[Cambridge University Library]] is the university's largest and primary library. [[Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge|Squire Law Library]] is the primary library for the university's [[Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge|students of law]]. Individual colleges each maintain a multi-discipline library designed for each college's respective undergraduates. College libraries tend to operate 24/7 and their usage in generally restricted to members of the college. Conversely, libraries operated by departments are generally open to all students of the university, regardless of subject.

=== Colleges ===
{{Main|Colleges of the University of Cambridge}}

[[File:Interior East Side of Gonville Court, Gonville & Caius (full).jpg|thumb|[[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville and Caius College]]]]
[[File:Margaret Wileman Building, Hughes Hall.jpg|thumb|Margaret Wileman Building at [[Hughes Hall, Cambridge|Hughes Hall]]]]
[[File:Cambridge 2013-07 (12645169105).jpg|thumb|upright=1|The President's Lodge at [[Queens' College, Cambridge|Queens' College]]]]
[[File:Bridge of Sighs, St John's College, Cambridge, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|[[Bridge of Sighs, Cambridge|Bridge of Sighs]] over the [[River Cam]] at [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]]]]
The colleges are self-governing institutions with their own endowments and property, each founded as components of the university. All students and most academics are attached to a college. The colleges' importance lies in the housing, welfare, social functions, and undergraduate teaching they provide. All faculties, departments, research centres, and laboratories belong to the university, which arranges lectures and awards degrees, but undergraduates receive their overall academic supervision within the colleges through small group teaching sessions, which often include just one student; though in many cases students go to other colleges for supervision if the teaching fellows at their college do not specialise in a student's particular area of academic focus. Each college appoints its own teaching staff and fellows, both of whom are members of a university department. The colleges also decide which undergraduates to admit to the university, in accordance with university standards and regulations. Costs to students for room and board vary considerably from college to college.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homerton College Accommodation Guide |url=http://www.homerton.cam.ac.uk/lifeathomerton/facilities/accommodation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404020611/http://www.homerton.cam.ac.uk/lifeathomerton/facilities/accommodation |archive-date=4 April 2013 |access-date=13 March 2013 |publisher=Homerton College}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinity College Accommodation Guide |url=http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php?pageid=112 |access-date=13 March 2009 |publisher=Trinity College |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818131848/http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php?pageid=112 |url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly, the investment in student education by each college at the university varies widely between the colleges.<ref name="TCS college spending">{{Cite web |title=Analysis: Cambridge Colleges – £20,000 difference in education spending |url=http://www.tcs.cam.ac.uk/issue/news/analysis-20000-difference-in-education-spending/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501000317/http://www.tcs.cam.ac.uk/issue/news/analysis-20000-difference-in-education-spending/ |archive-date=1 May 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013 |publisher=The Cambridge Student}}</ref>

Cambridge has 31 colleges, two of which, [[Murray Edwards College, Cambridge|Murray Edwards]] and [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Newnham]], only admit women. The other colleges are [[Mixed-sex education|mixed]]. [[Darwin College, Cambridge|Darwin]] was the first college to admit both men and women. In 1972, [[Churchill College, Cambridge|Churchill]], [[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare]], and [[King's College, Cambridge|King's]] were the first previously all-male colleges to admit female undergraduates. In 1988, [[Magdalene College, Cambridge|Magdalene]] became the last all-male college to accept women.<ref>{{Cite news |last=O'Grady |first=Jane |date=13 June 2003 |title=Obituary – Professor Sir Bernard Williams |work=The Guardian |location=UK |url=https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,3604,976477,00.html |access-date=8 May 2009 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927184431/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jun/13/guardianobituaries.obituaries |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Clare Hall, Cambridge|Clare Hall]] and Darwin only admit postgraduates, and [[Hughes Hall, Cambridge|Hughes Hall]], [[St Edmund's College, Cambridge|St Edmund's]], and [[Wolfson College, Cambridge|Wolfson]] only admit [[Adult learner|mature undergraduate and graduate students]] who are 21 years old or older on the date of their [[matriculation]]. [[Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge|Lucy Cavendish]], which was previously a women-only mature college, began admitting both men and women in 2021.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Lucy Cavendish to become mixed-gender college, admitting students from age 18 |date=11 March 2019 |publisher= |location=Cambridge, UK |url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/17319 |last1=Bayliss |first1=Chloe |access-date=22 December 2020 |newspaper=[[Varsity (Cambridge)|Varsity]] |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115014435/https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/17319 |url-status=live }}</ref> All other colleges admit both undergraduate and postgraduate students without any age restrictions.

Colleges are not required to admit students in all subjects; some colleges choose not to offer subjects such as architecture, art history, or theology, but most offer a complete range of academic specialties and related courses. Some colleges maintain a relative strength and associated reputation for expertise in certain academic disciplines. Churchill, for example, has a reputation for its expertise and focus on sciences and engineering, in part due to the requirement imposed by [[Winston Churchill]] upon the college's founding that 70% of its students studied mathematics, engineering, and the sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Information about Churchill College |url=http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/the_college/info/ |access-date=7 January 2008 |publisher=Churchill College |archive-date=1 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301010047/http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/the_college/info/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other colleges have more informal academic focus and even demonstrate ideological focus, such as [[King's College, Cambridge|King's]], which is known for its left-wing political orientation,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alternative Prospectus |url=http://www.cusu.cam.ac.uk/prospective/prospectus/alternativeprospectus.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327202836/http://www.cusu.cam.ac.uk/prospective/prospectus/alternativeprospectus.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009 |access-date=8 September 2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Students' Union}}</ref> and Churchill and [[Robinson College, Cambridge|Robinson]], both of which have a reputation for academic focus on [[sustainability]] and environmentalism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Drage |first=Mark |date=7 March 2008 |title=Survey ranks colleges by green credentials |work=[[Varsity (Cambridge)|Varsity]] |url=http://www.societies.cam.ac.uk/cuecs/current_projects/LT/downloads/07-08/VARSITY_LTarticle08.JPG |url-status=dead |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910064557/http://www.societies.cam.ac.uk/cuecs/current_projects/LT/downloads/07-08/VARSITY_LTarticle08.JPG |archive-date=10 September 2008}}</ref> Three theological colleges at the university, [[Westcott House, Cambridge|Westcott House]], [[Westminster College (Cambridge)|Westminster College]], and [[Ridley Hall, Cambridge|Ridley Hall]], are members of the [[Cambridge Theological Federation]] and associated in partnership with the university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Westcott House – Partner Universities |url=http://www.westcott.cam.ac.uk/about/partners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709055512/http://www.westcott.cam.ac.uk/about/partners.html |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=4 February 2013 |publisher=Westcott.cam.ac.uk}}</ref>

The University of Cambridge's 31 colleges are:<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2011 |title=Statutes and Ordinances 2011: Admission to Degrees |url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/pdfs/ordinance02.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018224135/http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/pdfs/ordinance02.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2016 |access-date=3 September 2012 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=12em|
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Christ's}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Churchill}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Clare}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Clare Hall}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Corpus Christi}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Darwin}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Downing}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Emmanuel}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Fitzwilliam}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Girton}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|G&C}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Homerton}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Hughes Hall}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Jesus}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|King's}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Lucy Cavendish}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Magdalene}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Murray Edwards}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Newnham}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Pembroke}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Peterhouse}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Queens'}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Robinson}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Selwyn}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Sidney Sussex}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|St Catharine's}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|St Edmund's}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|St John's}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Trinity}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Trinity Hall}}
* {{BUni|Cambridge|Wolfson}}
}}

===Schools, faculties and departments===
{{Main|Schools of the University of Cambridge}}

[[File:Across the lake to Madingley Hall (geograph 6402209 by John Sutton).jpg|thumb|[[University of Cambridge Institute of Continuing Education|Institute of Continuing Education]] at Madingley Hall]]
[[File:Old Schools from Kings Parade, Cambridge, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|[[Old Schools]] (left) houses the university's administrative offices.]]
In addition to the 31 colleges, the university maintains more than 150 departments, faculties, schools, syndicates, and other academic institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2013 |title=Cambridge – Colleges and departments |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/colleges-and-departments |access-date=27 November 2013 |publisher=University of Cambridge |archive-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218032632/http://www.cam.ac.uk/colleges-and-departments |url-status=live }}</ref> Members of these are usually members of one of the colleges, and responsibility for the entire academic programme of the university is divided among them.

The university has a department dedicated to providing [[continuing education]], the [[University of Cambridge Institute of Continuing Education|Institute of Continuing Education]], which is based primarily in [[Madingley Hall]], a 16th-century manor house in [[Cambridgeshire]]. Its award-bearing programmes include both undergraduate certificates and part-time master's degrees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ireland |first=Paul |date=29 June 2016 |title=Personal enrichment |url=https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/why-cambridge/personal-enrichment |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=www.ice.cam.ac.uk |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005223921/https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/why-cambridge/personal-enrichment |url-status=live }}</ref>

A school in the University of Cambridge is a broad administrative grouping of related faculties and other units. Each has an elected supervisory body known as a Council, composed of representatives of the various constituent bodies. The University of Cambridge maintains six such schools:<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Schools, Faculties & Departments |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/deptdirectory/moreinfo.html |access-date=1 May 2010 |publisher=University of Cambridge |archive-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208034035/http://www.cam.ac.uk/deptdirectory/moreinfo.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Div col}}
* Arts and Humanities
* Biological Sciences
* Clinical Medicine
* Humanities and Social Sciences
* Physical Sciences
* Technology
{{Div col end}}

Teaching and research at the university is organised by faculties. The faculties have varying organisational substructures that partly reflect their respective histories and the university's operational needs, which may include a number of departments and other institutions. A small number of bodies called syndicates hold responsibility for teaching and research, including for the [[University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate]], the [[Cambridge University Press|University Press]], and the [[Cambridge University Library|University Library]].

=== Central administration ===
==== Chancellor and vice-chancellor ====
{{See also|List of chancellors of the University of Cambridge|List of vice-chancellors of the University of Cambridge}}
[[File:cmglee Cambridge graduation officers.jpg|thumb|[[Regent House]] officers following a July 2014 graduation ceremony]]
[[File:DivinityFaculty.jpg|thumb|[[Faculty of Divinity, University of Cambridge|Faculty of Divinity]] at the university]]
The [[List of chancellors of the University of Cambridge|chancellor]] of the university is a ten-year position that is mainly ceremonial and is held currently by [[Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury]], who succeeded [[David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville]] in 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpwq4j1lwjxo|work=BBC News|title=Former minister named as Cambridge chancellor|date=23 July 2025|author=Danny Fullbrok}}</ref>

The current [[List of vice-chancellors of the University of Cambridge|vice-chancellor]] is [[Deborah Prentice]], who began her role in July 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/next-vice-chancellor-of-cambridge-appointed | title=Next Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge appointed | date=26 September 2022 }}</ref> While the chancellor's office is ceremonial, the vice-chancellor serves as the university's ''de facto'' principal administrative officer. The university's internal governance is carried out almost entirely by [[Regent House]], augmented by some external representation from the audit committee and four external members of the [[Cambridge University Council|university's council]].<ref>Grace 2 5 December 2007</ref>

==== Senate and the Regent House ====
[[File:CamLight.jpg|thumb|Light show on [[Senate House, Cambridge|Senate House]] for the 800th anniversary of the university's founding]]
[[File:20130808 Castle End from Kings Bridge.jpg|thumb|Old Court at [[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare College]]]]
The university senate consists of all holders of the [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|MA]] or higher degrees and is responsible for electing the chancellor and the high steward. Until 1950, when the [[Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge University constituency]] was abolished, it was also responsible for electing two members of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]. Prior to 1926, the university senate was the university's governing body, fulfilling the functions that [[Regent House]] has provided since.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2011 |title=How the University works: The Senate |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/works/senate.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217095022/http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/works/senate.html |archive-date=17 February 2013 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref> Regent House is the university's governing body, comprising all resident senior members of the university and the colleges, the chancellor, the [[High Steward (academia)|high steward]], the deputy high steward, and the commissary.<ref>Statutes and Ordinances, 2007–2008</ref> Public representatives of Regent House are the two [[proctor]]s, elected to serve for one year terms upon their nominations by the colleges.

==== Council and general board ====
[[File:Senate House Passage in the snow.JPG|thumb|[[Trinity Lane|Senate House Passage]] in the snow with [[Senate House, Cambridge|Senate House]] on the right and [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville and Caius College]] on the left]]
Although [[Cambridge University Council]] is the university's principal executive and policy-making body, the council reports to, and is held accountable by, [[Regent House]] through a variety of checks and balances. The council is obliged to advise Regent House on matters of general concern to the university, which it does by publishing notices to the ''[[Cambridge University Reporter]]'', the university's official journal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2004 |title=Annual Report of the Council for 2003–04 |url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2004-05/weekly/5984/1.html |access-date=8 September 2008 |website=Cambridge University Reporter |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802111805/http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2004-05/weekly/5984/1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2008, Regent House voted to increase from two to four the number of external members on the council,<ref>Grace 2 5 December 2008</ref><ref>Acta in the ''Reporter'', No 6107, publishing Results of Ballot</ref> and this was approved by Her Majesty the Queen in July 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2008 |title=Statutes approved: Notice |url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2007-08/weekly/6119/2.html |access-date=8 September 2008 |website=Cambridge University Reporter |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802111750/http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2007-08/weekly/6119/2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The general board of the faculties is responsible for the university's academic and educational policies<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mead |first=T.J. |date=25 April 2007 |title=Developing governance by building on good practice: a green paper issued by the University Council |url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/current/weekly/6071/17.html |url-status=dead |journal=[[Cambridge University Reporter]] |volume=CXXXVII |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070511054335/http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/current/weekly/6071/17.html |archive-date=11 May 2007 |access-date=9 May 2015 |number=25}}</ref> and is accountable to the council for its management of these affairs. Faculty boards are accountable to the general board; other boards and syndicates are accountable either to the general board or to the council. Under this organisational structure, the university's various arms are kept under supervision of both the central administration and Regent House.<ref>[https://www.governance.cam.ac.uk/committees/general-board/Pages/default.aspx "General Board of the Faculties"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301182324/https://www.governance.cam.ac.uk/committees/general-board/Pages/default.aspx |date=1 March 2023 }}, University of Cambridge website, retrieved 1 March 2023</ref>

=== Finances ===
==== Endowment ====
The Cambridge University Endowment Fund is the main vehicle of investment for the university.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2023 |title=Cambridge University Endowment Fund: Annual Review 2023 |url=https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/646b2136c83d961d112281e4/65ae50d572005db1d88ec160_CUEF%202023%20Annual%20Review%20(final%20web%20version).pdf |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref> In the fiscal year ending 31 July 2025, the university group, excluding colleges, reported a total endowment of £2.76 billion.<ref name="annualfinstat25"/>

==== Benefactions and fundraising ====
In the fiscal year ending 31 July 2025, the central university, excluding colleges, reported total group income of £2.66 billion, of which £605 million was from research grants and contracts.<ref name="annualfinstat25"/> In July 2022, the ''Dear World, Yours Cambridge'' Campaign for the university and colleges concluded, raising a total of £2.217 billion in commitments.<ref name="finstat23">{{Cite web |title=Reports and the Financial Statements 2024 |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/system/files/university_of_cambridge_group_annual_reports_financial_statements_2023-24.pdf |access-date=10 Jan 2025 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref>

The university maintains multiple scholarship programs. The Stormzy Scholarship for Black UK Students covers tuition costs for two students and maintenance grants for up to four years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2019 |title=Stormzy announces second year of 'The Stormzy Scholarship', a student funding scheme with Cambridge University |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/stormzy-announces-second-year-of-the-stormzy-scholarship-a-student-funding-scheme-with-cambridge |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=University of Cambridge |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225234438/https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/stormzy-announces-second-year-of-the-stormzy-scholarship-a-student-funding-scheme-with-cambridge |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2000, [[Bill Gates]] of [[Microsoft]] donated US$210 million through the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] to endow [[Gates Cambridge Scholarship]]s for students from outside the United Kingdom to pursue full-time postgraduate study at Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=jim.smith |date=16 August 2018 |title=The programme |url=https://www.gatescambridge.org/programme |access-date=25 March 2020 |website=Gates Cambridge |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501125737/https://www.gatescambridge.org/programme |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2021, the university suspended its £400m collaboration with the [[United Arab Emirates]], citing allegations that UAE was involved in illegal hacking of the university's computer and storage systems using [[NSO Group]]'s [[Pegasus (spyware)|Pegasus]] software. UAE also was behind the leak of more than 50,000 phone numbers, including hundreds belonging to British citizens. [[Stephen Toope]], the university's outgoing Vice-Chancellor, said the decision to suspend its collaboration with UAE also was a result of additional revelations about UAE's Pegasus software hacking.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2021 |title=Cambridge University halts £400m deal with UAE over Pegasus spyware claims |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/oct/14/cambridge-university-halts-400m-deal-with-uae-over-pegasus-spyware-claims |access-date=14 October 2021 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014194918/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/oct/14/cambridge-university-halts-400m-deal-with-uae-over-pegasus-spyware-claims |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Bonds ====
The University of Cambridge borrowed £350 million in October 2012 by issuing 40-year security [[bond (finance)|bonds]],<ref name="CN2012oct11ib">[http://www.tcs.cam.ac.uk/news/0019543-cambridge-issues-its-first-350m-bond.html Cambridge university issues its first £350m bond] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208102718/http://www.tcs.cam.ac.uk/news/0019543-cambridge-issues-its-first-350m-bond.html |date=8 December 2015 }} L. Tidy, The Cambridge Student, News, 11 October 2012</ref> whose interest rate is approximately 0.6 percent higher than the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]]'s 40-year bond.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/oct/10/cambridge-university-issues-first-bond Cambridge university issues first bond] G. Wearden, The Guardian, 10 October 2012 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118055839/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/oct/10/cambridge-university-issues-first-bond |date=18 January 2017 }}</ref>

=== Affiliations and memberships ===
The University of Cambridge is a member of the [[Russell Group]] of research-led [[Universities in the United Kingdom|British universities]], the [[G5 (education)|G5]], the [[League of European Research Universities]], the [[International Alliance of Research Universities]], and it is part of the so-called [[Golden triangle (universities)|golden triangle]] of [[research university|research intensive universities]] in the [[South England|south of England]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2005 |title=Golden opportunities |publisher=Nature |url=http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2005/050707/full/nj7047-144a.html |access-date=19 October 2010 |archive-date=17 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117163616/http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2005/050707/full/nj7047-144a.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also closely linked to the [[high tech]] business cluster known as [[Silicon Fen]] and is part of [[Cambridge University Health Partners]], Europe's largest [[academic health science centre]].

== Academic profile ==
=== Admissions ===
{| class="floatright"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center; margin-bottom: 5px"
|+ Undergraduate admission statistics
!
! 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Undergraduate Admissions Statistics 2023 cycle |url=https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/publications/ug_admissions_statistics_2024_cycle.pdf |publisher=University of Cambridge |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref>
! 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Undergraduate Admissions Statistics 2023 cycle |url=https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/files/publications/ug_admissions_statistics_2023_cycle.pdf |publisher=University of Cambridge |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>
! 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=University Admissions Statistics (2022 cycle)|url=https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/files/publications/undergrad_admissions_statistics_2022_cycle.pdf|website=University of Cambridge|access-date=23 June 2023|archive-date=26 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626030238/https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/files/publications/undergrad_admissions_statistics_2022_cycle.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=University Admissions Statistics (2021 cycle)|url=https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/files/publications/ug_admissions_statistics_2021_cycle.pdf|website=University of Cambridge|access-date=12 February 2023|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212225643/https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/files/publications/ug_admissions_statistics_2021_cycle.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=University Admissions Statistics (2020 cycle)|url=https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/files/publications/ug_admissions_statistics_2020_cycle.pdf|website=University of Cambridge|access-date=26 April 2022|archive-date=4 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404002831/https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/files/publications/ug_admissions_statistics_2020_cycle.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| '''Applications'''
|22,153
|21,445
|22,470
|22,795
|20,426
|-
| '''Offer Rate (%)'''
|21.5
|21.2
|18.9
|18.7
|23.1
|-
| '''Enrols'''
|3,632
|3,557
|3,544
|3,660
|3,997
|-
| [[Yield (college admissions)|'''Yield (%)''']]
|76.3
|78.1
|83.6
|85.9
|84.9
|-
| '''Applicant/Enrolled Ratio'''
|6.10
|6.03
|6.34
|6.23
|5.11
|-
| '''[[UCAS Tariff|Average Entry Tariff]]'''<ref name="CUG Entry">{{Cite web | url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings?tabletype=full-table&sortby=entry-standards | title=University League Tables entry standards 2026 | work=The Complete University Guide | access-date=10 June 2025 }}</ref>
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|206
|209
|207
|-
| ↳ Top three exams{{efn-lg|The maximum tariff score for three exams is 168: the equivalent of A*A*A* at [[A-level (United Kingdom)|A-Level]], 777 at HL for the [[IB Diploma Programme]], or AAA at [[Advanced Higher]]}}<ref name="Mean Tariff">{{cite web|url=https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/data-catalogue/data-set/d4afbfe7-1715-4bc2-b108-63bdb6df890b|title=Tariff Groups: HE providers by tariff group|publisher=[[Department for Education]]|date=31 July 2025| access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| 165.6
| 166.1
| 166.0
| 165.2
|}
{| style="font-size:80%;float:left"
|{{notelist-lg|refs=
}}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible mw-collapsible"; style="font-size:85%; text-align:right;"
|+ class="nowrap" |HESA Student Body Composition (2024/25)
|-
!Domicile<ref name="Table 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/table-1|title=HE student enrolments by HE provider, permanent address, level of study, mode of study, entrant marker, sex and academic year|publisher=[[Higher Education Statistics Agency|HESA]]|access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref> and Ethnicity<ref name="HESA ethnicity">{{cite web|url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/whos-in-he/characteristics|title=Who's studying in HE?: Personal characteristics|date=27 January 2026|publisher=[[Higher Education Statistics Agency|HESA]]|access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total
|-
|[[White people in the United Kingdom|British White]]{{efn|Not be confused solely with [[White British]]}}
|align=right| {{bartable|44|%|2||background:red}}
|-
|[[Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom#Collective terms for minority ethnic groups|British Ethnic Minorities]]{{efn|Includes those who indicate that they identify as [[British Asian|Asian]], [[Black British people|Black]], [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed Heritage]], [[British Arabs|Arab]] or any other ethnicity except White.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|24|%|2||background:green}}
|-
|[[European Union|International EU]]
|align=right| {{bartable|6|%|2||background:blue}}
|-
|[[International students in the United Kingdom|International Non-EU]]
|align=right| {{bartable|26|%|2||background:gray}}
|-
! colspan="4" data-sort-type=number |Undergraduate [[Widening participation|Widening Participation]] Indicators<ref name="Table 1"/><ref name="Times26">{{cite web |date=19 September 2025 |title=Good University Guide: Social Inclusion Ranking |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk-university-rankings/league-table |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Feminism in the United Kingdom#Education|Female]]
|align=right| {{bartable|52|%|2||background:purple}}
|-
|[[Private schools in the United Kingdom|Private School]]
|align=right| {{bartable|27|%|2||background:orange}}
|-
|Low Participation Areas{{efn|Calculated from the Polar4 measure, using Quintile1, in England and Wales. Calculated from the [[Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation]] (SIMD) measure, using SIMD20, in Scotland.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|5|%|2||background:black}}
|}

====Process====
[[File:St John's College New Court 1, Cambridge, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|alt=St John's New Court|[[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]] New Court]]
[[File:TrinityCollegeCamGreatCourt.jpg|thumb|[[Trinity Great Court|Great Court]] of [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], dating back to the 16th Century]]
Admission to the University of Cambridge is extremely competitive. In 2022, for instance, around 15% of applicants were admitted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Application statistics |url=https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/apply/statistics |website=www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208025321/https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/apply/statistics |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Undergraduate Admissions Statistics |url=https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/files/publications/ug_admissions_statistics_2018_cycle.pdf |access-date=25 August 2021 |publisher=University of Cambridge |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309002419/https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/files/publications/ug_admissions_statistics_2018_cycle.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, Cambridge introduced an over-subscription clause to its offers of admission, which also permits the university to withdraw acceptances if too many students meet its selective entrance criteria. The clause can be invoked in the event of circumstances outside the reasonable control of the university. The clause was introduced following a record number of [[GCE Advanced Level|A-level]] pupils who obtained the highest grades from teacher assessment, which was introduced due to the cancellation of A-level examinations during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yeomans |first=Emma |title=Cambridge to withdraw places if oversubscribed |language=en-GB |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/cambridge-to-withdraw-places-if-oversubscribed-xzx2jttw2 |access-date=5 February 2021 |issn=0140-0460 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204234242/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/cambridge-to-withdraw-places-if-oversubscribed-xzx2jttw2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Cambridge offer-holders told their places may be withdrawn if their course is over-subscribed |url=https://thetab.com/uk/cambridge/2021/02/03/cambridge-to-withdraw-offers-145887 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=University of Cambridge |language=en-GB |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203100703/https://thetab.com/uk/cambridge/2021/02/03/cambridge-to-withdraw-offers-145887 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The university's standard offer for most courses is set at A*AA,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entrance requirements |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/requirements/#alevels |access-date=4 February 2013 |website=Cam.ac.uk |archive-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215062017/http://www.cam.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/requirements/#alevels |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2009 |title=Cambridge entry level is now A*AA |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7946675.stm |access-date=27 May 2010 |archive-date=26 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326230401/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7946675.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> with A*A*A for science courses, or equivalent in other examination systems, e.g. 7,6,6 or 7,7,6 in IB. The university is consistently designated as a 'high-tariff' institution by the [[Department for Education]], with the average undergraduate entrant to the university in recent years amassing between 165–166 [[UCAS Tariff]] points (out of a maximum of 168) in their top three pre-university qualifications – the equivalent of A*A*A* at [[A-level (United Kingdom)|A-Level]].<ref name="Mean Tariff"/> Based on 2022/23 [[Higher Education Statistics Agency|HESA]] entry standards data published in domestic league tables, which include a broad range of qualifications beyond the top three exam grades, the average student at the University of Cambridge achieved 206 points.<ref name="CUG Entry"/>

Due to a high proportion of applicants receiving the highest school grades, an interview process was introduced as a component of consideration for admission. Interviews are performed by College Fellows, who evaluate candidates on unexamined factors including potential for [[critical thinking|original thinking]] and creativity.<ref name="intguide">{{Cite web |title=Cambridge Interviews: the facts |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/publications/interviews.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218144807/http://www.cam.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/publications/interviews.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2011 |access-date=11 August 2009 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref> Prior to 2020 these interviews were normally held in person but moved online during the COVID-19 pandemic and have, at most colleges, remained online since.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.universityadmissionstutors.co.uk/post/5-hacks-to-ace-your-online-oxbridge-interview |title= 5 Hacks to Ace Your Online Oxbridge Interview |last= |first= |date=11 December 2023 |website=|publisher= University Admissions Tutors |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> For exceptional candidates, a matriculation offer is sometimes offered, requiring only two A-levels at grade E or above. [[Sutton Trust]] maintains that the [[University of Oxford]] and the University of Cambridge recruit disproportionately from eight schools, which account for 1,310 [[Oxbridge]] places over three years contrasted with 1,220 from 2,900 other schools.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-46470838 Oxbridge 'over-recruits from eight schools'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207134140/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-46470838 |date=7 December 2018 }} ''[[BBC]]''</ref>

Strong applicants who are not successful in being admitted to their chosen college at the university may be placed in the [[Winter Pool]], where they can be considered for admission to other university colleges, which maintains consistency throughout the colleges, some of which receive more applicants than others.

Undergraduate applications are processed through [[UCAS]], and the deadline for their submission currently is mid-October in the year before prior to beginning. Until the 1980s, candidates for all subjects were required to take special entrance examinations,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walford |first=Geoffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ms8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA202 |title=Life in Public Schools |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-416-37180-2 |page=202 |access-date=2 February 2009 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927184432/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ms8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA202 |url-status=live }}</ref> which have since been replaced by additional tests for some subjects, such as the Thinking Skills Assessment and Cambridge Law Test.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Undergraduate Study – Admissions tests |url=http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/apply/tests/ |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=University of Cambridge |archive-date=2 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602061927/http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/apply/tests/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The university has at times considered reintroducing an admissions exam for all subjects.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Henry |first=Julie |date=23 January 2013 |title=Cambridge University entrance exam to make a comeback |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9828740/Cambridge-University-entrance-exam-to-make-a-comeback.html |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927184433/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9828740/Cambridge-University-entrance-exam-to-make-a-comeback.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Graduate admission is first decided by the faculty or department responsible for the applicant's respective academic subject. An offer of acceptance effectively guarantees admission to the university, though not necessarily the applicant's preferred choice of college.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Graduate Studies admissions flowchart |url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/gsprospectus/applying/next.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908011440/http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/gsprospectus/applying/next.html |archive-date=8 September 2008 |access-date=8 September 2008 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref>

====Winter pool====
The '''Winter Pool''' or '''inter-College Pool''' is part of the undergraduate application process intended to ensure that the best applicants are offered admission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/publications/docs/winterpool.pdf|title=Guide to the Winter Pool|website=Cam.ac.uk|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-date=3 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103121931/http://www.cam.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/publications/docs/winterpool.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Approximately 20–25% of undergraduate admissions are awarded through the Pool. Each college can place applicants in the Winter Pool. These applicants' applications are then considered by Admissions Tutors or Directors of Studies during the pool, which takes place over three days in January prior to the release of the university's admissions decisions.<ref name=":0a">{{cite web|url=https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/files/publications/guide_to_the_winter_pool.pdf|title=Guide to the Winter Pool|website=Undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-date=8 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008155947/https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/files/publications/guide_to_the_winter_pool.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

For each subject, colleges create an ordered list of the pooled applicants they seek to admit, and take turns choosing applicants. Colleges with specific student requirements, such as mature colleges and women-only colleges, are given priority over applicants eligible for their colleges. Some applicants are selected from the pool by the college that originally pooled them.<ref name=":0a" /> Once all the colleges have selected as many applicants as they need, the pool ends. Some applicants are then interviewed a second time by the colleges before final admissions decisions are made.

Colleges can pool any candidate, either because the college has no space but believes the applicant is strong enough to get a place, or because the college wants to compare that applicant to other pooled applicants. Most applicants in the pool are pooled at their original college's discretion, but some candidates meet the compulsory pooling criteria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showpost.php?p=96126895&postcount=1910|title=Official Cambridge 2022 Applicants Thread|website=Thestudentroom.co.uk|access-date=8 October 2022|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927184941/https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=6655586&page=96#post96126895|url-status=live}}</ref>

There were, as of the 2020–21 admissions cycle, only two grounds for compulsory pooling. For post-qualified applicants, their achieved grades at A level or equivalent and, for applicants with overseas interviews, an interview score of at least eight is achieved in all interviews. The second criterion does not apply to medicine applicants.<ref name="WhatDoTheyKno.comw-2020">{{Cite web|date=26 November 2020|title=Compulsory pooling – a Freedom of Information request to University of Cambridge|url=https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/compulsory_pooling?unfold=1|access-date=12 April 2021|website=WhatDoTheyKno.comw|language=en|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412082615/https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/compulsory_pooling?unfold=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Previously, [[GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level|AS-Level]] UMS have been used as pooling criteria, but after [[GCE Advanced Level|A-levels]] became linear this was discontinued.<ref name="WhatDoTheyKno.comw-2020" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+Compulsory pooling criteria for post-qualified candidates
!Qualification Type
!Minimum grades
!Notes
|-
|[[A-Levels]]
|A*A*A*
|For science applicants, at least three A*s must be in science/maths subjects
|-
|[[International Baccalaureate]]
|43 points overall with 776 at higher level or
42 points overall with 777 at higher level
|For science applicants, at least two 7s must be in science/maths subjects
|-
|[[Advanced Higher|Scottish Advanced Highers]]
|A1A1A1
|For science applicants, at least 3 A1s must be in science/maths subjects
|}
As of 2012, there is only one specifically identified category for pooled applicants, which is known as '''S''', meaning that the application is in special need of reassessment. This is used when candidates whose initial interview scores are of questionable accuracy, such as when a candidate received very different scores from different interviewers, experienced technical issues with interviews conducted over the internet, or was impacted by significant extenuating circumstances such as illness or the loss of a family member.<ref name="WhatDoTheyKno.comw-2020" />

Pooled applicants who are fished by a college may be offered a place immediately or may be invited for an interview. In 2020, just 89 applicants were invited for second interviews, 34 of whom received offers of admission.<ref name=":0a" />

Each year, approximately 3,500 applicants receive offers from their preference college and a further 1,000 to 1,100 applicants are offered admission by another college through the pool. On average, one in five applicants is pooled and around one in four pooled applicants receives an offer of admission.<ref name=":0a" />

Statistics released by the university show that some colleges regularly receive particularly high numbers of applicants, and these colleges tend to take fewer applicants from the pool. Other colleges regularly draw a greater proportion of their undergraduate intake from the pool.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/apply/statistics|title=Application statistics|website=Undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401033735/https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/apply/statistics|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Access====
[[File:Percentage of state-school students at Oxford and Cambridge.png|thumb|Percent of state school students at Cambridge and [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2014 |title=Oxbridge 'Elitism' |url=http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN00616/SN00616.pdf |access-date=17 October 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307043908/http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN00616/SN00616.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lords Hansard text for 5 Jun 2003 (230605w03) |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200203/ldhansrd/vo030605/text/30605w03.htm#30605w03_sbhd2 |website=publications.parliament.uk |access-date=17 September 2017 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220081811/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200203/ldhansrd/vo030605/text/30605w03.htm#30605w03_sbhd2 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Public debate in the United Kingdom exists over whether admissions processes used at the [[University of Oxford]] and Cambridge are entirely merit-based and fair, whether enough students from [[State school#United Kingdom|state schools]] are encouraged to apply, and whether these students are offered sufficient admission. In 2020–21, 71% of all successful applicants were from [[State school#United Kingdom|state schools]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brackley |first=Paul |title=University of Cambridge to welcome record proportion of state school students in October 2021 |publisher=Cambridge Independent |url=https://www.cambridgeindependent.co.uk/education/university-of-cambridge-to-welcome-record-proportion-of-stat-9212211/ |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426163522/https://www.cambridgeindependent.co.uk/education/university-of-cambridge-to-welcome-record-proportion-of-stat-9212211/ |url-status=live }}</ref> compared to approximately 93% of all students in the UK who attended state schools and 82% of post-16 students.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Philip Hensher: Rejecting Oxbridge isn't clever – it's a mistake |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/philip-hensher/philip-hensher-rejecting-oxbridge-isn-t-clever-it-s-a-mistake-6292041.html |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426163522/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/philip-hensher/philip-hensher-rejecting-oxbridge-isn-t-clever-it-s-a-mistake-6292041.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Critics have argued that the relative lower percent of state school applicants with the required grades for admission to Cambridge and Oxford has had a negative impact on Oxford and Cambridge's collective reputation, though both universities have encouraged pupils from state schools to apply to help redress the perceived imbalance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2008 |title=Number of Cambridge state school students falls |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/apr/04/highereducation.accesstouniversity |access-date=3 September 2012 |archive-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111042457/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/apr/04/highereducation.accesstouniversity |url-status=live }}</ref> Others counter that government pressure to increase state school admissions constitutes inappropriate [[social engineering (political science)|social engineering]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report by the Sutton Trust |url=http://www.suttontrust.com/reports/Stateschooladmissionstoourleadinguniversities.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624211305/http://www.suttontrust.com/reports/Stateschooladmissionstoourleadinguniversities.pdf |archive-date=24 June 2008 |access-date=8 September 2008 |publisher=Sutton Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Rachel |year=2002 |title=A bias against excellence |work=The Spectator |location=UK |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-113479553 |access-date=8 September 2008 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The proportion of undergraduates drawn from independent schools has dropped over the years, constituting, as of 2020, 26% of total admissions among the university's 3,436 applicants from independent schools compared to 23% of the 9,237 applications from state schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Undergraduate Admissions Statistics, 2020 Cycle |url=https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/files/publications/ug_admissions_statistics_2020_cycle.pdf |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404002831/https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/files/publications/ug_admissions_statistics_2020_cycle.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Cambridge, together with Oxford and [[Durham University|Durham]], was among those universities that adopted formulae in 2009 to rate the [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSE]] performance of schools, using data from the [[Department for Children, Schools and Families]], and took this into account when assessing university applicants.<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=The Sunday Times |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/article6350374.ece |archive-date=30 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430103455/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/article6350374.ece |title=Top schools boycott 'biased' Durham|date=24 May 2009|author1=Jack Grimston |author2= Sian Griffiths}}</ref>

With the release of admissions figures, ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported in 2013 that ethnic minority candidates had lower success rates in individual subjects even when they had the same grades as white applicants. The university was criticised for what was seen as institutional discrimination against ethnic minority applicants in favour of white applicants. The university denied the claims of institutional discrimination, stating the figures did not take into account other variables.<ref name="Guardian20130226">{{Cite news |last1=Parel |first1=Kurien |last2=Ball |first2=James |date=26 February 2013 |title=Oxford University accused of bias against ethnic minority applicants |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2013/feb/26/oxford-university-ethnic-minority-applicants |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706003753/http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2013/feb/26/oxford-university-ethnic-minority-applicants |url-status=live }}</ref> A subsequent article reported that, in the years 2010 to 2012, ethnic minority applicants to medicine with 3 A* grades or higher were 20% less likely to gain admission than white applicants with similar grades. The university refused to provide figures for a wider range of subjects, claiming that assembling and releasing such information was excessively costly.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Parel |first1=Kurien |last2=Ball |first2=James |date=13 March 2013 |title=Cambridge University medicine admissions show race gap |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2013/mar/13/cambridge-university-medicine-admissions-race |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210191551/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2013/mar/13/cambridge-university-medicine-admissions-race |url-status=live }}</ref>

Given the competitive nature of gaining admission to the University of Cambridge, a number of educational consultancies have emerged to offer support with the application process. Some claim they can improve chances for admission, though these claims have never been independently verified. None of these companies are affiliated with or endorsed by the University of Cambridge. The university informs applicants that all necessary information regarding the application process is publicly available through the university and none of these services is providing any insight not already publicly available to applicants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonetti |first=Lisa |date=21 February 2018 |title=Interviews |url=https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/applying/interviews |access-date=8 June 2018 |website=Undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141129/https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/applying/interviews |url-status=live }}</ref>

The University of Cambridge has been criticised for admitting a lower percentage of black students, though many apply. Of the 31 colleges at Cambridge, six of them admitted fewer than 10 Black or mixed race students between 2012 and 2016.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/jun/03/cambridge-colleges-poor-record-on-diversity-highlighted-by-report Cambridge University's poor diversity record highlighted by report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604024007/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/jun/03/cambridge-colleges-poor-record-on-diversity-highlighted-by-report |date=4 June 2018 }} ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref> Similar criticism exists over a relatively lower admission rate for white working class applicants; in 2019, only 2% of admitted students were white working class.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 February 2019 |title=Half of universities have fewer than 5% poor white students |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-47227157 |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207142145/https://www.bbc.com/news/education-47227157 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2021, Cambridge created foundation courses for disadvantaged students.<ref name="Media-2021">{{Cite web |last=Media |first=P. A. |date=13 January 2021 |title=Cambridge University to offer free foundation year for disadvantaged pupils |url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/jan/13/cambridge-university-to-offer-free-foundation-year-for-disadvantaged-pupils |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125105738/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/jan/13/cambridge-university-to-offer-free-foundation-year-for-disadvantaged-pupils |url-status=live }}</ref> While the usual entry requirements are A*AA in [[GCE Advanced Level|A-Levels]], the one-year foundation course has 50 places for students who achieve BBB.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2021 |title=Cambridge University starts new foundation courses for 'disadvantaged' students |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-55635300 |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201063421/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-55635300 |url-status=live }}</ref> If successful on the course, students receive a recognised [[Certificate of Higher Education|CertHE]] qualification and can progress to degrees in the arts, humanities, and social sciences at the university.<ref name="Media-2021" /> Candidates include those who have been in care, who are estranged from their families, who have missed significant periods of learning because of health issues, those from low-income backgrounds, and those from schools with few students attending universities.<ref name="Media-2021" />

=== Teaching ===
{{see also|Cambridge School (intellectual history)|List of professorships at the University of Cambridge}}
[[File:Mathmo results.jpg|thumb|Results for the [[Mathematical Tripos|Cambridge Mathematical Tripos]] are read aloud at [[Senate House, Cambridge|Senate House]] and then tossed from the balcony in accordance with a tradition that began in the 18th century.]]
The University of Cambridge academic year is divided into three academic terms determined by the statutes of the university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Cambridge Term dates |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/termdates.html |access-date=19 April 2010 |website=University of Cambridge |archive-date=18 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218001719/http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/termdates.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Michaelmas term]] lasts from October to December; the [[Lent term]] last from January to March; and the [[Easter term]] last from April to June.

Within these terms, undergraduate teaching takes place during eight-week periods called full terms. According to university statutes, it is a requirement during these periods that all students live within three miles of the [[Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge|Church of St Mary the Great]], which is known as keeping term. Students eligible for graduation must fulfil this condition for nine terms (three years) while pursuing a Bachelor of Arts or twelve terms (four years) when pursuing a Master of Science, engineering, or mathematics degree.<ref>{{Cite book |last=University of Cambridge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSi0S7aH320C |title=Statutes and Ordinances of the University of Cambridge 2009 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-13745-4 |editor-last=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=179–180 | publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2 September 2012 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927184939/https://books.google.com/books?id=JSi0S7aH320C |url-status=live }}</ref>

These terms are shorter than those of many other British universities.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sastry |first1=Tom |last2=Bekhradnia |first2=Bahram |date=25 September 2007 |title=The Academic Experience of Students in English Universities (2007 report) |url=http://www.hepi.ac.uk/downloads/33TheacademicexperienceofstudentsinEnglishuniversities2007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325200828/http://www.hepi.ac.uk/downloads/33TheacademicexperienceofstudentsinEnglishuniversities2007.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 |access-date=4 November 2007 |publisher=Higher Education Policy Institute |pages=footnote 14 |quote=Even within Russell Group institutions, it is remarkable how consistently Oxford and Cambridge appear to require more effort of their students than other universities. On the other hand, they have fewer weeks in the academic year than other universities, so the extent to which this is so may be exaggerated by these results.}}</ref> Undergraduates are also expected to prepare heavily in the three holidays known as the Christmas, Easter, and Long Vacation holiday periods, which are referred to by the university as vacations rather than holidays; students vacate the premises during these periods but are still expected to be pursuing studies and assignments.

The [[Tripos]] exam involves a mixture of lectures organised by the university department) and [[Supervision system|supervised]] and organised by the colleges. Science subjects involve laboratory sessions organised by the departments. The relative importance of these methods of teaching varies according to the needs of the subject. Supervisions are typically weekly hour-long sessions in which small groups of students, usually between one and three students, who meet with a member of the teaching staff or with a doctoral student. Students are normally required to complete an assignment in advance of this supervision, which they then discuss with the supervisor during the session. The assignment is often an essay on a subject assigned by the supervisor, or a problem sheet set by the lecturer. Depending on the subject and college, students sometimes receive between one and four supervisory sessions each week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Undergraduate Study – How will I be taught |url=http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/courses/teaching.html |access-date=9 September 2012 |publisher=University of Cambridge |archive-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212033748/http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/courses/teaching.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This [[Tutorial system|pedagogical system]] is often cited as being unique to Oxford, where supervisions are known as [[tutorial]]s,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shepherd |first=Jessica |date=25 January 2011 |title=Cambridge considers end to one-to-one tuition |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/jan/25/cambridge-may-end-individual-tuition |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109061231/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/jan/25/cambridge-may-end-individual-tuition |url-status=live }}</ref> and Cambridge and is sometimes credited with the exceptional nature generally associated with the education at these two world-renowned universities. A tutor named [[William Farish (professor)|William Farish]] developed the concept of grading students' work quantitatively at the University of Cambridge in 1792.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Postman |first=Neil |title=Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology |title-link=Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-679-74540-2 |location=New York City |author-link=Neil Postman}}</ref>

=== Research ===
{{See also|Category:Departments of the University of Cambridge}}
The University of Cambridge has research departments and teaching faculties in nearly every academic discipline, with research and lectures conducted by university departments. The colleges are charged with giving or arranging most supervisions, student accommodation, and funding most extracurricular activities. During the 1990s, the University of Cambridge added a substantial number of new specialist research laboratories on several sites around the city, and major expansion continues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-07 |title=Building Projects |url=https://www.em.admin.cam.ac.uk/what-we-do/development-estate/building-projects |access-date=26 January 2018 |publisher=University of Cambridge |archive-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127035338/https://www.em.admin.cam.ac.uk/what-we-do/development-estate/building-projects |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2000 to 2006, the University of Cambridge maintained a research partnership with [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] in the United States, known as the [[Cambridge–MIT Institute]], which was discontinued after evolving into what is now called the CMI Partnership Programme.

===Graduation tradition and ceremony===
[[File:Cambridge University graduation enter Senate House.jpg|thumb|Graduands enter [[Senate House, Cambridge|Senate House]] at a graduation ceremony.]]
[[File:Cmglee Cambridge graduation Leszek Borysiewicz.jpg|thumb|Vice-Chancellor Professor Sir [[Leszek Borysiewicz]] in academic dress, after conferring degrees at the Senate House in July 2014]]
The university's governing body, [[Regent House]], manages and votes on graduations. A formal meeting of Regent House, known as a [[Congregation (university)|congregation]], is held for this purpose,<ref name="Ceremony">{{Cite web |title=Graduation: The Ceremony |url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/studentregistry/current/newstud/graduation/ceremony.html |access-date=3 September 2012 |publisher=University of Cambridge |archive-date=18 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418230241/http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/studentregistry/current/newstud/graduation/ceremony.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which is typically the final act during which all university procedures for undergraduate and graduate students and other degrees are finalised. After degrees are approved, candidates for graduation are required to request their respective college presents them during commencement congregation.

Graduates receiving an undergraduate degree wear the [[Academic dress of the University of Cambridge|academic dress]] to which they are entitled prior to graduating; for example, most students becoming Bachelor of Arts graduates wear undergraduate gowns and not BA gowns. Graduates receiving a post-graduate degree wear the academic dress that they were entitled to before graduating if their first degree was also from the University of Cambridge; if their first degree was from another university, they wear the academic dress of the degree that they are about to receive. The BA gown without the strings is worn if the graduate is 24 years old or younger, and the MA gown without strings is worn if the graduate is 24 years old or older.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Graduation dress code |url=http://www.pem.cam.ac.uk/current-students/graduation/dress-code/ |access-date=3 September 2012 |publisher=[[Pembroke College, Cambridge|Pembroke College]] |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811070502/https://www.pem.cam.ac.uk/current-students/graduation/dress-code |url-status=live }}</ref> Graduates are presented their degrees in [[Senate House, Cambridge|Senate House]] by each respective college in order of foundation or recognition by the university, except for the university's royal colleges.

During the University of Cambridge's congregation ceremony, graduands are brought forth by the [[Praelector]] of their respective college, who takes them by the right hand and presents them to the vice-chancellor to receive the degree they have earned. The Praelector presents graduands with the following [[Latin]] statement, substituting "____" with the name of the degree and substituting "woman" for "man" if the graduate is female:

{{Blockquote|"{{lang|la|Dignissima domina, Domina Procancellaria et tota Academia praesento vobis hunc virum quem scio tam moribus quam doctrina esse idoneum ad gradum assequendum _____; idque tibi fide mea praesto totique Academiae.}}}}

The Latin statement translates in English as, "Most worthy Vice-Chancellor and the whole University, I present to you this man whom I know to be suitable as much by character as by learning to proceed to the degree of ____; for which I pledge my faith to you and to the whole University."

After presentation, the graduate is called by name and kneels before the vice-chancellor and proffers their hands to the vice-chancellor, who clasps them and then confers the degree through the following Latin statement, known as the [[Trinitarian formula]] ({{lang|la|in nomine Patris}}), which may be omitted at the request of the graduand:

"{{lang|la|Auctoritate mihi commissa admitto te ad gradum ____, in nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti}}, which translates in English as: "By the authority committed to me, I admit you to the degree of ____, in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit."

The new graduate then rises, bows, and leaves the Senate House through the Doctor's door in [[Trinity Lane|Senate House Passage]], where they receive their degree certificate.<ref name="Ceremony" />

=== Libraries and museums ===
{{Main|Libraries of the University of Cambridge}}

{{See also|Category:Museums of the University of Cambridge}}
[[File:Cmglee Cambridge Trinity College Neviles Court.jpg|thumb|Trinity College's [[Wren Library]]]]
[[File:FitzwilliamMuseum.jpg|thumb|[[Fitzwilliam Museum]], the art and antiquities museum of the University of Cambridge]]
The University of Cambridge has [[Libraries of Cambridge University|116 libraries]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facilities and resources |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/courses/facilities.html |access-date=3 January 2013 |publisher=Cambridge Admissions Office |archive-date=12 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212150701/http://www.cam.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/courses/facilities.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Cambridge University Library]], which holds more than eight million volumes, is the central research library. It is a [[legal deposit]] library, which entitles it to request a free copy of every book published in the UK and Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legal Deposit in the British Library |url=http://www.bl.uk/aboutus/stratpolprog/legaldep/ |access-date=3 January 2013 |publisher=The British Library |archive-date=9 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109221146/http://www.bl.uk/aboutus/stratpolprog/legaldep |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to the University Library and its dependents, almost every faculty or department has a specialised library; for example, the History Faculty's [[Seeley Historical Library]] houses in excess of 100,000 books. Every college also maintains a library, partly for the purpose of undergraduate teaching; older colleges often possess many early books and manuscripts in a separate library. For example, [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College's]] [[Wren Library, Cambridge|Wren Library]] houses more than 200,000 books printed before 1800 and [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge|Corpus Christi College's]] [[Parker Library, Corpus Christi College|Parker Library]] has more than 600 [[Illuminated manuscript|medieval manuscripts]], representing one of the largest such collections in the world. [[Churchill Archives Centre]] on the campus of [[Churchill College]] houses the official papers of former British prime ministers [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Margaret Thatcher]].

The university operates eight arts, cultural, and scientific museums, and a [[botanical garden]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Museums & Collections |url=https://www.museums.cam.ac.uk/ |access-date=26 January 2018 |publisher=University of Cambridge |archive-date=3 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203041402/https://www.museums.cam.ac.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Fitzwilliam Museum]] is the art and antiquities museum; [[Kettle's Yard]] is the university's [[contemporary art]] gallery; the [[Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge|Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]] houses the university's collections of local antiquities along with archaeological and [[Ethnography|ethnographic]] artefacts from around the world; [[Cambridge University Museum of Zoology]] houses a wide range of [[zoology|zoological]] specimens from around the world and is known for its iconic [[finback whale]] skeleton that hangs outside the museum. Cambridge University Museum of Zoology also holds specimens collected by [[Charles Darwin]], an 1831 University of Cambridge alumnus. Other museums include the [[Museum of Classical Archaeology, Cambridge|Museum of Classical Archaeology]], [[Whipple Museum of the History of Science]], [[Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences]], the university's geology museum, which displays some of Darwin's geological specimens and equipment (Darwin had studied under Adam Sedgwick, and wrote "I a geologist" in a notebook in 1838), and [[Scott Polar Research Institute#The Polar Museum|Polar Museum]], part of the [[Scott Polar Research Institute]], which is dedicated to [[Captain Scott]] and his men and focuses on the exploration of the [[Polar regions of Earth|Polar Regions]]. [[Cambridge University Botanic Garden]], created in 1831, is the university's botanical garden.

=== Publishing and assessments ===
{{see also|Cambridge University Press}}
The university's publishing arm, [[Cambridge University Press & Assessment]], is the oldest printer and publisher in the world and the second largest [[university press]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2002 |title=Oldest printing and publishing house |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/2000/oldest-printing-and-publishing-house |access-date=28 March 2012 |publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024222944/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/2000/oldest-printing-and-publishing-house |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Michael |title=Cambridge University Press, 1583–1984 |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-521-66497-4 |pages=328–9|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> It is also the largest department of the university by financial income, reporting income above £800 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2022 |title=Financial statements of the University of Cambridge |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/system/files/university_of_cambridge_group_annual_reports_financial_statements_2021-22.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311042357/https://www.cam.ac.uk/system/files/university_of_cambridge_group_annual_reports_financial_statements_2021-22.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The university established its Local Examination Syndicate in 1858, now known as [[Cambridge University Press & Assessment]] after its merger with Cambridge University Press. It is the largest assessment agency in Europe. Cambridge University Press & Assessment plays a leading role in researching, developing, and delivering assessments around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About OCR – Oxford and Cambridge and RSA Examinations |url=http://www.ocr.org.uk/about-us/ |access-date=3 January 2013 |publisher=[[Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations|OCR]] |archive-date=4 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104090903/http://www.ocr.org.uk/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Awards===
{{Main|Awards and prizes of the University of Cambridge}}

The University of Cambridge issues a number of prestigious awards and prizes annually to accomplished University of Cambridge faculty and students. It also issues some awards to those of varying global academic accomplishment regardless of whether their recipient is affiliated with the University of Cambridge. Some of these awards and prizes rank among the world's most estimable academic and intellectual accomplishments. Among the most prominent of them are:
* [[Adam Smith Prize]], awarded annually to the university's top-performing student in economics
* [[Adams Prize]], awarded annually by University of Cambridge mathematics faculty to a UK resident in recognition of distinguished research in mathematics
* [[Browne Medal]], awarded annually to students who win the [[Latin poetry|Latin]] and [[Greek literature|Greek]] poetry competition
* [[Carus Greek Testament Prizes]], a prize issued to winners of an annual competition of the university's undergraduate and graduate in [[Greek language|Greek]] translation of [[New Testament]] passeges
* [[Chancellor's Gold Medal]], a prize issued to winners of the university's annual poetry competition
* [[Porson Prize]], a prize for students who develop the best Greek composition
* [[Raymond Horton-Smith Prize]], awarded annually to the [[School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge Medical School]] student for the best medical school thesis
* [[Seatonian Prize]], awarded annually for the best English language poem on a sacred subject
* [[Senior Wrangler]], awarded annually to the university's top performing student on the Part II of [[Mathematical Tripos]]<ref name="Forfar 1996" />
* [[Thirlwall Prize]], awarded every other year for the best essay about British literature or history
* [[Thomas Bond Sprague Prize]], awarded annually to the top performing [[Part III of the Mathematical Tripos]] student in the areas of probability, statistics, finance and optimisation.
* [[Tyson Medal]], awarded annually to the top [[astronomy]] student
* [[Mayhew Prize]], awarded annually to the top performing [[Part III of the Mathematical Tripos]] student in areas of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP)

=== Reputation and rankings ===
{{Infobox UK university rankings
| ARWU_W = 4
| QS_W = 6
| THE_W = 3=
| Complete = 1
| The_Guardian = 3
| Times/Sunday_Times = 4=
|USNWR_W=6}}
[[File:Cambridge 10 Years.png|thumb|upright=1.2|University of Cambridge's [[Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom|national league table]] performance over the past ten years]]

Owing to its age<ref name=BhopalMyers>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWGmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT12|page=12|title=Elite Universities and the Making of Privilege: Exploring Race and Class in Global Educational Economies|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|author1=Kalwant Bhopal|author2=Martin Myers|date=31 January 2023|isbn=9781000829105 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SJIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108|title=You2Uni: Decide. Prepare. Apply|page=108|author=Stella Cottrell|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|date=16 September 2017|isbn=9781137022431 }}</ref> and its social and academic status,<ref name=Abbott>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx-0BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|title=Student Life in a Class Society|author=Joan Abbott|publisher=Elsevier|page=40|date=17 May 2014|isbn=9781483186580 | orig-date=1971}}</ref><ref name=Dent>{{cite journal|jstor=40220510|title=Old and New Universities|author=H. C. Dent|journal= Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors|publisher=[[American Association of University Professors]]|pages=88–91|issue=1|date=February 1944|volume=30 |doi=10.2307/40220510}}</ref> the University of Cambridge is considered to be one of Britain's most prestigious or elite universities<ref>{{cite book |author=M. Finn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwm4BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 |title=The Gove Legacy: Education in Britain after the Coalition |date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137491510 |page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MX5vAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|page=6|title=Christianity and the University Experience: Understanding Student Faith|author1=Mathew Guest|author2= Kristin Aune|author3= Sonya Sharma|author4= Rob Warner|publisher=A&C Black|date=12 September 2013|isbn=9781780936215}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ol-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|title=Gentrification in a Global Context|author1=Rowland Atkinson|author2= Gary Bridge|publisher=Routledge|date=10 December 2004|page=89|isbn=9781134330652 }}</ref> and to form, along with the [[University of Oxford]], a top two that stand above other UK universities in this regard.<ref name=BhopalMyers/><ref name=Abbott/><ref name=Dent/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLKoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT42|page=42|title=Meeting Jesus at University: Rites of Passage and Student Evangelicals|author=Edward Dutton|publisher=Routledge| date=5 December 2016|isbn=9781351918374 }}</ref>

{{As of |2025|post=,}} the University of Cambridge was ranked sixth in the world by ''[[QS World University Rankings|QS Rankings]]'',<ref name="QS World University Rankings"/> the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities|ARWU]]'' ranked Cambridge fourth in the world,<ref name="Academic Ranking of World Universities"/> while ''[[Times Higher Education]]'' ranked Cambridge fifth in the world in its 2025 rankings (released in 2024).<ref name="THE World University Rankings"/>

In 2022, the ''QS World University Rankings by subject'' ranked a number of Cambridge's programmes among the world's best: Cambridge's arts and humanities programme was ranked second-best in the world; the engineering and technology programme was ranked second-best in the world; the life sciences and medicine programme was ranked fourth-best in the world; the natural sciences program was ranked third-best in the world; and the social sciences and management programme was ranked fourth-best in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings by Subject 2022 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2022 |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=Top Universities |language=en |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026155514/https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{As of |2025|post=,}} the University of Cambridge has been ranked as the top public university in the world for twelve years straight by the [[Center for World University Rankings]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Releases |url=https://cwur.org/media.php |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=cwur.org}}</ref>

== Student life ==
{{see also|Academic dress of the University of Cambridge|List of social activities at the University of Cambridge}}

=== Formal halls and May balls ===
[[File:Clare Bridge, May Ball 2005.jpg|thumb|The bridge over the [[River Cam]] at [[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare College]] during the 2005 [[May Ball in Cambridge]]]]
[[File:Cmglee Cambridge University Centre dining hall.jpg|thumb|The University Centre main dining hall]]
One privilege of student life at the University of Cambridge is the opportunity to attend formal dinners at a student's respective college, known as [[Formal (university)|Formal Hall]] that are held regularly during academic terms and daily at some of the university's colleges. During Formal Hall, students typically sit down for a meal in their [[Academic gown|gowns]] while [[fellow]]s and sometimes guests eat separately at a so-called High Table. The beginning and end of the function is usually marked with [[Grace (prayer)|grace]], which is said in [[Latin]]. Special Formal Halls are organised for Christmas and the Commemoration of Benefactors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sheinman |first=Anna |date=4 January 2012 |title=Inside Cambridge: Fizz, Fellows and Formal Hall |work=Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/anna-sheinman/cambridge-formals_b_1180791.html |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111103414/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/anna-sheinman/cambridge-formals_b_1180791.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the exam period, [[May Week]] is held during which it is customary to celebrate by attending [[May Ball]]s, which are all-night lavish parties held in the colleges where food, drinks, and entertainment are provided. So-called Suicide Sunday, the first day of May Week, is a popular date for [[Garden party|garden parties]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Living in Cambridge |url=http://www.catalog.group.cam.ac.uk/cambridge.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512090224/http://www.catalog.group.cam.ac.uk/cambridge.html |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Cambridge Trainee Librarians' Online Group}}</ref>

===JCR and MCR===
In addition to university-wide representation, students can participate in their own college student unions, which are known as [[Common room (university)|Junior Combination Room]] (JCR) for undergraduates and Middle Combination Room (MCR) for post-graduates. These serve as a link between college staff and members and include officers elected annually between the fellow students; individual JCR and MCRs also report to [[Cambridge Students' Union]], which offers training courses for some of the positions within the body.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JCRs/MCRs |url=https://www.cusu.co.uk/communities/jcrs-mcrs/ |access-date=26 January 2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Students' Union |archive-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127094342/https://www.cusu.co.uk/communities/jcrs-mcrs/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

===Societies===
{{Main|Category:Clubs and societies of the University of Cambridge}}

{{See also|Cambridge Union|Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club}}
[[File:Stephen Fry at the Cambridge Union.jpg|thumb|[[Stephen Fry]] at [[Cambridge Union]], the world's oldest continuing running debate society]]
Numerous student-run societies exist at the University of Cambridge designed to encourage students who share common passions or interests to periodically meet or discuss these interests. {{as of|2010}}, there were 751 registered societies at the university.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2010 |title=Societies Directory |url=http://www.cusu.cam.ac.uk/societies/directory/ |access-date=2 September 2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Students' Union |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007050624/https://www.cusu.cam.ac.uk/societies/directory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to these, individual colleges often promote their own societies and sports teams.

Although technically independent from the university, [[Cambridge Union]], a globally renowned debate organisation and the oldest debate organisation in the world, offers students high-level debate and public speaking experience. Drama societies include the [[Cambridge University Amateur Dramatic Club]] (CUADC) and the comedy club [[Footlights]], whose alumni include many well-known show business personalities. The university's [[Chamber Orchestra]], composed entirely of university students, offers a range of orchestra programs, including symphonies.

===Sports===
{{Main|Category:Sport at the University of Cambridge}}

{{See also|Cambridge University Cricket Club|List of Cambridge University Boat Race crews|Cambridge University Polo Club}}
[[File:Cambridge boathouses - Goldie.jpg|thumb|The boathouse of the [[Cambridge University Boat Club]]]]
[[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]] is one of the most popular sports at the University of Cambridge, and there are competitions between colleges, notably the [[bumps race]]s. The University of Cambridge's rowing competition against [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] is known as the [[Boat Race]]. [[List of British and Irish varsity matches|Varsity match]]es against Oxford also exist in other sports, including [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|cricket]], [[Cambridge University R.U.F.C.|rugby]], [[chess]], and [[tiddlywinks]]. Athletes who representing the university in a varsity match are entitled to a [[Cambridge Blue|Blue]] or a Half Blue, depending on the sport and other criteria.<ref name="Hawks-2" />

The [[University of Cambridge Sports Centre]] opened in August 2013. Phase one included a sports hall, a fitness suite, a strength and conditioning room, a multi-purpose room, and [[Eton Fives|Eton]] and [[Rugby fives]] courts. Phase two of its development included five glass-backed [[squash (sport)|squash]] courts and a team training room. Future phases include indoor and outdoor tennis courts and a swimming pool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cambridge Sports Centre |url=http://www.sport.cam.ac.uk/facilities/CambridgeSportsCentre/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419011852/http://www.sport.cam.ac.uk/facilities/CambridgeSportsCentre/index.html |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=19 April 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Sports Department}}</ref>

The university also has an [[Cambridge & Coleridge Athletic Club|athletic track]] at [[Wilberforce Road]], an indoor [[cricket]] school, and [[Fenner's]], the cricket ground for [[Cambridge University Cricket Club]]. The university has an ice hockey club called [[Cambridge University Ice Hockey Club]]. The [[Hawks' Club]] is a private members' club for the university's leading sportsmen.<ref name="Hawks-2">{{Cite web |editor-last=Hawks' Club |title=Origins of the Cambridge Blue |url=http://www.hawksclub.co.uk/the-club/club-history.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130420100258/http://www.hawksclub.co.uk/the-club/club-history.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2013 |access-date=4 January 2013 }}</ref> The Ospreys are the equivalent female club.

===Student newspapers and radio===
{{See also|Category:Publications associated with the University of Cambridge}}
Cambridge's oldest student newspaper is ''[[Varsity (Cambridge)|Varsity]]''. Established in 1947, notable figures who have edited the newspaper include [[Jeremy Paxman]], [[BBC]] media editor [[Amol Rajan]], and ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' international editor [[Suzy Menkes]]. The student newspaper also has featured the early writings of [[Zadie Smith]], who appeared in ''Varsity''{{'s}} literary anthology offshoot ''[[The Mays]]'', [[Robert Webb]], [[Tristram Hunt]], and [[Tony Wilson]].

''Varsity'' has a circulation of 9,000 and is the only student publication published weekly. News stories from ''Varsity'' have appeared in ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Times]]'', ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', ''[[The Independent]]'' and ''[[The i Paper]]''.

Other student publications include ''[[The Cambridge Student]]'', which is funded by [[Cambridge Students' Union]] and is published fortnightly, ''[[The Tab]]'', and ''[[The Mays]]'' Founded by two University of Cambridge students in 2009, ''The Tab'' is an online media outlet featuring light-hearted features content. ''The Mays'' is a literary anthology including student prose, poetry, and visual art from both University of Cambridge and [[Oxford University|Oxford]] students. Founded in 1992 by three Cambridge students, the anthology publishes once a year and is overseen by Varsity Publications Ltd., the same body responsible for ''Varsity''. Another literary journal, ''Notes'', is published roughly twice per term. Additionally, many colleges have their own student-run publications.

The student radio station, [[Cam FM]], is run jointly by University of Cambridge and [[Anglia Ruskin University]] students. The station holds an [[FM broadcasting|FM]] licence (frequency 97.2 MHz), and hosts a mixture of music, talk, and sports shows.

=== Student Union ===
{{Main|Cambridge Students' Union}}

All students at the University of Cambridge are represented by [[Cambridge Students' Union]], which was founded in 2020 as a merger of two student unions, [[Cambridge University Students' Union]] (CUSU) and the Graduate Union (GU). CUSU previously represented all University students, and GU represented graduate students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Graduate Union |url=https://www.gradunion.cam.ac.uk/ |access-date=4 July 2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Graduate Union |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113154343/https://www.gradunion.cam.ac.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=About the Union |url=http://www.cusu.cam.ac.uk/union/ |access-date=2 September 2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Students' Union |archive-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220225857/https://www.cusu.cam.ac.uk/union/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The eight most important positions in Cambridge Students' Union are occupied by [[sabbatical officer]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2021 |title=Officers |url=https://www.cambridgesu.co.uk/yourunion/officers/ |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=Cambridge Students' Union |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917121544/https://www.cambridgesu.co.uk/yourunion/officers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2020, the sabbatical officers were elected with a turnout of 20.88% of the whole student body.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bayliss |last2=Killeen |last3=Lally |first1=Chloe |first2=Molly |first3=Catherine |date=5 March 2020 |title=Live: Cambridge SU election results |url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/18904 |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=Varsity |archive-date=9 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909093026/https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/18904 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, Cambridge Students' Union launched a petition opposing the financial collaboration between the university and the government of [[United Arab Emirates]] that was worth £400m. The Union cited a "values gap" and threat to "academic freedom and institutional autonomy" following the release of internal UAE documents. Citing UAE's history of violating international human rights laws, it warned that university staff were vulnerable under the partnership to repression by gender, sexuality, or freedom of expression.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement on the University's proposed partnership with the UAE |url=https://www.cambridgesu.co.uk/news/article/jobs/Statement-on-the-Universitys-proposed-partnership-with-the-UAE/ |access-date=6 August 2021 |website=Cambridge SU |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806160203/https://www.cambridgesu.co.uk/news/article/jobs/Statement-on-the-Universitys-proposed-partnership-with-the-UAE/ |url-status=dead |date=6 August 2021 }}</ref>

In 2023, 72% of the Students' Union voted in favour of hosting talks regarding the removal of all animal products from cafes and canteens operated by the university's catering services. The students backed [[Veganism|vegan]] food in response to threats to the climate and biodiversity. The vote is non-binding since the university controls the catering service. The vote was supported by the student chapter of [[Vegan school meal#Plant-Based Universities campaign|Plant-Based Universities]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Badshah |first=Nadeem |date=21 February 2023 |title=Cambridge University students vote for completely vegan menus |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/feb/21/cambridge-university-students-vote-for-completely-vegan-menus |access-date=12 April 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412080510/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/feb/21/cambridge-university-students-vote-for-completely-vegan-menus |url-status=live }}</ref> After the vote, [[Darwin College, Cambridge|Darwin College]] decided to serve only vegan food at its [[May Ball in Cambridge|May Ball]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darwin to hold first ever 'vegan' May Ball |url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/25360 |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=Varsity Online |language=en |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412080835/https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/25360 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Politics ===
A protest in [[Cambridge]] with an attendance of more than a thousand students and residents – the city's largest demonstration – called on the University of Cambridge to [[Divestment|divest]] from Israel over Israel's actions in the [[Gaza Strip]] during the [[Gaza war]].<ref name="varoctlarge">{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Eric |last2=Hilton |first2=Daniel |title=Protesters call for divestment in Cambridge's biggest pro-Palestinian demonstration |url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/26399 |work=Varsity Online |date=28 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pro-Palestinian protest in Cambridge calls for ceasefire in Gaza as flag projected onto King's College |url=https://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/news/cambridge-news/pro-palestinian-protest-cambridge-calls-28044184 |work=Cambridgeshire Live |date=4 November 2023}}</ref> Students and staff also walked out of lectures in protest over the same issues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Eric |last2=Armstrong |first2=Felix |title=Hundreds walk out of lectures in pro-Palestinian protest |url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/26520 |work=Varsity Online |date=10 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

[[List of University of Cambridge people|Students and staff]] at the University of Cambridge wrote an open letter to the university, with more than 1,400 signatories, demanding it acknowledge the "slaughter of innocent Palestinians", "sever financial ties with Israel" as it had with Russia following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], and demanding it investigate its financial ties with [[Arms industry|arms manufacturers]] that potentially supplied to Israel, mentioning, among others, [[Plasan]] and [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]].<ref name="varoctlarge"/><ref name="varNov">{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Eric |title=Over 1,400 students and staff demand Cambridge 'sever financial ties' with Israel |url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/26308 |work=Varsity Online |date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable alumni and academics ==
{{summarize|from|List of University of Cambridge people|section=y|brevity=y|date=January 2025}}
{{Excessive examples|section|date=October 2024}}
{{Main|List of University of Cambridge people}}

{{See also|List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|Alumni Cantabrigienses}}
The University of Cambridge has produced many distinguished alumni in various fields. As of 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1980/sanger/facts/|access-date=12 July 2019 |website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403124932/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1980/sanger/facts/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1958/sanger/facts/|access-date=12 July 2019|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|archive-date=4 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004052925/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1958/sanger/facts/|url-status=live}}</ref> 70 alumni have won Nobel Prizes. As of 2019, Cambridge alumni, faculty members, and researchers have won 11 [[Fields Medal]]s and seven [[Turing Award]]s. Highly notable University of Cambridge alumni by specialty include:

===Education===
{{see also|Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge}}
Notable alumni in academia include the founders and early professors of [[Harvard University]], including [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]] himself; [[Emily Davies]], founder of [[Girton College, Cambridge|Girton College]] at Cambridge, the first residential higher education institution for women, and [[John Haden Badley]], founder of the first mixed-sex [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public school]] (i.e. private) in England; [[Anil Kumar Gain]], 20th century mathematician and founder of the [[Vidyasagar University]] in [[Bengal]], [[S. Venkataramadas Nayudu|Siram Govindarajulu Naidu]], founder and vice chancellor of [[Sri Venkateswara University]]; and [[Menachem Ben-Sasson]], president of [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]].

===Humanities, music, and art===
[[File:Thomas Cranmer by Gerlach Flicke.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Cranmer]], who led the [[English Reformation]]]]
[[File:Allama Iqbal.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Iqbal]], philosopher and poet]]
[[File:Ludwig Wittgenstein.jpg|thumb|[[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], philosopher]]
In the humanities, Greek studies were inaugurated at the University of Cambridge in the early sixteenth century by [[Desiderius Erasmus]]; contributions to the field were made by [[Richard Bentley]] and [[Richard Porson]]. [[John Chadwick]] was associated with [[Michael Ventris]] in the decipherment of [[Linear B]]. The Latinist [[A. E. Housman]] taught at the university but is more widely known for his contributions as a poet. [[Simon Ockley]] made a significant contribution to [[Arabist|Arabic Studies]].

University of Cambridge academics include economists such as [[John Maynard Keynes]], [[Thomas Malthus]], [[Alfred Marshall]], [[Milton Friedman]], [[Joan Robinson]], [[Piero Sraffa]], [[Ha-Joon Chang]], and [[Amartya Sen]]. Notable philosophers include [[Francis Bacon]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], [[Leo Strauss]], [[George Santayana]], [[G. E. M. Anscombe]], [[Karl Popper]], [[Bernard Williams]], [[Allama Muhammad Iqbal]], and [[G. E. Moore]]. Notable alumni historians include [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Thomas Babington Macaulay]], [[Frederic William Maitland]], [[Lord Acton]], [[Joseph Needham]], [[E. H. Carr]], [[Hugh Trevor-Roper]], [[Rhoda Dorsey]], [[E. P. Thompson]], [[Eric Hobsbawm]], [[Quentin Skinner]], [[Niall Ferguson]], [[Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.]], and [[Karl Schweizer]].

Notable alumni in religion include [[Rowan Williams]], the former [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] and his predecessors; [[William Tyndale]], the biblical translator; [[Thomas Cranmer]], [[Hugh Latimer]], and [[Nicholas Ridley (martyr)|Nicholas Ridley]], known as the Oxford martyrs from the place of their execution; [[Benjamin Whichcote]] and the [[Cambridge Platonists]]; [[William Paley]], the Christian philosopher known primarily for formulating the [[teleological argument]] for the existence of God; [[William Wilberforce]] and [[Thomas Clarkson]], largely responsible for the [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolition]] of the [[History of slavery|slave trade]]; Evangelical churchman [[Charles Simeon]]; [[John William Colenso]], the bishop of Natal who interpreted Scripture and its relations with native peoples that seemed dangerously radical at the time; [[John Bainbridge Webster]] and [[David F. Ford]], theologians; and six winners of the [[Templeton Prize]], the highest accolade in the world associated with the study of religion.

Notable University of Cambridge alumni in the field of musical composition include [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]], [[Charles Villiers Stanford]], [[William Sterndale Bennett]], [[Orlando Gibbons]] and, more recently, [[Alexander Goehr]], [[Thomas Adès]], [[John Rutter]], [[Julian Anderson]], [[Judith Weir]], and [[Maury Yeston]]. The university has also produced world-renowned instrumentalists and conductors, including [[Colin Davis]], [[John Eliot Gardiner]], [[Roger Norrington]], [[Trevor Pinnock]], [[Andrew Manze]], [[Richard Egarr]], [[Mark Elder]], [[Richard Hickox]], [[Christopher Hogwood]], [[Andrew Marriner]], [[David Munrow]], [[Simon Standage]], [[Endellion Quartet]], and [[Fitzwilliam Quartet]]. Although the university in music predominantly for its contributions to [[choral music]], university alumni in popular music include members of contemporary bands such as [[Radiohead]], [[Hot Chip]], [[Procol Harum]], [[Clean Bandit]], [[Sports Team]] songwriter and entertainer [[Jonathan King]], [[Henry Cow]], and the singer-songwriter [[Nick Drake]].

Artists [[Quentin Blake]], [[Roger Fry]], [[Rose Ferraby]], and [[Julian Trevelyan]], sculptors [[Antony Gormley]], [[Marc Quinn]], and [[Anthony Caro]], and photographers [[Antony Armstrong-Jones]], [[Cecil Beaton]], and [[Mick Rock]] are each University of Cambridge alumni.

===Literature===
[[File:Byron 1813 by Phillips.jpg|thumb|[[Lord Byron]], English poet]]
Writers to have studied at the university include the Elizabethan dramatist [[Christopher Marlowe]], his fellow [[University Wits]], [[Thomas Nashe]], and [[Robert Greene (dramatist)|Robert Greene]], arguably the first professional authors in England, and [[John Fletcher (playwright)|John Fletcher]] who collaborated with [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] on ''[[The Two Noble Kinsmen]]'', ''[[Henry VIII (play)|Henry VIII]]'', and the lost ''[[Cardenio]]'' and succeeded him as house playwright for [[King's Men (playing company)|The King's Men]]. [[Samuel Pepys]] matriculated in 1650, known for his [[Samuel Pepys#The diary|diary]], the original manuscripts of which are now housed in the [[Pepys Library]] at Magdalene College. [[Lawrence Sterne]], whose novel ''[[Tristram Shandy]]'' is judged to have inspired many modern narrative devices and styles. In the following century, the novelists [[W. M. Thackeray]], author of ''[[Vanity Fair (novel)|Vanity Fair]]'', [[Charles Kingsley]], author of ''[[Westward Ho!]]'' and ''[[The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby|Water Babies]]'', and [[Samuel Butler (novelist)|Samuel Butler]], remembered for ''[[The Way of All Flesh]]'' and ''[[Erewhon]]'', are all University of Cambridge alumni.

Ghost story writer [[M. R. James]] served as provost of King's College from 1905 to 1918. Novelist [[Amy Levy]] was the second Jewish woman to attend the university. Modernist writers to have attended the university include [[E. M. Forster]], [[Rosamond Lehmann]], [[Vladimir Nabokov]], [[Christopher Isherwood]], and [[Malcolm Lowry]]. Playwright [[J. B. Priestley]], physicist and novelist [[C. P. Snow]], and children's writer [[A. A. Milne]] are each early 20th century alumni of the university. They were followed by postmodernists [[Patrick White]], [[J. G. Ballard]], and early postcolonial writer [[E. R. Braithwaite]]. More recently, alumni include comedy writers [[Douglas Adams]], [[Tom Sharpe]] and [[Howard Jacobson]], the popular novelists [[A. S. Byatt]], [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Nick Hornby]], [[Zadie Smith]], [[Louise Dean (author)|Louise Dean]], [[Robert Harris (novelist)|Robert Harris]], and [[Sebastian Faulks]], action writers [[Michael Crichton]], [[David Gibbins]], and [[Jin Yong]], and contemporary playwrights and screenwriters, including [[Julian Fellowes]], [[Stephen Poliakoff]], [[Michael Frayn]], and [[Peter Shaffer]], as well as musical theatre writers [[Toby Marlow]] and [[Lucy Moss]].

Within poetry, University of Cambridge alumni include the poets [[Edmund Spenser]], author of ''[[The Faerie Queene]]'', metaphysical poets [[John Donne]], who wrote ''[[For Whom the Bell Tolls (disambiguation)|For Whom the Bell Tolls]]'', [[George Herbert]] and [[Andrew Marvell]], and [[John Milton]], who is renowned for ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', Restoration poet and playwright [[John Dryden]], pre-romantic poet [[Thomas Gray]] best known his ''[[Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard]]'', [[William Wordsworth]], and [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], whose joint work ''[[Lyrical Ballads]]'' is often cited as marking the beginning of the [[Romantic poetry|Romantic movement]], later Romantics including [[Lord Byron]] and the post-romantic [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson|Lord Tennyson]], authors of the best known [[carpe diem]] poems, including [[Robert Herrick (poet)|Robert Herrick]] known for "[[To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time]]" with the first line "Gather ye rosebuds while ye may", and [[Andrew Marvell]], who authored "[[To His Coy Mistress]]", classical scholar and lyric poet [[A. E. Housman]], war poets [[Siegfried Sassoon]] and [[Rupert Brooke]], modernist [[T. E. Hulme]], confessional poets [[Ted Hughes]], [[Sylvia Plath]], and [[John Berryman]], and, more recently, [[Cecil Day-Lewis]], [[Joseph Brodsky]], [[Kathleen Raine]], and [[Geoffrey Hill]].

At least nine [[Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom|Poets Laureate]] graduated from the University of Cambridge. University alumni have also made notable contributions to literary criticism, having produced, among others, [[F. R. Leavis]], [[I. A. Richards]], [[C. K. Ogden]], and [[William Empson]], often collectively known as the [[Cambridge Critics]], the Marxists [[Raymond Williams]], sometimes regarded as the founding father of [[cultural studies]], and [[Terry Eagleton]], author of ''Literary Theory: An Introduction'', the most successful academic book ever published, the aesthetician [[Harold Bloom]], new historicist [[Stephen Greenblatt]], and biographical writers including [[Lytton Strachey]], a central figure in the [[Bloomsbury Group]], [[Peter Ackroyd]], and [[Claire Tomalin]].

Actors and directors who attended the University of Cambridge include [[Ian McKellen]], [[Eleanor Bron]], [[Miriam Margolyes]], [[Derek Jacobi]], [[Michael Redgrave]], [[James Mason]], [[Emma Thompson]], [[Stephen Fry]], [[Hugh Laurie]], [[John Cleese]], [[John Oliver]], [[Freddie Highmore]], [[Eric Idle]], [[Graham Chapman]], [[Graeme Garden]], [[Tim Brooke-Taylor]], [[Bill Oddie]], [[Simon Russell Beale]], [[Tilda Swinton]], [[Thandie Newton]], [[Georgie Henley]], [[Rachel Weisz]], [[Sacha Baron Cohen]], [[Tom Hiddleston]], [[Sara Mohr-Pietsch]], [[Eddie Redmayne]], [[Dan Stevens]], [[Jamie Bamber]], [[Lily Cole]], [[David Mitchell (comedian)|David Mitchell]], [[Robert Webb]], [[Richard Ayoade]], [[Mel Giedroyc]], and [[Sue Perkins]]. Directors [[Mike Newell (director)|Mike Newell]], [[Robert Icke]], [[Sam Mendes]], [[Simon McBurney]], [[Peter Hall (director)|Peter Hall]], [[Trevor Nunn]], [[Stephen Frears]], [[Paul Greengrass]], [[Chris Weitz]], and [[John Madden (director)|John Madden]] each are alumni of the university.

===Mathematics and sciences===
[[File:Charles Darwin 1877 (cropped).png|thumb|[[Charles Darwin]], evolutionary biologist]]
[[File:Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg|thumb|[[Stephen Hawking]], theoretical physicist and cosmologist]]
[[File:Isaac Newton, English School, 1715-20.jpg|thumb|[[Isaac Newton]], mathematician and physicist who developed [[classical mechanics]] and [[calculus]]]]
[[File:Abdus Salam 1987.jpg|thumb|[[Abdus Salam]], a theoretical physicist]]
[[Isaac Newton]], who conducted many of his experiments on the grounds of Trinity College, ranks among the most famed University of Cambridge alumni. Other alumni of the university include [[Francis Bacon]], who developed the [[scientific method]] of inquiry, mathematicians [[John Dee]] and [[Brook Taylor]], [[pure mathematics|pure mathematicians]] [[G. H. Hardy]], [[John Edensor Littlewood]], [[Mary Cartwright]], and [[Augustus De Morgan]]; [[Michael Atiyah]], a geometry specialist; [[William Oughtred]], inventor of the [[logarithmic scale]]; [[John Wallis]], first to explain the law of acceleration; [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]], a genius who made substantial contributions to [[mathematical analysis]], [[number theory]], [[infinite series]], and [[continued fractions]]; and [[James Clerk Maxwell]], who brought about the second great unification of physics (the first being accredited to Newton) with his classical theory of [[electromagnetic radiation]]. In 1890, mathematician [[Philippa Fawcett]], a University of Cambridge student, registered the highest score in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos exams but as a woman was then ineligible to claim the title [[Senior Wrangler]].

In biology, University of Cambridge alumni include [[Charles Darwin]], famous for developing the theory of [[natural selection]] and explaining evolution, is an alumnus of [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]]. Biologists [[Francis Crick]] and [[James D. Watson|James Watson]] developed the model explaining the three-dimensional structure of [[DNA]] while working at the [[Cavendish Laboratory]]; University of Cambridge graduates [[Maurice Wilkins]] and especially [[Rosalind Franklin]] produced key [[X-ray crystallography]] data, which was shared with Watson by Wilkins. Wilkins went on to verify the proposed structure and win the Nobel Prize with Watson and Crick. More recently, [[Ian Wilmut]] was part of the team responsible for the first cloning of a mammal ([[Dolly the Sheep]] in 1996), naturalist and broadcaster [[David Attenborough]], ethologist [[Jane Goodall]], expert on chimpanzees was a PhD student at the university, anthropologist [[Alison Richard|Dame Alison Richard]], former vice-chancellor of the university, and [[Frederick Sanger]], a biochemist known for developing [[Sanger sequencing]] and receiving two Nobel prizes.

Despite the university's delay in admitting women to its full degree programs, women associated with the University of Cambridge have been at the heart of scientific research throughout the 20th century. Notable female scientists include biochemist [[Marjory Stephenson]], plant physiologist [[Gabrielle Howard]], social anthropologist [[Audrey Richards]], psychoanalyst [[Alix Strachey]], who with her husband translated the works of [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Kavli Prize]]-winner [[Brenda Milner]], responsible for co-discovering specialised brain networks for memory and cognition. Veterinary epidemiologist [[Sarah Cleaveland]] has contributed to advances in eliminating [[rabies]] in the [[Serengeti]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof Sarah Cleaveland |url=http://www.sacids.org/kms/frontend/?l=389 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514003136/http://www.sacids.org/kms/frontend/?l=389 |archive-date=14 May 2014 |access-date=10 June 2014 |publisher=Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance}}</ref>

The university is widely considered the birthplace of the computer; mathematician and father of the computer [[Charles Babbage]] designed the world's first computing system as early as the mid-1800s. Cambridge alumnus [[Alan Turing]] devised the basis for modern computing, and [[Maurice Wilkes]] later created the first programmable computer. The [[webcam]] was also invented at the University of Cambridge, showing the [[Trojan Room coffee pot]] in the university's computer laboratories.

In physics, [[Ernest Rutherford]], regarded as the father of [[nuclear physics]], spent much of his life at the university, where he worked closely with [[Evan James Williams|E. J. Williams]] and [[Niels Bohr]], a major contributor to the understanding of the [[atom]], [[J. J. Thomson]], discoverer of the [[electron]], [[James Chadwick]], discoverer of the [[neutron]], and [[John Cockcroft]] and [[Ernest Walton]], responsible for first splitting the atom. [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], leader of the [[Manhattan Project]] that developed the [[atomic bomb]], also studied under Rutherford and Thomson. [[Joan Curran]] devised the [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] technique used during [[World War II]] to disrupt [[radar]] on [[Axis powers]]' planes.

University of Cambridge alumni in astronomy include [[John Herschel]], [[Arthur Eddington]], and [[Paul Dirac]], discoverer of [[antimatter]] and one of the pioneers of [[quantum mechanics]]; [[Stephen Hawking]], theoretical physicist and the university's long-serving [[Lucasian Professor of Mathematics]] until 2009; and [[Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow|Martin Rees]], the current [[Astronomer Royal]] and former Master of Trinity College. [[John Polkinghorne]], a mathematician before his ordination to the [[Anglican]] [[Minister (Christianity)|ministry]], received the [[Templeton Prize]] for his work reconciling science and religion.

Other significant university alumni in science include [[Henry Cavendish]], who discovered [[hydrogen]]; [[Frank Whittle]], co-inventor of the jet engine; [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)]], who formulated the original [[Laws of Thermodynamics]]; [[William Fox Talbot]], who invented the camera, [[Alfred North Whitehead]], Einstein's major opponent; [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], one of the fathers of radio science; [[John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|Lord Rayleigh]], who made extensive contributions to both theoretical and experimental physics in the 20th century; and [[Georges Lemaître]], who first proposed the [[Big Bang]] theory.

===Politics===
[[File:Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper.jpg|thumb|[[Oliver Cromwell]], statesman, politician, and soldier who served as [[Lord Protector|Lord Protector of England]]]]
The University of Cambridge has a strong reputation in the field of politics, having educated:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Cambridge? |url=http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/execed/aboutus/whycambridge/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020090024/http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/execed/aboutus/whycambridge/index.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Cambridge Judge Business School}}</ref>
* [[Oliver Cromwell]], [[Lord Protector of England]] (1653–58)<ref>{{Cite web |title='A brave bad man': Oliver Cromwell, 1599–1658 |url=http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/exhibitions/Cromwell/cromwell.kiosk.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227134549/http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/exhibitions/Cromwell/cromwell.kiosk.htm |archive-date=27 December 2014 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Library}}</ref>
* 14 [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Ministers]], including [[Robert Walpole]], who is widely regarded as the first British Prime Minister. The last Cambridge graduate to have served as British Prime Minister was [[Stanley Baldwin]].
* At least 30 foreign heads of state or government, including presidents of India, Ireland, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, South Korea, Singapore, and Zambia; along with prime ministers of Australia, Bahrain, Burma, France, India, Jordan, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Thailand, Pakistan, Poland, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and New Zealand
* At least nine monarchs, including Kings [[Edward VII]], [[George VI]], and (current King) [[Charles III]] of the United Kingdom, King [[Peter II of Yugoslavia]], Queen [[Margrethe II of Denmark]], and [[Queen Sofía of Spain]]. The university had also educated a large number of royals, including [[Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex]]
* Three signatories of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]], [[Thomas Lynch Jr.]], [[Arthur Middleton]], and [[Thomas Nelson Jr.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2012 |title=International Cambridge – United States of America |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/international/research/usa.html |access-date=2 September 2012 |publisher=University of Cambridge |archive-date=5 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905204229/http://www.cam.ac.uk/international/research/usa.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Sports===
By 2016, athletes who are university graduates or attendees had won 194 Olympic medals, including 88 gold medals.<ref name="Hawks" /> Alumni of the university include Chinese six-time world table tennis champion [[Deng Yaping]]; sprinter and athletics hero [[Harold Abrahams]]; inventors of the modern game of football, [[H. de Winton]] and [[J. C. Thring]]; Indian cricketer Colonel H. H. Shri Sir [[Ranjitsinhji|Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji II]]; and [[George Mallory]], the mountaineer.

===Technology===
University of Cambridge alumni are responsible some of the world's greatest advances in technology, and several have gone on to found or co-found leading technology companies, including [[Demis Hassabis]], the co-founder and chief executive officer of [[DeepMind]], an [[artificial intelligence]] subsidiary company of [[Alphabet Inc]] responsible for [[AlphaGo]] and [[Sophie Wilson]] and [[Steve Furber]], co-founders of [[Arm Ltd.|ARM]], a British semiconductor and software design company based in Cambridge.

===Notable current academics===
The academic staff at the University of Cambridge includes several notable scholars, including [[Sriya Iyer]], known for her research in the economics of religion and development;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caths.cam.ac.uk/professor-iyer|title=Fellow promoted to full professorship|date=1 July 2022|website=[[St Catharine's College, Cambridge]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reviewofreligions.org/29209/a-special-interview-with-dr-sriya-iyer-economics-religion/|title=Making Economic Sense of Religion – A Special Interview with Dr. Sriya Iyer|date=14 March 2021|author-first=Ahmed|author-last=Danyal Arif|website=[[Review of Religions]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.interfaith.cam.ac.uk/news/research-news-religion-may-have-helped-during-covid"|title=Research news: "Religion may have helped during COVID"|date=30 January 2024|website=Cambridge Interfaith Programme|access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref> [[Graham Virgo]], specialising in equity and the law of restitution;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cam.ac.uk/people/academic/gj-virgo/84|title=Professor Graham Virgo|website=[[Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/24715|title=Downing elects Graham Virgo as master|date=1 December 2022|website=[[Varsity (Cambridge)]]|author-first=Bella|author-last=Shorrock|access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dow.cam.ac.uk/news/professor-graham-virgo-elected-next-master|title=Professor Graham Virgo elected as next Master|date=30 November 2022|website=[[Downing College, Cambridge]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref> [[Aaron Koller]], a specialist in [[Semitic languages]] and Jewish intellectual history;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ames.cam.ac.uk/news/aaron-koller-joins-ames|title=Aaron Koller joins AMES|website=Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Cambridge|date=16 April 2025 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2025/jun/02/cambridge-university-appoints-first-jewish-professor-of-hebrew|title=Cambridge University appoints first Jewish professor of Hebrew|date=2 June 2025|website=[[The Guardian]]|author-first=Richard|author-last=Adams|access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref> [[Mihaela van der Schaar]], known for her research in AI-enabled personalised medicine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/mihaela-vanderschaar-36800/|title=Professor Mihaela van der Schaar FRS|website=[[Royal Society]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref>

== In literature and popular culture ==
{{See also|List of fictional Cambridge colleges|A Disappearing Number|Cambridge Spies|Chariots of Fire|Chariots of Fire (play)|High Table, Lower Orders|Category:Novels set in the University of Cambridge|Porterhouse Blue (TV series)|Psmith|Rock 'n' Roll (play)|The Reeve's Tale|The Riddle of the Sphinx (Inside No. 9)|}}
Throughout its history, the University of Cambridge has frequently been featured in literature, artistic works, television, and film. Cambridge was mentioned as early as the 14th century in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]''. In ''[[The Reeve's Tale]]'', the two main fictional characters are students at a University of Cambridge college called Soler Halle, which is believed to refer to [[King's Hall, Cambridge|King's Hall]] and is now part of [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Soler Halle |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100517654 |journal=Oxford Reference |language=en |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606125900/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100517654 |url-status=live }}</ref> The university has been the setting for all or parts of numerous novels, including [[Douglas Adams]]' ''[[Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency]]'', [[Rose Macaulay]]'s ''[[They Were Defeated]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 1932 |title=They were defeated |page=7 |work=Evening Post |location=Wellington, NZ |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19321224.2.33.5 |url-status=live |access-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921022121/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19321224.2.33.5 |archive-date=21 September 2011}}</ref> and [[Tom Sharpe]]'s ''[[Porterhouse Blue]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crowley |first=Joseph N. |url=https://archive.org/details/noequalinworlda00crow |title=No equal in the world: an interpretation of the academic presidency |publisher=University of Nevada Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-87417-237-9 |location=Reno, NV |page=[https://archive.org/details/noequalinworlda00crow/page/167 167] |access-date=25 February 2012 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Other notable examples of the University of Cambridge in popular culture include:
* [[Xu Zhimo]]'s best-known poem, "On Leaving Cambridge" ([[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified Chinese]]: 再别康桥; [[Traditional Chinese characters|traditional Chinese]]: 再別康橋), published in 1928, is part of [[Education in China|China's national curriculum]] taught to all schoolchildren and has generated a tremendous amount of adoration of the University of Cambridge in China.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cox |first=David |date=22 March 2016 |title=Poetry or property punts: what's driving China's love affair with Cambridge? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/22/china-cambridge-university-poet-xu-zhimo-farewell-property |access-date=23 August 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108092926/http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/22/china-cambridge-university-poet-xu-zhimo-farewell-property |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In the ''[[Psmith]]'' series, a collection of novels published between 1908 and 1923 by [[P. G. Wodehouse]], the [[Rupert Psmith|title character]] and [[Michael "Mike" Jackson|Mike]], his closest friend, study at the University of Cambridge.
* The 1981 film ''[[Chariots of Fire]]'' is partly set at Cambridge between 1919 and 1924 when protagonist [[Harold Abrahams]] (played by [[Ben Cross]]) was a student there.
* The 1983 film ''[[Monty Python's The Meaning of Life]]'' features [[Churchill College, Cambridge|Churchill College]] in the film's church scene.
* The film ''[[Maurice (1987 film)|Maurice]]'', based on the 1971 novel [[Maurice (novel)|Maurice]], is partly filmed at the University of Cambridge.
* The 1989 film ''[[Dead Poets Society]]'' features character John Keating (played by [[Robin Williams]]), who is a Welton Academy English teacher described in his senior annual as "Cambridge bound".
* [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]] of the University of Cambridge features prominently in the 1990 short story "[[The Fenstanton Witch]]" by [[M. R. James]].<ref name="Joshi">{{cite book|title=The Haunted Dolls' House and Other Ghost Stories: The Complete Ghost Stories of M. R. James|volume=2|contributor-first=S. T.|contributor-last=Joshi|contribution=Explanatory Notes|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=9780143039921|pages=294–298|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bM8dAQAAIAAJ|contributor-link=S. T. Joshi|author-link=M. R. James|first=M. R.|last=James}}</ref><ref name="Pardoe">{{cite journal |last=Pardoe |first=Rosemary |date=September 2002 |title="The Fenstanton Witch" Story Notes |url=http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/%7Epardos/GSNews2a.html#anchor6235 |journal=Ghosts & Scholars |issue=2 |access-date=18 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215160916/http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/%7Epardos/GSNews2a.html#anchor6235 |archive-date=15 December 2004 }}</ref>
* The 1996 film ''[[True Blue (1996 film)|True Blue]]'' centres around a mutiny at the time of the 1985 [[Boat Race|Oxford-Cambridge rowing race]].
* The television series ''[[Frasier]]'' (1993–2004) features [[Niles Crane]], portrayed by [[David Hyde Pierce]], who studied as a graduate student at Cambridge.
* In the television series ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'' (2007–2019), [[Raj Koothrappali]], portrayed by [[Kunal Nayyar]], studied astrophysics at Cambridge, and [[List of The Big Bang Theory and Young Sheldon characters|Priya Koothrappali]], portrayed by [[Aarti Mann]], studied law at Cambridge.
* In the 2002 film ''[[28 Days Later]]'', a chimpanzee carrying the "Rage" virus is freed from a fictional Cambridge laboratory.
* The 2008 film ''[[The History Boys (film)|The History Boys]]'' is about a group of boys applying to study history at Cambridge and [[University of Oxford|Oxford]].
* In the 2011 film ''[[Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows]]'', [[Sherlock Holmes]] is shown meeting his nemesis, [[Professor Moriarty]], in Moriarty's office with a brief stock shot establishing it as [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]], where Moriarty is a professor.
* In the 2014 biographical film ''[[The Theory of Everything (2014 film)|The Theory of Everything]]'', young [[Stephen Hawking]] falls in love with literature student Jane Wilde at the University of Cambridge, where both of them study.
* The 2014 film ''[[The Imitation Game]]'' is a historical drama that features [[Alan Turing]] (played by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]]), who is referenced as being a Cambridge alumnus and fellow at [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]] at Cambridge.
* The 2015 film ''[[The Man Who Knew Infinity]]'' about mathematician [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] was filmed at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], where Ramanujan was a fellow.
* ''[[Red Joan]]'' (2018) was partly filmed at the University of Cambridge. Joan Smith (played by [[Judi Dench]]), loosely inspired by [[Melita Norwood]], is depicted as studying physics at Cambridge.
* The 2021 film ''[[The Dig (2021 film)|The Dig]]'' features multiple [[archaeologists]] with ties to the University of Cambridge, including [[Charles Phillips (archaeologist)|Charles Phillips]] (played by [[Ken Stott]]) and [[Peggy Guido|Peggy Piggott]] (played by [[Lily James]]).
* The [[ITV (TV Network)|ITV]] television series ''[[Grantchester (TV series)|Granchester]]'' (2014–) is partly set in and filmed at Cambridge.
* The television series ''[[Professor T. (British TV series)|Professor T]]'' (2021–) stars [[Ben Miller]] as Professor Jasper Tempest, a genius University of Cambridge criminologist.
* The 2023 film ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]'' contains establishing shots of [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]] filmed by the [[River Cam]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yuan |first1=Jada |title=Unleashing Oppenheimer: Inside Christopher Nolan's Explosive Atomic-Age Thriller |date=2023 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=9798886630961 |page=248 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kjsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA248 |access-date=June 25, 2024 |archive-date=June 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625173641/https://books.google.com/books?id=9kjsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA248#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> However, [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] actually studied at [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]].

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Cmglee Cambridge Trinity College Great Court.jpg|Great Court at [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]]
File:Corpus Christi College New Court, Cambridge, UK - Diliff.jpg|New Court at [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge|Corpus Christi College]]
File:Cambridge Gonville and Caius College.jpg|Gatehouse at [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville and Caius College]]
File:Pembroke College graduation.jpg|First Court at [[Pembroke College, Cambridge|Pembroke College]]
File:Selwyn College Gatehouse Tower, Cambridge, UK - Diliff.jpg|Gatehouse at [[Selwyn College, Cambridge|Selwyn College]]
File:St Catharine's College Catz University of Cambridge Cambridge England Britain UK United Kingdom United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (40307549695).jpg|Main Court at [[St Catharine's College, Cambridge|St Catharine's College]]
File:Hughes Hall and Fenners in February (geograph 4824048).jpg|[[Hughes Hall, Cambridge|Hughes Hall]] and [[Fenner's]]
File:Bredon house.png|Bredon House at [[Wolfson College, Cambridge|Wolfson College]]
File:St Edmund's Aerial.jpg|[[St Edmund's College, Cambridge|St Edmund's College]]
File:Flowers (233225591).jpeg|West Lodge Garden at [[Downing College, Cambridge|Downing College]]
File:Graduation day, Queens' College, Cambridge.JPG|Old Gatehouse at [[Queens' College, Cambridge|Queen's College]]
File:Magdalene College Dining Hall, Cambridge, UK - Diliff - sans lens flares.jpg|Dining Hall at [[Magdalene College, Cambridge|Magdalene College]]
File:JesusCollegeChapelCourt.jpg|Chapel Court at [[Jesus College, Cambridge|Jesus College]]
File:St John's College Second Court, Cambridge, UK - Diliff.jpg|Second Court at [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]]
File:Cambridge 13 Trinity Hall 01a Exterior.jpg|[[Trinity Hall, Cambridge|Trinity Hall]]
File:The Cavendish Building, Cambridge (Homerton College) 2012.jpg|The Cavendish Building at [[Homerton College, Cambridge|Homerton College]]
File:Darwin College Granary Store, Cambridge, England.jpg|[[Darwin College, Cambridge|Darwin College]]
File:Sidney Sussex Chapel.jpg|The chapel at [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge|Sidney Sussex College]]
File:Cambridge University Judge Business School interior.jpg|The interior of [[Cambridge Judge Business School|Judge Business School]]
File:Fitzwilliam college grove summer.jpg|The Grove at [[Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge|Fitzwilliam College]]
File:Cambridge - Girton College Main Gate - June 2018.jpg|Gatehouse at [[Girton College, Cambridge|Girton College]]
File:Banner celebrating 800 years of University of Cambridge.jpg|2009 Banner celebrating 800 years of University of Cambridge
File:KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg|[[Punt (boat)|Punting]] on the [[River Cam]] by the west end of [[King's College Chapel]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Armorial of British universities]]
* [[Cambridge University Constabulary]]
* [[Cambridge University primates]]
* [[Coat of arms of the University of Cambridge]]
* [[List of medieval universities]]
* [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Cambridge]]
* [[List of organisations with a British royal charter]]
* [[List of professorships at the University of Cambridge]]
* [[List of universities in the United Kingdom]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em|group="note"}}
{{notelist|30em}}
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Kevin |title=Central Cambridge: A Guide to the University and Colleges |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-521-45913-6}}
{{refend}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Anonymous |title=A Concise and Accurate Description of the University, Town and County of Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-108-00065-9 |ref=none |orig-year=1790}}
* Brooke, Christopher N. L. (1988–2004). ''A History of the University of Cambridge''. Cambridge University Press, 4 vols., {{ISBN|0-521-32882-9}}, {{ISBN|0-521-35059-X}}, {{ISBN|0-521-35060-3}}, {{ISBN|0-521-34350-X}}
* {{Cite book |last=Deacon |first=Richard |title=The Cambridge Apostles: A History of Cambridge University's Elite Intellectual Secret Society |publisher=Cassell |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-947728-13-7 |ref=none}}
* Garrett, Martin (2004). ''Cambridge: A Cultural and Literary History'', Signal Books. {{ISBN|1-902669-79-7}}
* Howarth, T. E. B. (1978). ''Cambridge Between Two Wars'', London: Collins. {{ISBN|978-0-002-11181-2}}
* Koyama, Noboru; Ruxton, Ian, transl. {{Cite web |title=''Japanese Students at Cambridge University in the Meiji Era, 1868–1912: Pioneers for the Modernization of Japan'' |url=http://www.dhs.kyutech.ac.jp/~ruxton/hatenkou.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217225922/http://www.dhs.kyutech.ac.jp/~ruxton/hatenkou.html |archive-date=17 February 2009 |access-date=8 August 2009}}, {{Cite book |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/1/prweb201396.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050214195620/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/1/prweb201396.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 February 2005 |title=A Translation from a Japanese Original |publisher=Lulu Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4116-1256-3}} This book includes information about the wooden spoon and the university in the 19th century as well as the Japanese students.
* {{Cite book |last=Leader |first=Damien |title=A History of the University of Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988–2004 |isbn=978-0-521-32882-1 |ref=none}}
* Lee, John S. and Christian Steer, eds, [https://boydellandbrewer.com/9781783273348/commemoration-in-medieval-cambridge/ ''Commemoration in Medieval Cambridge''] History of the University of Cambridge, Boydell, 2018. {{ISBN|978-1-78327-334-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Leedham-Green |first=Elisabeth |title=A Concise History of the University of Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-43978-7 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rawle |first=Tim |title=Cambridge |title-link=Cambridge (book) |publisher=Oxbridge Portfolio |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-9572867-2-6 |editor-last=Adamson |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Adamson (publisher) |ref=none |author-link=Tim Rawle}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Smith |first1=J. |title=Teaching and Learning in 19th-Century Cambridge |last2=Stray |first2=C. |publisher=Boydell Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-85115-783-2 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stubbings |first=Frank |title=Bedders, Bulldogs and Bedells: A Cambridge Glossary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-521-47978-3 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Webb |first=Grayden |title=The History of the University of Cambridge and Education in England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-32882-1 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Willis |first=Robert |title=The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge and of the Colleges of Cambridge and Eton |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-35851-4 |editor-last=Clark |editor-first=John Willis |editor-link=John Willis Clark |ref=none |author-link=Robert Willis (engineer)}}

== External links ==
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* {{Official website}}

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P. M. Narendraswamy

2026-04-28T15:03:14Z

JestineLegg9: adding new pg.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''P. M. Narendraswamy''' (born 1963)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Malavalli Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Mandya district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] Party and won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=P M Narendraswamy in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/p-m-narendraswamy-malavalli-candidate-s10a186c004/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Narendraswamy is from [[Malavalli]], Mandya district. His father's name is P. L. Mallanna. He completed his B.E. Civil in 1994 from Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=P.M.Narendraswamy(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MALAVALLI (SC)(MANDYA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=8139 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Narendraswamy won the [[Malavalli Assembly constituency]] representing Indian National Congress in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 106,498 votes and defeated his nearest rival, K. Annadani of [[Janata Dal (Secular)]], by a margin of 46,846 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Malavalli Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: P M Narendraswamy Of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/malavalli-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-7796233.html |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Malavalli Election Result 2023 Live: P M Narendraswamy Wins from INC |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/malavalli-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601904 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He became an MLA for the first time in [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] as an independent candidate winning over Annadani of JD(S) by a margin of 11,919 votes, He went on to win for the second time representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. In 2013 too, he defeated Annadani of JD(S) but by a narrow margin of just 538 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-29 |title=Malavalli assembly constituency |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/malavalli-assembly-constituency/articleshow/99098150.cms |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narendraswamy, P. M.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:People from Mandya district]]

Rathore dynasty

2026-04-27T14:48:03Z

JestineLegg9: adding new post.

{{Short description|North Indian dynasty}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Lead too short|date=June 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox noble house
| surname =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = House of Marwar
| coat of arms = CoA Jodhpur 1893.png
| coat_of_arms_size = 200px
| coat_of_arms_caption = Coat of arms
| image = Flag of Jodhpur.svg
| image_caption = Flag of [[Kingdom of Marwar]]
| type = 
| parent house = [[Gahadavala dynasty]] or [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]]
| country = {{Collapsible list
| title = States ruled by Rathores
| hlist =
| bullets = yes
| 1 = [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]]
| 2 = [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]
| 3 = [[Ratlam State|Ratlam]]
| 4 = [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]
| 5 = [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]]
| 6 = [[Sitamau State|Sitamau]]
| 7 = [[Sailana State|Sailana]]
| 8 = [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]]
| 9 = [[Idar State|Idar]]
|10 = [[Saraikela State|Saraikela]]
|11 = [[Kharsawan State|Kharsawan]]
|12 = [[Jubbal State|Jubbal]]
|13 = [[Vijaynagar State|Vijaynagar]]
|14 = [[Jobat State|Jobat]]
|15 = [[Valasna State|Valasna]]
|16 = [[Malpur State|Malpur]]
}}
| founded = {{start date and age|1226}}
| founder = Rao Siha
| current head = [[Gaj Singh]]
| dissolution =
| final ruler = [[Hanwant Singh]]
| other_families = [[Naubat Khan#Beenkar dynasty|Beenkar family]]
| estate = *[[Mehrangarh]]
*[[Junagarh Fort]]
*[[Roopangarh Fort]]
*[[Umaid Bhawan Palace]]
*[[Lalgarh Palace]]
*[[Jubbal|Jubbal Palace]]
| titles = {{Collapsible list
| title = Traditional titles
| hlist =
| bullets = yes
| 1 = [[Maharaja]] of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]]
| 2 = Maharaja of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]
| 3 = [[Maharaja]] of [[Ratlam State|Ratlam]]
| 4 = [[Raja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]
| 5 = Raja of [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]]
| 6 = Raja of [[Sitamau State|Sitamau]]
| 7 = Raja of [[Sailana State|Sailana]]
| 8 = [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of [[Jobat State|Jobat]]
| 9 = [[Rai (title)|Rao]] of [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]]
|10 = Rao of [[Idar State|Idar]]
|11 =Rao of [[Vijaynagar State|Vijaynagar]]
|12 = Rao of [[Malpur State|Malpur]]
|13 = [[Kunwar (title)|Kunwar]] of [[Saraikela State|Saraikela]]
|14 = [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Kharsawan State|Kharsawan]]
|15 = Thakur of [[Jubbal State|Jubbal]]
|16 = Thakur of [[Valasna State|Valasna]]
|17 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]]
|18 = Subahdar of [[Lahore Subah|Lahore]]
|19 = Subahdar of [[Nagaur]]
}}
| styles =
| deposition =
| cadet branches =
}}The '''Rathore dynasty''' is an Indian dynasty belonging to the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] clan of [[Rajput|Rajputs]] that has historically ruled over parts of [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=Dhananjaya/><ref>{{cite book |author=A. M. Shah |title=The Family in India: Critical Essays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8s0aBdDxEQC&pg=PA112 |year=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1306-8 |pages=112– |access-date=21 June 2024 |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621105646/https://books.google.com/books?id=U8s0aBdDxEQC&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (g) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |access-date=25 March 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225003445/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|Alternative spellings include Rathor.<ref name=":0" />}} The Rathores trace their ancestry from the [[Solar dynasty|Suryavamsha (Solar dynasty)]] and to the [[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rashtrakutas]] and later to the [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gahadavalas]] of [[Kannauj]], migrating to [[Marwar]] region of Rajasthan after the fall of Kannauj.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Bisheshwar |first=Nath |title=Glories of Marwar and the Glorious Rathors |date=1943 |publisher=Indian Press Ltd |location=Allahabad, India |publication-date=1943 |pages= |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Lindsay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3T_NXtwD3jAC&dq=rathore+suryavanshi&pg=PA320 |title=Rajasthan, Delhi e Agra |date=2011 |publisher=EDT srl |isbn=978-88-6040-778-8 |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Lindsay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDnPIkBNfkYC&dq=suryavanshi+rathore&pg=PA21 |title=Rajasthan, Delhi e Agra |last2=Thomas |first2=Amelia |date=2009 |publisher=EDT srl |isbn=978-88-6040-409-1 |language=it}}</ref>

== Coverage ==
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=September 2025|2=section}}
This article discusses the "Kanaujiya" Rathores of [[Marwar]] and lineages, thereof; Norman Ziegler had noted of 12 other similar branches ("shakhas") of Rathores — Sur, Shir, Kapaliya, Kherada, Abhepura, Jevamt, Vagula, Karaha, Parakra, Ahrao, Jalkheda, and Camdel.<ref name=":5">{{Cite thesis|title=Action power and service in Rajasthani culture: a social history of the Rajputs of middle period Rajasthan|publisher=University of Chicago|date=1973|language=en|first=Norman|last=Ziegler}}</ref> Scholarship about those branches are scarce to non-existent.<ref name=":5" />

== Origins ==
=== Rashtrakuta origin===
A section of some historians argue for a [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] origin.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Bose|first=Melia Belli|url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004300569/B9789004300569_005.xml|title=3 A Deceptive Message of Resistance: Nostalgia and the Early Jodha Rathores' Renaissant Devals|date=2015-01-01|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-30056-9|language=en|access-date=30 June 2021|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103062420/https://brill.com/view/book/9789004300569/B9789004300569_005.xml|url-status=live}}</ref> Branches of [[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rashtrakutas]] had migrated to Western Rajasthan as early as the late tenth century. Multiple inscriptions of Rathauras have been located in and around Marwar dating from the tenth to thirteenth century, indicating that the Rathores may have emerged from one of the Rashtrakuta branches.<ref name=":1" />

=== Bardic origins ===
[[Muhnot Nainsi]], employed by the Rathores of Marwar, chronicled [[Nainsi ri Khyat]], a [[bardic]] genealogical history of the Rajputs in western Rajasthan {{circa|1660}}; one of the oldest extant historical records of the region, the ''Khyata'' collated information from existing oral literature, genealogies and administrative sources in a chronological fashion.<ref name=":0" />{{Page number needed|date=September 2021}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Ziegler|first=Norman P.|date=1976|title=The Seventeenth Century Chronicles of Mārvāṛa: A Study in the Evolution and Use of Oral Traditions in Western India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171564|journal=History in Africa|volume=3|pages=127–153|doi=10.2307/3171564|jstor=3171564|s2cid=156943079|issn=0361-5413|access-date=30 June 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709212904/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171564|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":3" />{{Efn|Nainsi's was the Chief Revenue Officer of [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh I]], during the time of compilation and his' is the oldest ''Khyat'' of the region.<ref name=":1" /> Other written sources include the much formal "Marvar Ri Parganam Ri Vigat", compiled by Nainsi.<ref name=":3" /> Both does not record any entry later than 1666, his last year in service.<ref name=":3" />}}{{efn|It may not be assumed that prior to Nainsi, the literary worlds of Thar were barren.<ref name=":5" /> A vast corpus of literature — vamsavalis, bat, and pidhavali — were maintained and transmitted across centuries, prim. in oral forms, by specialists from lowers castes.<ref name=":5" /> Even the relatively newer forms of Khyat or Vigat were probably there for about a century before Nainsi.}} Nainsi had noted of the Rathores to have originated from [[Kannauj]] before migrating to [[Marwar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781139946186|chapter=Mobility, Polity, Territory|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/nomadic-narratives/mobility-polity-territory/97F9991E392DE000D8A66C8CABD2A9CE|access-date=30 June 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183157/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/nomadic-narratives/mobility-polity-territory/97F9991E392DE000D8A66C8CABD2A9CE|url-status=live}}</ref>

British indologist [[V. A. Smith]] theorized that the Rathores and Bundelas are an offshoot of the [[Gahadavala dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=309 |language=en}}</ref> Roma Niyogi considers this claim to be of a later origin.<ref name=GW>{{Cite book|first=Roma|last=Niyogi|title=The hsotory of the Gahadvala dynasty|publisher=Calcutta oriental books|year=1959|pages=30–31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601061533/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Accuracy ====
These bardic claims of descent have been since deemed to be largely ahistorical by Ziegler.<ref name=":1" />{{efn|An inscription in [[Bithoor]] commemorates the death of one Siho in 1273 CE, noting him to be the son of Set Kanwar; there is no mention of any Gahadavala descent.<ref name=":1" /> ''Rao Jaitsi ro Chhand'', a Charan poetry composed about a century earlier in 1535 had started with Salkha as the first of Rathores.<ref name=":0" />}} Ziegler notes the theme of migrations to be common across Rajput genealogies; a construct, borrowed from literary canon of other regions.<ref name=":1" /> Later genealogies of Rathores went as far as to derive origin from Gods of the Hindu pantheon — Indra, Narayana et al.<ref name=":0" />{{efn|"Rathodam Ri Vamsavali", edited out of three undated manuscripts (prob. 18th c.), mentions the earliest ancestor of Rathores to be one Raja Rastevswar, a Suryavanshi Rajput in the Treta Yuga.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last1=Saran|first1=Richard D.|chapter=Rajpūt Social Organization: A Historical Perspective|date=2001|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan: Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462–1660|volume=1|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-89148-085-3|last2=Ziegler|first2=Norman P.|doi=10.3998/mpub.19305|jstor=10.3998/mpub.19305.12}}</ref> He took birth from his father's spine ("ratho") and with the blessings of Rsi Gotam, established a sovereign state from Kannauj.<ref name=":4" /> Even Rama, from the Dyapara Yuga, is noted to be a Rathore!<ref name=":4" />}}

== History ==
=== Early history ===
The first Rathore chieftain was Rao Siha Setramot, grandson of the last [[Gahadavala]] king [[Jayachandra]].<ref name=":0" />{{efn|For context of production (and circulation), see section on history.}} Setramot abdicated the throne of Kanauj to become an ascetic but got embroiled in a royal rivalry and eventually married the daughter of a Gujarati ruler, who birthed him three sons.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Rao Asthan]], the eldest, was raised at [[Patan, Gujarat|Paltan]] after Siha's death (at Kanauj) and he went on to establish the first Rathore polity in [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] (and few adjoining villages), after winning over the local Brahmins by defeating an oppressive king named Kanha Mer.<ref name=":0" /> Other contemporary sources claim the same descent and construct slightly variable narratives about migration from Kanauj: Setramot fled the Ghurid Sultanate to Marwar and established the first Rathore polity.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Saran|first=Richard Davis|title=Conquest and Colonization: Rajputs and Vasis in Middle Period Marvar|date=1978|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> The Bithoor inscription provides the date of Siha's death in 1273 CE and calls him the son of Set Kunwar; however, it does not claim any Gaharwal origin.{{efn|An inscription in [[Bithoor]] commemorates the death of one Siho in 1273 CE, noting him to be the son of Set Kanwar; there is no mention of any Gahadavala descent.<ref name=":1" /> ''Rao Jaitsi ro Chhand'', a Charan poetry composed about a century earlier in 1535 had started with Salkha as the first of Rathores.<ref name=":0" />}}

Under Asthan's regime, and that of his successor-rulers, the Rathore territories significantly expanded courtesy confrontations and diplomatic negotiations with other pastoral groups; the primary base shifted multiple times.<ref name=":0" />{{efn|After Asthan, came in order — Raipal, Kanhadde, Jalhansi, Chhada, Teedo, Salkha, Malo, Chunda, and Rinmal.<ref name=":0" /> A fair share of internecine rivalry was present since Malo's ascension to the throne.<ref name=":0" />}} Marital alliances with any warrior-group operating out of Thar were especially favored and they were welcome to be inducted in the Rathore fold.<ref name=":0" />{{Efn|Ziegler doubts that these rulers (till Raso/Chunda) were extrapolated from popular memory and incorporated into Rathore genealogy; very little exists in the form of historical evidence.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> David Henige also points out that Nainsi accommodates 10 kings within a span of 74 years, which is quite improbable unless plagued with telescoping.<ref name=":0" />}} Multiple new Rathore branches seem to have split out in these spans.<ref name=":4" />{{Efn|All of these branches — Sindhal, Uhar, Petar, Mulu etc. — reigned over different areas of Marwar.<ref name=":4" />}}

The precise accuracy of events which allegedly occurred across these spans is questionable and may not be relied upon except for a generic reconstruction.

=== Sovereignty ===
[[File:Kingdom of Marwar 1539.png|thumb|map of the [[Kingdom of Marwar]] in 1539]]
[[Chunda of Mandore|Chunda]], who was ninth in descent from Asthan, married a Pratihara princess and was gifted the territory of [[Mandore]] as a dowry by the [[Pratihara (clan)|Pratihara]] clan. In return Chunda promised to defend Mandore against the [[Tughlaq Empire]].<ref name=DQ>{{Cite book|first=Melia|last=Belli|title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput funerary arts|publisher=Brill|year=2005|pages=142|isbn=9789004300569|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&dq=rao+chunda+of+mandore&pg=PA142|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=21 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621105623/https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&dq=rao+chunda+of+mandore&pg=PA142#v=onepage&q=rao%20chunda%20of%20mandore&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Mandore thus became the new capital of the Rathore clan, c. 1400.<ref name=":0" />{{Page number needed|date=September 2021}} This prompted a significant sociopolitical shift: the hitherto nomadic lifestyle frequented with cattle raids etc. would gradually give way to landed aristocracy.<ref name=":0" />{{Efn|The earlier periods are referred to in Rajput histories as period of "Vikhau". Contemporary anxieties of caste-pollution and unstable hierarchy are projected back onto these spans.}} His son [[Ranmal]] was assassinated in 1438; Marwar was annexed by Sisodias whilst other parts were captured by Delhi Sultanate.<ref name=":0" />{{Efn|Ziegler notes that the chronicles become reasonably reliable since mid-fifteenth century and is supported by epigraphical evidence.<ref name=":1" /> There is a strong probability that Nainsi copied off some parts from much older sources without attribution.<ref name=":3" /> However, Nainsi did add anachronistic elements to his narratives.<ref name=":3" /> }}

In 1453, [[Jodha of Mandore|Rao Jodha]] regained Marwar, and expanded his territories by entering into multiple alliances with fellow Rajputs; the Jodha line was established with his consecration of a new capital at Jodhpur. Rao Jodha was successful in annexing several territories from the Delhi Sultanate, due to which the Rathores of Marwar became the most powerful kingdom in Rajputana during his reign.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Tanuja|last=Kothiyal|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107080317|pages=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|access-date=20 April 2022|archive-date=21 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621105647/https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Among his sons, Rao Bika found a new state in Bikaner in 1465; he and his successors would go on to expand territories therefrom, adopting similar tactics.<ref name=":0" /> This Bikawat branch became the new bearer of Rathore legacy, even bringing Gahdavala-time emblems and heirlooms from Marwar.<ref name=":0" /> Another of Jodha's sons Rao Varsingh found a new state at Merto in 1462, establishing the Mertiyo branch.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Saran|first1=Richard D.|chapter=Succession Lists of the Major Rajpūt Ruling Families of Middle Period Rājasthān|date=2001|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan: Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462–1660|volume=1|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-89148-085-3|last2=Ziegler|first2=Norman P.|doi=10.3998/mpub.19305|jstor=10.3998/mpub.19305.13}}</ref>

[[Maldev Rathore|Rao Maldeo]]'s regime (1532-1562) harbored another significant shift from clannish rule to monarchy; Malde forced his distant relatives, who conquered new territories, to submit to him or else be deprived of gains.<ref name=":0" /> Bikaner was raided, too.<ref name=":0" /> Large palaces were constructed and fortifications were committed to, in what signaled the effective end of pastoral lifestyle.<ref name=":0" /> By mid-sixteenth century, the Rathors had a firm hold over entire Rajasthan.<ref name=":0" />

All these while, multiple matrimonial and military alliances with local Islamic kingdoms; the [[Delhi Sultanate]] have been noted; Hindu-Muslim relations were largely fraternal.<ref name=":5" />{{Efn|At the same time, desecration of temples, and forced conversions have been noted. Some fled Marwar to avoid Muslim subjugation.}}

=== Mughal period ===
[[File:Young Jodh bai with Jahangir.jpg|thumb|[[Jagat Gosain]] (left) a Rathore Princess and her husband [[Jahangir]] (right). She was the mother of [[Shah Jahan]].]]
The situations deteriorated once [[Akbar]] was ordained as the Mughal Emperor, and rao Maldeo died. His son rao [[Chandrasen Rathore]] defended his kingdom for nearly two decades against relentless attacks from the Mughal Empire.<ref name=":0" /> The Jodhawat Rathores lost much of their territory rapidly and were effectively subsumed.<ref name=":0" /> The Bikawat Rathores entered into friendly relations with the [[Mughals]], led their armies, and were extensively patronaged to the extent of being allowed to control the Jodhpur Fort.<ref name=":0" /> In 1583, Uday Singh finally accepted Mughal suzerainty and in return, was granted part of a Pargana in Jodhpur; this would enable the Jodhawat Rathores to become all-weather allies of the Mughals though punctuated with discords.<ref name=":0" />

This span of cohabitation led to the introduction of strict endogamy into Rathore folds and hypergamy with Mughals.<ref name=":0" /> It was also under the Mughals, that bardic genealogies were crafted to present themselves as worthy appointees of the Mughals and distinguish themselves from other "once-fraternal" communities, thereby staking a claim to power irrespective of temporal situations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Saran|first1=Richard D.|chapter=Introduction to Translations|date=2001|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan: Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462–1660|volume=1|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-89148-085-3|last2=Ziegler|first2=Norman P.|doi=10.3998/mpub.19305|jstor=10.3998/mpub.19305.9}}</ref> Also, by this time, the nomadic memories were better suppressed and the Rathores had themselves rebranded as the elite "protectors" of local cattle-rearers; in a couple of centuries, figures from early Rathore polity would be deified.<ref name=":0" />

Many scions of the Rathore clan were able to establish their own kingdoms during the Mughal reign. Barbara Ramusack notes how a 23-year-old Ratan Singh Rathore, who was from a younger branch of the Jodhpur ruling family, was able to rise in rank by fighting against a mad elephant in Delhi. Shah Jahan was so impressed by his valour that he enlisted Ratan Singh in his army. Ratan Singh was able to rise to a rank of 3,000, received the [[Mahi Maratib|Mahi-Maratib]] and [[Jagir|Jagirs]] in Malwa, where he founded his own kingdom in Ratlam. The dynasty started by Ratan Singh would further breakaway and form the kingdoms of Sailana and Sitamau.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Princes and their States|first=Barbara N.|last=Ramusack|date=18 April 2023|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&dq=ratan+singh+Norbert+Peabody&pg=PA16|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=16|isbn=9781139449083|access-date=2020-09-14|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408015059/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA16&dq=ratan+singh+Norbert+Peabody|url-status=live}}</ref>

During [[Aurangzeb]]'s reign major rebellions would break out resulting in a 30 year war between the Mughals and the Rathores. The rebellion would continue until [[Bahadur Shah I]]'s reign. [[Durgadas Rathore]] played an instrumental role in protecting the Rathore dynasty of Jodhpur during this war.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Rima |last=Hooja |title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa |year=2006 |pages=595–610 |isbn=9788129115010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJq}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Jadunath |last=Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1994 |pages=148–149 |isbn=9788125003335 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=history+of+jaipur+sarkar |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405154821/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=history+of+jaipur+sarkar |url-status=live }}</ref>

===British period===
The Rathore ruler of Jodhpur, [[Man Singh of Marwar|Man Singh]], initially refused to form treaties with the British. However in 1805-1806 he approached the British for military advice and paid the British to protect his state against the predatory actions of the [[Marathas]] and [[Pindaris]]. By 1816 the British changed this treaty and expelled all foreign influence in Jodhpur, they also started arbitrating in state matters. By 1818 the alliance was cemented and in 1832 the Rajputana agency was formed.<ref name=":0" /> Man Singh was not always cordial with the British during this time, in 1829 Man Singh gave shelter to [[Mudhoji II Bhonsle]] and antagonized the British. Mudhoji was zealously protected by Man Singh and lived his remaining life in Jodhpur till his death in 1840.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa Publication|pages=833}}</ref> Man Singh was finally caught with evidence, when his spy Dhumdas was arrested by the British. Man Singh was using ascetics as spies and messengers. The letters proved that Man Singh was part of an "anti-British cabal" which included Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab, Dost Muhammad, King of Afghanistan and the Russians. In September 1839 the British sent an army and captured Jodhpur. Man Singh chose to relinquish his throne and became an ascetic to avoid war. The exiled maharaja of Jodhpur died on 5 September 1843 due to poor health.<ref name=DS>{{cite book |title=The House of Marwar|author=Dhananajaya Singh|publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books|year=1994|page=117-119|quote=Ascetics from all over India who flocked to Maan Singh drawn by tales of his generosity. It is save to assume, and the worried British certainly did, that many of these fakirs were spies and messengers. Most interesting of this traffic in subterfuge are letters to and from Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the lion of Punjab. The Sikh had a healthy respect for the Rathore as his letters reveal....Part of a bigger larger anti-British cabal....King of Afghanistan and the Russians....Jodhpur's master-spy Dhumdas, however was arrested in 1838...Ranjit Singh died in 1839. In September of the same year....the company's force marched on and occupied Jodhpur....Maan Singh left Mehrangarh, donned the garb of a mendicant and renounced material life. Weak and ill, he died on 5 September 1843}}</ref> The 1857 rebellion sparked uprisings amongst several Rajput chieftains of the Rathore clan in Jodhpur State. Prominent amongst them was [[Kushal Singh of Auwa]]. After several failed attempts by the British, the rebellion was quelled by the British army under the command of Brigadier Holmes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ|title=A History of Rajasthan|date=2006|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0890-6|pages=836–837|language=en|access-date=17 May 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134542/https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the 20th century the lower castes in India tried to uplift their social standing by adopting surnames of other castes. The Rajput clan name "[[Rathore (surname)|Rathore]]" was adopted as a surname by the [[Teli]] community in 1931, who started calling themselves Vaishyas Rathore for caste upliftment.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R84n-Wv1S-8C&pg=PA88|title=Community Dominance and Political Modernisation: The Lingayats|first=Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda|last=Patil|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=88|year=2002|isbn=8170998670|access-date=2020-08-28|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=R84n-Wv1S-8C&pg=PA88|url-status=live}}</ref> During the same period of [[British Raj]], the [[Banjara|Banjaras]] began styling themselves as Chauhan and Rathor Rajputs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rath|first=Saroj Kumar|title=India as a Model for Global Development|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2018|editor-last=Masaeli|editor-first=Mahmoud|pages=91|chapter=Satyagraha and Social Justice in India|isbn=9781527518568|editor-last2=Prabhakar|editor-first2=Monica|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_N0DwAAQBAJ&dq=Banjaras+rathor+rajputs&pg=PA91|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407152604/https://books.google.com/books?id=M_N0DwAAQBAJ&dq=Banjaras+rathor+rajputs&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Princely states==
[[File:Rathore Dynasty Map.jpg|thumb|550x550px|Dominions under the Rathore dynasty. ({{legend0|#0000FF|before 1600}}; {{legend0|#00BFFF|before 1700}}; {{legend0|#87CEEB|after 1700}}){{cn|date=January 2026}}]]

===Gun-salute states===
The various cadet branches of the Rathore clan gradually spread to encompass all of Marwar and later founded states in Central India and Gujarat. The Marwar Royal family is considered the head house of Rathores. At the time of India's independence in 1947, nine states were considered important enough to receive gun salutes and had a total area of 60,000 sq. miles, which was merged to India.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC&pg=PA179 Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621105401/https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC&pg=PA179#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=21 June 2024 }} by Tony McClenaghan, pg 179</ref><ref name=Dhananjaya>{{cite book |title=The House of Marwar|author=Dhananajaya Singh|publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books|year=1994|page=13|quote=He was the head of the Rathore clan of Rajputs, a clan which besides Jodhpur had ruled over Bikaner, Kishengarh, Idar, Jhabhua, Sitamau, Sailana, Alirajpur and Ratlam, all States important enough to merit gun salutes in the British system of protocol. These nine Rathore States collectively brought to India territory not less than 60,000 square miles in area.}}</ref>

*[[Jodhpur State]] (Marwar) in present-day Rajasthan, founded in 1226 by Rao Siha.
*[[Bikaner State]] in present-day Rajasthan, founded in 1465 by [[Rao Bika]] (son of [[Rao Jodha]]).
*[[Kishangarh State]] in present-day Rajasthan, founded in 1611 by Maharaja [[Kishan Singh of Kishangarh|Kishan Singh]].
*[[Ratlam State]] in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1651 by Maharaja Ratan Singh.
*[[Jhabua State]] in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1584 by Raja Keshav Das.
*[[Sitamau State]] in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded 1701 by Raja Kesho Das.
*[[Sailana State]] in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1730 by Raja Jai Singh.
*[[Alirajpur State]] in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1437 by Raja Anand Deo.
*[[Idar State]] in present-day Gujarat, founded in 1257 by [[Rao Sonag]], reconquered in 1729 by Rao Anand Singh.

===Non-salute states===
Non-salute States who claimed Rathore ancestry included{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}:

*[[Jobat State]] in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1437 by Raja Anand Deo.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}
* [[Jubbal State]] in present-day Himachal Pradesh founded in by the 12th century by Rana Karam Chand{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*Malpur State in present-day Gujarat , founded in 1466,{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Vijaynagar State|Vijaynagar (Pol) State]] in present-day Gujarat, founded in 1577{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Valasna State|Valasana State]] in present-day Gujarat{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}
* [[Saraikela State]] in present-day Jharkhand, founded in 1620 by Raja Bikram Singh.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V22_089.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 22, page 83 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=11 July 2012}}</ref>
* [[Kharsawan State]] in present-day Jharkhand, founded in 1650{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Rulers ==
[[File:1931 Boundaries of States in Rajputana.png|thumb|450x450px|Map of the [[Rajputana Agency]] ]]

=== Main Branch in Marwar ===
{{See also|Kingdom of Marwar}}

==== Rulers: 1226–1438 ====
(From Pali and [[Mandore]])<ref name="India p.413">India: The Peacock's Call by Aline Dobbie p.41</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Name
!Reign began
!Reign ended
|-
!1
|Rao Siha
|1226
|1273
|-
!2
|[[Rao Asthan]]
|1273
|1292
|-
!3
|[[Rao Doohad]]
|1292
|1309
|-
!4
|Rao Raipal
|1309
|1313
|-
!5
|Rao Kanhapal
|1313
|1323
|-
!6
|Rao Jalansi
|1323
|1328
|-
!7
|Rao Chaddo
|1328
|1344
|-
!8
|Rao Tida
|1344
|1357
|-
!
|Rao Kanhadev
|1357
|1374
|-
!
|Rao Salkha
|1374
|?
|-
!9
|Rao Vikramdev
| ?
|1383
|-
!11
|[[Chunda of Mandore|Rao Chunda]]
|1383
|1428
|-
!12
|Rao Kanha
|1428
|1428
|-
!13
|Rao [[Ranmal]]
|1428
|1438
|-
|}

==== Rulers: 1438–1949 ====
(From [[Jodhpur]])<ref>Niyogi, Roma (1959). The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty.pg -30 Oriental. OCLC 5386449</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Name
!Reign began
!Reign ended
|-
!1
|Rao [[Jodha of Mandore|Jodha]]
|12 May 1438
|6 April 1489
|-
!2
|Rao [[Satal Rathore of Marwar|Satal]]
|6 April 1489
|13 March 1492
|-
!3
|Rao [[Suja Rathore of Marwar|Suja]]
|13 March 1492
|2 October 1515
|-
!4
|Rao [[Biram Singh Rathore of Marwar|Biram Singh]]
|2 October 1515
|8 November 1515
|-
!5
|Rao [[Ganga Rathore of Marwar|Ganga]]
|8 November 1515
|9 May 1532
|-
!6
|[[Maldeo Rathore|Rao Maldeo]]
|9 May 1532
|7 November 1562
|-
!7
|[[Rao Chandra Sen]]
|7 November 1562
|11 January 1581
|-
!8
|[[Udai Singh of Marwar|Raja Udai Singh]] ''Mota Raja''
|4 August 1583
|11 July 1595
|-
!9
|[[Sur Singh|Sawai Raja Suraj Mal]]
|11 July 1595
|7 September 1619
|-
!10
|[[Gaj Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Gaj Singh I]]
|7 September 1619
|6 May 1638
|-
!11
|[[Maharaja Jaswant Singh]]
|6 May 1638
|28 December 1678
|-
!12
|[[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Ajit Singh]]
|19 February 1679
|24 June 1724
|-
!13
|Raja Indra Singh
|9 June 1679
|4 August 1679
|-
!14
|[[Abhai Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Abhai Singh]]
|24 June 1724
|18 June 1749
|-
!15
|[[Ram Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Ram Singh]]
|18 June 1749
|July 1751
|-
!16
|[[Bakht Singh (Maharaja)|Maharaja Bakht Singh]]
|July 1751
|21 September 1752
|-
!17
|[[Vijay Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Vijay Singh]]
|21 September 1752
|31 January 1753
|-
!18
|[[Ram Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Ram Singh]]
|31 January 1753
|September 1772
|-
!19
|[[Vijay Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Vijay Singh]]
|September 1772
|17 July 1793
|-
!20
|[[Bhim Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Bhim Singh]]
|17 July 1793
|19 October 1803
|-
!21
|[[Man Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Man Singh]]
|19 October 1803
|4 September 1843
|-
!22
|[[Takht Singh|Maharaja Sir Takht Singh]]
|4 September 1843
|13 February 1873
|-
!23
|[[Jaswant Singh II|Maharaja Sir Jaswant Singh II]]
|13 February 1873
|11 October 1895
|-
!24
|[[Sardar Singh of Jodhpur|Maharaja Sir Sardar Singh]]
|11 October 1895
|20 March 1911
|-
!25
|[[Sumer Singh of Jodhpur|Maharaja Sir Sumer Singh]]
|20 March 1911
|3 October 1918
|-
!26
|[[Umaid Singh|Maharaja Sir Umaid Singh]]
|3 October 1918
|9 June 1947
|-
!27
|[[Hanwant Singh|Maharaja Sir Hanwant Singh]]
|9 June 1947
|7 April 1949
|-
!28
|[[Gaj Singh II|(titular) Maharaja Gaj Singh II of Jodhpur]]
|26 January 1952
|Present
|}

=== Bikaner Branch ===
{{See also|Bikaner State}}
* 1465 – 1504: Rao [[Rao Bika|Bika]]
* 1504 – 1505: Rao Nar Singh
* 1505 – 1526: Rao [[Lunkaran]]
* 1526 – 1542: Rao Jait Singh
* 1542 – 1571: Rao Kalyan Mal
* 1571 – 1612: Rao / [[Raja Rai Singh]]
* 1612 – 1613: Raja Dalpat
* 1613 – 1631: Raja Sur Singh
* 1631 – 1667: Raja Karan Singh
* 1667 – 1669: Interregnum

* 1669 – 1698 Maharaja [[Anup Singh of Bikaner|Anup Singh]]
* 19 Jun 1698 – 15 December 1700: Maharaja Swarup Singh (b. 1689 – d. 1700)
* 15 Dec 1700 – 16 December 1735: Maharaja Sujan Singh (b. 1690 – d. 1735)
* 16 Dec 1735 – 15 May 1746: Maharaja [[Zorawar Singh of Bikaner|Zorawar Singh]] (b. 1713 – d. 1746)
* 15 May 1746 – 25 March 1787: Maharaja [[Gaj Singh of Bikaner|Gaj Singh]] (b. 1723 – d. 1787)
* 25 Mar 1787 – 25 April 1787: Maharaja Raj Singh (b. 1744 – d. 1787)
* 25 Apr 1787 – 9 October 1787: Maharaja Pratap Singh (b. 1781 – d. 1787)
* 25 Apr 1787 – 25 March 1828: Maharaja [[Surat Singh of Bikaner|Surat Singh]] (Regent to 9 October 1787) (b. 1766 – d. 1828)
* 25 Mar 1828 – 7 August 1851: Maharajadhiraj Shri Narendra Shiromani Maharaja [[Ratan Singh of Bikaner|Ratan Singh]] (b. 1790 – d. 1851)
* 7 August 1851 – 16 May 1872: Maharajadhiraj Shri Narendra Shiromani Maharaja [[Sardar Singh of Bikaner|Sardar Singh]] (b. 1818 – d. 1872)
* 16 May 1872 – 19 August 1887: HH Shri Maharajadhiraj Narendra Shiromani Maharaja Sir [[Dungar Singh of Bikaner|Dungar Singh]] (b. 1854 – d. 1887)
* 19 Aug 1887 – 2 February 1943: HH Shri Maharajadhiraj Narendra Shiromani Maharaja Sir [[Ganga Singh]] Bahadur (b. 1880 – d. 1943) (from 24 July 1901, Sir Ganga Singh)
* 19 Aug 1887 – 16 December 1898: the British [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political Agents]]-[[Regent]]
* 2 February 1943 – 15 August 1950: HH Shri Maharajadhiraj Narendra Shiromani Maharaja Sir [[Sadul Singh of Bikaner|Sadul Singh]] (b. 1902 – d. 1950) (since 1 January 1946, he was addressed as Sir Sadul Singh)

=== Kishangarh Branch ===
{{See also|Kishangarh State}}
* 1611 – 1615: Raja [[Kishan Singh of Kishangarh|Kishan Singh]]
* 1615 – 1618: Raja Sahas Mal
* 1617 – 1629: Raja Jag Mal
* 1629 – 1643: Raja Hari Singh
* 1643 – 1658: Raja Roop Singh
* Jun 1658 – Oct 1706: Raja Man Singh (b. 1655 – d. 1706)
* Oct 1706 – Apr 1748: Raja Raj Singh (b. 1674 – d. 1748)
* 1748 – 1781: Raja Bahadur Singh (d. 1781)
* 1748 – 21 August 1765: Raja Sawant Singh (b. 1699 – d. 1765) (in opposition to 1756; from 1756 raja of Roopnagar)
* 21 August 1765 – 16 May 1768: Raja Sardar Singh (b. 1730 – d. 1768) (Raja of Roopnagar; regent for Raja Sawant Singh 1756–65)
* 1781 – 22 Nov 1788: Raja Birad Singh (b. 1737 – d. 1788)
* 22 November 1788 – 5 March 1798: Raja Pratap Singh (b. 1763 – d. 1798)
* 5 March 1798 – 22 May 1839: Maharaja [[Kalyan Singh (ruler)|Kalyan Singh]] (b. 1794 – d. 1839)
* 22 May 1839 – 31 August 1841: Maharaja [[Mohkam Singh (ruler)|Mohkam Singh]] (b. 1817 – d. 1841)
* 31 August 1841 – 25 December 1879: HH Umda-e-Raja-e-Buland Makan Diwan Maharaja Shri [[Prithwi Singh|Prithvi Singh]] Bahadur (b. 1838 – d. 1879)
* 25 December 1879 – 18 August 1900: HH Umda-e-Raja-e-Buland Makan Diwan Maharaja Shri Sir [[Sardul Singh|Sadul Singh]] Bahadur (b. 1857 – d. 1900) (from 1 January 1892, Sir [[Sardul Singh]])
* 18 August 1900 – 25 September 1926: Lieutenant-Colonel HH Umda-e-Raja-e-Buland Makan Diwan Maharaja Shri Sir [[Madan Singh (ruler)|Madan Singh]] Bahadur (b. 1884 – d. 1926) (from 1 January 1909, Sir [[Madan Singh (ruler)|Madan Singh]])
* 25 September 1926 – 3 February 1939: HH Umda-e-Raja-e-Buland Makan Diwan Maharaja Shri [[Yagya Narayan Singh]] Bahadur (b. 1896 – d. 1939)
* 3 February 1939 – 15 August 1947: HH Umda-e-Raja-e-Buland Makan Diwan Maharaja Shri [[Sumer Singh (ruler)|Sumer Singh]] Bahadur (b. 1929 – d. 1971)

=== Ratlam Branch ===
{{See also|Ratlam State}}
[[File:Map of Sailana and Ratlam States.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Map of [[Sailana State|Sailana]] and [[Ratlam]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Date of Reign
|-
|[[Ratan Singh Rathore|Ratan Singh]] (d.1658)
|1648–1658
|-
|Ram Singh
|1658–1682
|-
|Keshodas
|1682–1701
|-
|Chhatrasal (d. 1712)
|1705–1709
|-
|Keshri Singh
|1709 – Feb 1716
|-
|Pratap Singh
|Feb 1716–1716
|-
|Man Singh
|1716–1743
|-
|Prithvi Singh
|1743–1773
|-
|Padam Singh
|1773–1800
|-
|Parbat Singh
|1800–1825
|-
|Balwant Singh
|1825–29 Aug 1857
|-
|Borthwick
|1825–c.1832
|-
|Bhairon Singh
|29 August 1857 – 27 January 1864
|-
|Ranjit Singh
|27 January 1864 – 20 January 1893
|-
|Regency
|27 January 1893 – 15 December 1898
|-
|[[Sajjan Singh of Ratlam|Sajjan Singh]]
|20 January 1893 – 1 January 1921
|-
|[[Sajjan Singh of Ratlam|Sajjan Singh]] (s.a.)
|1 January 1893 – 3 February 1947
|-
|Lokendra Singh (b. 1927 – d. 1991)
|3 February 1947 – 15 August 1947
|}

=== Jhabua Branch ===
{{See also|Jhabua State}}
[[File:Central India Agency Map.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Map of the [[Central India Agency]] ]]
{|
|1584 – 1607
|Raja Keshav Das
|-
|1607 – 1610
|Raja Karan Singh
|-
|1610 – 1677
|Raja Maha Singh
|-
|1677 – 1723
|Raja Kushal Singh
|-
|1723 – 1727
|Raja Anup Singh
|-
|1727 – 1758
|Raja Sheo Singh
|(d. 1758)
|-
|1758 – 1770
|Raja Bahadur Singh
|-
|1770 – 1821
|Raja Bhim Singh
|(d. 1829)
|-
|1821 – 1832
|Raja Pratap Singh
|(d. 1832)
|-
|1832 – 1840
|Raja Ratan Singh
|(d. 1840)
|-
|Nov 1841 – 1895
|HH Raja Sir [[Gopal Singh of Jhabua|Gopal Singh]]
|(b. 1841 – d. 1895)
|-
|26 Apr 1895 – 1942
|HH Raja Sir [[Udai Singh of Jhabua|Udai Singh]]
|(b. 1875 – d. af.1945)
|-
|1942 – 15 Aug 1947
|HH Raja Sir [[Dileep Singh of Jhabua|Dilip Singh]]
|(b. 1905 – d. 1965)
|}

=== Sitamau Branch ===
{{See also|Sitamau State}}
* 1701 – 1748 Raja Keshav Das
* 1748 – 1752 Raja Gaj Singh
* 1752 – 1802 Raja Fateh Singh
* 1802 – 1867 Raja Raj Singh (d. 1867),
* 1867 – 28 May 1885 Raja Bhawani Singh (b. 1836 – d. 1885)
* 8 Dec 1885 – 1899 Raja Bahadur Singh
* 1899 – 9 May 1900 Raja Shardul Singh
* 11 May 1900 – 15 August 1947 HH Raja [[Ram Singh of Sitamau|Ram Singh]] (b. 1880 – d. 1967) (from 11 December 1911, Sir Raja [[Ram Singh of Sitamau|Ram Singh]] )<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Princely States K–Z |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=worldstatesmen.org}}</ref>

=== Sailana Branch ===
{{See also|Sailana State}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Year
|-
|Raja Jai Singh
|1736–1757
|-
|Raja Jaswant Singh I
|1757–1772
|-
|Raja Ajab Singh
|1772–1782
|-
|Raja Mokham Singh
|1782–1797
|-
|Raja Lakshman Singh
|1797–1826
|-
|Raja Ratan Singh
|1826–1827
|-
|Raja Nahar Singh
|1827–1841
|-
|Raja Takhat Singh
|1841–1850
|-
|Rajmata Nath Kanwarji (regent)
|1850–1859
|-
|Raja Duleh Singh
|1850–1895
|-
|HH Maharaja Sir[[Jashwant Singh II]]
|1895–1919
|-
|HH Maharaja Sir [[Dileep Singh]]
|1919 – 1948 (1948 – 1961 titular)
|-
|Maharaja Digvijay Singh (titular)
|1961–1990
|-
|Maharaja Vikram Singh (titular)
|1990 – present
|}

=== Alirajpur Branch ===
{{See also|Alirajpur State}}
* 1437–1440: Anand Deo (d. 1440)
* 1440–....: Pratap Deo
* .... - .... Chanchal Deo
* .... - .... Gugal Deo
* .... - .... Bachchharaj Deo
* .... - .... Dip Deo
* .... - .... Pahad Deo I
* .... - .... Udai Deo
* .... - 1765 Pahad Deo II (d. 1765)
* 1765 - 1818 Pratap Singh I (d. 1818)
* 1818 Musafir Makrani
* 1818 - 17 Mar 1862 [[Jaswant Singh of Alirajpur|Jashwant Singh]] (usurper) (b. 1818 - d. 1862)
* 1818 - 1839 Musafir Makrani -Manager
* 1862 - 1869 [[Ganga Deo]] (b. c.1845 - d. 1871)
* 1871 - 29 Oct 1881 [[Rup Deo]] (b. 1847 - d. 1881)
* 1869 - 1873 Muhammad Najaf Khan -Superintendent
* Shamsuddin Makrani Superintendent of Police alirajpur State
* 1881 - 16 Aug 1890 [[Bijai Singh of Alirajpur|Bijai Singh]] (b. 1881 - d. 1890)
* 16 Aug 1890 – 14 Feb 1891 Interregnum
* 14 Feb 1891 - 1911 [[Pratap Singh II of Alirajpur|Pratap Singh II]] (b. 1881 - d. af. 1950) (installed Mar 1892)

* 1911 - 1941 [[Pratap Singh II of Alirajpur|Pratap Singh II]] (s.a.) (from 3 Jun 1933, Sir Pratap Singh II)(personal style of Maharaja from 1941)
* 1941 - 23 Oct 1941 [[Fateh Singh of Alirajpur|Fateh Singh]] (b. 1904 - d. 1941)
* 23 Oct 1941 – 15 Aug 1947 Surendra Singh (b. 1923 - d. 1996)
* 23 Oct 1941 – 15 Aug 1947 Sir Pratap Singh -Regent (s.a.)

=== Saraikela Branch ===
{{See also|Saraikela State}}
[[File:Singhbum-Sairakela-Kharsawan.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Map of [[Saraikela State|Sairakela]] and [[Kharsawan State|Kharsawan]]]]
* 1620 – 1677 Bikram Singh I
* 1677 – 1728 Nru Singh
* 1728 – 1743 Satrughan Singh
* 1743 – 1818 Abhiram Singh
* 1818 – 1823 Bikram Singh II
* 1823 – 1837 Ajamber Singh
* 1837 – 1883 Chakradhar Singh
* 25 Nov 1883 – Nov 1884 Udit Narayan Singh (b. 1849 – d. 1931)

* Nov 1884 – 9 December 1931 Udit Narayan Singh (s.a.)
* 9 December 1931 – 15 August 1947 Aditya Pratap Singh (b. 1887 – d. 1969)

=== Kharsawan Branch ===
{{See also|Saraikela State}}

* 1857 – 1863 Gangaram Singh Deo (b. 1836 – d. 18..) (personal style Raja from 1860)
* 1863 – 18.. Ram Narain Singh
* 18.. – 2 March 1884 Raghunath Singh Deo (b. 1841 – d. 1884)
* 2 March 1884 – 6 February 1902 Mahendra Narayan Singh Deo (b. 1869 – d. 19..)
* 6 February 1902 – 1917 Siram Chandra Singh Deo (b. 1892 – d. 19..)

=== Jubbal Branch ===
{{See also|Jubbal State}}
[[File:Rajput states in Himachal Pradesh.svg|thumb|408x408px|Princely states in [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jubbal State|Jubbal]] in dark green]]
* .... - 1803 : Purana Chandra
* 1815 - 1832 : Purana Chandra (''return to power'')
* 1840 : Purana Chandra (''3rd time'')
* 1840 - 1877 : Rubin Kazan Chandra
* 1877 - 1898 : Padma Chandra (b. ... - d. 1898)
* 1898 - 29 Apr 1910 : Gyan Chandra (b. ... - d. 1910)

=== Vijaynagar (Pol) Branch ===
{{See also|Vijaynagar State}}

* .... – 1720 Chandrasinhji (d. 1720)
* 1720 – 1728 Kesarisinhji
* 1728 – .... Kasansinhji
* .... – .... Makansinhji
* .... – .... Hathisinhji
* .... – .... Madhavsinhji
* .... – .... Ajabsinhji
* .... – .... Bhupatsinhji I
* .... – .... Bhavansinhji
* .... – .... Surajsinhji
* .... – .... Vajesinhji
* .... – .... Ratansinhji
* .... – .... Abheysinhji
* .... – .... Kiratsinhji
* .... – .... Laxmansinhji
* .... – .... Bharatsinhji
* .... – .... Amarsinhji
* .... – 1852 Anandsinhji
* 1852 – 1859 Pahadsinhji Gulabsinhji (b. 1839 – d. 1859)
* 1859 – 1864 Navalsinhji (d. 1864)
* 23 Nov 1864 – 24 October 1889 Hamirsinhji I Gulabsinhji (b. 1840 – d. 1889)
* 24 Oct 1889 – 1905 Prithisinhji Hamirsinhji (b. 1872 – d. 1905)
* Feb 1906 – 1913 Bhupatsinhji II Hamirsinhji (b. 1885 – d. 1913)
* 1913 – 17 November 1914 Mohabatsinhji Bhupatsinhji (b. 1883 – d. 1914)
* 17 Nov 1914 – 1947 Hamirsinhji II Hindupatsinhji (b. 1902/4 – d. 1986)
* 17 Nov 1914 – 1924 .... -Regent

=== Jobat Branch ===
{{See also|Jobat State}}

* Rana Bahhram Dev
* Rana Keshavdas Dev
* Rana Loonkaran Dev
* 1864 – 1874 Ranjit Singh
* 1874 – 1897 Sarup Singh
* 1897 – Mar 1916 Indrajit Singh
* 18 Jun 1917 – 15 Aug 1947 Bhim Singh (b. 1915)
[[File:Mahi Kantha Agency during British India 1820-1933 with States and Thanas.svg|center|thumb|750x750px|Map of the [[Mahi Kantha Agency]]]]

=== Valasna State ===
{{See also|Valasna State}}

* 1812 - .... Nathu Singh
* c.1880 Man Singh (b. 1850 - d. ....)
* .... - 1926 Hamir Singh (b. 1881 - d. 1926)
* 1926 - 1947 Shiv Singh (b. 1910).
* Thakore Sahib Shri Badrinarayansinh
* Kunwar Sahib Shri Satyanarayansinh Rathore

=== Malpur State ===
{{See also|Malpur State}}

* 1780–1796 Indrasinhji
* 1796 Jamalsinhji (d. 1796)
* 1796–1816 Takhtsinhji Jamalsinhji
* 1816 –1822 Shivsinhji I
* 1822–1843 .... -Manager
* 1843–18.. Dipsinhji I (b. 1822 – d. 18..)
* 1875–1882 Shivsinhji II Khumansinhji (1841–1882)
* 12 Apr 1882 – 1914 Dipsinhji II (1863–1914)
* 1914–1923 Jaswatsinhji Dipsinhji (1886–1923)
* 23 Jun 1923 – 1947 Gambhirsinhji Himmatsinhji (1914–1969)
* 23 Jun 1923 – 1935 .... -Manager
* 11 May 1969 Gambhirsinhji Himmatsinhji (died)
* Present Chief of the Ruling Family and Maha Raolji – Saheb Shri Krishnasinhji (b. 1954)

=== Idar State ===
{{See also|Idar State}}
[[File:Idar State Royal Family Tree 1900.jpg|center|frameless|450x450px]]

== Subclans ==
The Rathore dynasty has several notable subclans, which are branches or offshoots of the main lineage. These subclans were typically formed by prominent members of the dynasty, often as a result of territorial expansion or the establishment of new kingdoms. Some of the most recognised subclans are as follows:

Jodha, [[Vadhel]], [[Jaitawat]], Kumpawat, Champawat, Mertiya, Bikawat, Udawat & Karamsot,Raikwar{{not in source given|date=March 2026}} are some of the branches or subclans of [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore Rajputs]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |first=Tanuja |last=Kothiyal |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016 |page=105 |isbn=978-1-10708-031-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |access-date=14 December 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621105622/https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6" />

== Gallery of Rulers ==

=== Marwar ===
<gallery>
File:H0900-L185162829.jpg|[[Maldeo Rathore]]
File:Rao Chandrasen.jpg|[[Chandrasen Rathore]]
File:Raja Udai Singh of Jodhpur (1538-1595).jpg|[[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh]]
File:Maharaja Jaswant Singh in old age.jpg|[[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh I]]
File:Durga Das before Maharaja Ajit Singh of Marwar.jpg|[[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]]
File:A portrait of Maharaja Abhai Singh of Jodhpur.jpg|[[Abhai Singh of Marwar|Abhai Singh]]
File:13 Maharaja Man Singh of Jodhpur 1820-40 Jodhpur SF.jpg|[[Man Singh of Marwar|Man Singh]]
File:Jaswant Singh II of Jodhpur State.jpg|[[Jaswant Singh II]]
File:Maharaja Umaid Singh of Jodhpur.JPG|[[Umaid Singh]]
File:Hanwant Singh.jpg|[[Hanwant Singh]]
File:Maharaja Gaj Singh.jpg|[[Gaj Singh]] (current head)
</gallery>

=== Bikaner ===
<gallery>
File:Unknown artist - Portrait of Maharaja Rai Singh of Bikaner (reigned 1574–1612) - 2021.11 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg|[[Rai Singh of Bikaner|Rai Singh]]
File:Scuola di bikaner, il maharaja anup singh, 1852.jpg|[[Anup Singh of Bikaner|Anup Singh]]
File:Raja Gaj Singh of Bikaner (6125068062).jpg|[[Gaj Singh of Bikaner|Gaj Singh]]
File:A portrait of Maharaja Ram Singh of Marwar.jpg|[[Surat Singh of Bikaner|Surat Singh]]
File:Lt Gen Ganga Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner.jpg|[[Ganga Singh]]
File:Youngkarnisingh-Bikaner.jpg|[[Karni Singh]]
</gallery>

=== Kishangarh ===
<gallery>
File:Maharaja Kalyan Singh (Reigned 1798-1838) LACMA M.85.36.jpg|[[Kalyan Singh (ruler)|Kalyan Singh]]
File:Madan Singh.jpg|[[Madan Singh (ruler)|Madan Singh]]
</gallery>

=== Ratlam ===
<gallery>
File:Ratan Singh of Ratlam.jpg|[[Ratan Singh Rathore|Ratan Singh]]
File:SAVE 20200519 153205.jpg|[[Sajjan Singh of Ratlam|Sajjan Singh]]
</gallery>

=== Jhabua ===
<gallery>
File:Dayal, Raja Lala Deen - Prinz (2) (Zeno Fotografie).jpg|[[Gopal Singh of Jhabua|Gopal Singh]]
File:Udai Singh.png|[[Udai Singh of Jhabua|Udai Singh]]
File:Dilip Singh.png|[[Dileep Singh of Jhabua|Dileep Singh]]
</gallery>

=== Sailana ===
<gallery>
File:Jaswant Singh II, the Raja of Sailana.jpg|[[Jashwant Singh II|Jaswant Singh II]]
</gallery>

=== Idar ===
<gallery>
File:Pratap Singh of Idar (1845–1922) in uniform in 1899.png|[[Pratap Singh of Idar|Pratap Singh]]
</gallery>

=== Saraikela ===
<gallery>
File:1903 Raja of Saraikela state.png|Udit Narayan Singh
</gallery>

== Beenkar Family ==
''The beenkar'' family, an offshoot of the Rathore dynasty of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]], was founded by [[Naubat Khan]], a [[Rudra veena]] player in the court of [[Akbar]].<ref name="Moorthy2001">{{cite book |author=Vijaya Moorthy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2s2xJetsy0wC&pg=PA27 |title=Romance of the Raga |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-7017-382-3 |page=27}}</ref> Members of the family were important [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani musicians]] in the courts of Mughal Emperors.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-0857 |title=Bhupat Khan - Oxford Reference |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195650983 |chapter=Bhupat Khan |via=oxfordreference.com}}</ref>

=== Members ===

* [[Naubat Khan]]
* [[Gunsamundra|Lal Khan Gunsamundra]]
* [[Khushal Khan Gunsamundra]]
* [[Bisram Khan]]
* Bhupat Khan<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-0857 |title=Bhupat Khan - Oxford Reference |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195650983 |chapter=Bhupat Khan |via=oxfordreference.com}}</ref>
* [[Sadarang]]
* [[Adarang]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Soubhik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXenEAAAQBAJ&dq=adarang&pg=PT24 |title=Hindustani Classical Music: A Historical and Computational Study |last2=Tewari |first2=Swarima |last3=Rahman |first3=Arshi |last4=Jamal |first4=Maria |last5=Lipi |first5=Apra |last6=Chakraborty |first6=Apoorva |last7=Nanda |first7=Apoorva |last8=Shukla |first8=Pranjala |date=December 2021 |publisher=Sanctum Books |isbn=9788194783008}}</ref>
* Sidhar Khan<ref>{{cite web |title=Artist - Siddhar Khan (Tabla), Gharana - Delhi |url=https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=599 |work=swarganga.org |access-date=11 July 2025 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003140438/https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=599 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Omrao Khan]]<ref name="Miner20042">{{cite book |author=Allyn Miner |url=https://archive.org/details/sitarsarodin18th00mine |title=Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries |date=April 2004 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1493-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sitarsarodin18th00mine/page/97 97] |quote=umrao khan tansen. |url-access=registration}}</ref>
* [[Ameer Khan Khandara|Ameer Khan]]
* [[Wazir Khan (Rampur)|Wazir Khan]]
* [[Dabir Khan]]
<gallery>
File:Naubat Khan.jpg|[[Naubat Khan]]
File:Mughal.jpg|[[Gunsamundra|Lal Khan]] and [[Khushal Khan Gunsamundra]]
File:Sadarang,Descendant of Naubat Khan.jpg|[[Sadarang]]
File:Descendant of Naubat Khan Chief Musician of Hamid Ali Khan of Rampur's court.jpg|[[Wazir Khan (Rampur)|Wazir Khan]]
File:Dabir Khan sahab.jpg|[[Dabir Khan]]
</gallery>

== Forts and Palaces ==
<gallery>
File:Entry to Jodhpur Fort.JPG|[[Mehrangarh]]
File:20191212 Junagarh Fort, Bikaner, India 1510 8180.jpg|[[Junagarh Fort]]
File:Roopangarh Fort.JPG|[[Roopangarh Fort]]
File:20191210 Umaid Bhawan Palace, Jodhpur, 1326 7977.jpg|[[Umaid Bhawan Palace]]
File:Lalgarh palace bikaner2.jpg|[[Lalgarh Palace]]
File:Jubbal Palace.jpg|[[Jubbal|Jubbal Palace]]
</gallery>

== Flags ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"
! width="110" |Flag
!Kingdom
|- style="vertical-align:top"
| style="text-align:center" | [[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|200x200px]]
|[[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar-Jodhpur]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| [[File:Flag of Bikaner.svg|frameless|200x200px]]
|[[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[File:Flag of Kishangarh.svg|frameless|200x200px]]
|[[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[File:Flag of the Princely State of Ratlam.svg|frameless|200x200px]]
|[[Ratlam State|Ratlam]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[File:Jhabuaflag.png|frameless|200x200px]]
|[[Jhabua State|Jhabua]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[File:Sitamau state flag.png|frameless|200x200px]]
|[[Sitamau State|Sitamau]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[File:Flag of the Princely State of Sailana.svg|frameless|200x200px]]
|[[Sailana State|Sailana]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[File:Drapeau AliRajpur.png|frameless|200x200px]]
|[[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[File:Idar Flag.svg|frameless|200x200px]]
|[[Idar State|Idar]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[File:Flag of the Saraikela State.svg|frameless|200x200px]]
|[[Saraikela State|Saraikela]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[File:Kharsawan state flag.png|frameless|200x200px]]
|[[Kharsawan State|Kharsawan]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[File:Flag of the Vijaynagar State.svg|frameless|200x200px]]
|[[Vijaynagar State|Vijaynagar (Pol)]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[File:Valasna Princely State flag.svg|frameless|200x200px]]
|[[Valasna State|Valasna]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[File:Flag of the Malpur State.svg|frameless|200x200px]]
|[[Malpur State|Malpur]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Rajput clans]]
*[[List of Rajput dynasties and states]]
*[[Marwar]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|author=Gopinath Sharma|year=1970 |title=Rajasthan Studies |location=Agra, India|publisher=Lakshmi Narain Agarwal|page=201|oclc=137196}}
*{{Cite book|author=Jadunath Sarkar|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC|title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938|date=1994|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0333-5|language=en}}
*{{cite book |first=Roma |last=Niyogi |title=The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty |publisher=Oriental |year=1959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ |oclc=5386449 }}
*{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|author-link=Richard M. Eaton|title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ|year=2019|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-196655-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Eugenia Vanina|author-link=Eugenia Vanina|title=Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC|year=2012|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-19-1}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

{{#related:Jodha of Mandore}}
{{#related:Jodhpur State}}
{{#related:Marwar}}

[[Category:Solar dynasty]]
[[Category:Rajput clans]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Marwar]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput dynasties]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Rathore (clan)|+]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

Board of Open Schooling and Skill Education

2026-04-25T20:08:16Z

JestineLegg9: Adding new article

{{Short description|Indian school examination board}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=April 2023}}
{{primary sources|date=May 2021}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Board of Open Schooling and Skill Education
| image =
| image_size = 120px
| abbreviation = BOSSE
| caption =
| formation = 2020
| type = Open School Board of India
| headquarters = [[Sikkim, Gangtok]], India
| status = Active
| affiliations =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| parent_organisation =
| language = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|English}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.bosse.ac.in/}}
}}

The '''Board of Open Schooling and Skill Education''' ('''BOSSE'''), is the board of open schooling recognized by the [[Government of Sikkim]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BOSSE.png |title= The Board Of Open Schooling and Skill Education, Sikkim |publisher=bosse.ac.in |date=2020-09-21 |access-date=2020-09-21 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= }}{{deadlink|date=September 2023}}</ref> BOSSE is established under the act of the Board of Open Schooling and Skill Education; Sikkim Act 2020 was passed on 21 September 2020 by the Sikkim Legislative Assembly stated under Act No. 14 of 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BOSSE_Gazette.pdf |title=Board Of Open Schooling and Skill Education |publisher= |access-date=2020-09-21 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= }}{{deadlink|date=September 2023}}</ref> The state government of Sikkim has created a mechanism through BOSSE to provide for [[secondary education]], senior secondary as well as skill and [[vocational education]] up to pre-degree level and to provide opportunity to continue education to such students who have missed the opportunity of school education. The BOSSE is a state open school board that administers examinations for secondary and senior secondary examinations similar to the [[National Institute of Open Schooling|NIOS]], [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] and the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]]. BOSSE offers a unique platform where students may choose skill and vocational subjects along with their secondary and senior secondary papers. The board is mandated to promote open schooling and to undertake [[research]], innovation and development activities in the area of open schooling to strengthen the open and [[distance education]] system.

==Events==
[[File:Board_of_Open_Schooling_&_Skill_Education_-_Organized_a_National_Conference.jpg|thumb|left]]
[[File:Board_of_Open_Schooling_&_Skill_Education.jpg|thumb|upright]]
[[File:BOSSE Organized a National Conference on “NEP 2020" held at Sikkim.jpg|thumb|upright]]

* BOSSE Sikim organized a national conference, "NEP 2020: Towards India-Centred Holistic Inclusive Quality School Education", on its first foundation day held at Sikkim.
* Together with Global Rainbow Foundation (GRF), BOSSE Sikim jointly organized a one-day international conference, "Educating, Enabling, and Empowering Divyangjan (Differently Abled Persons with Special Needs): Issues and Challenges" at UNESCO Delhi on 20 August 2022.
* FICCI has been a part of the "School Education Conference 2022"; BOSSE in association with FICCI took part in the "School Education Conference 2022" held on 9 & 10 December 2022 at Delhi to promote the "STUDENT FIRST" initiative.
* BW Leadership Summit 2023 on 18 January 2023.

==Courses offered==
BOSSE offer the following courses<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bosse.ac.in/programmes/ |title=Board Of Open Schooling and Skill Education |publisher=bosse.ac.in |date=2020-09-21 |access-date=2020-09-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502105856/https://www.bosse.ac.in/programmes/ |archive-date=2 May 2021 }}</ref> which includes the following three levels:

*Secondary level
*Senior secondary level
* Skill and vocation education

==Salient features==
*Transfer of credit up to two subjects
*Dual/part-time admission
*On-demand examinations
*Public examination twice a year
*Combination of vocational subjects with academics

==Examinations==
BOSSE conducts its examinations twice a year in April–May and October–November on dates fixed by the board. However, candidate may also choose transfer of credit/on-demand examination at the time of admission at the secondary and senior secondary level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bosse.ac.in/counselling/scheme-of-examination/ |title=scheme-of-examination|publisher=BOSSE|access-date=}}</ref> Results of the public examinations are announced usually six weeks after the last date of examinations.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{School education in India}}
{{Sikkim}}
{{North East India}}

[[Category:Education in Sikkim]]
[[Category:School qualifications of India]]
[[Category:Distance education in India]]
[[Category:State secondary education boards of India]]
[[Category:High school course levels]]
[[Category:Ministry of Education (India)]]

K. C. Ganapathy

2026-04-24T12:11:22Z

JestineLegg9: Made New Pg W/ Infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian sailor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox sailor
| name = K.C. Ganapathy
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| full_name = Kelapanda Chengappa Ganapathy
| nickname =
| nationality = {{Flagcountry|India}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|11|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| education =
| spouse =
| module =
| classes = [[49er (dinghy)|49er]], [[29er (dinghy)|29er]]
| club =
| collegeteam =
| coach =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalGold|Mussanah Open Championship (2021)|49er}}{{MedalSilver|49er Asian Championship (2019)|49er}}{{MedalBronze|[[Asian Games 2018]]|49er}}
{{MedalGold|Asian Sailing Championship (2017)|49er}}
}}
'''Kelapanda Chengappa Ganapathy'''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games/asian-games-boys-who-quit-school-to-pursue-sailing-win-asiad-bronze/articleshow/65629108.cms |title=Asian Games: Boys who quit school to pursue sailing, win Asiad bronze |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> (born 18 November 1995) is an Indian [[Sailing (sport)|professional sailor]]. He currently represents India internationally in the 49er event.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |url=https://starofmysore.com/k-c-ganapathy-is-first-kodava-yachtsman-to-qualify-for-olympics/ |title=K.C. Ganapathy Is First Kodava Yachtsman To Qualify For Olympics |work=Star of Mysore |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/when-average-student-varun-thakkar-found-an-avenue-to-excel-in-sailing |title=WHEN 'AVERAGE STUDENT' VARUN THAKKAR FOUND AN AVENUE TO EXCEL IN SAILING! |work=International Olympic Committee (IOC) News |access-date=}}</ref>

In 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta, The duo KC Ganapathy and [[Varun Thakkar]] first tasted major success when they won bronze in sailing.

==Career==
K.C. Ganapathy made his international debut in 2010 at the Asian Sailing Championship, where he finished 8th in the Optimist event. In 2021, K.C. Ganapathy and Varun Thakkar secured the 1st Rank in the 49er Class (event) 2021 Mussanah Open Championship at Millenium Resort, Mussanah in Oman<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |url=https://www.omansail.com/mussanah-open-championship-2021-results |title=Mussanah Open Championship 2021 Results |work=omansail |access-date=}}</ref> and he also Won Bronze Medal in [[2018 Asian Games]] at Jakarta, Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/meet-the-chennai-boys-who-won-a-bronze-at-the-asian-games/article24934726.ece |title=Winds of victory in their sail: Meet the Chennai boys who won a bronze medal at the Asian Games |work=The Hindu News |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/24390910/asian-games-2018-olympic-sailing-champion-jonas-warrer-helping-kc-ganapathy-varun-thakkar-their-quest-gold |title=From rival to coach: Olympic champ Warrer helping Ganapathy and Thakkar's quest for gold |work=ESPN News |access-date=}}</ref>

===2020 Summer Olympics===
K.C. Ganapathy qualified for his debut [[Olympic Games|Olympics Games 2020]] in [[Sailing (sport)|sailing]] after finishing 1st position in the 2021 Mussanah Open (Asia and Africa Olympic Qualifier) Tournament at Mussanah in [[Oman]] and now he will represent [[India at the 2020 Summer Olympics|India Team]] at [[Sailing at the 2020 Summer Olympics|the Skiff – 49er Event]] in [[Sailing at the 2020 Summer Olympics]] of the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/india-s-kc-ganapathy-varun-thakkar-qualify-for-olympics-in-sailing-121040801263_1.html |title=India's KC Ganapathy, Varun Thakkar qualify for Olympics in sailing |work=Business Standard News |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/indian-sailing-duo-of-varun-thakkar-and-kc-ganapathy-want-to-hire-coach-ian-stuart-warrens-services-for-olympics/articleshow/82407148.cms |title=Indian sailing duo of Varun Thakkar and KC Ganapathy want to hire coach Ian Stuart Warren's services for Olympics |work=Times of India News |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/sailors-varun-thakkar-kc-ganapathy-banking-on-their-partnership-to-bring-medal-from-tokyo20210505193056/ |title=Sailors Varun Thakkar, KC Ganapathy banking on their partnership to bring medal from Tokyo |work=ANI News |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/sailing/athlete-profile-n1301688-kelapanda-ganapathy.htm |title=Sailing: KELAPANDA Ganapathy |work=Tokyo 2020 Olympics |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006095920/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/sailing/athlete-profile-n1301688-kelapanda-ganapathy.htm |archive-date=2021-10-06}}</ref>

== Tournaments record ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|+ INTERNATIONAL EVENTS
|-
! Year
! Event
! Place
! Position
|-
|2021|| 2021 Mussanah OPEN Championship ||Oman {{flagIOC|OMN|2020 Summer}}|| 1
|-
|2019|| 49ER World Championship 2019 ||Auckland {{flagIOC|NZL|2020 Summer}}|| 65
|-
|2019|| 49ER Asian Championship 2019 ||Abu Dhabi {{flagIOC|UAE|2020 Summer}}|| 2
|-
|2018|| 49er European Championship 2018 ||Poland {{flagIOC|POL|2020 Summer}}|| 25
|-
|2018|| [[Asian Games 2018]] ||Jakarta {{flagIOC|INA|2020 Summer}}|| 3
|-
|2017|| 17th Asian Sailing Championship ||Jakarta {{flagIOC|INA|2020 Summer}}|| 1
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{World Sailing|id=INDGK1|www=ganapathy-kelapanda|name=Ganapathy Kelapanda}}
* {{Olympics.com|ganapathy-kelapanda|Ganapathy Kelapanda}}
* {{Olympedia|143781|Ganapathy Kelapanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganapathy, K.C.}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sailors (sport)]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in sailing]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Olympic sailors for India]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 2020 Summer Olympics – 49er]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:49er class Olympic sailors]]
[[Category:49er class sailors]]
[[Category:Olympic sailors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

S. Supongmeren Jamir

2026-04-21T02:56:06Z

JestineLegg9: adding new data.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Supongmeren Jamir
| image = S. Supongmeren Jamir.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|03|25}}
| birth_place = Longsa, [[Nagaland]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Tokheho Yepthomi]]
| constituency = [[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
| office1 = President of [[Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start1 = 31 March 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Supongmeren appointed as NPCC chief after Therie resigns|work= Nagaland Post|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/supongmeren-appointed-as-npcc-chief-after-therie-resigns/}}</ref>
| predecessor1 = Kewekhape Therie
| office2 = Member of the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2003
| term_end2 = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.in/nagaland/assembly-constituencies/mongoya.html |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Mongoya Assembly Constituency |publisher=elections.in}}</ref>
| constituency2 = [[Mongoya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mongoya]]
| predecessor2 = T. Imtimeren Jamir
| successor2 = Ngangshi K. Ao
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/5567?from=members
}}
'''S. Supongmeren Jamir''' is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is currently serving as president of [[Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee]]. He is a former member of [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] and current [[Lok Sabha]] MP from Nagaland.<ref name="Congress rides lesser-known Jamir for revival in Nagaland">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=Congress rides lesser-known Jamir for revival in Nagaland |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/congress-rides-lesser-known-jamir-for-revival-in-nagaland/article68258757.ece |access-date=4 September 2024 |date=6 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamir, S. Supongmeren}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Nagaland]]

{{Nagaland-INC-politician-stub}}

Piro Preman

2026-04-18T14:26:04Z

JestineLegg9:

{{Short description|Punjabi poet}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Piro Preman
| image = Piro Preman Ik Sau Saat Kaafiyan.jpg
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption = Representation of Piro Preman featuring verses from her poetry – Ik Sau Saat Kaafiyan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1832}}
| birth_place = [[Sikh Empire]]
| death_date = 1872 or 1875
| death_place = [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_cause =
| resting_place = [[Chathian Wala]], [[Kasur District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
| resting_place_coordinates = 
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| burial_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| other_names =
| education =
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| years_active =
| era =
| organization =
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''Ik Sau Sath Kafian''
| style =
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| opponents =
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| children =
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| mother = 
| father = 
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}}

'''Piro Preman''' (1832–1872 or 1875<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blog.apaonline.org/2020/06/16/the-untold-history-of-indias-vital-atheist-philosophy/ | title=The untold history of India's vital atheist philosophy| date=16 June 2020}}</ref>) was the first female Punjabi poet, and an [[Ex-Muslims|ex-Muslim]] follower of the Gulabdasia sect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/piro/|title=Piro Preman|publisher=}}</ref><ref>Malhotra, Anshu. "Telling her tale? Unravelling a life in conflict in Peero’s Ik Sau Saṭh Kāfiaṅ. (one hundred and sixty kafis)." Indian Economic & Social History Review 46.4 (2009): 541–578.</ref><ref>Singh, Neeti. “Peero: Maverick ''Bhakta'' and First Woman Poet of Punjab.” ''Indian Literature'', vol. 62, no. 4 (306), 2018, pp. 201–13. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|26792168}}. Accessed 24 Jan. 2023.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice |date=20 September 2012 |publisher=Oxford Academic |others=Anshu Malhotra, Farina Mir |isbn=978-0-19-807801-2 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=189–220 |chapter=Chapter 7: Panths and Piety in the Nineteenth Century: The Gulabdasis of Punjab |oclc=768071511}}</ref> She was formerly a [[Dalit]] [[Mirasi]] Muslim courtesan([[tawaif]]) and [[prostitute]] named Ayesha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutt |first=Nirupama |date=2010-04-01 |title=Waiting for spring - The emergence of a Dalit identity in Punjab is a recent development, spurred in part by the failure of Sikhism to abandon caste discrimination. |url=https://www.himalmag.com/dalit-sikhism-waiting-spring/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Himal Southasian |language=en-GB |quote=The second known Dalit writer of Punjab was Peero Preman (1830-1872). Peero had earlier been a Muslim courtesan named Ayesha, and later joined the Gulabdasia sect and inherited sainthood from her mentor, Gulab Das.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kazmi |first=Sara |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/341407/SKThesis-WithCorrections.pdf?sequence=2 |title=Writing Resistance in the Three Punjabs - Critical Engagements with Literary Tradition |date=February 2022 |publisher=Faculty of English, Queens’ College, University of Cambridge |pages=96 |format=PDF |quote=Peero was a Muslim woman in eighteenth century Punjab who disavowed her religion and joined the Gulabdasis, an unorthodox sect that drew on the ideas of Bhakti and Sufi devotion to criticise organised religion and caste inequalities.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=Anshu |url=https://www.academia.edu/43457618 |title=Biblio: review of books - Deras, disciples and doubleness - Piro and the Gulabdasis: Gender, Sect and Society in Punjab |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-946818-8 |volume=XXIII |location=New Delhi |pages=8}}</ref><ref name="dawn.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1379158 | title=Piro Preman, the Punjabi poet who pushed the boundaries of sexuality with her verses| date=3 January 2018}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Gulab Das and Piro sitting in the Gulabdasi Dera.jpg|thumb|Gulab Das and Piro Preman sitting in the Gulabdasi [[Dera (organization)|Dera]]]]
Little is known about Piro's life.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Khalid |first1=Haroon |date=3 January 2018 |title=Piro Preman, the Punjabi poet who pushed the boundaries of sexuality with her verses |language=en |work=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1379158}}</ref> She apparently had Dalit origins.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Perneet |date=25 January 2010 |title=Jaipur Literature Festival: Spotlight on Punjabi Dalit writing on final day |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100126/nation.htm#16}}</ref> Her mother is said to have died early after she was born and she accompanied her ''[[fakir]]'' father to various places of pilgrimage.<ref name=":0" /> During one of these trips, she is believed to have been taken by a Lahori man who sold her into prostitution in a brothel.<ref name=":0" /> She is believed to have been sold into prostitution at [[Heera Mandi]], the [[red-light district]] of [[Lahore]].<ref name=":0" /> She escaped Heera Mandi and went on to become a devotee of Gulab Das at the Gulabdasi Dera in [[Chathian Wala]] (in present-day Pakistan).<ref name=":0" /> Das was a [[Jat Sikh|Sikh Jat]] who founded the Gulabdasi sect. The sect was based on [[Hindu]]–[[Sikh]] [[asceticism]], but considered themselves to be neither Hindu nor Sikh.<ref name="Malhotra1"/><ref name = "Tribune">{{cite web|last1=Malhotra|first1=Anshu|title=The importance of being Piro in Punjab|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20121206/edit.htm#6|website=The Tribune|accessdate=19 December 2016|date=6 December 2012}}</ref>

Most of the information about Piro comes from her own autobiographical verses, the ''Ik Sau Sath Kafian'' or the "One Hundred and Sixty [[Kafi]]s (160 Kafis)", written in the mid-nineteenth century. In ''160 Kafis'', Piro describes a series of events in her life after she began living with Gulab Das in Chathian Wala. Piro refers to herself as a prostitute, and also a [[Muslim]]. Following her arrival in Chathian Wala, Piro writes that her "professional wardens" from Heera Mandi followed her and persuaded Gulab Das to send her back to Lahore. She ultimately agreed to return to Lahore, where she describes a confrontation with ''[[mullah]]s'' and ''[[Qadi|qazis]]'' who assume that she has not only become an [[Apostasy in Islam|apostate]], but also [[Religious conversion|converted]] to the religion of her guru, thus becoming a ''[[kafir]]''. Piro does not deny apostasy or conversion, but refuses to convert back to Islam. She abuses the ''mullahs'' and Islam, and praises the spirituality of her guru. According to historian Anshu Malhotra, "The unabashed use of language that might be considered vulgar among the respectable today, adds a colourful dimension to Piro’s speech."<ref name="Malhotra1"/>

{{Blockquote|text="Making false religions and promises,

You make [[Muslims|Turks]] by [[Khitan (circumcision)|snipping the penis]] and the moustache;

Hindus are made with [[janeyu]] and chat,

Women cannot be made thus, they are both wrong."|author=Piro Preman, translated by Anshu Malhotra<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khalid |first1=Haroon |title=Piro Preman, the Punjabi poet who pushed the boundaries of sexuality with her verses |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1379158 |work=Dawn |date=3 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>}}

Piro Preman refused to be an abandoned lover at the mercy of a cruel beloved. She refused to wait for a beloved who would deign to give her his acceptance. She wrote:

“Piro! I will not accept the companionship of a lie.

Those that are separated will never meet, just like a broken thread.

Nor family, nor your in-laws, not your age-mates, neither your friends.

They disperse as people do when they disembark from a boat.”<ref name="dawn.com"/>

Piro writes that her actions result in her being abducted, and forcibly transported from Lahore to [[Wazirabad]]. She is incarcerated at Wazirabad by a woman named Mehrunissa. Piro describes that she was able to befriend two women, Janu and Rehmati, and utilise their help to send a message to Gulab Das. The guru sends two of his disciples, Gulab Singh and Chatar Singh, to Wazirabad. With the help of sympathisers, the disciples are able to rescue Piro and bring her back to Gulab Das' establishment in Chathian Wala.<ref name="Malhotra1">{{cite web|last1=Malhotra|first1=Anshu|title=Theatre of the Past: Re-presenting the past in different genres|url=http://125.22.40.134:8082/jspui/bitstream/123456789/924/1/Anshu_Malhotra_2_July.pdf|publisher=Nehru Memorial Museum and Library|accessdate=19 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220155549/http://125.22.40.134:8082/jspui/bitstream/123456789/924/1/Anshu_Malhotra_2_July.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Piro and Gulab Das shared an intimate relationship despite social and religious pressures.<ref name="The News on Sunday">{{cite web|last1=Awan|first1=Mahmood|title=The feminine metaphor|url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/poetry-the-feminine-metaphor/|website=The News on Sunday|accessdate=19 December 2016|date=25 January 2015|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220181337/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/poetry-the-feminine-metaphor/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The two were interred together at a tomb in Chathian Wala.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Khalid|first1=Haroon|title=Together forever|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/07012011/page22.shtml|website=The Friday Times|accessdate=19 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022005954/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/07012011/page22.shtml|archive-date=22 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the Gulabdasis were neither Hindu nor Sikh, following the [[Partition of India]], they were expelled from Chathian Wala by the now Muslim-majority populace in Pakistan. The sect subsequently fled to India where they settled in [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Khalid|first1=Haroon|title=The last stand|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/article.php?issue=20120511&page=24|website=The Friday Times|accessdate=19 December 2016}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Piro's life has been the subject of two Indian plays – ''Piro Preman'' written by Shahryar in 1999, and ''Shairi'' written by Sawrajbir in 2004.<ref name=":1" /> ''Shairi'' was also performed by Pakistani theatre group [[Ajoka Theatre]] led by [[Madeeha Gauhar]] in Lahore and by the theatre group Manch Rang Manch in [[Amritsar]].<ref name = "Tribune"/> A member of the Gulabdasis, Vijender Das, has also compiled all of her writings and published a volumed called ''Sant Kavyitri Ma Piro (Saint Poetess Mother Piro)'', together with a comprehensive introduction to her life.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=Anshu |title=Piro and the Gulabdasis: gender, sect, and society in Punjab |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-946818-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=491–492}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Preman, Piro}}
[[Category:1832 births]]
[[Category:1872 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]
[[Category:19th-century women poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Prostitution in India]]
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Gangers (film)

2026-04-14T23:19:31Z

JestineLegg9:

{{short description|2025 Indian film by Sundar C}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gangers
| image = Gangers (film) Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sundar C]]
| writer = Sundar C [[Venkat Raghavan]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Badri (director)|Badri]] Venkat Raghavan
}}
| producer = [[Khushbu Sundar]] [[A. C. Shanmugam]] A. C. S. Arun Kumar
| starring = {{ubl|
*Sundar C
*[[Vadivelu]]
*[[Catherine Tresa]]
*[[Vani Bhojan]]
*[[Bagavathi Perumal]]
}}
| cinematography = E. Krishnasamy
| editing = Praveen Antony
| music = [[C. Sathya]]
| studio = [[Avni Cinemax]] Benzz Media (P) Ltd.
| distributor = Dream Big Films
| released = {{Film date|2025|04|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 159 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gangers |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMzAxMDQyMDI1MDAwNDY= |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=cbfcindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Gangers''''' ({{Translation|Gangsters}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil-language|Tamil]]-language [[heist film|heist]] [[action comedy]] film co-written and directed by [[Sundar C]], who also enacted the lead role, alongside [[Vadivelu]] and [[Catherine Tresa]] with [[Vani Bhojan]], [[Bagavathi Perumal]], [[Mime Gopi]], [[Hareesh Peradi]], [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]], [[Munishkanth]], [[Santhana Bharathi]], [[Aruldoss]] among others in supporting roles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Sundar C's next film with Vadivelu titled 'Gangers'! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sundar-cs-next-film-with-vadivelu-titled-gangers/articleshow/113284703.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is produced by [[Khushbu]] and Sundar, under the banner of [[Avni Cinemax]] and Benzz Media (P) Ltd, the soundtrack and background score were composed by [[C. Sathya]]. Cinematography and editing were handled by E. Krishnasamy and Praveen Antony.<ref name=":0" />

The film marks the reunion of Sundar and Vadivelu after 15 years, and third collaboration between Sundar and Catherine. ''Gangers'' was released by theatrically on 24 April 2025, and received mixed reviews from both critics and audiences, and was an average grosser at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-15 |title=Gangers OTT release: When and where to watch Sundar C, Vadivelu's Tamil comedy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/gangers-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-sundar-c-vadivelus-tamil-comedy-amazon-prime-101747322570449.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515175323/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/gangers-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-sundar-c-vadivelus-tamil-comedy-amazon-prime-101747322570449.html |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=2025-06-13 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sujitha "Suji", a computer science teacher at Arasan High School, files a missing complaint about her student Ramya with the local police station. When her complaint is met with inaction, she escalates the issue to the [[Director general of police|DGP]], highlighting a pattern of missing women in the village. Suji's complaint also implicates Malaiarasan, the school's correspondent and head of the Cooperative society, and his brother Kottaiarasan, an illicit spirit manufacturer. The DGP appoints a special officer, to go undercover as a PT teacher at the school. Saravanan joins the school, where he works alongside Singaram, another PT teacher. Singaram, who harbors a one-sided love for Suji, tries to win
her over by buying alcohol for her grandfather, Agasalingam. However, when Suji beats Malaiarasan's henchman, Amaldass, for harassing her,
Malaiarasan confronts Suji and attempts to molest her. Fortunately, Mutharasu, Malaiarasan's nephew and a diligent student, intervenes and saves Suji. Later, at a bar, Agasalingam challenges Malaiarasan to a fight, but Singaram cowardly flees. Saravanan steps in, beats Malaiarasan and his men, and saves Agasalingam. Suji recognizes Saravanan as the hero who fought off her attackers.

Suji soon realizes that Saravanan is likely the undercover police officer sent by the DGP to investigate the allegations against Malaiarasan and Kottaiarasan. Saravanan, concerned about the students' welfare, secures sponsorship to provide shoes for them. Alongside the new Maths teacher, Nadimuthu, he investigates the use of drugs in the school. At night, Saravanan surveils the operations of Malaiarasan's brothers, noticing their illicit activities. When a student named Gokul falls from a building and is severely injured, Saravanan rushes him to the hospital. Suji follows Gokul's classmate to the hospital, who witnessed the incident. It is revealed that Gokul's injuries were not an accident, but rather a result of Kottaiarasan's attempt to cover up his illicit activities. That night, Saravanan disguises himself and attacks Kottaiarasan's illicit spirit factory, brutally beating his men and burning down the factory. Meanwhile, Singaram is manipulated by Pattasamy into kidnapping Malaiarasan's nephew, Muthu, to repay his losses. However, Singaram's attempts fail.

Suji discovers a watch she had gifted to Ramya in another student's hand. She informs Muthu about the watch and they both leave together to enquire about the watch, which Saravanan observes. Saravanan captures two students using drugs in the school and discovers they are linked to Muthu, who supplied the drugs. They also reveal that Muthu killed Ramya after she found him secretly recording nude videos of girls in the school bathroom. Ramya was the daughter of Thaiyamma, the housemaid at Malaiarasan's house. Saravanan rushes to save Suji after realizing Muthu's true nature. Muthu takes Suji to his brick kiln, planning to burn her alive to stop her inquire about Ramya. Saravanan arrives just in time and beats Muthu's men. Shockingly, Saravanan forces Muthu to call his father, Mudiarasan, who is believed to be dead. Mudiarasan arrives from abroad to visit his son, who has fallen into coma. The truth about Nadimuthu, the maths teacher, being the undercover police officer is revealed, raising suspicions about Saravanan's identity.

Saravanan shares his past, revealing a personal vendetta against the Arasan brothers. Saravanan's wife, Madhavi, was a personal assistant to Minister Maasilamani. One day Madhavi discovered her pregnancy and tries to inform it to Saravanan as surprise. It is revealed that Saravanan is not a cop but a civil engineer. Meanwhile Mudiarasan, Maasilamani's right-hand man, planned to loot 100 crores in black money with Madhavi's help. However, Madhavi resisted, and Mudiarasan brutally killed her. Maasilamani was misled into believing Madhavi and Saravanan were involved in the loot, leading to Saravanan's imprisonment and torture. Now, Saravanan seeks revenge and teams up with Singaram, Nadimuthu, and Pattasamy to loot the 100 crores from Mudiarasan. Suji joins them, seeking justice. The 100 crores are stashed in a locker with a key split into three parts. Saravanan has two parts, and they plan to retrieve the third part. They tempt Malaiarasan's henchman, Amaldass, with alcohol and record his confession. Amaldass joins their side, and they plan to kidnap Charles, a service engineer from Bombay, to open the locker. Singaram pretends to be Charles to repair the locker. Meanwhile, Saravanan plants a spy camera in Charles' toolbox to gather information and devise a plan. Mudiarasan brothers discover Nadimuthu's true identity as an undercover police officer but they spare him, believing he's harmless.

To obtain the third key piece, Saravanan and Singaram sneak into Mudiarasan's house at night, facing several obstacles along the way. They finally retrieve the key piece from Mudiarasan's waistchain. The team assigns duties for the heist: Nadimuthu spoils the popcorn machine, allowing Saravanan to enter as a service person; Singaram diverts the CCTV in charge; and Suji replaces the CCTV footage with the previous day's recordings. However, the fake threat call to theatre manager Soori fails. Saravanan fights off security guards, while Singaram and Nadimuthu distract Malaiarasan. The team accesses the vault, and Saravanan uses a bomb and motor-powered belt conveyor to lift the stashed cash through the ceiling. Meanwhile, Mudiarasan learns about Saravanan's connection to his son's murder and the attacks on his brothers. At the theatre, Singaram uses snake charmers and other distractions to keep the theatre crowd occupied during the heist. Just as the heist concludes, Minister Maasilamani and the police arrive, catching Mudiarasan and his brothers off guard. The team, except Saravanan, escapes the theatre safely, but they're worried about Saravanan's fate and the looted money.

Nadimuthu later realizes that the money was hidden inside an air-filled cutout of the actor [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] as the theatre was screening the film [[Madha Gaja Raja]]. Months pass, and the team is still struggling financially, with no news about Saravanan making them feel betrayed, believing Saravanan to have escaped with the loot. Nadimuthu visits the prison to learn more about Saravanan's true identity and learns that the real Saravanan is still in prison and the one who led the heist is the fake one. Just as they're discussing, each of them receives a refrigerator containing their share of the looted money. The fake Saravanan had also bailed out the original Saravanan. Meanwhile, the fake Saravanan receives a tip about 200 crores in black money in Goa, setting him up for his next heist. Maasilamani and his men brutally torture Mudiarasan and his brothers, determined to extract information about the money, and for killed Madhavi.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sundar C]] as Saravanan
* [[Vadivelu]] as Singaram
* [[Catherine Tresa]] as Sujitha "Suji", a teacher ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by Smruthi K)
* [[Vani Bhojan]] as Madhavi
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Malaiarasan
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as Mudiarasan
* [[Aruldoss]] as Kottaiarasan
* [[Vichu Vishwanath]] as School Headmaster
* [[Munishkanth]] as Pattasamy
* [[Bagavathi Perumal]] as Nadimuthu
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Agasalingam, Sujitha's grandfather
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Minister Maasilamani
* Baby Prabhakar as Mutharasu "Muthu"
* Kaalaiyan as Amaldass
* [[T. M. Karthik]] as Charles
* iPhone Raj as a popcorn vendor
* Venkat Raghavan as Suruli
* Subramaniapuram Raja as an Inspector
* Sembaruthi Sanjay as a student
* [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as the real Saravanan (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
After ''[[Aranmanai 4]]'' (2024), director-actor [[Sundar C]] announced ''Gangers'' as his next directorial project, starring himself and [[Vadivelu]] in the lead roles.<ref name=":0" /> The film marks their first on-screen collaboration in 15 years;<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-12 |title=Director Sundar C and Vadivelu to reunite after 14 years for 'Gangers' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-sundar-c-and-vadivelu-to-reunite-after-14-years-for-gangers/article68633217.ece |access-date=2025-03-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> they last appeared together in ''[[Nagaram Marupakkam]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Sundar C and Vadivelu reunite after 14 years for Gangers; Khushbu Sundar to back the project |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sundar-c-and-vadivelu-reunite-after-14-years-for-gangers-khushbu-sundar-to-back-the-project-9563883/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123034940/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sundar-c-and-vadivelu-reunite-after-14-years-for-gangers-khushbu-sundar-to-back-the-project-9563883/ |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gangers first look: Sundar C and Vadivelu team up once again, Catherine Tresa to co-star {{!}} Deets inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/gangers-first-look-sundar-c-and-vadivelu-team-up-once-again-catherine-tresa-to-co-star/7902034216922 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-02 |title=சுந்தர் சி - வடிவேலு நடித்த கேங்கர்ஸ் படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் அப்டேட் {{!}} Sundar C - Vadivelu starrer Gangers release update |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/sundar-c-vadivelu-starrer-gangers-release-update-762774 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> The film also features [[Catherine Tresa]] in the lead role alongside [[Bagavathi Perumal]], Esakki Krishnasamy, [[Hareesh Peradi]], [[Mime Gopi]], [[Munishkanth]] and others in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=சுந்தர்.சி - வடிவேலு இணையும் 'கேங்கர்ஸ்' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1309819-director-sundar-c-joins-with-vadivelu-for-gangers-film-1.html |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

The film is produced by [[Avni Cinemax]] in association with Benzz Media (P) Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Sundar C, Vadivelu reunion film titled Gangers; FL unveiled |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/sundar-c-vadivelu-reunion-film-titled-gangers-fl-unveiled-803456 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> The technical team includes music composer [[C. Sathya]], cinematographer E. Krishnasamy, Art Director Gururaj and editor Praveen Antony.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Sundar C and Vadivelu reunite for Gangers |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/12/sundar-c-and-vadivelu-reunite-for-gangers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108195332/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/12/sundar-c-and-vadivelu-reunite-for-gangers |archive-date=8 January 2025 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gangers
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[C. Sathya]]
| released = {{Start date|2025|4|24}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| length = 20:40
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[C. Sathya]]
| prev_title = [[Hit List (2024 film)|Hit List]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
|name = Gangers
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Kuppan
|single1date = 11 April 2025
|single2 = En Vanmathiye
|single2date = 21 April 2025
}}
}}
{{External media|audio1={{YouTube|kl-iSEHvnL0|Gangers - Full Album}}}}
The music was composed by [[C. Sathya]], in his third collaboration with [[Sundar C]] after ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' (2013) and ''[[Aranmanai 3]]'' (2021). The audio rights were acquired by [[Saregama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gangers trailer promises laughter riot against heist setup |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/trailer-of-sundar-c-vadivelus-gangers-promises-a-fun-film-filled-with-laughs-828533 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> The first single titled "Kuppan" was released on 11 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=கேத்ரின் தெரசாவின் பாடல் விடியோ! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Apr/11/catherine-tresa-kuppan-video-song-from-gangers |access-date=11 April 2025 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> The second single titled "En Vanmathiye" was released on 21 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-04-21 |title='En Vanmathiye' from Sundar C's Gangers out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/21/en-vanmathiye-from-sundar-cs-gangers-out |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kuppan
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra1 = Meenakshi Elayaraja, Gunasundari
| length1 = 4:11
| title2 = Vizhichikko
| lyrics2 = Super Subu
| extra2 = Deepak Blue, Harish Harz, Srinithi, Varun, Super Subu, Suganth Sekar
| title3 = 2day Jolly 2morrow Gaali
| lyrics3 = Madras Miran, Vetti Paya Venkat
| extra3 = Gana Vishnu, Vetti Paya Venkat, Madras Miran
| title4 = En Vanmathiye
| lyrics4 = Lavarathan
| extra4 = [[Madhushree]], Aswath Ajith
| title5 = Athiri Puthiri
| lyrics5 = Arunbarathi
| extra5 = Mathisiyam Bala, Senthildas
| title6 = Aaraa Raname
| lyrics6 = Thozhan
| extra6 = Abhijith Rao
| length2 = 3:44
| length3 = 3:22
| length4 = 3:41
| length5 = 3:36
| length6 = 2:03
| total_length = 20:40
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Gangers'' released in theatres on 24 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-03-03 |title=Sundar C's Gangers gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/03/sundar-cs-gangers-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film was certified U/A by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-20 |title=Sundar C-Vadivelu's Gangers clears censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/20/sundar-c-vadivelus-gangers-clears-censorship-formalities |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
''Gangers'' began streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 15 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-14 |title=Sundar C-Vadivelu starrer Gangers gets an OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/14/sundar-c-vadivelu-starrer-gangers-gets-an-ott-release-date |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The satellite rights were sold to [[Star Vijay]] and [[Colors Tamil]].

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Gangers'' would have benefitted a lot from a tighter set-up, less violence and more elements involving the heist, but a somewhat funny second half manages to keep us entertained."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gangers Movie Review : Sundar C & Vadivelu's heist comedy is not so funny and not too dull |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/gangers/movie-review/120561740.cms |access-date=2025-04-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[HT Media|OTTPlay]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Gangers is no different from [[Sundar C]] films. It rides on commercial factors, has a high ending climatic note, and a comedy of errors that elevate it. But the film still is messy in parts and it takes a while to set the stage ready."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gangers movie review: A chaotic heist comedy steals some laughs with Vadivelu |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/gangers-movie-review-a-chaotic-heist-comedy-that-steals-some-laughs-with-vadivelu-and-classic-sundar-c-shenanigans/83008aed6b616 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "In the case of Gangers, the first half looks like a vigilante film with comedy thrown in as the director sets up the plot to uncover what happens post interval and how all the dots are connected.[...]On the whole, director Sundar C and Vadivelu’s Gangers is heist comedy that’s somewhat funny and partly engaging timepass."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=24 April 2025 |title=Gangers movie review: Sundar C and Vadivelu's heist comedy is a somewhat funny and partly engaging timepass |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/gangers-movie-review-sundar-c-and-vadivelu-s-heist-comedy-is-a-somewhat-funny-and-partly-engaging-timepass-101745494960872.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424130722/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/gangers-movie-review-sundar-c-and-vadivelu-s-heist-comedy-is-a-somewhat-funny-and-partly-engaging-timepass-101745494960872.html |archive-date=24 April 2025 |access-date=24 April 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> T Maruthi Acharya of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "'Gangers' is a film that tries to pack everything into its runtime: comedy, action, sentiment, even some commentary. But it plays like a film stuck in a different era."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-24 |title=Gangers review: Even Vadivelu's humour can't save Sundar C's outdated film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/gangers-review-even-vadivelus-humour-cant-save-sundar-cs-outdated-film-2714037-2025-04-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424112502/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/gangers-review-even-vadivelus-humour-cant-save-sundar-cs-outdated-film-2714037-2025-04-24 |archive-date=24 April 2025 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for Galatta Plus, "As a “comedy”, Gangers is still not very good. The jokes that work are few and far between. But once Saravanan and his gang decide to pull off the heist, the film finds its focus and it keeps moving. With better writing, this could have been a seriously good crime thriller. But because they don’t want to be serious, we are left with a not-bad final stretch, with a couple of clever ideas. For instance, those earlier action scenes aren’t just for Sundar C to flex his muscles. There’s a payoff. Of course, the writing is very basic and the film is not all that it could be. But if you set your expectations that this is not the laugh riot that the trailer made you expect, Gangers is what you’d call... sit-through-able."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=24 April 2025 |title=Sundar C's 'Gangers', with Sundar C and Vadivelu, is not much of a comedy but the heist portion isn't bad |url=https://www.galattaplus.com/sundar-cs-gangers-with-sundar-c-and-vadivelu-is-not-much-of-a-comedy-but-the-heist-portion-isnt-bad/|access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref> Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The veteran comedian Vadivelu returns to form in Sundar C’s heist comedy that fails to play to its strengths and suffers from an identity crisis."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2025-04-24 |title='Gangers' movie review: Vadivelu almost saves Sundar C's low-stakes heist comedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gangers-movie-review-vadivelu-almost-saves-sundar-cs-low-stakes-heist-comedy/article69486723.ece |access-date=2025-05-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=36408254}}
{{Sundar C}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about alcohol]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping]]
[[Category:Police films]]
[[Category:Films about politicians]]
[[Category:Films about student societies]]
[[Category:Films about students]]
[[Category:Films about teacher–student relationships]]
[[Category:Films about theatre]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sundar C]]
[[Category:Films set in schools]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. Sathya]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Venkat Raghavan]]

James Mazarelo

2026-04-13T06:28:47Z

JestineLegg9: Made Initial Article V1

{{Short description|English field hockey player (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = James Mazarelo
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|2|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manchester]], England
| height =
| weight =
| position = Goalkeeper
| years1 = 2016–2019
| clubs1 = [[Bowdon Hockey Club|Bowdon]]
| years2 = 2019–2022
| clubs2 = [[Loughborough Students' Hockey Club|Loughborough Students]]
| years3 = 2024–2025
| clubs3 = [[UP Rudras]]
| years4 = 2022–2025
| clubs4 = [[Surbiton Hockey Club|Surbiton]]
| years5 = 2025–2026
| clubs5 = [[Old Georgians Hockey Club|Old Georgians]]
| nationalyears1 = 2018–2019
| nationalteam1 = England & GB U21
| nationalcaps1 = 10
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2= 2022-present
| nationalteam2 = [[England men's national field hockey team|England]]
| nationalcaps2 = 7
| nationalyears3= 2022-present
| nationalteam3 = [[Great Britain men's national field hockey team|GB]]
| nationalcaps3 = 13
| nationalgoals2=
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{ENG}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's EuroHockey Championship|EuroHockey Championship]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2023 Men's EuroHockey Championship|2023 Mönchengladbach]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship|EuroHockey Junior Championship]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2019 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship|2019 Valencia]]|}}
}}

'''James Mazarelo''' (born 4 February 2001) is an English [[field hockey]] player who plays as a goalkeeper for [[Old Georgians Hockey Club]] in the [[Men's England Hockey League]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-14 |title=Hockey India League: Goalkeeper James Mazarelo sparks bidding frenzy |url=https://www.thehockeypaper.co.uk/articles/2024/10/14/hockey-india-league-goalkeeper-james-mazarelo-sparks-bidding-frenzy |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=The Hockey Paper |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Mazarelo was born on 4 February 2001 in [[Manchester]], England<ref>{{Cite web |title=James Mazarelo {{!}} Team England {{!}} Birmingham 2022 |url=https://teamengland.org/team-england-athletes/james-mazarelo |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=teamengland.org |language=en}}</ref> and is of [[Goan]] descent. His great-uncle, [[Sebastião Mazarelo]], served as one of the first [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members]] in the [[Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=James Mazarello: England hockey goalie making Goans proud |url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFjames-mazarello-england-hockey-goalie-making-goans-proud/94045.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> He was educated at [[Altrincham Grammar School for Boys]], where he was head boy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agsb.co.uk/news/?pid=105&nid=1&storyid=50 |title=Former Head Boy selected to represent England Hockey at the World Cup |website=Altrincham Grammar School for Boys |access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
Mazarelo started playing for [[Bowdon Hockey Club|Bowdon]] and represented England U-16s, U-18s and U-21s and GB U-21s.<ref name="hockeymentors">{{cite web |url=https://hockeymentors.org/team/mentors/ |title=Mentors |website=Hockey Mentors |access-date=2022-02-02}}</ref> He then played club hockey in the [[Men's England Hockey League]] for [[Loughborough Students' Hockey Club|Loughborough Students]] for three years before moving on to [[Surbiton Hockey Club|Surbiton]] in 2022. Mazarelo won a bronze medal with [[England at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|England]] in the [[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|Men's tournament]] at the [[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Commonwealth Games]] in Birmingham<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/62463163 |title=Commonwealth Games: England's men win hockey bronze against South Africa |website=BBC Sport|access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref> and won a silver medal with England at the [[2023 Men's EuroHockey Championship]] in Mönchengladbach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/hockey/66634378 |title=EuroHockey: England men lose out to the Netherlands in dramatic final |website=BBC Sport |date=27 August 2023|access-date=29 July 2025}}</ref>

Mazarelo was part of the Surbiton team that won the league title during the [[2024–25 Men's England Hockey League season]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehockeypaper.co.uk/articles/2025/05/05/england-hockey-finals-reading-women-and-surbiton-men-land-surprise-titles |title=England Hockey Finals: Reading women and Surbiton men land surprise titles|website=The Hockey Paper |date=5 May 2025 |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref> He joined [[Old Georgians Hockey Club|Old Georgians]] for the [[2025–26 Men's England Hockey League season|2025–26 season]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehockeypaper.co.uk/articles/2025/09/01/england-hockey-premier-division-transfers-2025-26-ins-and-outs |title=England Hockey Premier Division transfers 2025/26: Ins and Outs |publisher=The Hockey Paper |date=1 September 2025|access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Sports links}}
* [https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international/senior-squad/james-mazarelo James Mazarelo] on [[England Hockey]]
* {{Team England|james-mazarelo}}
* {{2022 Commonwealth Games profile|56199}}

{{England FH Squad 2022 Commonwealth Games}}
{{England FH Squad 2023 World Cup}}
{{England FH Squad 2023 EuroHockey}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazarelo, James}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British people of Goan descent]]
[[Category:English men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Loughborough Students field hockey players]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Men's field hockey goalkeepers]]
[[Category:2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for England]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:People educated at Altrincham Grammar School for Boys]]
[[Category:21st-century English sportsmen]]

White Minaret

2026-04-11T22:59:47Z

JestineLegg9: Added a data

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}

{{Infobox historic site
| name = White Minaret
| coordinates = {{coord|31|49|4|N|75|23|31|E|region:IN-PB_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = India Punjab
| location = [[Qadian]], [[Gurdaspur District|Gurdaspur]], [[Jalandhar District|Jalandhar]] Division, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| height = {{convert|105|ft}}
| image = Weißes Minarett, Qadian (Minarat ul-Massih).jpg
| image_size = 200
| founded = 1916
| owner = [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]]
| caption = The minaret in [[Qadian]]
| beginning_label = tt
| beginning_date = 13 March 1903
}}
The '''White Minaret''' is a stone minaret beside the [[Aqsa Mosque, Qadian|Aqsa Mosque]] in [[Qadian]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It was constructed under the direction of the Indian religious leader [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]]. It serves as a lighthouse symbolising the ultimate pre-eminence of Islam.<ref>[https://www.alislam.org/urdu/pdf/ishtaharat-v3.pdf, ''Majmooa Ishtiharat''], Vol 3, pp. 294, 295</ref>

The minaret has three stages, 92 steps, and a total height of about {{cvt|105|ft|m|0|disp=or}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Valentine|first=Simon|title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice|year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70094-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&q=islamic+reform|page=40}}</ref><ref>[http://www.alislam.org/library/minara.html Minara-tul-Masih]</ref> Its construction was completed in 1916 and has since become a symbol and distinctive mark in Ahmadiyya Islam. The minaret features on the [[Ahmadiyya]] [[Black Standard#Ahmadiyya flag|flag]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-08-03|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Black Standard#Ahmadiyya flag|reason= The anchor (Ahmadiyya flag) [[Special:Diff/730854808|has been deleted]].}} and also (sometimes with rays of light) in the movement's major publications.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roose|first=Eric|title=The Architectural Representation of Islam: Muslim-commissioned Mosque Design in the Netherlands|year=2009|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDhoNLbM45gC&q=The+Architectural+Representation+of+Islam.+Muslim-commissioned+Mosque+Design+in+the+Netherlands|page=46|isbn=9789089641335}}</ref>
{{ahmadiyya|Distinct views}}

== History and purpose ==
Islamic tradition holds that [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] would descend at a white minaret to the east of [[Damascus]].{{Sfn|Bentlage|Eggert|Krämer|Reichmuth|2016|p=428}} According to [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], who held himself as manifestation of [[Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam|Jesus]], this prophecy was fulfilled with his advent in [[Qadian]], a town situated directly to the east of Damascus, and the significance of the minaret was symbolic. Reference to a white minaret, according to him, symbolised the spread of Islamic teachings linked to the coming of the Messiah, which would enlighten the world and lead to Islam's ultimate pre-eminence. Ghulam Ahmad wrote:
{{Quote|Just as you can see that the lamp placed on top of a minaret spreads its light far and wide, and just as lightning in one part of the sky also illuminates all other parts, so too will it be in these days...The true nature of the tower of the Messiah that is mentioned in the ''ahadith'' is that the Messiah’s invitation and message will spread on this earth very quickly, just as light or sound from a tower reaches far.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.alislam.org/library/books/BritishGovt-and-Jihad.pdf| title=The British Government and Jihad | author=Mirza Ghulam Ahmad | page=18 | publisher=Islam International Publications | access-date=15 March 2016}}</ref>}}
With reference to the Messiah appearing to the east of Damascus – a commercial city within the Christian [[Byzantine Empire]] during [[Muhammad]]'s time – In a tract published on 28 May 1900, Ghulam Ahmad linked [[Biblical and Quranic narratives|Biblical prophecies]] concerning the [[Second Coming#Islam|return of Christ]] with those found in the Quran and Hadith, stating that they pointed in the same direction for a specific reason, particularly the one mentioned by Jesus in the [[Matthew 24|24th chapter]] of the [[Gospel of Matthew]]:<ref>[https://www.alislam.org/urdu/pdf/ishtaharat-v3.pdf, ''Majmooa Ishtiharat''], Vol 3, p. 285</ref>
{{Quote|For as the lightning cometh out of the east and shineth even unto the west; so shall also the coming of the Son of Man be. For wheresoever the carcase is, there will the eagles be gathered together.|{{Bibleverse||Matthew|24:27-28|KJV}}}}
According to Ghulam Ahmad, specific mention in the hadith of the ''east of Damascus'' with reference to the promised Messiah, carried a deeply religious significance since it was in Damascus that [[Paul the Apostle|Paul of Tarsus]] laid the foundation of the doctrine of [[Trinity]] and divinity of Jesus and therefore the seed for the corruption of Christian beliefs, according to him, was first sown in Damascus. From there this erroneous idea had spread to other countries with Paul’s preaching, particularly towards the West. It was therefore fitting that the Messiah appear from the East and, like the sun, illumine through his teachings even the West where the Christian faith would at the time be ascendant.<ref>{{cite book |author=A. R. Dard |url=http://www.alislam.org/library/books/Life-of-Ahmad-20080411MN.pdf |title=Life of Ahmad, Founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement |publisher=Islam International Publications |page=772 |access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> In the same tract, he wrote:
{{Quote|Now our adversaries, though they repeatedly read this ''hadith'' of Damascus, yet they are unable to answer as to what the message contained in that which has been stated in it is, namely that the promised Messiah will descend near the minaret that is to the east of Damascus. Rather they have considered this ''hadith'' like a mere story, but let it be remembered that this is no story and that God is pure from useless actions…This passage did not mean that the minaret is a part of Damascus and is situated in Damascus as has unfortunately been understood. Rather, it meant that the light of [the teachings of] the promised Messiah will rise, like the sun, from a direction to the east of Damascus and dispel the Western darkness. And this was a subtle indication for the minaret of the Messiah, near which he is to descend, had been declared as being to the east of Damascus and the Damascene Trinity was kept to its western side. And thus was it foretold about the age to come, that when the promised Messiah comes, he will make his appearance like the sun which comes out of the east, and as opposed to him, the lifeless lamp of Trinity that is situated towards the west, will fade away day by day.|''Majmooa Ishtiharat''|<ref>[https://www.alislam.org/urdu/pdf/ishtaharat-v3.pdf, ''Majmooa Ishtiharat''], Vol 3, pp. 290-94</ref>}}
Although Ghulam Ahmad interpreted the prophecy symbolically, with the publication of the announcement in 1900, he sought to construct a physical structure representing the fulfilment of the prophecy and solicited donations for the building of the minaret laying its foundation on 13 March 1903. The minaret, according to him, was to be a physical representation of the fulfilment of the prophecy and a monument signifying the advent of the Promised Messiah with a light and a clock fixed on its top symbolising the light of Islamic teachings spreading far and wide and "so that Man will recognize his time", and a [[Muezzin]] to give the call to prayer five times a day symbolising an invitation to Islam. Though the foundation stone for the minaret was laid in 1903, construction subsequently stopped due to a lack of funds. Work continued under [[Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad|Mirza Bashir-ud-Din Mahmud]], the second [[Ahmadiyya Caliphate|Ahmadiyya caliph]] in 1914, reaching completion in 1916. Bright lights were fixed at the top of the minaret. These lights were not fixed so as to brighten the minaret itself but were instead pointing ''away'' from the minaret thereby representing its Lighthouse status.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roose |first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDhoNLbM45gC&q=The+Architectural+Representation+of+Islam.+Muslim-commissioned+Mosque+Design+in+the+Netherlands |title=The Architectural Representation of Islam: Muslim-commissioned Mosque Design in the Netherlands |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9789089641335 |page=46}}</ref> The clock was not fixed until 1933 and in the late 1930s it was coated with plaster of white marble. In 1980, it was veneered with white marble slabs.<ref>[http://www.alislam.org/library/minara.html Minara-tul-Masih]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite book |last1=Bentlage |first1=Björn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ |title=Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism: A Sourcebook |last2=Eggert |first2=Marion |last3=Krämer |first3=Hans-Martin |last4=Reichmuth |first4=Stefan |publisher=Brill |year=2016 |isbn=9789004329003 |author4-link=Stefan Reichmuth (academic)}}

{{Ahmadiyya topics|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Ahmadiyya buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Mosques in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Minarets in India]]

Real Colégio de Educação de Chorão

2026-04-09T22:28:11Z

JestineLegg9: adding a article

{{Short description|Defunct Catholic seminary in Portuguese Goa}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Real Colégio de Educação de Chorão
| image_name = Seminary of Chorao.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| caption = [[Façade]] of the seminary
| motto =
| location = [[Chorão (Island)|Chorão]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| mottoeng =
| established = 1761
| closed = 1859
| type = [[Seminary]]
| affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]
| logo =
| footnotes =
| coordinates = {{coord|15.527|73.878|display=title,inline}}
}}

'''Real Colégio de Educação de Chorão''' is a defunct [[Catholic]] seminary that was founded on 2 April 1761 in [[Chorão (Island)|Chorão]], [[Portuguese Goa]].<ref>The Island of Chorão (A Historical Sketch) 1962 By Francisco Xavier Gomes Catão page 45 {{OCLC|29051875}}</ref> It belonged to the parish of [[Our Lady of Grace Church (Chorão Island)|Our Lady of Grace Church]].

[[File:Seminário do Chorão.jpg|thumb|Seminário do Chorão]]

==History==
The Real Colégio de Educação de Chorão was instituted in the edifice for [[Jesuit]] novices. This college was declared [[Seminary]] by the Royal Instructions to the Viceroy Conde de Ega dated 2 April 1761 written by the Secretary of State, [[Francisco Xavier de Mendonça Furtado]].<ref>The Island of Chorão (A Historical Sketch) 1962 By Francisco Xavier Gomes Catão page 45 {{OCLC|29051875}}</ref>

A large number of students attended the Seminary chiefly from Ilhas and [[Bardes]] and of these 19 were educated free by the state and were destined to work in the service of the Missions. In addition to the teaching staff and students, the seminary had a medical practitioner, one porter, one [[sacristan]] and one infirmarian<ref>História de Goa By Fr. Manuel Jose Gabriel de Saldanha Vol II 1926 page 247-248</ref><ref>Boletim official of 1858 page 138</ref>

The following subjects were taught in this college : [[Latin]], Rational and Moral Philosophy, Dogmatic and Moral Theology(3 years), Gregorian chant and liturgy. Archbishop S Galdinho added the study of Portuguese Grammar and elements of Rhetoric, Geometry, Physics. Archbishop Silva Torres added yet more namely study of universal History, including the one of Portugal and its territories, geography, ecclesiastical history, Canon Law and Sacred Scriptures.<ref>História de Goa By Fr. Manuel Jose Gabriel de Saldanha Vol II 1926 page 247-248</ref>

The posts of [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Rector]] and Vice [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Rector]] were entrusted provisionally to the Portuguese Dominicans. They were to hold these post until the arrival of the fathers of the Congregation of the Missions hailing from Convento de Rilhafoles, popularly known as Vincentians or Lazarists who in fact landed in Goa during the monsoons of the year 1779.<ref>The Island of Chorão (A Historical Sketch) 1962 By Francisco Xavier Gomes Catão page 45 {{OCLC|29051875}}</ref>

Even though the Dominicans were conducting the affairs of the Chorão Seminary, its superior direction of studies and magisterium by express Royal order was at the time placed into the hands of the Congregation of St. [[Philip Neri]] of Goa. The Superior was called "Perfect of Studies"

The Lazarists to whom the Chorão Seminary was handed over in view of the obedience to Royal mandates of 21 March 1779 had to retire from Goa by a decree issued on 13 December 1779. This withdrawal was done successively in the years 1786,1787 and 1791 and ultimately in 1793 because of a misunderstanding between them and the local Government. Two of these religious went to [[Macao]] and the rest to [[Portugal]].<ref>Fr Manuel Texeira in Bol.Ecles.daDioc de Macau No 145(April 1941) page 291-293</ref>

Once again the Chorão Seminary was handed over to the Oratorians who carried on up to the suppression of Religious Orders in Goa in 1834 and from hence the Chorão Seminary was in charge of Diocesan indigenous clergy.

By a resolution dated 14 April 1781, the Junta da Real Fazenda allotted to the Chorão Seminary a yearly contribution of 9038159 paradaus for all the expenses; the surplus was to be utilized towards extraordinary repairs. Accounts had also to be submitted. In 1855, the state further contributed an annual subsidy of 6316100 Xerafins.<ref>Chart of expenditure of the economic year of 1854-1855 in the Boletim official of 1858 page 138.</ref>

==Churches and Chapels==

===Nossa Senhora da Assunção===
The Church of Nossa Senhora da Assunção was situated to the west of the Seminary facing the South. Though it was small in dimension, yet it had beautifully ornamented and gilded pictures on the vault. The Church was dedicated to the Glorious Assumption of Our Lady. There were 3 altars. The main altar was dedicated to Nossa Senhora da Assunção, the side altars to St. [[Aloysius Gonzaga]] and Nossa Senhora da Boa Morte. The three feasts were solemnly celebrated with great splendour respectively on the 14th, 15th and 16 August.

The facade of the Church had one large door and a window on either side and corresponding to this the upper section contained three more windows above the door and lower windows. In front of the church was the Churchyard(adro) with steps leading to the level of the street where there was a big stone cross(cruzeiro). The tower of the church between the facade and the seminary was very prominent and had a large clock with pointers or hands; and the hours were struck by huge bells which could be heard by people residing even in the neighbouring villages.<ref>História de Goa By Fr. Manuel Jose Gabriel de Saldanha Vol II 1926 page 246</ref>

===Chapels===
In the body of the seminary there were two chapels, the Chapel of Santo Christo and the other of Nossa Senhora da Patrocinio. Within the walls there was the Chapel of St. Jerome, this chapel is the only remaining relic of the Seminary of Chorão.

The Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Patrocinio was the richest and well worked out. It was in this chapel that the Seminarians performed their spiritual exercises. The chapel had also a box containing the relics of the Blesses Martyrs of Cuncolim.

====St. Jerome Chapel====
{{Main|Chapel of St. Jerome (Chorão Island)}}
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
St. Jerome Chapel, Chorão.jpg |St. Jerome Chapel only remaining relic of the Seminary of Chorão
</gallery>

== Closing ==
In consequence of the insalubrious atmosphere prevailing at that time on Chorão Island as well as of the lamentable condition of the magnificent edifice, which was almost tottering to ruins, the seminary was provisionally closed by a decree No.52 of 28 May 1859, and the [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Rector]], Professors and Seminarians shifted to the [[Rachol Seminary]]. Fr. António Filipe Lourenço, from [[Margão]] was the last [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Rector]].<ref>Rectors and Professors vide A Vaz de S.F Xavier Vol VIII 1937-38 Nos.</ref><ref>The Island of Chorão (A Historical Sketch) 1962 By Francisco Xavier Gomes Catão page 47 {{OCLC|29051875}}</ref>

When the Chorão Seminary was closed a few images, panels and movable objects were sold in 1871 by the Junta da Fazenda.<ref>Boletim official of 1871, No-4, page21:No9, Page51 and No13 Page80</ref> Some Image of Our Lady of Boa Morte, the organ and books which belonged to the period commencing from 1837 were dispatched to the [[Seminary of Rachol]]. Some of the Books previous to the year 1837 are preserved in the Historical Archives. The Relics Box of the Blessed Martyrs of Cuncolim were shifted to Cathedral Church of Goa where the box is kept on the altar of St. Anne.<ref>Exles da Arquid de Goa October 1958 Page 289</ref>

The image of our lord (Senhor Morto) is now venerated in the Monastery of Pilar. The panels and columns of the chapel of Santo Christo are in the Church of Sirigao. The statue of St Jerome is venerated on the left collateral altar of the Mapuca Church. Part of the panel from the chapel alto [[relevo]] of the Assumption and the panel from the chapel of Nossa Senhora da Patrocinio is in the Church of Saligao. The Exposition Throne, the pulpit and the sepulchre are in the Church of Salvador do Mundo.

==See also==
* [[Our Lady of Grace Church (Chorão Island)]]
* [[Chapel of St. Jerome (Chorão Island)]]
* [[St Bartholomew's Church (Chorão Island)]]
* [[Capela de Nossa Senhora da Saúde (Chorão Island)]]
* [[Chorão (Island)|Chorão]]
* [[Rachol Seminary]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Real Colegio de Educacao de Chorao}}
[[Category:Chorão (island)]]
[[Category:Catholic seminaries]]
[[Category:Christian seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:Portuguese colonial architecture in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Goa]]
[[Category:Education in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Goa]]

Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega

2026-04-06T06:22:24Z

JestineLegg9: new first post basic info.

{{short description|2001 Hindi film directed by Eeshwar Nivas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega
| image = Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega.jpg

| director = [[Eeshwar Nivas]]
| producer = [[Ram Gopal Varma]] Nitin Manmohan
| writer = Rajnish Thakur
|based_on = {{based on|''[[Money (1993 film)|Money]]''|[[Siva Nageswara Rao]]}}
| narrator = [[Paresh Rawal]]
| starring = [[Saif Ali Khan]] [[Fardeen Khan]] [[Aftab Shivdasani]] [[Sonali Bendre]] [[Twinkle Khanna]] [[Johnny Lever]]
| music = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| cinematography = Venkat Rama Prasad
| editing = Bhanodaya
| studio =
| distributor = Dream Merchants Enterprise
| released = {{film date|df=y|2001|6|29}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{Estimation}} {{INR|57.5 million}}<ref name="BOI">{{cite web |title=Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=879 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506132152/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=879 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|103.3 million}}<ref name="BOI" />
}}

'''''Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega''''' ({{Translation|Will do anything for love}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime comedy film]] directed by [[Eeshwar Nivas]] and produced by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and Nitin Manmohan. The film stars [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Fardeen Khan]], [[Sonali Bendre]], [[Twinkle Khanna]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]] and [[Johnny Lever]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twinkle Khanna : 'Why Should I Waste All the Hard Work on my Looks' |url=https://m.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jun/28twink.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=26 March 2020 |date=28 June 2001 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326152028/https://m.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jun/28twink.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film marked Twinkle Khanna's final acting performance, prior to her marriage and subsequent retirement from the industry.

The film is an official remake of the 1993 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Money (1993 film)|Money]]''. It was released on 29 June 2001 and unlike the original version, the Hindi remake received mixed reviews and eventually became a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sivanageswararao.html |title=Siva Nageswara Rao – Telugu Cinema interview – Telugu film director |access-date=28 November 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115025605/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sivanageswararao.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is said to be partly based on the American black comedy ''[[Fargo (1996 film)|Fargo]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Desi phillum, Hinglish title |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/24slide2.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=26 March 2020 |date=24 October 2007 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326152021/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/24slide2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Paresh Rawal]], who acted as the female lead's husband in the original Telugu film, plays the narrator in the Hindi remake.

==Plot==
A troubled young man, Prakash, is married to Sapna, who is an artist and the only daughter of a wealthy business tycoon, Rajiv Chopra, and Prakash is his son-in-law. Rajiv Chopra hates Prakash and often troubles him. Tired of being troubled and insulted by Chopra, Prakash plans to have Sapna kidnapped to make his father-in-law feel the way he does. He hires two broke strugglers, Rahul and Harry, who are to be fake kidnappers and kidnap Sapna. Rahul is an unemployed graduate who is seeking employment and is in love with Anjali, the daughter of his landlord, Dakshina Murthi. Murthi makes a condition to let Anjali marry Rahul if he finds a job in one month and pays all his overdue rents. If not, he would make Anjali marry someone else who has a good job. This prompts hopeless and vulnerable Rahul and his roommate Harry to join the fake kidnapping scheme.

The plan succeeds, and Chopra is deceived. Rahul and Harry demand Rs.1 1 crore as ransom money, and the fooled Chopra agrees to pay. As the ransom money has been paid, Rahul and Harry set Sapna free and leave her in a forest, which is also part of Prakash's plan. Prakash arrives at the forest to pick up Sapna; however, he realizes that she has been kidnapped again, but this time by real kidnappers. This crime caper soon turns into one hilarious joy ride!

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Saif Ali Khan]] as Prakash Singh
*[[Fardeen Khan]] as Rahul Kapoor / Khalid Muhammad
*[[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Harilal "Harry" Chaturvedi / Sultan Ahmed
*[[Twinkle Khanna]] as Anjali Murthy, Rahul's girlfriend.
*[[Sonali Bendre]] as Sapna Chopra, Prakash's wife.
*[[Dalip Tahil]] as Rajiv Chopra, Sapna's father.
*[[Johnny Lever]] as Aslam Bhai
*[[Anupam Shyam]] as Sardar
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Dakshina Murthy, Anjali's father.
*[[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Rameshwari, Anjali's mother.
*[[Snehal Dabi]] as Aaj Kapoor
*[[Sharat Saxena]] as Police Officer
*[[Shrivallabh Vyas]] as Police Commissioner
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Narrator
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega
| type = Soundtrack album
| artist = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 21 May 2001
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Abbas Tyrewala]]
| all_music = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| title1 = Aslam Bhai
| length1 = 03:51
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| title2 = Love X Crime
| length2 = 05:23
| extra2 = Sonu Nigam, [[Fareed Sabri]]
| title3 = Rama Rama
| length3 = 04:33
| extra3 = Sonu Nigam, [[Asha Bhosle]]
| title4 = Socho Kya Karogi
| length4 = 04:18
| extra4 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], Asha Bhosle
| title5 = Dhan Dhan
| length5 = 06:44
| extra5 = KK
| title6 = Love Ke Liye
| length6 = 05:00
| extra6 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| title7 = Dil Mera Dil Hai Akela
| length7 = 04:56
| extra7 = Udit Narayan
}}
Reviewing the music album for [[Rediff.com]], Sukanya Verma wrote that "Aslam Bhai" song "manages to click" "despite the fact that it has absurd lines".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=Music with attitude |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/may/25love.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=26 March 2020 |date=25 May 2001 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326153039/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/may/25love.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
[[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] opined that the film was "mostly watchable for its bubbling enthusiasm and, of course, Aslambhai".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=A fun rollercoaster ride! Love Le Liye Kuch Bhi Karega rolls |url=https://rediff.com/movies/2001/jun/29love.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=26 March 2020 |date=29 June 2001 |archive-date=14 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514040814/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jun/29love.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] found the film "engaging, but in parts". He was of the view that the film's comedy was similar to that seen in [[Basu Chatterjee]]'s films and both the actresses; Khanna and Bendre lacked "enough scope" for acting.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/love-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega/critic-review/love-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-movie-review/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=29 March 2020 |date=28 June 2001 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329132127/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/love-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega/critic-review/love-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Amaresh Misra of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' stated that Khanna and Bendre had been "wasted" in the film, which lacked of "innovative screenplay".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Amresh |title=Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/love-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega/212631 |access-date=29 March 2020 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=16 July 2001 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329132127/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/love-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega/212631 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0287537|Love Ke Liye Kuchh Bhi Karega}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma}}

[[Category:2000s buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:2001 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:2001 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madh Fort]]
[[Category:Films directed by Eeshwar Nivas]]

List of international presidential trips made by Pratibha Patil

2026-04-05T16:19:31Z

JestineLegg9:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
This is a '''list of international presidential trips''' made by [[Pratibha Patil]], the 12th [[President of India]]. Patil was elected as president and assumed the office for a five-year term on 25 July 2007 to succeed [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] and served until 25 July 2012 and was succeeded by [[Pranab Mukherjee]].

==Summary of international trips==
{{Further|Foreign relations of India}}

In her five-year tenure as the President, Pratibha Patil made 13 international trips, visiting 24 countries. The first state visit was to Brazil between 12 and 16 April 2008, followed by Mexico and Chile. South Africa was the final country to be visited by her during her presidency.

[[File:Pratibha Patil foreign trips.svg|500px|thumb|center|Map of international trips made by Pratibha Patil as President.]]

{| class="wikitable"
|+President Pratibha Patil's visits by country
|-
!Number of visits
!Country
|-
|1 visit (24)
|[[Austria]], [[Bhutan]], [[Brazil]], [[Cambodia]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[Cyprus]], [[Indonesia]], [[Laos]], [[Mongolia]], [[Mauritius]], [[Mexico]], [[Poland]], [[Russia]], [[Seychelles]], [[South Africa]], [[South Korea]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[Ba'athist Syria|Syria]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Vietnam]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[United Kingdom]]
|}

==2008==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:10em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Areas visited
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! class="unsortable"| Images
|-
!rowspan="3"| 1
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[São Paulo]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brasília]]
|12{{ndash}}16 April<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/president-patil-on-latin-america-visit-24412-2008-04-12|title=President Patil on Latin America visit|date=12 April 2008|access-date=14 October 2008|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|Maiden state visit upon assumption of presidency in July 2007. Addressed the [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]] and met with Chamber of Deputies President [[Arlindo Chinaglia]] and Supreme Court President [[Ellen Gracie Northfleet]]. Welcomed by President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] at [[Palácio do Planalto]] and accorded ceremonial reception. Held bilateral talks with President Lula and witnessed signing of documents.
|[[File:Pratibha Devisingh Patil with the President of Brazil, Mr. Luiz Inacio Lula Da Silva witnessing the march past as a part of welcoming on her arrival at the Palacio to Planatto at Brazilia on April 16, 2008.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Mexico City]], [[Guadalajara]]
|17{{ndash}}19 April
|Visited National Hero's Memorial and addressed Indian community. Welcomed by President [[Felipe Calderón]] and held bilateral and delegation-level talks with him and addressed joint press statement. Met with Supreme Court President [[Guillermo Iberio Ortiz Mayagoitia]], addressed India-Mexico Chamber of Commerce meeting. Also met with Jalisco Governor [[Emilio González Márquez]].
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil with the President of Mexico, Shri Filipe Calderon Hinojosa inspecting the Guard of Honour, at a ceremonial reception, in Mexico City on April 17, 2008.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Santiago]]
|20{{ndash}}25 April<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-pratibha-patil-reaches-chile/articleshow/2967567.cms?from=mdr|title=President Pratibha Patil reaches Chile|date=21 April 2008|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
|Received by President [[Michelle Bachelet]] and accorded ceremonial guard of honour at [[Palacio de La Moneda (Chile)|Palacio de La Moneda]]. Held delegation-level talks with President Bachelet and witnessed signing of documents. Met with Santiago Mayor Raul Alcaino Lin and received Key of the city and citation from him. Conferred honorary doctorate from [[University of Chile]] Rector Victor Peres Vera.
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil and the President of Chile, Mrs. Michelle Bechelet inspecting a Guard of Honour at a ceremonial reception at President's Palace in Santiago, Chile on April 21, 2008.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!2
|{{flag|Bhutan}}
|[[Paro, Bhutan|Paro]]
|5{{ndash}}8 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/patil-to-attend-coronation-of-fifth-bhutan-king-32851-2008-11-04|title=Patil to attend coronation of fifth Bhutan King|date=4 November 2008|access-date=14 October 2023|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|Attended coronation of King [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]]. Welcomed by 4th King [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]] and met with Prime Minister [[Jigme Thinley]]. Attended ceremonial coronation rituals at [[Tashichho Dzong]] and mass gathering at [[Changlimithang Stadium]]. Also attended royal banquet hosted by the King of Bhutan.
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil with the 5th King of Bhutan HM Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, at Royal Banquet Hall, on November 06, 2008.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 3
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|[[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Hanoi]]
|24{{ndash}}27 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/president-patil-embarks-on-10-day-visit-to-vietnam-indonesia-33858-2008-11-23|title=President Patil embarks on 10-day visit to Vietnam, Indonesia|date=23 November 2008|access-date=14 October 2008|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|Met with Ho Chi Minh City People's Committee chairman Le Hoang Quan and attended banquet hosted by him. Addressed [[FICCI]] business delegation meeting. Welcomed by President [[Nguyễn Minh Triết]] at [[Presidential Palace, Hanoi|Presidential Palace]] and held bilateral talks with him and witnessed signing of documents and MOUs. Met with Communist Party General Secretary [[Nông Đức Mạnh]] and Prime Minister [[Nguyễn Tấn Dũng]]. Also visited [[Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum]].
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil meeting the President of Vietnam, Mr.Nguyen Minh Triet at Presidential Palace, in Hanoi, Vietnam on November 27, 2008.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|[[Bali]], [[Jakarta]]
|28 November{{ndash}} 1 December
|Visited [[Pura Taman Ayun]] temple in Bali. Received and met with Foreign Minister [[Hassan Wirajuda]]. Welcomed by President [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] at [[Merdeka Palace]] and accorded guard of honour. Held bilateral talks with him and witnessed signing various documents and pacts.
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil with the President of Republic of Indonesia, Mr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, at Jakarta, Indonesia on December 01, 2008.jpg|150px|center]]
|}

==2009==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:10em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Areas visited
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! class="unsortable"| Images
|-
!rowspan="2"| 4
|{{flag|Spain}}
|[[Madrid]]
|20{{ndash}}23 April<ref name="SpainPol">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/president-visits-spain-poland-to-improve-bilateral-ties-44874-2009-04-18|title=President visits Spain, Poland to improve bilateral ties|date=19 April 2009|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spain-india.org/en/fcei_news_article/state_visit_to_spain_of_h_e_the_president_of_the_republic_of_india|title=State Visit to Spain of H.E. the President of the Republic of India|date=20 April 2009}}</ref>
|First-ever visit by an Indian President. Welcomed by King [[Juan Carlos I]] and [[Queen Sofía of Spain|Queen Sofía]] at [[Royal Palace of El Pardo|El Pardo Royal Palace]] and witnessed ceremonial guard of honour. Addressed special joint sitting of the [[Cortes Generales]] and visited the [[Monumento a los Caídos por España (Madrid)|Monumento a los Caídos por España]]. Received gold key to the city from Madrid Mayor [[Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón]] and state banquet hosted in her honour by the King. Met with Prime Minister [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] and addressed India-Spain business meeting.
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil with their Majesties, King Juan Carlos-I and the Queen Sofia before the State Banquet hosted in her honour at Palacio Real in Madrid on April 21, 2009.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Warsaw]], [[Kraków]]
|23{{ndash}}27 April<ref name="SpainPol"/>
|Welcomed by President [[Lech Kaczyński]] and accorded ceremonial reception and delivered press statement. Met with Prime Minister [[Donald Tusk]] and Marshal of Sejm [[Bronisław Komorowski]]. Also visited [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] and attended state banquet hosted by the President. Visited [[Jagiellonian University]] and [[Auschwitz concentration camp#Auschwitz II–Birkenau|Birkenau concentration camp]].
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil meeting the President of Poland, Mr. Lech Kaczynski at Presidential Palace in Warsaw, Poland on April 24, 2009.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 5
|{{flag|Russia}}
|[[Moscow]], [[Saint Petersburg]]
|2{{ndash}}5 September<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/45432/print|title=President of India Pratibha Patil will make a state visit to Russia on September 2–6, 2009|date=26 August 2009|website=[[kremlin]].ru}}</ref><ref name="RusTajik">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/president-leaves-for-visit-to-russia-tajikistan/|date=2 September 2009|website=[[The Indian Express]]|title=President leaves for visit to Russia, Tajikistan}}</ref>
|Visited [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Moscow)|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] and laid ceremonial wreath. Met with President [[Dmitry Medvedev]], held delegation-level talks and attended banquet hosted by the president. Addressed gala concert on occasion of "Year of India in Russia" at [[Bolshoi Theatre]]. Also met with [[Prime Minister of Russia|Prime Minister]] [[Vladimir Putin]], Chairman of Federation Council [[Sergey Mironov]], Chairman of State Duma [[Boris Gryzlov]], Saint Petersburg Deputy Governor Alexander Vakhmistrov and Presidential Envoy for Northwestern Federal District [[Ilya Klebanov]].
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil meeting the President of the Russia Federation, Mr. Dmity Anatolyevich Medvedev, at Grand Kremlin Palace, in Moscow, Russia on September 03, 2009 (1).jpg|150px|center]]
|-
|{{flag|Tajikistan}}
|[[Dushanbe]]
|6{{ndash}}8 September<ref name="RusTajik"/>
|Welcomed by President [[Emomali Rahmon]] at [[Palace of the Nation (Dushanbe)|Palace of the Nation]] and accorded ceremonial guard of honour. Held delegation level talks with President Rahmon and addressed India-Tajikistan business meeting. Visited [[Dousti Square]] and also attended state banquet hosted by the president. Met with Prime Minister [[Oqil Oqilov]] and Defence Minister [[Sherali Khayrulloyev]]. Also addressed special function of 19th Independence Day celebration of Tajikistan and visited [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani|Hamadani Mausoleum]].
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil at a banquet hosted by the President of Tajikistan, Mr. Emomali Rakhmonov, at Varzob-Pugus, Dushanbe, in Tajikistan on September 07, 2009.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 6
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[London]]
|26{{ndash}}29 October<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Royal-welcome-for-the-President/article16890352.ece|title=Royal welcome for the President|date=28 October 2009|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|[[State and official visits to the United Kingdom|State visit]]. Welcomed by Queen [[Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] at [[Windsor Castle]] and visited royal exhibition and attended state banquet hosted by the Queen. [[List of people who have addressed both houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom|Addressed joint session]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] Attended reception hosted by Lord Mayor [[Ian Luder]] at [[Guildhall, London|Guildhall]] and met Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] at [[10 Downing Street]] and [[Charles III|Charles, Prince of Wales]] at [[Clarence House]]. Attended launch of [[Queen's Baton Relay]] for [[2010 Commonwealth Games|XIX Commonwealth Games]] and received the baton from the Queen.
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil with Queen Elizabeth II and Duke of Edinburgh before the State Banquet hosted by The Queen Elizabeth-II at Windsor Castle, in London on October 27, 2009.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
|{{flag|Cyprus}}
|[[Larnaca]], [[Nicosia]]
|30 October{{ndash}} 1 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/president-pratibha-patil-cement-close-2569685|title=President Pratibha Patil to cement close ties with Cyprus|date=28 October 2009|website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>
|Welcomed by President [[Demetris Christofias]] at [[Presidential Palace, Nicosia|Presidential Palace]] and accorded guard of honour. Met and held delegation-level talks with the President. Also met with President of the House of Representatives [[Marios Garoyian]] and Archbishop [[Chrysostomos II of Cyprus]]. Attended state banquet hosted by the President.
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil meeting the President of Cyprus, Mr. Demetris Christofias, at Presidential Palace, in Nicosia, Cyprus on October 31, 2009.jpg|150px|center]]
|}

==2010==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:10em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Areas visited
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! class="unsortable"| Images
|-
!7
|{{flag|China}}
|Beijing, [[Luoyang]], Shanghai
|26{{ndash}}31 May<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Pratibha-Patil-arrives-in-China/article16303632.ece|title=Pratibha Patil arrives in China|date=26 May 2010|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|Received by President [[Hu Jintao]] at [[Great Hall of the People]] and participated in delegation-level talks with the President. Met with Premier of the State Council [[Wen Jiabao]] and Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference [[Jia Qinglin]]. Visited the [[Temple of Heaven]] and [[Forbidden City]]. Addressed special event commemorating 60th anniversary of India-China Diplomatic Relations along with Vice President [[Xi Jinping]]. Also met with Henan Governor [[Guo Gengmao]] and Party Secretary for Shanghai [[Yu Zhengsheng]].
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil inspecting the Guard of Honour during a ceremonial reception given to her at Great Hall of the Peoples, in Beijing on May 27, 2010.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 8
|{{flag|Laos}}
|[[Vientaine]], [[Luang Prabang]]
|9{{ndash}}13 September<ref name="LaoCbm">{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/875/State+Visit+of+President+of+India+to+Lao+PDR+and+Cambodia|title=State Visit of President of India to Lao PDR and Cambodia|date=7 September 2010|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref>
|Welcomed by President [[Choummaly Sayasone]] at [[Presidential Palace, Laos|Presidential Palace]] and accorded ceremonial guard of honour. Participated in bilateral and delegation-level talks with the President and witnessed signing of documents. Met Prime Minister [[Bouasone Bouphavanh]] and National Assembly President [[Thongsing Thammavong]] and attended state banquet hosted by the President. Also met Luang Prabang Governor Bouheuang Doungphachanh and attended banquet hosted by the Governor.
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil addressing at the State Banquet hosted by the President of Lao PDR, Mr. Choummaly Sayasone, in Vientiane on September 10, 2010.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
|[[Phnom Penh]], [[Siem Reap]]
|13{{ndash}}18 September<ref name="LaoCbm"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/president-pratibha-patil-arrives-in-cambodia-on-six-day-state-visit/story-Gu1Tu2aaswzAasawG67MsO.html|title=President Pratibha Patil arrives in Cambodia on six day state visit|date=13 September 2010|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|Received and welcomed by King [[Norodom Sihamoni]] at [[Royal Palace of Cambodia|Royal Palace]] and held bilateral meeting with him and attended state banquet hosted by the King. Met with Prime Minister [[Hun Sen]], Senate President [[Chea Sim]] and National Assembly President [[Heng Samrin]]. Visited [[Angkor Wat temple]] and [[Banteay Srei]] temple and laid foundation stone of the [[MGC Asian Traditional Textiles Museum]].
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil meeting the King of Cambodia, HM Preah Bat Samdech Preah Boromneath Norodom Sihamoni, at Thrown Hall, in Royal Palace at Phnom Penh, Cambodia on September 14, 2010.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 9
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|[[Abu Dhabi]], [[Dubai]], [[Sharjah]]
|21{{ndash}}25 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/government/indian-president-arrives-on-first-state-visit-to-uae-1.512169|title=Indian president arrives on first state visit to UAE|date=22 November 2010|website=thenationalnews.com}}</ref>
|Welcomed by President [[Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] at Al-Mushrif Palace and held bilateral talks with the President. Addressed the [[Abu Dhabi Indian School]] and Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce. Met with Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]] and Deputy Prime Minister [[Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]. Also met with Ruler of Sharjah [[Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi]].
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil with the President of UAE, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahayan, at Mushrif Palace, in Abu Dhabi on November 22, 2010.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
|{{flag|Ba'athist Syria|name=Syria}}
|[[Damascus]], [[Aleppo]]
|26{{ndash}}30 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/patil-arrives-in-damascus-on-four-day-syria-visit/story-EdbmYac7sMDZhINF9P80tJ.html|title=Patil arrives in Damascus on four-day Syria visit|date=27 November 2010|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|Welcomed by President [[Bashar al-Assad]] at [[Presidential Palace, Damascus|Presidential Palace]] and accorded ceremonial guard of honour. Participated in delegation-level talks with the President and attended state banquet hosted in her honour. Visited [[Umayyad Mosque]] and met with Prime Minister [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari]], Speaker of Parliament [[Mahmoud al-Abrash]] and Minister of Trade and Economy [[Lamia Assi]]. Addressed India-Syria Business Summit and interacted with leaders of [[Missionaries of Charity]] in Damascus. Also met with Aleppo Governor Ali Ahmed Mansoura.
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil meeting the President of Syrian Arab Republic, Dr. Bashar al Assad, at the Presidential Palace, at Damascus in Syria on November 27, 2010.jpg|150px|center]]
|}

==2011==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:10em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Areas visited
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! class="unsortable"| Images
|-
!10
|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|[[Port Louis]]
|24{{ndash}}28 April<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2011/apr/24/presidents-mauritius-visit-begins-today-247317.html|title=President's Mauritius visit begins today|date=24 April 2011|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|Received by Prime Minister [[Navin Ramgoolam]] and held talks at [[Clarisse House]]. Met with President [[Sir Anerood Jugnauth]] and [[Lady Sarojini Jugnauth]] at [[State House, Mauritius|State House]]. Visited samadhi of Father of the Nation [[Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam]] and [[Aapravasi Ghat]]. Met with Leader of the Opposition [[Paul Berenger]] and Chief Justice [[Y. K. J. Yeung Sik Yuen]]. Attended state banquet hosted by the prime minister and also addressed special session of the [[National Assembly (Mauritius)|National Assembly]]. Inaugurated bust of [[Indira Gandhi]] and special postal covers at Indira Gandhi Centre for Indian Culture and offered puja at [[Mangal Mahadev]].
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil meeting the President of Mauritius, Sir Anerood Jugnauth, at State House, Mauritius on April 25, 2011.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 11
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|[[Seoul]]
|24{{ndash}}27 July<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pratibha-patil-in-south-korea-on-threeday-visit/article2290362.ece|title=Pratibha Patil in South Korea on three-day visit|date=24 July 2011|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|Welcomed by President [[Lee Myung-bak]] at [[Blue House]] and held delegation-level talks with the president and attended state banquet hosted in her honour. Addressed Indo-Korean Business Meeting and Indian community reception. Also met with National Assembly Speaker Park Hee-tae.
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil meeting the President of Korea, Mr. Lee Myung-bak, in Seoul, Korea on July 25, 2011.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
|{{flag|Mongolia}}
|[[Ulaanbaatar]]
|27{{ndash}}30 July<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/07/27/president-arrives-in-mongolia-on-three-day-visit.html|title=President arrives in Mongolia on three-day visit|date=27 July 2011|website=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref>
|Welcomed by President [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]] and inspected ceremonial guard of honour [[Sükhbaatar Square]]. Held bilateral and delegation-level talks with the President and addressed joint press conference. Met with Education Minister Yo Otgonbayar during India-Mongolia Business Forum and visited Pethub Tangey Choskhorling Monastery.
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil meeting the President of Mongolia, Mr. Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia on July 28, 2011.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 12
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|[[Geneva]], [[Bern]]
|30 September{{ndash}} 4 October<ref name="SwiAut">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-pratibha-patil-leaves-on-8-day-visit-to-switzerland-austria/articleshow/10180951.cms?from=mdr|title=President Pratibha Patil leaves on 8-day visit to Switzerland, Austria|date=30 September 2011|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
|Visited [[CERN]] and interacted with Indian scientists and addressed Indian community reception. Welcomed by President [[Micheline Calmy-Rey]] at [[Federal Palace of Switzerland|Federal Palace]] and participated in talks with her and made joint press statements. Addressed the [[Federal Assembly (Switzerland)|Federal Assembly]] and attended state banquet hosted by the President.
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil meeting the President of the Swiss Confederation, Ms. Micheline Anne-Marie Calmy-Rey, at Berne, Switzerland on October 03, 2011.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
|{{flag|Austria}}
|[[Vienna]], Salzburg
|4{{ndash}}7 October<ref name="SwiAut"/>
|Welcomed by President [[Heinz Fischer]] at [[Hofburg Palace]] and inspected guard of honour. Later participated in bilateral and delegation-level talks with the President, addressed joint press conference and attended state banquet hosted by the President. Met with Federal Chancellor [[Werner Faymann]] and National Council President [[Barbara Prammer]] and visited the [[Austrian Parliament]]. Also met with Salzburg Governess [[Gabi Burgstaller]] and attended concert at [[Mozart's House]].
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil meeting the President of Austria, Mr. Heinz Fischer, at Hofburg Presidential Palace, in Vienna, Austria on October 05, 2011.jpg|150px|center]]
|}

==2012==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:10em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Areas visited
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! class="unsortable"| Images
|-
!rowspan="2"| 13
|{{flag|Seychelles}}
|[[Mahé, Seychelles|Mahé]]
|29 April{{ndash}}1 May<ref name="SeyAfr">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-pratibha-patil-embarks-on-visit-to-seychelles-south-africa/articleshow/12920485.cms?from=mdr|title=President Pratibha Patil embarks on visit to Seychelles, South Africa|date=29 April 2012|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
|Received by President [[James Alix Michel]] and inspected guard of honour and held talks with the President at [[State House, Seychelles|State House]]. Met with Vice President [[Danny Faure]] and held delegation-level talks. Addressed special session of the [[National Assembly (Seychelles)|National Assembly]] and met with people of Indian origin in Seychelles. Also met Leader of Opposition [[David Pierre]] and interacted with naval personnels at SPDF Air Wing Hangar.
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil meeting the President of Seychelles, Mr. James Alix Michel, at State House, in Mahe on April 30, 2012.jpg|150px|center]]
|-
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|[[Pretoria]], [[Johannesburg]], [[Cape Town]], [[Durban]], [[Pietermaritzburg]]
|1{{ndash}}8 May<ref name="SeyAfr"/>
|Final foreign visit. Welcomed by President [[Jacob Zuma]] for ceremonial reception at [[Union Buildings]] and accorded guard of honour. Held delegation level talks with the President and addressed joint press conference. Visited [[Freedom Park (South Africa)|Freedom Park]] and unveiled bust of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] at [[Constitution Hill, Johannesburg|Constitution Hill]] along with Chief Justice [[Mogoeng Mogoeng]]. Met with Deputy President [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] and visited the [[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]]. Attended reception hosted by Pietermaritzburg Mayor Chris Ndlela.
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil and the President of South Africa, Mr. Jacob Zuma, at the joint press conference, at Union Buildings, in Pretoria on May 02, 2012.jpg|150px|center]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Presidency of Pratibha Patil]]
* [[List of international presidential trips made by Ram Nath Kovind]]
* [[List of international presidential trips made by Droupadi Murmu]]
* [[List of international prime ministerial trips made by Manmohan Singh]]
* [[List of international trips made by Salman Khurshid as Minister of External Affairs of India]]
* [[History of Indian foreign relations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Pratibha}}
[[Category:Pratibha Patil]]
[[Category:Indian presidential visits]]
[[Category:Lists of diplomatic visits by heads of state]]
[[Category:Lists of 21st-century diplomatic visits]]
[[Category:2008 in international relations]]
[[Category:2009 in international relations]]
[[Category:2010 in international relations]]
[[Category:2011 in international relations]]
[[Category:2012 in international relations]]

Licchavis of Vaishali

2026-03-30T10:28:13Z

JestineLegg9:

{{Short description|Ancient Indo-Aryan tribe}}
{{About||the branch of the Licchavis that ruled Nepal in the 4th century CE|Licchavis of Nepal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = Licchavis of Vaishali
| conventional_long_name = Licchavi Republic
| common_name =
| era = [[Iron Age]]
| government_type = [[Ganasangha|Aristocratic Republic]]
| legislature = [[Sabhā]]
| status = Republic of the [[Vajjika League]]
| year_start = c. 7th century BCE
| year_end = c. 468 BCE
| event_end = Conquered by [[Ajatashatru|Ajātasattu]] of Magadha in 484–468 BCE
| p1 = Mahā-Videha
| s1 = Magadha
| image_map = Gana_Sanghas_(c._500_BCE).jpg
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption = Licchavi among the [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{transliteration|sa|Gaṇasaṅgha}}]]s
| image_map2 = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| image_map2_caption = Vajji (the Vajjika League), of which Licchavi was a constituent, and other [[Mahajanapadas]] in the Post Vedic period
| leader1 =
| capital = [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vesālī]]
| common_languages = [[Prakrit|Prākrit]]
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]] [[Buddhism]] [[Jainism]]
| demonym = Licchavika
| currency =
| title_leader = {{transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}}
| today = [[India]]
}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
The '''Licchavis of Vaishali''' ([[Magadhi Prakrit|Māgadhī Prakrit]]: {{lang|pra|𑀮𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀯𑀺}} {{transliteration|pra|Licchavi}}; [[Pali|Pāli]]: {{transliteration|pi|Licchavi}}; [[Sanskrit]]: ऋक्षवी ''Ṛkṣavī''; [[English language|English]]: "[[Bear]] Clan") were an ancient [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[tribe]] and dynasty of eastern India whose existence is attested from the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]] to the [[Middle kingdoms of India|Classical Age]]. The population of Licchavi, the '''Licchavikas''', were organised into a [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}]] (an [[aristocracy|aristocratic]] [[oligarchy|oligarchic]] [[republic]]), presently referred to as the '''Licchavi Republic''', which was the leading state of the larger [[Vajjika League]].

Following their eventual subjugation in the [[Magadha-Vajji war]], the Licchavis continued to reside in the region of Vaishali. The fourth century A.D. Gupta Emperor, [[Samudragupta]] was the son of a Licchavi princess and referred to himself as a ''Licchavi-Dauhitra''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trautmann |first1=Thomas |title=Licchavi-Dauhitra |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1972 |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=2–15 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X0012951X |jstor=25203320 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203320|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Location==
The Licchavikas lived in the southwest part of the [[Vajjika League]], which was itself bounded to the north, east, south, and west, respectively, by the [[Himalayas|Himālaya mountains]], and the [[Mahananda River|Mahānadī]], [[Ganges|Gaṅgā]], and [[Gandaki River|Sadānirā]] rivers. The Sadānirā river was the Licchavikas' western border, and the Gaṅgā river as their border with the kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] in the south. The capital of the Licchavikas was located at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vesālī]] (Vaishali), which also acted as the headquarters of the [[Vajjika League]] led by Licchavi.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}
[[File:Anandastupa.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ananda Stupa, with an [[Asokan pillar]], at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vesālī]], the capital city.]]
[[File:Buddha's ashes Stupa, Vaishali, Bihar.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The [[Relic Stupa of Vaishali]] which was built by the Licchavis in the 5th century BC]]

==Name==
The tribal name {{transliteration|pra|Licchavi}} ({{lang|pra|𑀮𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀯𑀺}}) is a [[Magadhi Prakrit|Māgadhī Prākrit]] derivation of the word {{transliteration|pra|liccha}}, meaning "[[bear]]". Attested variations of the name include {{transliteration|pra|Licchivi}}, {{transliteration|pra|Lecchavi}}, and {{transliteration|pra|Licchaī}}.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}

The [[Sanskrit]] form of the name {{transliteration|pra|Licchavi}} would have been {{transliteration|sa|Ṛkṣavī}} ({{lang|sa|ऋक्षवी}}), from the Sanskrit word for bear, {{transliteration|sa|ṛkṣa}} ({{lang|sa|ऋक्ष}}). This Sanskrit form of the name was however not commonly used, and both Sanskrit and [[Pali|Pāli]] instead borrowed and used the Māgadhī Prakrit form {{transliteration|pra|Licchavi}}.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}} This use of a tribal name derived from the name of the bear might have had a totemic significance.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=208}}

==History==
===Origin===
The Licchavikas were an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] tribe in the eastern Gangetic plain in the [[Greater Magadha]] cultural region.<ref name="Levman">{{cite journal |last=Levman |first=Bryan G. |date=2014 |title=Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276914202 |journal=Buddhist Studies Review |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=145–180 |doi=10.1558/bsrv.v30i2.145 |access-date=4 June 2022|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416 |title=Bronkhorst, J. (2007). Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India, p. 6. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill.|year=2007|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416|last1=Bronkhorst|first1=Johannes|isbn=9789047419655}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|author-mask=0|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|pages=268–289|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Longman|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788131716779}}</ref> They conquered the territory of the [[Videha|Mahā-Videha kingdom]], and temporarily occupied the Vaideha capital of [[Mithila (ancient city)|Mithilā]], from where they could best administer the territory of Mahā-Videha. The consequence of the occupation of Mahā-Videha by the republican Licchavikas was that the latter relatively peacefully overthrew the already weakened Vaideha monarchical system and replaced it by a republican system.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136–158}}

Facing the rising power of Magadha to the south of the [[Ganges|Gaṅgā]], the Licchavikas established their republic in the southern part of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom and moved their political centre to the until then marginal location of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vesālī]], which the Licchavikas turned into their largest city as well as their capital and stronghold. Meanwhile, the new Videha republic existed in a limited territory centred around Mithilā and located to the north of the Licchavikas. Many members of the Vaideha aristocracy who had submitted to the Licchavikas joined them in moving to Vesālī, and therefore became members of the Licchavika ruling aristocratic [[#The Assembly|Assembly]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136–158}}

The Licchavikas also had their own origin myth which was recounted in [[Pali]] sources written by the 5th century CE commentator, [[Buddhaghosa]]. As per this story, the Queen of [[Varanasi]] gave birth to a lump of flesh which she discards down the [[Ganges]]. The lump is found downstream by an [[Asceticism|ascetic]]. The lump of flesh eventually splits into two children, a boy and a girl. The ascetic raises the two children however the cowherds of the area object to this arrangement and decide to raise the children themselves. The two twins are granted their own land and married off to one another eventually becoming the progenitors of the Licchavi clan of Vesālī. The story has mostly been dismissed by scholars as "mythical" and an attempt to prove the purity of their lineage.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Preston |first1=Charles |title=Beyond Class, Only Commentary: Rereading the Licchavis' Origin Story in Buddhist Contexts |journal=Buddhist Studies Review |date=2018 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=181–204 |doi=10.1558/bsrv.33573 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/PREBCO}}</ref>

===Statehood===
Once settled around Vesālī, the Licchavikas formed a state organised as a [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}]] (an [[aristocracy|aristocratic]] [[oligarchy|oligarchic]] [[republic]]). The Licchavikas themselves henceforth became the leading power within the territory of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom, with the Licchavika Assembly holding the sovereign and supreme rights over this territory while the Videha republic was ruled by an Assembly of the [[Kshatriya|{{transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}}]]s residing in and around Mithilā, and governing in the name of the Licchavika Assembly. The Videha republic was thus under significant influence of the Licchavi republic, which it joined as one of the two most important members of the [[Vajjika League]], which was a temporary league led by Licchavi within which the latter held nine of the eighteen seats of the Vajjika Council, while the Vaidehas held a smaller number of seats among the remaining none ones. Within the Vajjika League, Videha maintained limited autonomy concerning its domestic administration under the supervision of Licchavi, who fully controlled Vaideha foreign policy.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136–158}} The [[Nāya|Nāyika]]s, who were a sub-group of the Vaidehas who formed an independent tribe, were another constituent republic of the Licchavi-led [[Vajjika League]], and hence they held autonomy in matters of internal policy while their war and foreign policies were handled by the Vajjika Council, in which the {{transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} ("head of the republic") of the Nāyikas held a seat.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=159–168}}

During the 6th century BCE, the {{transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} ("head of the republic") of the Licchavikas, that is the head of state of the Licchavikas and of their Council, was [[Chetaka|Ceṭaka]] or Ceḍaga, which also made him the head of the Council of the Vajjika League.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}} Ceḍaga's sister [[Trishala|Trisalā]] was married to the Nāyika {{transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} [[Siddhartha of Kundagrama|Siddhārtha]], with this marriage having been contracted because of Siddhārtha's political importance due to the important geographical location close to Vesālī of the Nāya tribe he headed, as well as due to Siddhārtha's membership in the Vajjika Council. The son of Siddhārtha and Trisalā, that is Ceḍaga's nephew, was [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]], the 24th [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkara]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=159–168}} Ceṭaka became an adept of the teachings of his nephew [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]] and adopted [[Jainism]], thus making the Licchavika and Vajjika capital of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vesālī]] a bastion of Jainism, and his sixth daughter, [[Sujyeṣṭhā]], became a Jain nun,{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} while the diplomatic marriages of his other daughters to various leaders, in turn, contributed to the spreading of Jainism across northern South Asia:{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=67}} [[Prabhāvatī]] was married to the king [[Udāyana]] of [[Sindhu-Sauvīra]];{{sfn|Sikdar|1964|p=388–464}}{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} [[Padmāvatī]] was married to king [[Dadhivāhana]] of [[Anga|Aṅga]];{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} [[Mṛgāvatī]] was married to the king [[Śatānīka]] of [[Vatsa]], with their son being the famous [[Udayana (king)|Udayana]];{{sfn|Sikdar|1964|p=388–464}}{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} [[Śivā]] was married to king [[Pradyota]] of [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti]]; {{sfn|Jain|1974|p=66}}{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} [[Jyeṣṭhā]] was married to Ceṭaka's nephew, [[Nandivardhana of Kundagrama|Nandivardhana]] of [[Kuṇḍagāma]], who was the son of Trisalā and the elder brother of Mahāvīra;{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} [[Cellaṇā]] was married to the king [[Bimbisara|Bimbisāra]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=159–168}}{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}}

The Licchavikas and the [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]]s were considered to be the republican states of [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kāsī]]-[[Kosala]] by Jain sources, and both Mallaka republics joined the Licchavi-led Vajjika League to deal with danger they might have faced in common during periods of instability, and within which they held friendly relations with the Licchavikas, the Vaidehas, and the Nāyikas who were the other members of this league, although occasional quarrels did break out between these republics. Unlike the other confederate tribes such as the Vaidehas and Nāyikas, who had no sovereign rights of their own because they were dependencies of Licchavi, the Mallakas maintained their own sovereign rights within the Vajjika League.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169–181}}

The Licchavikas' relations with the Kosala kingdom of the king [[Pasenadi]] were friendly, although quarrels occasionally arose among them, such as when the wife of the Mallaka general Bandhula, who was himself in the service of Kosala, decided to have a bath in the sacred tank of the Licchavikas in which only Licchavika {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}s were allowed to bathe.

After the death of the Buddha, the Licchavikas, the Mallakas, and the [[Sakya (tribe)|Sakya]]s claimed shares of his relics while the Vaidehas and the Nāyikas did not appear among the list of states claiming a share because they were dependencies of the Licchavikas without their own sovereignty, and therefore could not put forth their own claim while Licchavi could.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136–158}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction =vertical
| total_width=250
| image1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = The eastern Gangetic plain before Ajatasattu's, Vidudabha's and Udayana's conquests.jpg
| caption2 = Map of the eastern Gangetic plain before Ajātasattu's conquests (Malla shown within the Vajjika League)
| image3 = The eastern Gangetic plain after Ajatasattu's, Vidudabha's and Udayana's conquests.jpg
| caption3 = Map of the eastern Gangetic plain after Ajātasattu's conquest of the Vajjika League and of Moriya
| caption_align = center
| footer=
}}

===Conquest by Magadha===
{{See also|Magadha-Vajji war}}
The relations of the Licchavikas with their southern neighbour, the kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], were initially good, and the wife of the Māgadhī king [[Bimbisara|Bimbisāra]] was the Vesālia princess Vāsavī, who was the daughter of the Licchavika {{transliteration|sa|Nāyaka}} Sakala's son Siṃha. There were nevertheless occasional tensions between Licchavi and Magadha, such as the competition at the Mallaka capital of [[Kusinārā]] over acquiring the relics of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] after his death.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

In another case, the Licchavikas once invaded Māgadhī territory from across the [[Ganges|Gaṅgā]], and at some point the relations between Magadha and Licchavi permanently deteriorated as result of a grave offence committed by the Licchavikas towards the Māgadhī king Bimbisāra.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

The hostilities between Licchavi and Magadha continued under the rule of [[Ajatashatru|Ajātasattu]], who was Bimbisāra's son with another Licchavika princess, Vāsavī, after he had killed Bimbisāra and usurped the throne of Magadha. Eventually Licchavi supported a revolt against Ajātasattu by his younger step-brother and the governor of [[Anga|Aṅga]], Vehalla, who was the son of Bimbisāra by another Licchavika wife of his, Cellanā, a daughter of [[Chetaka|Ceḍaga]], who was the head of both the Licchavi republic and the Vajjika League; Bimbisāra had chosen Vehalla as his successor following Ajātasattu's falling out of his favour after the latter had been caught conspiring against him, and the Licchavikas had attempted to place Vehalla on the throne of Magadha after Ajātasattu's usurpation and had allowed Vehalla to use their capital Vesālī as base for his revolt. After the failure of this rebellion, Vehalla sought refuge at his grandfather's place in the Licchavika and Vajjika capital of Vesālī, following which Ajātasattu repeatedly attempted to negotiate with the Licchavikas-Vajjikas. After Ajātasattu's repeated negotiation attempts ended in failure, he declared war on the Vajjika League in 484 BCE.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

Tensions between Licchavi and Magadha were exacerbated by the handling of the joint Māgadhī-Licchavika border post of Koṭigāma on the Gaṅgā by the Licchavika-led Vajjika League who would regularly collect all valuables from Koṭigāma and leave none to the Māgadhīs. Therefore Ajātasattu decided to destroy the Vajjika League in retaliation, but also because, as an ambitious empire-builder whose mother Vāsavī was Licchavika princess of Vaidehī descent, he was interested in the territory of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom which by then was part of the Vajjika League. Ajātasattu's hostility towards the Vajjika League was also the result of the differing forms of political organisation between Magadha and the Vajjika League, with the former being monarchical and the latter being republican, not unlike the opposition of the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] kingdom of [[Sparta]] to the democratic form of government in [[Classical Athens|Athens]], and the [[Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II|hostilities]] between the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|ancient Macedonian]] king [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]] to the Athenian and [[Thebes, Greece|Theban]] republics.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

As members of the Vajjika League, the Vaidehas, Nāyikas, and Mallakas were also threatened by Ajātasattu, and the Vajjika {{transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} [[Chetaka|Ceḍaga]] held war consultations with the {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}s of the Licchavikas and Mallikas before the fight started. The Vaidehas, Nāyikas, and Mallakas therefore fought on the side of the League against Magadha. The military forces of the Vajjika League were initially too strong for Ajātasattu to be successful against them, and it required him having recourse to diplomacy and intrigues over the span of a decade to finally defeat the Vajjika League by 468 BCE and annex its territories, including Licchavi, Videha, and Nāya to the kingdom of Magadha, while the Mallakas also became part of Ajātasattu's Māgadhī empire but were allowed a limited degree of autonomy in terms of their internal administration. The Licchavikas nevertheless survived their defeat by Ajātasattu, and the structures of the older Licchavi republic subsisted within a degree local autonomy under Māgadhī rule, as attested by how the Licchavika Council instituted a festival in the memory of the decease of the [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkara]] [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136–158}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169–181}}

===Later periods===
The Licchavikas survived as a distinct political and ethnic entity for centuries after their defeat by the Māgadhīs, and they became powerful again after the disintegration of the [[Maurya Empire]]. During this period, the Licchavika sacred tank of {{transliteration|pi|Abhiseka-Pokkharaṇī}} was enlarged and surrounded with a wall.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}
[[File:Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I on a coin.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Licchavika Queen [[Kumaradevi]] and King [[Chandragupta I]], depicted on a coin of their son [[Samudragupta]], 350–380 CE.]]

The Licchavikas are mentioned for the last time during the early period of the [[Gupta Empire]], when the Licchavika princess [[Kumaradevi|Kumāradevī]] married [[Chandragupta I]], as attested on the legends of the coinage of their son [[Samudragupta]], who called himself {{transliteration|sa|Licchavi-dauhitra}} ("maternal grandson of the Licchavikas") in his inscriptions.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

That the Licchavikas survived beyond this period is however evidenced by how a branch of this people formed a [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Licchavi kingdom in Nepal]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

==Religion==
The Licchavis held a tolerant approach to religion and the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] all co-existed in Vaishali under Licchavi rule. Prior to the time of the [[Buddha]], the Licchavis worshipped Vedic deities including [[Indra]] and [[Prajapati]]. Sources also mention the Licchavis patronising [[Brahmins]] who officiated their religious functions which also receiving gifts for their work. Several shrines dedicated to [[Yaksha]]s were also to be found in Vaishali.{{sfn|Jha|1970|p=36-37}}

A section of the Licchavis were followers of [[Pārśvanātha]], the 23rd ''[[Tirthankara]]'' of [[Jainism]]. [[Mahavira]], who was related to the Licchavis through his mother, [[Triśalā]], was said to have been born in a family who worshipped Pārśvanātha.{{sfn|Jha|1970|p=38}}

The Buddha was on many occasions invited to Vaishali by the Licchavis and the former was extremely fond of them and spent much time preaching to them. The Licchavis were said to have always treated him with "great honour and reverence". It was in these circumstances that many Licchavis embraced Buddhism and many Licchavi women of noble background were ordained as [[Bhikkhunī|nuns]].{{sfn|Jha|1970|p=39-42}} Many years after his death, Vaishali continued to remain a notable centre of the Buddhis faith.{{sfn|Jha|1970|p=43}}

==Social and political organisation==
===Republican institutions===
The Licchavi republic was organised into a [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}]], that is a tribal [[republic]]an organisation according to which the final power and the absolute authority of the state were shared among a large section of the population.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

====The Assembly====
Out of the total estimated 200,000 to 300,000 population of Licchavi, the tribe's governing class was composed of 7,707 unelected members (called {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}, meaning "ruler") who were constituted into the Licchavi republic's Assembly, which was the sovereign power of the state. Reflecting the Licchavikas' tribal nature, the {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}s held the status of [[Kshatriya|{{transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}}]]s, similarly to the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] system of the aristocracy of heads of houses, and they were automatically accorded membership to the Licchavika Assembly. Thus, the Licchavikas, like their Mallaka, Vaideha, and Nāyika confederates within the Vajjika League, were a {{transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}} tribe, and their {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}s were the heads of the {{transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}} ruling families of Licchavi living in and near Vesālī, who held their titles for life unless they were physically disabled or had been found guilty of serious crimes, and had full political rights at the Assembly of Vesālī, which they had the right to attend and within which they held seats, although they were not obligated to always attend its sessions. Power was shared evenly by these {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}s and was exercised by the majority.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136–158}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169–181}}

The status of the Licchavika {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}s was hereditary and they were succeeded by their eldest sons, who were called {{transliteration|pi|Licchavi-kumāra}} ("princes of Licchavi"), held the title of {{transliteration|pi|uparājā}} ("viceroy"), and represented their fathers in situations when the latter were ill or otherwise unable to attend an Assembly session. These {{transliteration|pi|Licchavi-kumāra}}s officially would, during the General Assembly of Vesālī, succeed their fathers who had died during the preceding year or had become too old to continue exercising their duties. This ceremony consisted of the representatives of the Licchavika {{transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}} families taking a sacred bath before being anointed as {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}s, and was held at the sacred tank, named {{transliteration|pi|Abhiseka-Pokkharaṇī}} in [[Pali|Pāli]] ({{transliteration|sa|Abhiṣeka-Puṣkariṇī}} in [[Sanskrit]]), where only the Licchavika rulers were allowed to bathe. Before being anointed as {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}s, these {{transliteration|pi|Licchavi-kumāra}}s were instructed on the discipline of government by their fathers, who encouraged them to maintain their traditional republican political organisation, although despite also being the {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}s' {{transliteration|pi|uparājā}}s, they had no voting rights unless they were representing a {{transliteration|pi|rājā}} or had themselves been appointed as {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}s.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

Non-{{transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}}s had no political rights in the Licchavi republic, similarly to how only the [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|Patricians]] held political power during the earlier periods of the [[Roman Republic]]. On rare occasions, some [[Brahmin|{{transliteration|sa|brāhmaṇa}}]]s and [[Vaishya|{{transliteration|sa|vaiśya}}]]s were granted full political rights and were appointed to high positions, but these were exceptions granted to unusually distinguished men, such as in the case of the Māgadhī minister Vassakāra who became a judge at Vesālī, the Vaideha chief minister Khaṇḍa who resigned from his post due to his colleagues' jealousy and settled at Vesālī where he quickly became the {{transliteration|pi|senāpati}} of Licchavi's army, and the Vaideha minister Sakala who had to flee from his colleagues' jealousy and moved to Vesālī where he became a prominent citizen and was elected {{transliteration|sa|Nāyaka}}; Sakala had two sons, Gopāla and Siṃha, who both married Vesālia women, and Siṃha's daughter Vāsavī married the Māgadhī king [[Bimbisara|Bimbisāra]]. Otherwise, non-citizens who held complaints or grievances had to approach the Assembly or the [[#The Council|Council]] directly.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

The Licchavika Assembly functioned like the [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] [[Athens|Athenian]] [[Boule (ancient Greece)#Athenian boule|{{transliteration|grc|boulē}}]], the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[Roman magistrate|magistracy]], and the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Thing (assembly)|{{transliteration|gem|thing}}]]. Like the Germanic {{transliteration|gem|thing}}, the Assembly of the Licchavikas had no division between the legislative, executive, and judicial functions, and it tried legal cases and elected the [[#The Gaṇa Mukhya (Consul)|consul and the general-in-chief]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

In normal times, the General Assembly of Vesālī met only once a year during the annual spring festival for important and serious issues, and otherwise the full Assembly's meetings would have been held only on the occasion of specific military, social, and economic events. A smaller body of the Licchavika {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}s instead met more often for administrative purposes in the [[Santhagara|{{transliteration|pra|santhāgāra}}]], a mote-hall-like meeting place located in the capital and the large cities of the Licchavi republic. Similarly to the earlier Vedic [[sabhā|{{transliteration|sa|sabhā}}]], the {{transliteration|pra|santhāgāra}} was a political institution, as well as the venue for religious and social functions. Among the officials of the Assembly was the {{transliteration|pi|āsana-paññāpaka}} ("regulator of seats") who was elected by the Assembly.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

==== Functioning of the Assembly ====
Meetings of the Assembly were called by the sound of a drum, after which the {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}s assembled in the {{transliteration|pra|santhāgāra}}, and voting (called {{transliteration|pi|chaṇḍa}}, meaning "free choice") was done through the means of pieces of wood called {{transliteration|pi|salākā}}s. The {{transliteration|pi|salākā-gāhāpaka}} ("collector of the wood pieces") was an important office whose holder was elected because of his known honesty and impartiality, and his consent as to whether he would accept the post was required, after which whoever had proposed this candidate had to demand the approval of the {{transliteration|pi|saṅgha}}: those who supported the candidature remained silent while those opposed to it spoke and proposed other candidates, after which a quorum was required.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

To ensure the presence and completion of the quorum, the Assembly had another officer titled the {{transliteration|pi|gaṇa-pūraka}}, who was a member of the Assembly either volunteered his services or was appointed by the Council to inform the members of the Assembly of proceedings to be held in the Assembly hall.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

When the Licchavikas held elections, the {{transliteration|pi|āsana-paññāpaka}} announced that elections were to be held in the Assembly hall, where the gathered members of the Assembly put names forward and {{transliteration|pi|salākā}}s were distributed. The {{transliteration|pi|gaṇa-pūraka}} counted the participants and determined whether the quorum had been filled or not.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

====The {{transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} (Consul)====
The {{transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} was the Licchavi republic's chief officer, that is the supreme {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}, who was both the head of the state and the supreme judge, and was elected by the General Assembly of Vesālī for a limited period of time generally lasting between 10 and 15 years. This consul {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}, the {{transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}}, was elected from among the 7,707 {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}s in the Assembly: when the {{transliteration|pi|āsana-paññāpaka}} announced that elections were to be held for the title of the {{transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}}, the members of the Assembly put names forward and {{transliteration|pi|salākā}}s were distributed; the {{transliteration|pi|gaṇa-pūraka}} counted the participants and determined whether the quorum had been filled or not. The criteria for election to the post of {{transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} like his age, political wisdom, strength of character, bravery in battle, eloquence in the Assembly, and popularity among the citizens.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

Once elected, the {{transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} presided over the Assembly in whose name he wielded supreme power in the republic, and shared his power with a {{transliteration|pi|uparājā}} (viceroy), a {{transliteration|pi|senāpati}} (general-in-chief), and a {{transliteration|pi|bhaṇḍāgārika}} (treasurer). The {{transliteration|pi|uparājā}} was elected for a limited period of time like the supreme {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}, while the holder of the office of {{transliteration|pi|bhaṇḍāgārika}} was likely replaced less often, while the {{transliteration|pi|senāpati}} was appointed for life.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

====The Council====
In practice, the legislative, executive, and judicial functions of the Assembly were performed by a small senate-like body, that is the Assembly's inner council, the Licchavika Council, made up of nine {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}s, consisting of the {{transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} and the {{transliteration|pi|aṭṭhakulika}}s, that is eight councillor {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}s elected from among members of the Assembly by the eight clans of the Licchavikas. The {{transliteration|pi|aṭṭhakulika}}s were elected following the same procedure through which the {{transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} was elected, although nominations of names for the {{transliteration|pi|aṭṭhakulika}}s were done separately, one for each of the eight Licchavika clans, and the election for the {{transliteration|pi|aṭṭhakulika}} might have taken place among each clan independently, with only members of the Assembly being allowed to vote. Once the successful candidates had been elected, they were solemnly consecrated by being honoured with a traditional ceremonial bath and anointed at the {{transliteration|pi|Abhiseka-Pokkharaṇī}} during the spring festival.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

This Council met regularly to administer the public affairs of the Licchavi republic and had to answer for its actions to the Assembly; the Council was thus in charge of planning and policy of the Licchavi republic, and had to demand the approval of the Licchavika Assembly for important matters. Other tasks of the Council would have included preparing the agenda for the Licchavi republic's annual General Assembly, the consecration of the {{transliteration|pi|uparājā}}s, and handling other important issues, as well as arranging for filling posts and ranks whose holders had died or could not otherwise perform their duties.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

In the Council's judicial role, only the {{transliteration|pi|aṭṭhakulika}}s, that is the eight councillor {{transliteration|pi|rājā}}s representing the eight Licchavika clans, tried judicial cases while the {{transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} was not a member of the jury: according to the normal judicial process among the Licchavikas, if a criminal had not been exonerated by lesser institutions of the republic, they were sent to be tried by the {{transliteration|pi|aṭṭhakulika}}s who, if they found the criminal to be guilty, would hand them over to the {{transliteration|pi|senāpati}}.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

====Vaideha institutions====
Since Videha was a dependency of Licchavi, the Vaideha Council, which was the body with the supreme authority of the internal administration of the Videha republic, held the supreme power of Videha under the administration of the Licchavikas.

====State of emergency====
In normal situations, the Licchavika Council carried out the administration of the Licchavi republic without much difficulty without needing to call emergency meetings of the Assembly. However during the periods of hostilities with Magadha, both the Council and the Assembly met frequently more than once a year, and the Council often consulted with the Assembly, with the importance of the measures of the Assembly gaining in importance during the continued states of emergency and war, similarly to how the power and prestige of the [[Roman Senate]] increased during the [[Punic Wars]] and the [[Roman–Greek wars]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

Under these circumstances, the Assembly was the supreme authority in all governmental domains while the role of the Council was only to implements its requests and commands.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

===Villages===
Within Licchavika territory, artisans such as carpenters, smiths and potters, and who possibly did not ethnically belong to the Licchavi tribe, as well as {{transliteration|sa|brāhmaṇa}}s, had villages of their own.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

===Role of women===
Women in the Licchavi republic held no citizen rights at Vesālī, and were largely reduced to the role of being housewives. Although women participated in Licchavika social life, they were not allowed to participate in the political assemblies.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

====Ambapālī====
The elected courtesan [[Amrapali|Ampabālī]] was the woman held to be the most beautiful in Licchavi and was elected for life to be the wife ([[Nagarvadhu|{{transliteration|pi|Nagaravadhu}}]]) of the Licchavi republic itself. The Licchavikas honoured Ambapālī during the week of the spring festival.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

===The army===
The Licchavikas possessed a strong army which also acted as the army of the [[Vajjika League]], and with which they were able to fight against the rising power of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. When not engaged in warfare, the soldiers would be cultivating their own farms or amusing themselves at Vesālī.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=159–168}}

===The police===
The Licchavikas possessed a body of peons or police. Although {{transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}}s were not forbidden from joining this police force, the ruling families did not participate in this lower ranking form of service, and the members of the Licchavi police were recruited primarily from the artisan classes.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85–135}}

==See also==
*[[Licchavi (kingdom)|The Licchavi kingdom of Nepal]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1=Jha |first1=Hit Narayan |title=The Licchavis (Of Vaiśālī) |date=1970 |publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhUuAAAAMAAJ&q=licchavis+of+vaishali+hit+narayan+jha}}
*{{cite book |last=Deo |first=Shantaram Bhalchandra |date=1956 |title=History of Jaina Monachism from Inscriptions and Literature |url= |location=[[Pune]], [[India]] |publisher=[[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]] |isbn=978-9-333-68377-7 }}
*{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |author-link= |date=1974 |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385 |location=[[Delhi]], [[India]] |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |page=66 |isbn=978-8-120-80805-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=J. P. |author-link= |date=1968 |title=Republics in Ancient India, C. 1500 B.C.–500 B.C. |url= |location=[[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E. J. Brill]] |page= |isbn=978-9-004-02015-3 }}
*{{cite book |last=Sikdar |first=Jogendra Chandra |author-link= |date=1964 |title=Studies in the Bhagawatīsūtra |url= |location=[[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]] |publisher=Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology & Ahimsa |pages=388–464 |isbn= }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson PLC|Pearson]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Licchavi (Clan)}}
[[Category:Licchavis| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Indo-Aryan tribes]]
[[Category:Vajjika League]]
[[Category:Gaṇa saṅghas]]
[[Category:Mahajanapadas]]
[[Category:5th century BC in India]]

Awaara

2026-03-28T05:58:53Z

JestineLegg9: improved section based on references

{{Short description|1951 film by Raj Kapoor}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Awaara
| image = Awaara poster.jpg
| director = [[Raj Kapoor]]
| producer = Raj Kapoor
| writer = [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]]
| screenplay = Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
| story = [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]] V.P. Sathe
| starring = [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] [[Raj Kapoor]] [[Nargis]] [[Leela Chitnis]] [[K. N. Singh]] [[Shashi Kapoor]]
| cinematography = [[Radhu Karmakar]]
| editing = [[G. G. Mayekar|G.G. Mayekar]]
| studio = All India Film Corporation, [[R.K. Films]]
| distributor = R.K. Films
| released = {{Film date|1951|12|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 193 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| music = [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|15.6 crore}}
}}
[[File:Awaara (1951).webm|thumb|x150px|thumbtime=2:10:03|''Awaara'' (1951)]]
'''''Awaara''''', also written '''''Awāra'''''{{#tag:ref|{{langx|hi|[[wikt:आवारा|आवारा]]}}, {{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|[[wikt:آوارہ|آوارہ]]}}|Āvārā}}|group=n|name=HindiUrdu}} and known overseas as '''''The Vagabond''''',<ref name="ref24hovij"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malenbaum |first=Wilfred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8i8EAAAAMAAJ |title=East and West in India's Development |date=1959 |publisher=[[MIT Center for International Studies]] |page=43 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="moscow"/> is a [[1951 in film|1951]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[crime drama]] film, produced and directed by [[Raj Kapoor]], and written by [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]] and V.P. Sathe. It stars Raj Kapoor along with his real-life father [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], as well as [[Nargis]], [[Leela Chitnis]] and [[K. N. Singh]]. Other members of the [[Kapoor family]] make an appearance, including Raj's youngest brother [[Shashi Kapoor]], who plays the younger version of his character, and Prithiviraj's father Dewan Basheshwarnath Singh Kapoor, playing a cameo in his only film appearance. The film's music was composed by [[Shankar Jaikishan]].

The film expresses [[socialist]] themes,<ref name="ref24hovij"/><ref name="ref19camuj"/> and blends [[Social problem film|social]] and [[reformist]] themes with the [[Crime film|crime]], [[romantic comedy]] and [[Musical film|musical]] [[melodrama]] genres.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Creekmur |first1=Corey K. |title=International Film Musical |date=2013 |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |isbn=978-0-7486-5430-7 |page=217 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZJvAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT217}}</ref> The plot centers on the intertwining lives of a poor thief Raj (played by Raj Kapoor), the privileged Rita (played by Nargis), and Judge Raghunath (played by Prithviraj Kapoor) who is unaware that Raj is his son. In the film, Kapoor's poor "[[The Tramp|little tramp]]" character references [[Charlie Chaplin]] and was further developed in other Kapoor films such as ''[[Shree 420]]''. ''Awaara'' is considered a milestone in the history of [[Bollywood]].

The film became an overnight sensation in [[South Asia]], and found even greater success further afield in the [[Soviet Union]], [[East Asia]], [[Africa]], the [[Caribbean]], the [[Middle East]], and [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Global Bollywood travels of Hindi song and dance|year=2008|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|location=Minneapolis|isbn=978-0-8166-4579-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19JBf6oDOy0C&pg=PA16|author1=Gopal |author2=Moorti |edition=[Online-Ausg.]|access-date=26 June 2011|page=16|first=Sangita|first2=Sujata}}</ref><ref name="gulfnews"/> In particular, the song "[[Awaara Hoon]]" ("I am a Vagabond"), sung by [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] with lyrics by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]], became hugely popular across the [[Indian subcontinent]], as well as in countries such as the Soviet Union,<ref name="hindu_russia"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajinder |first1=Dudrah |last2=Jigna |first2=Desai |title=The Bollywood Reader |date=1 October 2008 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (UK) |isbn=978-0-335-22212-4 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wz4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |language=en}}</ref> [[China]],<ref name="ref24hovij"/><ref name="ref19camuj"/> [[Bulgaria]],<ref name="gulfnews"/> [[Turkey]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Romania]]. The film was also nominated for the [[Palme d'Or|Grand Prize]] at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] in 1953. The film is estimated to have sold over {{#expr:100+100}}{{nbsp}}million tickets overseas, including more than 100{{nbsp}}million in China and about 100{{nbsp}}million in the Soviet Union.<ref name="cctv"/><ref name="boi-soviet"/> Owing to its popularity in so many countries, the film is a candidate for the most successful film of all time and is considered to be [[List of films considered the best|one of the greatest films of all time]].<ref name="gulfnews">{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/awaara-most-successful-film-of-all-times-1.258697 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325203429/http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/awaara-most-successful-film-of-all-times-1.258697 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 March 2012 |title=Awaara 'most successful' film of all times |newspaper=[[Gulf News]] |date=1 October 2006 |access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref> In 2012, ''Awaara'' was included in the 20 new entries to [[Time's All-Time 100 Movies|All-Time 100 greatest films]] by the ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine.

==Plot==
Raghunath, a wealthy district judge who believes that "[[Anthropological criminology|good people are born to good people, and criminals are born to criminals]]", convicts Jagga, son of a criminal, of [[rape]] with thin evidence. Jagga later escapes and kidnaps the judge's wife, Leela, for revenge. When Jagga finds out that Leela has just become pregnant, he releases her after four days and changes his plan. However, people suspect Leela of [[adultery]] and Raghunath throws her out of their house, rejecting her pleas that the child is his.

Leela gives birth to Raj on the streets, and they both live in poverty. Raj befriends Rita in school. He is removed from the school rolls while trying to maintain a job as a [[shoeshining|shoeshiner]], and Rita moves to another city. Jagga convinces Raj to steal in order to save his starving mother. Raj grows up into a skilled criminal, going in and out of jail, and works for Jagga's gang. Leela thinks that he is a businessman. Raj never forgets Rita, keeping her birthday picture at his home.

For a [[bank robbery]], Jagga asks Raj to steal an automobile. He snatches a woman's purse when she steps out of the car but finds no keys. He pretends to pursue the thief in order to ward off any suspicion and returns the purse to the woman, who is charmed by his personality and apparent selflessness. Later, when Raj successfully steals a car, he hides from the police in a mansion where he meets the same woman. Seeing the same birthday picture, Raj realises that she is his school friend Rita. He tells Rita he's a thief, but his figurative statements make her think he is a finance professional. Rita, now studying law, is a ward of Raghunath, who is suspicious when he hears that Raj doesn't know who his father is. Raj and Rita fall in love. Worrying that Rita will not accept him due to his thievery, Raj starts working at a factory but is fired when the manager finds out that he was a thief.

Rita invites him to her birthday party. Raj goes back to Jagga for a loan so that he can buy a gift for her. Jagga mocks his attempts to reform and asks him to commit more crimes. Raj refuses but later steals a necklace from a man on the street, not knowing the man was Raghunath. At Rita's birthday, when Raj gives her a necklace without a case and Raghunath gives her a case without a necklace, she realises that Raj is indeed a thief. Rita goes to Raj's mother and learns his life story. She decides that Raj is not bad but was forced into committing crimes by bad influences and desperate surroundings. Raj is ashamed, still believing he is no good for her, but Rita forgives him.

Raj goes to Raghunath to ask if he can marry Rita, but the judge turns him away. Meanwhile, Jagga and the gang commit the bank robbery, but it goes wrong and they have to run from the police. Jagga hides in Raj's house, where Leela recognizes him and he attacks her. Raj enters and fights him off, killing Jagga in [[self-defense]]. Raj goes on trial for Jagga's death, with Raghunath as the judge. When Leela goes to the courthouse to provide her eyewitness account, she sees Raghunath and chases after him but is struck by a car. Rita collects the testimony from Leela in the hospital, and later Raj is allowed to visit her. Leela tells Raj that Raghunath is his father and asks her son to forgive him. Raj only becomes angry at Raghunath for making him and his mother suffer.

Raj escapes from jail and tries to kill Raghunath for revenge but is stopped by Rita. Rita defends Raj in the trial for [[assault]], who reveals the father-son relationship. Raj chooses not to defend his actions and says that he is a bad man. He asks the court not to think of him, but the millions of other children who grow up in poverty and end up turning to crime because high society does not care about them. While he awaits his verdict, Raj is visited by Raghunath, who finally accepts that Raj is his son and tearfully asks for forgiveness. In the end, Raj is spared execution but sentenced to three years in prison for his crime. He promises that after getting released, he will reform himself for Rita, who promises to wait for him.

==Cast==
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] as Judge Raghunath
* [[Raj Kapoor]] as Raj "Raju"
* [[Nargis]] as Rita
* [[Leela Chitnis]] as Leela
* [[K. N. Singh]] as Jagga
* [[Cuckoo Moray|Cuckoo]] as Bar dancer
* [[B. M. Vyas]] as Dubey
* [[Leela Mishra]] as Raghunath's Sister-In-Law
* [[Shashi Kapoor]] as Young Raj
* Baby Zubeida as Young Rita
* Honey O'Brien as Dancer
* Dewan Basheshwarnath Singh Kapoor as Judge
;Supporting cast
* Rajoo, Mansaram, Rajan, Manek Kapoor, Paryag, Ravi, Vinni, Bali, Shinde.

==Soundtrack==
The music for this film was composed by [[Shankar Jaikishan|Shankar–Jaikishan]] while the songs were written by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] and [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]. The soundtrack was listed by Planet Bollywood as number 3 on their list of 100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks. The song "[[Awaara Hoon]]" was used in the Malayalam film ''[[Vishnulokam]]'' directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] and starring [[Mohanlal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=s022608074151 |title=100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks Ever – Part 4 |publisher=Planet Bollywood |access-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306100731/http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=s022608074151 |archive-date=6 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Awaara'' was the best-selling [[Bollywood soundtrack]] album of the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1950-1959|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=280&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042835/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=280&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2010|website=[[Box Office India]]|date=5 February 2010}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)!!Lyricist
![[Raga]]
|-
| 1
| "Ek Do Teen"
| [[Shamshad Begum]]
| rowspan="6"|[[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|
|-
| 2
| "[[Awaara Hoon]]"
| [[Mukesh Mathur|Mukesh]]
|[[Bhairavi (Hindustani)]]
|-
| 3
| "Ghar Aaya Mera Pardesi"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|[[Bhairavi (Hindustani)]]
|-
| 4
| "Dam Bhar Jo Udhar Munh Phere"
| Lata Mangeshkar, Mukesh
|
|-
| 5
| "Tere Bina Aag Yeh Chandni"
| Lata Mangeshkar, [[Manna Dey]]
|
|-
| 6
| "Naiya Meri Manjhdhar"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|
|-
| 7
| "Hum Tujhse Mohabbat Kar Ke"
| Mukesh
| rowspan="4"|[[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|[[Darbari Kanada]]
|-
| 8
| "Ek Bewafa Se Pyar Kiya"
| rowspan="3"|Lata Mangeshkar
|
|-
| 9
| "Ab Raat Guzarne Wali Hai"
|
|-
| 10
| "Jab Se Balam Ghar Aaye"
|[[Kafi (raga)]]
|-
|}

==Production==
The film is a collaboration of the famous team of director/producer Raj Kapoor and writer [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]]. Abbas originally wanted [[Mehboob Khan]] to direct the film, but the two disagreed over the casting. Khan wanted [[Ashok Kumar]] to play the judge and [[Dilip Kumar]] the son. In the event, Abbas withdrew his script from [[Mehboob Studio]]s and Raj Kapoor decided to direct it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbas |first=Khwaja Ahmad |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Dialogue_of_Awaara/ln3LSAAACAAJ?hl=en |title=The Dialogue of Awaara: Raj Kapoor's Immortal Classic |last2=Sāṭhe |first2=Vasanta |last3=Akhtar |first3=Suhail |last4=Jani |first4=Vijay |last5=Kabir |first5=Nasreen Munni |date=2010 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-81-89738-54-9 |location=New Delhi |pages=vi–xxiii |language=en |chapter=The Road to Awaara}}</ref> This film was filmed in [[R. K. Studio|RK Studio]] and [[Bombay]].

In his column for the ''[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]'', Kapoor wrote, "In ''Awara'' I tried to prove that Vagabonds [[Born criminal|are not born]], but are created in the [[List of slums in India|slums of our modern cities]], in the midst of dire [[Poverty in India|poverty]] and evil environment."<ref>{{cite news |title=Why I Produced Boot Polish |work=The Indian Express |date=2 April 1954 |page=3}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
It was entered in the [[1953 Cannes Film Festival]],<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3920/year/1953.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Awaarae |access-date=19 January 2009 |work=festival-cannes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822154347/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3920/year/1953.html |archive-date=22 August 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> where it was nominated for the [[Palme d'Or|Grand Prize of the Festival]] (Palme d'Or). In 1955, it was voted the best film of the year by readers of Turkish daily ''[[Milliyet]]''.<ref name="Gurata">{{cite journal |last1=Gurata |first1=Ahmet |title=The Road to Vagrancy |journal=BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies |date=January 2010 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=67–90 |doi=10.1177/097492760900100108 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247789491|hdl=11693/38297 |s2cid=144112883 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

In 2003, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine included it in a list of "10 Indian Films to Treasure".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/photoessays/bollywood/treasure1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031023013951/http://www.time.com/time/asia/photoessays/bollywood/treasure1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2003 |magazine=Time |date=27 October 2003 |title=Best of Bollywood ... |access-date=16 April 2013}}</ref> ''Time'' magazine also chose Raj Kapoor's performance in ''Awaara'' as one of the top ten greatest performances of all time.<ref name="time_raj">{{cite news|title=Great Performances: Raj Kapoor, ''Awaara''|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2005/02/12/all-time-100-movies/#raj-kapoor-awara|work=All-Time 100 Movies|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=24 February 2012 |author=Micahernst|date=23 January 2012}}</ref> In 2005, ''[[Indiatimes]] Movies'' ranked the movie amongst the "Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films", writing: "Whenever Raj Kapoor and Nargis came together on screen, sparks flew. Their chemistry was electrifying and it crackles with raw passion in Raj Kapoor's ''Awaara''. Nargis's wild and carefree sensuality pulsates and Raj Kapoor's scruffy hair-rebellious persona only adds fuel to the fire".<ref>{{cite news |url = http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special_Features/25_Must_See_Bollywood_Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837,curpg-25.cms |title = 25 Must See Bollywood Movies |access-date = 27 May 2008 |author = Rachna Kanwar |date = 3 October 2005 |work = indiatimes.com |publisher = India Times |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516063740/http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special_Features/25_Must_See_Bollywood_Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837,curpg-25.cms |archive-date = 16 May 2008 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all}}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine included the film among the 20 new entries added to [[Time's All-Time 100 Movies|All-Time 100 greatest films]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://entertainment.time.com/2012/05/17/movie-masterpieces-richard-corliss-expands-times-list-of-cinematic-greats/slide/awaara/#awaara | title=Awaara | magazine=Time| date=17 May 2012 | access-date=31 May 2012 | author=Corliss, Richard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Raj-Kapoor-s-Awaara-in-Time-s-100-greatest-films-list/Article1-862339.aspx |title=Raj Kapoor's Awaara in Time's 100 greatest films list |work=The Hindustan Times |date=28 May 2012 |access-date=31 May 2012 |publisher=HT Media Limited |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531015323/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Raj-Kapoor-s-Awaara-in-Time-s-100-greatest-films-list/Article1-862339.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Raj-Kapoors-Awaara-in-Times-100-greatest-films/articleshow/13593518.cms |title=Raj Kapoor's 'Awaara' in Time's 100 greatest films |work=Times of India |date=28 May 2012 |access-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530081220/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Raj-Kapoors-Awaara-in-Times-100-greatest-films/articleshow/13593518.cms |archive-date=30 May 2012 }}</ref>

==Box office==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:45%; text-align:center;"
|+ Worldwide gross ({{estimation}})
|-
! Territory
! Gross revenue
! [[Inflation-adjusted]] gross revenue (2016)
! [[List of films by box office admissions|Footfalls (ticket sales)]]
|-
| [[List of highest-grossing films in India|India]]
| {{INR|23 million|link=yes}}<ref name="boi51"/> ([[United States dollar|$]]4.83{{nbsp}}million){{#tag:ref|4.7619 [[Indian rupee]]s per [[US dollar]] from 1950 to 1965<ref name="sauder">{{cite web|title=Pacific Exchange Rate Service|url=http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/USDpages.pdf#page=3|website=[[UBC Sauder School of Business]]|publisher=[[University of British Columbia]]|page=3|access-date=21 November 2017}}</ref>|group=n|name=RupeeUSD}}
| ${{Inflation|US|4.83|1951}}{{nbsp}}million ([[100 Crore Club|{{INR|3.02 billion}}]])<ref name="exchange16">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/yearly-average-rates/ |title=67.175856 INR per USD in 2016 |access-date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713183556/https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/yearly-average-rates/ |archive-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 30{{nbsp}}million<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=17 May 2020 |title=Most Watched Bollywood (Hindi) Movies of All Time (1940-2019) - Movies with Highest Footfall Ever |url=https://www.addatoday.com/2020/05/most-watched-bollywood-hindi-films-of.html |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=Addatoday}}</ref>
|-
| [[Cinema of Turkey|Turkey]]
| {{Unknown}}
| {{Unknown}}
| 100,000 (opening)<ref name="Gurata"/><ref name="Scroll">{{cite web |last1=Raman |first1=Sruthi Ganapathy |title=How Turkey simply could not get enough of Raj Kapoor's 'Awara' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/841785/how-turkey-simply-could-not-get-enough-of-raj-kapoors-awara |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=1 July 2017 |access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[List of highest-grossing films in the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]
! {{#expr:29+8.75}}{{nbsp}}million руб {{ndash}} {{US$|{{#expr:7.25+9.72}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:34.5+46.3}} million}})
! {{US$|{{#expr:69+77}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:4.37+4.75}} billion}})
! 100{{nbsp}}million<ref name="boi-soviet"/>
|-
| Initial run (1954)
| 29{{nbsp}}million [[Soviet rouble|Rbls]]<ref name="soviet211"/> {{ndash}} $7.25{{nbsp}}million{{#tag:ref|{{nowrap|4 [[Soviet rouble|Rbls]]}} per [[US$]] from 1950 to 1960<ref name="SUR-USD">{{cite web |title=Archive |url=http://cbr.ru/currency_base/OldDataFiles/USD.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229074625/http://cbr.ru/currency_base/OldDataFiles/USD.xls |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 December 2009 |website=[[Central Bank of Russia]] |access-date=29 December 2009}}</ref>|group=n|name=RubleUSD}} ({{INR|34.5 million}})<ref group="n" name="RupeeUSD"/>
| ${{Inflation|US|7.25|1954}}{{nbsp}}million ({{INR|4.37 billion}})<ref name="exchange16"/>
| 65{{nbsp}}million<ref name="boi-soviet"/>
|-
| Re-runs (1955{{ndash}}1966)
| {{#expr:35/(100/25)}}{{nbsp}}million Rbls{{#tag:ref|35{{nbsp}}million re-run admissions up until 1964-1966,<ref name="boi-soviet"/> average Soviet ticket price of 25 [[kopeck]]s in the mid-1960s<ref name="moscow7">[https://is.muni.cz/el/1421/podzim2015/FAV291/um/Roth-Ey-Moscow_Prime_Time.pdf#page=7 ''Moscow Prime Time: How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War'', page 48], [[Cornell University Press]], 2011</ref>|group=n}} {{ndash}} {{US$|9.72 million|long=no}}{{#tag:ref|{{nowrap|0.9 руб}} per US$ from 1961 to 1971<ref name="SUR-USD"/>|group=n}} ({{INR|{{#expr:(97.2*4.762)/10 round 1}} million}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1966&locations=IN&start=1964 |website=[[World Bank]] |year=1965 |access-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222954/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1966&locations=IN&start=1964|archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref>
| {{US$|{{Inflation|US|9.72|1966}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:73*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND}})/1000 round 2}} billion}})
| 35{{nbsp}}million<ref name="boi-soviet"/>
|-
! [[List of highest-grossing films in China|China]]
! {{CNY|14.8 million}} {{ndash}} {{US$|8.86 million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:88.1*8.193/10 round 1}} million}})
! {{US$|{{#expr:11+30}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:0.72+1.95}} billion}})
! 100{{nbsp}}million<ref name="cctv"/>
|-
| Initial release (1955)
| {{CNY|{{#expr:40*(100000/1430000) round 1}} million}}<ref name="sina"/> {{ndash}} {{US$|{{#expr:2.8/2.4618 round 2}} million|long=no}}<ref name="Suzuki">{{cite journal |last1=Suzuki |first1=Takamoto |title=The Renminbi Exchange Rate Reform and Its Implications for Asian Markets |journal=China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies |year=2016 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=485–506 (486) |doi=10.1142/S2377740016500317 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ({{INR|{{#expr:1140000*4.762/100000 round 0}} [[lakh]]}})<ref name="worldbank">{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1979&locations=CN-IN&start=1960 |website=[[World Bank]] |access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref>
| {{US$|{{Inflation|US|1.14|1955}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:{{Inflation|US|1.14|1955}}*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND}}) round 0}} million}})
| 40{{nbsp}}million<ref name="sina"/>
|-
| Re-release (1978)
| {{CNY|{{#expr:60*(0.1+0.3)/2}} million}}<ref name="cctv"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Link |first1=Perry |title=The Uses of Literature: Life in the Socialist Chinese Literary System |date=2000 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9780691001982 |page=204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhBYxOitb-MC&pg=PA204 |language=en}}</ref> {{ndash}} {{US$|{{#expr:12/1.555 round 2}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:77.2*8.126/10 round 1}} million}})<ref name="worldbank"/>
| {{US$|{{Inflation|US|7.72|1978}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:{{Inflation|US|7.72|1978}}*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND}})/1000 round 2}} billion}})
| {{#expr:100-40}}{{nbsp}}million<ref name="cctv"/><ref name="sina"/>
|-
! [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|Worldwide]]
! {{INR|{{#expr:23+60.9+72.2}} million}} ({{US$|{{#expr:4.83+16.97+8.86}} million|long=no}})
! {{US$|{{#expr:45+146+41}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:3.02+9.12+2.67}} billion}})
! {{#expr:30+0.1+100+100}} million
|}

In [[India]], the film grossed a record of {{INR|2.1 crore|link=yes}} in 1951,<ref name="boi51">{{cite web |title=Box Office 1951 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=156&catName=MTk1MQ== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102005532/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=156&catName=MTk1MQ== |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 January 2010 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=2 January 2010}}</ref> making it the highest-grossing film in India up until that time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=122&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5 |title=Top Earners 1950-1959 (Figures in Ind Rs) |website=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919200259/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=122&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5 |archive-date=19 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This record was later beaten the next year by [[Mehboob Khan]]'s ''[[Aan]]'' (1952), starring [[Dilip Kumar]], which grossed {{INR|2.5 crore}} in 1952.<ref name="boi52">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=158&catName=MTk1Mg%3D%3D |title=Box Office 1952 |website=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922022116/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=158&catName=MTk1Mg%3D%3D |archive-date=22 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[Turkey]], ''Awaara'' released in 1955. The film sold 100,000 tickets in its first week of release in Turkey. The total number of box office admissions in Turkey is currently unknown.<ref name="Gurata"/><ref name="Scroll"/>

===Soviet Union===
In the [[Soviet Union]], ''Awaara'' was released in 1954,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2015 |title=Bollywood affair: how Indian cinema arrived in the USSR |url=https://www.calvertjournal.com/articles/show/4569/bollywood-affair-indian-cinema-USSR-raj-kapoor-nargis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822133519/https://www.calvertjournal.com/articles/show/4569/bollywood-affair-indian-cinema-USSR-raj-kapoor-nargis |archive-date=2015-08-22 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=The Calvert Journal |publisher=[[Calvert 22 Foundation]] |language=en}}</ref> debuting at Indian film festivals in [[Moscow]] and [[Leningrad]] which drew about {{nowrap|1.5 million}} viewers in four days.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rajagopalan|first=Sudha|title=Indian Films in Soviet Cinemas : the culture of movie-going after Stalin.|date=2008|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0253220998|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpoLAQAAMAAJ&q=million |quote=According to newspaper reports, in the first four days of the festival almost a million viewers attended the shows. In Leningrad, more than half a million viewers attended the first four days of the festival.}}</ref> By the end of the year, it drew an audience of about 64{{nbsp}}million viewers in its initial run, the highest for any [[List of highest-grossing films in the Soviet Union|film in the Soviet Union]] at the time, until its record was surpassed by ''[[Amphibian Man (film)|Amphibian Man]]'' in 1962.<ref name="moscow">{{Cite book |last=Roth-Ey |first=Kristin |url=https://is.muni.cz/el/1421/podzim2015/FAV291/um/Roth-Ey-Moscow_Prime_Time.pdf#page=5 |title=Moscow Prime Time: How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War |date=2011-05-15 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-7142-2 |page=44 |language=en}}</ref> At the Soviet box office, ''Awaara'' remained the most-viewed [[Indian film]], the third biggest foreign hit of all time,<ref name="soviet-foreign">{{cite web|url=http://kinanet.livejournal.com/13882.html|title=Зарубежные фильмы в советском кинопрокате|author=Kudryavtsev|author-link=Sergey Kudryavtsev (film critic)|date=4 July 2006|first=Sergey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedotova |first=Natalia |date=2017-01-04 |title=All time favourite Hindi movies in Russia |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/culture/2017/01/04/all-time-favourite-hindi-movies-in-russia_663783 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Russia Beyond |language=en-US}}</ref> and one of the top 20 biggest hits of all time.<ref name="moscow"/><ref name="soviet-foreign"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kinanet.livejournal.com/14172.html|title=Отечественные фильмы в советском кинопрокате|author=Kudryavtsev|author-link=Sergey Kudryavtsev (film critic)|date=4 July 2006|first=Sergey}}</ref>

In terms of [[gross revenue]], ''Awaara'' earned 29{{nbsp}}million [[Soviet rouble|Rbls]]<ref name="soviet211">{{cite book |last=Rajagopalan |first=Sudha |title=Indian Films in Soviet Cinemas: The Culture of Movie-going After Stalin |date=2005 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=9780253220998 |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpoLAQAAMAAJ |quote=The purchase of Shree 420 (Mr 420/''Gospodin 420'') followed a letter from a Soveksportfil'm representative in Bombay to officials in Moscow in which the former wrote: We are in a delicate situation with Raj Kapoor. He feels he is not being offered enough for Mr 420 despite the fact that 'The Vagabond' raised {{nowrap|29 million}} roubles for the Soviet state.}}</ref> ([[United States dollar|$]]7.25{{nbsp}}million,<ref group="n" name="RubleUSD"/> {{INR|34.5 million}})<ref group="n" name="RupeeUSD"/> in its initial run, surpassing ''Aan'' to become the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|highest-grossing Indian film overseas]] at the time. ''Awaara''{{'}}s 29{{nbsp}}million руб was eventually surpassed by ''[[Disco Dancer]]'' (1982),<ref name="hindu_russia">{{cite news|title=Bollywood re-enters Russian homes via cable TV|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 September 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200709270360.htm|access-date=7 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109235938/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200709270360.htm|archive-date=9 November 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="rbth"/> which grossed 60 million руб in the Soviet Union.<ref name="rbth">{{cite news |last1=Naralenkova |first1=Oxana |title=Bollywood returns to Russian screens |url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2009/09/10/100909_bollywood.html |access-date=25 May 2020 |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |date=10 September 2009}}</ref> Including re-runs, which were running for 10–12 years, ''Awaara''{{'}}s footfalls in the Soviet Union amounted to about 100{{nbsp}}million box office admissions, which remains among the highest for an Indian film in an overseas market.<ref name="boi-soviet">{{cite news |title=You Asked It - Padmaavat Is Bigger Than Mughal E Azam? |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3743 |work=[[Box Office India]] |date=8 March 2018}}</ref>

===China===
The film was also a success in [[China]], where it first released in 1955. In its opening week, the film sold {{nowrap|4 million}} tickets, including {{nowrap|1.43 million}} admissions earning a [[Theatrical rental|distribution rental]] income of about {{CNY|100,000|link=yes}} in [[Beijing]] alone.<ref name="sina">{{cite web |title=《流浪者》《大篷车》中国内地票房 |url=http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_62e688c70102ygwd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209184548/http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_62e688c70102ygwd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 February 2019 |publisher=[[Sina Corp]] |access-date=2018-11-03 |date=9 February 2019}}</ref> Its {{nowrap|4 million}} opening-week ticket sales were equivalent to estimated opening-week rentals of approximately {{CNY|{{#expr:4000000*(100000/1430000) round -4}}|link=no}}<ref name="sina"/> ({{US$|{{#expr:280000/2.4618 round -3}}|long=no}}).<ref name="Suzuki"/> Prior to its 1978 re-release, the film's initial run had sold a total of 40{{nbsp}}million tickets in China.<ref name="sina"/>

The film's 1978 re-release was a greater commercial success in China.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wan |first1=Zhang |title=How do Indian films gain recognition in China? |url=http://chinaplus.cri.cn/mychina/culture/34/20170705/7826.html |access-date=12 June 2020 |work=China Plus |agency=[[China Radio International]] |date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708095557/http://chinaplus.cri.cn/mychina/culture/34/20170705/7826.html|archive-date=8 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=中方参投《神秘巨星》票房破亿，印度电影成下一个淘金地？|url=https://www.huxiu.com/article/230515.html|date=21 January 2018|work=Huxiu}}</ref> Following its re-release, the film went on to sell a total of more than 100{{nbsp}}million tickets,<ref name="cctv">{{cite news |title=异域音乐风 ——印度音乐（三至六） |url=http://www.cctv.com/program/yygs/20070704/107538.shtml |access-date=7 February 2019 |work=[[CCTV.com]] |agency=[[China Central Television]] |date=4 July 2007}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The song "[[Awaara Hoon]]" and actor [[Raj Kapoor]] were widely known across China and the Soviet Union. The film's success in both the Soviet Union and China has been attributed to the [[socialist]] themes expressed in the film.<ref name="ref24hovij">{{Citation | title=Traditions in world cinema |author1=Badley |author2=Palmer |author3=Schneider |year=2006 | publisher=Rutgers University Press, 2006 | isbn=978-0-8135-3874-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKdY0HVF0ukC | quote=To this day 'Awaara hoon' ('I'ma vagabond'), the title song of Raj Kapoor's Awaara ('The Vagabond', 1951) remains well known throughout Russia, which the director- star visited, and China, where both the song and film were said to be Chairman Mao's favourites|first=Linda|first2=R. Barton|first3=Steven Jay}}</ref><ref name="ref19camuj">{{Citation | title=World cinemas, transnational perspectives | author=Ďurovičová | date=31 August 2009 | publisher=Taylor & Francis, 2010 | isbn=978-0-415-97653-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtHiGs5e2w8C | quote=hearing the hit theme song "Awaara Hoon" ("I am wayward") hummed on the streets of Nanjing. Then, traveling through a small town in a more remote part of China, Seth has to perform the song on request at a local gathering: 'No sooner have I begun than I find that the musicians have struck up the accompaniment behind me: they know the tune better than I do|first=Natasa}}</ref>

The film ''Awaara'' and the song "Awaara Hoon" are believed to have been among [[Mao Zedong|Chairman Mao]]'s favourite films and songs, respectively.<ref name="ref19camuj"/><ref name="time_raj"/> ''Awaara'' was referenced in the 2000 [[Cinema of China|Chinese film]] ''[[Platform (2000 film)|Platform]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Durovicová |first=Natasa |title=World cinemas, transnational perspectives |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-415-97654-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPQOKFF4QycC&q=World+cinemas,+transnational+perspectives |edition=1st|access-date=24 February 2012 |page=51}}</ref>

In 2023, [[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] ranked it #20 on its list of the "100 Best Bollywood Movies."<ref name="best">{{cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=The 100 best Bollywood movies |url=https://www.timeout.com/film/the-100-best-bollywood-movies-the-list |access-date=28 November 2023 |work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]}}</ref>

===Remakes===
Due to the film's remarkable success with Turkish audiences, ''Awaara'' was remade in [[Turkey]] a total of eight times. The first and most prominent [[Turkish film]] remake was ''Avare'' (1964) starring actor [[Sadri Alışık]] and actress [[Ajda Pekkan]], another Turkish remake was ''{{Ill|Benim Gibi Sevenler|tr}}'' (1977) by Temel Gürsu.<ref name="Scroll"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://sinematikyesilcam.com/2021/08/sadri-alisik-avare-1964/ | title=Sadri Alışık – Avare (1964) | date=21 August 2021 }}</ref>

There was also an [[Iranian film]] remake, called ''The Wheel of the Universe'' (1967). However, this version may have been a remake of the Turkish remake ''Avare'', rather than a direct remake of the original ''Awaara''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Partovi |first1=Pedram |title=Popular Iranian Cinema before the Revolution: Family and Nation in Fīlmfārsī |date=2017 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-315-38561-7 |page=193 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgYqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[:Category:Films directed by Raj Kapoor|List of films directed by Raj Kapoor]]
* [[List of films by box office admissions]]
* [[List of highest-grossing films in the Soviet Union]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets]]
* [[List of highest-grossing non-English films]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}

* {{cite book|author1=Khwaja Ahmad Abbas|author-link=Khwaja Ahmad Abbas|author2=Vasant Sathe|author3=Suhail Akhtar|author4=Vijay Jani |author5=Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=The Dialogue of Awaara: Raj Kapoor's Immortal Classic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ln3LSAAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=978-81-89738-54-9}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0043306|title=Awaara}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4mjCJaJe-g Full movie on YouTube]
* [http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/05dinesh.htm Rediff.com Classics Revisited: Awaara]
* [http://www.letstalkaboutbollywood.com/article-19805814.html Movie review at "Let's talk about Bollywood!"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303230320/http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/awara.html University of Iowa article] {{Portal bar|Bollywood|Films|India|1950s}}
*

{{Raj Kapoor}}
{{K. A. Abbas}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1951 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1950s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:1950s crime comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1950s melodrama films]]
[[Category:1950s romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1951 drama films]]
[[Category:1951 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films about bank robbery]]
[[Category:Films about criminals]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films about mother–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films about prison escapes]]
[[Category:Films about social realism]]
[[Category:Films about squatting]]
[[Category:Films about theft]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Kapoor]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Indian musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about runaways]]
[[Category:Films about homelessness]]

Lucky Ali

2026-03-25T18:28:30Z

JestineLegg9: small updated layout per standard format also

{{short description|Indian singer, songwriter and actor (born 1958)}}
{{about||the Danish cricketer|Lucky Ali (cricketer)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Lucky Ali
| image = Lucky Ali at Majuli Music Festival 2022.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Ali at Majuli Music Festival 2022
| birth_name = Maqsood Mahmood Ali
| alias = Lucky Ali
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1958|09|19}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Indipop]]|[[Folk music|folk]]|[[Bollywood music|bollywood]]}}
| occupations = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|record producer|actor}}
| instruments = Vocals, guitar
| years_active = 1978–present
| label = {{hlist|Crescendo Music|[[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]|[[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]]|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Records]]|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|Lucky Ali Entertainment}}
}}

'''Maqsood Mahmood "Lucky" Ali''' (born 19 September 1958) is an Indian singer, songwriter, and actor. With several popular singles and albums, he emerged as a significant figure of [[Indipop]] during the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viral: Lucky Ali's Impromptu Gig In Goa. Need We Say More?|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/viral-lucky-alis-impromptu-gig-in-goa-need-we-say-more-2338252|access-date=2020-12-22|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ali is the second of the eight children of [[Bollywood]] actor, [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood Ali]]. His mother Mahliqa, was part [[Bengali people|Bengali]] and part [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]], and the younger sister of 1960s Indian [[Bollywood]] actress [[Meena Kumari]]. The Bollywood actress and dancer, [[Minoo Mumtaz]], was his paternal aunt. He attended [[City Montessori School]], Convent of Jesus and Mary, Hampton Court, [[Mussoorie]], Manekji Cooper (Kindergarten) (Juhu), [[Bombay Scottish School]] in [[Mumbai]], and the [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name="Lucky Ali">{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/25/stories/2003092500680100.htm
|title=Ali is a Maali at Home
|author=Mala Kumar
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|access-date=11 February 2008
|location=Chennai, India
|date=25 September 2003
|archive-date=21 May 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521065720/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/25/stories/2003092500680100.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

===Connection with Tagore family===
His mother Mahliqa's grandmother, Hem Sundari Tagore, was either the daughter or a widow of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s distant cousin.<ref name="Songs of Yore">{{cite web |url=https://www.songsofyore.com/meena-kumari-an-enigma/ |title=MEENA KUMARI: An Enigma |website=Songsofyore |date=1 August 2017 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227061511/https://www.songsofyore.com/meena-kumari-an-enigma/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifeandmore.in/films-tv-theatre/the-eternal-tragedy-queen/|title=The eternal Tragedy Queen|date=1 August 2018|access-date=1 September 2023|archive-date=28 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828110914/https://lifeandmore.in/films-tv-theatre/the-eternal-tragedy-queen/|url-status=live}}</ref> After the death of her husband, she was forced by his family to leave for Meerut, where she became a nurse, married a [[Christian]] named Pyare Lal Shakir Meeruti (1880–1956), who was an [[Urdu]] journalist, and embraced Christianity.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1536528/literary-notes-meena-kumari-pyare-lal-shakir-meruthi-and-journalism |title=Literary Notes: Meena Kumari, Pyare Lal Shakir Meruthi and journalism |website=Dawn |date=25 February 2020 |access-date=26 February 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225233931/https://www.dawn.com/news/1536528/literary-notes-meena-kumari-pyare-lal-shakir-meruthi-and-journalism |url-status=live}}</ref> She had two daughters; one of whom was Prabhavati, Ali's maternal grandmother.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Vinod |title=Meena Kumari: The Classic Biography |title-link=Meena Kumari (book) |year=2013 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=9789350296271}}</ref>{{pn|date=October 2024}}

==Personal life==
Ali has two children with his first wife Meaghan Jane McCleary – Ta'awwuz and Tasmiyah. He then married Inaya (Anahita, a [[Persia]]n). With her, he has two children: Sara and Raiyan. He married a third time in 2010 to British model and former beauty queen Kate Elizabeth Hallam whom he divorced in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/?p=1119 |title=Former Miss UK Visits Samarthanam | This Week Bangalore |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323021739/http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/?p=1119 |archive-date=23 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='I realised that I want a man who is not divided between three families' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/i-always-wanted-a-family-where-the-man-is-focusing-only-on-one-family/articleshow/71275189.cms|website=The Times of India|date=25 September 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-23|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011163001/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/i-always-wanted-a-family-where-the-man-is-focusing-only-on-one-family/articleshow/71275189.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The couple has a son named Dani Maqsood Ali.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Our-son-is-Gods-most-beautiful-gift-to-us-Lucky-Alis-wife/articleshow/13130544.cms | title=Our son is God's most beautiful gift to us: Lucky Ali's wife | access-date=12 July 2012 | archive-date=26 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726235026/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-14/news-and-interviews/31700106_1_maqsood-mehmood-ali-dani-lucky-ali | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=live }}</ref>

Ali currently lives on the outskirts of [[Bengaluru]] in his farm house.

Ali and his father shared a tempestuous relationship. [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood Ali]] was a very busy actor in the 1960s and '70s, and remained away from home for his shoots. Once, around the age of four when Ali first returned from boarding school, Mehmood and the entire family had come to receive Ali at the airport. Ali did not recognize his father, but on seeing him said, "He's the film comedian Mehmood!" Ali lived away from his family in a St George's College boarding school in Dehradun, [[Mussoorie]]. Ali's tryst with [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] led Mehmood to write the script of the movie ''[[Dushman Duniya Ka]]'' (Enemy of the World).<ref name="rediff_hitting_high">{{cite web
|url=http://www.rediff.com/style/1996/lucky.htm |title=Hitting the high notes |author=Aparjita Ghosh |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=13 June 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109203120/http://www.rediff.com/style/1996/lucky.htm
|archive-date=9 November 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The movie stars Ali's youngest brother, Manzoor. It is the story of the [[drug abuse]] of a young man called Lucky. In the end, the young man kills his mother, destroys everything around him and is then killed by his father. Ali differed from his father's vision and did not act in the movie. "I felt the story lacked hope," he said.<ref name="rediff_hitting_high"/> However, he sang his first song for the film.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/lucky-ali-explains-his-cryptic-tweet-on-chemotherapy-that-got-fans-worried-about-his-health/story-VmSZ4FhqwbUiOaONxoEvEP.html|title= Lucky Ali explains his cryptic tweet on chemotherapy that got fans worried about his health|date= 20 July 2018|newspaper= [[Hindustan Times]]|access-date= 1 October 2018|archive-date= 4 October 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181004000717/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/lucky-ali-explains-his-cryptic-tweet-on-chemotherapy-that-got-fans-worried-about-his-health/story-VmSZ4FhqwbUiOaONxoEvEP.html|url-status= live}}</ref>

Best known for his music, singing and acting, Ali has also bred horses, worked on an oil rig off the coast of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] in South India, cleaned and sold carpets and is a farmer with a strong opinion on organic methods in farming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/mp/2003/09/25/stories/2003092500680100.htm|title=ALI is MAALI at home|access-date=9 January 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011163003/https://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2003/09/25/|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-09-25|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal albums==
Ali made his debut on the [[Indian music]] scene with the album ''[[Sunoh]]'', which established him as a singer. This album won many of the top awards in Indian music, including the Best Pop Male Vocalist at the 1996 [[Screen Awards]] and the [[Channel V]] Viewers Choice Award in 1997. It stayed on the [[MTV]] Asia Charts in the top three for 60 weeks. The song "O Sanam" from ''Sunoh'' launched his career. It was also nominated at the [[1997 MTV Video Music Awards]]<ref name="Lucky Ali"/> His next album, ''[[Sifar]]'', was noted for its music, lyrics and vocals.

Ali became known for his distinctive music style and also for his untrained voice - elements that helped him emerge as a leading figure in [[Indipop]] during the period.<ref name="scroll">{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Devarsi |title=Press play (and wipe away the tears): The ultimate 1990s Indipop songlist |url=https://scroll.in/reel/942185/press-play-and-wipe-away-the-tears-the-ultimate-1990s-indipop-songlist |website=Scroll.in |access-date=15 November 2020 |date=31 December 2019}}</ref> His third and fourth albums were ''[[Aks (album)|Aks]]'' and ''[[Kabhi Aisa Lagta Hai]]'', both of which were reasonably successful. He is also known for contributing the song "Anjaani Raahon Mein" to the album ''[[Meri Jaan Hindustan]]'', which commemorated 50 years of Indian independence in the year 1997. The video was directed by [[Mani Shankar]], and features him as a young rural man working in a foreign country, with a longing to go back home, and his joy of actually returning to a place he loved. When asked about the video, he once said "The video of 'Anjaani Raahon Mein' was a beautiful story in itself. It was done straight from the heart and it is very special to me."

==Bollywood career==
Ali debuted in Bollywood with the song "Nasha Nasha" in the movie ''[[Dushman Duniya Ka]]''. After that he sang "Ek Pal Ka Jeena" and "Na Tum Jaano Na Hum", featured in ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000). He received the 2001 [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] for "Ek Pal Ka Jeena" song. He was nominated for the Best Playback Singer Male for "Aa Bhi Jaa", featured in ''[[Sur - The Melody of Life|Sur]]'' at the [[48th Filmfare Awards]], but lost to [[Sonu Nigam]]. He has lent his voice to playback singing in films such as ''Sur – The Melody of Life'' (2002), ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'' (2008), ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'' (2010) and ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]'' (2015).

==Playback singing career==
Lucky Ali started his playback singing career with the song "Walking All Alone" from the film ''[[Ek Baap Chhe Bete]]'' in 1978. This film stars [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood Ali]] and his six sons. Ali's second song was "Nasha Nasha" from the film ''[[Dushman Duniya Ka]]'', which starred his brother Manzoor Ali in the lead role. The film was directed by their father Mehmood.

He has worked with composers such as [[A.R Rahman]], [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], [[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Mikey McCleary]], [[Prashant Pillai]], Varun Ahuja and Rajiv Bhalla.

==Acting career==
{{weasel|section|date=January 2026}}
As the nephew of [[Meena Kumari]] and son of Mehmood, Lucky Ali did not lack the requisites to make his debut as an actor. He first appeared in ''Chote Nawab'' ("The Little Prince") in 1962, directed by Mehmood. He acted in a few films in the 1970s and 1980s such as ''[[Yehi Hai Zindagi]]'' (1977), ''[[Hamare Tumhare]]'' (1979) and [[Shyam Benegal]]'s ''[[Trikaal]]'' (1985). He also acted in the television series ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', directed by Shyam Benegal. After a long break from acting, he returned in [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]]'s ''[[Kaante]]'' (2002), in which he acted alongside leading stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Kumar Gaurav]] and [[Suniel Shetty]]. Ali also acted in the TV serial ''Zara Hatke''. In 2002, he acted in the Hindi musical ''[[Sur-The Melody of Life]]'' playing a complex role.

==Discography==
{{Main|Lucky Ali discography}}
Ali's [[discography]] contains six studio albums, six [[compilation album|compilations]], seven [[single (music)|singles]], 19 soundtracks, two [[concert tour]]s and two other albums (as a composer).

===Studio albums===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Sunoh]]'' (1996)
* ''Sifar'' (1998)
* ''Aks'' (2001)
* ''[[Gori Teri Aankhen...]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Kabhi Aisa Lagta Hai]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Xsuie]]'' (2009)
* ''Raasta Man'' (2011)
* ''Subaah Ke Taare'' (2024)
}}

===Soundtrack===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Do Aur Do Pyaar]]'' (2024)
* ''From The Land of Gandhi'' (2016)
* ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]'' (2015)
* ''Tere Mere Sath'' (2014)
* ''[[Amen (2013 film)|Amen]]''
* ''DAVID'' (2013)
* ''[[Dev Son of Mudde Gowda|Dev S/O of Mudde Gowda]]'' (2011)<ref>{{cite news|title=Lucky Ali makes Sandalwood debut|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Lucky-Ali-makes-Sandalwood-debut/articleshow/10653670.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708010947/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-09/news-and-interviews/30373863_1_lucky-ali-playback-singer-song |url-status=live |archive-date=8 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]| date=9 November 2011}}</ref>
* ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Paathshaala]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Kaalai]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Vellitherai]]'' (2008)
* ''[[The Film (film)|The Film]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Yuva]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]]'' (2004)
* ''Chupke Se'' (2003)
* ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Sur – The Melody of Life]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Kaante]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Bhopal Express (film)|Bhopal Express]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Dushman Duniya Ka]]'' (1996)

}}

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|1962
|''Chote Nawaab''
|
|child artist
|-
|1974
|''[[Kunwara Baap (1974 film)|Kunwara Baap]]''
|
|child artist
|-
|1977
|''[[Yehi Hai Zindagi]]''
|Dinesh
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Ginny Aur Johnny]]''
|Man in Car
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Ek Baap Chhe Bete]]''
|Lucky
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Hamare Tumhare]]''
|Ajay
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Trikaal]]''
|Erasmo
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Sur-The Melody of Life]]''
|Vikramaditya Singh
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Kaante]]''
|Maqbool "Mak" Haider
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Kasak (2005 film)|Kasak]]''
|Amar
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Good Luck!]]''
|Tarun Chopra
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Runway (2009 film)|Runaway]]''
|Khalid
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Murder at Teesri Manzil 302]]''
|Inspector Tejender Singh
|Delayed release; Filmed in 2008-09
|}

===Television series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1986
|''[[Katha Sagar]]''
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/revisiting-bharat-ek-khoj-that-showcases-indias-rich-history-in-brief-7161505/|title=Revisiting Bharat Ek Khoj that showcases India's rich history in brief|date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
|Various characters
|
|-
|1994
|''Zara Hatke'' <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmahs-dilip-joshi-shares-a-throwback-picture-from-his-show-zara-hatke-says-the-first-time-i-was-entrusted-to-lead-the-show/articleshow/77945447.cms|title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah's Dilip Joshi shares a throwback picture from his show 'Zara Hatke'; says 'the first time I was entrusted to lead the show' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=5 September 2020 }}</ref>
|Malu
|
|-
|2013
|''[[The Dewarists]]''
|Himself
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Mehmood Ali Family]]

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.luckyali.com/ Lucky Ali's Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723221603/https://www.luckyali.com/ |date=23 July 2021 }}
* {{IMDb name|0004699}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{Navboxes
|list=
{{Lucky Ali}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestMaleSinger}}
{{ScreenAwardBestMalePlaybackSinger}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestPlaybackMale}}
{{IIFAAwardBestMalePlaybackSinger}}
}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Lucky}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Bishop Cotton Boys' School alumni]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian folk-pop singers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]

Diarchy in Bombay Presidency

2026-03-24T23:48:11Z

JestineLegg9: Adding new info

'''[[Diarchy]]''' was established in [[Bombay Presidency]] based on the recommendations of the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms|Montague-Chelmsford]] report. It ended with the election in 1937 when the [[Government of India Act 1935]] came into effect.

==Government of India Act 1919==

The [[Government of India Act 1919]] enlarged the provincial legislative councils and increased the strength of elected members to be greater than that of nominated and official members. It introduced a system of [[dyarchy]] in the provinces. Although this act brought about representative government in India, the governor was empowered with overriding powers. It classified the subjects as belonging to either the Centre or the Provinces. The [[Governor-General of India|Governor General]] could override any law passed by the provincial councils. It brought about the concept of "Partial Responsible Government" in the provinces. Provincial subjects were divided into two categories - reserved and transferred. Education, sanitation, local self-government, agriculture and industries were listed as the transferred subjects. Law, finance, revenue and home affairs were the reserved subjects. The provincial council could decide the budget in so far it related to the transferred subjects. Executive machinery dealing with those subjects was placed under the direct control of provincial legislature. However, the provincial legislature and the ministers did not have any control over the reserved subjects, which came under the governor and his executive council.<ref name="Krishnaswamy">{{Cite book| title=The role of Madras Legislature in the freedom struggle, 1861-1947| edition=| author=S. Krishnaswamy| year=1989| pages=72–83| publisher=People's Pub. House (New Delhi) | isbn=}}</ref>

==Legislative Council==
{{See also|Bombay Legislative Council}}
The Council had a total of 116 members in addition to the [[Ex officio member|'' ex - officio'' members]] of the Governor's Executive Council. Out of the 116, 86 were elected from constituencies of the presidency reserved for Non-Muhammadans, Muhammadans, Europeans, Landholders, Universities and Commerce & Industry. 7 constituencies were reserved for [[Marathas]].

==Executive Council and Ministers==
As per the principle of [[dyarchy]], certain responsibilities such as agriculture, health, education, and local government, were transferred to elected ministers. However, the important portfolios like finance, police and irrigation were reserved with official members of the Governor's Executive Council.

===Members of Executive Council===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Portfolio
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Member
|-
|align=left| Home
|align=left| [[Maurice Hayward]] (1921-1926), [[John Ernest Buttery Hotson]] (1926-1931), [[George Arthur Thomas (civil servant)|George Arthur Thomas]] (1931-1933), [[Robert Duncan Bell]] (1933-1937)
|-
|align=left| Finance
|align=left| Sir Henry S. Lawrence (1921-1926), [[Chunilal Mehta|Sir Chunilal Mehta]] (1926-1928), [[Govind Balvant Pradhan]] (1928-1933)
|-
|align=left| Revenue
|align=left| [[Ibrahim Rahimtoola|Sir Ibrahim Rahimtoola]] (1921-1923), [[Chunilal Mehta|Sir Chunilal Mehta]] (1923-1925), [[Louis Rieu|Jean Louis Rieu]] (1925-1929), Walter Frank Hudson (1929-1933)
|-
|align=left| Finance & Revenue
|align=left| [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]] (1933-1935), [[Dhanjishah Cooper|Sir Dhanjishah Bomanjee Cooper]] (1935-1937)
|-
|align=left| General
|align=left| [[Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad]] (1921-1923), [[Sir Cowasji Jehangir, 2nd Baronet|Sir Cowasji Jehangir]] (1923-1928), [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]] (1928-1932), [[Robert Duncan Bell]] (1932-1937)
|}

===Elected Ministers===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Portfolio
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Minister
|-
|align=left| Forest, Excise & Agriculture
|align=left| [[Sir Chunilal Mehta]] (1921-1923), [[Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlavi]] (1923-1927), Govind Balvant Pradhan (1927-1928), [[Rafiuddin Ahmed]] (1928), [[Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav]] (1928-1930), [[Siddappa Totappa Kambli]] (1930-1937)
|-
|align=left| Education
|align=left| [[R. P. Paranjpye]] (1921-1923), [[Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav]] (1923-1927), [[Harilal Desai]] (1927-1928), [[Rafiuddin Ahmed]] (1928-1932), [[Siddappa Totappa Kambli]] (1932-1937)
|-
|align=left| Local Self-Government
|align=left| [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]] (1921-1928), [[Harilal Desai]] (1928-1930), Sardar Sir Rustom Jehangir Vakil (1930-1933), [[Dhanjishah Cooper|Sir Dhanjishah Bomanji Cooper]] (1933-1934), [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]] (1934-1936) [[Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlavi]] (1936-1937)
|}
<ref>{{cite book|last=Srinivasan|first=Ramona|title=The Concept of Dyarchy|year=1992|publisher=NIB Publishers|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CvaNAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{morecat|date=August 2024}}
[[Category:Diarchies]]

Duck

2026-03-21T18:09:12Z

JestineLegg9: further adjusted layout per standard format further and updated info

{{short description|Common name for many species of bird}}
{{about|the bird|duck as a food|Duck as food|other uses}}
{{redirect|Duckling}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Paraphyletic group
| auto = yes
| name = Duck
| image = Bucephala-albeola-010.jpg
| image_caption = Female [[Bufflehead]] (''Bucephala albeola'')
| taxon = Anatidae
| authority =
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision =
| range_map =
| range_map_caption =
}}

'''Duck''' is the common name for numerous species of [[waterfowl]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Anatidae]]. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than [[swan]]s and [[goose|geese]], which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a [[form taxon]]; they do not represent a [[monophyletic group]] (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly [[aquatic bird]]s, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water.

Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as [[loon]]s or divers, [[grebe]]s, [[gallinule]]s and [[coot]]s.

==Etymology==
The word ''duck'' comes from [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|dūce}} 'diver', a derivative of the verb {{lang|ang|*dūcan}} 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the [[dabbling duck]] group feed by upending; compare with [[Dutch language|Dutch]] {{lang|nl|duiken}} and [[German language|German]] {{lang|de|tauchen}} 'to dive'.

[[File:Pacific Black Ducks on pond ducking.jpg|thumb|[[Pacific black duck]] displaying the characteristic upending "duck"]]

This word replaced Old English {{lang|ang|ened}} /{{lang|ang|ænid}} 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as {{lang|ang|ende}} 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for ''duck'', for example, Dutch {{lang|nl|eend}}, German {{lang|de|Ente}} and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] {{lang|no|and}}. The word {{lang|ang|ened}} /{{lang|ang|ænid}} was inherited from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]; [[cf.]] [[Latin]] ''anas'' (stem ''anat-'') "duck", [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{lang|lt|ántis}} 'duck', [[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|νῆσσα}} /{{lang|grc|νῆττα}} ({{Transliteration|grc|nēssa}} /{{Transliteration|grc|nētta}}) 'duck', and [[Sanskrit]] {{Transliteration|sa|ātí}} 'water bird', among others.

A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage<ref>{{cite web |title=Duckling |work=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition |year=2006 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |url= http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/duckling |access-date=2015-05-22}}</ref> or baby duck,<ref>{{cite web |title=Duckling |work= Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version) |year=2000–2006 |publisher=K. Dictionaries Ltd |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/duckling |access-date=2015-05-22 }}</ref> but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling.

A male is called a [[wikt:drake|drake]] and the female is called a duck, or in [[ornithology]] a hen.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJCTL_mC5w4C&q=male+duck+is+called+a+drake+and+the+female+is+called+a+duck&pg=PA457|title=The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds|last=Dohner|first=Janet Vorwald|date=2001|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0300138139|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VqSquCLNrZcC&q=male+duck+is+called+a+drake+and+the+female+is+called+a+duck+%28or+hen%29&pg=PA16|title=How to Draw Cartoon Birds|last1=Visca|first1=Curt|last2=Visca|first2=Kelley|date=2003|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=9780823961566|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Mallard-drake-chicago-march-2024.jpg|thumb|Male [[mallard]].]]

[[File:Wood-ducks-male-female-chicago-march-2024.jpg|thumb|[[Wood duck]]s.]]

==Taxonomy==
All ducks belong to the [[order (biology)|biological order]] [[Anseriformes]], a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the [[screamer]]s, and the [[magpie goose]].{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=536}} All except the screamers belong to the [[family (biology)|biological family]] [[Anatidae]].{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=536}} Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=536}} Some base their decisions on [[morphology (biology)|morphological characteristics]], others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.{{sfn|Livezey|1986|pp=737–738}}{{sfn|Madsen|McHugh|de Kloet|1988|p=452}} The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.{{sfn|Donne-Goussé|Laudet|Hänni|2002|pp=353–354}}{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=540}} The significant level of [[hybrid (biology)|hybridisation]] that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=540}}

[[File:Mallard drake .02.jpg|thumbnail|[[Mallard]] landing in approach]]

In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.{{sfn|Elphick|Dunning|Sibley|2001|p=191}} The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks – named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.{{sfn|Kear|2005|p=448}} The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.{{sfn|Kear|2005|p=622–623}} The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.{{sfn|Kear|2005|p=686}} The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.{{sfn|Elphick|Dunning|Sibley|2001|p=193}}

A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The [[whistling duck]]s are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=537}} or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=540}}{{sfn|American Ornithologists' Union|1998|p=xix}} The [[freckled duck]] of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=537}} or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=540}} The [[shelduck]]s make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=537}} and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,{{sfn|American Ornithologists' Union|1998}} while the [[steamer duck]]s are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=537}} or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=540}} The [[perching duck]]s make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=540}} The [[torrent duck]] is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=537}} but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=538}} The [[pink-eared duck]] is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=537}} or the tribe Malacorhynchini,{{sfn|Christidis|Boles|2008|p=62}} and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=537}}

==Morphology==
[[File:Mandarin.duck.arp.jpg|thumb|Male [[Mandarin duck]]]]{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
The overall [[body plan]] of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The [[Beak|bill]] is usually broad and contains serrated [[pecten (biology)|pectens]], which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species, which typically feature [[Webbed foot|webbed feet]]. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the [[bird flight|flight]] of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of [[steamer duck]] are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while [[moult]]ing; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes [[bird migration|migration]].

The drakes of northern species often have extravagant [[plumage]], but that is [[moult]]ed in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the "eclipse" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less [[sexual dimorphism]], although there are exceptions such as the [[paradise shelduck]] of [[New Zealand]], which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent forced copulations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coghlan |first=Andy |title=Female ducks fight back against 'raping' males |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11764-female-ducks-fight-back-against-raping-males/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
{{See also|List of Anseriformes by population}}
[[File:Last day in Ushuaia, Argentina.Flying Steamer-Ducks (Tachyeres patachonicus) in various artistic settings.Harbour silhouettes. (25921897721).jpg|thumb|[[Flying steamer ducks]] in [[Ushuaia]], Argentina]]
Ducks have a [[cosmopolitan distribution]], and are found on every continent except Antarctica.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=536}} Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia]] and the [[Auckland Islands]].{{sfn|Shirihai|2008|pp=239, 245}} Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the [[Hawaiian Islands]], [[Micronesia]] and the [[Galápagos Islands]], where they are often {{birdgloss|vagrants}} and less often {{birdgloss|residents}}.{{sfn|Pratt|Bruner|Berrett|1987|pp=98-107}}{{sfn|Fitter|Fitter|Hosking|2000|pp=52–3}} A handful are [[endemic]] to such far-flung islands.{{sfn|Pratt|Bruner|Berrett|1987|pp=98-107}}

[[File:Female Mallard at Menacuddle Well.jpg|alt=A brown duck in a fast-flowing stream|thumb|Female mallard in [[Cornwall]], England]]
Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wiresnr.org/pacificblackduck.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501172752/http://www.wiresnr.org/pacificblackduck.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=May 1, 2008|title=Pacific Black Duck|website=www.wiresnr.org|access-date=2018-04-27}}</ref>

==Behaviour==
===Feeding===
[[File:Duck 1 filter teeth edit.jpg|thumb|[[Pecten (biology)|Pecten]] along the bill]]
[[File:Duckling preening (81313).webm|thumb|[[Mallard]] duckling preening]]
[[File:Family of ducks 001.ogv|thumb|right|Family of ducks preening]]
Ducks eat food sources such as [[Poaceae|grass]]es, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small [[mollusc]]s.

[[Dabbling duck]]s feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.<ref>{{cite web | last = Ogden | first = Evans | title = Dabbling Ducks | publisher = CWE | url = https://www.sfu.ca/biology/wildberg/species/dabbducks.html | access-date = 2006-11-02 }}</ref> Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a [[Pecten (biology)|pecten]]. This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items.

[[Diving duck]]s and [[sea duck]]s forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly.

A few specialized species such as the [[merganser]]s are adapted to catch and swallow large fish.

The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to [[dredging]]-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no [[cere]], but the nostrils come out through hard horn.

''[[The Guardian]]'' published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it [[Angel wing|damages the health of the ducks]] and pollutes waterways.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karl Mathiesen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/16/dont-feed-the-ducks-bread-say-conservationists |title=Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists |newspaper=The Guardian |date=16 March 2015 |access-date=13 November 2016}}</ref>

===Breeding===
[[File:Parrulo -Muscovy duckling.jpg|thumb|A [[Muscovy duck]]ling]]
Ducks generally [[monogamy in animals|only have one partner at a time]], although the partnership usually only lasts one year.<ref>{{Cite book | doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5_4|chapter = Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl|title = Current Ornithology| pages=187–221|year = 1988|last1 = Rohwer|first1 = Frank C.| last2=Anderson| first2=Michael G.| isbn=978-1-4615-6789-9}}</ref> Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Cyndi M. |last1=Smith |first2=Fred |last2=Cooke |first3=Gregory J. |last3=Robertson |first4=R. Ian |last4=Goudie |first5=W. Sean |last5=Boyd |title=Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks |journal=The Condor |year=2000 |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=201–205 |doi=10.1093/condor/102.1.201 |doi-access=free |hdl=10315/13797 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions ([[spring (season)|spring]]/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a [[bird nest|nest]] before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed [[courtyard]]) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wildliferehabber.com/content/if-you-find-duckling|title=If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber|website=wildliferehabber.com|access-date=2018-12-22|archive-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923152911/http://wildliferehabber.com/content/if-you-find-duckling|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Communication===
Female [[mallard]] ducks (as well as several other species in the genus ''Anas'', such as the [[American black duck|American]] and [[Pacific black duck]]s, [[spot-billed duck]], [[northern pintail]] and [[common teal]]) make the classic "quack" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as "breeeeze",<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGofAwAAQBAJ&q=mallard+sound+deep+and+raspy&pg=PA39|title=The Duck Bible|last=Carver|first=Heather|date=2011|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9780557901562|language=en}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}} but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not "quack".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXJBBAAAQBAJ&q=Females+of+most+dabbling+ducks+make+the+classic+%22quack%22+sound+but+most+ducks+don%27t+quack&pg=PA123|title=Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends|last=Titlow|first=Budd|date=2013-09-03|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780762797707|language=en}}</ref> In general, ducks make a range of [[bird vocalisation|calls]], including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the [[scaup]] – which are [[diving duck]]s – make a noise like "scaup" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.

A common [[urban legend]] claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the [[University of Salford]] in 2003 as part of the [[British Association]]'s Festival of Science.<ref>{{cite news | last = Amos | first = Jonathan | title = Sound science is quackers | work = BBC News | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3086890.stm | access-date = 2006-11-02 | date=2003-09-08}}</ref> It was also debunked in [[MythBusters (2003 season)#Does a Duck's Quack Echo?|one of the earlier episodes]] of the popular Discovery Channel television show ''[[MythBusters]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://mythbustersresults.com/episode8| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626043438/http://mythbustersresults.com/episode8| url-status=usurped| archive-date=June 26, 2007|title=Mythbusters Episode 8|date=12 December 2003}}</ref>

===Predators===
[[File:Ringedteal.PNG|thumb|[[Ringed teal]]]]
Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like [[Esox|pike]], [[crocodilia]]ns, predatory [[testudines]] such as the [[alligator snapping turtle]], and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as [[heron]]s. Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as [[fox]]es, or large birds, such as [[hawk]]s or [[owl]]s.

Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American [[Muskellunge|muskie]] and the European [[Esox|pike]]. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the [[peregrine falcon]], which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks.

==Relationship with humans==

===Hunting===
{{main|Waterfowl hunting}}
Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of [[midden]]s in California dating to 7800 – 6400 [[Before present|BP]] have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.{{sfn|Erlandson|1994|p=171}} Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by [[Holocene]] inhabitants of the lower [[Ohio River]] valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.{{sfn|Jeffries|2008|pp=168, 243}} Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,{{sfn|Sued-Badillo|2003|p=65}} Scandinavia,{{sfn|Thorpe|1996|p=68}} Egypt,{{sfn|Maisels|1999|p=42}} Switzerland,{{sfn|Rau|1876|p=133}} and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.{{sfn|Higman|2012|p=23}} Archeological evidence shows that [[Māori people]] in New Zealand hunted the flightless [[Finsch's duck]], possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.{{sfn|Hume|2012|p=53}} A similar end awaited the [[Chatham duck]], a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.{{sfn|Hume|2012|p=52}} It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.{{sfn|Sued-Badillo|2003|p=65}}{{sfn|Fieldhouse|2002|p=167}}

In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NViSMffyaSgC&q=%C2%A0%C2%A0In+many+areas,+wild+ducks+of+various+species+are+hunted+for+food+or+sport|title=Guide to Edible Plants and Animals|last=Livingston|first=A. D.|date=1998-01-01|publisher=Wordsworth Editions, Limited|isbn=9781853263774|language=en}}</ref> by shooting, or by being trapped using [[Duck decoy (structure)|duck decoys]]. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, "a sitting duck" has come to mean "an easy target". These ducks may be [[Duck (food)#Pollution|contaminated by pollutants]] such as [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCBs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/wfp09a.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/wfp09a.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |website=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |publisher=US Department of Commerce |access-date=2 July 2019 |page=3 |language=en |date=December 2008}}</ref>

===Domestication===
{{main|Domestic duck}}
[[File:Tunnel of ducks.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Runner duck]]s, a common breed of domestic ducks]]
Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their [[down feather|down]]). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL|title=FAOSTAT|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the [[mallard]] (''Anas platyrhynchos''), apart from the [[Muscovy duck]] (''Cairina moschata'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digimorph.org/specimens/anas_platyrhynchos/skull/ |title=Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin |publisher=Digimorph.org |access-date=2012-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Sy Montgomery |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-360302/mallard |title=Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=2012-12-23}}</ref> The [[Call duck]] is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than {{convert|1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Guinness World Records|last=Glenday|first=Craig|year=2014|isbn=978-1-908843-15-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/135 135]|publisher=Guinness World Records Limited |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/135}}</ref>

===Heraldry===
[[File:Maaninka.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of [[Maaninka]]<ref>{{cite book | title = Suomen kunnallisvaakunat | publisher = Suomen Kunnallisliitto | year = 1982 | page = 147 | isbn = 951-773-085-3 | language = fi}}</ref>]]
Ducks appear on several [[coats of arms]], including the coat of arms of [[Lubāna]] ([[Latvia]])<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lubana.lv/index.php/lv/homepage/lubanas-pilseta-2 | title = Lubānas simbolika | access-date = September 9, 2021 | language = lv }}</ref> and the coat of arms of [[Föglö]] ([[Åland]]).<ref>{{cite web | title = Föglö | url = http://digi.narc.fi/digi/view.ka?kuid=1738595 | access-date = September 9, 2021 | language = sv}}</ref>

===Cultural references===
In 2002, psychologist [[Richard Wiseman]] and colleagues at the [[University of Hertfordshire]], [[UK]], finished a year-long [[LaughLab]] experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, "If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Young |first1=Emma |title=World's funniest joke revealed |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2876-worlds-funniest-joke-revealed/ |website=New Scientist |access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref> The word "duck" may have become an [[inherently funny word]] in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many [[List of fictional ducks|ducks in fiction]], many are cartoon characters, such as [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney]]'s [[Donald Duck]], and [[Warner Bros.]]' [[Daffy Duck]]. [[Howard the Duck]] started as a comic book character in 1973<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comics.org/character/name/Howard%20the%20Duck/sort/chrono/ |title=Howard the Duck (character) |website=[[Grand Comics Database]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1 = Sanderson|first1 = Peter|author-link = Peter Sanderson|last2= Gilbert|first2= Laura|chapter= 1970s|title = Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History|publisher = [[Dorling Kindersley]]|year = 2008|location= London, United Kingdom|page = 161|isbn =978-0756641238|quote= December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.}}</ref> and was made into a [[Howard the Duck (film)|movie]] in 1986.

The 1992 Disney film ''[[The Mighty Ducks (film)|The Mighty Ducks]]'', starring [[Emilio Estevez]], chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual [[National Hockey League]] professional team of the [[Anaheim Ducks]], who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Anaheim Ducks, Anaheim, CA {{!}} Hockey, History & Events |url=https://www.visitanaheim.org/events/sports-events/anaheim-ducks/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.visitanaheim.org}}</ref> The duck is also the nickname of the [[University of Oregon]] sports teams as well as the [[Long Island Ducks]] minor league [[baseball]] team.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Duck|url=https://goducks.com/sports/2003/8/28/153778.aspx|access-date=2022-01-20|website=University of Oregon Athletics|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Birds}}
* [[Domestic duck]]
* [[Duck as food]]
* [[Duck test]]
* [[List of duck breeds|Duck breeds]]
* [[List of fictional ducks|Fictional ducks]]
* [[Rubber duck]]
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=American Ornithologists' Union |title=Checklist of North American Birds |year=1998 |publisher=American Ornithologists' Union |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-1-891276-00-2 |url=https://americanornithology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AOSChecklistTin-Falcon.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://americanornithology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AOSChecklistTin-Falcon.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Carboneras |first=Carlos |editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=Josep |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=Jordi |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World |volume=1: Ostrich to Ducks |year=1992 |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |isbn=978-84-87334-10-8}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Christidis |editor1-first=Les |editor2-last=Boles |editor2-first=Walter E. |year=2008 |title=Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds |publisher=Csiro Publishing |location=Collingwood, VIC |isbn=978-0-643-06511-6}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Donne-Goussé |first1=Carole |last2= Laudet |first2=Vincent |last3=Hänni |first3=Catherine |title=A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=July 2002 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=339–356 |doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2|pmid=12099792 |bibcode=2002MolPE..23..339D }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Elphick |editor1-first=Chris |editor2-last=Dunning |editor2-first=John B. Jr. |editor3-last=Sibley |editor3-first=David |title=The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour |year=2001 |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-0-7136-6250-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Erlandson |first=Jon M. |title=Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast |year=1994 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-4419-3231-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGTaBwAAQBAJ&pg=171}}
* {{cite book |last=Fieldhouse |first=Paul |title=Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions |volume=I: A–K |year=2002 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara |isbn=978-1-61069-412-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fitter |first1=Julian |last2=Fitter |first2=Daniel |last3=Hosking |first3=David |title=Wildlife of the Galápagos |year=2000 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ |isbn=978-0-691-10295-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Higman |first=B. W. |title=How Food Made History |year=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Chichester, UK |isbn=978-1-4051-8947-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIUoz98yMvgC&pg=RA1-PA1801}}
* {{cite book |last=Hume |first=Julian H. |title=Extinct Birds |year=2012 |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-1-4729-3744-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40sxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53}}
* {{cite book |last=Jeffries |first=Richard |title=Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley |year=2008 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa |isbn=978-0-8173-1658-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/holocenehunterga0000jeff/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Kear |editor-first=Janet |title=Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts (''Cairina'' to ''Mergus'') |series=Bird Families of the World |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-861009-0}}
* {{cite journal |last=Livezey |first=Bradley C. |title=A phylogenetic analysis of recent Anseriform genera using morphological characters |journal=The Auk |date=October 1986 |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=737–754 |doi=10.1093/auk/103.4.737 |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Madsen |first1=Cort S. |last2=McHugh |first2=Kevin P. |last3=de Kloet |first3=Siwo R. |title=A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA |date=July 1988 |journal=The Auk |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=452–459 |doi=10.1093/auk/105.3.452 |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v105n03/p0452-p0459.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v105n03/p0452-p0459.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Maisels |first=Charles Keith |title=Early Civilizations of the Old World |year=1999 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-10975-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA42}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pratt |first1=H. Douglas |last2=Bruner |first2=Phillip L. |last3=Berrett |first3=Delwyn G. |title=A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1987 |isbn=0-691-02399-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Rau |first=Charles |title=Early Man in Europe |year=1876 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |location=New York |lccn=05040168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XBgAAAAIAAJ&pg=133}}
* {{cite book |last=Shirihai |first=Hadoram |title=A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife |year=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ, US |isbn=978-0-691-13666-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Sued-Badillo |first=Jalil |series=General History of the Caribbean |title=Autochthonous Societies |year=2003 |publisher=UNESCO |location=Paris |isbn=978-92-3-103832-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zexcW7q-4LgC&pg=PA65}}
* {{cite book |last=Thorpe |first=I. J. |title=The Origins of Agriculture in Europe |year=1996 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-08009-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YA-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q3736439|wikt=duck|c=Anatidae|n=no|b=Cookbook:Duck|q=Birds|s=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=Anatidae}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060613210555/http://seaducks.org/subjects/MIGRATION%20AND%20FLIGHT.htm list of books] (useful looking abstracts)
* [http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Duck.html Ducks on postage stamps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513022903/http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Duck.html |date=2013-05-13 }}
* {{gutenberg|no=18884|name=Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines}} - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ducks| ]]
[[Category:Game birds]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Bird common names]]
[[Category:Paraphyletic groups]]

HiLITE Business Park

2026-03-21T03:03:03Z

JestineLegg9: Made Initial Info Nd Citations

{{Short description |Indian business park }}
{{Infobox building
| name = HiLITE Business Park
| image = HiLITE_Builders_Logo.jpg
| caption = HiLITE Business Park
| location = [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.254632|75.824642|display=inline,title}}
| address = HiLITE City
| opening_date = {{Start date and age |2013}}
| closing_date =
| developer = HiLITE Builders
| owner = HiLITE Group
| architect =
| floor_area = {{Convert|1,400,000|sqft|m2}}<ref>{{cite web |title=HiLITE Business Park - KRERA |url=https://rera.kerala.gov.in/projects/10920?lang=en |publisher=Kerala Real Estate Regulatory Authority |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref>
| parking = 1500+
| floor_count = 7
| website = {{URL |https://hilitebusinesspark.com/ }}
}}

'''HiLITE Business Park''' is a commercial Indian [[business park]] made up of a office complex located within HiLITE City, [[Kozhikode, Kerala]], [[India]]. It was developed and is managed by HiLITE Realty, a Calicut-based real estate and infrastructure company. The business park forms part of the larger HiLITE City mixed-use development, which includes residential, retail, hospitality, and educational facilities such as which includes residential, retail, hospitality, and educational facilities such as [[Hilite Mall Calicut]].<ref name="HBL 2014">{{cite news|title=HiLITE Builders launches tech business park|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/hilite-builders-launches-tech-business-park/article23117199.ece|work=The Hindu BusinessLine|date=2013}}</ref>

Opened in April 2015, the park consists of twin office towers with a built-up area of approximately 1.4 million square feet. It provides office space for information technology firms, business service providers, and startups.<ref name="ET2014">{{cite news |title=Major innovation zone to make HiLITE Business Park a major destination for startups |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/major-innovation-zone-to-make-hilite-business-park-a-major-destination-for-startups/articleshow/43161501.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |publisher=Times Internet |date=22 September 2014 |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref>

In 2025, HiLITE Realty announced the World Trade Center Kozhikode, a 12.5 million square foot expansion project within HiLITE City.<ref>{{cite news|author= | title=HiLITE Group unveils one of the world's largest World Trade Centers in Kozhikode|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/hilite-group-unveils-one-of-the-worlds-largest-world-trade-centers-in-kozhikode/|work=The Tribune|date=2021}}</ref> Construction continued through 2026, with plans to include commercial towers, educational institutions, and convention facilities. HiLITE Business Park is located adjacent to this development and continues to serve as part of the city’s business infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news |author= | title=HiLITE Group unveils one of the world's largest World Trade Centers in Kozhikode |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2025/09/01/dcm17-hilite-group.html |work=The Week |publisher=The Malayala Manorama Group |date=1 September 2025 |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref>

== History ==
The project was announced in the early 2010s by HiLITE Realty following demand for organized office infrastructure in northern Kerala. Construction began in 2013,<ref>{{cite news|title=Hi-Lite Business Park for Kozhikode|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/policy-updates-and-economic-news/Hi-Lite-Business-Park-for-Kozhikode/8747|work=Construction World}}</ref> and the business park was inaugurated on 10 April 2015.

In 2014, the developers announced plans to establish a dedicated innovation and startup zone within the complex to attract technology startups and business service firms. The complex consists of twin office towers with a total built-up area of approximately 1.4 million square feet.<ref name="ET2014" />

In 2025, HiLITE Realty announced the World Trade Center Kozhikode, an expansion project within HiLITE City. The project was planned as a large World Trade Center development with approximately 12.5 million square feet of leasable space.

== Location and Connectivity ==
HiLITE Business Park is situated within HiLITE City, on the main [[Kozhikode–Wayanad Tunnel Road|Calicut–Wayanad road]], providing direct access to the city’s transport network. The site is located approximately 20 km from [[Calicut International Airport]] and 8 km from the [[Calicut railway station]]. The surrounding zone includes shopping complexes, educational campuses, and residential neighborhoods within the walled city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kozhikode Hi-Lite Business Park opens |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/kozhikode-hi-lite-business-park-opens/article23101284.ece|work=The Hindu BusinessLine |date=2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2013 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Business parks of India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kozhikode]]

John Felix Jones

2026-03-20T21:44:37Z

JestineLegg9: Made Initial Bio Needs Work

{{Short description|British captain in the Indian navy and surveyor}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
|name=John Felix Jones
|image=
|image_size=
|caption=
|birth_date=
|birth_place=
|death_date=
|death_place=
|occupation=Captain in the Indian navy and surveyor
|known_for=
}}

'''John Felix Jones''' (died 3 September 1878) was a British captain in the [[Royal Indian Navy|Indian navy]] and surveyor.

==Biography==
Jones was, as midshipman and lieutenant of the [[East India Company]]'s ship Palinurus, under Commander Robert Moresby, engaged in the survey of the northern part of the Red Sea, 1829–34. The charts were principally drawn by Jones. He was next employed in the survey of Ceylon and the Gulf of Manaar, under Lieutenant Powell, and in May 1840 joined Lieutenant C. D. Campbell, commanding the Nitocris, in the survey of Mesopotamia, in the course of which he connected the Euphrates and Mediterranean by chronometric measurements for longitude. In October 1841 Captain Lynch commenced the survey of the Euphrates, and on his retirement in 1843 was succeeded by Jones, who continued for several years the examination of the Tigris and Euphrates. Consequent on the disputes between Persia and Turkey in 1843, Jones, in company with Major Sir [[Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet|Henry Rawlinson]], was sent in August 1844 to collect information respecting the boundary, the results obtained being officially printed in 1849, under the title ‘Narrative of a Journey through Parts of Persia and Kurdistan.’ In 1848 Jones examined the course of the ancient Nahrwan canal, and surveyed the once fertile region which it irrigated. In 1850 he surveyed the old bed of the Tigris, discovered the site of the ancient Opis, and made researches in the vicinity of the Median wall and Physcus of Xenophon (cf. Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography). In 1852 he made a trigonometrical survey of the country between the Tigris and the Upper Zab, including the ruins of Nineveh, the results of which are recorded in a series of maps of ‘Assyrian Vestiges,’ and the accompanying memoir. In 1853 he completed a map of Bagdad on a large scale, with a memoir on the province. In 1854 he was named political agent at Bagdad and consul-general in Turkish Arabia. In 1855 he was appointed political agent in the Persian Gulf, and in that capacity was able to render important services during the war in 1856, and still more during the mutiny of 1857–8. Broken health then compelled him to return to England, and, though he revisited Bombay in 1863, he had no further active employment. His later years were spent in geographical work for the India office, and in 1875 he completed a beautifully drawn map, in four sheets, of Western Asia, including the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates; it remains in manuscript in the India office. He was also a constant contributor to the ‘Geographical Magazine’ and an active fellow of the [[Royal Geographical Society]]. He died at Norwood on 3 September 1878.

The most important of his numerous memoirs are included in ‘Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government,’ 1857, new ser. No. 43.

==References==
{{DNB|wstitle=Jones, John Felix|first=John Knox|last=Laughton|authorlink=John Knox Laughton|volume=30}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, John Felix}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1878 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British military personnel]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:British surveyors]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society]]

Jagatjit Singh

2026-03-20T17:49:00Z

JestineLegg9: add citations based on references additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Last ruling Maharaja of Kapurthala from 1877–1947}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jagatjit Singh {{nobold|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI|GCIE|GBE|size=90%}}}}
| image = Photograph of Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala State, by Bourne and Shepherd, ca.1900's–1910's (detail).jpg
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]]
| reign = 3 September 1877 – 15 August 1947
| predecessor = Kharak Singh ''(as Raja)''
| successor = ''Monarchy abolished'' [[Paramjit Singh (ruler)|Paramjit Singh]] ([[titular ruler]])
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1872|11|24}}
| image_size =
| caption = Photograph of Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala State, by Bourne and Shepherd, ca.1900's–1910's
| birth_place = [[Kapurthala]], [[Kapurthala State]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1949|06|19|1872|09|05}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], [[Dominion of India|India]]
| religion = [[Sikh]]
| father = Kharak Singh Sahib Bahadur
| mother = Anand Kaur Sahiba
| spouse = six wives
| issue = five sons and one daughter
| dynasty = [[Ahluwalia (misl)|Ahluwalia dynasty]]
| coronation = 24 November 1890
| full name = Sir Jagatjit Singh Sahib Bahadur
}}

Colonel [[Maharajah]] '''Sir Jagatjit Singh Sahib Bahadur''' (24 November 1872 – 19 June 1949) was the last ruling [[Maharaja]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] during the [[British India|British Raj in India]], from 1877 until his death, in 1949. He ascended to the throne of Kapurthala state on 16 October 1877 and assumed full ruling powers on 24 November 1890 as well indulging in traveling the world and being a [[Francophile]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Brig. Sukhjit |last2=Frederick |first2=Cynthia Meera |title=Prince, Patron & Patriarch ;Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala |date=2019 |publisher=Roli Books |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=9788193860854}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
[[File:Photograph of the child-monarch Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala State and suite, ca.1880.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the child-monarch Raja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala State and suite, ca.1880]]

Jagajit Singh received the title of Maharaja in 1911. He learned various languages like Punjabi, English, Hindi, French, Spanish, Italian etc. Like his contemporaries Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala and Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jind, Jagatjit Singh was also a philanthropist. When he was young he sang in front of the Viceroy with his friend, the next Maharaja of Dholpur, in French and Italian which outraged many of the visitors.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

He was cousin of [[Sardar]] Bhagat Singh, one of the few Indian Justices of High Court during the British Raj. His grandson [[Sukhjit Singh (soldier)|Sukhjit Singh]] served as a Brigadier in the [[Indian Army]]. Another grandson [[Arun Singh (politician, born 1944)|Arun Singh]] was a Minister in the [[Rajiv Gandhi]] government who advised Indira Gandhi to declare [[Operation Blue Star]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

== Career ==

=== Early career ===
His dream was for Kapurthala to be a 'Paris of the East'. He built from the Jagatjit Palace in a French style modelled on the [[Palace of Versailles]], the Moorish Mosque in the North African style “Maghrebi”, the Kapurthala War Memorial and other sites.

He also built a [[Gurdwara]] at Sultanpur Lodhi. An advocate of educational opportunities for girls, Maharaja Jagatjit Singh also supported numerous undertakings to ensure women received proper medical care under schemes first initiated under The Countess of Dufferin Fund which provided medical aid, helped build hospitals and medical facilities exclusively for women.

=== Late career ===
He served as the Indian Representative to the [[League of Nations]] General Assembly in [[Geneva]] in 1925, 1927, and 1929,<ref>[http://www.indiana.edu/~league/7thassemb.htm The League of Nations Photo Collections]</ref> attended the [[Round Table Conference]] in 1931 and was Lt Governor of the [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union|PEPSU]] at the time of his death in 1949, aged 76.

He spent lots of his time travelling, he visited China, Indonesia, Japan, Morocco, Italy, Spain, France, Great Britain, United States of America, Brazil, Argentina and other areas. He had a liking for Japan and France.
[[File:A group photograph of North Indian rulers, taken on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee of HH the Maharajah of Kapurthala, 30 November – 4 December 1927 at Kapurthala, Punjab.jpg|thumb|A group photograph of North Indian rulers, taken on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee of HH the Maharajah of Kapurthala, 30 November – 4 December 1927 at Kapurthala, Punjab]]
He was the first Sikh Maharaja to have cut his Kesh (uncut hair). The Shiromani Akali Dal took on this matter and pressured him. from 1946 he started becoming closer to his religious heritage and announced that his grandson (Sukhjit Singh) would be a Keshdhari Sikh.

During the Partition of India the 60 percent of Muslims in his state were pushed out by his Kapurthala State Forces to Pakistan, leaving only 1 percent left afterwards.

== Death ==
Under his leadership, the Kapurthala State joined the [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] (P.E.P.S.U.) after the [[Partition of India]]. Maharaja Jagatjit Singh died in 1949.

== Marriages ==
*First marriage at Paprola, on 16 April 1886, to Maharani Harbans Kaur Sahiba, daughter of ''[[Mian (title)|Mian]]'' Ranjit Singh [[Guleria]] of [[Kangra district|Paprola]] (died 17 October 1941 in [[Mussoorie]] from heart failure). They had two sons.
**[[Paramjit Singh (ruler)|Paramjit Singh Sahib Bahadur]]
**Mahijit Singh Sahib Bahadur
*Second marriage at Katoch, 1891, to Rani Parvati Kaur Sahiba, daughter of a ''[[Sardar]]'' of [[Katoch]] (died 20 February 1944 in Kapurthala). They had a son.
**Amarjit Singh Sahib Bahadur
*Third marriage at Bashahr, 1892, to Rani Lakshmi Kaur Sahiba, a princess of a [[Rajput]] family from [[Bushahr|Bashahr]] (died September 1959 in Kapurthala).
*Fourth marriage at Jubbal, 1895, to Rani Kanari Sahiba, daughter of the ''[[Dewan]]'' of [[Jubbal]] (died circa 1910). They had a son and a daughter.
**Karamjit Singh Sahib Bahadur
** [[Rani Amrit Kaur Sahib of Mandi|Amrit Kaur Sahiba]]
*Fifth marriage at [[Paris]], 28 January 1908 (later divorced), to Rani Prem Kaur Sahiba [née [[Anita Delgado]]], (born 1890 in [[Málaga]], Spain, died 7 July 1962 in [[Madrid]], Spain from heart failure). They had a son.
**Ajit Singh Sahib Bahadur
*Sixth marriage at Kapurthala, 1942, to [[Tara Devi (Queen)|Rani Tara Devi Sahiba]] [née Eugenie "Nina" Grosup]; she was an actress and the daughter of a [[Czech (people)|Czech]] actress (Maria Eleanora Grosup) and a [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] aristocrat (Count Karátsonyi).

==Honours==

=== British and Indian ===
*First Class of the [[Rampur State#Orders of_chivalry|Order of Hamid]] of the [[Rampur State]] of India 1926
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI) ''[[1911 Delhi Durbar Honours]]'' (''previously appointed KCSI in the [[1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours]]'')<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28559 |date=8 December 1911 |pages=9357 }}</ref><ref name="gazette26947">{{London Gazette|issue=26947 |date=14 March 1898 |page=1676 }}</ref>
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE) ''[[1921 New Year Honours|1 January 1921]]''<ref>{{London Gazette |date=1 January 1921 |supp=y |issue=32178 |pages=7 }}</ref>
*[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]] (GBE) ''29 November 1927''<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33333 |page=7662 |date=29 November 1927}}</ref>
*[[Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee Medal]] in Gold 1897
*[[Delhi Durbar Medal]] in Gold 1903
*[[King George V Coronation Medal]], with [[Delhi Durbar Medal#Delhi Durbar Medal, 1911|Delhi Durbar Clasp]] 1911
*[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]] 1935
*[[King George VI Coronation Medal]] 1937
*[[Indian Independence Medal]] 1947

=== Foreign ===
*{{flag|Kingdom of Prussia}}:
**Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown (Prussia)|Order of the Crown]], 1st Class, 1911
*{{flag|Kingdom of Egypt}}:
**Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Nile]], 1924
*{{flag|Morocco}}:
**Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Ouissam Alaouite|Sharifan Order of Alaoui]], 1924
*{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}:
**Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], 1924
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit (Chile)|Order of Merit]] of [[Chile]] 1925
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Sun (Peru)|Order of the Sun]] of [[Peru]] 1925
*Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Cross of Honour and Merit of [[Cuba]] 1925
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Star of Romania]] 1926
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of Menelik II]] of [[Ethiopia|Empire of Ethiopia]] 1928
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of St. Sava|Order of Saint Sava]] of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] 1928<ref>{{Cite book|last=Acović|first=Dragomir|title=Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima|year=2012|location=Belgrade|publisher=Službeni Glasnik|pages=602}}</ref>
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]] of the [[Spain|Kingdom of Spain]] 1928
*Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Glory (Tunisia)|Order of Glory]] of [[French protectorate of Tunisia|Tunisia]] 1928
*Grand Cross of the [[Royal Order of Cambodia]] 1929
*Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Crown (Iran)|Order of the Crown]] of [[Pahlavi Dynasty|Empire of Iran]] 1930
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Lion]], 1st Class of [[Czechoslovakia]] 1934
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint Agatha]] of [[San Marino]] 1935
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of St. Sylvester|Order of Saint Sylvester]] of the [[Holy See|Vatican]] 1935
*Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]] of [[French Fourth Republic|France]] 1948 (Grand Officer: 1924)

==In media==
*Probably as a reminiscence of his marriage to Anita Delgado, [[Don Pimpón]], a character in the [[Barrio Sésamo|Spanish version of ''Sesame Street'']], claimed to have travelled the world extensively with "his friend the Maharaja of Kapurthala."
*He appeared in the ''[[American Horror Story: Freak Show]]'' episode "[[Orphans (American Horror Story)|Orphans]]" in a flashback where he gives Elsa Mars custody of Mahadevi "Ma Petite" Patel.

==See also==
{{Commons category|Jagatjit Singh}}
* [[Amrit Kaur|''Rajkumari Bibiji'' Amrit Kaur]], the first female Indian Cabinet Minister (his first cousin).

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |last1=Pathé |first1=British |title=Diamond Jubilee Of Maharaja Of Kapurthala |url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/diamond-jubilee-of-maharaja-of-kapurthala |website=www.britishpathe.com |access-date=25 July 2022}}
* [https://kapurthala.gov.in/history/ The history of Kapurthala is the history of the Ahluwalia Dynasty]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Ahluwalia (misl)|Ahluwalia dynasty]]|24 November|1872|19 June|1949}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Kharak Singh of Kapurthala|Kharak Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Raja of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]]
|years=1877–1911}}
{{s-non|reason=Himself as ''Maharaja''}}
{{s-new|reason=}}
{{s-ttl|title=Maharaja of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]]
|years=1911–1947}}
{{s-aft|after=''Monarchy abolished'' Accession to the [[Dominion of India]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jagatjit}}
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Sun of Peru]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of St. Sava]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Kapurthala State|Kapurthala, Jagatjit Singh]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
[[Category:Rajpramukhs]]
[[Category:Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

List of bridges in India

2026-03-19T14:40:12Z

JestineLegg9: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|None}}
This is a '''list of bridges in India'''.

== Historical and architectural interest bridges ==
{{row indexer|
{| class{{=}}"wikitable sortable"
|-
! class{{=}}"unsortable"|Image
! scope{{=}}col |
! scope{{=}}col |Name
! scope{{=}}col |Local name
! scope{{=}}col width{{=}}"210" |Distinction
! scope{{=}}col |Length
! scope{{=}}col |Type
! scope{{=}}col |Carries ''Crosses''
! scope{{=}}col |Opened
! scope{{=}}col |Location
! scope{{=}}col |State
! class{{=}}"unsortable"|Ref.
|-
|[[File:Living root bridges of Nongriat village in East Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya JEG7387.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Umshiang Double-Decker Root Bridge]]||||Double [[living root bridge]]||{{convert|24|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|S|[[Suspension bridge|Suspension]] Handmade from [[aerial root]]s}}||{{center|Footbridge ''Mawsaw''}}||||[[Nongriat]] {{Coord|25|15|04.9|N|91|40|17.7|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Umshiang Double-Decker Root Bridge}}||[[Meghalaya]]||{{#tag:ref|According to the statement of residents/users involved in the maintenance the bridge, it is estimated to be 200 years old.<ref name="LBSARFE"/>|group=Note}} <ref name="LBSARFE">{{Cite journal |last1=Ludwig |first1=Ferdinand |last2=Middleton |first2=Wilfrid |last3=Gallenmüller |first3=Friederike |last4=Rogers |first4=Patrick |last5=Speck |first5=Thomas |date=2019-08-22 |title=Living bridges using aerial roots of ficus elastica – an interdisciplinary perspective – Supplementary information |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=12226 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-48652-w |pmid=31439904 |pmc=6706416 |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:1 Rangthylliang 1.JPG|150px]]||_row_count||[[Rangthylliang 1 Root Bridge]]||||Longest known [[living root bridge]] Height : {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|52|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|S|[[Suspension bridge|Suspension]] Handmade from [[aerial root]]s}}||{{center|Footbridge ''Wah Pynursla''}}||||[[Rangthylliang]]–[[Mawkyrnot]] {{Coord|25|18|12.9|N|91|52|19.2|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Rangthylliang 1 Root Bridge}}||[[Meghalaya]]||<ref name="LBSARFE"/> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://evenfewergoats.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-undiscovered-living-root-bridges-of_14.html |title=The Undiscovered Living Root Bridges of Meghalaya Part 2: Bridges Near Pynursla |last1=Rogers |first1=Patrick A. |date=2015-09-02 |website=Evenfewergoats.blogspot.com |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Kishkindha OldBridge.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Bukka's Aqueduct]] ''in ruins''||{{lang|hi|तुंगभद्रा बुक्का जलसेतु हम्पी}}||[[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara era]] bridge [[Hampi|Group of Monuments at Hampi]] [[File:World Heritage Logo global.svg|25px]] [[World Heritage Site]] (1986)||||{{Sort|M|[[Masonry]] Corbelled vaults, 13 arches remaining}}||{{center|[[Aqueduct (bridge)|Aqueduct]] ''[[Tungabhadra River]]''}}||14th century||[[Hampi (town)|Hampi]] {{Coord|15|20|47.4|N|76|27|11.5|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Bukka's Aqueduct}}||[[Karnataka]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241 |title=Group of Monuments at Hampi |website=Whc.unesco.org - [[UNESCO]] |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/the-path-of-water-in-vijayanagara-1052896.html |title=The path of water in Vijayanagara |last1=Hosapalya |first1=Mallikarjuna |date=November 20, 2021 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Wazirabad Bridge.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Wazirabad Bridge (14th century)|Wazirabad Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|वजीराबाद पुल}}||[[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monuments of National Importance]]||{{convert|24|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|M|[[Masonry]] 6 openings}}||{{center|Road bridge}}||14th century||[[New Delhi]] ([[Wazirabad, Delhi|Wazirabad]]) {{Coord|28|42|43.7|N|77|13|41.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Wazirabad Bridge}}||[[Delhi]]||<ref name="Asi Delhi">{{cite web |url=https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-delhi/ |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Delhi |website=Asi.nic.in - [[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://ignca.gov.in/asi_reports/sd1490001.pdf |title=Archaeological Survey of India : Neighboring Bridge, Wazirabad |website=Ignca.gov.in - [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] - Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/monuments/wazirabad-bridge-a-tughlaq-era-marvel |title=Wazirabad Bridge : A Tughlaq Era Marvel |website=Livehistoryindia.com |date=11 August 2020 |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:3182 Cashmere Srinuggur Bridge of Shops2.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Zaina Kadal]] ''destroyed in 1893''|| ||Inhabited bridge||{{convert|87|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|B|[[Beam bridge]] Wood}}||{{center| ''[[Jhelum River]]''}}||1426||[[Srinagar]] {{Coord|34|05|34.3|N|74|48|25.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Zaina Kadal}}||[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/GeographyOfTheJammuAndKashmirState/page/n97/mode/2up |title=Geography Of The Jammu And Kashmir State |last1=Anand Koul |first1=Pandit |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co |date=1925 |page=82 |location=Calcutta }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1201/page/408/mode/2up |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing, India |date=1890 |page=409 |location=Calcutta }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url={{GBurl|id=DqAHweWRUs0C|page=38}} |title=The Valley of Kashmir |last1=Lawrence |first1=Walter Roper |author-link=Walter Roper Lawrence |publisher=H. Frowde |date=1895 |page=38 |isbn=9788120616301 |oclc=1149016 }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Jaunpurbridge closeup.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Shahi Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|शाही पुल}}||[[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]] bridge State Protected Monument||{{convert|199|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|M|[[Masonry]] 10+5 ogee arches}}||{{center|Road bridge [[National Highway 135A (India)|National Highway 135A]] ''[[Gomti River]]''}}||1568||[[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] {{Coord|25|44|56.2|N|82|41|04.5|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Shahi Bridge}}||[[Uttar Pradesh]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/shahi-bridge | title=Shahi Bridge}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |chapter-url={{GBurl|id=a2VBAQAAIAAJ|page=17}} |title=The Sharqi Architecture of Jaunpur |chapter=Chapter II - The Great Bridge and later history |last1=Führer |first1=Alois Anton |author-link=Alois Anton Führer |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing, India |date=1889 |page=17 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url={{GBurl|id=KHc1nnjW7sEC|page=122}} |title=Archæological Survey of India - Report of Tours in the Gangetic Province from Badaon to Bihar |last1=Cunningham |first1=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Cunningham |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |date=1880 |volume=11 |page=122 }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Noorabad Bridge near Morena, on way to Gwalior (4536507329).jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Nurabad Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|नूराबाद ब्रिज}}||[[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]] bridge||{{convert|79|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|M|[[Masonry]] 7 ogee arches}}||{{center|Former road bridge ''[[Sankh River, Madhya Pradesh|Sankh River]]''}}||||[[Nurabad, Madhya Pradesh|Noorabad]] {{Coord|26|24|25.9|N|78|03|50.8|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Noorabad Bridge}}||[[Madhya Pradesh]]||<ref>{{cite book |url={{GBurl|id=mHtWAAAAcAAJ|page=397}} |title=Archæological Survey of India - Four Report Made During the Years 1862-63-64-64 |last1=Cunningham |first1=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Cunningham |publisher=Government Central Press, India |date=1871 |volume=II |page=397 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://archaeology.mp.gov.in/contents.aspx?page=morena&number=mxnjKogcuzeURsg+Ym1F8Q== |title=Morena - Bridge, Noorabad |website=Archaeology.mp.gov.in - Directorate of Archaeology, Archives and Museums - Government of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Puranapul.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Purana pul]]||{{lang|hi|पुराण पुल}}||[[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]] bridge||{{convert|185|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|M|[[Masonry]] 22 ogee arches, sandstone}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Musi River (India)|Musi River]]''}}||1578||[[Hyderabad]] {{Coord|17|22|02.8|N|78|27|29.5|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Purana pul}}||[[Telangana]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348375212 |last1=Kolla |first1=Abhinav |last2=Kurapati |first2=Ravi Naga Sai |last3=Meka |first3=Sree Satya Venkat |last4=Vitakula |first4=Venkata Sai Madhu Dinesh |last5=Venkata Sai Madhu Dinesh |first5=Venkata Dilip Kumar |title=European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring |chapter=Health Assessment and Modal Analysis of Historical Masonry Arch Bridge |series=Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering |date=January 2021 |volume=127 |pages=915–926 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-64594-6_88 |isbn=978-3-030-64593-9 |s2cid=234318792 }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Lodi Gardens bridge.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Athpula]]||{{lang|hi|अठपुला}}||[[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]] bridge [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monuments of National Importance]]||||{{Sort|M|[[Masonry]] 7 four-centered arch}}||{{center|Footbridge ''[[Lodi Gardens]]''}}||16th century||[[New Delhi]] {{Coord|28|35|47.2|N|77|13|22.3|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Athpula}}||[[Delhi]]||<ref name="Asi Delhi"/> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/article/pdfs/A%20Walk%20around%20Lodi%20Garden.pdf |title=A walk around Lodi Garden - 8. Athpula |website=Wmf.org - [[World Monuments Fund]] |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Barahpulla (3544950003).jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Bara Pulah Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|बारापूला स्टोन ब्रिज}}||[[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]] bridge [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monuments of National Importance]]||{{convert|214|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|M|[[Masonry]] 11 pointed arch}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Nala River (Dehli)|Nala River]]''}}||17th century||[[New Delhi]] ([[Nizamuddin East]]) {{Coord|28|35|03.0|N|77|15|12.2|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Bara Pulah Bridge}}||[[Delhi]]||<ref name="Asi Delhi"/> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u00865000.html |title=General view of the Bara Pula Bridge, Delhi |website=Bl.uk - [[British Library|The British Library Board]] |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:নামদাং.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Namdang Stone Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|नामदांग स्टोन ब्रिज}}||||{{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|M|[[Masonry]]}}||{{center|Road bridge [[National Highway 2 (India)|National Highway 2]] ''[[Namdang River]]''}}||1703||[[Sivasagar]] {{Coord|26|57|01.3|N|94|32|42.5|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Namdang Stone Bridge}}||[[Assam]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assaminfo.com/tourist-places/25/namdang-stone-bridge.htm |title=Namdang Stone Bridge |website=Assaminfo.com |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/tourism/namdang-stone-bridge.php |title=Namdang Stone Bridge - "Xilor Xaaku" |website=Onlinesivasagar.com |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/archaeological-sites/assam/silsaku-namdang/ |title=Silsaku Namdang |website=Ignca.gov.in - [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] - Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Nanjangud Oldest Bridge.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Kabini Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|काबिनी ब्रिज}}||||{{convert|225|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|M|[[Masonry]] 51 arches}}||{{center|Road bridge Former [[Mysore]]–[[Nanjangud]] railway ''[[Kabini River]]''}}||1735||[[Nanjangud]] {{Coord|12|08|25.2|N|76|40|32.1|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Kabini Bridge}}||[[Karnataka]]||{{#tag:ref|This bridge is qualified as the oldest railway bridge in the world because it was built in 1735, before the very first railway lines, but the tracks were only installed in 1899 and the trains circulated on the bridge from 1092 to 2007.<ref name="Kabini"/>|group=Note}} <ref name="Kabini">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/281-yr-old-bridge-in-troubled-waters/articleshow/53645438.cms |title=281-yr-old bridge in troubled waters |date=August 11, 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xafari.in/poi/kabini-bridge-nanjangud |title=Kabini Bridge, Nanjangud |website=Xafari.in |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Puri, Atharanala bridge 2015-11-21.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Atharanala]]||{{lang|hi|अथरनाला ब्रिज}}||[[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monuments of National Importance]]||{{convert|85|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|M|[[Masonry]] Corbelled vaults,19 arches, [[laterite]]}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Musa Stream]]''}}||18th century||[[Puri]] {{Coord|19|49|11.3|N|85|49|54.2|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Atharanala}}||[[Odisha]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orpuri103.pdf |title=Archaeological Survey of India : Atharanala Bridga, Puri Town |website=Ignca.gov.in - Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts - Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Victoria Suspension Bridge in Mandi (24638542387)2.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Victoria Bridge, Mandi]]||{{lang|hi|मंडी का विक्टोरिया ब्रिज}}||||{{convert|76|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|S|[[Suspension bridge|Suspension]] Steel deck, masonry pylons}}||{{center|Former road bridge Samkhetar Road ''[[Beas River]]''}}||1877||[[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]] {{Coord|31|42|46.0|N|76|56|00.0|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Victoria Bridge, Mandi}}||[[Himachal Pradesh]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url={{GBurl|id=0pCREAAAQBAJ|page=362}} |title=Recent Advances in Materials Processing and Characterization |chapter=Temperature Robust Health Bench-Marking and Monitoring of an Heritage Suspension Bridge Using Coupled IWCM and TBSI Method |last1=Pramod Kumar Reddy |first1=Yeturi |last2=Sen |first2=Subhamoy |publisher=Springer Nature |date=2022 |pages=363–370 |isbn=978-981-19-5346-0 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020707/himachal.htm#3 |title=Victoria Bridge under threat |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:PunalurBridge2.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Punalur Suspension Bridge]]||{{lang|ml|പുനലൂർ തൂക്കുപാലം}}||State Protected Monument||{{convert|122|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|S|[[Suspension bridge|Suspension]] Chain bridge, steel deck, masonry pylons}}||{{center|Footbridge (former road bridge) ''[[Kallada River]]''}}||1877||[[Punalur]] {{Coord|9|01|05.3|N|76|55|39.5|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Punalur Suspension Bridge}}||[[Kerala]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archaeology.kerala.gov.in/monuments/punalur-suspension-bridge/84 |title=The Suspension Bridge |website=Archaeology.kerala.gov.in - Kerala State Archaeology Department |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Malviya Bridge 2.JPG|150px]]||_row_count||[[Malviya Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|मालवीय ब्रिज}}||||{{convert|1048|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|TR|[[Truss bridge|Truss]] Steel, 2 levels Railroad bridge}}||{{center|Grand Trunk Road Railway bridge ''[[Ganges]]''}}||1885||[[Varanasi]] {{Coord|25|19|20.7|N|83|02|04.7|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Malviya Bridge}}||[[Uttar Pradesh]]||<ref>[[#Bhandari|Bhandari, 2006]], p.13</ref>
|-
|[[File:KSR Train on a big bridge 05-02-12 71.jpeg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Bridge No. 541|Bridge No.541]]||||[[Mountain railways of India]] [[File:World Heritage Logo global.svg|25px]] [[World Heritage Site]] (1999)||{{convert|53|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|M|[[Masonry]] 4 levels, 34 arches}}||{{center|[[Kalka–Shimla railway]] }}||1898||[[Shalawon]] {{Coord|30|59|28.6|N|77|06|57.7|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Bridge No.541}}||[[Himachal Pradesh]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/ |title=Mountain Railways of India |website=Whc.unesco.org - [[UNESCO]] |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref> <ref>[[#INAE|Indian Engineering Heritage (Railways), Fourth Report, 2015]], p.65</ref>
|-
|[[File:A scenic view of 13-arch heritage bridge AJTJohnsingh.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Pathimoonnu Kannara Bridge]]||{{lang|ml|പതിമൂന്ന് കണ്ണറ പാലം}}||||{{convert|138|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|M|[[Masonry]] 13 segmental arches}}||{{center|[[Kollam–Sengottai Chord Line]] }}||1901||[[Thenmala]] {{Coord|8|58|02.7|N|77|05|26.9|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Pathimoonnu Kannara Bridge}}||[[Kerala]]||<ref>[[#Singh|Singh, 2022]], {{cite book |url={{GBurl|id=YC2EEAAAQBAJ|page=117}} |title=13- Arch Bridge No.2307 near Aranyakavu |page=117 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vestibule-between-ages-going-out-of-view/article4947948.ece |title=Vestibule between ages going out of view |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 July 2013 |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Pamban Bridge 1.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Pamban Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|पाम्बन पुल}}||India's first sea bridge||{{convert|2065|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|CA|[[Cantilever bridge|Cantilever]] Steel [[Bascule bridge]]}}||{{center|Railway bridge ''[[Gulf of Mannar]] [[Palk Strait]]''}}||1914||[[Pamban Island]]–[[Mandapam]] {{Coord|9|16|58.8|N|79|12|19.0|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Pamban Bridge}}||[[Tamil Nadu]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/pamban-rail-bridge | title=Pamban Rail Bridge}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pambanbridge.com/about-pamban-bridge/ |title=The Pamban Bridge Rameswaram |website=Pambanbridge.com |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Lakshman Jhula Hanging Bridge, Rishikesh, India.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Lakshman Jhula]]||{{lang|hi|लक्ष्मण झूला }}||||{{convert|137|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|S|[[Suspension bridge|Suspension]] Steel deck and pylons}}||{{center|Footbridge ''[[Ganges]]''}}||1929||[[Rishikesh]] {{Coord|30|07|35.1|N|78|19|48.1|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Lakshman Jhula}}||[[Uttarakhand]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/lakshman-juhla | title=Lakshman Juhla}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tbrindia.com/interesting-historical-facts-about-laxman-jhula-rishikesh/ |title=Interesting Historical facts about Laxman Jhula Rishikesh |website=Tbrindia.com |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Coronation Bridge on Teesta River.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Coronation Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|कोरोनेशन ब्रिज}}||||||{{Sort|A|[[Arch bridge|Arch]] Concrete deck arch}}||{{center|Road bridge [[National Highway 31 (India)|National Highway 31]] ''[[Teesta River]]''}}||1941||[[Sevoke]] {{Coord|26|54|10.2|N|88|28|23.6|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Coronation Bridge}}||[[West Bengal]]||<ref>[[#BhideMatange|Bhide, Matange, 2001]], {{cite book |url={{GBurl|id=E7ywmb24EQMC|page=108}} |title=Bridges built during the last 900 years |page=108 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/troubled-bridge-on-teesta/cid/728482 |title=Troubled bridge on Teesta |website=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Ramjhula - bridge over the Ganga.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Ram Jhula]]||{{lang|hi|राम झूला}}||||{{convert|228|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|S|[[Suspension bridge|Suspension]] Steel deck and pylons}}||{{center|Footbridge ''[[Ganges]]''}}||1986||[[Rishikesh]] {{Coord|30|07|24.0|N|78|18|52.1|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Ram Jhula, Rishikesh}}||[[Uttarakhand]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/ram-jhula-suspension-bridge | title=Ram Jhula Suspension Bridge}}</ref>
|-
| ||_row_count||[[Akkar Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|अक्कर पुल}}||First cable-stayed bridge in India||{{convert|154|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge]] Concrete deck, 1 concrete pylon 2x77}}||{{center|Road bridge Melli–Nayabazar Road ''[[Rangeet River]]''}}||1988||[[Jorethang]] {{Coord|27|07|59.5|N|88|16|43.2|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Akkar Bridge}}||[[Sikkim]]||<ref name="Gammonindia history">{{cite web |url=http://www.gammonindia.com/about-gammon-india/history-gammon-india.htm |title=About Us - History |website=Gammonindia.com - [[Gammon India|Gammon India Limited.]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sbp.de/en/project/akkar-bridge-sikkim/ |title=Akkar Bridge Sikkim |website=Sbp.de - SBP Schlaich Bergermann Partner |access-date=December 29, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:The Noney Railway Bridge, Manipur, India.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Noney Railway Bridge]] ''under construction''||{{lang|bn|ননে রেল ব্রিজ}}||Highest railway bridge pier in India Pier's height : {{convert|141|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|703|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|TR|[[Truss bridge|Truss]] Steel 71+5x106+71}}||{{center|Jiribam–Imphal line ''Ijei River''}}||||[[Noney]] {{Coord|24|51|55.4|N|93|37|35.8|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Noney Railway Bridge}}||[[Manipur]]||{{#tag:ref|The [[Yuanjiang Railway Bridge]] in [[China]], completed in 2022, has the highest railway bridge pier in the world with {{convert|154|ft|abbr=on}} from foundation to cap.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Yuanjiang_Railway_Bridge |title=Yuanjiang Railway Bridge |last=Sakowski |first=Eric |work=HighestBridges.com |format=[[Wiki]] |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>|group=Note}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://iricen.gov.in/iricen/ipwe_seminar/2017/27.pdf |title=Challenges in Design and Construction of the World's Tallest Railway Bridge in Jiribam–Imphal New Railway Line |last1=Saibaba |first1=A. |last2=Subash |first2=M. |website=Iricen.gov.in - Indian Railways Institute of Civil Engineering (Pune) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319160646/https://iricen.gov.in/iricen/ipwe_seminar/2017/27.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2022 |access-date=December 29, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/stray-dogs-case-sc-denies-exemption-to-bihar-chief-secretary-from-appearing-on-nov-3-1913609 |title=World's Tallest Railway Pier Bridge Now Reality In Manipur |date=29 May 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>
|}
}}

== Major road and railway bridges ==
{{see also|List of longest bridges above water in India}}
The largest of all indian's railway bridges is the [[Chenab Bridge]], located on the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]] that connects the [[Jammu division|Jammu region]] and the [[Kashmir Valley]], which turned out to be the most expensive line of Indian's railway network. The Chenab Bridge was the highest arch bridge in the world when opening in 2022 with a deck {{convert|322|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the [[Chenab River]], it's still the highest railway bridge on earth nowadays.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chenab_River_Railway_Bridge |title=Chenab Railway Bridge |website=Highestbridges.com |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/World-s-highest-rail-bridge-to-come-up-across-Chenab-river/Article1-1012851.aspx |title=World's highest rail bridge to come up across Chenab river |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217170019/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/World-s-highest-rail-bridge-to-come-up-across-Chenab-river/Article1-1012851.aspx |archive-date=February 17, 2013 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>

[[Extradosed bridge]]s have experienced remarkable growth in India since the 2010s with a large number of multi-span bridges built on rivers such as the [[Ganges]], which has significant widths in certain places. Their advantages are as follows:

* They allow longer spans than conventional [[beam bridge]]s and therefore a reduced number of [[Foundation (engineering)|foundations]].
* The thickness of the deck is considerably reduced (the Arrah–Chhapra bridge deck is {{convert|3.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} thick), thereby minimizing the amount of concrete.
* They can be made up of [[Precast concrete|precast]] segments even for medium spans and then be erected much more quickly and easily than the typical in-situ concrete construction.
* A more elegant aesthetic appearance than conventional beam bridges.<ref name="Robazza Trowland"/>

The first major extradosed bridge built in India is the [[Second Vivekananda Bridge]] between [[Howrah]] and [[Kolkata]]. It has 8 pylons and a suspended length of {{convert|880|m|ft|abbr=on}}, which was among the longest in its category at the time. Additionally it had one of the largest numbers of spans at the time. Another main feature of the bridge is its {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=on}} width with 6 road lanes for a single plane axial suspension.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbmcw.com/articles/bridges/536-design-and-construction-features-of-nivedita-bridge.html |title=Design and Construction Features of Nivedita Bridge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027144048/https://www.nbmcw.com/articles/bridges/536-design-and-construction-features-of-nivedita-bridge.html |archive-date=October 27, 2020 |website=Nbmcw.com - NBM&CW Infra Construction & Equipments Magazine |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>

The [[Arrah–Chhapra Bridge]] held the record for the longest total extradosed span length in the world when it was inaugurated in 2017, with 16 pylons and {{convert|1920|m|ft|abbr=on}}, surpassing the well-known {{Interlanguage link|Twinkle Ibigawa Bridge|ja|3=トゥインクル (橋)}} in [[Japan]].<ref name="Robazza Trowland"/> This record will be largely beaten by the new [[Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur Bridge]] under construction with 66 pylons and an extradose length of {{convert|9750|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Veera Choi Viswanath"/>

The [[Rajendra Setu]] was the first rail-cum-road bridge in independent India on the river [[Ganges|Ganga]], one of the major rivers in the country.

This table presents the structures with spans greater than {{convert|120|m|ft}} (non-exhaustive list).
{{row indexer|
{| class{{=}}"wikitable sortable"
|-
! class{{=}}"unsortable"|
! scope{{=}}col |
! scope{{=}}col |Name
! scope{{=}}col |Local name
! scope{{=}}col |Span
! scope{{=}}col |Length
! scope{{=}}col width{{=}}"115" |Structural type
! scope{{=}}col width{{=}}"115" |Carries ''Crosses''
! scope{{=}}col |Opened
! scope{{=}}col |Location
! scope{{=}}col |State
! class{{=}}"unsortable"|Ref.
|-
|[[File:Guj21 Bet Dwaraka view of sea bridge under construction.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Sudarshan Setu]]||{{lang|hi|ओखा बेट द्वारका सिग्नेचर ब्रिज}}||{{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|2320|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Composite steel/concrete deck, concrete pylons 2x50+100+500 +100+2x50}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Gulf of Kutch]]''}}||2024||[[Okha, India|Okha]]–[[Bet Dwarka]] {{Coord|22|27|07.3|N|69|05|04.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Okha–Beyt Dwarka Signature Bridge}}||[[Gujarat]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.wiecon.com.tw/en/pdf/brochures_videos/00A-WIECON-PROJECT-CATALOGUE-2024-R3.pdf#page=34 |title=Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design & Engineering Services |chapter=Dwarka Cable Stay Bridge, State of Gujrat, Republic of India |page=CS 31 |date=2024 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://spsingla.com/?projects=4-lane-signature-bridge-between-okha-beyt-dwarka-on-epc-modegujrat |title=Construction of new 4 lane Signature bridge with 900m long central cable-stayed module |website=Spsingla.com - S.P. Singla Construction Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2017/08/23/centre-approves-rs-962-crore-cable-stayed-bridge-connecting-okha-and-bet-dwarka/ |title=Centre approves Rs 962 crore cable stayed bridge connecting Okha and Bet Dwarka |website=Deshgujarat.com |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Chenab Rail Bridge, Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir, India.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Chenab Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|चिनाब पुल}}||{{convert|460|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|1315|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|A|[[Arch bridge|Arch]] Steel deck arch}}||{{center|[[Jammu–Baramulla line]] ''[[Chenab River]]''}}||2022||[[Reasi]] {{Coord|33|09|03.2|N|74|53|00.0|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Chenab Bridge}}||[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/chenab-river-bridge | title=Chenab River Bridge}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://usbrl.org/him-xi.pdf#page=73 |title=Him Prabhat - USBRL Technical News Magazine |chapter=Chenab Bridge- Iconic bridging of mighty river |last1=Sinha |first1=Partyush |date=September 2018 |volume=11 |pages=73–79 |website=Usbrl.org }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Howrah Bridge12.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Howrah Bridge]]||{{lang|bn|রবীন্দ্র সেতু}}||{{convert|457|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|656|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|CA|[[Cantilever bridge|Cantilever]] Steel 99+457+99}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Hooghly River]]''}}||1943||[[Kolkata]]–[[Howrah]] {{Coord|22|35|06.3|N|88|20|49.0|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Howrah Bridge}}||[[West Bengal]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/howrah-bridge | title=Howrah Bridge}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering History and Heritage |chapter=Howrah Bridge: icon of a 330-year-old city in India – part I: history, planning and design |last1=Ghoshal |first1=Amitabha |publisher=Thomas Telford Ltd |date=August 2020 |volume=173 |issue=3 |issn=1757-9430 |pages=117–128 |doi=10.1680/jenhh.19.00017 |website=Icevirtuallibrary.com |s2cid=203540649 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tatasteel.com/media/6317/howrah-bridge.pdf |title=Howrah Bridge - An Icon in Steel |website=Tatasteel.com |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Vidyasagar Setu - Howrah 2012-01-14 0941.JPG|150px]]||_row_count||[[Vidyasagar Setu]]||{{lang|bn|বিদ্যাসাগর সেতু}}||{{convert|457|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|823|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Composite steel/concrete deck, concrete pylons 183+457+183}}||{{center|[[File:NH12-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]] ''[[Hooghly River]]''}}||1992||[[Kolkata]]–[[Howrah]] {{Coord|22|33|24.5|N|88|19|41.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Vidyasagar Setu}}||[[West Bengal]]||<ref name="length" group="Note">The length given only takes into account the main bridge, central span(s) and shore span(s), approach viaducts are not counted.</ref> <ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/vidyasagar-setu | title=Vidyasagar Setu}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |title=[[International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering|IABSE]] Colloquium (New Delhi): Foundations for major bridges: design and construction |chapter=Problems of construction of caisson foundations of the Second Hooghly Bridge (Vidyasagar Setu) at Calcutta and their solutions |last1=Chatterjee |first1=A.K. |last2=Dharap |first2=V.M. |date=1999 |volume=80 |pages=385–389 |doi=10.5169/seals-60783 |website=E-periodica.ch }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |chapter-url={{GBurl|id=pb67nkDk4FMC|page=113}} |title=International Conference on Suspension, Cable Supported, and Cable Stayed Bridges |chapter=The Design Methodology and Construction Technique of 457 m Span Cable Stayed Bridge (Dead Load Composite) at Vidyasagar Setu |last1=Gunguly |first1=C.K. |last2=Battarcharya |first2=S.K. |publisher=Universities Press |date=2000 |isbn=978-81-7371-271-5 |location=Hyderabad |pages=113–114 }}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Dobra Chanti Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|डोबरा-चांठी पुल}}||{{convert|440|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|725|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|S|[[Suspension bridge|Suspension]] Steel truss deck, steel pylons}}||{{center|Road bridge Single lane ''[[Tehri Dam]] Lake [[Bhagirathi River]]''}}||2020||[[New Tehri]] {{Coord|30|26|48.6|N|78|26|21.6|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Dobra Chanti Bridge}}||[[Uttarakhand]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.wiecon.com.tw/en/pdf/brochures_videos/03-WIECON-COMPLETE-PROJECT-CATALOGUE-JUNE-2020%20(1).pdf#page=20 |title=Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services |chapter=Dobra-Chanti H.M.V. Suspension bridge, Republic of India |page=20 |date=June 2020 |website=Wiecon.com.tw }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://jurnal.ftspjayabaya.ac.id/index.php/jsa/article/view/84 |title=Jurnal Teknik Sipil-Arsitektur |chapter=Design of the Dobra Chanti Suspension Bridge in district Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India |last1=Kang |first1=Hyun Tae |date=November 2021 |volume=20 |pages=79–94 |issn=1412-9299 |website=Jurnal.ftspjayabaya.ac.id |issue=2 |doi=10.54564/jtsa.v20i2.84 |s2cid=248258408 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slideshare.net/asisyadav/dobra-chanthi-hmv-suspension-bridge-project |title=Dobra Chanthi HMV Suspension Bridge Project |date=August 2018 |website=[[SlideShare]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/cm-inaugurates-countrys-longest-motorable-single-lane-bridge-dobra-chanti/articleshow/79116429.cms |title=Country's longest motorable single-lane bridge inaugurated in Uttarakhand |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:A bridge over the Tehri dam reservoir2.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Pipaldali Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|पीपलडाली पुल}}||{{convert|390|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|390|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|S|[[Suspension bridge|Suspension]] Steel truss deck, steel pylons}}||{{center|Road bridge Single lane ''[[Tehri Dam]] Lake [[Bhilangna River]]''}}||2007||[[New Tehri]] {{Coord|30|22|21.1|N|78|33|20.0|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Pipaldali Bridge}}||[[Uttarakhand]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/piplaldal-bridge | title=Piplaldal Bridge}}</ref> <ref name="Naithani">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbip.org/ISRM-2022/images/7-8%20April%2022%20Rishikesh/Data/Session%203/5%20Sh.%20P.K.%20Naithani.pdf#page=44 |title=Facilities for cut-off areas |publisher=International Conference on Hydropower and dams development for water and Energy security – Environmental and socio economic aspects of Tehri Dam |last1=Naithani |first1=P.K. |pages=44–46 |website= |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Syansu Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|स्यांसू पुल}}||{{convert|375|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|375|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|S|[[Suspension bridge|Suspension]] Steel truss deck, steel pylons}}||{{center|Road bridge Single lane ''[[Tehri Dam]] Lake [[Bhagirathi River]]''}}||2007||[[New Tehri]] {{Coord|30|29|09.0|N|78|24|13.6|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Syansu Bridge}}||[[Uttarakhand]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/siyasu-bridge | title=Siyasu Bridge}}</ref> <ref name="Naithani"/> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Syansu_Bridge |title=Syansu Bridge |website=Highestbridges.com |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:New_Zuari_Bridge.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[New Zuari Bridge]] ||{{lang|hi|नवो झुआरी पूल}}||{{convert|360|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|640|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Composite steel/concrete deck, concrete pylons Twin bridges 140+360+140}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Zuari River]]''}}||2022||[[Tiswadi]]–[[Cortalim]] {{Coord|15|24|41.5|N|73|54|22.3|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=New Zuari Bridge}}||[[Goa]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.constructionopportunities.in/IssueDetailPage?IssueMenuMasterId=11350&ParentMenuId=11350 |title=The goan connection |website=Constructionopportunities.in |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/ft/project-training-ct3000-spring-2019/zuari-river-bridge-project-640m-cable-stay-span-spring-2019-uc0115 |title=Zuari River Bridge Project - 640m Cable Stay Span |website=Portfolio.cept.ac.in |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Hanging_Bridge_Kota.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Kota Chambal Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|कोटा चंबल नदी सेतु}}||{{convert|350.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|1115|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Concrete box girder deck, concrete pylons 61+350+61}}||{{center|[[File:NH27-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]] ''[[Chambal River]]''}}||2017||[[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] {{Coord|25|08|28.0|N|75|47|37.8|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Kota Chambal Bridge}}||[[Rajasthan]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/chambal-bridge | title=Chambal Bridge}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.fntp.fr/sites/default/files/content/publication/936-international.pdf#page=70 |title=Revue Travaux |chapter=Le Pont de Chambal au Rajasthan |trans-chapter=The Chambal Bridge in Rajasthan |last1=Calatozzo |first1=Erica |last2=Montens |first2=Serge |last3=Muls |first3=Mathieu |last4=Touat |first4=Arezki |last5=Vollery |first5=Jean-Charles |date=October 2017 |volume=936 |issn=0041-1906 |pages=68–75 |language=fr |website=Fntp.fr }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbmcw.com/article-report/infrastructure-construction/bridges/chambal-cable-stayed-bridge-connecting-shores.html |title=Chambal Cable Stayed Bridge Connecting Shores |date=September 2008 |website=Nbmcw.com |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Basas1.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Atal Setu, Jammu and Kashmir|Atal Setu (Basohli)]]||{{lang|hi|अटल सेतु}}||{{convert|350|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|592|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Composite steel/concrete deck, concrete pylons}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Ravi River]]''}}||2015||[[Basohli (town)|Basohli]]–[[Dunera, Punjab|Dunera]] {{Coord|32|29|40.3|N|75|49|24.9|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Atal Setu (Basohli)}}||[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]||<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.infinity-engineers.com/publications/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/IBC1211.pdf |title=The Basohli Cable Stayed Bridge, India |last1=Jeakle |first1=David |last2=Sauer |first2=Devin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041744/http://www.infinity-engineers.com/publications/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/IBC1211.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |website=Infinity-engineers.com }}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Tiger Valley Cable-Stayed Bridge]]<ref>https://punemirror.com/tag/tiger-valley-cable-stayed-bridge-lonavala/</ref> ''under construction''|| ||{{convert|305|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|605|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Concrete deck, concrete pylons Twin bridges 40+132+305+132+40}}||{{center|[[Mumbai–Pune Expressway]] }}||May 1, 2026<ref>https://punemirror.com/city/pune/mumbai-pune-expressway-missing-link-bridge-completion/</ref>||[[Khandala]] {{Coord|18|45|06.6|N|73|21|16.6|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Missing Link Cable-Stayed Bridge}}||[[Maharashtra]]||<ref name="length" group="Note"/> <ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.wiecon.com.tw/en/pdf/brochures_videos/WIECON-INDIA-PROJECTS%20-%20MARCH-2022.pdf#page=2 |title=Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design & Engineering Services - Republic of India |chapter=Design of Missing Link Cable Stay Bridges, from km 0+000 to 13+300 & Upgrading to 8 lane from km 32+800 km to 38+660 km under capacity augmentation of Mumbai, Republic of India |page=2 |date=March 2022 |website=Wiecon.com.tw }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-pune-expressway-missing-link-project-maharashtra-highest-cable-stayed-road-bridge-8181241/ |title=Mumbai-Pune Expressway Missing Link project: Maharashtra to get India's highest cable-stayed road bridge |date=October 10, 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Versova–Bandra Sea Link]] ''under construction''|| ||{{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|9600|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] 75+150+75}}||{{center|[[Western Freeway (Mumbai)]] ''[[Arabian Sea]]''}}||2027||[[Mumbai]]–[[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]] {{Coord|19|06|30.4|N|72|48|43.3|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Versova–Bandra Sea Link}}||[[Maharashtra]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://msrdc-vbsl.com/project-details/vbsl-project-concept |title=VBSL Project Concept - Versova–Bandra Sea Link |website=Msrdc-vbsl.com - [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]] Ltd. |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-

|-
|[[File:ANJI_KHAD_BRIDGE_PHOTO_BY_-ATANU.jpg|150px]] ||_row_count||[[Anji Khad Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|अंजी खड्ड पुल}}||{{convert|290|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|725|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Steel truss deck, 1 concrete pylon 290+80+75}}||{{center|[[Jammu–Baramulla line]] ''Anji River''}}||2023||[[Reasi]]–[[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] {{Coord|33|04|48.2|N|74|54|52.0|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Anji Khad Bridge}}||[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/anji-khad-bridge | title=Anji Khad Bridge}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://usbrl.org/him-xi.pdf#page=42 |title=Him Prabhat - USBRL Technical News Magazine |chapter=The cable-stayed railway bridge crossing the Anji KKhad river along the new bg railway line Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla-J&K state, India |last1=Sharma |first1=B.K. |date=September 2018 |volume=11 |pages=42–49 |website=Usbrl.org }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:The Hanging Bridge in Rishikesh(Janki Jhula).jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Janki Setu]]|| ||{{convert|274|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|346|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|A|[[suspension bridge|Suspension]] Steel}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Ganga River]]''}}||2020||[[Rishikesh]] {{Coord|30|07|24|N|78|18|52|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Kanaka Bridge}}||[[Uttrakhand]]||<ref>https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/rishikesh/story-g-20-guests-39-vehicles-will-pass-through-janki-jhula-setu-8170571.html {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttarakhand/rishikesh-janki-setu-rishikesh-after-the-beautfication-it-looks-more-beautiful-and-attractive-6466771.html|title=ऋषिकेश का जानकी सेतु बना आकर्षण का केंद्र, पर्यटकों का लगा रहता है तांता, तस्वीरों के लिए लगी होड़|date=June 10, 2023|website=News18 हिंदी}}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Aguani Ghat Bridge]] ''under construction''||{{lang|hi|अगुआनी घाट पुल}}||{{convert|270|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|3160|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Concrete box girder deck, concrete pylons 140+270+140}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Ganges]]''}}||||[[Sultanganj]]–[[Aguwani Ghat]] {{Coord|25|15|32.6|N|86|44|35.3|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Aguani Ghat Bridge}}||[[Bihar]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.wiecon.com.tw/en/pdf/brochures_videos/03-WIECON-COMPLETE-PROJECT-CATALOGUE-JUNE-2020%20(1).pdf#page=39 |title=Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services |chapter=Sultangani Cable Stay Bridge, State of Bihar, India |page=39 |date=June 2020 |website=Wiecon.com.tw }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://spsingla.com/?projects=4-lane-cable-stayed-bridge-with-footpath-across-river-ganga-between-sultanganj-aguwani-ghat-connecting-nh-31-nh80-in-bihar |title=4 Lane Cable Stayed Bridge with Footpath across the Ganges between Sultanganj & Aguwanighat Connecting NH 31 & NH80 in Bihar |website=Spsingla.com - S.P. Singla Construction Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Raja bhoj bridge.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Raja Bhoj Setu]]||||{{convert|262|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|EX|[[Extradosed bridge|Extradosed]] Concrete box girder deck, concrete pylons 262}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Raja Bhoj]]''}}||2020||[[Bhopal]] {{Coord|23|15|35.6|N|77|24|45.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Durgam Cheruvu Bridge}}||[[Madhya Pradesh]]||<ref name="dec2020-cw">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://pdf.constructionworld.in/Monthly-Edition/PDF-Version/December-2020.pdf#page=28 |title=CW Construction World |chapter=Span of Success |date=December 2020 |volume=23 |pages=28–30 |website=Pdf.constructionworld.in |issue=3 }}</ref> <ref name="nie-2019">{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/nov/17/hyderabads-durgam-cheruvu-cable-bridge-witnesses-another-milestone-2062942.html |title=Hyderabad's Durgam Cheruvu cable bridge witnesses another milestone |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Naini Bridge @ Allahabad.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[New Yamuna Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|नया यमुना सेतु}}||{{convert|260|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|1510|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Concrete girder deck, concrete pylons 60+115+260+115+60}}||{{center|[[File:NH30-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 30 (India)|National Highway 30]] ''[[Yamuna|Yamuna River]]''}}||2005||[[Allahabad]] {{Coord|25|25|39.7|N|81|51|40.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=New Yamuna Bridge}}||[[Uttar Pradesh]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/naini-bridge | title=Naini Bridge}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |chapter-url={{GBurl|id=pb67nkDk4FMC|page=204}} |title=International Conference on Suspension, Cable Supported, and Cable Stayed Bridges |chapter=Yanmuna Bridge at Allahabad/Naini, Uttar Pradesh |last1=Veje |first1=Ejgil M. |last2=Ali |first2=Asghar |last3=Najfi |first3=Rashid |publisher=Universities Press |date=2000 |isbn=978-81-7371-271-5 |location=Hyderabad |pages=204–218 }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Signaturebridgenedelhi.png|150px]]||_row_count||[[Signature Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|सिग्नेचर ब्रिज}}||{{convert|251|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|675|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] [[Cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge|Cantilever spar]] Composite steel/concrete deck, steel pylon 251+4x36}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Yamuna|Yamuna River]]''}}||2018||[[Wazirabad, Delhi|Wazirabad]]–[[East Delhi]] {{Coord|28|42|20.9|N|77|13|56.3|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Signature Bridge}}||[[Delhi]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/signature-bridge | title=Signature Bridge}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.gammonindia.com/media-centre/pdfs/signature-bridge-article.pdf |title=Steel Structures & Metal Buildings |chapter=Yamuna Bridge at Wazirabad, Dehli, conceptual and structural design |date=February 2011 |volume=1 |website=Gammonindia.com - [[Gammon India|Gammon India Limited]] |issue=4 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.bruggenstichting.nl/images/bruggen2018/YamunaBridge.pdf |title=Bruggen |chapter=The Yamuna Bridge in New Delhi, India |last1=Schlaich |first1=Mike |volume=1 |issue=26 |date=March 2018 |pages=4–9 |website=Bruggenstichting.nl - Nederlandse Bruggenstichting |access-date=December 29, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Bandra Worli Seal Link.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Bandra–Worli Sea Link]] ''Bandra channel''||{{lang|mr|वांद्रे-वरळी सागरी महामार्ग}}||{{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x2)||{{convert|5575|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Composite steel/concrete deck, concrete pylons Twin bridges 250+250}}||{{center|[[Western Freeway (Mumbai)]] ''[[Mahim Bay]]''}}||2009||[[Mumbai]] {{Coord|19|02|08.2|N|72|49|01.6|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Bandra–Worli Sea Link (Bandra channel)}}||[[Maharashtra]]||<ref name="structuraebandraworli" group="S">{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/bandra-worli-sealink-bridge | title=Bandra Worli Sealink Bridge}}</ref> <ref name="bandraworlisealink">{{cite web |url=http://bandraworlisealink.com/package-4.html |title=Details of package IV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512112239/http://bandraworlisealink.com/package-4.html |archive-date=May 12, 2012 |website=Bandraworlisealink.com }}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Mahatma Gandhi Setu|New Mahatma Gandhi Setu]]|| ||{{convert|242|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x15)||{{convert|5634|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|EX|[[Extradosed bridge|Extradosed]] Concrete box girder deck, 23 concrete pylons Twin bridges 7x(121+2x242+121) +121+242+121}}||{{center|[[File:NH22-IN.svg|20px]] [[File:NH31-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 22 (India)|National Highway 22]] [[National Highway 31 (India)|National Highway 31]] ''[[Ganges]]''}}||2024||[[Patna]]–[[Hajipur]] {{Coord|25|37|28.7|N|85|12|29.5|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=New Mahatma Gandhi Setu}}||[[Bihar]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.wiecon.com.tw/en/pdf/brochures_videos/WIECON-INDIA-PROJECTS%20-%20MARCH-2022.pdf#page=3 |title=Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design & Engineering Services - Republic of India |chapter=Design of the New 4-lane Bridge (Parallel to the MG Setu) with its approaches from km 0/0 to km14/500 across river Ganga on NH-19 at Patna in the State of Bihar, Republic of India |page=3 |date=March 2022 |website=Wiecon.com.tw }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bidding-junked-over-china-links-new-ganga-bridge-gets-7-fresh-bids/articleshow/77358166.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr |title=Bihar: Bidding junked over China links, new Ganga bridge get seven fresh bids |date=August 5, 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Durgam Cheruvu Cable bridge 02102020.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Durgam Cheruvu Bridge]]||||{{convert|234|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|764|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|EX|[[Extradosed bridge|Extradosed]] Concrete box girder deck, concrete pylons 96+234+96}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Durgam Cheruvu]]''}}||2020||[[Hyderabad]] {{Coord|17|25|54.5|N|78|23|24.3|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Durgam Cheruvu Bridge}}||[[Telangana]]||<ref name="dec2020-cw"/> <ref name="nie-2019"/>
|-
|[[File:Cablebridge.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Karimnagar Cable Bridge]]||||{{convert|220|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|EX|[[Extradosed bridge|Extradosed]] Concrete box girder deck, concrete pylons 96+234+96}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Karimnagar Cable Bridge]]''}}||2023||[[Karimnagar]] {{Coord|17|25|54.5|N|78|23|24.3|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Durgam Cheruvu Bridge}}||[[Telangana]]||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://karimnagar.telangana.gov.in/karimnagar-cable-bridge/|title=Karimnagar Cable Bridge | Karimnagar | India}}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Kanaka Bridge]] ''under construction''|| ||{{convert|217|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|255|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|A|[[Arch bridge|Arch]] Steel}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Teesta River]]''}}||2027<ref>https://www.indiatodayne.in/sikkim/story/bailey-bridge-inauguration-sikkim-upper-dzongu-connectivity-kayum-bridge-construction-1267757-2025-08-26</ref>||[[Mangan, India|Mangan]] {{Coord|27|32|17.7|N|88|29|04.1|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Kanaka Bridge}}||[[Sikkim]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/better-connectivity-in-sikkim-two-lane-steel-bridge-over-kanaka-river-likely-to-be-completed-by-march-2021/2026016/ |title=Better connectivity in Sikkim! Two-lane steel bridge over Kanaka river likely to be completed by March 2021 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Phaphamau–Prayagraj Bridge]] ''under construction''|| ||{{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x3)||{{convert|3840|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|EX|[[Extradosed bridge|Extradosed]] Concrete box girder deck, 4 concrete pylons 130+3x200+130}}||{{center|[[File:NH330-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 330 (India)|National Highway 330]] ''[[Ganges]]''}}||2026{{cn|date=January 2026}}||[[Allahabad]]–[[Phaphamau]] {{Coord|25|30|06.8|N|81|50|47.5|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Phaphamau–Prayagraj Bridge}}||[[Uttar Pradesh]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.wiecon.com.tw/en/pdf/brochures_videos/WIECON-INDIA-PROJECTS%20-%20MARCH-2022.pdf#page=5 |title=Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design & Engineering Services - Republic of India |chapter=Construction of the new six lane bridge including approaches over the river Ganga on NH-96 (New NH-330) at Phaphamau Prayagraj in the state of U.P. Republic of India |page=5 |date=March 2022 |website=Wiecon.com.tw }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/states-first-extradosed-six-lane-bridge-coming-up-in-prayagraj/articleshow/83071472.cms |title=State's first extradosed six-lane bridge coming up in Prayag |date=May 30, 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://spsingla.com/?projects=new-6-lane-bridge-including-its-approaches-across-the-ganges-on-nh-96-new-nh-330-at-phaphamau-prayagraj-in-the-state-of-up |title=Construction of new six lane bridge including its approaches across River Ganga on NH-96 (New NH-330) at Phaphamau, Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh on EPC mode |website=Spsingla.com - S.P. Singla Construction Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Guwahati Cable Stay Bridge]] ''under construction''|| ||{{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x5)||{{convert|1240|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Concrete box girder deck, concrete pylons 120+5x200+120}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Brahmaputra River]]''}}||||[[Guwahati]] {{Coord|26|10|47.7|N|91|43|25.5|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Bakhtiyarpur–Tajpur Bridge}}||[[Assam]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.wiecon.com.tw/en/pdf/brochures_videos/03-WIECON-COMPLETE-PROJECT-CATALOGUE-JUNE-2020%20(1).pdf#page=25 |title=Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services |chapter=Brahmaputra / Guwahati Cable Stay Bridge, Republic of India |page=25 |date=June 2020 |website=Wiecon.com.tw }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Ram_Jhoola_Bridge_in_Nagpur.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Ram Jhula, Nagpur|Ramjhula]] || ||{{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x5)||{{convert|606|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Concrete box girder deck, concrete pylons 100+2x200+100}}||{{center|Road bridge }}||2014<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Old-Santra-Market-ROB-dismantling-soon/articleshow/46963969.cms</ref>||[[Nagpur]] {{Coord|21|09|12|N|79|05|16|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Ramjhula}}||[[Maharashtra]]||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/bridge-3-5-times-longer-than-ram-jhula-over-gosi-waters/articleshow/71414245.cms|title=Nagpur: Bridge 3.5 times longer than Ram Jhula over Gosi waters|date=October 3, 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:College - 7th Sem - Pelling89-2.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Singshore Bridge, Pelling|Singshore Bridge]]||||{{convert|198|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|198|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|S|[[Suspension bridge|Suspension]] Steel truss girder deck, steel pylons}}||{{center|Road bridge Single lane Singshore Khola}}||1993||[[Pelling]] {{Coord|27|15|39.3|N|88|06|43.6|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Singshore Bridge}}||[[Sikkim]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g1162472-d4138837-i387318685-Singshore_Bridge-Pelling_West_Sikkim_Sikkim.html |title=198 meter span suspension bridge over Singshore Khola inaugurated by Shri N.B. Bhandari, the hon'ble chief Minister of Sikkim on the 20th January 1993 |website=[[Tripadvisor]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
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|||_row_count||[[Bagchal Bridge]]|| ||{{convert|185|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|330|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Sutlej|Sutlej River]]''}}||2024||[[Swarghat]] {{Coord|31|15|23.0|N|76|40|59.3|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Bagchal Bridge}}||[[Himachal Pradesh]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url={{GBurl|id=rbykDwAAQBAJ|page=200}} |title=3rd fib Congress Washington USA |chapter=Extra-dosing Girder Bridges in Indian Sub Continent |last1=Heggade |first1=V.N. |last2=Pattiwar |first2=S. |publisher=FIB - [[International Federation for Structural Concrete|Fédération Internationale du Béton]] |date=May 2010 |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-61782-821-8 |pages=184–200 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://himachalwatcher.com/2017/08/12/politics-delayed-bilaspurs-baagchal-bridge-construction-will-be-completed-by-2019-cm/ |title=Politics delayed Bilaspur's Baagchal bridge construction, will be completed by 201 |work=Himachalwatcher.com |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
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|[[File:Atal_Setu_-_Trans_Harbour_Link_Mumbai.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link]]||{{lang|hi|सेवरी-नहावा शेवा पारपोत सेतु}}||{{convert|180|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|18187|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Steel Twin bridges 6x180m spans 3x150m spans}}||{{center|Mumbai Trans Harbour Link ''[[Thane Creek]]''}}||2024||[[Mumbai]]–[[Navi Mumbai]] {{Coord|18|59|26.0|N|72|56|43.9|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Mumbai Trans Harbour Link}}||[[Maharashtra]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12270351_01.pdf#page=32 |title=The preparatory survey on the project for construction of Mumbai Trans Harbour Link in the Republic of India - final report |chapter=Table 6.2.1 Span Arrangement on Main Bridge-1 |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] |date=January 2017 |website=Openjicareport.jica.go.jp }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/mmrda-launches-longest-steel-deck-on-mumbai-trans-harbour-link/95245785?redirect=1 |title=MMRDA launches longest steel deck on Mumbai-Trans Harbour Link |website=Infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mthlgc.in/ |title=Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (MTHL) Project |website=Mthlgc.in |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
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|[[File:K.r.puram_hanging_bridge_2.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Krishnarajapuram|KR Puram Hanging Bridge]]||||{{convert|180|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|230|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[cable stayed bridge]] Steel Twin bridges 1x180m spans 3x150m spans}}||{{center|KR Puram Hanging Bridge ''[[Krishnarajapuram]]''}}||2003||[[Bangalore]] {{coord|12.995|N|77.68|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=KR Puram bridge}}||[[Karnataka]]|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/k-r-puram-bridge-is-indias-best/articleshow/4278778.cms|title=K R Puram bridge is India's best|date=March 17, 2009|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
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|[[File:Hatania_Doania_Bridge_-_1.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Hatania Doania Bridge]]||{{lang|bn|হাতানিয়া-দোয়ানিয়া সেতু}}||{{convert|170|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|1300|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|EX|[[Extradosed bridge|Extradosed]] Concrete box girder deck, concrete pylons 85+170+85}}||{{center|[[File:NH12-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]] ''[[Hatania Doania river]]''}}||2019||[[Namkhana]] {{Coord|21|45|38.2|N|88|14|04.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Hatania-Doania Bridge}}||[[West Bengal]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/44570870 |title=Indian Roads Congress Journal |chapter=Construction of high-level major bridge on river hatania-doania of nh-117 in the district of south 24 parganas, west bengal- challenges, innovations and success of epc model |last1=Chattaraj |first1=Rajib |date=2020 |website=[[Academia.edu]] }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://spsingla.com/?projects=high-level-major-bridge-on-river-hatania-doania-west-bengal |title=High Level Major Bridge on river Hatania-Doania West Bengal |website=Spsingla.com - S.P. Singla Construction Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
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|[[File:Jubilee Bridge (Naihati-Bandel) by Piyal Kundu.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Jubilee Bridge (India)|Jubilee Bridge]] ''no longer used since 2016''||{{lang|bn|জুবিলি ব্রিজ}}||{{convert|165|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x2)||{{convert|366|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|CA|[[Cantilever bridge|Cantilever]] Steel 165+37+165}}||{{center|Former Naihati-Bandel branch line ''[[Hooghly River]]''}}||1886||[[Naihati]]–[[Bandel]] {{Coord|22|54|25.8|N|88|24|16.3|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Jubilee Bridge}}||[[West Bengal]]||{{#tag:ref|The given span arrangement is always the cantilevered arrangement, i.e. {{convert|420|,|360| and|420|ft}} spans with a {{convert|120|ft}} part between the two piers in the Hooghly River.<ref name="Meyer Wingate"/><ref name="Singh112"/> The clear span arrangement is then <math>420 + 360/2 - 120/2 = 540feet</math> ({{val|165|u=m}}).|group=Note}} <ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/jubilee-bridge-india | title=Jubilee Bridge (India)}}</ref> <ref name="Meyer Wingate">{{cite book |chapter-url={{GBurl|id=Rw0jAQAAMAAJ|page=277}} |title=Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer |chapter=Erection of the Hooghly Jubilee Bridge, India. Part I - Piers, Caissons, Abutments and Viaduct |last1=Meyer |first1=Henry Coddington |last2=Wingate |first2=Charles Frederick |publisher=McGraw Publishing Company |date=1890 |volume=22 |pages=277–278 }}</ref> <ref name="Singh112">[[#Singh|Singh, 2022]], {{cite book |url={{GBurl|id=YC2EEAAAQBAJ|page=112}} |title=Old Jubilee Bridge in Kolkata |page=112 }}</ref>
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|||_row_count||[[Chinyalisaur Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|न्यू ब्रिज चिन्याली}}||{{convert|162|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|162|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|A|[[Arch bridge|Arch]] Steel through arch}}||{{center|Road bridge NH94 ''[[Bhagirathi River]]''}}||2018||[[Chinyalisaur]] {{Coord|30|34|21.3|N|78|20|00.7|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Chinyalisaur Bridge}}||[[Uttarakhand]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hillways.co.in/Highlight-Of-Project.html# |title=Highlight Of Project - Motor Vehicle Bridge at Chinyalisaur, Distt Uttatarkashi, Uttarakhand |website=Hillways.co.in - Hillways Construction Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Chenab River Bridge (Akhnoor)]]||||{{convert|160|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|280|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete 60+160+60}}||{{center|Road bridge Bye Pass Road ''[[Chenab River]]''}}||2008||[[Akhnoor]] {{Coord|32|54|09.5|N|74|45|47.6|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Chenab River Bridge (Akhnoor)}}||[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.d2sinfra.com/chenab-bridge |title=Chenab Bridge, J&K |website=D2sinfra.com - D2S Infrastructures Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
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|||_row_count||[[Bridge No.20 Udhampur-Katra]]||||{{convert|153|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x2)||{{convert|306|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|TR|[[Truss bridge|Truss]] Steel 153+153}}||{{center|[[Jammu–Baramulla line]] ''Jhajjarkhad''}}||||[[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] {{Coord|32|57|48.4|N|74|58|32.0|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Bridge No.20 Udhampur-Katra}}||[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slideshare.net/patilshantanu28/construction-challenges-for-bridges-in-hilly-areas-52381884 |title=Construction Challenges For Bridges In Hilly Areas |last1=Sanjay |first1=Patil Shantanu |date=2014–2015 |page=19 |website=[[SlideShare]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
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|[[File:Bandra worli sealinkബാന്ദ്ര-വർളി കടൽപാലം2.JPG|150px]]||_row_count||[[Bandra–Worli Sea Link]] ''Worli channel''||{{lang|mr|वांद्रे-वरळी सागरी महामार्ग}}||{{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|5575|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Composite steel/concrete deck, concrete pylons Twin bridges 2x50+150+2x50}}||{{center|[[Western Freeway (Mumbai)]] ''[[Mahim Bay]]''}}||2009||[[Mumbai]] {{Coord|19|01|46.8|N|72|48|55.9|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Bandra–Worli Sea Link (Worli channel)}}||[[Maharashtra]]||<ref name="structuraebandraworli" group="S"/> <ref name="bandraworlisealink"/>
|-
|[[File:Jubilee Bridge, a view from Hooghly Ghat 02.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Sampreeti Bridge]]||{{lang|bn|সম্প্রীতি সেতু}}||{{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|417|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|A|[[Arch bridge|Arch]] Steel through arch 132+150+132}}||{{center|Naihati-Bandel branch line ''[[Hooghly River]]''}}||2016||[[Naihati]]–[[Bandel]] {{Coord|22|54|25.2|N|88|24|16.8|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Sampreeti Bridge}}||[[West Bengal]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/sampreeti-bridge | title=Sampreeti Bridge}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.railenthusiastindia.org.in/jubilee-bridge-sampreeti-setu-engineering-masterpieces-indian-railways |title=Jubilee Bridge - Sampreeti Setu, Engineering Masterpieces of the Indian Railways |website=Railenthusiastindia.org.in |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
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|||_row_count||[[New Saraighat Bridge]]||{{lang|as|নতুন শৰাইঘাট দলং}}||{{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x2)||{{convert|1745|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete 105+150+8x123 +150+105 }}||{{center|[[File:NH27-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]] ''[[Brahmaputra River]]''}}||2017||[[Guwahati]] {{Coord|26|10|31.6|N|91|40|18.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=New Saraighat Bridge}}||[[Assam]]||<ref name="Heggade">{{cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355492955 |title=New saraighat bridge- a vital link to gateway of north east |last1=Heggade |first1=V.N. |publisher=CEMCON 2017 |website=[[ResearchGate]] }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Cable Bridge Surat India.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Cable Bridge (Surat, India)|Cable Bridge (Surat)]]||{{lang|gu|કેબલ સ્ટેઇડ બ્રિજ સુરત}}||{{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|918|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Concrete box girder deck, concrete pylons 75+150+75}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Tapti River]]''}}||2018||[[Surat]] {{Coord|21|10|54.1|N|72|47|46.2|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Cable Bridge (Surat)}}||[[Gujarat]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://suratmunicipalcorporation.org:8020/BridgeCell/RiverBridge/RIVERB_13.pdf |title=Construction of " Pandit Dindayal Upadhyay" - Cable Stay Bridge across river Tapi joining Athwa & Adajan |website=Suratmunicipalcorporation.org |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://suratmunicipalcorporation.org:8020/BridgeCell/RiverBridge/RIVERB_13T.pdf |title=General arrangement of Cable-stayed Bridge |website=Suratmunicipalcorporation.org |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Atal Setu Goa.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Atal Setu, Goa]]||||{{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x3)||{{convert|3190|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Concrete box girder deck, 4 concrete pylons 75+150x3+75}}||{{center|[[File:NH66-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] ''[[Mandovi River]]''}}||2019||[[Panaji]] {{Coord|15|30|09.3|N|73|50|12.6|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Atal Setu, Goa}}||[[Goa]]||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.slideshare.net/NitinKumarSinghal3/new-mandovi-bridge-235527011 |title=Design & Construction of New mandovi Bridge |publisher=S.N. Bhobe & Associates Pvt. Ltd. |date=January 2020 |website=[[SlideShare]] }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/2017/S/ft/project-training-5055-spring-2017/cable-stay-bridge-at-river-mandovi-panaji-goa-spring-2017-uc3913 |title=Cable stay bridge at river Mandovi, Panaji Goa |website=Portfolio.cept.ac.in |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ||_row_count||[[Wahrew Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|वाह्र ब्रिज}}||{{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|169|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|A|[[Arch bridge|Arch]] Steel through arch}}||{{center|Road bridge ''Wahrew River''}}||2021||[[Sohbar]] {{Coord|25|11|17.2|N|91|45|54.3|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Wahrew Bridge}}||[[Meghalaya]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://slideplayer.com/slide/3545074/ |title=PCI Projects Consulting India (P) Ltd. : Company Profile |page=9 |website=Slideplayer.com |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/shillong/cm-conrad-sangma-inaugurates-indias-longest-road-arch-bridge-wahrew-bridge-521867 |title=CM Conrad Sangma Inaugurates India's Longest Road Arch Bridge-"Wahrew Bridge" |work=The Sentinel Assam |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|कच्ची दरगाह-बिदुपुर सेतु}}||{{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x65)||{{convert|9760|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|EX|[[Extradosed bridge|Extradosed]] Concrete box girder deck, 66 concrete pylons 65x150}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Ganges]]''}}||2025<ref>https://www.patrika.com/patna-news/kacchi-dargah-bidupur-bridge-inaugurate-raghopur-to-patna-gandhi-setu-six-lane-bridge-19691386</ref>||[[Patna]]–[[Bidupur]] {{Coord|25|36|55.6|N|85|20|08.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur Bridge}}||[[Bihar]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/kacchi-dargah-bidupur-bridge | title=Kacchi Dargah-Bidupur Bridge}}</ref> <ref name="Veera Choi Viswanath">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326598701 |title=CETRA 2018 - 5th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure |chapter=Design Development of 9.759km Long Six Lane Extradosed Bridge Project Crossing River Ganga in the State of Bihar, India |last1=Veera |first1=P.R. Vital |last2=Choi |first2=Inki |last3=Viswanath |first3=R. Kasi |date=May 2018 |location=Zadar, Croatia |website=[[ResearchGate]] }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bidupur-bridge-to-miss-deadline/articleshow/59687565.cms |title=Bidupur bridge to miss deadline |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Chamba Pattan Hanging Bridge]]||||{{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete 25+150+25}}||{{center|Road bridge Balardu-Chamba Pattan Road ''[[Beas River]]''}}||||[[Chamba Pattan]] {{Coord|31|49|46.3|N|76|15|45.9|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Chamba Pattan Hanging Bridge}}||[[Himachal Pradesh]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spsingla.com/?projects=balanced-cantilever-bridge-at-chambapattan-himachal-pradesh |title=Balanced Cantilever Bridge at Chambapattan, Himachal Pradesh |website=Spsingla.com - S.P. Singla Construction Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
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|||_row_count||[[Akpa Bridge]]||||{{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete}}||{{center|[[File:NH5-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 5 (India)|National Highway 5]] ''[[Sutlej|Sutlej River]]''}}||||[[Akpa, Himachal Pradesh|Akpa]] {{Coord|31|34|53.8|N|78|23|23.8|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Akpa Bridge}}||[[Himachal Pradesh]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spsingla.com/?projects=major-permanent-akpa-bridge-with-balance-cantilever-superstructure-over-river-satluj-in-himachal-pradesh |title=Major Permanent Bridge with balance cantilever Superstructure over river Satluj at Akpa in Himachal Pradesh |website=Spsingla.com - S.P. Singla Construction Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
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|[[File:Cable bridge of Bharuch.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[3rd Narmada Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|तीसरा नर्मदा पुल}}||{{convert|144|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x8)||{{convert|1344|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|EX|[[Extradosed bridge|Extradosed]] Concrete box girder deck, 9 concrete pylons 74+8x144+74}}||{{center|[[File:NH48-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] ''[[Narmada River]]''}}||2017||[[Bharuch]] {{Coord|21|42|51.8|N|73|02|41.5|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=3rd Narmada Bridge}}||[[Gujarat]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/third-narmada-bridge | title=Third Narmada Bridge}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.ijaerd.com/papers/special_papers/ANTE2.pdf |title=International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development |chapter=Dynamic Analysis of an Extradosed Bridge |last1=Afzal |first1=T.M. |last2=Solanki |first2=N.K. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418185116/http://www.ijaerd.com/papers/special_papers/ANTE2.pdf |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |date=February 2019 |volume=6 |issue=1 |issn=2348-4470 |website=Ijaerd.com }}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Janeshwar Mishra Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|जनेश्वर मिश्र सेतु}}||{{convert|144|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|2544|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|EX|[[Extradosed bridge|Extradosed]] Concrete box girder deck, 16 concrete pylons 8x(87+144+87)}}||{{center|Road bridge Beyasi-Ballia Ganga Road ''[[Ganges]]''}}||||[[Ballia]] {{Coord|25|43|11.3|N|84|12|19.7|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Shri Rampur Ghat Ganga Bridge}}||[[Uttar Pradesh]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.wiecon.com.tw/en/pdf/brochures_videos/03-WIECON-COMPLETE-PROJECT-CATALOGUE-JUNE-2020%20(1).pdf#page=29 |title=Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services |chapter=Extradosed Bridge over the river Ganga on NH-31 to Shivpur Diyar Nambri Marg at Sri Rampur Ghat in District Balia, India |page=29 |date=June 2020 |website=Wiecon.com.tw }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://spsingla.com/?projects=h-l-bridge-across-river-ganga-on-nh-31-at-shri-rampur-ghat-balia-in-up-state-in-j-v |title=Project detail : H.L. Bridge across river Ganga |website=Spsingla.com - S.P. Singla Construction Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
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|||_row_count||[[Jadukata Bridge]]||||{{convert|140|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|140|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete}}||{{center|State Highway 4 Nonghyllam Road ''[[Jadukata River]]''}}||2001||[[Ranikor]] {{Coord|25|14|07.6|N|91|13|20.2|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Jadukata Bridge}}||[[Meghalaya]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/jadukata-bridge | title=Jadukata Bridge}}</ref> <ref name="Gammonindia history"/>
|-
|||_row_count||[[BP Mandal Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|बीपी मंडल पुल}}||{{convert|140|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|965|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Concrete deck, concrete pylons 75+140+75}}||{{center|[[File:NH231-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 231 (India)|National Highway 231]] ''[[Kosi River]]''}}||2017||[[Pensalva]]–[[East Borne]] {{Coord|25|32|39.0|N|86|43|28.1|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=BP Mandal Bridge}}||[[Bihar]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.wiecon.com.tw/en/pdf/brochures_videos/03-WIECON-COMPLETE-PROJECT-CATALOGUE-JUNE-2020%20(1).pdf#page=41 |title=Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services |chapter=Khagaria Cable Stay Bridge, State of Bihar, India |page=41 |date=June 2020 |website=Wiecon.com.tw }}</ref>
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|||_row_count||[[Nagpur Mumbai Package-15 FCC Bridge]] ''under construction''|| ||{{convert|140|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x4)||{{convert|900|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete Twin bridges 2x140+2x85+2x140}}||{{center|[[Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway]] }}||||[[Thane district]] {{Coord|19|36|35.0|N|73|29|17.7|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Nagpur Mumbai Package-15 FCC Bridge}}||[[Maharashtra]]||<ref name="length" group="Note"/> <ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.wiecon.com.tw/en/pdf/brochures_videos/WIECON-INDIA-PROJECTS%20-%20MARCH-2022.pdf#page=4 |title=Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design & Engineering Services - Republic of India |chapter=The Nagpur Mumbai Package-15 FCC bridge, Republic of India |page=4 |date=March 2022 |website=Wiecon.com.tw }}</ref>
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|[[File:Majerhat_metro_station.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Majerhat Bridge]]|| ||{{convert|140|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x4)||{{convert|1354.3|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[cable-stayed bridge ]] Prestressed concrete Twin bridges 47.5m, 13.5m, 10.5m, 20m, 23m, 20m and 53.65m}}||{{center|Majerhat Railway Station Rd }}||2020||[[Kolkata]] {{Coord|22|31|05|N|88|19|23|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Majerhat bridge}}||[[West Bengal]]||
|-
|||_row_count||[[Chenab River Bridge (Gordah)]]||||{{convert|137|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|187|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete 25+194+25}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Chenab River]]''}}||||[[Gordah, Jammu and Kashmir|Gordah]] {{Coord|32|58|13.8|N|74|47|33.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Chenab River Bridge (Gordah)}}||[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spsingla.com/?projects=187m-long-balanced-cantilever-bridge-having-137m-central-span-over-river-chenab-at-akhnoor-jk |title=187m long Balanced Cantilever Bridge having 137m central span over river Chenab at Akhnoor, J&K |website=Spsingla.com - S.P. Singla Construction Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
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|||_row_count||[[Sihorbala Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|सिहोरबाला पुल}}||{{convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|170|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Beas River]]''}}||2015||[[Bhaleth]] {{Coord|31|48|47.8|N|76|28|27.8|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Sihorbala Bridge}}||[[Himachal Pradesh]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spsingla.com/?projects=balance-cantilever-bridge-having-cental-span-of-135m-at-bhaleth-in-himanchal-pradesh |title=Balance Cantilever Bridge having Central Span of 135m at Bhaleth in Himanchal Pradesh |website=Spsingla.com - S.P. Singla Construction Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
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|||_row_count||[[New Chandmari Bridge]] ''under construction''|| ||{{convert|134|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Composite steel/concrete deck, 1 concrete pylon 134+66}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Howrah railway station]]''}}||||[[Howrah]] {{Coord|22|35|12.7|N|88|20|08.3|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=New Chandmari Bridge}}||[[West Bengal]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.wiecon.com.tw/en/pdf/brochures_videos/03-WIECON-COMPLETE-PROJECT-CATALOGUE-JUNE-2020%20(1).pdf#page=28 |title=Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services |chapter=Howrah Cable Stay Bridge, Republic of India |page=28 |date=June 2020 |website=Wiecon.com.tw }}</ref>
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|||_row_count||[[VishwaSundari Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|विश्वसुंदरी सेतु}}||{{convert|131|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x6)||{{convert|1296|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete 66+6x131+66}}||{{center|[[File:NH19-IN.svg|20px]] [[File:AH1-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 19 (India)|National Highway 19]] [[AH1|Asian Highway 1]] ''[[Ganges]]''}}||1996||[[Varanasi]]–[[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]] {{Coord|25|15|20.5|N|83|01|39.0|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=VishwaSundari Bridge}}||[[Uttar Pradesh]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/varanasi-bridge | title=Varanasi Bridge}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |title=[[International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering|IABSE]] fourteenth congress (New Delhi) |chapter=Foundations for deep scour: Ganga bridge at Varanasi |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=S.P. |last2=Saha |first2=G.P. |last3=Sharma |first3=R.S. |date=March 1992 |pages=449–454 |doi=10.5169/seals-13860 |isbn=3-85748-075-0 |website=E-periodica.ch }}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Gyaman Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|ग्यमान ब्रिज}}||{{convert|130|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|410|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Balason River]]''}}|| ||[[Kurseong]]–[[Mirik]] {{Coord|26|53|12.2|N|88|14|07.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Gyaman Bridge}}||[[West Bengal]]||
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|[[File:Bogibeel Bridge view.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Bogibeel Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|बगीबिल सेतु}}||{{convert|125|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x39)||{{convert|4940|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|TR|[[Truss bridge|Truss]] Steel, 2 levels Railroad bridge 33+39x125+33}}||{{center|[[File:NH15-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 15 (India)|National Highway 15]] Railway bridge ''[[Brahmaputra River]]''}}||2018||[[Dhemaji district]]–[[Dibrugarh district]] {{Coord|27|24|28.2|N|94|45|39.0|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Bogibeel Bridge}}||[[Assam]]||{{#tag:ref|Bogibeel Bridge is the longest rail-cum-road bridge in India, measuring {{convert|4.942|km|mi}} over the Brahmaputra river.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-longest-road-rail-bridge-to-be-inaugurated-by-pm-modi-this-year/articleshow/64100390.cms |title=India's longest road-rail bridge to be inaugurated by PM Modi this year |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> This length only takes into account the main truss bridge with the common road and rail part, the overall length of the road part including north and south approach viaducts is {{convert|6.610|km|mi}}.<ref name="Mathur Shukla Gupta"/>|group=Note}} <ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/bogibeel-bridge | title=Bogibeel Bridge}}</ref> <ref name="Mathur Shukla Gupta">{{cite book |chapter-url={{GBurl|id=r8sdCgAAQBAJ|page=591}} |title=Multi-Span Large Bridges: International Conference on Multi-Span Large Bridges |chapter=Launching of fully welded steel long span bridges: Bogibeel Bridge |last1=Mathur |first1=A.K. |last2=Shukla |first2=S.S. |last3=Gupta |first3=J. |publisher=CRC Press |date=July 2015 |isbn=978-1-138-02757-2 |location=Porto, Portugal |pages=591–598}}</ref>
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|[[File:Naranarayan Setu.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Naranarayan Setu]]||{{lang|as|নৰনাৰায়ণ সেতু}}||{{convert|125|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x17)||{{convert|2285|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|TR|[[Truss bridge|Truss]] Steel, 2 levels Railroad bridge 14x125+95+3x125}}||{{center|[[File:NH17-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 17 (India)|National Highway 17]] Railway bridge ''[[Brahmaputra River]]''}}||1998||[[Jogighopa]] {{Coord|26|12|36.7|N|90|33|35.9|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Naranarayan Setu}}||[[Assam]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/brahmaputra-bridge-1 | title=Brahmaputra Bridge}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://wiki.iricen.gov.in/doku/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=812:12.pdf |title=Model Project on Construction of Naranarayan Setu over river Brahmaputra at Jogighopa |last1=Saha |first1=S.K. |last2=Das |first2=B.N. |last3=Mandal |first3=J. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414201110/http://wiki.iricen.gov.in/doku/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=812:12.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-14 |website=Wiki.iricen.gov.in }}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Bakhtiyarpur–Tajpur Bridge]] ''under construction''|| ||{{convert|125|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x43)||{{convert|5575|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete 71+43x125+71}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Ganges]]''}}||2026<ref>https://www.thedailyjagran.com/bihar/bihar-bakhtiyarpurtajpur-ganga-bridge-to-be-ready-by-dec-2026-improve-connectivity-from-samastipur-to-saran-details-10246167</ref>||[[Bakhtiarpur]]–[[Tajpur, Bihar|Tajpur]] {{Coord|25|29|19.2|N|85|37|46.5|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Bakhtiyarpur–Tajpur Bridge}}||[[Bihar]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/bakhtiyarpur-tajpur-bridge | title=Bakhtiyarpur-Tajpur Bridge}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.systraibt.com/en-projet/ganga-river-bridge |title=Ganga River Bridge |website=Systraibt.com - SYSTRA IBT |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
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|[[File:Konkan railway bridge.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Zuari Bridge|Konkan Railway Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|जुआरी रेलवे पुल}}||{{convert|124|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x2)||{{convert|1317|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|TR|[[Truss bridge|Truss]] Steel}}||{{center|[[Konkan Railway]] ''[[Zuari River]]''}}||1995||[[Tiswadi]]–[[Cortalim]] {{Coord|15|24|42.0|N|73|54|31.9|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Konkan Railway Bridge}}||[[Goa]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/zuari-bridge | title=Zuari Bridge }}</ref> <ref name ="INAE84,85">[[#INAE|Indian Engineering Heritage (Railways), Fourth Report, 2015]], p.84, 85</ref> <ref name ="Zuarimandovi">{{cite web |url=http://www.afconsindia.com/Mandovi.pdf |title=Railway Bridges Across Zuari and Mandovi River Goa for Konkan Railway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014001517/http://www.afconsindia.com/Mandovi.pdf |archive-date=October 14, 2007 |website=Afconsindia.com - [[Afcons Infrastructure]] }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:F216 RajMandovi7747 (13668060925).jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Mandovi Railway Bridge]]||||{{convert|124|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|946|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|TR|[[Truss bridge|Truss]] Steel}}||{{center|[[Konkan Railway]] ''[[Mandovi River]]''}}||1995||[[Carambolim]] {{Coord|15|31|20.0|N|73|55|22.0|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Mandovi Railway Bridge}}||[[Goa]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/mandovi-river-bridge | title=Mandovi River Bridge}}</ref> <ref name ="INAE84,85"/> <ref name ="Zuarimandovi"/>
|-
|[[File:Munger Ganga Pul.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Munger Ganga Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|श्रीकृष्ण सेतु मुंगेर गंगा पुल}}||{{convert|124|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x29)||{{convert|3750|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|TR|[[Truss bridge|Truss]] Steel, 2 levels Railroad bridge 32+29x121+32}}||{{center|[[File:NH333B-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 333B (India)|National Highway 333B]] Railway bridge ''[[Ganges]]''}}||2016 (Rail) 2022 (Road)||[[Munger]]–[[Sabdalpur (Bihar)|Sabdalpur]] {{Coord|25|24|13.2|N|86|27|09.9|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Munger Ganga Bridge}}||[[Bihar]]||<ref name="length" group="Note"/> <ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/munger-ganga-bridge | title=Munger Ganga Bridge}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://bbjconst.com/featured-ganga-bridge-munger.html |title=Ganga Bridge - Munger, Bihar |website=Bbjconst.com - The [[Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company]] Limited, Kolkata |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Burdwan Railway overbridge India's One the longest cable based railway overbridge.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Barddhaman ROB Bridge]]||{{lang|bn|বর্ধমান স্টেশন নিউ ওভারব্রিজ}}||{{convert|124|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|188|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Composite steel/concrete deck, 1 steel pylon Twin bridges 124+64}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Barddhaman Junction railway station]]''}}||2019||[[Bardhaman]] {{Coord|23|15|06.2|N|87|52|10.7|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Barddhaman ROB Bridge}}||[[West Bengal]]||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.iricen.gov.in/iricen/ipwe_seminar/2016/24.pdf |title=Implementation of 4-lane Cable Stayed ROB at Barddhaman – future fast track model for new ROB over busy yard |last1=Prasad |first1=Rajesh |publisher=Rail Vikas Nigam Limited |website=Iricen.gov.in |archive-date=2023-04-03 |access-date=2022-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403074949/https://www.iricen.gov.in/iricen/ipwe_seminar/2016/24.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slideshare.net/rajesh83196/handbook-cum-coffee-table-book-titled-staying-with-cables-a-modern-construction-in-new-era |title=Staying with cables - A modern construction in new era - Four-lane cable-stayed ROB at Barddhaman |publisher=[[Rail Vikas Nigam]] Limited |website=[[SlideShare]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ||_row_count||[[Digha–Sonpur Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|दीघा-सोनपुर पुल}}||{{convert|123|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x36)||{{convert|4556|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|TR|[[Truss bridge|Truss]] Steel, 2 levels Railroad bridge}}||{{center|Digha Pahleza JP Setu Road [[Patna–Sonepur–Hajipur section]] ''[[Ganges]]''}}||2016||[[Patna]]–[[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur]] {{Coord|25|40|02.8|N|85|06|27.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Digha–Sonpur Bridge}}||[[Bihar]]||<ref name="length" group="Note"/> <ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/ganga-rail-road-bridge-patna | title=Ganga Rail–Road Bridge (Patna)}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url={{GBurl|id=ZHfkDwAAQBAJ|page=93}} |title=Patna Rail-cum-Road Bridge |publisher=East Central Railway, [[Ircon International]] Limited |date=2017 |page=93 |isbn=9788193380581 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.patnanow.com/jp-setu-doubling/ |title=जेपी सेतु दोहरीकरण के बारे में ये लेेटेस्ट अपडेट |trans-title=This latest update about JP Setu doubling |language=hi |work=Patnanow.com |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:New Saraighat.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Saraighat Bridge]]||{{lang|as|শৰাইঘাট দলং}}||{{convert|123|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x10)||{{convert|1298|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|TR|[[Truss bridge|Truss]] Steel, 2 levels Railroad bridge}}||{{center|[[File:NH27-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]] Railway bridge ''[[Brahmaputra River]]''}}||1962||[[Guwahati]] {{Coord|26|10|31.6|N|91|40|19.8|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Saraighat Bridge}}||[[Assam]]||<ref name="Heggade"/>
|-
|[[File:Karwarbridge2.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Kali River Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|काली नदी पर सेतु}}||{{convert|122|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x4)||{{convert|665|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete}}||{{center|[[File:NH66-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] ''[[Kali River (Karnataka)|Kali River]]''}}||1983||[[Karwar]] {{Coord|14|50|32.1|N|74|07|54.3|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Kali River Bridge}}||[[Karnataka]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=216679 |title=Journal of the Indian Roads Congress |chapter=Bridge Across Kali River on NH 17 Near Karwar |last1=Venkatesulu |first1=G. |last2=Sastry |first2=M.V. |last3=Shanbhag |first3=U.S. |date=1984 |volume=58 |issue=2 |issn=0258-0500 |website=Trid.trb.org }}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Borim Bridge]]||||{{convert|122|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|411|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete}}||{{center|[[File:NH566-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 566 (India)|National Highway 566]] ''[[Zuari River]]''}}||1983||[[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] {{Coord|15|20|58.3|N|74|00|10.6|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Borim Bridge}}||[[Goa]]||<ref name="DCSBS28">[[#DCSBS|Data Collection Survey on Bridge Sector - Final Report, 2014]], p.28</ref>
|-
|[[File:Rajendra Bridge at Simariya.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Rajendra Setu]]||{{lang|hi|राजेन्द्र सेतु}}||{{convert|121|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x14)||{{convert|1822|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|TR|[[Truss bridge|Truss]] Steel, 2 levels Railroad bridge}}||{{center|[[File:NH31-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 31 (India)|National Highway 31]] Railway bridge ''[[Ganges]]''}}||1959||[[Mokama]]–[[Barauni]] {{Coord|25|22|34.8|N|85|59|54.1|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Rajendra Setu}}||[[Bihar]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/rajendra-setu | title=Rajendra Setu}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url={{GBurl|id=ZHfkDwAAQBAJ}} |title=Patna Rail-cum-Road Bridge |publisher=East Central Railway, [[Ircon International]] Limited |date=2017 |page=XXIII |isbn=9788193380581 }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Sadarghat Bridge in Silchar.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Sadarghat Bridge]]||||{{convert|121|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|472|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete Twin bridges}}||{{center|[[File:NH37-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 37 (India)|National Highway 37]] ''[[Barak River]]''}}||1967 2019||[[Silchar]] {{Coord|24|49|50.3|N|92|48|18.2|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Sadarghat Bridge}}||[[Assam]]||<ref name="DCSBS27">[[#DCSBS|Data Collection Survey on Bridge Sector - Final Report, 2014]], p.27</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.barakbulletin.com/en_US/himanta-biswa-sarma-to-inaugurate-the-new-bridge-over-barak-on-feb-25/ |title=Himanta Biswa Sarma To Inaugurate The New Bridge Over Barak On Feb 25 |date=February 21, 2019 |work=Barakbulletin.com |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Gandhi Setu Bridge in Patna, India.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Mahatma Gandhi Setu]]||{{lang|hi|महात्मा गाँधी सेतु}}||{{convert|121|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x45)||{{convert|5750|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|TR|[[Truss bridge|Truss]] Steel Twin bridges 65+45x121+65}}||{{center|[[File:NH22-IN.svg|20px]] [[File:NH31-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 22 (India)|National Highway 22]] [[National Highway 31 (India)|National Highway 31]] ''[[Ganges]]''}}||1982 2022||[[Patna]]–[[Hajipur]] {{Coord|25|37|28.2|N|85|12|30.8|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Mahatma Gandhi Setu}}||[[Bihar]]||{{#tag:ref|Due to structural failures, the bridge initially built as a balanced cantilever rigid frame had to be rebuilt. Box girders have been fully removed and a truss structure was installed in its place in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/digital-edition/Latest-Construction-News/fully-renovated-gandhi-setu-in-patna-to-be-inaugurated-on-june-7/34534 |title=Fully renovated Gandhi Setu to be inaugurated on June 7 in Patna |website=Constructionworld.in |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>|group=Note}} <ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/mahatma-gandhi-bridge | title=Mahatma Gandhi Bridge}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |title=IABSE Symposium (Tokyo) - [[International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering]] |chapter=Quality concrete production for Ganga bridge, Patna, India |last1=Reddi |first1=S.A. |date=1986 |volume=51 |pages=301–308 |doi=10.5169/seals-39591 |website=E-periodica.ch }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.afcons.com/en/insight/afcons-insight-3-12 | title=INsight |chapter=Bihar's MG Setu is India's longest steel bridge |pages=3–5 |volume=12 |issue=3 |date=July 2022 |website=[[Afcons Infrastructure]] }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/gandhi-setu-an-engineering-marvel/articleshow/14009526.cms |title=Gandhi Setu: An engineering marvel |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Zuari Bridge PICT04411 (10778645).jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Zuari Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|झुआरी पूल}}||{{convert|121|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|809|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete}}||{{center|[[File:NH66-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] ''[[Zuari River]]''}}||1982||[[Tiswadi]]–[[Cortalim]] {{Coord|15|24|42.0|N|73|54|25.1|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Zuari Bridge}}||[[Goa]]||<ref name="DCSBS28"/>
|-
|[[File:Kolia Bhomora Setu (2).jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Kolia Bhomora Setu]]||{{lang|as|কলীয়াভোমোৰা সেতু}}||{{convert|120|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x24)||{{convert|3040|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|BG|[[Box girder bridge|Box girder]] Prestressed concrete Twin bridges}}||{{center|[[File:NH715-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 715 (India)|National Highway 715]] ''[[Brahmaputra River]]''}}||1987 2022||[[Tezpur]] {{Coord|26|36|11.8|N|92|51|24.2|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Kolia Bhomora Setu}}||[[Assam]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/kolia-bhomora-bridge | title=Kolia Bhomora Bridge }}</ref> <ref name="DCSBS27"/> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/new-bridge-parallel-to-kolia-bhomora-setu-opened-621209 |title=New bridge parallel to Kolia Bhomora Setu opened |date=November 2, 2022 |website=Sentinelassam.com |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Calvim bridge.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Calvim Bridge]]||||{{convert|120|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|494|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|A|[[Arch bridge|Arch]] Steel tied arch Bow-string bridge}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Mapusa River]]''}}||2013||[[Calvim]] {{Coord|15|34|18.7|N|73|53|09.3|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Calvim Bridge}}||[[Goa]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gsidcltd.com/project/construction-of-bridge-across-river-between-aldona-and-calvim/ |title=Construction of bridge across river between Aldona and Calvim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815023706/http://gsidcltd.com/project/construction-of-bridge-across-river-between-aldona-and-calvim/ |archive-date=August 15, 2015 |website=Gsidcltd.com - GSIDC Limited |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Arrah Chhapra June 2017.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Arrah–Chhapra Bridge]]||||{{convert|120|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x15)||{{convert|4350|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|EX|[[Extradosed bridge|Extradosed]] Concrete box girder deck, 16 concrete pylons 60+15x120+60}}||{{center|Road bridge Arrah-Chhapra Road ''[[Ganges]]''}}||2017||[[Arrah]]–[[Chhapra]] {{Coord|25|43|35.9|N|84|48|49.9|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Arrah–Chhapra Bridge}}||[[Bihar]]||<ref group=S>{{cite web |url= https://structurae.net/en/structures/arrah-chhapra-bridge| title=Arrah-Chhapra Bridge}}</ref> <ref name="Robazza Trowland">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/48900494 |title=40th [[International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering|IABSE]] Symposium, Nantes, France - Tomorrow's Megastructures |chapter=Crossing the Ganges: The World's Longest Extradosed Bridge |last1=Robazza |first1=Brook R. |last2=Trowland |first2=Morgan T. |date=September 2018 |website=Academia.edu }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Chicham Bridge East Spiti Jun18 D72 7453.jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Chicham Bridge]]||{{lang|hi|चिचम ब्रिज}}||{{convert|120|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|120|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|S|[[Suspension bridge|Suspension]] Steel truss girder deck, steel pylons}}||{{center|Road bridge Single lane ''Samba Lamba Nallah''}}||2017||[[Chicham]] {{Coord|32|20|35.5|N|77|59|49.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Chicham Bridge}}||[[Himachal Pradesh]]||
|-
|||_row_count||[[New Narmada Bridge]] ''under construction''|| ||{{convert|120|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x6)||{{convert|2220|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|EX|[[Extradosed bridge|Extradosed]] Concrete box girder deck, 8 concrete pylons Twin bridges 2x(75+3x120+75)}}||{{center|[[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]] ''[[Narmada River]]''}}||2026<ref>https://deshgujarat.com/2025/10/31/works-speed-up-on-kim-bharuch-section-of-delhi-mumbai-expressway-expected-completion-by-early-2026/</ref>||[[Bharuch]]–[[Ankleshwar]] {{Coord|21|40|28.0|N|72|56|14.8|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=New Narmada Bridge}}||[[Gujarat]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbmcw.com/article-report/infrastructure-construction/roads-and-pavements/ashoka-buildcon-creating-history-with-india-s-first-8-lane-extradosed-bridge.html |title=Ashoka Buildcon creating history with India's First 8 – Lane Extradosed Bridge |website=Nbmcw.com |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Ram Nagar 12 - work in progres (37782920384).jpg|150px]]||_row_count||[[Ramnagar Bridge]]||||{{convert|120|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|922|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|TR|[[Truss bridge|Truss]] Steel}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Ganges]]''}}||2017<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugrate-two-bridges-in-varanasi/articleshow/60793359.cms</ref>||[[Varanasi]]–[[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]] {{Coord|25|16|16.8|N|83|01|11.0|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Ramnagar Bridge}}||[[Uttar Pradesh]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/12-years-on-ramnagar-bridge-yet-to-see-light-of-the-day/story-GaxuxRdDxuLheb0LVUqlpO.html |title=12 years on, Ramnagar bridge yet to see light of the day |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=6 March 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2023}}</ref>
|}
}}

== Planned bridges ==
{{row indexer|
{| class{{=}}"wikitable sortable"
|-
! class{{=}}"unsortable" width{{=}}"150"|
! scope{{=}}col |
! scope{{=}}col |Name
! scope{{=}}col |Local name
! scope{{=}}col |Span
! scope{{=}}col |Length
! scope{{=}}col width{{=}}"115" |Structural type
! scope{{=}}col width{{=}}"115" |Carries ''Crosses''
! scope{{=}}col |Opened
! scope{{=}}col |Location
! scope{{=}}col |State
! class{{=}}"unsortable"|Ref.
|-
|||_row_count||[[Beas River Expressway Bridge]] ''planned''|| ||ca. {{convert|700|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|1300|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]]}}||{{center|[[Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway]] 8 lanes ''[[Beas River]]''}}|| ||[[Goindval]] {{Coord|31|20|25|N|75|8|18|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Beas River Expressway Bridge}}||[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.wiecon.com.tw/en/pdf/brochures_videos/00A-WIECON-PROJECT-CATALOGUE-2024-R3.pdf#page=12 |title=Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design & Engineering Services |chapter=Kapurthala Cable Stay Bridge, Punjab, Republic of India |page=CS 9 |date=2024 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-likely-to-launch-delhi-amritsar-katra-e-way-on-wednesday/articleshow/88641652.cms |title=PM likely to launch Delhi-Amritsar-Katra e-way on Wednesday |date=January 2, 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Krishna River Bridge]] ''planned''|| ||{{convert|480|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|864|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{Sort|S|[[Suspension bridge|Suspension]] with [[Cable-stayed bridge|cable-stays]] Steel truss deck, concrete pylons 192+480+192}}||{{center|National Highway 167K ''[[Krishna River]]''}}||||[[Malleswaram (Telangana)|Malleswaram]]–[[Siddheswaram]] {{Coord|16|01|52.5|N|78|19|21.2|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Krishna River Bridge}}||[[Telangana]] [[Andhra Pradesh]]||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-approves-india-s-1st-cable-cum-suspension-bridge-across-krishna-river-101665772364307.html |title=Centre approves India's 1st cable-cum-suspension bridge across Krishna river |date=October 15, 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZn4XWzVwX8 |title=Iconic Krishna bridge on NH-167K : Connecting Telangana & Andhra Pradesh |last1=Gadkari |first1=Nitin |date=October 15, 2022 |website=Youtube.com |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|||_row_count||[[Kuchipudi Bridge]] ''on hold''|| ||{{convert|180|m|ft|abbr=on}} (x2)|| ||{{Sort|C|[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]] Composite steel/concrete deck, 1 concrete pylon 60+2x180+60}}||{{center|Road bridge ''[[Krishna River]]''}}||||[[Amaravati]]–[[Vijayawada]] {{Coord|16|32|20.8|N|80|33|35.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Kuchipudi Bridge}}||[[Andhra Pradesh]]||<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.wiecon.com.tw/en/pdf/brochures_videos/03-WIECON-COMPLETE-PROJECT-CATALOGUE-JUNE-2020%20(1).pdf#page=23 |title=Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services |chapter=Amravati Cable Stay Bridge, Republic of India |page=23 |date=June 2020 |website=Wiecon.com.tw }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/andhra-cm-lays-foundation-for-iconic-kuchipudi-bridge-712746.html |title=Andhra CM lays foundation for Iconic 'Kuchipudi' Bridge |date=January 12, 2019 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telugu360.com/jagan-govt-begins-demolition-of-iconic-bridge-in-amaravathi/ |title=Jagan govt begins demolition of Iconic Bridge in Amaravathi! |date=July 17, 2021 |work=Telugu360.com |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
|}
}}

== Alphabetical list ==
{| class{{=}}"wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope{{=}}col |Name
! scope{{=}}col |State
|-
|[[3rd Narmada Bridge]]||Gujarat
|-
|[[Airoli Bridge]]||Maharashtra
|-
|[[Albert Victor Bridge]]||Tamil Nadu
|-
|[[Ancient Bridge of Hampi]]||Karnataka
|-
|[[Annai Indira Gandhi Bridge]]||Tamil Nadu
|-
|[[Arrah–Chhapra Bridge]]||Bihar
|-
|[[Atal Setu, Goa]]||Goa
|-
|[[Atal Setu, Jammu and Kashmir]]||Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|[[Atal Setu Bridge]]||Sikkim
|-
|[[Atharanala]]||Odisha
|-
|[[Bakhtiyarpur–Tajpur Bridge]]||Bihar
|-
|[[Balwali Railway Bridge]]||Uttar Pradesh
|-
|[[Bandra–Worli Sea Link]]||Maharashtra
|-
|[[Barapula Yamuna Bridge]]||Delhi
|-
|[[Bhadra Bridge, Bhadravathi]]||Karnataka
|-
|[[Bheja-Bakaur Bridge]]||Bihar
|-
|[[Bogibeel Bridge]]||Assam
|-
|[[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Bridge Nashik]]||Maharashtra
|-
|[[Chenab Bridge]]||Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|[[Chetla Bridge]]||West Bengal
|-
|[[Coronation Bridge]]||West Bengal
|-
|[[Dayang Railway Arch Bridge]]||Assam
|-
|[[Dhola-Sadiya bridge]]||Assam
|-
|[[Dhubri-Phulbari bridge]]|| Assam
|-
|[[Digha–Sonpur Bridge]]||Bihar
|-
|[[Dikhow Bridge]]||Assam
|-
|[[Dikrong River Bridge]]||Assam
|-
|[[Durgam Cheruvu Bridge]]||Telangana
|-
|[[Ellis Bridge]]||Gujarat
|-
|[[Fajjupur Eastern Peripheral Expressway Bridge]]||Delhi
|-
|[[First Teesta Bridge]]||West Bengal
|-
|[[Ganges Barrage]]||Uttar Pradesh
|-
|[[Geeta Colony bridge]]||Delhi
|-
|[[Godavari Arch Bridge]]||Andhra Pradesh
|-
|[[Godavari Bridge]]||Andhra Pradesh
|-
|[[Godavari Fourth Bridge]]||Andhra Pradesh
|-
|[[Golden Bridge (India)|Golden Bridge]]||Gujarat
|-
|[[Goshree bridges]]||Kerala
|-
|[[Gouranga Bridge]]||West Bengal
|-
|[[Honnalli TB Bridge]]||Karnataka
|-
|[[Howrah Bridge]]||West Bengal
|-
|[[Indraprashta Metro Rail Bridge]]||Delhi
|-
|[[Indraprashta Rail Bridge]]||Delhi
|-
|[[ISBT Metro Rail Bridge]]||Delhi
|-
|[[Iswar Gupta Setu]]||West Bengal
|-
|[[ITO barrage]]||Delhi
|-
|[[Jangalkanya Setu]]||West Bengal
|-
|[[Jawahar Setu]]||Bihar
|-
|[[Jhusi Bridge]]||Uttar Pradesh
|-
|[[Jia Bharali river bridge]]||Assam
|-
|[[Jiabharali Rail Bridge]]||Assam
|-
|[[Jubilee Bridge (India)|Jubilee Bridge]]||West Bengal
|-
|[[Kabini Bridge]]||Karnataka
|-
|[[Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur Bridge]]||Bihar
|-
|[[Kali River Bridge]]||Karnataka
|-
|[[Kampli bridge]]||Karnataka
|-
|[[Kanaka Bridge]]||Sikkim
|-
|[[Kanaka Durga Varadhi]]||Andhra Pradesh
|-
|[[Karimnagar Cable Bridge]]
|Telangana
|-
|[[Kathipara Junction]]||Tamil Nadu
|-
|[[Kaveri Railway Bridge, Srirangapattanam]]||Karnataka
|-
|[[Koilwar Bridge]]||Bihar
|-
|[[Kolia Bhomora Setu]]||Assam
|-
|[[Korthi-Kolhar Bridge]]||Karnataka
|-
|[[Labertal budgam Bridge]]||Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|[[Mahanadi Bridge, Boudh]]||Odisha
|-
|[[Mahatma Gandhi Setu]]||Bihar
|-
|[[Malviya Bridge]]||Uttar Pradesh
|-
|[[Mandovi Bridge]]||Goa
|-
|[[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|[[Munger Ganga Bridge]]||Bihar
|-
|[[Namdung Stone Bridge]]||Assam
|-
|[[Napier Bridge]]||Tamil Nadu
|-
|[[Naranarayan Setu]]||Assam
|-
|[[Narengi-Kuruwa bridge]]||Assam
|-
|[[Naya pul, Hyderabad]]||Telangana
|-
|[[Nehru Bridge]]||Gujarat
|-
|[[Nehru Setu]]||Bihar
|-
|[[Netravati Bridge]]||Karnataka
|-
|[[New Haflong Bridge]]||Assam
|-
|[[New Nizamuddin Bridge]]||Delhi
|-
|[[New Saraighat bridge]]||Assam
|-
|[[New Yamuna Bridge]]||Uttar Pradesh
|-
|[[Nivedita Setu]]||West Bengal
|-
|[[Okhla barrage]]||Delhi
|-
|[[Okhla Metro Rail Bridge]]||Delhi
|-
|[[Old Godavari Bridge]]||Andhra Pradesh
|-
|[[Old Naini Bridge]]||Uttar Pradesh
|-
|[[Old Yamuna Bridge]]||Delhi
|-
|[[Pamban Bridge]]||Tamil Nadu
|-
|[[Parama Island Flyover]]||West Bengal
|-
|[[Penumudi–Puligadda Bridge]]||Andhra Pradesh
|-
|[[Phaphamau Bridge]]||Uttar Pradesh
|-
|[[Ponte Conde de Linhares]]||Goa
|-
|[[Prakasam Barrage]]||Andhra Pradesh
|-
|[[Punalur Suspension Bridge]]||Kerala
|-
|[[Purana pul]]||Telangana
|-
|[[Rajendra Setu]]||Bihar
|-
|[[Ramendra Sundar Tribedi Setu]]||West Bengal
|-
|[[Ramnagar Bridge]]||Uttar Pradesh
|-
|[[Ranighat Bridge Silchar]]||Assam
|-
|[[Sadarghat Bridge]]||Assam
|-
|[[Sampreeti Bridge]]||West Bengal
|-
|[[Saraighat Bridge]]||Assam
|-
|[[Second Mahanadi Rail Bridge]]||Odisha
|-
|[[Second Teesta Bridge]]||West Bengal
|-
|[[Sevoke Railway Bridge]]||West Bengal
|-
|[[Shahi Bridge]]||Uttar Pradesh
|-
|[[Sharavati Bridge]]||Karnataka
|-
|[[Signature Bridge]]||Delhi
|-
|[[Silver Jubilee Railway Bridge Bharuch]]||Gujarat
|-
|[[Singshore Bridge, Pelling]]||Sikkim
|-
|[[Subansiri Rail Bridge]]||Assam
|-
|[[Subansiri river bridge]]||Assam
|-
|[[Sudama Setu]]||Gujarat
|-
|[[Sulochana Mudhaliyar Bridge]]||Tamil Nadu
|-
|[[Third Mahanadi Rail Bridge]]||Odisha
|-
|[[Tunga Bridge]]||Karnataka
|-
|[[Tunga Bridge, Shivamogga]]||Karnataka
|-
|[[Tungabhadra Bridge, Harihara]]||Karnataka
|-
|[[Vashi Bridge]]||Maharashtra
|-
|[[Vembanad Rail Bridge]]||Kerala
|-
|[[Versova–Bandra Sea Link]]||Maharashtra
|-
|[[Vidyasagar Setu]]||West Bengal
|-
|[[Vikramshila Setu]]||Bihar
|-
|[[Vishwa Sundari Bypass Bridge]]||Uttar Pradesh
|-
|[[Vivekananda Setu]]||West Bengal
|-
|[[Wazirabad barrage]]||Delhi
|-
|[[Western Peripheral Expressway Bridge ]]||Delhi
|-
|[[Yudhister Setu]]||Delhi
|-
|[[Zuari Bridge]]||Goa
|}

== See also ==
{{GeoGroup}}
* [[Transport in India]]
* [[Highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[Rail transport in India]]
* [[Geography of India]]
* [[List of rivers of India]]
* [[List of longest bridges above water in India]]
* [[List of longest bridges in West Bengal]]
* [[Bridges in Bihar]]
* [[List of bridges in Srinagar]]
* [[Brahmaputra River#Bridges|List of bridges on Brahmaputra River]]

== Notes and references ==
* Notes
{{Reflist|group=Note}}
* {{cite web | url=https://structurae.net/en| title=International Database for Civil and Structural Engineering |author=Nicolas Janberg |website=[[Structurae|Structurae.com]]}}
{{Reflist|group=S}}
* Others references
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |ref=Bhandari |chapter-url=http://irsme.nic.in/files/mmfiles/BRIDGES_RRB.pdf |title=Indian Railways, Glorious 150 years |chapter=Bridges: The Spectacular Feat of Indian Engineering |last1=Bhandari |first1=R.R. |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |date=2006 |isbn=8123012543 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002840/http://irsme.nic.in/files/mmfiles/BRIDGES_RRB.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2016 }}
* {{cite book |ref=BhideMatange |chapter-url={{GBurl|id=E7ywmb24EQMC|page=105}} |title=Arch'01 : Troisième conférence internationale sur les ponts en arc - Abdunur, Charles |chapter=Arch Bridge Architectural and Constructional Developments in India |last1=Bhide |first1=M.C. |last2=Matange |first2=H.D. |publisher=Presses de l'Ecole nationale des ponts et chaussées |date=2001 |volume= |pages=105–111 |isbn=2-85978-347-4 |location=Paris }}
* {{cite book |ref=DCSBS |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12150892_01.pdf |title=Data Collection Survey on Bridge Sector - Final Report |publisher=Japan International Cooperation Agency - Ministry of Road Transport and Highways |date=April 2014 |website=Openjicareport.jica.go.jp }}
* {{cite book |ref=Deloche |title=The Ancient Bridges of India |last1=Deloche |first1=Jean |author-link=Jean Deloche |publisher=Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Scientific Research |location=New Delhi |date=1984 }}
* {{cite book |title=River, Railway and Ravine: Foot Suspension Bridges for Empire |last1=Harper |first1=Douglas |publisher=History Press |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-7509-6213-1 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=bse-re-003%3A1999%3A80 |title=IABSE Colloquium (New Delhi): Foundations for major bridges: design and construction |publisher=[[International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering]] |date=1999 |volume=80 |website=E-periodica.ch }}
* {{cite book |url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=bsc-002%3A1992%3A14 |title=IABSE fourteenth congress (New Delhi) |publisher=[[International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering]] |date=March 1992 |isbn=3-85748-075-0 |website=E-periodica.ch }}
* {{cite web |ref=INAE |url=https://www.inae.in/core/assets/fortuna-child/img/Indian%20Engineering%20Heritage%20Railways-%20Fourth%20Report.pdf |title=Indian Engineering Heritage (Railways), Fourth Report |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering |date=April 2015 |pages=45–92 |website=Inae.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201174220/https://www.inae.in/core/assets/fortuna-child/img/Indian%20Engineering%20Heritage%20Railways-%20Fourth%20Report.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2020 }}
* {{cite book |ref=PRADE |last=Prade |first=Marcel |date=1990 |title=Les Grands Ponts du Monde : Ponts Remarquables Hors d'Europe |trans-title=The Great Bridges of the World: Remarkable Bridges Outside Europe |chapter=L'Inde |page=233 |series=Art et patrimoine |location=Poitiers |publisher=Brissaud |isbn=2-902170-68-8 |language=fr }}
* {{cite book |ref=Singh |url={{GBurl|id=YC2EEAAAQBAJ}} |title=Iconic Bridges of Indian Railways |last1=Singh |first1=Yatindra Pal |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |date=2022 |isbn=978-93-5611-461-6 }}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links
| commons = :Category:Bridges in India
|wikt=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |author=no |b=no |v=no
}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.brueckenweb.de/2content/suchen/suchausgabe.php?suchbedingung=+land+LIKE++%27%25Indien%25%27 |title=Brücken in der Indien |trans-title=Bridges in India |language=de |website=Brueckenweb.de }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.bridgemeister.com/list.php?type=country&country=India |title=Suspension Bridges of India |last1=Denenberg |first1=David |website=Bridgemeister.com }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Bridges_in_India |title=Category: Bridges in India |last1=Sakowski |first1=Eric |website=Highestbridges.com}}

{{List of bridges in the world}}
{{Bridge footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bridges in India}}
[[Category:Bridges in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of bridges in India| ]]

Bara Kaman

2026-03-14T15:50:52Z

JestineLegg9: Page updated with additional details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Bara Kaman
| native_name =
| native_language =
| image = File:Bara Kaman Bijapur.jpg
| caption = A file photo of Bara Kaman
| type = unfinished [[mausoleum]]
| locmapin =
| coordinates = 
| location =
| area =
| built =
| architect =
| architecture = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
| governing_body =
| owner =
}}

[[File:Bara Kaman 2.jpg|thumb|Bara Kaman]]
'''Bara Kaman''' is the [[unfinished building|unfinished]] mausoleum of [[Ali Adil Shah II]] in [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]], [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].

Ali Adil Shah of the [[Adil Shahi]] dynasty wanted to build a mausoleum of unmatched architectural quality. It was planned that twelve arches would be placed vertically as well as horizontally surrounding the tomb of Ali Adil Shah. However, for unknown reasons the work on the structure was left incomplete: only two arches were raised vertically. Rumour has it that the construction of the mausoleum was stopped because once completed its shadow would touch the [[Gol Gumbaz|Gol Gombaz]]. Nowadays the remains of the twelve horizontally placed arches can still be seen.

The site is managed by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

The Bara Kaman was built in 1672AD, by [[Ali Adil Shah II]], and was supposed to be the burial mausoleum for the king and his wives. Bara Kaman has the tombs of Ali Adil Shah II, his wife [[Chand Bibi]], his mistresses and his daughters.<ref name=Kharegat />

The architect of Bara Kaman was Malik Sandal, an Abyssinian eunuch who rose up the military ranks and became a prominent figure in Ibrahim Adil Shah's court. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hutton |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Carved in Stone: The Codification of a Visual Identity for the Indo-Islamic Sultanate of Bīdjāpūr |journal=Archives of Asian Art |volume=55 |issue=55 |pages=65–78|doi=10.1484/aaa.2005.0006 }}</ref> The structure has raised walls in concentric arches. After the arches were erected, the inner arches were toppled, leaving only the outermost arch. No cement was used, instead iron rings were used to hold the stones together.<ref name=Kharegat>{{cite news|last1=Kharegat|first1=Pheroze|title=An unfinished episode|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/389563/an-unfinished-episode.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=4 March 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Bara Kaman}}

{{coord|16|49|47|N|75|43|5|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Tombs in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Unfinished buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bijapur district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bijapur district]]
[[Category:Bijapur, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Deccan sultanates]]
[[Category:Sultanate of Bijapur]]

{{India-struct-stub}}
{{Kar-stub}}

Uttarayana

2026-03-13T12:42:27Z

JestineLegg9: slightly expand article for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|Annual northward movement of the sun}}
{{About||the kite-flying festival of Gujarat|International Kite Festival in Gujarat – Uttarayan|the 2004 film|Uttarayan (film)|7=Makar Sankranti}}
{{Hinduism}}

The term '''Uttarāyaṇa''' (commonly '''Uttarayanam''') is derived from two different [[Sanskrit]] words – "uttaram" (North) and "ayanam" (movement) – thus indicating the northward movement of the Sun. In the [[Gregorian calendar]], this pertains to the "actual movement of the sun with respect to the earth."<ref name="Lochtefeld2002" /> It is also known as the six-month period that occurs between the [[winter solstice]] and the [[summer solstice]] (approximately 20 December - 20 June).<ref name="Lochtefeld2002" /> According to the Indian solar calendar, it refers to the movement of the Sun through the zodiac.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002" /> This difference occurs because the solstices continually [[Precession|precess]] at a rate of about 50 [[Minute and second of arc|arcseconds]] per year due to the [[Axial precession (astronomy)|precession of the equinoxes]], i.e. this difference is the difference between the [[Sidereal and tropical astrology#Astronomic zodiac|sidereal and tropical zodiacs]]. The Surya Siddhanta bridges this difference by juxtaposing the four solstitial and equinoctial points with four of the twelve boundaries of the [[Hindu astrology#Zodiac|rashis]].<ref name="SS" />

The complement of Uttarayana is [[Dakshinayana]] (the southward movement of the Sun). It is the period between Karka Sankranti and [[Makara Sankranti]] as per the sidereal zodiac and between the summer solstice and winter solstice as per the tropical zodiac.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002" />

== Etymology ==
The term Uttarāyana is derived from two Sanskrit words: uttara (उत्तर), meaning "north," and ayana (अयन), meaning "movement," "path," or "journey." Together, the term literally means "the northward movement", referring to the northward motion of the sun relative to the Earth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-14 |title=Uttarayan 2026: Date, time, rituals and spiritual significance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/uttarayan-2026-date-time-rituals-and-spiritual-significance/articleshow/126450962.cms |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The opposite period is known as Dakshinayana, meaning "the southward movement," referring to the Sun's apparent movement toward the south after the summer solstice.<ref>Thakkar, Jayesh, S. Chaudhari, and Prasanta K. Sarkar. "Ritucharya: Answer to the lifestyle disorders." ''AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda)'' 32.4 (2011): 466-471.</ref>

== Astronomical significance ==
In astronomical terms, Uttarayana refers to the period during which the Sun appears to move northward relative to the celestial equator, beginning immediately after the winter solstice and continuing until the summer solstice. This period lasts approximately six months, from around 21 December to 21 June.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hariprasad |first=Pidaparty Purna Satya |url=https://fid4sa-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/4075/ |title=How ancient are Vedas, Vedanga Jyotisha and Surya Siddhanta? |date=2018 |publisher=CrossAsia-Repository |location=Heidelberg ; Berlin}}</ref> This apparent movement occurs because the Earth is tilted on its axis by about 23.4°, causing the Sun's apparent position in the sky to gradually shift north and south throughout the year. When the Sun begins moving northward after the winter solstice, the period is called Uttarayana; when it begins moving southward after the summer solstice, the period is called Dakshinayana.<ref>Patil, Ajit B., Amit H. Shinagare, and Pratibha A. Shingare. "IMPORTANCE OF UTTARAYANA AND DAKSHINAYANA FOR HEALTHY LIVING." (2023).</ref>

== Uttarayana in various treatises ==

=== Ayurveda ===
In [[Ayurveda]], the period of Uttarayana is associated with seasonal changes believed to influence human health and bodily balance. Ayurvedic texts describe this six-month period as ''Adana Kala'' ("the time of taking away"), referring to the belief that the Sun's increasing intensity gradually draws moisture and strength from living beings and the environment. During this period, the cooling and nourishing qualities of the earth are believed to diminish as solar heat increases. Classical Ayurvedic literature on "''Ritucharya"'' states that ''tikta'' (bitter), ''kashaya'' (astringent), and ''katu'' (pungent) rasas (tastes) become more dominant in nature during this time. These qualities contribute to dryness in the body and a gradual reduction in ''bala'' (physical strength or vitality).<ref>Vidja, Manish, et al. "RITUCHARYA: SAFEGUARD FOR SEASONAL DISORDERS." 2 Apr. 2018,</ref>

=== Surya Siddhanta ===

Mayasura, the composer of [[Surya Siddhanta]], defines ''Uttarayana'', at the time of composition, as the period between the [[Makara Sankranti]] (which currently occurs around January 14) and [[Cancer (astrology)|Karka]] [[Sankranti]] (which currently occurs around July 16).<ref name=SS>{{cite book|first=Ebenezer|last=Burgess|title=The Surya Siddhantha - A Textbook of Hindu Astronomy|date=1858|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpE7AAAAcAAJ|publisher=[[American Oriental Society]]|at=Chapter 14, Verse 7-9}}</ref><ref name="Lochtefeld2002">{{cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA351 |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |date=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=111}}</ref> Lātadeva describes this as half revolutions of the Sun, using the terms Uttarayana and Dakshinayana to describe the "northern and southern progress" respectively.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Burgess |first=Ebenezer |title=Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta, A Text-Book of Hindu Astronomy; With Notes, and an Appendix |publisher=George P. Putnam - Journal of the American Oriental Society |pages=249 |language=English}}</ref> Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a scholar and mathematician, proposes an alternative, early vedic definition of Uttarayana as starting from Vernal Equinox and ending with Autumnal Equinox.<ref>{{cite book | last=Tilak | first=Bal Gangadhar | title=[[The Orion (Book)|The Orion, or, the Antiquity of the Vedas]] | pages=26–31}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak {{!}} Biography, Books, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bal-Gangadhar-Tilak |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> This definition interprets the term "Uttara Ayana" as "northern movement" instead of "northward movement", i.e. as the movement of the Earth in the region North of the Equator. In support of this proposal, he points to another tradition that the Uttarayana is considered the daytime of the Gods residing at the North Pole which tradition makes sense only if we define Uttarayana as the period between the Vernal and Autumnal equinoxes (when there is [[Midnight sun|Midnight Sun]] at the North Pole). Conversely, Dakshinaya is defined as the period between the Autumnal and Vernal Equinoxes, when there is midnight sun at the South Pole. This period is also referred to as Pitrayana (with the Pitrus (i.e. ancestors) being placed at the South Pole).

=== Drik Siddhanta ===
[[File:Uttarayana.ogv|thumb|left|Illustration of the movement of the Sun north and south of the Equator, caused by axial tilt of the Earth.]]
[[File:Ayana.ogv|thumb|Illustration of the observed effect of Earth's axial tilt.]]
This festival is currently celebrated on the 14th or 15 January but due to [[Axial precession (astronomy)|axial precession]] of the Earth it will continue to shift away from the actual season. The season occurs based on tropical sun (without ayanamsha). The Earth revolves around Sun with a tilt of 23.44 degrees. When the tilt is facing the Sun it is defined as summer and when the tilt is away from the Sun it is called winter. That is the reason when there is summer north of the equator, it will be winter south of the equator.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Why Do We Have Seasons? |url=https://www.weather.gov/lmk/seasons#:~:text=The%20earth%27s%20spin%20axis%20is,away,%20winter%20can%20be%20expected. |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> Because of this tilt, the Sun appears to travel north and south of the equator. This motion of the Sun transitioning from south to north is called Uttarayana (the Sun is moving towards north). Once the Sun reaches north, it begins moving south and is called Dakshinayana – the Sun is moving towards south.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Venkateswaran |first=T.V |title=Heavenly Bodies, Celestial Phenomena and Calendrical Data in Tamil Epigraphical Inscriptions (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries) |publisher=Cham: Springer International Publishing |year=2020 |pages=436–437 |language=English}}</ref> This causes seasons which are dependent on equinoxes and solstices.

== Religious significance ==
In the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]], the day of Uttarayan marks the death of [[Bhishma]]. Bhishma had the ability to choose the time of his death and although mortally wounded in war, he chose to delay his death until Uttarayan.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002" /> According to the [[Bhagavad Gita]], those who die when the Sun is on its northward course (from south to north) attain a higher spiritual state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org/chapter/8/verse/23-26|title = Chapter 8, Verse 23-26 – Bhagavad Gita, the Song of God – Swami Mukundananda}}</ref>

During the Uttarayana period, devotees undertake certain rituals to benefit during the auspicious time. Devotees often take part in pilgrimages to bathe in Prayag, where the Yamuna, Ganga and Saraswati rivers meet.<ref name=":0" /> Hindu cosmological tradition also mentions the six-month period of Uttarayana as the "day of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]]," while the six-month period of Dakshinayana represents the "night of the devas." Together, these two half-year cycles form a single full day in the time scale of the devas.<ref>Surya Siddhanta, edited by Rev. Burgess, Sutra 13 and 14 of chapter 1</ref>

=== Festivals ===
Several festivals and regional observances occur around the time associated with the beginning of Uttarayana. These include [[Makar Sankranti|Makara Sankranti]], which marks the Sun's transition into the zodiac sign of Capricorn, [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] in Tamil Nadu, [[Lohri]] in northern India, and the [[International Kite Festival in Gujarat – Uttarayan|International Kite Festival]] in Gujarat, which is also colloquially called Uttarayan in Gujarat. Although these celebrations occur around the same seasonal transition, they are distinct festivals and not synonymous with the astronomical concept of Uttarayana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Vivek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3u8oDwAAQBAJ&dq=uttarayan+pongal&pg=PA11 |title=Vivek Singh's Indian Festival Feasts |date=2017-07-13 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4729-3848-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=USA |first=IBP |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2-bBQAAQBAJ&dq=uttarayan+pongal&pg=PA109 |title=India Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments |date=2012-03-03 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4387-7460-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Harjeet |first=Sardar |title=Faith & Philosophy of Sikhism |publisher=Kalpaz Productions |year=2009 |isbn=9788178357218 |pages=261–262 |language=English}}</ref>

== Difference between Uttarayana and Makara Sankranti ==
There is a common misconception<ref>[http://www.mypanchang.com/uttarynadakshinayana.php Makara Sankranti and Uttarayana misconception and Panchanga Siddhanta]</ref> that the festival of Makara Sankranti marks the beginning of Uttarayana (The Sun's northward movement). In astronomical terms, the Sun begins its apparent northward journey (Uttarayana) immediately after the [[winter solstice]]; for example, in 2022 this occurred from 23 December, the day following the solstice on 22 December. Consequently, Makar Sankranti can no longer be described as the beginning of Uttarayana, a term in Sanskrit and Indian scriptures that refers specifically to the Sun's northward movement. Instead, Makar Sankranti denotes the Sun's entry into the [[Sidereal time|sidereal]] zodiac sign of [[Capricornus|Makar (Capricorn)]] from [[Sagittarius (constellation)|Dhanu (Sagittarius)]], as makar refers to the zodiac sign and sankranti in Sanskrit means "transition" or "entry." Historically, approximately 1,700 years ago, the occurrence of Uttarayana and Makar Sankranti coincided, which led to their longstanding association.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Randadath |first=Suresh |date=2023-01-15 |title=Astronomical Significance of Makara Sankranti |url=https://www.earthreimagined.org/post/astronomical-significance-of-makar-sankranti |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=EarthReimagined |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Jaiswal |first=Sandeep |date=10 November 2022 |title=Errors in modern Hindu calendar & Hindu festival dates |journal=International Journal of Jyotish Research |volume=1 |pages=15–17 |issn=2456-4427}}</ref>

However, due to the precession of Earth's axis, amounting to roughly one degree every 72 years (or 50 seconds of time per year), the two events have gradually diverged. As a result, Makar Sankranti now comes on January 14th, while Uttarayana continues to be observed on the day after winter solstice.<ref name=":2" /> In 272 CE, Makara Sankranti was on 21 December. In 1000 CE, Makara Sankranti was on 31 December and now it falls on January 14. After 9000 years, Makara Sankranti will be in June. Uttarayana on the other hand, has always been the day after winter solstice, around December 21st. All Drika [[Panchanga]] makers like mypanchang.com, datepanchang, janmabhumi panchang, rashtriya panchang <ref>[http://www.packolkata.org/rp.html Rashtriya Panchang]</ref> and [[Vishuddha Siddhanta Panjika]] use the position of the tropical Sun to determine Uttarayana and Dakshinayana.<ref>[http://www.drikpanchang.com/seasons/season-winter-solstice-timings.html Date and time for winter solstice marking the start of Uttarayana]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Uttarayan festival}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CClBSJLr8ZA Animated illustration of Uttarayana and Dakshinayana]

[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]
[[Category:Hindu calendar]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Summer solstice]]
[[Category:Winter solstice]]

A Passage to India (film)

2026-03-10T23:29:54Z

JestineLegg9: added structure additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|1984 drama film directed by David Lean}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = A Passage to India
| image = PassageToIndiaPoster.jpg
| caption = Original theatrical poster
| director = [[David Lean]]
| producer = [[John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne|John Brabourne]] [[Richard Goodwin (producer)|Richard Goodwin]]
| screenplay = David Lean
| based_on = {{based on|''[[A Passage to India]]'' (1924)|[[E. M. Forster]]|''[[A Passage to India (play)|A Passage to India]]'' (1960)|[[Santha Rama Rau]]}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Peggy Ashcroft]]
* [[Judy Davis]]
* [[James Fox]]
* [[Alec Guinness]]
* [[Nigel Havers]]
* [[Victor Banerjee]]
}}
| music = [[Maurice Jarre]]
| cinematography = [[Ernest Day]]
| editing = David Lean
| studio = [[EMI Films|Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment]] [[Home Box Office, Inc.]]
| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]]-EMI-[[Warner Bros.|Warner Distributors]] (United Kingdom)<ref>{{cite web|title=A Passage to India (1984)|work=[[BBFC]]|access-date=22 April 2021|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/a-passage-to-india-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmza1ndi}}</ref> Columbia Pictures (United States and Canada)
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1984|12|14}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = United Kingdom United States<ref>{{cite web|title=A Passage to India (1984)|website=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=26 March 2024|url=https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150263965}}</ref>
| language = English
| budget = {{£|17 million|long=no|link=yes}}<ref name="icon">Alexander Walker, ''Icons in the Fire: The Rise and Fall of Practically Everyone in the British Film Industry 1984–2000'', Orion Books (2005), p.35</ref> or {{US$|14.5 million|long=no|link=yes}}<ref name="times">MAGNIFICENT OBSESSIONS: Rosenfield, Paul. Los Angeles Times 24 March 1985: 1.</ref>
| gross = $40 million ({{estimation}})
}}
'''''A Passage to India''''' is a 1984 [[epic film|epic]] [[period drama]] film written, directed and edited by [[David Lean]]. The screenplay is based on the 1924<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-30 |title=A Passage to India {{!}} British Empire, Colonialism & India {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/A-Passage-to-India-novel |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[A Passage to India|novel of the same name]] by [[E. M. Forster]] and the [[A Passage to India (play)|1960 play adaptation]] by [[Santha Rama Rau]]. The film stars [[Peggy Ashcroft]], [[Judy Davis]], [[James Fox]], [[Alec Guinness]], [[Nigel Havers]], and [[Victor Banerjee]].

Set in the 1920s, in the [[British Raj]], the film follows the interactions of Dr. Aziz, Mrs. Moore, Adela Quested, Ronny Heaslop, and Richard Fielding in the fictional city of Chandrapore, which is split between the British elite and the native underclass. However, their relationships become strained due to cultural tensions and personal misunderstandings.

This was Lean's final film and marked his return to directing after a 14-year hiatus since ''[[Ryan's Daughter]]'' (1970). Upon its release, ''A Passage to India'' was met with widespread critical acclaim, with some praising it as Lean's finest since ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''. The film received 11 nominations at the [[57th Academy Awards]], including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]], [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]], and [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for Davis. It won [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for Ashcroft, making her, at 77, the oldest actress to win the award, and [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] for [[Maurice Jarre]], his third award in that category.

==Plot==
Adela Quested is sailing from England to British-ruled India with Mrs. Moore, the mother of her intended bridegroom, Ronny Heaslop, Mrs. Moore's son from her first marriage. Heaslop is the City [[Magistrate (England and Wales)|magistrate]] in Chandrapore, and Adela intends to see if she can make a go of it.

The ladies are disappointed to find that the British community is very much separated from the Indian population and culture with a growing [[Indian independence movement]] in the 1920s. They are encouraged when the local [[school superintendent]], Richard Fielding, introduces them to the eccentric elderly [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] scholar Professor Narayan Godbole. Mrs. Moore meets by chance another Indian local, Dr Aziz Ahmed, a widower who is surprised by her kindness and lack of prejudice. Aziz offers to host an excursion to the local [[Marabar Caves]].

The initial exploration of the caves shows that the size of the party should be limited when Mrs. Moore suffers from claustrophobia and the noise from the large entourage echoes exponentially inside the caves. Mrs. Moore encourages Adela and Aziz to continue their exploration of the caves alone with one guide.

They reach the caves at a higher elevation some distance from the group and, before entering, Aziz steps away to smoke a cigarette. Adela enters one of the caves on her own, lights a match, and inexplicably begins to cry. Aziz returns to find Adela has disappeared. Shortly afterwards, he sees her running headlong down the hill, disheveled. She is picked up by the doctor's wife, Mrs. Callendar, and taken to the Callendars' home. Adela is bleeding from cactus needles and delirious. Dr. Callendar medicates Adela with a hypodermic syringe.

Upon his return to Chandrapore, Aziz is accused of attempting to rape Adela inside the caves and is jailed awaiting trial. The incident becomes a cause célèbre. Mr. Fielding, who has befriended Aziz, insists he is innocent. Mrs. Moore also firmly believes Aziz did not commit any offence and departs India for England. Seemingly enjoying her passage at sea, Mrs. Moore suddenly suffers an apparent heart attack and dies.

In court, Adela is questioned by the prosecutor, who is stunned when Adela replies that Aziz never entered the cave, where the supposed attempted rape took place. It becomes clear to Adela that her earlier signed accusation of attempted rape was false, so she recants. Aziz is freed and his innocence celebrated. Adela is abandoned to her own devices by the British except for Mr. Fielding, who assists her to safety at the college. She plans to return to England at the earliest moment. Aziz vows to find a new job in another Indian state away from British rule; he opens a clinic in the [[Dal Lake|lake area near Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]].

Meanwhile, through Adela, Fielding has married Stella Moore, Mrs. Moore's daughter from her second marriage. Aziz eventually reconciles with Fielding, and Aziz writes to Adela asking her to forgive him for taking so long to come to appreciate the courage she exercised when she withdrew her accusation in court.

==Cast==
{{castlist|
* [[Judy Davis]] as Adela Quested
* [[Victor Banerjee]] as Dr. Aziz Ahmed
* [[Peggy Ashcroft]] as Mrs. Moore
* [[James Fox]] as Richard Fielding
* [[Alec Guinness]] as Professor Narayan Godbole
* [[Nigel Havers]] as Ronny Heaslop
* [[Richard Wilson (Scottish actor)|Richard Wilson]] as Collector Turton
* [[:de:Antonia Pemberton|Antonia Pemberton]] as Mrs. Turton
* [[Michael Culver]] as Major McBryde
* [[Art Malik]] as Ali
* [[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Advocate Hamidullah
* [[Clive Swift]] as Major Callendar
* [[Ann Firbank]] as Mrs. Callendar
* [[Roshan Seth]] as Advocate Amrit Rao
* Sandra Hotz as Stella Moore-Fielding
* Rashid Karapiet as Das
* H. S. Krishnamurthy as Hassan
* [[Ishaq Bux]] as Selim
* Moti Makan as Guide
* Mohammed Ashiq as Haq
* Z. H. Khan as Dr. Panna Lal
* Ashok Mandanna as Anthony
* [[Dina Pathak]] as Begum Hamidullah
* [[Adam Blackwood (actor)|Adam Blackwood]] as Mr. Hadley
}}

==Production==

===Background===
[[E. M. Forster]] began writing ''[[A Passage to India]]'' during a stay in India from late 1912 to early 1913 (he was drawn there by a young Indian Muslim, Syed Ross Masood, whom he had tutored in Latin), completing it only after he returned to India as secretary to a maharajah in 1921. The novel was published on 4 June 1924.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/aug/18/100-best-novels-a-passage-to-india-em-forster-robert-mccrum |title=The 100 best novels: No 47 – A Passage to India by EM Forster (1924) |date=August 18, 2014 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=January 16, 2015 }}</ref>

''A Passage to India'' deals with the delicate balance between the English and the Indians during the [[British Raj]].<ref name=" Phillips 406">Phillips, ''Beyond the Epic '', p.406</ref> The question of what actually happened in the caves remains unanswered in the novel. ''A Passage to India'' sold well and was widely praised in literary circles. It is generally regarded as Forster's best novel, quickly becoming a classic of [[English literature]].<ref name=" Phillips 403">Phillips, ''Beyond the Epic '', p.403</ref>

Over many years several film directors were interested in adapting the novel to the big screen, but Forster, who was criticised when the novel was published, rejected every offer for the film rights, believing that any film of his novel would be a travesty. He feared that whoever made it would come down on the side of the English or the Indians, and he wanted balance. However he did allow Indian author [[Santha Rama Rau]] to adapt it for the theatre in 1957.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WX2wCwAAQBAJ&q=comedy+theatre+a+passage+to+india+1960&pg=PA132|title=E. M. Forster|first=J. H.|last=Stape|date=18 December 1992|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349128501|via=Google Books}}</ref>

[[David Lean]] had read the novel and saw the play in London in 1960, and, impressed, attempted to purchase the rights at that time, but Forster, who rejected Santha Rama Rau's suggestion to allow Indian film director [[Satyajit Ray]] to make a film, said no.<ref name=" Phillips 407">Phillips, ''Beyond the Epic '', p.407</ref>

Following Forster's death in 1970, the governing board of fellows of King's College at Cambridge inherited the rights to his books. However, Donald Parry, his executor, turned down all approaches, including those of [[Joseph Losey]], [[Ismail Merchant]] and [[James Ivory]], and [[Waris Hussein]], who after adapting Santha Rama Rau's play for the BBC in the 1960s now wanted to make a feature film. Ten years later, when Professor [[Bernard Williams]], a film enthusiast, became chief executor, the rights for a film adaptation became available.<ref name="los"/>

===Development===
Producer [[John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne|John Brabourne]], also known as John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne, whose father had been [[Governor of Bombay]] and later [[Governor of Bengal]], and who was married to the daughter of [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], the last viceroy, had sought the film rights for twenty years.<ref name=" Phillips 407"/> He and his business partner, [[Richard Goodwin (producer)|Richard Goodwin]], had produced [[Franco Zeffirelli]]'s ''[[Romeo and Juliet (1968 film)|Romeo and Juliet]]'' (1968) and films based on [[Agatha Christie]]'s mysteries, including the 1974 ''[[Murder on the Orient Express (1974 film)|Murder on the Orient Express]].'' In March 1981, Brabourne and Goodwin obtained the rights to make a film adaptation of ''A Passage to India''.<ref name=" Phillips 407"/> The contract stipulated that Santha Rama Rau write the screenplay and it reserved the right to approve the director.

"Forster gave us a verbal go-ahead", remembered Goodwin later, "but my partner (John Brabourne) and I never got it in writing. So it was another 10 years before the Forster estate arranged the sale of film rights".<ref name="times"/> [[Lindsay Anderson]] later claimed he turned down a chance to direct the film of the novel.<ref>LINDSAY ANDERSON BREWS SOME CHAOS
New York Times17 Jan 1982: A.19.</ref>

Brabourne, an admirer of the film ''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'', wanted David Lean to direct the film. Lean was ready to break his 14-year hiatus from filmmaking following mostly negative reviews received for ''[[Ryan's Daughter]]'' in 1970. Since then, Lean had fought to make a two-part epic telling the true story of the [[Mutiny on the Bounty]], for which he could not obtain financing (the budget was an estimated $50 million), and had given some thought about doing a film adaptation of ''[[Out of Africa]]'', from the book by [[Isak Dinesen]], which [[Sydney Pollack]] ultimately directed in 1985. By September 1981, Lean was approved as director and Santha Rama Rau completed a draft of the script.<ref name="los"/>

===Writing===
The contract stipulated that Santha Rama Rau would write the screenplay. She had met with E. M. Forster, had successfully adapted ''A Passage to India'' as a play, and had been charged by the author with preserving the spirit of the novel. However, Lean was determined to exercise input in the writing process. He met with Rau in [[Berkeley, Gloucestershire]], and over ten days they talked about the novel and discussed the script.

The initial script pleased neither the producer, John Brabourne, nor Lean. They considered it too worldly and literary, the work of a playwright, and unsuitable for a film. Most of the scenes took place indoors and in offices while Lean had in mind to film outdoors as much as possible. With India in the title of the film, he reasoned, audiences would expect to see many scenes filmed of the Indian landscape. Lean commented: "We are blessed with a fine movie title, ''A Passage to India''. But it has built in danger; it holds out such a promise. The very mention of India conjures up high expectations. It has sweep and size and is very romantic". Lean did not want to present a poor man's pre-independence India when for the same amount of money he could show the country's visual richness.

During 1982, Lean worked on the script. He spent six months in New Delhi, to have a close feeling for the country while writing. As he could not stay longer for tax reasons, he then moved to Zurich for three months, finishing it there. Following the same method he had employed adapting [[Charles Dickens]]'s ''[[Great Expectations (1946 film)|Great Expectations]]'', he went through Rau's original script and his copy of the novel, picking out the episodes that were indispensable and passing over those that did not advance the plot. Lean typed out the whole screenplay himself, correcting it as he went along, following the principle{{which|date=September 2025}} that scripts are not written, but rewritten.

===Casting===
The director cast Australian actress [[Judy Davis]], then 28, as the naive Miss Quested after a two-hour meeting. When Davis gave her interpretation of what happened in the caves — "She can't cope with her own sexuality, she just freaks out" — Lean said that the part was hers. Davis had garnered international attention in [[Gillian Armstrong]]'s ''[[My Brilliant Career (film)|My Brilliant Career]]'' (1979) and had appeared in ''[[A Woman Called Golda]]'' (1982) as a young [[Golda Meir]].

Lean wanted [[Celia Johnson]], star of ''[[Brief Encounter]]'', to play Mrs Moore, but she turned down the part and died before the film was released. The director then offered the part to [[Peggy Ashcroft]], a stage actress who had appeared in films only sporadically. She was not enthusiastic when Lean asked her to be Mrs Moore. "Mr Lean, I'm 75 years old", she protested. "So am I", he replied. Although she had recently worked in India on the TV miniseries ''[[The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)|The Jewel in the Crown]]'', she said, "I thought, 'Oh dear, I really don't want to do it', but it's very difficult to turn down a Lean film". In addition to Ashcroft, actor [[Art Malik]] also appeared in "The Jewel in the Crown".

[[Satyajit Ray]], who had hoped to direct his adaptation of ''A Passage to India'', recommended 38-year-old Bengali actor [[Victor Banerjee]] for the role of Dr Aziz. The character required a combination of foolishness, bravery, honour and anger. After some hesitation, Lean cast Banerjee, but the director had to overcome the restrictions of British Equity to employ an Indian actor. Lean got his way, and the casting made headlines in India. "It was a matter of national pride that an Indian was cast instead of an Asian from England" observed Banerjee.

[[Peter O'Toole]] was Lean's first choice to play Fielding. The role eventually went to [[James Fox]]. Despite having quarrelled with Lean in the 1960s about a proposed film about Gandhi that ultimately was scrapped, [[Alec Guinness]] agreed to portray Professor Godbole. The relationship between the two men deteriorated during filming, and when Guinness learned that much of his performance was left on the cutting room floor due to time constraints, he saw it as a personal affront. Guinness would not speak to Lean for years afterwards, patching things up only in the last years of Lean's life.<ref>Read, Piers Paul, ''Alec Guinness: The Authorized Biography''.</ref> [[Nigel Hawthorne]] was cast as Turton but fell ill and was replaced on-set by [[Richard Wilson (Scottish actor)|Richard Wilson]].

===Financing===
Financing the film was difficult. EMI provided some initial money, but Lean paid his own expenses scouting locations and writing the screenplay. Eventually the budget was raised from EMI, Columbia and HBO.<ref name="los">LEAN'S 14-YEAR PASSAGE TO LOVE
Mann, Roderick. Los Angeles Times 10 April 1983: w21.</ref><ref name="ver">{{cite magazine|magazine=Filmink|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|date=4 November 2025|access-date=4 November 2025|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/forgotten-british-moguls-verity-lambert-at-thorn-emi-films/|title=Forgotten British Moguls: Verity Lambert at Thorn-EMI Films}}</ref>

In December 1984, Thorn EMI offered investors the chance to invest in several films by issuing £36million worth of shares. The films were ''A Passage to India'' (1984), ''[[Morons from Outer Space]]'', ''[[Dreamchild]]'', ''[[Wild Geese II]]'' and ''[[The Holcroft Covenant (film)|The Holcroft Covenant]]''<ref>Walker 1985 p286</ref> (all 1985).<ref>Producer splits cost of films The Guardian 10 January 1985: 4.</ref> ''Passage to India'' would be regarded as one of EMI's best later movies.<ref name="five">{{cite magazine|magazine=Filmink|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/forgotten-british-film-moguls-nat-cohen-part-five-1971-1988/|access-date=5 February 2025|date=5 February 2025|title=Forgotten British film moguls – Nat Cohen: Part Five (1971-1988)}}</ref>

===Filming===
Filming took place from November 1983 to June 1984.

The [[Marabar Caves]] are based on the [[Barabar Caves]], some 35 km north of [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], in [[Bihar]]. Lean visited the caves during pre-production, and found them flat and unattractive; concerns about bandits were also prevalent. Instead he used the hills of [[Savandurga]] and Ramadevarabetta some tens of kilometers from [[Bangalore]], where much of the principal filming took place; small cave entrances were carved out by the production company.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Makins|first=Tim|date=3 August 2007|title=The Marabar Caves - page 1|url=https://www.mapability.com/travel/p2i/marabar.php|access-date=17 October 2020|website=A Passage To India}}</ref> Other scenes were filmed in [[Ramanagaram]] ([[Karnataka]]) and [[Udhagamandalam]] ([[Tamil Nadu]]) and in [[Srinagar]] ([[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]). Some interiors were shot at [[Shepperton Studios]] in Surrey and in [[Bangalore Palace]].

=== Costume ===
Costume designer [[Judy Moorcroft]] was brought on to design the period costumes for the film, along with supervisor [[Rosemary Burrows]], wardrobe master Keith Morton and assistant Sally Turner. David Lean and Judy Davis disagreed about the characterisation of Adela, which caused problems for the costume designer - dresses that had been agreed between Moorcroft and Davis were ‘too frumpy’ according to Lean, and had to be changed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=Gene |title=Beyond the epic: the life & films of David Lean |date=2010 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=978-0-8131-7155-5 |location=Lexington |pages=420–22}}</ref> Nevertheless, Moorcroft received her second Academy Award nomination for the film.

===Music===
The film's score was composed by longtime Lean collaborator [[Maurice Jarre]]. According to Jarre, the director told him, "Maurice, I want you to write music right from your groin for this very long scene in the cave. This isn't a story of India, it's a story of a woman. I want you to write music that evokes awakening sexuality".<ref name="times"/>

Jarre wrote 45 minutes of music in two and a half weeks. He said, "David talks to me in images. A film artist never asks for an oboe to cover up a bad scene; a film artist doesn't think of music as medicine for a sick movie. David talks to me as he would talk to an actor."<ref name="times"/>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Lean's final film received widespread critical acclaim, and became a critics' favourite of 1984. [[Vincent Canby]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' called it "[Lean's] best work since ''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]'' and ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'' and perhaps his most humane and moving film since ''[[Brief Encounter]]''. Though vast in physical scale and set against a tumultuous Indian background, it is also intimate, funny and moving in the manner of a film maker completely in control of his material ... Though [Lean] has made ''A Passage to India'' both less mysterious and more cryptic than the book, the film remains a wonderfully provocative tale, full of vivid characters, all played to near perfection."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canby|first=Vincent|date=14 December 1984|title=The Screen: 'Passage to India,' by David Lean|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/14/movies/the-screen-passage-to-india-by-david-lean.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524153542/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/14/movies/the-screen-passage-to-india-by-david-lean.html|archive-date=24 May 2015|access-date=21 August 2019|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' observed that "Forster's novel is one of the literary landmarks of this century, and now David Lean has made it into one of the greatest screen adaptations I have ever seen ... [He] is a meticulous craftsman, famous for going to any length to make every shot look just the way he thinks it should. His actors here are encouraged to give sound, thoughtful, unflashy performances ... and his screenplay is a model of clarity."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|title=A Passage to India Movie Review (1984)|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a-passage-to-india-1984|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509053520/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a-passage-to-india-1984|archive-date=9 May 2019|access-date=21 August 2019|website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref>

''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' called the film "impeccably faithful, beautifully played and occasionally languorous" and added, "Lean has succeeded to a great degree in the tricky task of capturing Forster's finely edged tone of rational bemusement and irony."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117793886.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0|title=''Variety'' review|access-date=12 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229073147/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117793886.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0|archive-date=29 February 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Time Out London]]'' thought the film was "a curiously modest affair, abandoning the tub-thumping epic style of Lean's late years. While adhering to perhaps 80 per cent of the book's incident, Lean veers very wide of the mark over E.M. Forster's hatred of the British presence in India, and comes down much more heavily on the side of the British. But he has assembled his strongest cast in years ... And once again Lean indulges his taste for scenery, demonstrating an ability with sheer scale which has virtually eluded British cinema throughout its history. Not for literary purists, but if you like your entertainment well tailored, then feel the quality and the width."<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Passage to India 1984, directed by David Lean {{pipe}} Film review|url=https://www.timeout.com/london/film/a-passage-to-india|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311004704/http://www.timeout.com/london/film/a-passage-to-india|archive-date=11 March 2016|access-date=21 August 2019|website=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]|date=3 May 2011 }}</ref>

[[Channel 4]] said, "Lean was always preoccupied with landscapes and obsessed with the perfect shot – but here his canvas is way smaller than in ''Lawrence of Arabia'', for instance ... Still, while the storytelling is rather toothless, ''A Passage to India'' is certainly well worth watching for fans of the director's epic style."<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Passage to India Movie Review (1984) from Channel 4 Film|url=http://www.channel4.com/film/reviews/film.jsp?id=106941&section=review|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807235850/http://www.channel4.com/film/reviews/film.jsp?id=106941|archive-date=7 August 2007|access-date=12 March 2009|website=[[Channel 4]]}}</ref>

On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], ''A Passage to India'' holds a rating of 77% from 30 critics, with an average rating of 7.20/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "''A Passage to India'' is a visually striking exploration of colonialism and prejudice, although it doesn't achieve the thematic breadth of director David Lean's finest work."<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Passage to India (1984)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/passage_to_india|access-date=28 September 2024|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> The film is assigned an average score of 78 out of 100 on [[Metacritic]], based on 14 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Passage to India|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/a-passage-to-india|access-date=13 October 2020|publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref>

===Box office===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! [[Box office territory|Market(s)]]
! Release
! [[List of films by box office admissions|Ticket sales]]
! [[Box office]] gross revenue
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
| United States / Canada
| 1984
| 7,700,000
| {{US$|27,187,653|long=no|link=yes}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Passage to India (1984)|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=passagetoindia.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209182402/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=passagetoindia.htm|archive-date=9 February 2018|access-date=21 August 2019|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref><ref name="kinopoisk">{{cite web |title="Поездка в Индию" (A Passage to India, 1984) |url=https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/8761/ |website=[[KinoPoisk]] |language=ru |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| United Kingdom
| 1985
| {{formatnum:{{#expr:4313000/1.7056 round 0}}|}} ({{estimation}})
| {{£|4,313,000|long=no|link=yes}} ({{US$|{{#expr:4313000/0.779 round 0}}|long=no}})
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-back-to-the-future-the-fall-and-rise-of-the-british-film-industry-in-the-1980s.pdf|page=30|title=Back to the Future: The Fall and Rise of the British Film Industry in the 1980s - An Information Briefing|website=British Film Institute|date=2005|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912042419/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-back-to-the-future-the-fall-and-rise-of-the-british-film-industry-in-the-1980s.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Passage To India |url=https://www.25thframe.co.uk/detail-page/?rimage=a_passage_to_india |website=25th Frame |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) - United Kingdom |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1985&locations=GB&start=1984 |website=[[World Bank]] |year=1985 |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UK cinema ticket prices |url=https://www.terramedia.co.uk/reference/statistics/cinema/cinema_ticket_prices_1.htm |website=Terra Media |date=20 August 2014 |access-date=23 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718064606/http://httpwww.terramedia.co.uk/reference/statistics/cinema/cinema_ticket_prices_1.htm |archive-date=18 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| France
| 1985
| 984,724
| {{US$|{{#expr:984724*2.71 round 0}}|long=no}} ({{estimation}})
| <ref name="jp">{{cite web |title=A Passage to India (1984) |url=http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=6648 |website=JP's Box-Office |language=fr |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>{{efn|name=Price|See {{Section link|Box office|Average ticket price}}.}}
|-
| Germany
| 1985
| 713,303
| {{Currency|3,136,849|Euro}} ($2,716,217)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Die Erfolgreichsten Filme in Deutschland |trans-title=The Most Successful Films in Germany |url=https://www.insidekino.com/DJahr/D1985.htm |website=Inside Kino |year=1985 |language=de |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Historical currency converter with official exchange rates |url=https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=3136849&C1=EUR&C2=USD&DD=31&MM=12&YYYY=1985 |website=fxtop.com |date=21 December 1985 |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Spain / Sweden
| 1985
| 317,100
| {{US$|{{#expr:317100*2.27 round 0}}|long=no}} ({{estimation}})
| <ref name="kinopoisk"/>{{efn|name=Price}}
|-
| Italy
| 1985
| 285,646
| {{US$|{{#expr:285646*2.27 round 0}}|long=no}} ({{estimation}})
| <ref name="jp"/>{{efn|name=Price}}
|-
| South Korea
| 1986
| 135,032
| {{Currency|{{#expr:135032*3500}}|KRW}} ({{US$|{{#expr:472612000/881.45 round 0}}|long=no}}) ({{estimation}})
| <ref>{{cite web |title=영화정보 |trans-title=Movie Information |url=http://www.kobis.or.kr/kobis/business/mast/mvie/searchMovieList.do |website=KOFIC |publisher=[[Korean Film Council]] |language=ko |access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Park |first=Seung Hyun |title=A Cultural Interpretation of Korean Cinema, 1988-1997 |date=2000 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] |page=119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilEeAQAAMAAJ |quote=Average Ticket Prices in Korea, 1974-1997 [...] * Source: Korea Cinema Yearbook (1997-1998) * Currency: won [...] Foreign [...] 1986 [...] 3,500}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) - Korea, Rep. |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1986&locations=KR&start=1985 |website=[[World Bank]] |year=1986 |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Netherlands / Iceland / Portugal
| 2007
| 217
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Film #20156 : A Passage to India |url=http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=20156 |website=[[Lumiere (database)|Lumiere]] |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| New Zealand
| 2011
|
| {{US$|13,591|link=yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=A Passage to India |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0087892/ |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" | Total
! 12,664,751+ ({{estimation}})
! $40,027,057+ ({{estimation}})
!
|}

===Awards and honors===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Nominee(s)
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="11"| [[57th Academy Awards|Academy Awards]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]
| [[John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne|John Brabourne]] and [[Richard Goodwin (producer)|Richard Goodwin]]
| {{nom}}
| align="center" rowspan="11"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1985 |title=The 57th Academy Awards (1985) Nominees and Winners |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=October 13, 2011 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402004214/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1985 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| [[David Lean]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Judy Davis]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| [[Peggy Ashcroft]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Screenplay – Based on Material from Another Medium]]
| David Lean
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Best Art Direction]]
| Art Direction: [[John Box]] and [[Leslie Tomkins]]; Set Decoration: [[Hugh Scaife]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| [[Ernest Day]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| [[Judy Moorcroft]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing|Best Film Editing]]
| David Lean
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
| [[Maurice Jarre]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Sound|Best Sound]]
| [[Graham V. Hartstone]], [[Nicolas Le Messurier]], [[Michael A. Carter]], and [[John W. Mitchell]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[American Film Institute]]
| [[AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores]]
| Maurice Jarre
| {{nom}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/scores250.pdf |title=AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=August 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106023410/http://www.afi.com/Docs/100years/scores250.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1984|Boston Society of Film Critics Awards]]
| [[Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| Judy Davis
| {{won}}
| align="center" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://bostonfilmcritics.org/past-winners-1980s/ |title=BSFC Winners: 1980s |date=27 July 2018 |publisher=[[Boston Society of Film Critics]] |access-date=May 18, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| Peggy Ashcroft
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="9"| [[39th British Academy Film Awards|British Academy Film Awards]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| John Knatchbull, Richard Goodwin, and David Lean
| {{nom}}
| align="center" rowspan="9"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1986/film |title=BAFTA Awards: Film in 1986 |publisher=[[British Academy Film Awards]] |access-date=May 18, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| [[Victor Banerjee]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
| Peggy Ashcroft
| {{won}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| [[James Fox]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]
| David Lean
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| Ernest Day
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| Judy Moorcroft
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Production Design|Best Production Design]]
| John Box
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Music|Best Score for a Film]]
| Maurice Jarre
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[British Society of Cinematographers|British Society of Cinematographers Awards]]
| [[British Society of Cinematographers Award for Best Cinematography in a Theatrical Feature Film|Best Cinematography in a Theatrical Feature Film]]
| Ernest Day
| {{nom}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://bscine.com/media/uploads/awards/bsc-cinematography-feature-film.pdf?v |title=Best Cinematography in Feature Film |publisher=[[British Society of Cinematographers]] |access-date=May 18, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[37th Directors Guild of America Awards|Directors Guild of America Awards]]
| [[Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film|Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures]]
| David Lean
| {{nom}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dga.org/Awards/History/1980s/1984.aspx?value=1984 |title=The 37th Annual DGA Awards |publisher=[[Directors Guild of America Awards]] |access-date=May 18, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Evening Standard British Film Awards]]
| Best Actor
| Victor Banerjee
| {{won}}
| align="center"|
|-
| rowspan="5"| [[42nd Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Awards]]
| colspan="2"| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Film]]
| {{won}}
| align="center" rowspan="5"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://goldenglobes.com/film/passage-to-india-a/ |title=A Passage to India |publisher=[[Golden Globe Awards]] |access-date=May 18, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture]]
| Peggy Ashcroft
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Director – Motion Picture|Best Director – Motion Picture]]
| rowspan="2"| David Lean
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay – Motion Picture]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score – Motion Picture]]
| rowspan="2"| Maurice Jarre
| {{won}}
|-
| [[28th Annual Grammy Awards|Grammy Awards]]
| [[Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media|Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Special]]
| {{nom}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.grammy.com/awards/28th-annual-grammy-awards |title=28th Annual GRAMMY Awards |publisher=[[Grammy Awards]] |access-date=May 18, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Japan Academy Film Prize]]
| colspan="2"| [[Japan Academy Prize for Outstanding Foreign Language Film|Outstanding Foreign Language Film]]
| {{nom}}
| align="center"|
|-
| rowspan="3"| Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards
| colspan="2"| Best Film
| {{won}}
| align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://kcfcc.org/kcfcc-award-winners-1980-89/ |title=KCFCC Award Winners – 1980-89 |publisher=Kansas City Film Critics Circle |date=December 14, 2013 |access-date=May 18, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| David Lean
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| rowspan="2"| Peggy Ashcroft
| {{won}}
|-
| [[1984 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards|Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards]]
| [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{won}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lafca.net/Years/1984.php |title=The 10th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards |publisher=[[Los Angeles Film Critics Association]] |access-date=May 18, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"| [[National Board of Review Awards 1984|National Board of Review Awards]]
| colspan="2"| [[National Board of Review Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{won}}
| align="center" rowspan="5"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://nationalboardofreview.org/award-years/1984/ |title=1984 Award Winners |publisher=[[National Board of Review]] |access-date=May 18, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2"| [[National Board of Review: Top Ten Films|Top Ten Films]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Board of Review Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| David Lean
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Board of Review Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| Victor Banerjee
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Board of Review Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| Peggy Ashcroft
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[1984 National Society of Film Critics Awards|National Society of Film Critics Awards]]
| [[National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| David Lean
| {{nom}}
| align="center" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Maslin |first1=Janet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/03/movies/stranger-than-paradise-wins-award.html |title='Stranger Than Paradise' wins award |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 3, 2018 |date=January 3, 1985}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| Peggy Ashcroft
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[1984 New York Film Critics Circle Awards|New York Film Critics Circle Awards]]
| colspan="2"| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{won}}
| align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z31iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nncNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1195,3008667 |title='Passage' Wins Two Big Awards |via=Google News Archive |access-date=December 28, 2017 |work=Observer-Reporter |date=December 20, 1984}}</ref>
|-
| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| David Lean
| {{won}}
|-
| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| Peggy Ashcroft
| {{won}}
|-
| [[37th Writers Guild of America Awards|Writers Guild of America Awards]]
| [[Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Screenplay – Based on Material from Another Medium]]
| David Lean
| {{nom}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1551 |title=Awards Winners |publisher=[[Writers Guild of America Awards]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205095022/http://www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1551 |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |access-date=June 6, 2010}}</ref>
|}

==Home video==
[[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment]] released the first DVD on 20 March 2001. It was in [[anamorphic widescreen]] format with audio tracks and subtitles in English, French, and Spanish. Bonus features included ''Reflections of David Lean'', an interview with the screenwriter/director, cast biographies, and production notes.

On 9 September 2003, [[Columbia Pictures]] released the box set ''The David Lean Collection'', which included ''Lawrence of Arabia'', ''The Bridge on the River Kwai'', and ''A Passage to India''.

On 15 April 2008, Sony released ''A Passage To India (2-Disc Collector's Edition)''. In addition to ''Reflections of David Lean'' from the 2001 release, bonus features included commentary with producer [[Richard Goodwin (producer)|Richard Goodwin]]; ''E.M. Forster: A Profile of an Author'', covering some of the main themes of the original book; ''An Epic Takes Shape'', in which cast and crew members discuss the evolution of the film; ''An Indian Affair'', detailing the primary production period; ''Only Connect: A Vision of India'', detailing the final days of shooting at Shepperton Studios and the post-production period; ''Casting a Classic'', in which casting director Priscilla John discusses the challenges of bringing characters from the book to life; and ''David Lean: Shooting with the Master'', a profile of the director.
On 15 April 2008, Sony released a Blu-ray HD Collector's Edition with a restored print and new digital mastering.

==See also==
* [[List of Asian historical drama films]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

;Sources
* [[Gene D. Phillips|Phillips, Gene D.]], ''Beyond the Epic: The Life & Films of David Lean''. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky 2006. {{ISBN|0-8131-2415-8}}
* Read, Piers Paul, ''Alec Guinness: The Authorized Biography''. New York: Simon and Schuster 2005. {{ISBN|0-7432-4498-2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{TCMDb title}}
* {{cite web|last= Lean |first= David |author-link= David Lean |title= A Passage To India - Complete Script of the Movie |access-date= 2017-01-05 |url= http://www.mapability.com/travel/p2i/script.php}}
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20151123224610/http://www.mapability.com/travel/p2i/index.php Photos and notes of locations used in A Passage to India]'' (archived 2015)

{{David Lean}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for ''A Passage to India''
|list =
{{Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film 1965–1989}}
{{Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score}}
{{National Board of Review Award for Best Film}}
{{New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Passage to India (film), A}}
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 drama films]]
[[Category:1980s historical drama films]]
[[Category:American epic films]]
[[Category:British epic films]]
[[Category:British drama films]]
[[Category:British Indian films]]
[[Category:British historical drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on British novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by E. M. Forster]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by David Lean]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1920s]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films scored by Maurice Jarre]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot at Shepperton Studios]]
[[Category:Best Foreign Language Film Golden Globe winners]]
[[Category:EMI Films films]]
[[Category:HBO Films films]]
[[Category:1984 English-language films]]
[[Category:1984 American films]]
[[Category:1984 British films]]
[[Category:Films produced by John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne]]
[[Category:Films produced by Richard Goodwin (producer)]]
[[Category:English-language historical drama films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]

M. Kunjaman

2026-03-08T04:06:23Z

JestineLegg9:

{{Short description|Indian scholar, social scientist, economist and prominent academician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. Kunhaman
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{circa|1949}}
| birth_place = [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|12|03|1949}}
| death_place = [[Sreekaryam]]
| education = {{hlist|[[Centre for Development Studies]]|[[Cochin University of Science and Technology]]}}
| occupation = Economist, Scholar, Thinker
| known_for =
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography]]
| spouse =
}}

'''M. Kunhaman''' ({{circa|1949}} – 3 December 2023) was an Indian economist, social scientist, thinker and academician from [[Kerala]]. He was a professor at the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (TISS) campus in [[Tuljapur]], a member of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], and a long time [[Economics]] faculty member at the [[University of Kerala]]. Kunhaman was awarded the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography|Kerala Sahitya Akademi award]] for his biographical work ''Ethiru'' in [[2021 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2021]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Renowned economist and Dalit thinker M Kunjaman found dead at home |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/noted-economist-dalit-rights-activist-m-kunjaman-found-dead-9053090/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
M. Kunhaman was born in Vadanamkurissi in [[Palakkad]] in Kerala, India .<ref name="mathrubhumiobit">{{cite news |title=Noted economist Prof M Kunhaman no more |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/noted-economist-prof-m-kunhaman-no-more-1.9124741 |access-date=8 January 2024 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=8 December 2023}}</ref> He received the first rank in MA Economics at [[Calicut University]] in 1974.<ref name="mathrubhumiobit"/><ref name="tniecolossus">{{cite news |title=M Kunjaman, a colossus who sharpened focus on the poor |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2023/dec/08/m-kunjaman-a-colossus-who-sharpened-focus-on-the-poor-2639510.html |access-date=8 January 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=8 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=‌നിങ്ങൾ അറിയുമോ ഡോ. കുഞ്ഞാമനെ? |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/article-based-on-the-life-of-m-kunjaman-1.9125035 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Newspaper |language=en}}</ref>

Kunhaman enrolled in the MPhil programme at the [[Centre for Development Studies]] (CDS) in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] after receiving his MA in economics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M Kunjaman passes away: 'ഈ ലോകത്ത് നിന്ന് പോകുന്നു..': സാമ്പത്തിക വിദഗ്ധന്‍ എം കുഞ്ഞാമന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/keralam/story/dalit-thinker-famous-economist-kerala-university-lecturer-dr-m-kunjaman-passes-away-720520-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=India Today Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> A Fulbright scholar, he started his career in academics as a lecturer at the [[University of Kerala]] in 1979. He spent 27 years as a pre-eminent faculty member in the Economics Department. He had been a critical part of the University Grants Commission (UGC). He left the University of Kerala in 2006 to lead [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences|TISS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmala.babu |title=പട്ടിണി കാരണം വിൽക്കേണ്ടി വന്ന സ്വർണ്ണ മെഡൽ, ജാതിവിവേഹനത്തിനെതിരെ പോരാടിയ ജീവിതം‍; എം കുഞ്ഞാമന് വിട |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/eminent-economist-and-dalit-thinker-dr-m-kunjaman-has-passed-away-nbu-s53eux |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>

Kunhaman's autobiography ''Ethiru'' was chosen as the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography|best autobiography]] by the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] in 2021. However, Kunhaman turned it down. He described the underprivileged way of life and social disparities in Kerala in his autobiography. Kunhaman was the author of several books and multiple papers on the Kerala economic model, macro economics, and land reforms. His publications include ''Development of Tribal Economy'', ''State Level Planning in India'', ''Globalization: A Subaltern Perspective'', and ''Economic Development and Social Change''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Noted Economist Professor M Kunjaman Found Dead |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/noted-economist-kunjaman-found-dead-4630283 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Kunhaman died at his residence in [[Sreekaryam]] on 3 December 2023.<ref name="mathrubhumiobit"/>

==Awards==
* 2021 - [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography]], ''Ethiru''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Prominent financial expert M Kunjaman passes away |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1202126&u=prominent-financial-expert-m-kunjaman-passes-away-1202126 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kunjaman, M}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]
[[Category:Cochin University of Science and Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Dalit writers]]

Ponni Thirunaal

2026-03-04T05:17:28Z

JestineLegg9: adding new data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ponni Thirunaal
| image = Ponni thirunaal tamil film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| native_name =
| director = A. K. Velan
| producer = A. K. Velan
| writer =
| screenplay = A. K. Velan M. Rajarathinam
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = Muthukrishnan [[Rajasulochana]] [[L. Vijayalakshmi]]
| narrator =
| music = K. V. Mahadevan
| cinematography = V. Ramamurthi
| editing = P. S. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = Arunachalam Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1960|9|9|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ponni Thirunaal''''' is a 1960 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film produced and directed by A. K. Velan. The film stars Muthukrishnan, [[Rajasulochana]] and [[L. Vijayalakshmi]]. It was released on 9 September 1960.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1960 – பொன்னித் திருநாள் – அருணாசலம் பிக். |trans-title=1960 – Ponni Thirunaal – Arunachalam Pic. |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails38.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161121154201/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails38.asp |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=4 January 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2022}}
Vimala is the daughter of a rich man, Naganathar. She falls in love with a poor young man, Ponnan. Naganathar strongly opposes her marrying Ponnan. Naganathar employed some thugs and they attacked Ponnan, who then was admitted to a hospital. Vimala, in disguise, visits him in the hospital. Ponnan's father was afraid for his son's safety. So he sends Ponnan to serve in the army. Vimala writes a letter to Ponnan, but the letter falls into the hands of a conspirator. Meanwhile, Naganathar arranges a marriage to Vimala. She escapes and falls into the hands of the conspirator. However, everyone thinks Vimala has drowned in a river. Naganathar, unable to bear the loss of his daughter, donates his money by building schools, etc. Ponnan returns to the village and learns that Vimala is dead. He becomes ill due to sorrow and he convalesces at the house of Vimala's friend, Sarasa. Due to pressure from relatives, Ponnan agrees to marry Sarasa. But, on the day of the marriage, Vimala escapes from the clutches of the conspirator and returns only to see Ponnan and Sarasa ready to marry each other. What happens next forms the rest of the story.<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/PonniThirunal/Ponni%20thirunal.pdf |title=பொன்னித் திருநாள் |publisher=Arunachalam Pictures |year=1960 |location=Madras |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=4 July 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
The cast was compiled from [[Film News Anandan]]'s database.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />
* "Valaiyapathi" Muthukrishnan
* Pakkirisami
* Venkadachalam
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
* [[Rajasulochana]]
* [[L. Vijayalakshmi]]
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]]
* K. R. Ratnam
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
* Lakshmirajam

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. One [[Andal]] [[Hymn|pasuram]] also was included in the film.<ref name="songbook" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=207–208 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Duration(m:ss)
|-
| "Pongi Varum Kaviriye" || Seergazhi Govindarajan, Thiruchi Loganathan, Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi & L. R. Eswari || rowspan=4|[[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 05:19
|-
| "Pattu Siragadithu" || P. Susheela || 03:50
|-
| "Inba Vazhvu Malara" || rowspan=2|K. Jamuna Rani || 03:00
|-
| "Athaanai Paaru Adi" || 03:55
|-
| "Karumbu Villai Eduthu" || Seergazhi Govindarajan, Thiruchi Loganathan A. L. Raghavan, S. V. Ponnusamy & L. R. Eswari || rowspan=2|[[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]|| 05:52
|-
| "Naattukor Thandhaiyadi" || (Radha) Jayalakshmi & Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || 04:03
|-
| "Mathalam Kotta" || Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || Andal Pasuram || 01:33
|-
| "Veesu Thendrale Veesu" || rowspan=2|P. B. Srinivas & P. Susheela || Puthaneri Subrahmaniam || 03:17
|-
| "Kannum Kannum Kadhai Pesi" || rowspan=2|P. K. Muthusami || 02:50
|-
| "Yaen Sirithai Enai Paarthu" || P. B. Srinivas || 03:20
|}

== Reception ==
The critic from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said Rajasulochana "sparkles with her usual vivacity" in the role of an heiress.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 1960 |title=Ponni Thirunal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19600708&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=30 April 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum

2026-03-03T20:44:26Z

JestineLegg9: adding new article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum
| image = Pullipulikalum_Aattinkuttiyum_Image.png
| caption =
| producer = Zulfi Hasis Shebin Backer
| director = [[Lal Jose]]
| writer = [[M. Sindhuraj]]
| narrator = [[Sreenivasan]]
| starring = [[Kunchacko Boban]] [[Namitha Pramod]] [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = [[S. Kumar]]
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]
| studio = Balcony 6
| distributor = [[Lal Jose|LJ Films]]
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|08|09}}
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum''''' ({{translation}} the [[Leopard|Leopards]] and [[Sheep|Lamb]]) is a 2013 [[Malayalam]]-language [[action comedy]] film directed by [[Lal Jose]] and written by [[M. Sindhuraj]]. It stars [[Kunchacko Boban]] and [[Namitha Pramod]], alongside [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]],[[Irshad]], [[Joju George]], [[Shiju]], [[Harisree Ashokan]], [[Anusree]] and [[Shammi Thilakan]].<ref name="adapting">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/adapting-to-change/article4833180.ece|title=Adapting to change|author=Vijay George|date= 20 June 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The film tackles social issues in [[Kuttanad]], through the tale of a hapless youth.<ref name="adapting"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/pullipulikalum-aattinkuttiyum/movie-review/21798899.cms |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2013/pullipulikalum-aattinkuttiyum-movie-review-116840.html|title=Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum - Movie Review|date=9 August 2013}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Chakkattutharayil Gopan alias Aadu Gopan is a [[Houseboat|house boat]] owner and tourist guide residing in [[Kuttanad]], who don't have a satisfying life even though he earns money through his business. He is the sole breadwinner of his family, which consists of his mother and three elder brothers: Maniyan, Vijayan and Suku. The three brothers are good for nothing loafers who spend their day drinking and do odd jobs like threatening people for a living. They have many enemies, who take revenge on the helpless Gopan instead. Gopan also has a business rival, Kavalakkal Kuriyachan.

One day, Gopan manages to get some tourists. But he has to provide them some entertainment. He approaches his friend Mamachan who does multiple jobs such as travel agency and marriage brokering. Mamachan's attitude of doing everything earned him the name 'Enthinum Eathinum Mamachan' (Anything and Everything Mamachan). Mamachan arranges a dancer, [[Kainakary]] Jayasree for Gopan's guests. Jayasree's mother Revamma, a former drama actress, is a bit dubious of Gopan and tries to increase their payment day by day. She even fakes an illness with Jayasree for the money. During one such dance, the police come searching for a missing girl. Gopan tells them to search in Kuriyachan's boat and it ends up getting Kuriyachan arrested for immoral trafficking.

Gopan begins to panic, as he thinks Kuriyachan's men will come for revenge. After some comic events involving Kuriyachan, Gopan gets beaten by Kuriyachan's men while taking Jayasree back to her home. In revenge, Gopan's brothers, who realize their mistakes, go to Kuriyachan's house and beat him and his men. After Gopan recovers, he falls for Jayasree. But they get arrested for a fake human trafficking case, which was planned by Kuriyachan. They manage to escape unscathed, after Gopan's brothers and friends threaten the policeman with evidence of bribes and his affairs with other women.

Sometime later, Maniyan suddenly has a chest pain and is taken to the hospital. The doctor informs Gopan that the pain was only gas. But Gopan convinces the doctor to tell his brothers that it was a heart attack, sensing an opportunity to change his brothers' way of living. The doctor convinces Maniyan, Suku and Vijayan that they could also have a heart attack if they don't change their habits. The fear of death has the brothers changing their habits and becoming hardworking men. They enter the boat racing team with Maniyan being the team captain. The brothers are also married to their subsequent significant others.

Meanwhile, Revamma, who was against Gopan's and Jayasree's relation, tries many tricks to separate them but is forced to give up. But Kuriyachan's vengeance increases as he was sacked from team captain spot and replaced by Maniyan. He wrecks the race boat and burns Gopan's house boat, which is the only source of income for Gopan's family. He also cheats Revamma, who was trying to sell her home. Heartbroken, Revamma suffers from a heart attack and dies. Not wanting to bring his brothers back to their old rowdy life, Gopan and his friends go to take revenge. They bash up Kuriyachan and his men and leave him to be beaten up by the remaining villagers for destroying the race boat.

In the final scene, Gopan and Jayasree are shown on a boat, planning to live together and to start a new life ahead.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Chakkattutharayil Gopan (Chakka Gopan)/ Aadu Gopan
* [[Namitha Pramod]] as [[Kainakary]] Jayasree, Gopan's love interest turned wife
*[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Broker Mammachan, Gopan's childhood friend
* [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as Chakkattutharayil Maniyan (Chakka Maniyan), Gopan's eldest brother
* [[Joju George]] as Chakkattutharayil Suku (Chakka Suku), Gopan's older brother
* [[Shiju]] as Chakkattutharayil Vijayan (Chakka Vijayan), Gopan's older brother
* [[Harisree Ashokan]] as Susheelan, Gopan's friend
* [[Anusree]] as Kochurani, Vijayan's wife
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as Kavalakkal Kuriyachan, the main antagonist
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as Adv. Ashokan Kuppapuram, Chakkattutharayil family lawyer
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Chakkattutharayil Madhavi (Chakka Madhavi), Maniyan's, Suku's, Vijayan's and Gopan's mother
* [[Bindu Panicker]] as [[Kainakary]] Revamma, Jayasree's mother
* [[Thesni Khan]] as Jalaja, Maniyan's wife
* Anjana Appukuttan as Ramani, Suku's wife
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Kapyar, Kochurani's father and Soshamma's husband
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Soshamma, Kochurani's mother and Kapyar's wife
* [[Reena Basheer]] as Lizy, Kuriyachan's wife
* [[Seema G. Nair]] as Vimala
* [[Krishna Prasad (actor)|Krishna Prasad]] as Santhosh
* Subeesh as Babu
* [[Chali Pala]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] George
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Narrator (Voice Only)
* Sunil Babu as Joker Jose
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
Two trailers and two songs from the film, "Cheru Cheru" & "Otta Thumbi" from the film were released online. "Koottimuttiya" was also released on YouTube in a video that features Kunchacko Boban and Namitha Pramod.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://therarefied.blogspot.in/2013/07/music-review-pullipulikalum.html|title = Music Review: Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum (Malayalam) | therarefied}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Album Cover for ''Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum''
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2013|06|07}}
| recorded = [[Varshaa Vallaki Studios]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:50
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = East Coast Audio Entertainments
| producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| prev_title = [[Puthiya Thiruppangal]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Nadodimannan]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)

| all_music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| all_lyrics = [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma|Vayalar Sarath]]

| title1 = Otta Thumbi
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]

| title2 = Cheru Cheru
| extra2 = [[Afsal]], [[Vidhu Prathap]], Sricharan

| title3 = Kootti Moottiya
| extra3 = [[Najim Arshad]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]

| title4 = Hailasa Hailasa
| extra4 = [[Franco Simon]], [[Nikhil Mathew]]

| title5 = Pullipulikal Moonu
| extra5 = Varsha Renjith

| title6 = Shappinte Muttathe
| extra6 = Vidyasagar, Franco Simon, Nikhil Mathew, Najim Arshad

}}

==Box office==
The film had a high opening at the Kerala box office. The film collected ₹6 crore from 21 days in Kerala box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice/KeralaBox-Office%E2%80%93August2013-pl4rajcegiahh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720022049/https://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice/KeralaBox-Office%E2%80%93August2013-pl4rajcegiahh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 July 2021|title=Kerala Box-Office – August 2013|work=[[Sify]]|date=6 September 2013}}</ref> This film was commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/lal-jose-eyeing-bollywood-with-diamond-necklace-remake-642179.html|title=Lal Jose eyeing Bollywood with 'Diamond Necklace' remake|work=[[News18]]|date=30 September 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.facebook.com/PullipulikalumAattinkuttiyum Official Facebook Page]
* {{IMDb title|3111680}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lal Jose]]

Budhia Singh – Born to Run

2026-03-02T09:37:36Z

JestineLegg9: formatting fix

{{Short description|2016 Hindi film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{infobox film
| name = Budhia Singh – Born to Run
| image = Budhia Singh – Born to Run poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Soumendra Padhi
| producer = [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] Code Red Films
| writer = Soumendra Padhi
| screenplay = Soumendra Padhi
| starring = {{ubl|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]|Mayur Patole}}
| music = '''Songs:''' Hitesh Sonik Sidhant Mathur '''Background Score:''' Ishaan Chhabra
| cinematography = [[Manoj Kumar Khatoi (cinematographer)|Manoj Kumar Khatoi]]
| editing = Shivkumar V. Panicker
| studio = Code Red Films
| distributor = Viacom18 Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|8|5}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Budhia Singh – Born to Run''''' is a 2016 Indian Hindi-language [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[sports film]] directed by Soumendra Padhi. It is based on the life of [[Budhia Singh]], the world's youngest marathon runner, who ran 48 marathons, when he was only five years old.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/manoj-bajpayee-starrer-budhia-singh-born-to-run-to-release-in-august-2840825/|title=Manoj Bajpayee starrer Budhia Singh – Born To Run to release in August|work=The Indian Express|date=8 June 2016|accessdate=22 June 2016}}</ref> The film stars [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as a coach and Mayur Patole as the title character. It won the [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]] award at the [[63rd National Film Awards]] in 2016.

== Cast ==
*[[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Biranchi Das
*Mayur Patole as [[Budhia Singh]]
*[[Tillotama Shome]] as Sukanti
*[[Shruti Marathe]] as Gita
*Chhaya Kadam as Minister of Child Welfare
*[[Gopal K Singh]] as litu
*Prasad Pandit as JD Pattanaik
*[[Gajraj Rao]] as chairman, Child Welfare
*Rajan Bhise as Dr Mohanty
*Shivraj D Walvekar as B S Gill
*[[Pushkaraj Chirputkar]] as journalist

==Production==

Director Soumendra Padhi had auditioned more than 1200 kids for the title role from different states including [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]], Pune, Delhi and Mumbai, before he finalized Mayur for the role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-06-21/Director-Soumendra-Padhi-auditions-more-than-1200-kids-for-Budhia-Singhs-role/236654|title=Director Soumendra Padhi auditions more than 1200 kids for Budhia Singh’s role!|publisher=[[The Hans India]]|date=21 June 2016|accessdate=22 June 2016}}</ref>

==Music==
The music for the film is composed by Sidhant Mathur, Ishaan Chhabra and Hitesh Sonik while the lyrics have been penned by Abhishek Dubey, Gopal Datt, Prashant Ingole and Vikrant Yadav.
{{track_listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 4:43
| title1 = Born to Run Anthem
| extra1 = Arhaan Hussain, [[Siddharth Mahadevan]]
| music1 = Hitesh Sonik
| lyrics1 = Prashant Ingole
| length1 = 2:31
| title2 = Sunapua..Tu Daud Daud
| extra2 = Rituraj Mohanty
| music2 = Sidhant Mathur
| lyrics2 = Gopal Datt
| length2 = 2:12
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.budhiasinghborntorun.com/ Website]
* {{IMDb title|id=tt5805252}}

{{Viacom18 Studios}}
{{National Film Award Best Children's Film}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Budhia Singh - Born to Run}}
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian sports films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Biographical films about sportspeople]]
[[Category:2016 sports films]]
[[Category:Films set in Odisha]]
[[Category:Running films]]
[[Category:Best Children's Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian people]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of competitors in the sport of athletics]]
[[Category:2010s biographical films]]
[[Category:Sports films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Odisha]]
[[Category:Hindi-language sports films]]

National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)

2026-02-27T21:41:56Z

JestineLegg9:

{{short description|Medical Entrance Exam in India}}
{{Distinguish|National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Postgraduate)}}
{{For|classification of people|NEET}}
{{pp-move}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox examination
|name=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)
|acronym=NEET (UG)
|image=
|title=
|type=OMR sheet based (Pen & Paper)
|test_admin= [[National Testing Agency]]
*[[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (2013–2018)
*[[National Testing Agency]] (2019–present)
|purpose=Admission to undergraduate Medical courses in Central and State government and private colleges all over India. Qualification mandatory for pursuing the same abroad.
|skills_tested=[[Zoology]], [[Botany]], [[Chemistry]] and [[Physics]]
|year_started=*2013 except 2014 and 2015 (except 2014 & 2015, when [[All India Pre Medical Test|AIPMT]] was conducted instead.)
*Preceded by [[All India Pre Medical Test|AIPMT]]
|duration= 180 minutes
|score_range=-180 to +720
|offered=Once a year
|attempt_restriction= unlimited attempts
|regions=[[India]]
|language= [[Assamese language|Assamese]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[English language|English]] [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] [[Hindi language|Hindi]] [[Kannada language|Kannada]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[Oriya language|Oriya]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Urdu language|Urdu]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|website={{URL|https://neet.nta.nic.in/}}
{{center|As per NTA Public Notice dated 30.12.2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEET 2025 |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s37bc1ec1d9c3426357e69acd5bf320061/uploads/2024/12/2024123021.pdf |website=gov.in |publisher=[[National Testing Agency]]}}</ref>}}
|footnotes=|fee=*{{INRConvert|1700}} for General candidates
*{{INRConvert|1600}} for General-EWS/OBC-NCL (Central List) candidates
*{{INRConvert|1000}} for SC/ST/PwD/Third Gender candidates|test_takers={{Decreasepositive}} 2,209,318 (2025)
| qualification_rate = 55.97%|free_label=Acceptance rate ([[MBBS]])|free=*'''2.73% (Overall)'''
** 0.004% for [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS (ND)]]
** 0.01% for [[JIPMER|JIPMER (P)]]
** 0.09% for [[AIIMS]]
|score_users=*[[List of medical colleges in India|''Medical schools in India'']]
* Veterinary colleges in India
*Colleges offering courses in alternative medicine|score_validity=* 1 year (India)
* 3 years (abroad)}}

The '''National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)''' or '''NEET (UG)''' (pronunciation: "neat"), formerly known as the [[All India Pre Medical Test|All India Pre-Medical Test (AIPMT)]], is an Indian nationwide [[entrance examination]] conducted by the [[National Testing Agency]] (NTA) for admission in undergraduate medical programs.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Medical Council of India Notification|date=1 March 2018|publisher=[[National Medical Commission|Medical Council of India]]|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/ActivitiWebClient/open/getDocument?path=/Documents/Public/Portal/Gazette/Eligibility-01.03.2018.pdf|access-date=6 December 2020|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417182348/https://www.nmc.org.in/ActivitiWebClient/open/getDocument?path=/Documents/Public/Portal/Gazette/Eligibility-01.03.2018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Being a mandatory exam for admission in medical programs,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/neet-mandatory-for-medical-admission-states-ugc-341901-2016-09-19 |title=NEET mandatory for medical admission: UGC |date=2016-09-19 |access-date=2024-06-13 |magazine=[[India Today]] |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616171929/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/neet-mandatory-for-medical-admission-states-ugc-341901-2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> it is the biggest exam in India in terms of number of applicants.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/neet-ug-applications-surge-for-9th-year-in-a-row-record-24l-for-2024-25/articleshow/108659338.cms |title=NEET-UG Applications Surge For 9th Year In A Row, Record 24L For 2024-25 |first=Manash |last=Pratim Gohain |date=2024-03-21 |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613135605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/neet-ug-applications-surge-for-9th-year-in-a-row-record-24l-for-2024-25/amp_articleshow/108659338.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Until 2012, the AIPMT was conducted by the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE). In 2013, NEET-UG was introduced, conducted by CBSE, replacing AIPMT. However, due to legal challenges, NEET was temporarily replaced by AIPMT in both 2014 and 2015. In 2016, NEET was reintroduced and conducted by CBSE. From 2019 onwards, the NTA has been responsible for conducting the NEET exam.

After the enactment of NMC Act 2019 in September 2019, NEET-UG became the sole entrance test for admissions to medical colleges in India including the [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS) and [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research|Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research]] (JIPMER) which until then conducted separate exams.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Neetu Chandra|date=4 October 2019|title=Common NEET under graduate exam from 2020-21 as per NMC Act: Centre|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/common-neet-under-graduate-exam-from-2020-21-as-per-nmc-act-centre-11570173347395.html|access-date=28 July 2020|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:NTA NEET Official Website 2025.png|thumb|[https://neet.nta.nic.in/ Official website of NTA NEET 2025]]]
Before NEET (UG) was implemented nationwide, states conducted their own entrance tests and some prestigious medical colleges like [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]], [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research|JIPMER]], [[Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University|IMS-BHU]], [[Kasturba Medical College|KMC Manipal & Mangalore]] and [[Christian Medical College Vellore|CMC Vellore]] conducted their own entrance exams.

NEET was initially proposed to take place from 2012 onwards.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://blog.careermitra.com/2011/09/neet-ug-held-2012/ | work=careermitra.com | title=NEET UG Likely to be Held in May 2012 | date=26 September 2011 | access-date=9 September 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915161728/http://blog.careermitra.com/2011/09/neet-ug-held-2012/ | archive-date=15 September 2012 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, for several reasons, the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] and [[Medical Council of India]] deferred NEET by a year.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://blog.careermitra.com/2011/12/neet-ug-2012-cancelled/ | work=careermitra.com | title=NEET UG 2012 Cancelled – It's Official | date=12 December 2011 | access-date=9 September 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925103302/http://blog.careermitra.com/2011/12/neet-ug-2012-cancelled/ | archive-date=25 September 2012 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The test was announced by the [[Government of India]] and was held for the first time on 5 May 2013 across India for students seeking admission for both undergraduate and postgraduate [[medicine]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-17/bhubaneswar/30288994_1_mci-boss-neet-undergraduate-medical-courses | title=MCI rules out vernacular language medium for NEET | date=17 October 2011 | access-date=28 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202210634/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-17/bhubaneswar/30288994_1_mci-boss-neet-undergraduate-medical-courses | archive-date=2 February 2014 | url-status=dead | work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 18 July 2013, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of 115 petitions and cancelled the NEET exam and announced that the MCI could not interfere with the admission process done by colleges.

Following the announcement from the Medical Council of India that it would introduce the NEET-UG exam in 2012, several states including Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu strongly opposed the change, stating that there was a huge variation in the syllabus proposed by the MCI and their state syllabi.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://blog.careermitra.com/2011/11/ap-west-bengal-maharashtra-gujarat-strongly-oppose-neet-ug/ | work=careermitra.com | title=AP, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Gujarat Strongly Oppose NEET UG | date=1 November 2011 | access-date=9 September 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925101450/http://blog.careermitra.com/2011/11/ap-west-bengal-maharashtra-gujarat-strongly-oppose-neet-ug/ | archive-date=25 September 2012 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Even though NEET 2016 is conducted in English and Hindi, it was announced that students can write exams in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] languages from 2017 onwards.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/neet-2017-352054-2016-11-15|title=Now NEET 2017 in Gujarati language too!|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090227/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/neet-2017-352054-2016-11-15|archive-date=19 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Odia language|Odia]] languages are added to the list so that students can write the exams in nine Indian languages and English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/210117/odia-kannada-added-to-neet-list-after-furore.html|title=Odia, Kannada added to NEET list after furore|first=Teena|last=Thacker|date=21 January 2017|website=The Asian Age|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218210629/http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/210117/odia-kannada-added-to-neet-list-after-furore.html|archive-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Supreme Court of India quashed the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) for admissions into all medical and dental colleges on 18 July 2013. The apex court ruled that the Medical Council of India cannot conduct a unified examination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sc-quashes-common-entrance-test-for-admission-in-medical-colleges/407514-3.html|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721154538/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sc-quashes-common-entrance-test-for-admission-in-medical-colleges/407514-3.html|archive-date=21 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to a 2013 announcement by CBSE,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cbse.nic.in/attach/Press%20Release_jammu_neet_2013.pdf |title=CBSE - Central Board of Secondary Education |access-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234254/http://cbse.nic.in/attach/Press%20Release_jammu_neet_2013.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> CBSE planned to conduct AIPMT on 4 May 2014.<ref>{{cite news|work=careermitra.com|title=CBSE to conduct All India Pre Medical Entrance Test (AIPMT) on 04, May 2014*|url=http://blog.careermitra.com/2013/10/cbse-to-conduct-all-india-pre-medical-entrance-test-aipmt-on-04-may-2014/|access-date=2 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002012/http://blog.careermitra.com/2013/10/cbse-to-conduct-all-india-pre-medical-entrance-test-aipmt-on-04-may-2014/|archive-date=5 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The final decision on NEET UG was planned to be taken after the verdict of the Supreme Court of India.

The Central Board of Secondary Education announces the results and the All India Merit List for NEET-UG. The merit list and the waiting list are prepared as per the directives of the [[Supreme Court of India]], DGHS, MCI and DCI. The results for 2013 were announced on 5 June.<ref name="NEET">{{cite web|title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 Results|url=http://cbseresults.nic.in/|work=Central Board of Secondary Education|access-date=9 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607070017/http://www.cbseresults.nic.in/|archive-date=7 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

NEET was declared illegal and unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of India in 2013. However, it was restored on 11 April 2016, after a five-judge Constitution bench recalled the earlier verdict and allowed the Central Government and the Medical Council of India (MCI) to implement the common entrance test until the court decides afresh on its validity.

'''Phase One Test (2016)'''

The All India Pre Medical Test, also known as AIPMT, held on 1 May 2016, was considered as the first phase of the NEET. Students who registered for Phase One were given a chance to appear for the next phase of NEET held on 24 July 2016, but with a condition that candidates have to give up their NEET Phase 1 score.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medicine.careers360.com/news/sc-opens-neet-2016-phase-2-for-all-question-paper-be-in-regional-languages-also-173382|title=SC opens NEET 2016 phase 2 for all; scraps state level medical entrance exams|website=medicine.careers360.com|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709012533/https://medicine.careers360.com/news/sc-opens-neet-2016-phase-2-for-all-question-paper-be-in-regional-languages-also-173382|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=live|date=9 May 2016}}</ref> The above dates are as per the order of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-orders-common-entrance-test-for-MBBS-BDS-and-PG-courses-through-NEET/articleshow/52025449.cms|title=Supreme Court orders common entrance test for MBBS, BDS and PG courses through NEET - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 April 2016 |access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905132632/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-orders-common-entrance-test-for-MBBS-BDS-and-PG-courses-through-NEET/articleshow/52025449.cms|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Exam pattern and structure ==
There are a total of 180 questions asked in the exam, 45 questions each from [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]], [[Botany]] and [[Zoology]]. Each correct response fetches 4 marks and each incorrect response gets -1 negative marking. The exam duration is 3 hours (180 min). The exam is of 720 marks (maximum marks).<ref name="u660">{{cite web |title=NTA NEET Exam Pattern 2025 |url=https://www.nta.ac.in/Download/Notice/Notice_20250125132355.pdf |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=National Testing Agency}}</ref>

==Syllabus==
NEET (UG) syllabus consists of the core concepts of Physics, Chemistry and Biology taught in classes 11 and 12 as prescribed by the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Updated Syllabus for NEET UG 2025 Entrance Examination Proposed by NMC |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/MCIRest/open/getDocument?path=/Documents/Public/Portal/LatestNews/neetUG2025.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718165421/https://www.mciindia.org/CMS/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/FinalCoreSyllabus_NEET-UG.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2021 |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=National Medical Commission |publisher=[[National Medical Commission]] (which owns "nmc.org.in")}}</ref>

== Organizing body ==
The [[National Testing Agency]] (NTA) has been made the nodal agency for conduct of all India competitive exams and conducts NEET (UG) from 2019. The [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] conducted NEET between 2013 and 2018 before the setting of NTA.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/National-Eligibility-cum-Entrance-Test-to-roll-out-from-2013/articleshow/11237847.cms|title=National Eligibility cum-Entrance Test to roll out from 2013 - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=25 December 2011 |access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225080148/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/National-Eligibility-cum-Entrance-Test-to-roll-out-from-2013/articleshow/11237847.cms|archive-date=25 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mciindia.org/NEET/NEETUG.aspx|title=National Eligibility and Entrance Test-UG - Medical Council of India|website=mciindia.org|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629013639/http://www.mciindia.org/NEET/NEETUG.aspx|archive-date=29 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Opposition and Criticisms ==
The introduction of NEET has received opposition from some entities, most notably the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The bulk of the major political parties represented in the state, including the [[AIADMK]] and the ruling [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] have expressed resistance to the test on multiple grounds.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/india/why-tamil-nadu-is-not-the-first-state-to-oppose-neet-since-implementation/736029/ |title=Why Tamil Nadu is not the first state to oppose NEET since implementation |date=19 September 2021 |work=[[ThePrint]] |author=Soniya Agrawal |access-date=6 February 2022 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616172525/https://theprint.in/india/why-tamil-nadu-is-not-the-first-state-to-oppose-neet-since-implementation/736029/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Notably many of these states had regional State Boards which taught slightly different materials in the 11th and 12th grade posing a significant disadvantage for aspirants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoskote |first=Nagabhushanam |date=2023-11-12 |title=Inter students want state boards to follow NTA syllabus for competitive exams |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/education/121123/inter-students-want-state-boards-to-follow-nta-syllabus-for-competitiv.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616172031/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/education/121123/inter-students-want-state-boards-to-follow-nta-syllabus-for-competitiv.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Albert P'Rayan writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'' criticized NEET for introducing a Unified Standard Testing Examination that has encouraged the emergence of various [[Cram school|coaching institutions]] in India which end up favoring the rich, urban and of those part of the historical Indian upper caste. A 2023 report that interviewed 38 of the top 50 in NEET-2023, revealed that all but one had undergone some level of coaching. Among the 50, 29 belonged to the general category and 37 of the 50 also studied in urban area schools and reported investing significant amounts of money in coaching.<ref name="P'Rayan">{{Cite news |last=P'Rayan |first=Albert |date=2023-06-24 |title=Examining the importance of coaching in competitive exams |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/examining-the-importance-of-coaching-in-competitive-exams/article66992891.ece |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608144820/https://www.thehindu.com/education/examining-the-importance-of-coaching-in-competitive-exams/article66992891.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> To address these disparities, initiatives like the [[National Level Common Entrance Examination]] (NLCEE) stepped in, offering free online coaching during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite news |title=Start-up offers free coaching to 100 needy students via competitive exam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/start-up-offers-free-coaching-to-100-needy-students-via-competitive-exam/article65490830.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2022-06-04}}</ref>

NEET-UG has also been criticized for not setting up a minimum qualifying percentage for each individual subject. A 2017 report that analyzed the results of 1,990 students who got admitted to MBBS with 0, single digit and negative marks in individual subjects through heavy donations.<ref name="P'Rayan"/>

== Number of applicants==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Date of examination
!No. of candidates registered
!No. of candidates appeared
!{{Refh}}
|-
|2013
|5 May 2013
|717,127
|658,040
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-10 |title=NEET(UG) 2013 Press Release |url=http://cbse.gov.in/Press%20Note-NEET%202013.pdf |access-date=2022-08-28 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810153917/http://cbse.gov.in/Press%20Note-NEET%202013.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2014
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |''Exam not held (AIPMT held instead)''
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|2015
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|1 May 2016 (Phase I)
| rowspan="2" |802,594
| rowspan="2" |731,233
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-27 |title=NEET(UG) 2016 Press Release |url=https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/Press%20Note-NEET%202016.pdf |access-date=2022-09-03 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627114327/https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/Press%20Note-NEET%202016.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|24 July 2016 (Phase II)
|-
|2017
|7 May 2017
|1,138,890
|1,090,085
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-27 |title=NEET(UG) 2017 Press Release |url=https://www.cbse.gov.in/cbsenew/Press_Notes/2017/PRESS%20RELEASE%20-%20NEET%20(UG)%202017%20RESULT.pdf |access-date=2022-08-28 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627113807/https://www.cbse.gov.in/cbsenew/Press_Notes/2017/PRESS%20RELEASE%20-%20NEET%20(UG)%202017%20RESULT.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|6 May 2018
|1,326,725
|1,269,922
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-05 |title=NEET 2018(UG) Press Release |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/ht2018/6/cbseneet2018.pdf |access-date=2022-08-28 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605052849/https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/ht2018/6/cbseneet2018.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|5 May 2019
|1,519,375
|1,410,755
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-19 |title=NEET(UG) 2019 Press Release |url=https://nta.ac.in/Download/Notice/20190605081506.pdf |access-date=2022-08-28 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619221309/https://nta.ac.in/Download/Notice/20190605081506.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|13 September 2020{{efn|name=postpone|Postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].}}
|1,597,435
|1,366,945
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-15 |title=NEET(UG) 2020 Press Release |url=https://nta.ac.in/Download/Notice/Notice_20201017063259.pdf |access-date=2022-08-28 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215213231/https://nta.ac.in/Download/Notice/Notice_20201017063259.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|12 September 2021{{efn|name=postpone}}
|1,614,777
|1,544,275
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-02 |title=NEET(UG) 2021 Press Release |url=https://www.nta.ac.in/Download/Notice/Notice_20211101224556.pdf |access-date=2022-08-28 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102110255/https://www.nta.ac.in/Download/Notice/Notice_20211101224556.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|17 July 2022{{efn|name=postpone}}
|1,872,343
|1,764,571
|<ref>{{Cite web |author=Manash Pratim Gohain |date=May 27, 2022 |title=NEET-UG registrations up 2.6 lakh this year, cross 18 lakh {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/neet-ug-registrations-up-2-6-lakh-this-year-cross-18-lakh/articleshow/91821436.cms |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627132157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/neet-ug-registrations-up-2-6-lakh-this-year-cross-18-lakh/articleshow/91821436.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-08 |title=NEET(UG) 2022 Press Release |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s37bc1ec1d9c3426357e69acd5bf320061/uploads/2022/09/2022090722.pdf |access-date=2022-09-08 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908002744/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s37bc1ec1d9c3426357e69acd5bf320061/uploads/2022/09/2022090722.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|7 May 2023
|2,087,462
|2,038,596
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-20 |title=At 20 lakh+, NEET-UG records all-time high registration |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/at-20-lakh-neet-ug-records-all-time-high-registration/articleshow/99622482.cms |access-date=2023-04-21 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616172439/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/at-20-lakh-neet-ug-records-all-time-high-registration/articleshow/99622482.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-13 |title=NTA Declares the Result/NTA Scores/Rank of National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (UG) – 2023 |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s37bc1ec1d9c3426357e69acd5bf320061/uploads/2023/06/2023061375.pdf |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=[[National Testing Agency]] |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616172437/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s37bc1ec1d9c3426357e69acd5bf320061/uploads/2023/06/2023061375.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|5 May 2024
|2,406,079
|2,333,297
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gohain |first=Manash Pratim |date=2024-03-21 |title=NEET-UG journey in numbers at it hits all-time high |url=https://twitter.com/manashTOI/status/1770643421566296420 |access-date=2024-03-21 |work=[[The Times Of India]] |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616173020/https://twitter.com/manashTOI/status/1770643421566296420 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-04 |title=NTA Declares NEET 2024 Result |url=https://www.nta.ac.in/Download/Notice/Notice_20240604195244.pdf |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=nta.ac.in |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616171934/https://www.nta.ac.in/Download/Notice/Notice_20240604195244.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2024 |title=NTA Declares the Re-revised Result / NTA Scores / Rank of the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test NEET UG 2024 |url=https://www.nta.ac.in/Download/Notice/Notice_20240726213317.pdf |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=www.nta.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|4 May 2025
|2,276,069
|2,209,318
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2025 |title=NTA Declares the Result / NTA Scores / Rank of the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test NEET UG 2025 |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s37bc1ec1d9c3426357e69acd5bf320061/uploads/2025/06/2025061472.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=}}</ref>
|}

== Exam cutoff and reservation==
Each year in the NEET exam, a substantial number of candidates ''qualify'' by meeting the minimum percentile-based criteria set by the NTA which only makes them eligible for counselling. However, the number of MBBS seats available is far lower: only about 60,000 seats for government medical college and 58,000 seats for private medical colleges in India. This causes a steep gap: many who ''qualify'' according to the eligibility criteria still do not get admission because the actual cutoff for admission into a college (based on marks, category, rank and seat availability) is much higher than the qualifying cutoff. This means only about 2.73% of students actually get a government sponsored medical seat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2025 |title=NEET UG Cut-off 2025 OUT: Qualifying marks for each category |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/neet-ug-cut-off-2025-out-qualifying-marks-for-each-category/articleshow/121845757.cms/ |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Roshni |date=2025-06-16 |title=Over 12 lakh qualify NEET UG 2025, but only 1.18 lakh MBBS seats available |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/mbbs-medical-seats-neet-ug-2025-qualifiers-wide-gap-2741490-2025-06-16 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Many private medical seats go unfilled each year because of extremely high education fee, even though millions of students ''qualify'' NEET. While government medical colleges charge around {{INRConvert|7000}} to {{INRConvert|6|l}}, private MBBS fee can go upwards of {{INRConvert|1|c}}.

Over 1,700 private medical seats in Uttar Pradesh alone were left vacant during the mop-up round solely due to unaffordable fee, lack of educational loans and government funding; also considering the socio-economic condition of Indian population, it is extremely difficult to cash a private medical seat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Misra |first=Barsha |date=2025-09-07 |title=How many MBBS seats went vacant in the last 4 years? |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/education/how-many-mbbs-seats-went-vacant-in-the-last-4-years-154779 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=medicaldialogues.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-07 |title=Thousands of medical seats are going vacant: What's really wrong with MBBS admissions in India? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/thousands-of-medical-seats-are-going-vacant-whats-really-wrong-with-mbbs-admissions-in-india/articleshow/123139247.cms |access-date=2025-09-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!Minimum Qualifying Percentile
|-
! colspan="2" |As of 2019
|-
|Unreserved (UR)
|50th Percentile
|-
|Unreserved PH (UR-PH)
|45th Percentile
|-
|Scheduled Caste (SC)
|40th Percentile
|-
|Scheduled Tribe (ST)
|40th Percentile
|-
|Other Backward Classes (OBC)
|40th Percentile
|-
|SC-PH
|40th Percentile
|-
|ST-PH
|40th Percentile
|-
|OBC-PH
|40th Percentile
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!PwD
!'''%''' Reservation in Total Medical Seats
|-
| rowspan="2" |OBC
|No
!25.65
|-
|Yes
!1.35
|-
| rowspan="2" |SC
|No
!14.25
|-
|Yes
!0.75
|-
| rowspan="2" |EWS
|No
!9.5
|-
|Yes
!0.5
|-
| rowspan="2" |ST
|No
!7.125
|-
|Yes
!0.375
|-
| rowspan="2" |Unreserved (Open){{efn|name=reservation|Note that Unreserved seats can be contested by all candidates regardless of the reservation already implemented.}}
|No
!38.475
|-
|Yes
!2.025
|-
|}

== Colleges and medical seats ==
As per the orders of the Supreme Court and the [[National Medical Commission|NMC Act 2019]], a single medical entrance exam is conducted all over India for admission into medical and dental colleges. Colleges and universities will not be able to conduct their own medical entrance exam and will accept students based on the All India Rank obtained in NEET-UG. After the declaration of the results, an All India Rank (AIR) is allotted to each candidate and a merit list is released.

The [[National Medical Commission]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-25 |title=Medical education in India: MCI dissolved, new regulator from today |url=https://www.livemint.com/education/news/medical-education-in-india-mci-dissolved-new-regulator-from-today-11601012884532.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629213153/https://www.livemint.com/education/news/medical-education-in-india-mci-dissolved-new-regulator-from-today-11601012884532.html |url-status=live }}</ref> conducts counselling (allotment of seats according to merit and candidate choice) for 15% state seats, central institutes and deemed universities. The counselling for remaining 85% state quota seats and private colleges is done by the medical boards of respective states. States prepare their separate merit list on basis of NEET-UG results. The total number of seats offered combining Gov. and under NEET as of 2024 are 196,515 (109,170<ref>{{Cite web |title=NMC updated MBBS seats |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/college-and-course-search/}}</ref> for [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]], 28,088 for [[Dental degree|BDS]], 52,720 for [[Ministry of Ayush|AYUSH]] and 6537 for [[Bachelor of Veterinary Science|BVSc]]).<ref>{{Cite web |author=Manash Pratim Gohain |date=May 27, 2022 |title=NEET-UG registrations up 2.6 lakh this year, cross 18 lakh {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/neet-ug-registrations-up-2-6-lakh-this-year-cross-18-lakh/articleshow/91821436.cms |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627132157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/neet-ug-registrations-up-2-6-lakh-this-year-cross-18-lakh/articleshow/91821436.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!College
!No. of seats offered
|-
|MBBS colleges
|109,170<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of College Teaching MBBS NMC Updated 2024 |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/college-and-course-search/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|BDS colleges
|28,088<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dental Council of India |url=https://dciindia.gov.in/PermittedSeats.aspx |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=dciindia.gov.in |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211164941/https://dciindia.gov.in/PermittedSeats.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|AYUSH colleges
|52,720<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayush Council Seat |url=https://aaccc.gov.in/}}</ref>
|-
|BVSc colleges
|6537<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vet Council of India Seat |url=http://vci.dahd.gov.in/}}</ref>
|-
|All colleges combined
|196,515
|}

== Courses ==
Under NEET(UG) following courses can be taken by a candidate:
*[[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS)
**5.5 years duration
**'''Note:''' ''MBBS is the only legally recognised [[Evidence-based medicine|evidence based]] [[Medical doctor|physician]] qualification in India which is internationally accepted. The programme is listed in the [[World Directory of Medical Schools]], making graduates eligible for international medical licensure, such as by [[Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates|Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG)]], [[Medical Council of Canada|Medical Council of Canada (MCC)]], etc.''
*[[Bachelor of Dental Surgery]] (BDS)
**5 years duration
**'''Note:''' ''BDS is a legally recognised dental qualification in India based on evidence based [[Dentistry|dental science]], accepted for dental practice in India. International recognition is subject to state specific licensing policies.''
*[[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery|Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery]] (BAMS)
**5.5 years duration
**'''Note:''' ''BAMS is a legally recognised qualification for [[Ayurveda]] in India under the [[Ministry of Ayush|AYUSH]] system; however, it is classified as a [[pseudoscience]] and is not aligned with modern evidence-based medical science and has limited to no recognition internationally.''
*[[Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery]] (BHMS)
**5.5 years duration
**'''Note:''' ''BHMS is a legally recognised qualification for [[Homeopathy]] in India under the AYUSH system; however, it is classified as a [[pseudoscience]] and is not aligned with modern evidence-based medical science and has limited to no recognition internationally.''
*Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yoga Sciences (BNYS)
**5.5 years duration
**'''Note:''' ''BNYS is a legally recognised qualification for [[Naturopathy]] in India under the AYUSH system; however, it is classified as a [[pseudoscience]] and is not aligned with modern evidence-based medical science and has limited to no recognition internationally.''
*[[Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery]] (BUMS)
**5.5 years duration
**'''Note:''' ''BUMS is a legally recognised qualification for [[Unani medicine]] in India under the AYUSH system; however, it is classified as a [[pseudoscience]] and is not aligned with modern evidence-based medical science and has limited to no recognition internationally.''
*[[Bachelor of Siddha Medicine and Surgery]] (BSMS)
**5.5 years duration
**'''Note:''' ''BSMS is a legally recognised qualification for [[Siddha medicine]] in India under the AYUSH system; however, it is classified as a [[pseudoscience]] and is not aligned with modern evidence-based medical science and has limited to no recognition internationally.''
*[[Bachelor of Veterinary Science|Bachelor of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry]] (BVSC & AH)
**'''Note:''' ''BVSC is a legally recognised and scientific [[Veterinary medicine|veterinary medical qualification]] in India and is accepted internationally, subject to national licensing regulations.''
**5.5 years duration
*[[Bachelor of Physiotherapy]] (BPT)
**5 years duration
** '''Note:''' ''BPT is a legally recognised and evidence based [[Health care|healthcare]] degree focused on [[Physical therapy|Physiotherapeutic management of conditions]] and is accepted for primary care practice in India and first contact practice internationally.''
*[[Bachelor of Science in Nursing]] (BSc. nursing)
**4 years duration and in India
** '''Note:''' ''B.Sc Nursing is a legally recognised, evidence based healthcare degree for professional [[nursing]] practice accepted globally and in India.''

==NEET 2024 controversy==
{{Main|2024 NEET controversy}}

=== Paper leak ===
The exam paper for the 2024 NEET-UG exam was allegedly leaked a day before the exam in Patna, Bihar. On 5 May 2024, the day of the exam, an [[First information report|FIR]] was filed at the Shastri Nagar police station in Patna. According to police officials, the paper leak gang allegedly charged {{INRConvert|30|l}} to {{INRConvert|50|l}} from several candidates, providing them with the question papers, claimed to be those of NEET-UG, a day prior for memorization. The police have arrested several suspects in connection with the paper leak.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Avinash |date=11 May 2024 |title=NEET UG 2024 paper leak case: Economic Offences Unit of Bihar Police springs into action, new revelations come to fore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/neet-ug-2024-paper-leak-case-economic-offences-unit-of-bihar-police-springs-into-action-new-revelations-come-to-fore-101715431832762.html |location=[[Patna]] |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=8 June 2024 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608185251/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/neet-ug-2024-paper-leak-case-economic-offences-unit-of-bihar-police-springs-into-action-new-revelations-come-to-fore-101715431832762.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-24 |title='120 Students; Rs 20-Lakh Post-dated Cheques; No Social Media': CBI Sources Decode NEET Paper Leak {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/india/120-candidates-rs-20-lakh-post-dated-cheques-no-social-media-transfer-decoding-neet-paper-leak-exclusive-8977089.html |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

On 22 June, the NTA chief, Subodh Kumar Singh, was removed from his position. The [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] handed over the case related to the leak to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Narottam Tanna |first1=Ketan |title=NTA chief Subodh Kumar Singh removed amid paper leak row; CBI to probe NEET-UG irregularities |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jun/22/nta-chief-subodh-kumar-singh-removed-amid-paper-leak-row-cbi-to-probe-neet-ug-irregularities |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623045318/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jun/22/nta-chief-subodh-kumar-singh-removed-amid-paper-leak-row-cbi-to-probe-neet-ug-irregu |archive-date=23 June 2024 |language=en |date=22 June 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The CBI, on 18 July has carried out various arrests including four MBBS students from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna|AIIMS Patna]] and a civil Engineering student from [[National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur|NIT Jamshedpur]] (Pankaj Kumar) in connection to the paper leak and solving of the leaked paper.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=2024-07-18 |title=NEET-UG paper leak: CBI arrests four MBBS students of Patna AIIMS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/neet-ug-paper-leak-cbi-arrests-four-mbbs-students-of-patna-aiims/article68418498.ece |access-date=2024-07-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 19 July, a first year MBBS student (Surabhi Kumari) from [[Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences|RIMS Ranchi]] who was allegedly involved in solving the paper.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=2024-07-19 |title=NEET-UG case: CBI arrests RIMS Ranchi student who 'solved' papers |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jul/19/neet-ug-case-cbi-arrests-rims-ranchi-student-who-solved-papers |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{Cite web |title=NEET-UG Case: CBI Arrests RIMS MBBS Student Who Solved Papers |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/neet-ug-case-cbi-arrests-rims-mbbs-student-who-solved-papers-2768329.html |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] so far has arrested 36 persons in relation to the [[2024 NEET controversy|NEET Paper leak]] case.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBI Uncovers NEET UG 2024 Paper Leak; 36 Arrested, Including School Officials And MBBS Students |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/cbi-uncovers-neet-ug-2024-paper-leak-36-arrested-including-school-officials-and-mbbs-students |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref name="zeenews.india.com"/>

=== Discrepancies in result ===
The results of the examination were declared on 4 June 2024, ten days earlier than the previously scheduled date. A total of 67 students achieved a perfect score, a significantly higher number than in previous examinations, which raised controversy. The [[National Testing Agency]] (NTA), the examination organizer, clarified that the higher number of top scorers was due to 44 of the 67 students answering a physics question incorrectly but still being awarded marks because of a mistake in the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]] book.<ref name="iecontro">{{cite web |last1=Teri |first1=Deeksha |title=Why is there controversy around NEET this year? |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-is-there-a-controversy-around-neet-this-year-9378906/ |url-access=subscription |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=16 June 2024 |language=en |date=9 June 2024 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613081115/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-is-there-a-controversy-around-neet-this-year-9378906/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Sonali |title=NEET-UG 2024 Controversy Explained: How 44 students became toppers even after giving wrong answer |url=http://businesstoday.in/education/story/neet-ug-2024-how-44-students-became-toppers-even-after-giving-wrong-answer-433186-2024-06-13 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |publisher=[[India Today Group]] |access-date=16 June 2024 |language=en |date=13 June 2024 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613131949/https://www.businesstoday.in/education/story/neet-ug-2024-how-44-students-became-toppers-even-after-giving-wrong-answer-433186-2024-06-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several examinees received scores of 718 or 719, which students argued was mathematically impossible under the exam marking scheme. The NTA later clarified that 1,563 examinees, including six toppers from the same center,<ref name="hindustan1">{{cite web |last1=Ifitkhar |first1=Fareeha |title=Wider NEET retest not on the cards: Education minister Dharmendra Pradhan |url=http://hindustantimes.com/india-news/wider-neet-retest-not-on-the-cards-minister-101718391053594.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=16 June 2024 |language=en |date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616172435/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/wider-neet-retest-not-on-the-cards-minister-101718391053594.html |url-status=live }}</ref> were awarded compensatory marks for lost time.{{efn|Compensatory marks were awarded based on a normalization formula established by the Supreme Court in a 2018 judgment.<ref name="iecontro" />}} Examinees at some centers in Haryana, Delhi, and Chhattisgarh complained that they were given less than the allotted time to complete their examination and filed writ petitions before the High Courts of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana]], [[Delhi High Court|Delhi]], and [[Chhattisgarh High Court|Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="iecontro" /> However, after the intervention of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], the NTA decided to withdraw the grace marks and hold the examination again for those 1,563 candidates on 23 June 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEET 2024: NTA issues notice on re-exam. Check exam and result dates and other details |url=http://economictimes.com/jobs/exams-results/neet-2024-nta-issues-notification-on-re-exam-check-exam-and-result-dates-and-other-details/articleshow/111014014.cms |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=16 June 2024 |language=en |date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616172436/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/exams-results/neet-2024-nta-issues-notification-on-re-exam-check-exam-and-result-dates-and-other-details/articleshow/111014014.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hindustan1" /> Out of these, 813 students took the retest.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shakil |first1=Marya |last2=Achom |first2=Debanish |title=750 Of 1,563 Students Skipped NEET-UG Retest: Exam Body NTA |url=http://ndtv.com/india-news/750-of-1-563-students-skipped-neet-ug-retest-exam-body-nta-5952815 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623142900/http://ndtv.com/india-news/750-of-1-563-students-skipped-neet-ug-retest-exam-body-nta-5952815 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |language=en |date=23 June 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Petitions filed in the Supreme Court ===
Several petitions were filed in the High Courts of different states and the Supreme Court of India, including one by [[Alakh Pandey]], co-founder of the [[Educational technology|ed-tech]] company [[Physics Wallah]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Has Physics Wallah CEO Approached Supreme Court For Probe Into NEET |url=http://ndtv.com/india-news/physics-wallah-ceo-alakh-pandey-wants-expert-panel-to-probe-neet-row-5894328 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=16 June 2024 |language=en |date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615052200/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/physics-wallah-ceo-alakh-pandey-wants-expert-panel-to-probe-neet-row-5894328 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |title=NEET-UG Row: Supreme Court notice to National Testing Agency, Centre on pleas seeking probe into NEET 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/neet-ug-row-sc-issues-notice-over-ntas-plea-seeking-transfer-of-cases-from-high-courts/article68288295.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 June 2024 |language=en |date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616172942/https://www.thehindu.com/education/neet-ug-row-sc-issues-notice-over-ntas-plea-seeking-transfer-of-cases-from-high-courts/article68288295.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> On 13 June 2024, the Supreme Court of India allowed the cancellation of the scorecards of the 1,563 candidates who were given grace marks and ordered a re-test for those candidates.

A Bench of Chief Justice of India [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|DY Chandrachud]] with Justices [[J. B. Pardiwala|JB Pardiwala]] and [[Manoj Misra]] dealt with the matter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Debayan |date=2024-07-23 |title=NEET UG 2024: Supreme Court rejects plea for re-examination |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/neet-ug-2024-supreme-court-rejects-plea-reexamination |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

On 8 July, the CJI led bench of the Supreme court ordered the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Investigation officer to file an Investigation report and scheduled the next hearing for July 11 which was later postponed to 18 July.<ref>{{cite web |title=SC allows cancellation of NEET results for 1563 candidates, re-exam to be held |url=http://hindustantimes.com/education/competitive-exams/neet-result-2024-cancelled-grace-marks-re-exam-supreme-court-hearing-nta-latest-news-101718256391180.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=16 June 2024 |language=en |date=13 June 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615075319/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/competitive-exams/neet-result-2024-cancelled-grace-marks-re-exam-supreme-court-hearing-nta-latest-news-101718256391180.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-19 |title=NEET UG 2024 Result Live: NTA NEET results releasing tomorrow at exams.nta.ac.in/NEET/ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/neet-ug-2024-result-live-updates-nta-neet-results-direct-link-how-to-check-scorecard-latest-news-at-neetntaonlinein-101721383011230.html |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The petitions requesting re NEET were heard on 8 July, 11 July, 22 July as well as 23 July. The [[Supreme Court of India]] led by [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|Chief Justice DY Chandrachud]] upheld the examinations and said that there was no indication of a widespread leak all over the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-23 |title=NEET UG 2024 SC hearing LIVE Updates: SC refuses to cancel exam, says there is no material to show systemic breach |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/neet-ug-hearing-2024-live-updates-july-23/article68435264.ece |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-23 |title=No ReNEET: SC refuses to cancel 2024 NEET-UG exam, cites 'absence of material' to show sanctity of entire exam was affected |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-re-neet-sc-refuses-to-cancel-2024-neet-ug-exam-says-no-proof-to-show-sanctity-of-entire-exam-was-affected/articleshow/111956491.cms |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[National Testing Agency]]
* [[National Exit Test]]
* [[All India Pre Medical Test]]
* [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Postgraduate)]]
* [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main]]
* [[Junior Science Talent Search Examination]]
* [[Compulsory Rotating Medical Internship]]
* [[Medical Council of India Screening Test]]

=== Related to Indian medical system ===
* [[Healthcare in India]]
* [[Medical education in India]]
* [[National Medical Commission]]
* [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]
* [[National Commission for Indian System of Medicine]]
* [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
* [[List of medical colleges in India]]
* [[List of hospitals in India]]
* [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Standardised tests in India}}

[[Category:Medical education in India]]
[[Category:Standardised tests in India]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in India]]

Nandi Awards of 1970

2026-02-22T16:40:42Z

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{{Short description|Indian Telugu film and TV awards ceremony}}
{{one source|date=July 2021}}
{{Nandi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

The [[Nandi Awards]] were presented annually by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] to recognise excellence in [[Telugu cinema]], [[Telugu theatre|theatre]], and television. The first awards were given in 1964. The recipients of the best film awards in 1970 were the following.

== 1970 Nandi Awards Winners List ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Category<ref>{{cite web|date=|title=Nandi Award winners 1964-2008|url=https://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=14 July 2021}}</ref>
!Winner
!Film
|-
|[[List of winners of the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|[[B. Padmanabham]]
|[[Kathanayika Molla]]
|-
|Second Best Feature Film
|[[D. Yoganand]]
|[[Kodalu Diddina Kapuram]]
|-
|Third Best Feature Film
|[[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
|[[Balaraju Katha]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Nandi Awards]]
[[Category:1970 awards]]

Chauth Ka Barwara

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JestineLegg9: Adding a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Chauth Ka Barwara
|other_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = [[Village]]
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]]
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_total = 14,038
|population_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 – Sawai Madhopur|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1066/download/3278/DH_2011_0810_PART_A_DCHB_SAWAI_MADHOPUR.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 69.28
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 937
| leader_title = [[sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Sita Devi
|coordinates = {{coord|26.051085|N|76.1361334|E|display=inline,title}}
|pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
}}

'''Chauth Ka Barwara''' is a town and tehsil headquarters situated in [[Sawai Madhopur district]], [[Rajasthan]]. It is also known for [[Chauth Mata Temple]] in the region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vicky Kaushal's face lights up as he sees bride Katrina Kaif for the first time, watch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-first-look-at-bride-katrina-kaif-inside-photo-from-wedding-7671888/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Karva Chauth 2018: Unique is the Chauth Mata Temple of Barwara|url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/mukhye-dharmik-sthal-know-about-famous-chauth-mata-temple-sawai-madhopur-on-karwa-chauth2018-18574493.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Due to the heritage hotel, the barwada of Chauth came in the headlines across the country|url=https://www.patrika.com/sawai-madhopur-news/due-to-the-heritage-hotel-the-barwada-of-chauth-came-in-the-headlines-7162403/}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sawai Madhopur district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Sawai Madhopur district]]

{{Bharatpurdivision-geo-stub}}

2011–12 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

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JestineLegg9: Put Up New Pg

{{short description|Cyclone season in the Southwest Indian Ocean}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox hurricane season
| Basin=SWI
| Year=2012
| Track=2011-2012 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season summary.png
| First storm formed=December 4, 2011
| Last storm dissipated=June 8, 2012
| Strongest storm name=[[Cyclone Funso|Funso]]
| Strongest storm pressure=925
| Strongest storm winds=110
| Average wind speed=10
| Total disturbances=14
| Total depressions=14
| Total storms=10
| Total hurricanes=3
| Total intense=2
| ACE Index=96.03
| Fatalities=164 total
| Damagespre=~
| Damages=
| five seasons=[[2009–10 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|2009–10]], [[2010–11 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|2010–11]], '''2011–12''', [[2012–13 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|2012–13]], [[2013–14 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|2013–14]]
| Australian season=2011–12 Australian region cyclone season
| South Indian season=2011–12 South Pacific cyclone season
}}
The '''2011–12 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season''' was a slightly above average event in [[tropical cyclone]] formation. It began on November 15, 2011, and ended on April 30, 2012, with the exception for [[Mauritius]] and the [[Seychelles]], for which it ended on May 15, 2012. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the region; however, Severe Tropical Storm Kuena developed in early June, after the season had officially ended. The basin is defined as the area west of [[longitude|90°E]] and south of the [[Equator]] in the Indian Ocean, which includes the waters around [[Madagascar]] westward to the east coast of Africa. Tropical cyclones in this basin are monitored by the [[Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre]] in Réunion.

__TOC__
{{clear|right}}

==Timeline==
<div class="center">
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:800 height:200
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20
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AlignBars = early
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/12/2011 till:01/07/2012
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id:TD value:rgb(0.43,0.76,0.92) legend:Tropical_Depression/Subtropical_Depression_=_32–38_mph_(51–62_km/h)
id:TS value:rgb(0.30,1,1) legend:Moderate_Tropical_Storm_=_39–54_mph_(63–88_km/h)
id:ST value:rgb(0.75,1,0.75) legend:Severe_Tropical_Storm_=_55–73_mph_(89–118_km/h)
id:TC value:rgb(1,0.85,0.55) legend:Tropical_Cyclone_=_74–103_mph_(119–166_km/h)
id:IT value:rgb(1,0.45,0.54) legend:Intense_Tropical_Cyclone_=_104–133_mph_(167–214_km/h)
id:VI value:rgb(0.55,0.46,0.9) legend:Very_Intense_Tropical_Cyclone_=_≥134_mph_(≥215_km/h)

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BarData =
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bar:Month

PlotData=
barset:Hurricane width:11 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till
from:04/12/2011 till:07/12/2011 color:TS text:"Alenga (MTS)"
from:06/12/2011 till:16/12/2011 color:TD text:"02 (TDe)"
from:19/12/2011 till:23/12/2011 color:TD text:"03 (SD)"
from:28/12/2011 till:04/01/2012 color:TC text:"Benilde (TC)"
from:05/01/2012 till:10/01/2012 color:TS text:"Chanda (MTS)"
from:10/01/2012 till:18/01/2012 color:TD text:"Dando (SD)"
from:17/01/2012 till:22/01/2012 color:ST text:"Ethel (STS)"
barset:break
from:17/01/2012 till:28/01/2012 color:IT text:"[[Cyclone Funso|Funso (ITC)]]"
from:07/02/2012 till:22/02/2012 color:IT text:"[[Cyclone Giovanna|Giovanna (ITC)]]"
from:14/02/2012 till:22/02/2012 color:TS text:"Hilwa (MTS)"
from:25/02/2012 till:12/03/2012 color:ST text:"[[Tropical Storm Irina|Irina (STS)]]"
from:29/02/2012 till:03/03/2012 color:TD text:"12 (TDe)"
from:08/03/2012 till:11/03/2012 color:ST text:"Joni (STS)"
from:03/06/2012 till:08/06/2012 color:TS text:"Kuena (MTS)"

bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas
from:01/12/2011 till:01/01/2012 text:December
from:01/01/2012 till:01/02/2012 text:January
from:01/02/2012 till:01/03/2012 text:February
from:01/03/2012 till:01/04/2012 text:March
from:01/04/2012 till:01/05/2012 text:April
from:01/05/2012 till:01/06/2012 text:May
from:01/06/2012 till:01/07/2012 text:June

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==Systems==

===Moderate Tropical Storm Alenga===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=SWI
|Formed=December 4 ([[2011–12 Australian region cyclone season#Severe Tropical Cyclone Alenga|entered basin]])
|Dissipated=December 7 [[2011–12 Australian region cyclone season#Severe Tropical Cyclone Alenga|(exited basin)]]
|Image=Alenga 2011-12-06 0430Z.jpg
|Track=Alenga 2011 path.png
|10-min winds=45
|1-min winds=45
|Pressure=994
}}
On December 5, a rapidly developing [[Low-pressure area|area of low pressure]] crossed [[90th meridian east|90°E]] and entered La Réunion's area of responsibility. Within hours of moving into the region, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) classified it as Tropical Cyclone 01S. By this time, a [[Rainband|banding]] [[Eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] was apparent on satellite imagery. Favorable atmospheric conditions allowed [[Atmospheric convection|convection]] to increase in intensity and coverage over its center and good [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=United States Navy |date=December 5, 2011 |accessdate=December 5, 2011 |title=Tropical Cyclone 01S Advisory Number 001 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTXS31-PGTW_201112050300.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522123549/https://www.webcitation.org/63hml4oX9?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTXS31-PGTW_201112050300.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |df=mdy }}</ref> Several hours later, La Réunion reported that the system had intensified into a Moderate Tropical Storm, with the Mauritius Meteorological service naming it Alenga.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=La Réunion |date=December 5, 2011 |accessdate=December 5, 2011 |title=Moderate Tropical Storm Alenga Advisory One |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO20-FMEE_201112050730.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522123712/https://www.webcitation.org/63hoF9TLl?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO20-FMEE_201112050730.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |df=mdy }}</ref> The name was contributed by Kenya. Continuing to rapidly intensify, Alenga strengthened into a severe tropical storm later that day.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=La Réunion |date=December 5, 2011 |accessdate=December 5, 2011 |title=Severe Tropical Storm Alenga Advisory Two |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO20-FMEE_201112051235.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522123631/https://www.webcitation.org/63hoF4ltJ?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO20-FMEE_201112051235.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |df=mdy }}</ref> Although predicted to intensify into a tropical cyclone, Alenga weakened near midday December 6, and was downgraded to moderate tropical storm status before it moved out of the South-West Indian Ocean (SWIO) and into the Australian region, early on December 7.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=La Réunion |date=December 6, 2011 |accessdate=December 6, 2011 |title=Moderate Tropical Storm Alenga Advisory Seven |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio30.fmee..txt |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118081338/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio30.fmee..txt |archivedate=January 18, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Tropical Depression 02===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=SWI
|Formed=December 6
|Dissipated=December 9
|Image=02R 2011-12-06 0900Z.jpg
|Track=02R 2011 path.png
|10-min winds=30
|1-min winds=35
|Pressure=998
}}
On December 6, [[Météo-France]] declared a tropical disturbance a tropical depression.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Depression 02 Advisory One |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO30-FMEE_201112060642.htm |publisher=La Réunion |date=December 6, 2011 |accessdate=January 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522123751/https://www.webcitation.org/63jZs6UOj?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO30-FMEE_201112060642.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |df=mdy }}</ref> On December 7, the cyclone entered an area of strong [[Wind shear|vertical wind shear]] causing the low level circulation centre to become exposed. Soon afterwards, Tropical Depression 02 dissipated to a remnant low. However, early on December 8, the system regenerated into a weak tropical depression. Later on December 8, convection redeveloped, and wrapped around the low level center, even as the storm continued moving westward, as it slowly weakened. Late on December 9, Météo-France issued their last advisory on the storm as it weakened below tropical depression intensity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Disturbance 02 Advisory Eight |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio20.fmee..txt |publisher=La Réunion |date=December 9, 2011 |accessdate=January 23, 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021125859/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio20.fmee..txt |archivedate=October 21, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref> {{cn span|text=However, the remnants continued to persist for the next several days with an exposed low level circulation center. But on December 16, the remnants dissipated completely in open waters, due to the high wind shear.|date=October 2012}}
{{clear}}

===Subtropical Depression 03===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=SWI
|WarningCenter=MFR
|Formed=December 19
|Dissipated=December 23
|Image=03R 2011-12-20 1045Z.jpg
|Track=03R 2011 track.png
|Type=subdepression
|10-min winds=30
|1-min winds=
|Pressure=1000
}}
An area of low pressure located near the southeastern coast of [[Madagascar]], that was previously being tracked by the JTWC as Invest 93S, was designated a subtropical depression by Météo-France, on December 19.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=La Réunion |date=December 19, 2011 |accessdate=December 21, 2011 |title=Subtropical Depression 03 Advisory One |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO30-FMEE_201112191304.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522123833/https://www.webcitation.org/644hNXkZ4?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO30-FMEE_201112191304.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |df=mdy }}</ref> The system did not move much, and persisted through the 20th. However, on December 21, the subtropical depression began to weaken as it moved southward very slowly. Late on December 23, Météo-France issued their last advisory on the storm as it dissipated.

Heavy rainfall related to the depression killed 43 people in Madagascar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/ra1_tcc-20_final_report_en.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=December 6, 2015 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224719/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/ra1_tcc-20_final_report_en.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Tropical Cyclone Benilde===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=SWI
|Formed=December 28 [[2011–12 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 03U (Benilde)|(entered basin)]]
|Dissipated=January 4
|Image=Benilde 2011-12-31 0850Z.jpg
|Track=Benilde 2011 path.png
|10-min winds=80
|1-min winds=90
|Pressure=968
}}
On December 28, RSMC La Réunion reported that Tropical Disturbance 04 had moved into the region from the Australian region, where it had been monitored for about a week.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Disturbance 04 Advisory One |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio30.fmee..txt |publisher=La Réunion |date=December 28, 2011 |accessdate=January 23, 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118081338/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio30.fmee..txt |archivedate=January 18, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> During that day the disturbance gradually developed further which prompted the JTWC to start issuing advisories on the system and designate it as Tropical Cyclone 04S.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone 04S Advisory One |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtxs32.pgtw..txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=December 28, 2011 |accessdate=January 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217174533/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtxs32.pgtw..txt |archivedate=February 17, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> On December 29, La Réunion upgraded the system to a moderate tropical storm,<ref>{{cite web|title=Moderate Tropical Storm Benilde Advisory Seven |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio30.fmee..txt |publisher=La Réunion |date=December 29, 2011 |accessdate=January 23, 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118081338/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio30.fmee..txt |archivedate=January 18, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> which was then named ''Benilde'' by Mauritius, a name contributed by Mozambique. Benilde moved in a general westward direction and quickly intensified into a tropical cyclone by December 31,.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Benilde Advisory Twelve |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO30-FMEE_201112310027.htm |publisher=La Réunion |date=December 31, 2011 |accessdate=January 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522123911/https://www.webcitation.org/64L7fvQnK?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO30-FMEE_201112310027.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |df=mdy }}</ref> The storm then took turned onto a more southwesterly path as it continued to strengthen. This period of continued strengthening did not last long. On January 1, dry air began to make its way into the southern area of the storm. Convection increased for a short period of time, but later in the day La Réunion noted that Benilde's northern eyewall had collapsed and the system was weakening after reporting 10-minute sustained peak wind speeds of {{convert|150|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}. On January 3, Benilde weakened into a Severe Tropical Storm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Severe Tropical Storm Benilde Advisory Nineteen |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO30-FMEE_201201011826.htm |publisher=La Réunion |date=January 1, 2012 |accessdate=January 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522123954/https://www.webcitation.org/64O7oAN46?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO30-FMEE_201201011826.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |df=mdy }}</ref> Suffering from severe wind shear, the system continued weakening and it became a tropical depression on January 4,<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Depression Benilde Advisory Thirty |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO30-FMEE_201201040717.htm |publisher=La Réunion |date=January 4, 2012 |accessdate=January 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522124035/https://www.webcitation.org/64R6Io0dN?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO30-FMEE_201201040717.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |df=mdy }}</ref> while completely absorbing a weak disturbance to the north, late during that day. Early on January 5, Benilde weakened some more, as its northern structure collapsed completely, and the convection was displaced, to the south of the storm's center as it degenerated into an [[extratropical cyclone]].
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===Moderate Tropical Storm Chanda===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=SWI
|Formed=January 5
|Dissipated=January 10
|Track=Chanda 2012 path.png
|Image=Chanda 2012-01-08 0655Z.jpg
|10-min winds=40
|1-min winds=35
|Pressure=992
}}
On January 4, [[Météo-France]] noted an area of strong convective activity in the [[Mozambique Channel]] embedded within the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and identified the genesis of a low level circulation near the coastline of [[Mozambique]]. The zone of disturbed weather persisted over the next several days and on the morning of January 8, Météo-France declared that a tropical disturbance had formed. Six hours later, the system was upgraded to a Tropical Depression as it drifted southeastwards towards [[Morondava]], Madagascar, and after a further six hours it was named Moderate Tropical Storm Chanda, a name contributed by Mauritius. But after making landfall on Madagascar, late on January 8, Chanda began to weaken, as it moved further inland, towards Southern Madagascar. Early on January 10, Chanda emerged off the coast of southeastern Madagascar, and into the Indian Ocean. Chanda then slightly restrengthened, but soon began to weaken, as it encountered more wind shear. Early on January 11, Chanda's northern structure began to collapse, as it continued to move east-southeast slowly. Chanda soon transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, which prompted the last advisory on the storm to be issued.

Across Madagascar, Chanda produced heavy rains. In a 48‑hour period, {{convert|11|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain fell.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Earthweek|date=January 13, 2012|accessdate=January 13, 2012|title=Tropical Storm Chanda Drenches Madagascar|url=http://www.earthweek.com/2012/ew120113/ew120113e.html|archive-date=January 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115231656/http://www.earthweek.com/2012/ew120113/ew120113e.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Significant flooding in the country isolated several communities and inundated numerous homes. At least one person drowned in [[Miandrivazo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catnat.net/veille-catastrophes/catastrophes-monde/223-cyclones-et-tempetes-tropicales-monde/13378-le-cyclone-chanda-fait-un-mort-et-des-degats-dans-le-sud-ouest-de-madagascar.html |language=French |title = Le cyclone Chanda fait un mort et des dégâts dans le Sud-Ouest de Madagascar |accessdate=2012-01-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114113912/http://www.catnat.net/veille-catastrophes/catastrophes-monde/223-cyclones-et-tempetes-tropicales-monde/13378-le-cyclone-chanda-fait-un-mort-et-des-degats-dans-le-sud-ouest-de-madagascar.html |archivedate=January 14, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref>
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===Subtropical Depression Dando===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=SWI
|Type=subdepression
|WarningCenter=MFR
|Formed=January 10
|Dissipated=January 16
|Track=Dando 2012 path.png
|Image=Dando 2012-01-16 0750Z.jpg
|10-min winds=45
|Pressure=992
}}
An extratropical disturbance formed east of Madagascar on January 11, and transitioned into a subtropical depression the next day. It retained subtropical characteristics as it moved towards the African mainland, but by January 15, it reached the equivalent of cyclone strength and was allocated the name Dando by NWS Madagascar. The name was provided by [[Tanzania]].<ref name="TCOP-SWIO"/> On January 16, the last advisory was issued for Dando, as the system weakened to a remnant low. After making landfall on January 17, the remnants of Dando moved inland, before dissipating on January 18.

Dando was the first storm since [[Tropical Storm Domoina]] in 1984 to hit southern Mozambique.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ouramazingplanet.com/2272-tropical-storm-dando-hits-mozambique.html |title=Tropical Storm Dando Hits Mozambique | Tropical Storm News, Images & Updates, Tropical Cyclone News, Updates & Images |publisher=OurAmazingPlanet.com |date=January 16, 2012 |accessdate=January 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119181622/http://www.ouramazingplanet.com/2272-tropical-storm-dando-hits-mozambique.html |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Heavy rains across southern parts of the country triggered significant flooding, prompting officials to urge residents in flood-prone areas to evacuate. Along the coast, waves up to {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} prevented fishermen from leaving port.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/mozambicans-urged-to-leave-flood-prone-areas-as-heavy-rains-fall/2012/01/17/gIQApILA5P_story.html |title=Mozambicans urged to leave flood-prone areas as heavy rains fall |newspaper=The Washington Post |accessdate=January 21, 2012 }}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Rains from the storm also impacted parts of [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Swaziland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.times.co.sz/News/36747.html|title=Times Of Swaziland|publisher=}}</ref> In [[Kruger National Park]] in South Africa hundreds of tourists and locals were left stranded and at least 30 people had to be airlifted after flash floods washed away bridges and damaged numerous buildings and roads in the area.<ref>{{cite web |last=Russo |first=Maria |url=http://www.thecultureist.com/2012/01/24/floods-continue-to-devastate-mozambique-as-south-africas-kruger-national-park-recovers-video/ |title=Floods Continue to Devastate Mozambique as South Africa's Kruger National Park Recovers (VIDEO) |publisher=Thecultureist.com |date=January 24, 2012 |accessdate=March 28, 2012 |archive-date=March 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319054039/http://www.thecultureist.com/2012/01/24/floods-continue-to-devastate-mozambique-as-south-africas-kruger-national-park-recovers-video/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/120119/mozambique-tropical-storm-dando-floods-maputo |title=Mozambique: Flooding from Tropical Storm Dando kills 5, displaces thousands |publisher=GlobalPost |date=January 19, 2012 |accessdate=March 28, 2012}}</ref> The final death toll from the storm stood at 10, including six in South Africa's [[Mpumalanga]] province after heavy rains fueled by its remnants burst the banks of the [[Olifants River (Mpumalanga)|Olifants River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/01/23/six-killed-in-mpumalanga-floods |title=Six killed in Mpumalanga floods |publisher=Times LIVE |date=January 23, 2012 |accessdate=March 28, 2012}}</ref>

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===Severe Tropical Storm Ethel===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=SWI
|Formed=January 17
|Dissipated=January 22
|Track=Ethel 2012 path.png
|Image=Ethel 2012-01-20 0540Z.jpg
|10-min winds=55
|1-min winds=70
|Pressure=972
}}

On January 18, RSMC La Réunion started to monitor a tropical disturbance that had developed to the northeast of [[Rodrigues]]. During that day the disturbance gradually developed further before during the next day it was named as Ethel by the Mauritius Meteorological Service as it reached tropical storm strength. Late on January 19, Ethel intensified into a severe tropical storm, and continued to intensify into a category 1 equivalent tropical cyclone, on January 20,. Cool [[sea surface temperature]]s and not very favorable wind shear made Ethel unable to intensify further, with the system weakening back to a Moderate Tropical Storm on January 22,. Soon, convection was displaced, to the south of the storm's center, as it degenerated into an extratropical cyclone, on January 23,. As a result, the JTWC issued their last warning on the system.

Passing near Rodrigues, the storm produced high winds and heavy rains across the island. In a 24‑hour span, {{convert|174|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain fell on the island. Significant damage was reported on the island and communication was disrupted. Injuries were also reported in the wake of the storm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://actualite.lachainemeteo.com/actualite-meteo/2012-01-22-00h33/le-mozambique-frappe-par-le-cyclone-funso-15319.php|title=Le cyclone FUNSO devrait s'affaiblir sur le canal du Mozambique|first=La Chaîne|last=Météo|date=January 21, 2012 |publisher=}}</ref> One person died from electrocution in an event related to the cyclone.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=Emirates 24/7|date=January 21, 2012|accessdate=January 22, 2012|title=Tropical storm kills one on Indian Ocean island|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/world/tropical-storm-kills-one-on-indian-ocean-island-2012-01-21-1.438674}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Intense Tropical Cyclone Funso===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=SWI
|Formed=January 17
|Dissipated=January 28
|Track=Funso 2012 path.png
|Image=Funso 2012-01-24 1120Z.jpg
|10-min winds=110
|1-min winds=115
|Pressure=925
}}
{{main|Cyclone Funso}}
On January 17, RSMC La Réunion started to monitor an area of low pressure that had developed within the Mozambique Channel about 620 km (365 mi) to the northwest of [[Antananarivo]], Madagascar. Over the next two days the area of low pressure rapidly developed further in an area of favourable conditions.

During the overnight hours of January 18, a ship carrying 54 people sank on its way from Anjouan to Mayotte amidst rough seas produced by Funso. At least 15 passengers drowned while dozens remain missing.<ref name="linfo.re">{{cite web|url=http://www.linfo.re/-Faits-divers,372-/Le-naufrage-d-un-kwassa-kwassa-fait-15-morts-a-Anjouan|title=Le naufrage d'un kwassa-kwassa fait 15 morts à Anjouan|publisher=}}</ref> The [[Mpumalanga]] and [[Limpopo]] regions of South Africa, which were hit by flooding from Dando, was at risk of further flooding and waterborne diseases by January 20.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hlube|first=Phakamile|title=Possible waterborne diseases in Mpumalanga|url=http://www.eyewitnessnews.co.za/Story.aspx?Id=81116|accessdate=January 21, 2012|newspaper=Eyewitness News|date=January 20, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Early on January 19, RSMC La Réunion declared the disturbance Tropical Depression 08, shortly before the JTWC also initiated advisories and declared the depression "Tropical Cyclone 08S" as it became equivalent to a tropical storm. Later that day the [[Madagascar|Malagasy]] [[National Weather Service|national weather service]] named the storm Funso before early the next day as it continued to intensify quickly, RSMC La Réunion declared that Funso had intensified into a tropical cyclone. Due to land interaction, Funso weakened slightly on January 22–23, but soon reintensified into an intense tropical cyclone as it started heading south. Although the core of the storm remained offshore, over three million people were affected by tropical storm-force winds.<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|title=Automatic impact report (JRC) FUNSO-12 in SWIndian|url=http://www.newsroomamerica.com/story/210106.html|accessdate=January 25, 2012|newspaper=Newsroom America GDACS Daily Newsletter|date=January 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504205304/http://www.newsroomamerica.com/story/210106.html|archive-date=May 4, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Funso strengthened a little more on January 24, as it continued to move southward slowly. However, early on January 25, Funso began to weaken, due to an [[eyewall replacement cycle]]. remarked that Funso weakened below intense tropical cyclone intensity early on January 25.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France |date=January 25, 2012 |title=Tropical Cyclone 8 (Funso) Warning Number 30 |accessdate=January 25, 2012 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO30-FMEE_201201250720.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522011314/https://www.webcitation.org/64x4B2DEX?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO30-FMEE_201201250720.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |df=mdy }}</ref> At the same time, the JTWC estimated the cyclone intensified further to peak 1 minute sustained winds of {{convert|220|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}, based on estimates via the [[Dvorak technique]]. The agency noted that the eyewall replacement cycle finished and produced a well-defined eye 28 km (17 mi) in diameter.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=January 25, 2012 |accessdate=January 25, 2012 |title=Tropical Cyclone 08S (Funso) Warning NR 014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTXS32-PGTW_201201250900.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522011515/https://www.webcitation.org/64x4JyrIr?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTXS32-PGTW_201201250900.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |df=mdy }}</ref> At 1200 UTC on January 25, MF again upgraded Funso to an intense tropical cyclone,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France |date=January 25, 2012 |title=Intense Tropical Cyclone 8 (Funso) Warning Number 31 |accessdate=January 25, 2012 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201201251316.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/64xjtsO6C?url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201201251316.pdf |archivedate=January 25, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> and later that day, the cyclone began another eyewall replacement cycle, and started to develop a larger eye, measuring 55 km across.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France |date=January 25, 2012 |title=Intense Tropical Cyclone 8 (Funso) Warning Number 32 |accessdate=January 25, 2012 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201201251934.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/64xk4LOQB?url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201201251934.pdf |archivedate=January 25, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> On January 27, Funson underwent yet another eyewall replacement cycle on January 27, as it started weakening.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France |date=2012-01-25 |title=Intense Tropical Cyclone 8 (Funso) Warning Number 32 |accessdate=2012-01-25 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201201251934.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/64xk4LOQB?url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201201251934.pdf |archivedate=January 25, 2012 }}</ref> On the next day, Funso became extratropical, due to strong wind shear and colder waters. For the next few days, Funso's remnants moved eastward, before dissipating on February 1.

On January 23, national television in Mozambique announced 12 deaths in the northern [[Zambezia Province]], following the intense cyclone's passage close to land. Seven of the fatalities occurred in the [[Maganja da Costa District]] and one was in the provincial capital [[Quelimane]]. More than 5000 people were displaced by the weather conditions and the only road connecting the capital [[Maputo]] to the north was reported to be seriously damaged when the [[Komati River]] flooded its banks, cutting off the capital city.<ref>{{cite news|last=AFP|first=Sapa|title=Cyclone Funso kills 12 in Mozambique|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/africa/2012/01/23/cyclone-funso-kills-12-in-mozambique|accessdate=January 23, 2012|newspaper=Times Live|date=January 23, 2012}}</ref> At least 70,000 people were without a clean drinking water supply following the storm, and more than 56,000 were left homeless in Mozambique.

Authorities in [[Malawi]] were concerned about the fate of more than 450 families that lost their homes in the southern [[Nsanje District]] due to the effects of Funso, which mostly affected [[Bangula]] and Phokela, as three rivers overflowed. Heavy rains destroyed more than 320 houses and flooded 125 more and local crops were devastated, leaving whole communities at risk of starvation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malawi faces Cyclone Funso as floods displace 450 families |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/01/23/malawi-faces-cyclon-funso-as-floods-displace-450-families/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906181818/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/01/23/malawi-faces-cyclon-funso-as-floods-displace-450-families/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 6, 2012 |accessdate=January 23, 2012 |newspaper=Nyasa Times |date=January 23, 2012 }}</ref>

On January 24, the death toll in Mozambique jumped to at least 25, as government officials were trying to reach the hardest-hit areas in the northern Zambezia province. Authorities confirmed that they expected the numbers to rise even further.<ref name="trust.org">{{cite news|title=Death toll 25, thousands homeless in Mozambique floods |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/death-toll-25-thousands-homeless-in-mozambique-floods/ |accessdate=January 24, 2012 |newspaper=Reuters |date=January 24, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704223800/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/death-toll-25-thousands-homeless-in-mozambique-floods |archivedate=July 4, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Intense Tropical Cyclone Giovanna===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=SWI
|Formed=February 7
|Dissipated=February 22
|Track=Giovanna 2012 path.png
|Image=Giovanna 2012-02-13 0630Z.jpg
|10-min winds=105
|1-min winds=120
|Pressure=935
}}
{{main|Cyclone Giovanna}}
On February 7, a tropical disturbance formed in the South Indian Ocean. On February 9, RSMC La Réunion reported that the disturbance has strengthened into Tropical Depression 09 and was located south-southwest of [[Diego Garcia]]. On the same day, the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical storm designating as ''12S'', and the storm intensified into a moderate tropical storm named ''Giovanna'' later. On February 10, Giovanna continued strengthening into a severe tropical storm. Late on the same day, Giovanna went through [[Rapid intensification|explosive intensification]] and became an intense tropical cyclone. Soon, Giovanna began an [[eyewall replacement cycle]] and weakened into a tropical cyclone on February 11,. However, the wind shear surrounding Giovanna weakened, so Giovanna was able to strengthen back into an intense tropical cyclone with a larger eye on February 13,. At about 22:00Z on February 13, Giovanna made landfall near [[Andovoranto]] in [[Madagascar]], and it rapidly weakened into an overland depression on February 14. Early on February 15, Giovanna moved off the western coast of Madagascar and into the Mozambique Channel, as the storm gradually began to reorganize. Over the next few days, Giovanna curved around the southern part of Madagascar, due to a strong anticyclone over the area. On February 18, as Giovanna moved eastwards, along the bottom of Madagascar, the storm was steered into warmer waters, where it strengthened into a Category 2 tropical cyclone again, and developed a small eye. However the new eye soon underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, and developed double eyewalls, due to moderate wind shear. On February 20, Giovanna entered an area of strong vertical wind shear, which quickly weakened the system into a tropical depression, and displaced the system's convection to south of the system's exposed circulation center. This caused Giovanna to degenerate into a remnant low on February 22, with the low level circulation center totally later that next day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TROPICAL CYCLONE 12S (GIOVANNA) WARNING NR 025 |url=https://www.webcitation.org/65c7hLIKj?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTXS31-PGTW_201202210300.htm |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.webcitation.org}}</ref> The exposed remnants were soon pushed further northwestward the next day, due to a [[Fujiwhara effect|Fujiwhara interaction]] between a stronger system to the east, Moderate Tropical Storm Hilwa. On February 24, Giovanna's remnants dissipated to the east of Madagascar.

Large waves estimated up to {{convert|8|m|ft|abbr=on}} affected the coast of Reunion and resulted in one fatality after a man was swept out to sea.<ref name="GiovannaReunion">[http://www.catnat.net/veille-catastrophes/catastrophes-france/207-cyclones-et-tempetes-tropicales-france/13519-le-cyclone-giovanna-cause-la-mort-dune-personne-a-la-reunion.html]{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Another fatality took place in Mauritius after a man lost control of his motorcycle during poor weather and crashed into an electricity pylon.<ref name="GiovannaMauritius">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipreunion.com/reportage.php?id_reportage=14422|title=Imaz Press Réunion – L'actualité de La Réunion en photos|publisher=|access-date=February 13, 2012|archive-date=September 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921090901/http://www.ipreunion.com/reportage.php?id_reportage=14422|url-status=dead}}</ref> In total, the storm killed at least 35 people across the region.<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/weather/2012/03/2012368928291888.html |title=Deadly cyclone lashes southeastern Africa |date=March 7, 2012 |accessdate=March 7, 2012}}</ref>
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===Moderate Tropical Storm Hilwa===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=SWI
|Formed=February 14 ([[2011–12 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 13U (Hilwa)|entered basin]])
|Dissipated=February 22
|Image=Hilwa 2012-02-21 0540Z.jpg
|Track=Hilwa 2012 path.png
|10-min winds=40
|1-min winds=40
|Pressure=993
}}
On February 5, a small patch of thunderstorms that formed off the southern coast of [[Java]] grouped together to form a low-pressure area which quickly started to drift westwards. On the same day, TCWC Perth upgraded the area of low pressure into a tropical low. As the storm continued to move westward, it gradually organized. On February 14, the storm moved out of the BoM's basin and into the South-West Indian Ocean. On the same day, RSMC La Réunion reported that the low had become a tropical depression, which was then located east-southeast of Diego Garcia. Later on the same day, the JTWC upgraded the storm into a tropical storm and designated it as ''13S''. However, on February 15, the depression gradually weakened due to increased wind shear. But on February 17, the storm began to reorganize. On the next day, the storm quickly organized itself, as it turned towards the southwest. On February 20, the storm strengthened into a Moderate Tropical Storm and was given the name ''Hilwa''. Later on that same day, Hilwa turned southwards as wind shear caused the system to weaken again. Late on February 22, Hilwa's northwestern structure was completely sheared as the storm rapidly degenerated into an extratropical cyclone. At 0000 UTC on February 23, Hilwa completed its transition into an [[extratropical cyclone]] and the final advisory for the storm was issued several hours later.
{{clear}}

===Severe Tropical Storm Irina===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=SWI
|Formed=February 25
|Dissipated=March 12
|Image=Irina 2012-03-01 0715Z.jpg
|Track=Irina 2012 path.png
|10-min winds=50
|1-min winds=60
|Pressure=978
}}
{{main|Tropical Storm Irina}}
On February 22, an area of disturbed weather formed in the South-West Indian Ocean. The system steadily strengthened into a low-pressure area shortly afterwards. With favorable conditions, ample convection was able to wrap around the low level circulation center, which allowed the system to strengthen into a tropical depression, on February 25,. On February 26, RSMC La Réunion upgraded the system to Moderate Tropical Storm Irina as it continued to intensify. However, Irina made landfall on Northern [[Madagascar]] a few hours later and weakened into an overland depression. On February 27, Irina emerged off the northwestern coast of Madagascar. Within the next several hours, Irina was able to strengthen slightly, as the storm moved very close along the coast of Madagascar. Later on the same day, Irina made landfall a second time on Madagascar, this time at Northwest Madagascar. Late on February 27, Irina weakened into a Zone of Disturbed Weather, while it was overland. Early on February 28, Irina emerged off the western coast of Madagascar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BULLETIN FOR CYCLONIC ACTIVITY AND SIGNIFICANT TROPICAL WEATHER IN THE SOUTHWEST INDIAN OCEAN |url=https://www.webcitation.org/65oIMU3fo?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/AWIO20-FMEE_201202281300.pdf |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.webcitation.org}}</ref> Later on the same day, Irina regained tropical depression intensity, and slowly began to reorganize. However, for the next day, Irina was unable to regain Moderate Tropical Storm intensity, because of poor organization, and because the storm's low level circulation center was displaced, well to the east of the storm's convection. Early on February 29, Irina was able to reorganize sufficiently, and regained Moderate Tropical Storm status. Just a few hours later, the JTWC designated Irina as ''Tropical Cyclone 12S''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TROPICAL CYCLONE 24S (SEAN) WARNING NR 006 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtxs31.pgtw..txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808044018/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtxs31.pgtw..txt |archive-date=August 8, 2010 |access-date=February 29, 2012}}</ref> As Irina continued to organize, the storm gradually began to strengthen, as it turned southward, along the western coast of Madagascar. On March 1, Irina intensified into a Severe Tropical Storm, as it moved towards Western Madagascar. Late on that same day, Irina reached its peak intensity, with a minimum low pressure of 979 mbars. Early on March 5, Irina weakened into a Moderate Tropical Storm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECAST WARNING (SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN) |url=https://www.webcitation.org/65wErzodE?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO30-FMEE_201203050646.htm |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.webcitation.org}}</ref>

The system then made a small loop off the coasts of Mozambique and South Africa before starting to head in a northwestern direction towards Madagascar yet again due to weak steering conditions. The official death toll as of March 6, stood at 77, including at least 65 dead in the island nation, most of them in the southeastern Ifanadiana district. Five fishermen were killed of the Mozambique coast and at least 3 more people in the south of the country when a tree fell on their roof and collapsed it. South Africa reported four fatalities as waves of up to 3 m battered the [[port of Durban]] and forced all ships to seek safety. Irina is the deadliest storm of the season so far, and took the total death toll of the 2011–12 season to 164, the highest since the [[2006–07 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|2006–07 season]].<ref name="aljazeera.com"/> Later on March 6, wind shear began taking its toll on the system, and much of the storm's convection in the outer rain band were eroded away. As the storm continued to move towards Southern Madagascar, the wind shear removed more of the storm's convection, even as the storm continued to weaken. On March 7, Irina began to stall. Early on March 8, only a small amount of convection remained, which was wrapped around the center of circulation. Early on March 9, Irina's eye disappeared, as the storm continued to weaken.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} As the storm turned back towards South Africa, it lost its organization, due to the strong wind shear. Early on March 10, RSMC Reunion issued their last advisory on Irina, as the storm degenerated into a remnant low.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WARNING FOR METAREA VII |url=https://www.webcitation.org/666YTnr4K?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO24-FMEE_201203101205.htm |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.webcitation.org}}</ref> Over the next 2 days, Irina's remnant low continued to drift northwestwards. On March 12, Irina's remnants made landfall over the [[Gaza Province]], and dissipated.
{{clear}}

===Tropical Depression 12===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=SWI
|Formed=February 29
|Dissipated=March 3
|Image=12R 2012-02-29 0920Z.jpg
|Track=12R 2012 path.png
|10-min winds=30
|1-min winds=35
|Pressure=996
}}
On February 23, an area of low pressure formed over the middle of the South Indian Ocean. Over the next several days, the low slowly drifted westwards while gradually organizing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BULLETIN FOR CYCLONIC ACTIVITY AND SIGNIFICANT TROPICAL WEATHER IN THE SOUTHWEST INDIAN OCEAN |url=https://www.webcitation.org/65fzHBeB3?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/AWIO20-FMEE_201202231200.pdf |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.webcitation.org}}</ref> Early on February 29, RSMC La Réunion upgraded to storm to a tropical disturbance as the storm organized significantly. Six hours later, the storm was upgraded to a tropical depression, as it continued to organize. Late on February 29, the JTWC designated the system as ''Tropical Cyclone 15S''. Several hours later, Tropical Depression 12 began to weaken as the storm began encountering wind shear. On March 3, the storm executed a cyclonic loop, before turning towards the east. Late on the same day, the storm weakened into a remnant low, before degenerating into a weak [[extratropical cyclone]] shortly afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WARNING FOR METAREA VIII |url=https://www.webcitation.org/65st31uYf?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO20-FMEE_201203030623.htm |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.webcitation.org}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Severe Tropical Storm Koji–Joni===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=SWI
|Formed=March 8 ([[2011–12 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Koji–Joni|entered basin]])
|Dissipated=March 11
|Image=Joni 2012-03-09 0445Z.jpg
|Track=Koji-Joni 2012 path.png
|10-min winds=55
|1-min winds=75
|Pressure=980
}}
On March 6, an area of thunderstorms that TCWC Perth had been watching since March 3,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tropical Cyclone three-day outlook for the Western Region |url=https://www.webcitation.org/65wE59Fnt?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201203030600.htm |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.webcitation.org}}</ref> became a tropical low.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tropical Cyclone three-day outlook for the Western Region |url=https://www.webcitation.org/65xPbr4tY?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201203060539.htm |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.webcitation.org}}</ref> Later on the same day, the BoM designated the storm as ''Tropical Low 15U'' while the JTWC designated the storm as ''Tropical Cyclone 16S''. On the morning of March 8, the low strengthened into a Category 1 tropical cyclone, assigning the name Koji.<ref>{{cite web|title=TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECAST TRACK MAP – Tropical Cyclone Koji|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/products/IDW60281.shtml|publisher=BoM|accessdate=March 8, 2012}}</ref> However, a few hours later, Koji moved west of [[90th meridian east|90°E]], and was renamed Joni by the Mauritius Meteorological Service. Over the next few days, Joni continued to organize. However, on March 11, wind shear began eroding away the storm's outer bands of convection. On March 12, strong wind shear completely eroded away the storm's northern convection, and displaced the remaining convection to the southeast of the storm, leaving Joni's low level circulation center completely exposed. As a result, Joni rapidly began to weaken. Late on March 12, RSMC Reunion issued their last advisory on Koji–Joni, as the storm degenerated into an extratropical low.
{{clear}}

===Moderate Tropical Storm Kuena===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=SWI
|Formed=June 3
|Dissipated=June 8
|10-min winds=45
|1-min winds=55
|Pressure=994
|Track=Kuena 2012 path.png
|Image=Kuena 2012-06-06 0618Z.jpg
}}

On June 1, a tropical wave formed in the South West Indian Ocean. Two days later, the tropical wave organized into a low-pressure area, due to favorable conditions. On June 5, the low-pressure area was upgraded to a tropical disturbance by Météo-France, {{convert|400|miles|km|round=5}} ENE of the [[Agaléga Islands]], and later to a tropical depression. On June 6, JTWC designated it as Tropical Cyclone 20S, with the Mauritius Weather Service upgrading it to a moderate tropical storm naming it "Kuena" soon afterwards. Later, on the same day, the storm was upgraded to a severe tropical storm by MFR.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France |title=Severe Tropical Storm upgradation of Kuena (French) |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/meteoreunion2/cyclone/bulletin/index.html |accessdate=June 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609030749/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/meteoreunion2/cyclone/bulletin/index.html |archivedate=June 9, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> On June 7, dry air, and moderate vertical wind shear caused the system's low level circulation center to become exposed. Soon afterwards, Kuena began to weaken. Late on June 7, RSMC La Réunion issued their last advisory on Kuena, as the storm weakened to a remnant low.
Kuena was one of the most off-season storms ever recorded, forming approximately 2 months after the official end of the season.
{{clear}}

==Storm names==
Within the South-west Indian Ocean Tropical Depressions and Subtropical Depressions that are judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h, (40 mph) by the [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] on [[Réunion|La Réunion Island]], France (RSMC La Réunion) are usually assigned a name. However it is the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centers in Mauritius and Madagascar who name the systems. The Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center in Mauritius names the storm should it intensify into a moderate tropical storm between [[55th meridian east|55°E]] and [[90th meridian east|90°E]], if the storm should intensify into a moderate tropical storm between [[30th meridian east|30°E]] and [[55th meridian east|55°E]] then the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center in Madagascar assigns the appropriate name to the storm. For the final year, tropical cyclones that move into this region from the [[2011–12 Australian region cyclone season|Australian region]] will be renamed by the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center in Mauritius, however tropical cyclones moving into the Australian region will not be renamed. New name lists are used every year, whilst a name is normally only used once so thus no names are retired.<ref name="TCOP-SWIO">{{cite web|year=2010|title=Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-West Indian Ocean|accessdate=July 28, 2011|author=Regional Association I Tropical Cyclone Committee|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]]|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP-12_2010_English.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Reunion">{{cite web|year=2009|title=FAQ: B5) What are the upcoming tropical cyclone names ?|accessdate=July 5, 2011|author=Regional Association I Tropical Cyclone Committee|publisher=[[Météo-France]] |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/faq/FAQ_Ang_B.html}}</ref>

{| style="width:90%;"
|
*Alenga
*Benilde
*Chanda
*Dando
*Ethel
*[[Cyclone Funso|Funso]]
*[[Cyclone Giovanna|Giovanna]]
*Hilwa
*[[Tropical Storm Irina|Irina]]
|
*Joni
*Kuena
*{{tcname unused|Lesego}}
*{{tcname unused|Michel}}
*{{tcname unused|Noyana}}
*{{tcname unused|Olivier}}
*{{tcname unused|Pokera}}
*{{tcname unused|Quincy}}
*{{tcname unused|Rebaone}}
|
*{{tcname unused|Salama}}
*{{tcname unused|Tristan}}
*{{tcname unused|Ursula}}
*{{tcname unused|Violet}}
*{{tcname unused|Wilson}}
*{{tcname unused|Xavier}}
*{{tcname unused|Yekela}}
*{{tcname unused|Zania}}
|}

==Season effects==
This table lists all of the tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones that were monitored during the 2011–2012 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. Information on their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, primarily comes from RSMC La Réunion. Death and damage reports come from either press reports or the relevant national disaster management agency while the damage totals are given in 2012 USD.

{{Pacific areas affected (Top)}}
|-
| {{Sort|01|Alenga}}|| {{Sort|1204|December 4–7}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|2|Moderate tropical storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|85|{{convert|85|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|994|{{convert|994|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || None || None || None ||
|-
| {{Sort|02|02}} || {{Sort|1206|December 6–16}}|| bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|055|{{convert|55|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|998|{{convert|998|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || None || None || None ||
|-
| {{Sort|03|03}} || {{Sort|1219|December 19–23}}|| bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|1|Subtropical depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|055|{{convert|55|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|1000|{{convert|1000|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || Madagascar || None || None ||
|-
| {{sort|04|Benilde}} || {{Sort|1228|December 28 – January 4}}|| bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TC}}|{{Sort|4|Tropical cyclone}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TC}}|{{Sort|150|{{convert|150|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TC}}|{{Sort|968|{{convert|968|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || None || None || None ||
|-
| {{sort|05|Chanda}} || {{Sort|0105|January 5–10}}|| bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|2|Moderate tropical storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|075|{{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|992|{{convert|992|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || Madagascar || Unknown || {{Sort|01|1}} ||
|-
| {{sort|06|Dando}} || {{Sort|0110|January 10–18}}|| bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|1|Subtropical depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|085|{{convert|85|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|992|{{convert|992|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Swaziland || Unknown || 10 ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/120123/mozambique-floods-cyclone-funso-tropical-storms |title=Mozambique: Mozambique: Floods, storms kill 22 and cut off Maputo |date=January 23, 2012 |work=Global Post |accessdate=January 24, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126094148/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/120123/mozambique-floods-cyclone-funso-tropical-storms |archivedate=January 26, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|07|Ethel}} || {{Sort|0117|January 17–22}}|| bgcolor=#{{storm colour|STS}}|{{Sort|3|Severe tropical storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|STS}}|{{Sort|100|{{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|STS}}|{{Sort|972|{{convert|972|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || Rodrigues || Unknown || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linfo.re/-Societe,402-/L-ile-Rodrigues-epargnee-par-Ethel |title=L'île Rodrigues épargnée par Ethel – – Informations Océan Indien |publisher=Linfo.Re |date=September 22, 2011 |accessdate=January 21, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|08|[[Cyclone Funso|Funso]]}} || {{Sort|0117|January 17–28}}|| bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ITC}}|{{Sort|5|Intense tropical cyclone}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ITC}}|{{Sort|205|{{convert|205|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ITC}}|{{Sort|925|{{convert|925|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || Mozambique, Malawi || Unknown || 40 ||<ref name="linfo.re"/><ref name="trust.org"/>
|-
| {{sort|09|[[Cyclone Giovanna|Giovanna]]}} || {{Sort|0207|February 7–22}}|| bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ITC}}|{{Sort|5|Intense tropical cyclone}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ITC}}|{{Sort|195|{{convert|195|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ITC}}|{{Sort|935|{{convert|935|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || Mauritius, Réunion, Madagascar || Unknown || 35 ||<ref name="GiovannaReunion"/><ref name="GiovannaMauritius"/><ref name="aljazeera.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120216-madagascar-c%C3%B4te-est-durement-touch%C3%A9e-cyclone-giovanna |title=Madagascar : la côte est durement touchée par le cyclone Giovanna |work=Radio France International |date=February 16, 2012 |accessdate=February 16, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205105503/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120216-madagascar-c%C3%B4te-est-durement-touch%C3%A9e-cyclone-giovanna |archivedate=December 5, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/madagascar-cyclone-death-toll-at-31-1.1242464 |title=Madagascar cyclone death toll at 31 |date=February 24, 2012 |accessdate=February 24, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|10|Hilwa}} || {{Sort|0214|February 14–22}}|| bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|2|Moderate tropical storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|075|{{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|993|{{convert|993|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || Rodrigues || None || None ||
|-
| {{sort|11|[[Tropical Storm Irina|Irina]]}} || {{Sort|0225|February 25 – March 12}}|| bgcolor=#{{storm colour|STS}}|{{Sort|3|Severe tropical storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|STS}}|{{Sort|095|{{convert|95|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|STS}}|{{Sort|978|{{convert|978|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || Madagascar, Mozambique, Swaziland, South Africa || Unknown || 77 ||<ref name="aljazeera.com"/>
|-
| {{sort|12|12}} || {{Sort|0229|February 29 – March 3}}|| bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|055|{{convert|55|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|996|{{convert|996|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || None || None || None ||
|-
| {{sort|13|Koji–Joni}} || {{Sort|0308|March 8–11}}|| bgcolor=#{{storm colour|STS}}|{{Sort|3|Severe tropical storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|STS}}|{{Sort|100|{{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|STS}}|{{Sort|980|{{convert|980|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || None || None || None ||
|-
| {{sort|14|Kuena}} || {{Sort|0603|June 3–8}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|2|Moderate tropical storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|085|{{convert|85|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|994|{{convert|994|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || None || None || None ||
|-
{{TC Areas affected (Bottom)|TC's=14 systems|dates=December 4 – June 8|winds={{convert|205|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}|pres={{convert|925|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}|damage=Unknown|deaths=164|Refs=}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*Tropical cyclones in [[Tropical cyclones in 2011|2011]] and [[Tropical cyclones in 2012|2012]]
*[[South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone]]
*[[List of Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons]]
*Atlantic hurricane seasons: [[2011 Atlantic hurricane season|2011]], [[2012 Atlantic hurricane season|2012]]
*Pacific hurricane seasons: [[2011 Pacific hurricane season|2011]], [[2012 Pacific hurricane season|2012]]
*Pacific typhoon seasons: [[2011 Pacific typhoon season|2011]], [[2012 Pacific typhoon season|2012]]
*North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: [[2011 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2011]], [[2012 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2012]]
*[[2011–12 Australian region cyclone season]]
*[[2011–12 South Pacific cyclone season]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commonscatinline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061205231621/http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc.html Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC)].
* [http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/ Météo France (RSMC La Réunion)].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070421094952/http://www.wmo.int/index-en.html World Meteorological Organization]

{{2011–12 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}
{{Tropical cyclone season|2011|split-year=y}}
{{TC Decades|Year=2010|basin=South-West Indian Ocean|type=cyclone|shem=yes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2011-12 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season}}
[[Category:2011–12 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season| ]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]
[[Category:South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2011|2011 SWIO]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2012|2012 SWIO]]

Steriphopus wangala

2026-01-26T00:07:20Z

JestineLegg9:

{{Short description|Species of spider}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Steriphopus wangala
| authority = Kadam, Tripathi & Sankaran, 2024
}}

'''''Steriphopus wangala''''' is a species of [[spider]] of the genus ''[[Steriphopus]]''. It is endemic to [[Meghalaya]], [[India]] and is named after the [[Wangala]] festival.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sankaran |first1=P. M. |last2=Tripathi |first2=R. |last3=Kadam |first3=G. |year=2024 |title=A new species of ''Steriphopus'' Simon, 1887 from India (Araneae: Palpimanidae, Chediminae), with the proposal of a new combination |journal=Zootaxa |volume=5474 |issue=1 |pages=97–100 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5474.1.10|pmid=39646501 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q126918977}}

[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 2024]]
[[Category:Palpimanidae]]

{{Araneomorphae-stub}}

Shantipriya

2026-01-18T17:38:49Z

JestineLegg9: adjust section based on references

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shanthipriya
| image = Actress Shantipriya.png
| birth_place = [[Rajahmundry]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| years active = 1987–1994, 2022 - present 1989, 2002 (Television) 2008–2012 (Television)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Siddharth Ray]]|1992|2004|end=d.}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Bhanupriya]] (Elder sister)
}}
'''Shanthipriya''' is an Indian actress and a dancer who has worked predominantly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ,[[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] films. She is credited as '''Nishanthi''' in Tamil films and '''Shanthipriya''' in Telugu and Hindi films. She is the younger sister of actress [[Bhanupriya]].

==Early life==
Shanthipriya was born in [[Rangampeta]] village near [[Rajahmundry]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] in a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking family, to Pattabhiram and M.Lakshmi. Her family later moved to [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. She has an elder brother Gopikrishana and an elder sister [[Bhanupriya]], who has also been a film actress since the 1980s.<ref name="indolink.com">{{cite web |title=An Interview with Bhanu Priya |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/98/August/Bhanupriya.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323000031/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/98/August/Bhanupriya.htm |archive-date=23 March 2017 |access-date=8 July 2017 |website=indolink.com}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |title=For actor Banupriya family comes first now |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 September 2006 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/for-actor-banupriya-family-comes-first-now/article3082428.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107115221/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/for-actor-banupriya-family-comes-first-now/article3082428.ece |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref>

==Career==

The actress began her journey in films with the 1987 Telugu release ''[[Kaboye Alludu]]'', before making her Tamil debut with ''[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]'' the same year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-actress-shanthi-priya-star-3-languages-superstar-akshay-kumar-mocked-for-dark-skin-widow-at-36-saugandh-3085599|title = Meet actress who was star in 3 languages, mocked by superstar for dark skin, widowed at 36, top hero refused aid, now...}}</ref>

She was also seen as Shakuntala in the mythological serial ''[[Vishwamitra (TV series)|Vishwamitra]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bollywood-where-is-shantipriya-of-akshay-kumar-and-shakuntala-of-vishwamitra-today-4345496-page-3.html|title = Shantipriya, whom you have seen as Queen Shakuntala in the famous serial 'Vishwamitra| date=26 June 2022 }}</ref>

After playing the leading lady in close to 25 films across Tamil and Telugu, she forayed into Bollywood with [[Raj N. Sippy]]’s ''[[Saugandh (1991 film)|Saugandh]]'' (1991) which marked the silver screen debut of [[Akshay Kumar]].<ref name=Nishanthi>{{cite news |title=Bhanupriya's sister Shanthipriya clarifies Akshay Kumar's joke on her skin tone: He didn't mean to hurt me |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bhanupriyas-sister-shanthipriya-clarifies-akshay-kumars-joke-on-her-skin-tone-he-didnt-mean-to-hurt-me/articleshow/76733041.cms |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

She is the brand ambassador for Solitario Diamonds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solitario Diamonds announced Sandip Soparrkar and Shanthi Priya as Brand Ambassadors |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/solitario-diamonds-announced-sandip-soparrkar-and-shanthi-priya-as-brand-ambassadors20220715162652/ |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> She is the Advisory board member of World Designing form.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jaipur-mirror.com/three-industry-titans-join-world-designing-forums-advisory-board-enriching-national-designer-awards-2023 |title=Three Industry Titans Join World Designing Forum's Advisory Board, Enriching National Designer Awards 2023 |date=2 December 2023}}</ref>

She has modelled for designer Chhaya Gandhi at the [[The Times of India|Bombay Times]] Fashion Week.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-90s-actress-shanthi-priya-on-her-comeback-talks-about-her-break-and-sarojini-naidu-biopic/articleshow/91369554.cms |title=Exclusive: 90s actress Shanthi Priya on her comeback! Talks about her break and Sarojini Naidu biopic |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 May 2022}}</ref> for Sanhita Moulik<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/unlike-in-the-90s-people-think-twice-before-body-shaming-anyone-now-shanthi-priya/articleshow/103709184.cms?from=mdr |title=Unlike in the '90s, people think twice before body shaming anyone now: Shanthi Priya |newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 September 2023}}</ref>

She made her stage debut with a dance drama titled ''Pavitra Tulsi'' playing the leading role of Tulsi at the Kala Ghoda Arts Festival.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/actress-shanthi-priya-graces-kala-ghoda-arts-festival-with-her-performance-4948952 |title=फूल और अंगार फेम शांति प्रिया ने काला घोड़ा फेस्टिवल में अपनी परफॉरमेंस से बढ़ाई शोभा}}</ref>

She is also acting in the [[MX Player]] series ''[[Dharavi Bank]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharavi Bank: Shanthi Priya shines in every frame in this gangster drama |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/dharavi-bank-shanthi-priya-shines-in-every-frame-in-this-gangster-drama20221121173932/ |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and Recognitions==

*2023 - International Iconic Women Heroes by Perfect Women Magazine <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodkibaten.in/entertainment/perfect-woman-magazine-celebrates-international-womens-day-with-perfect-woman-awards-2023/26327/ |title=Perfect Woman Magazine Celebrates International Women's Day with Perfect Woman Awards 2023 |date=28 March 2023}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Shanthi Priya married actor [[Siddharth Ray]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2022 |title=Nostalgia with Shanthi Priya: "I wish I'd focussed on my career instead of getting married at 23" |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/nostalgia-with-shanthi-priya-i-wish-i-d-focussed-on-my-career-instead-of-getting-married-at-23-101666376527773.html |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Siddharth was the grandson of [[V. Shantaram]] and has acted in films such as ''Baazigar'' and ''Vansh''. They became the parents of two sons. Ray died of a heart attack in 2004, at the age of 40.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ovguide.com/siddharth-ray-9202a8c04000641f800000001d9c79e0 |title=Siddharth Ray Video-Celebrity Interview and Paparazzi |publisher=ovguide |accessdate=20 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Shrilata |script-title=hi:'छुपाना भी नहीं आता..' फेम अभिनेता ने बाल कलाकार के तौर पर किया था डेब्यू, कम उम्र में ही दुनिया को कहा अलविदा |language=hi |trans-title='Chupana Bhi Nahi Aata ..' fame actor made debut as a child artist, said goodbye to the world at an early age |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/flashback-baazigar-fame-actor-siddharth-ray-died-at-the-age-of-40 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Amarujala.com |date=20 February 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year!!Title!!Role!!Language!!Notes
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1987 || ''[[Kaboye Alludu]]'' || Rekha || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''Naku Pellam Kavali'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]'' || Shenbagam || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ondru Engal Jaathiye]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Neram Nalla Irukku]]'' || Jyothi ||
|-
| ''[[Maharshi (1987 film)|Maharshi]]'' || Suchitra || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1988 || ''Sakkarai Panthal'' || || rowspan="7" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sigappu Thali]]'' || Kalamani ||
|-
| ''[[Rayilukku Neramachu]]'' || Chellakili ||
|-
| ''[[Kai Naattu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Dhayam Onnu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Poovizhi Raja]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (1988 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1989 || ''Anthintha Gandu Naanalla'' || Nishanthi || Kannada ||
|-
| ''Ellame En Thangachi'' || Geetha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Simha Swapnam]]'' || Sunita || rowspan="6" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''Yamapasam'' || ||
|-
| ''Raktha Kanneeru'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Agni (1989 film)|Agni]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1990 || ''Kaliyuga Abhimanyudu'' || Radha ||
|-
| ''Sila Sasanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' || Dancer || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sirayil Pootha Chinna Malar]]'' || Mangamma ||
|-
| ''[[Aatha Naan Pass Ayittaen]]'' || Seetha ||
|-
| ''Justice Rudramadevi'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1991 || ''[[Saugandh (1991 film)|Saugandh]]'' || Chand || rowspan="2" | Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992 || ''[[Mere Sajana Saath Nibhana]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Uyarthavan'' || Shanthi || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1993 || ''Aandha Intaquam'' || || rowspan="5" | Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Phool Aur Angaar]]'' || Sudha C. Verma ||
|-
| ''[[Meherbaan]]'' || Neha ||
|-
| ''[[Veerta]]'' || Maina ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Ikke Pe Ikka]]'' || Komal ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Bad Girl (2025 film)|Bad Girl]]'' || Sundari || Tamil ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Serial!! Role !! Language
|-
|1989 || ''[[Vishwamitra (TV series)|Vishwamitra]]'' || [[Shakuntala]] || rowspan="5" |[[Hindi (language)|Hindi]]
|-
|2002 || ''[[Aryamaan – Brahmaand Ka Yodha]]'' || Teji
|-
|2008–2011 || ''[[Mata Ki Chowki|Mata Ki Chowki - Kalyug Mein Bhakti Ki Shakti]]'' || Maa Vaishno Devi
|-
|2011–2012 || ''[[Dwarkadheesh – Bhagwaan Shree Krishna]]'' || Devaki
|-
|2022–present || ''[[Dharavi Bank]]'' || Bonamma
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0698183|Shanti Priya}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|shanti-priya|Shanti Priya}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shantipriya}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actors from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Shantaram family]]

Gurav

2026-01-17T02:49:26Z

JestineLegg9: enhance section per sources and updated info

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Occupational community comprising several castes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
The '''Gurav''' (also spelled '''Gurava''' or '''Guru''') are a traditional service and priestly community, who serve in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temples to [[Ganesha]], [[Hanuman]], [[Shiva]] and [[Gramadevata]], in [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and other states in western and southern [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Karve |first=Irawati |title=Hindu Society—An Interpretation |publisher=Deccan College |year=1961 |location=Pune |pages=121–122}}</ref> They historically perform religious and temple-related duties, including serving as temple [[priests]] (pujaris), caretakers, [[musicians]], and participants in [[:Category:Hindu rituals|rituals]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Srinivas |first=M. N. |title=Caste in Modern India and Other Essays |publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1962 |page=73}}</ref>

The other occupations of the gurav include making and selling "leaf-plates", and selling "flower", "Bel leaves" the guravs also play music for patrons. Gurav are also family priests to devadis. the traditional female [[Temple dance|temple dancer]]. The community is composed of several subgroups, including Lingayat Gurav, Saiva Gurav, and Bhavika Gurav, with each subgroup observing distinct ritual practices.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ghurye |first=G. S. |title=Caste and Race in India |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1969 |pages=173–174}}</ref>

Maharashtrian Brahmins classify the ''Gurav's as [[Shudras]]'', however, they have historically granted them custodianship of temples.<ref name="bapat" /> In [[Karnataka]], the Gurav community is categorized under "Category-I" of the Other Backward Classes (OBC) list for state-level reservations. This classification provides them access to reservation benefits in education and employment within the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Castes under Category-I |url=https://backwardclasses.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/category%20I.pdf |website=Karnataka Backward Classes Welfare Department |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka State OBC List |url=https://backwardclasses.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/OBC%20List.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Reservation for Backward Classes |url=https://backwardclasses.karnataka.gov.in/english |website=Karnataka Backward Classes Welfare Department |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> In [[Maharashtra]], many Gurav are listed as Other Backward Classes (OBC) under state government notifications,<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Castes under OBC Category in Maharashtra |url=https://bcwelfare.maharashtra.gov.in/sites/default/files/obc_list.pdf |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref> Their identity, roles, and social status reflect a complex interplay of religion, caste, and local traditions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |title=People of India: Maharashtra, Part 1 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |year=2004 |pages=546–548}}</ref>

== Function ==
Both Gurav women and men perform the traditional occupations of their community.<ref>{{cite book |title=Water and Womanhood: Religious Meanings of Rivers in Maharashtra |first=Anne |last=Feldhaus |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-19509-283-7 |page=171 |url= |via=|url-access= }}</ref> They are neither cultivators nor village officers but rather providers of a service deemed necessary for the functioning of the village, as with [[artisan]]s.{{efn|In the state of Maharashtra, the traditional village service providers are known as ''[[Bara Balutedar|balutedhar]]s'' and the system by which they are paid as ''balute''. There are commonly twelve such groups of people, although it may be more or less, and they include occupations such as carpenters, cobblers, potters and oil-pressers. They are distinct from the cultivators and the officers among the village people.<ref name="bapat">{{cite book |chapter=Gurav |first=Jayant Bhalachandra |last=Bapat |title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka |editor1-first=Peter J. |editor1-last=Claus |editor2-first=Sarah |editor2-last=Diamond |editor3-first=Margaret Ann |editor3-last=Mills |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-41593-919-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA272 |pages=272–274}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=The Saturday Oilpressers: The Bene Israel in the Konkan |first=Brenda Joseph |last=Ness |title=Charisma and Commitment in South Asian History: Essays Presented to Stanley Wolpert |editor-first=Roger D. |editor-last=Long |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2004 |isbn=978-8-12502-641-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUAVk84xBGUC&pg=PA101}}</ref> The terms of payment of ''balute'' differ from those of the [[jajmani system]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Caste as a Political Tool |first=Marie-Caroline |last=Saglio-Yatzimirsky |title=From Stigma to Assertion: Untouchability, Identity and Politics in Early and Modern India |editor1-first=Mikael |editor1-last=Aktor |editor2-first=Robert |editor2-last=Deliège |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-8-76350-775-2 |page=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQVeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA208}}</ref>}} They traditionally serve as priests, maintainers and managers in temples devoted to [[Shiva]], mostly in the southern states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], Karnataka and Maharashtra. Some act in a role similar to [[shaman]]s, being intermediaries between the temple idol and the soliciting believer, and serve as priests in village temples. Their other traditional roles are also connected to Shaivite worship, such as musicianship and the sale both of [[leaf plate]]s and symbolic flowers.<ref name="bapat" /> Local testimony suggests that the Gurav also act in a religious capacity outside temple grounds: at [[harvest]] time in the [[Maval|Mawal]] region, they are called upon to provide a symbolic sprinkling of water at threshing grounds<ref>{{cite book |title=The Social and the Symbolic |editor1-first=Bernard |editor1-last=Bel |editor2-first=Jan |editor2-last=Brouwer |editor3-first=Biswajit |editor3-last=Das |editor4-first=Vibodh |editor4-last=Parthasarathi |editor5-first=Guy |editor5-last=Poitevin |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-8-13210-117-8 |pages=269–270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7yGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA269}}</ref>

== Composition ==
The Bhavika,{{efn|The Bhavika Gurav are also known as ''Konkani Gurav''.<ref name="bapat" />}} [[Lingayatism|Lingayat]] and Saiva are the most prominent among the distinct [[endogamy|endogamous]] castes that comprise the Gurav. These groups are in turn subdivided; for example, the Saiva Gurav have Nagari, Nilakantha and Swayambhu as subcastes, while the Lingayat Gurav are split into the ''Hugara'', ''Jira'' and ''Malgara''.<ref name="bapat" />

=== Bhavika Gurav ===
The Bhavika Guravs are concentrated mainly in the Konkan region. They traditionally serve as priests at shrines of village deities (Grāmadevatās), which are often simple structures located on the outskirts of villages. Historically, most members were not literate and had little formal education or ritual training. They are generally associated with the ''[[Kunbi]]-caste'' and, in some cases, perform [[animal sacrifices]] during local folk festivals.<ref name="bapat" />

=== Lingayat Gurav ===
The Lingayat Gurav are found mainly in the Konkan region and on the borders between [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]]. They do not know from which caste they originate but claim to have migrated to their present regions from Karnataka when they suffered persecution after the death of [[Basavanna]], the founder of Lingayat. They are strict vegetarians and believe their high degree of devotion to Shiva makes them superior to other Gurav subgroups. It is this zeal that also causes them to disdain being grouped with other castes.<ref name="bapat" /> Lingayat Gurav are split into the ''Hugara'', ''Jira'' and ''Malgara''.<ref name="bapat" />

=== Shaiva Gurav ===
According to Jayant Bhalchandra Bapat, a Hindu priest and academic,<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayant Bhalchandra Bapa |publisher=D. K. Printworld |url=http://www.dkprintworld.com/abouttheauthor.php?userId=703 |accessdate=2015-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418075501/http://www.dkprintworld.com/abouttheauthor.php?userId=703 |archive-date=18 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> although the Lingayat Gurav believe themselves to be superior among the various Gurav subgroups, it is the Shaiva Gurav who are most respected by the people of Maharashtra. As they belongs to Shaiva category. The members of this sub-community perform a sacred thread ceremony in accordance with Shaiva traditions.<ref name="bapat" />

Mostly literate and educated, the Maharashtrian members of the Shaiva Gurav developed a [[sanskritisation|myth of origin]] in the early 19th century and prefer to call themselves ''Shaiva''. Their self-published research, in the form of a clan history known as a ''jatipurana'', proposes a lineal connection with the sage [[Dadhichi]] through his son Sudarsana and thus a status. The legend says that Sudarsana was stripped of certain Vedic powers by an offended Shiva but was also granted the right to perform the [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] rituals. The claims of the community to Brahminhood were accepted both by a ''sankaracharya'' (a respected authority and arbitrator of the Hindu faith) and [[British India|colonial]] law courts but are not accepted in general Maharashtrian society, In Maharashtra Shaiva Gurav offer the first daily puja to almost all Ganesha Temples and Shiva Temples.<ref name="bapat" />

== Socio-economic status ==
Brahmins classify the Gurav's as shudras but grant them custodianships of the shiva temples.<ref name="bapat" /> The sociologist [[M. N. Srinivas]] noted this peculiarity of low-status Brahminhood in particular regarding the Tapodhan of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite book |title=India: Social Structure |first=M. N. |last=Srinivas |authorlink=M. N. Srinivas |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1980 |isbn=978-1-41282-619-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIfuf2aWnj8C&pg=PA6 |page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India |first=Abraham |last=Eraly |authorlink=Abraham Eraly |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-67008-478-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA286 |page=286}}</ref> In Maharashtra they are considered to be a [[Shaiva]] community in the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] ritual ranking system known as ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Intersections: Socio-cultural Trends in Maharashtra |first=Meera |last=Kosambi |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2000 |isbn=978-8-12501-878-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XU8dmAiaZSgC&pg=PA39 |page=39}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra |editor1-first=Eleanor |editor1-last=Zelliot |editor1-link=Eleanor Zelliot |editor2-first=Maxine |editor2-last=Berntsen |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-88706-662-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PDr-QF4YmYC&pg=PA343 |page=343}}</ref>

It is probable that the Gurav were less, that's why considered among the various ''[[Bara Balutedar|balutedhar]]'' communities. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Exploitation or Function in the Interpretation of Jajmani |first=Henry |last=Orenstein |journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology |volume=18 |issue=4 |year=1962 |pages=302–316 |jstor=3628985 }}</ref> They are not among those groups who have noticeably suffered historically from the effects of social degradation or lack of access to opportunity, although in Maharashtra they are listed among the [[Other Backward Class]]es under India's [[Reservation in India|system of positive discrimination]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Identifying 'Backwardness' in Maharashtra |first=S. M. |last=Dahiwale |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=35 |issue=37 |date=9 September 2000 |pages=3293–3297 |jstor=4409712 }}</ref>

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite journal |title=The Jātipurāṇas of the Gurava Temple Priests of Maharashtra |first=Jayant Bhalchandra |last=Bapat |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |date=April 2001 |pages=45–90 |jstor=20106748 }}
{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Priestly castes]]
[[Category:Shamans]]
[[Category:Shudra castes]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]

Bagal (surname)

2025-12-31T17:57:11Z

JestineLegg9: corrected citations further and added references

'''Bagal''' is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

*[[Jogesh Chandra Bagal]] (1903–1972), Indian journalist, historian and writer
*[[Madhavrao Bagal]] (1895–1986), Indian social activist and artist
*[[Monalisa Bagal]] (born 1996), Indian film actress

{{Surname}}

India at the 1974 Asian Games

2025-12-30T19:28:44Z

JestineLegg9: reworked page after review and updated info

{{Infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| oldcode =
| year = 1974
| date =
| games = Asian Games
| location = [[Tehran]]
| competitors =
| sports =
| flagbearer =
| officials =
| gold = 4
| silver = 12
| bronze = 12
| rank = 7
| appearances = auto
| seealso =
| website =
}}

'''[[India]]''' participated in the '''[[1974 Asian Games]]''' held in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]] from 1 to 16 September 1974. Athletes from India won overall 28 medals, including four gold, and finished seventh in a [[1974 Asian Games medal table|medal table]].<ref name="ocasia2">{{cite web | url=http://www.ocasia.org/Game/MWinner.aspx?AMWCode=11&GCode=1 | title=Overall medal standings – Tehran 1974 | publisher=ocasia.org | work=Olympic Council of Asia | access-date=24 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308142701/http://www.ocasia.org/Game/MWinner.aspx?AMWCode=11&GCode=1 | archive-date=8 March 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Medals by sport==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! width=200|Sport
! style="background-color:gold" width=60 | Gold || style="background-color:silver" width=60 | Silver || style="background-color:#cc9966" width=60 | Bronze
! width=60|Total
|-
|align=left| [[Athletics at the 1974 Asian Games|Athletics]] || 4 || 7 || 4 || 15
|-
|align=left| [[Boxing at the 1974 Asian Games|Boxing]] || 0 || 3 || 2 || 5
|-
|align=left| [[Badminton at the 1974 Asian Games|Badminton]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Field hockey at the 1974 Asian Games|Hockey]] || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Shooting at the 1974 Asian Games|Shooting]] || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
|align=left| [[Wrestling at the 1974 Asian Games|Wrestling]] || 0 || 0 || 4 || 4
|-
! Total || 4 || 12 || 12 || 28
|}

==Football==
Head coach: [[P. K. Banerjee]]

{{nat fs g start}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[E.N. Sudhir]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Prasanta Mitra]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Nicholas Pereira]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Goa football team|Goa]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Shyamal Ghosh]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Kajal Dhali]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Prabir Majumdar]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Pradeep Chowdhury]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Gurdev Singh Gill (footballer)|Gurdev Singh Gill]] |age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|9|2|1950|4|20}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Dilip Palit]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Railways football team|Railways]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Shyam Sunder Manna]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Doraiswami Nataraj]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Gautam Sarkar]] |age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|9|2|1950|1|8}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Prasun Banerjee]] |age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|9|2|1955|4|6}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Surajit Sengupta]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|9|2|1951|8|30}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Subhash Bhowmick]] |age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|9|2|1950|10|2}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]] |age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|9|2|1949|7|17}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Shyam Thapa]] |age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|9|2|1948|5|1}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Magan Singh Rajvi]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=RAC Bikaner|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g end}}

=== Preliminary round ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=R1B
|update=complete
|source= [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asgames74.html RSSSF]
|winpoints=2
|team1=IRQ |team2=PRK |team3=CHN |team4=IND

|win_IRQ=3 |draw_IRQ=0 |loss_IRQ=0 |gf_IRQ=5 |ga_IRQ=0
|win_PRK=2 |draw_PRK=0 |loss_PRK=1 |gf_PRK=6 |ga_PRK=2
|win_CHN=1 |draw_CHN=0 |loss_CHN=2 |gf_CHN=7 |ga_CHN=4
|win_IND=0 |draw_IND=0 |loss_IND=3 |gf_IND=2 |ga_IND=14

|name_IRQ={{fb|IRQ|1963}}
|name_PRK={{fb|PRK|1948}}
|name_CHN={{fb|CHN|name=China}}
|name_IND={{fb|IND}}

|result1=A |result2=A
|col_A=#ccffcc
}}</onlyinclude>

{{football box
|date = 2 September
|time = 16:30
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 0–3
|team2 = {{fb|IRQ|1963}}
|goals2 = [[Hazem Jassam|Jassam]] {{goal|19}} [[Falah Hassan|Hassan]] {{goal|27}} [[Ali Kadhim|Kadhim]] {{goal|58}}
|stadium = [[Shahid Shiroudi Stadium|Amjadieh Stadium]], [[Tehran]]
|referee = [[Yoshiyuki Maruyama]] ([[Japan Football Association|Japan]]) }}
----
{{football box
|date = 4 September
|time = 18:30
|id = INDvCHN
|team1 = {{fb-rt|CHN|name=China}}
|score = 7–1
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Wang Jilian]] {{goal|4||25}} [[Li Guoning]] {{goal|10|pen.|58}} [[Liu Qingquan]] {{goal|50}} [[Rong Zhixing]] {{goal|76}} [[Chi Shangbin]] {{goal|82}}
|goals2 = [[Magan Singh Rajvi|Rajvi]] {{goal|74}}
|referee = [[Mohsen Zamani]] ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]])
|stadium = [[Azadi Stadium|Aryamehr Stadium]], [[Tehran]] }}
----
{{football box
|date=6 September
|time=18:30
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}
|score=1–4
|team2={{fb|PRK|1948}}
|goals1 = [[Magan Singh Rajvi|Rajvi]] {{goal}}
|goals2 = [[Hong Song-nam]] {{goal}} {{goal}} [[Yang Song-guk]] {{goal}} [[Myong Dong-chan]] {{goal}}
|stadium = [[Shahid Shiroudi Stadium|Amjadieh Stadium]], [[Tehran]] }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nations at the 1974 Asian Games}}

[[Category:Nations at the 1974 Asian Games]]
[[Category:India at the Asian Games|1974]]
[[Category:1974 in Indian sport|Asian Games]]

India at the 2008 Summer Olympics

2025-12-17T01:15:59Z

JestineLegg9:

{{infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| games = Summer Olympics
| year = 2008
| flagcaption =
| oldcode =
| website = {{url|olympic.ind.in}}
| location = [[Beijing]]
| competitors = '''67'''
| sports = '''12'''
| flagbearer = [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]] (opening) [[Vijender Singh]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20130103013008/http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=6e77cb11-c063-4552-acc7-413c1a54227f&MatchID1=4740&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1195&PrimaryID=4740&Headline=Vijender+India's+flag+bearer+for+closing+ceremony&strParent=strParentID Indias Flag Bearer for the closing ceremony]</ref> (closing)
| rank = 50
| gold = 1
| silver = 0
| bronze = 2
| officials =
| appearances = auto
| app_begin_year = 1900
| app_end_year =
| summerappearances =
| winterappearances =
| seealso =
}}

[[India]] competed at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China]]. A contingent of 57 athletes in 12 sports represented India, and had a support staff of 42 officials.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-names-57member-squad-for-beijing-olympics/69524-5.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826012630/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-names-57member-squad-for-beijing-olympics/69524-5.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=August 26, 2012 | title=India names 57-member squad for Beijing Olympics | publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] | work=[[Press Trust Of India]] | date=Aug 12, 2008 | access-date=May 19, 2011}}</ref>

For the first time since [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928]], the [[India men's national field hockey team|men's national field hockey team]] failed to qualify for the Summer Olympics. A two-year ban imposed by the [[International Weightlifting Federation]] on Indian weightlifters after the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]] doping scandal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian weightlifters forced to pay |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/10/13/indian-weightlifters-forced-to-pay |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> originally resulted in only one Olympic weightlifter, [[Monika Devi]], from India being scheduled to compete, but she withdrew from the competition after failing the drug test. On 9 August 2008, IWF declared that she was clean, but the event she was supposed to participate in, had already closed.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Indian lifter fails drug test
| publisher = CBC Sports
| date = August 5, 2008
| url = https://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.720/indian-lifter-fails-drug-test-1.718565
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120728233417/http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/weightlifting/story/2008/08/05/doping-devi.html
| url-status = live
| archive-date = July 28, 2012
| access-date = August 5, 2008
}}</ref>

On 11 August 2008, [[Abhinav Bindra]] won the gold medal in the [[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|men's 10 m air rifle]]. It was a huge achievement for India at the Olympic games [[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics|shooting]] event. In doing so, he won the [[India at the Olympics|first ever individual]] gold medal for India, and the first medal in any event for India at the Beijing Games. The previous highest individual achievements for India were two silver medals won by [[Norman Pritchard]], an Englishman born in India, at the [[1900 Paris Olympics]] and one silver medal won by the 2008 flagbearer [[Rajyavardhan Rathore]] at the [[2004 Athens Olympics]]. [[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]] won the second ever wrestling medal for India, the first being the bronze earned by [[Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav]] in the [[1952 Helsinki Olympics]]. [[Vijender Singh]] won a bronze medal in the middleweight boxing category, having lost in the semifinals. This was India's first-ever Olympic medal in boxing.

The [[2008 Beijing Olympics]] saw the best ever performance by an Indian contingent, in terms of the number of medals (this record was later surpassed in [[India at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012]]). They won three medals in all (one gold and two bronze medals), surpassing the two silvers by [[Norman Pritchard]] in [[India at the 1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Paris Olympics]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp?KEYWORD=Pritchard&x=0&y=0&RESULT=TRUE&KEYWORDS=%22Pritchard*%22| title = Olympic Athletes - Biographies, Medals & More}} </ref> and the gold and bronze medals won by the Indian field hockey team and [[Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav]] respectively, at the [[India at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Helsinki Olympics]].

==Medalists==
{{Main|2008 Summer Olympics medal count}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Medals
! Name
! Sport
! Event
! Date
|-
| {{gold medal}} || [[Abhinav Bindra]] || [[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Shooting]] || [[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|Men's 10 m air rifle]] || {{dts|11|08}}
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]] || [[Wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]] || [[Wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 66 kg|Men's freestyle 66 kg]] ||{{dts|20|08}}
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[Vijender Singh]] || [[Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Boxing]] || [[Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Middleweight|Middleweight 75 kg]] || {{dts|22|08}}
|}

==Competitors==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width=160|Sport
! width=40|Men
! width=40|Women
! width=40|Total
! width=40|Event
|-
|align=left|[[Archery at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Archery]]
| 1 || 3 || 4 || 3
|-
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Athletics]]
| 3 || 13 || 16 || 9
|-
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Badminton]]
| 1 || 1 || 2 || 2
|-
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Boxing]]
| 5 || 0 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Judo]]
| 0 || 2 || 2 || 2
|-
|align=left|[[Rowing at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Rowing]]
| 3 || 0 || 3 || 2
|-
|align=left|[[Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Sailing]]
| 1 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Shooting]]
| 7 || 2 || 9 || 9
|-
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Swimming]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 7
|-
|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Table tennis]]
| 1 || 1 || 2 || 2
|-
|align=left|[[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Tennis]]
| 2 || 2 || 4 || 3
|-
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]]
| 3 || 0 || 3 || 3
|-
! Total
! 31 !! 25 !! 56 || 48
|}

==Archery==
{{main|Archery at the 2008 Summer Olympics}}

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Ranking round
!Round of 64
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan="2"|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Score
!Seed
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Mangal Singh Champia|Mangal Champia]]
|align=left|[[Archery at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's individual|Men's individual]]
|678
|2
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Vaezi Hojjatolah|Hojjatolah]]|IRI|2008 Summer}} (63) '''W''' 112–98
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Bair Badenov|Badenov]]|RUS|2008 Summer}} (31) '''L''' 108–109
|colspan=5|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Dola Banerjee]]
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Archery at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's individual|Women's individual]]
|633
|31
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Marie-Pier Beaudet|Beaudet]]|CAN|2008 Summer}} (34) '''L''' 108 (8)–108 (10)
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Bombayala Devi]]
|637
|22
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Iwona Marcinkiewicz|Marcinkiewicz]]|POL|2008 Summer}} (43) '''L''' 101–103
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Pranitha Devi|Pranitha Vardhineni]]
|627
|37
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jane Waller|Waller]]|AUS|2008 Summer}} (28) '''W''' 106–100
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Kwon Un Sil|Kwon U.S.]]|PRK|2008 Summer}} (5) '''L''' 99–106
|colspan=5|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Dola Banerjee]] [[Bombayala Devi]] [[Pranitha Devi|Pranitha Vardhineni]]
|align=left|[[Archery at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's team|Women's team]]
|1897
|6
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOC|CHN|2008 Summer}} (3) '''L''' 206–211
|colspan=3|Did not advance
|}

==Athletics==
{{main|Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics}}

{{smalldiv|1=<nowiki/>

;Key
*'''Note'''–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
*'''Q''' = Qualified for the next round
*'''q''' = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser ''or'', in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
*'''NR''' = National record
*N/A = Round not applicable for the event
*Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round}}

;Men
;Track & road events
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Surendra Singh (athlete)|Surendra Singh]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 10,000 metres|10000 m]]
|28:13.97
|26
|}

;Field events
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Qualification
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Distance
!Position
!Distance
!Position
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Vikas Gowda]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|60.69
|22
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Renjith Maheswary]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's triple jump|Triple jump]]
|15.77
|35
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|}

;Women
;Track & road events
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Heat
!colspan="2"|Semifinal
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Mandeep Kaur (athlete)|Mandeep Kaur]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metres|400 m]]
|52.88
|6
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Preeja Sreedharan]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 10,000 metres|10000 m]]
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|32:34.64
|25<ref>[http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/INF/AT/C73G/ATW100101.shtml#ATW100101 Women's 10,000 m final results] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818090149/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/INF/AT/C73G/ATW100101.shtml |date=2008-08-18 }}</ref>
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Sathi Geetha]] [[Mandeep Kaur (athlete)|Mandeep Kaur]] [[Manjeet Kaur]] [[Sini Jose]] [[Chithra Kulathummuriyil Soman|Chitra Soman]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:28.83
|7
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|}

;Field events
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Qualification
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Distance
!Position
!Distance
!Position
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Anju Bobby George]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's long jump|Long jump]]
|{{abbr|NM|No mark}}
|—
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Harwant Kaur]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|56.42
|30
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Krishna Poonia]]
|58.23
|24
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|}

;Combined events – [[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's heptathlon|Heptathlon]]
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!Athlete
!Event
!{{Tooltip| 100H | 100 m hurdles}}
!{{Tooltip| HJ | High jump }}
!{{Tooltip| SP | Shot put}}
! 200 m
!{{Tooltip| LJ | Long jump}}
!{{Tooltip| JT | Javelin throw}}
! 800 m
!Final
!Rank
|-align=center
|rowspan=2 align=left|[[Pramila Aiyappa]]
!style="font-size:95%"|Result
|13.97
|1.74
|11.66
|24.92
|6.11
|41.27
|2:23.46
|rowspan=2|5771
|rowspan=2|27*
|-align=center
!style="font-size:95%"|Points
|983
|903
|639
|894
|883
|692
|777
|-align=center
|rowspan=2 align=left|[[Shobha Javur]]
!style="font-size:95%"|Result
|13.62
|1.65
|13.07
|24.62
|5.86
|43.50
|2:27.50
|rowspan=2|5749
|rowspan=2|29*
|-align=center
!style="font-size:95%"|Points
|1033
|795
|732
|922
|807
|735
|725
|-align=center
|rowspan=2 align=left|[[Susmita Singha Roy]]
!style="font-size:95%"|Result
|14.11
|1.71
|11.27
|24.34
|5.98
|39.79
|2:21.14
|rowspan=2|5705
|rowspan=2|32*
|-align=center
!style="font-size:95%"|Points
|963
|867
|613
|948
|843
|663
|808
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> The athlete who finished in second place, [[Lyudmila Blonska]] of [[Ukraine at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Ukraine]], tested positive for a banned substance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/athletics/7571867.stm |title= Blonska thrown out of long jump |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]] |date=2008-08-21 }}</ref> Both the A and the B tests were positive, therefore Blonska was stripped of her silver medal, and all Indian heptathletes moved up a position.

==Badminton==
{{main|Badminton at the 2008 Summer Olympics}}

{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Round of 64
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Anup Sridhar]]
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Men's singles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Marco Vasconcelos|Vasconcelos]]|POR|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 21–16, 21–14
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Shoji Sato|Sato]]|JPN|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 13–21, 17–21
|colspan=5|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Saina Nehwal]]
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Women's singles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ella Diehl|Diehl]]|RUS|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 21–9, 21–8
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Larisa Griga|Griga]]|UKR|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 21–18, 21–10
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Wang Chen (badminton player)|Wang C]]|HKG|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 21–19, 11–21, 21–11
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Maria Kristin Yulianti|Yulianti]]|INA|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 28–26, 14–21, 15–21
|colspan=3|Did not advance
|}

==Boxing==
{{main|Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Jitender Kumar (Flyweight)|Jitender Kumar]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Flyweight|Flyweight]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Furkan Ulas Memis|Memis]]|TUR|2008 Summer}} '''W''' {{abbr|WO|Walkover}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Tulashboy Doniyorov|Doniyorov]]|UZB|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 13–6
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Georgy Balakshin|Balakshin]]|RUS|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 11–15
|colspan=3|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Akhil Kumar]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Bantamweight|Bantamweight]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ali Hallab|Hallab]]|FRA|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 12–5
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Sergey Vodopyanov|Vodopyanov]]|RUS|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 9+–9
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Veaceslav Gojan|Gojan]]|MDA|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 3–10
|colspan=3|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Anthresh Lalit Lakra]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Featherweight|Featherweight]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Bahodirjon Sultonov|Sultonov]]|UZB|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 5–9
|colspan=5|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Vijender Singh]]'''
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Middleweight|Middleweight]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Badou Jack|Jack]]|GAM|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 13–2
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Angkhan Chomphuphuang|Chomphuphuang]]|THA|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 13–3
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Carlos Góngora|Góngora]]|ECU|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 9–4
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Emilio Correa (boxer born 1985)|Correa]]|CUB|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 5–8
|Did not advance
|{{bronze3}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Dinesh Kumar (boxer)|Dinesh Kumar]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Light heavyweight|Light heavyweight]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Abdelhafid Benchabla|Benchabla]]|ALG|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 3–23
|colspan=5|Did not advance
|}

==Judo ==
{{main|Judo at the 2008 Summer Olympics}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!Repechage 1
!Repechage 2
!Repechage 3
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Khumujam Tombi Devi]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 48 kg|Women's −48 kg]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ana Hormigo|Hormigo]]|POR|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 0000–1011
|colspan=8|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Divya Tewar]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 78 kg|Women's −78 kg]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Yalennis Castillo|Castillo]]|CUB|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 0000–1000
|colspan=3|Did not advance
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Sagat Abikeyeva|Abikeyeva]]|KAZ|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 0000–1010
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|}

==Rowing==
{{main|Rowing at the 2008 Summer Olympics}}

;Men
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Heats
!colspan="2"|Repechage
!colspan="2"|Quarterfinals
!colspan="2"|Semifinals
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Bajranglal Takhar]]
|align=left|[[Rowing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's single sculls|Single sculls]]
|7:39.91
|3 '''QF'''
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|7:19.01
|5 '''SC/D'''
|7:23.00
|4 '''FD'''
|7:09.73
|21
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Devender Kumar Khandwal]] [[Manjeet Singh (rower)|Manjeet Singh]]
|align=left|[[Rowing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's lightweight double sculls|Lightweight double sculls]]
|6:37.13
|5 '''R'''
|7:02.06
|5 '''SC/D'''
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|6:40.34
|3 '''FC'''
|6:44.48
|18
|}
Qualification Legend: '''FA'''=Final A (medal); '''FB'''=Final B (non-medal); '''FC'''=Final C (non-medal); '''FD'''=Final D (non-medal); '''FE'''=Final E (non-medal); '''FF'''=Final F (non-medal); '''SA/B'''=Semifinals A/B; '''SC/D'''=Semifinals C/D; '''SE/F'''=Semifinals E/F; '''QF'''=Quarterfinals; '''R'''=Repechage

==Sailing==
{{main|Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics}}

;Open
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=11|Race
!rowspan=2|Net points
!rowspan=2|Final rank
|-style="font-size:95%"
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!M*
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Nachhatar Singh Johal]]
|align=left|[[Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Finn class|Finn]]
|4
|<s>24</s>
|23
|24
|11
|24
|18
|24
|CAN
|CAN
|EL
|128
|23
|}
'''M''' = Medal race; EL = Eliminated – did not advance into the medal race; CAN = Race cancelled;

==Shooting==
{{main|Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics}}

;Men
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Abhinav Bindra]]'''
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
|596
|4
|700.5
|{{gold1}}
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Samaresh Jung]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air pistol|10 m air pistol]]
|570
|42
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre pistol|50 m pistol]]
|540
|42
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Gagan Narang]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
|595
|9
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle prone|50 m rifle prone]]
|589
|35
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle three positions|50 m rifle 3 positions]]
|1167
|13
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Sanjeev Rajput]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle prone|50 m rifle prone]]
|591
|26
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle three positions|50 m rifle 3 positions]]
|1162
|26
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's double trap|Double trap]]
|131
|15
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Manavjit Singh Sandhu]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's trap|Trap]]
|116
|12
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Mansher Singh]]
|117
|8
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|}

;Women
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Anjali Bhagwat]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
|393
|29
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 50 metre rifle three positions|50 m rifle 3 positions]]
|571
|32
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Avneet Kaur Sidhu]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
|389
|39
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 50 metre rifle three positions|50 m rifle 3 positions]]
|552
|42
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|}

==Swimming==
{{main|Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics}}

;Men
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Heat
!colspan="2"|Semifinal
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Virdhawal Khade]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre freestyle|50 m freestyle]]
|22.73
|40
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100 m freestyle]]
|50.07
|42
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]]
|1:51.86
|48
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Rehan Poncha]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterfly|200 m butterfly]]
|2:01.89
|40
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Ankur Poseria]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly|100 m butterfly]]
|54.74
|57
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Sandeep Sejwal]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100 m breaststroke]]
|1:02.19
|38
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 m breaststroke]]
|2:15.24
|36
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|}

==Table tennis==
{{main|Table tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Preliminary round
!Round 1
!Round 2
!Round 3
!Round 4
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Sharath Kamal]]
|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Men's singles]]
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Alfredo Carneros|Carneros]]|ESP|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 4–2
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Chen Weixing|Chen Wx]]|AUT|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 1–4
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Neha Aggarwal]]
|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Women's singles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jian Fang Lay|Lay]]|AUS|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 1–4
|colspan=8|Did not advance
|}

==Tennis==
{{main|Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics}}

{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Round of 64
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Mahesh Bhupathi]] [[Leander Paes]]
|align=left|[[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|Men's doubles]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Gaël Monfils|Monfils]] / [[Gilles Simon|Simon]]|FRA|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 6–3, 6–3
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Marcelo Melo|Melo]] / [[André Sá|Sá]]|BRA|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 6–4, 6–2
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Roger Federer|Federer]] / [[Stanislas Wawrinka|Wawrinka]]|SUI|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 2–6, 4–6
|colspan=3|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Sania Mirza]]
|align=left|[[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Women's singles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Iveta Benešová|Benešová]]|CZE|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 1–6, 1–2r
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Sania Mirza]] [[Sunitha Rao]]
|align=left|[[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's doubles|Women's doubles]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Tatiana Golovin|Golovin]] / [[Pauline Parmentier|Parmentier]]|FRA|2008 Summer}} '''W''' {{abbr|WO|Walkover}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Svetlana Kuznetsova|Kuznetsova]] / [[Dinara Safina|Safina]]|RUS|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 4–6, 4–6
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|}

==Wrestling==
{{main|Wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics}}
{{smalldiv|1=<nowiki/>
'''Key''':
* {{abbr|VT|Victory by Fall}} - [[Pin (amateur wrestling)|Victory by Fall]].
* {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}} - Decision by Points - the loser with technical points.
* {{abbr|PO|Decision by Points - the loser without technical points}} - Decision by Points - the loser without technical points.
}}

;Men's freestyle
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Qualification
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!Repechage 1
!Repechage 2
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size: 95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Yogeshwar Dutt]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 60 kg|−60 kg]]
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Baurzhan Orazgaliyev|Orazgaliyev]]|KAZ|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 3–1 {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Kenichi Yumoto|Yumoto]]|JPN|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 1–3 {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}}
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|9
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 66 kg|−66 kg]]
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Andriy Stadnik|Stadnik]]|UKR|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 1–3 {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}}
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Doug Schwab|Schwab]]|USA|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 3–1 {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Albert Batyrov|Batyrov]]|BLR|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 3–1 {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Leonid Spiridonov|Spiridonov]]|KAZ|2008 Summer}} '''W''' 3–1 {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}}
|{{bronze3}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Rajiv Tomar]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 120 kg|−120 kg]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Steve Mocco|Mocco]]|USA|2008 Summer}} '''L''' 0–3 {{abbr|PO|Decision by Points - the loser without technical points}}
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|17
|}

==See also==
* [[India at the Olympics]]
* [[Sports of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.olympic.ind.in/BeijingOlympics.pdf Indian contingent to the 2008 Beijing Olympics (PDF)] {{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Nations at the 2008 Summer Olympics}}
{{Country at games navbox|India|Olympics}}

[[Category:Nations at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:India at the Summer Olympics by year|2008]]
[[Category:2008 in Indian sport|Summer Olympics]]

Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel

2025-12-12T16:22:17Z

JestineLegg9: cleanup

{{Short description|Female Catholic religious congregation}}
{{Christianity in India sidebar}}

The '''Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel''' are members of a [[Carmelite]] [[religious institute]] dedicated to [[female education]]. It was founded in the latter part of the 19th century by Mother [[Veronica of the Passion]], [[Order of Discalced Carmelites|OCD]], under the guidance of her mentor, [[Bishop]] Marie Ephrem of the Sacred Heart, OCD, who had envisioned the birth of "a Carmel for the missions" in India, devoted to teaching and education.

Sister Veronica of the Passion had come to India as a member of the teaching congregation of the [[Sisters of St. Joseph of the Apparition]], founded in France in 1832 by [[Saint]] [[Emily de Vialar]] († 1856). She had entered the congregation in 1851, shortly after her conversion to the [[Roman Catholic Church]] from the [[Church of England]]. She met Bishop Ephrem upon her assignment to India in the early 1850s. Like the Discalced Carmelite [[friar]]s providing [[pastoral]] care to western India, they had sought to provide Catholic education to the women and young girls under their care.

Inspired by his vision of such a [[religious institute]] of Carmelite Sisters, Sister Veronica entered the Carmel of [[Puy]], [[France]], as a [[novice]] in the Discalced Carmelite Order. After her [[religious vows]], she began to train a group of young European women of varying nationalities for the task of education in India.

On November 19, 1870, the first group of Sisters arrived in [[Mangalore]], under the leadership of Mother Mary of the Angels, who was the first [[Superior General]] and [[master of novices|novice mistress]], to start the Mission. [[St. Anne Convent]], which became the [[motherhouse]], was the cradle of the Apostolic Carmel.

The Apostolic Carmel has spread its branches into the various parts of [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Kuwait]], [[Pakistan]], [[Kenya]], [[Rome]] and [[Bahrain]]. The Congregation is governed under Six Provinces and centrally administered by the General Team from the General Motherhouse in [[Bangalore]], with Sister Agatha Mary as the present Superior General (2008).

The mission of the religious institute was a Catholic value-based education, with special attention given to the disadvantaged sections of society through various levels of education: pre-primary, primary, secondary, pre-university, higher, technical and special education for the disabled. The other ministries include: healing ministry, nursing care, de-addiction and rehabilitation of [[alcoholic]]s and [[drug addict]]s, [[self-help]] groups, prison ministry, ministering to persons with different disabilities, community-based-rehabilitation, [[Catechism]] and faith education.

==See also==
*[[Constitutions of the Carmelite Order]]

==External links==
*[http://www.catholic-church.org/apcarmel/founders.htm Mother Mary Veronica of the Passion at The Congregation of the Apostolic Carmel]
*[http://www.carmelite-seremban.org/Spirituality/carmelite_calendar.html Discalced Carmelite Calendar and Saints]

{{Catholic religious institutes}}
[[Category:Discalced Carmelite Order]]
[[Category:Catholic teaching orders]]
[[Category:Carmelite spirituality]]
[[Category:Catholic female orders and societies]]
[[Category:Catholic religious orders established in the 19th century]]

Capture of Agra

2025-12-02T19:42:20Z

JestineLegg9:

{{Short description|Siege-ending incident in 1761}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| image = Agra 03-2016 10 Agra Fort.jpg
| caption = Present-day view of [[Agra Fort]]
| partof = Mughal-Jat Wars
| conflict = Capture of Agra Fort
| date = 3 May 1761–{{start date and age|df=yes|12 June 1761}}
| place = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| result = Jat/Bharatpur victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of Bharatpur1.png|20px]] [[Kingdom of Bharatpur]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|20px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of Bharatpur1.png|20px]] [[Suraj Mal|Maharaja Suraj Mal]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|20px]] Mirza Fazilka Khan [[Faujdar|Mughal Faujdar]] of [[Agra Subah|Agra]]
| territory = Agra Fort occupied by [[Kingdom of Bharatpur]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Taj Mahal: Moon Still Shines : an Environmental Mess|last=Maheshwari|first=Anil|publisher=Ajanta Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HzbAAAAMAAJ&q=Jats+agra+fort|year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bhatia|first=O. P. Singh|title=History of India, from 1707 to 1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smdXAAAAMAAJ&q=suraj+Mal+capture+agra|year=1968|publisher=Surjeet Book Depot|pages=536}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first= Sir Jadunath|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire: 1754–1771. (Panipat) 2d ed., rev. 1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sgfVAAAAMAAJ&q=Jats+Agra|publisher=M.C. Sarkar|year=1950}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|contribution=University of Kerala. Dept. of History, University of Allahabad. Dept. of Modern Indian History, University of Kerala, University of Travancore|title=Journal of Indian History, Volumes 48–49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWtDAAAAYAAJ&q=Surajmal+captured+Agra+Fort|location=University of Kerala|year=1970}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Edwardes|first=Michael|publisher=Secker & Warburg|year=1970|title=King of the World: the Life and Times of Shah Alam: Emperor of Hindustan|isbn=9780436140914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65ABAAAAMAAJ&q=capturing+Agra}}</ref>|
}}

The '''Capture of Agra Fort''' ended a month-long siege by [[Jats|Jat]] ruler [[Maharaja Suraj Mal]] on 12 June 1761, marking the annexation of Agra into [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]]. After a one-month siege of Agra, the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]], led by Mirza Fazilka Khan, surrendered to the [[Jats|Jat]] army.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Sir Jadunath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sgfVAAAAMAAJ&q=Jats+Agra|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire: 1754–1771. (Panipat) 2d ed., rev. 1950|publisher=M.C. Sarkar|year=1950|pages=143–144}}</ref> The Jats seized the old capital of the [[Mughal Empire]]. It remained in possession of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] rulers until 1774.<ref name="Bhanu">{{Cite book|last=Bhanu|first=Dharma|title=The Province of Agra: Its History and Administration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CctFMm9HSH8C&dq=jat+rule+over+agra&pg=PA9|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1979|page=9}}</ref>

==Background==
Under [[Suraj Mal]], Jats began to expand the boundaries of their kingdom. They expanded their territory to eastern [[Rajasthan]], western [[Uttar Pradesh]], southern [[Haryana]], and [[Delhi]]. The Jat ruler of Bharatpur Suraj Mal maintained control over the [[Braj]] region. He believed [[Agra]] had to be merged with his territory to dominate.<ref name=":0" />

==Battle==
[[Suraj Mal]]'s army of four thousand [[Jats|Jat]] soldiers advanced towards [[Agra]]. After a month's siege, on 12 June 1761, Suraj Mal offered peace terms and promised the [[Kiladar|Qiledar]], Fazilka Khan, one [[lakh]] [[Rupee|rupees]] and five villages. Following the negotiation, [[Agra]] was annexed by the Jats.

== Jat Rule Over Agra ==
Following their victory, the Jats melted the two [[silver]] doors of the famous Mughal monument [[Taj Mahal]]. These silver doors were never replaced. The Jats also looted the Taj Mahal's chandeliers, carpets, jewels, and other valuables, and transported them to their capital in [[Deeg]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaur |first=Albertin |date=June 1991 |title=George Michell: The Penguin guide to the monuments of India, I: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu. 519 pp. New York and London: Viking, 1989. £30. - Philip Da Vies: The Penguin guide to the monuments of India, II: Islamic, Rajput, European. 604 pp. New York and London: Viking, 1989. £30. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00015184 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=396–397 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00015184 |issn=0041-977X |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tadgell |first=Christopher |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/749500267 |title=The history of architecture in India : from the dawn of civilization to the end of the Raj |date=2002 |publisher=Phaidon Press |isbn=0-7148-2960-9 |oclc=749500267}}</ref> Agra remained under the control of Bharatpur rulers until 1774.<ref name="Bhanu" /> After the Jats captured Agra, the Taj Mahal had been severely damaged, as the mausoleum had been stuffed with straw and set on fire.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-30 |title=The lampless Taj |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-lampless-taj/article7594211.ece |access-date=2025-12-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
After capturing Agra Fort, Suraj Mal became more powerful and influential. He now became the ruler of the area of [[Yamuna]]. For the Jats, the capture of Agra was an emotional moment, as in 1688, just a short distance away from the gate of this fort, [[Gokula]], a Jat rebel, was executed by Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. The Jats ruled Agra for 13 years from 1761 to 1774. On 18 February 1774, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Commander [[Mirza Najaf Khan]] re-captured Agra.<ref name="Bhanu" />

== See also ==
*[[Battle of Delhi (1764)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|27.1795|78.0211|display=title}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Suraj-Mal Suraj Mal] at ''[[Britannica]]''

[[Category:Conflicts in 1761|Agra 1761]]
[[Category:1761 in India]]
[[Category:Military history of Agra]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Jats]]

Armenian Street, Chennai

2025-11-25T05:31:31Z

JestineLegg9: Done - done

{{Short description|Street in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox street
|marker_image=
|name= Armenian Street
|native_name= {{native name|ta|அரண்மனைக்காரன் தெரு}}
|alternate_name= Aranmanaikaaran Street
|maint= [[Corporation of Chennai]]
|image= ArmenianStreet GeorgeTown Chennai.jpg
|caption= View of Armenian Street towards the south, with the [[Madras High Court|Madras High Court dome]] visible at the southern end
|map=
|length_mi= 0.6
|length_round=
|length_ref=
|length_notes=
|established=
|decommissioned=
|direction_a=South
|terminus_a=[[China Bazaar Road, Chennai|China Bazaar Road]], [[Parry's Corner]], [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]], [[Chennai]]
|junction=
|direction_b=North
|terminus_b= Mannady Street, [[Chennai]]
|coordinates={{Coord|13.0927|80.2883|display=title}}
|counties=
|cities=
|system=
}}

'''Armenian Street,''' locally known as '''Aranmanaikaran Street''', is one of the historical streets of the commercial centre of [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. The road runs north–south and connects Mannady Street in the north with the [[China Bazaar Road, Chennai|China Bazaar Road (NSC Bose Road)]] in the south. The street is dotted with several century-old historical structures.

The street is named for the [[Armenians]], who were some of the early settlers in the city of Madras. Several moved to the long street of the commercial neighbourhood of George Town in the 1750s, eventually making the street bear their name. The locals, however, corrupted the name to Aranmanaikaran Street, which means the 'street of the palace people'.<ref name="IndiaToday_SomePastRecollections"/>

==History==
[[File:Front view of Kacchaaleeshwarar Koil, Chennai.jpg|upright=0.90|thumb|Kacchaaleeshwarar Temple, one of the oldest temples in the street]]
The earliest existence of [[Armenians in India]] dates back to the late 8th century with the arrival of Thomas Cana along the [[Malabar Coast]] in 780 CE. Although not much is known about his origin or mission, ''Portraits of Hope: Armenians in the Contemporary World'' by Huberta Von Voss indicates that he was lauded for his work for the rebirth of Christianity. However, it was not until the 1660s that the Armenian presence in Madras became eminent. According to ''Madras: The Land, The People and Their Governance'' by S. Muthiah, the earliest Armenian tombstone in the city is of Coja David Margar found near Little Mount, which dates back to 1663.[[Coja Petrus Uscan]] was a prominent Philanthropist Armenian of the Chennai Armenian community in the 17th century. The Armenians of Madras were believed to be the first to discover the sepulchre of [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] upon the [[St. Thomas Mount|Mount]] in the 16th century. He built the [[Marmalong Bridge|Marmalong bridge]] and gifted it to the public. Although the time when Armenians began settling down in the city remains obscure, records clearly suggest that the Armenians monopolised trade between India and West Asia on the one hand and Manila, a Spanish bastion then, on the other. Their main trades included silk, spices and gems. Three Chennai based Armenian families still visit the Armenian church in Armenian street to preserve their cultural heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia Virtual Museum - Armenia in India A Cultural Legacy - Armenian Cultural Centre Chennai |url=https://cognishift.org/armenia-virtual-museum/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=CogniShift.Org |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Historical buildings along the street==
[[File:The Armenian Church of St. Mary, 1905.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.90|left|The Armenian Church of St. Mary, c. 1905]]
[[File:St.Mary's Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School.jpg|thumb|upright=0.90|St. Mary's Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School]]
[[File:St. Mary's Co-cathedral Church, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, in India.jpg|thumb|View of St. Mary's Co-cathedral Church]]

The long and narrow street houses several historically important buildings, including several places of worship. The [[Armenian Church, Chennai|Armenian Church]] is perhaps the most visible Armenian monument in the city. It was first built in 1712 and later rebuilt after the French siege in 1772. The first church was built of timber in the present [[Madras High Court|High Court]] area after obtaining permission from the [[East India Company]]. The East India Company gave the Armenians 50 pounds towards managing the expenses of the church, which encouraged more traders to settle in and around the church. In ''Vestiges of Old Madras'', H. D. Love points out that the earliest Armenian church, situated in Old Black Town, as shown in Thomas Pitt's map, was probably built shortly after the Company entered into a covenant with the Armenian residents in India. The new church, however, was consecrated in Aga Shawmier's chapel grounds in George Town. It is the church that gave the street its name.<ref name="Hindu_MerchantsOnAMission">{{cite news |last=Parthasarathy |first=Anusha |date=30 July 2013 |title=Merchants on a mission |language= |pages= |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/merchants-on-a-mission/article4970153.ece |accessdate=2 Mar 2014}}</ref> The church has the biggest bells in the city, each weighing 200 kg and the oldest two dating back to 1754 and 1778, and its altar belongs to an earlier Armenian church that was near the [[Madras High Court]].<ref name="IndiaToday_SomePastRecollections"/> Two other bells were gifted by Eliazar Shawmier and the remaining two are from 1837. The church complex also served as a cemetery for the Armenian population in the city. Reverend Haroutiun Shmavonian, the founder, publisher and editor of the world's first Armenian periodical 'Azdarar', is buried here. Today, the Armenian church complex is managed by an Armenian trust based in [[Kolkata]].

The [[St Mary's Co-Cathedral]] abutting the church dates from 1658, which became the Cathedral of Madras in 1886. The cathedral has several old oil paintings. The church's Parish Hall hosted several Tamil music concerts of the [[Tamil Isai Sangam]] in the 1940s, when orthodox groups opposed the move to propagate Tamil songs in [[Carnatic music]], which had several musical icons of the day such as [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], [[K. B. Sundarambal]] and [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] singing in it.<ref name="IndiaToday_SomePastRecollections"/> The Tamil Isai Sangam functioned from Gokhale Hall from 1944 to 1953. [[St. Mary's Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School]], one of the oldest schools in India and one of the first five schools to be set up during the British period, is located adjacent to St Mary's Co-Cathedral and is established in 1839.

The most visible Armenian monument in Chennai is the much-written about Armenian church, which was first built in 1712 and later rebuilt after the French siege in 1772. The first church was built of timber in the present High Court area with permission from the East India Company. The Armenians were given 50 pounds to manage the expenses of the church. This encouraged more traders to settle in and around the area. Vestiges of Old Madras by H.D. Love points out that the earliest Armenian church, situated in Old Black Town, as shown in Thomas Pitt's map, was probably built shortly after the Company entered into a covenant with the Armenian residents in India. The new church, however, was consecrated in Aga Shawmier's chapel grounds in George Town. The street on which the church is situated continues to be called the Armenian Street, where the settlers once lived.<ref name="Hindu_MerchantsOnAMission"/>

The street is home to the [[Kachchaleswarar Temple]] built in 1725 by Kalavai Chetty, a 'dubash' working for the [[British East India Company]], on a land belonging to him.<ref name="Muthiah_2014">{{cite book | last = Muthiah| first = S. | author-link = S. Muthiah | title = Madras Rediscovered| publisher = EastWest | date = 2014 | location = Chennai | pages = 383 | isbn = 978-93-84030-28-5}}</ref>

The street is also the headquarters of [[Binny and Co.|Binny's]], a leading business establishment of the city from 1799 till its closure in the 1990s, which moved the office to the area in 1812. The headquarters building is a classic structure with curved verandahs, huge halls and teak wood stairs. However, the fate of the building remains obscure since the closure of the organisation.<ref name="IndiaToday_SomePastRecollections"/>

The headquarters building of the Young Men's Indian Association (YMIA), built by [[Annie Besant]] in 1915, is located next to Binny's. The building also housed an oratory called the [[Gokhale Hall]], which, in time, became a venue for public meetings and performances by public artists. The age-old building is now expected to be demolished.<ref name="IndiaToday_SomePastRecollections">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Some past recollections
| newspaper = India Today
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = IndiaToday.in
| date = 10 April 2008
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080421-some-past-recollections-735942-2008-04-10
| access-date = 2 Mar 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Parry's Corner]]
* [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]
* [[Armenians in India]]
* [[List of places named after Armenia]]
* [[History of Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | title=Madras Discovered| last=Muthiah| first=S.| year=1981| author-link=S. Muthiah| publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd|page=124}}

{{commons category|Armenian Street, Chennai}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Roads of Chennai}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Roads in Chennai]]
[[Category:Streets of George Town, Chennai]]
[[Category:Armenian diaspora in India]]

Mubarakpur, Azamgarh

2025-11-06T14:53:39Z

JestineLegg9: new basic details more to come.

{{Short description|Town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Kotla Mubarakpur]] in Delhi}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mubarakpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| translit_lang1 =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|26.09|N|83.29|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Raja Mubarak Shah
| government_type = Nagar Palika
| governing_body = Dr. Saba Shamim
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 69
| population_total = 70,463
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=16 May 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 276404
| registration_plate = UP-50
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mubarakpur''' is a town and a [[municipal board]] in [[Azamgarh district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is located at a distance of 13 km north-east of the district headquarters in [[Azamgarh]].

==Geography==
Mubarakpur is located at {{Coord|26.09|N|83.29|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Mubarakpur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Mubarakpur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 69 metres (226 feet).

==Demographics==
The total population of Mubarakpur is 70,463 as of 2011 census. Males constitute 51.3% of the population whereas females 48.7%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mubarakpur (Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-uttarpradesh.php?cityid=0946107000 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref>

==Economy==
Mubarakpur is notable for the manufacture of [[Banarasi sari|Varanasi saree]]s, which are exported.<ref name="Economy">{{cite web |title=Places of Interest {{!}} District Azamgarh, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://azamgarh.nic.in/places-of-interest/ |website=azamgarh.nic.in |access-date=1 October 2020 }}</ref>

==Notable places==
The Temple of Thakurji and the Mosque of Raja Mubarak Shah Jama Masjid are well known places of worship.<ref name="Economy"/> The [[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia|Al Jamiatul Ashrafiya]] is an Islamic seminary of [[Sunni Islam|Ahle-Sunnat]] Muslims in India.

==Notable persons==
* [[Abdur-Rahman Mubarakpuri]]
* [[Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri]]
* [[Shukrullah Mubarakpuri]]
* [[Qazi Athar Mubarakpuri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Azamgarh district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Azamgarh district]]

Assassination of Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo

2025-10-31T00:51:56Z

JestineLegg9: Stub - done

{{Short description|1872 killing of the Governor-General of India}}
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 330
| header = Ali and Bourke
| image1 = Shere Ali, assassin of Lord Mayo.jpg
| alt1 =
| image2 = Earl of Mayo, Richard Southwell Bourke.jpg
}}

[[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo]], the [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]], was assassinated on 8 February 1872 by [[Sher Ali Afridi]], a disgruntled Indian soldier of [[Afghans|Afghan]] [[Islam in India|Muslim]] background, who had been convicted of murder and condemned to penal servitude. The assassination occurred at the [[penal colony|penal settlement]] of [[Port Blair]], [[Andaman Islands]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|India]]. It was the first, and only, time a Governor-General of India was assassinated.{{Efn|Several attempts to assassinate a Governor-General of India have occurred throughout the history of British India. [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma]] was assassinated in Ireland, after his term of Viceroy.}}

== Assassination ==
{{See also|Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo#Assassination|Sher Ali Afridi#Murder of Lord Mayo}}

=== Background ===
Lord Mayo, a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] statesman of [[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irish]] background, entitled the [[Earl of Mayo]] in the [[peerage of Ireland]], had served as Viceroy of India since January 1869. He had been appointed by [[Queen Victoria]] on the advice of the then Prime Minister, [[Benjamin Disraeli]] (later confirmed by [[William Ewart Gladstone]]). In late January 1872, he engaged in a State visit to [[Rangoon]] and [[Maulmain]] in Burma, where he was received with great splendour. On 30 January he held a levee and ball, and hosted a grand [[Ball (dance event)|ball]] on 2 February.<ref name="Halen" /> On 5 February he visited the [[Andaman Islands]], where he planned to inspect the infamous [[Penal settlement]] at [[Port Blair]]. The islands were used as a British penal colony for convicts from India, both criminals and political prisoners. Arriving with a large entourage,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wheeler |first=James Talboys |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOY2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA679 |title=A Short History of India and of the Frontier States of Afghanistan, Nipal, and Burma |date=1880 |publisher=Macmillan and Company |pages=681 |language=en}}</ref> Lord Mayo was involved in drafting the regulations of the penal settlement at Port Blair. He did not plan to stay longer than a single day and was mainly interested in [[prison reform]]s, improving the welfare of prisoners.<ref name="Halen" />

[[Sher Ali Afridi]], also known as Sher Ali Khan,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanderson |first=Edgar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AEgIAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA184 |title=The British Empire in the Nineteenth Century |date=1897 |publisher=Blackie & son, limited |pages=184 |language=en}}</ref> was an ethnic [[Pathan]] from the North-West Frontier, who had formerly served in the [[Peshawar]] police.<ref name="Halen" /> He had been condemned to life imprisonment (more specifically [[penal servitude]]) for a murder he had committed in British territory of the North-West Frontier—a murder he claimed to be innocent of—and was thus sent to the Penal colony in the Andaman Islands.<ref name="Halen" /> Indignant and claiming innocence, he elected to kill two Government officials, the [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent]] and the [[Viceroy]], as revenge for his sentence, which he thought more severe than he deserved.<ref name="Doyle Towheed">{{cite book |last1=Doyle |first1=A.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYS7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA191 |title=The Sign of Four |last2=Towheed |first2=S. |publisher=Broadview Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4604-0172-9 |page=191 |access-date=2023-07-03}}</ref> Sher Ali waited for a full day to commit the assassination; it was not until the evening that he found an opportunity to kill the Viceroy. He said that he killed on the instructions of [[Allah|God]].<ref name="Halen" /> He readily posed for photographs.<ref name="Halen" />

British sources later described him thus:

{{Blockquote|text=All who met Shere Ali were struck with his appearance ... he was powerfully made, very active and a good horseman. He was as fair as a European, with light beard and moustache, and blue eyes... [he was] a fearless soldier and one who would have been selected for any service of danger. Like the rest of his tribe he was constantly involved in blood feuds..."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chick |first=N.A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q79xNhwNJcUC&pg=PA42 |title=In Memoriam: A Complete Record of All the Mournful Circumstances in Connection with the Assassination of the Late Earl of Mayo |date=1872 |publisher=T. S. Smith |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> }}

=== Attack ===
[[File:Assassination of Lord Mayo,.jpg|left|thumb|'The Assassination of Lord Mayo' from Cassel's ''Illustrated History of India'' (1880)]]At 7:00 PM on 8 February, when the Viceroy had almost completed his inspection of the penal settlement at Port Blair and was returning to his boat, where Lady Mayo was also waiting, Sher Ali Afridi appeared from the dark and [[Stabbing|stabbed]] him in the [[neck]], causing Mayo to bleed to death and die at the scene. Sher Ali was immediately arrested by twelve security personnel, whose gross failure to detect and defer the assassin was soon evident.<ref name="Halen" />

== Reactions ==
The murder of the Viceroy, the supreme official of India appointed by the [[British Crown]], sent shock waves throughout the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Halen">{{cite web |last=James |first=Helen |title=The Assassination of Lord Mayo : The "First" Jihad? |url=http://ijaps.usm.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/HelenJames_LordMayoAssassination.pdf |accessdate=18 November 2012 |publisher=IJAPS, Vol 5, No.2 (July 2009)}}</ref> It was entirely unexpected and unexplained. Yet, in the context of the [[Indian Mutiny of 1857]] and recent murder of [[John Paxton Norman]] in 1871, not entirely so.<ref name="Halen" /> More locally concerned, the incident attracted much attention to the Andaman islands, which were relatively unheard of in the Western world.<ref name="kapse">{{cite news |last=Kapse |first=Ram |date=21 December 2005 |title=Hundred years of the Andamans Cellular Jail |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/21/stories/2005122107881100.htm |url-status=dead |accessdate=18 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213184157/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/21/stories/2005122107881100.htm |archive-date=13 December 2006}}</ref>

It was initially assumed that the reasoning for the murder was purely [[Jihadism|Jihadist]],<ref name="Halen" /> ignoring Sher Ali's imprisonment; as a man serving a life imprisonment he had nothing to lose in assassinating Lord Mayo.

[[Queen Victoria]] was shocked by the brutal murder of her fourth Viceroy. The news was telegraphed directly to [[Windsor Castle]] four days after the event, with the Queen pasting the telegram into her journal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Miles |year=2018 |title=Empress: Queen Victoria and India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv6hp2v7 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=209–226 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv6hp2v7 |jstor=j.ctv6hp2v7 |isbn=978-0-300-11809-4 |s2cid=240140621 }}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
[[File:The Calcutta obsequies of Lord Mayo arrival of the coffin at Government House.jpg|thumb|Lord Mayo's funeral in Calcutta]]An inquiry into the assassination was launched.<ref name="Halen" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k293vgAACAAJ |title=The Murder of Lord Mayo: Papers Preserved at Port Blair |date=1900 |language=en}}</ref>

Some jihadist-inspired prisoners were jailed at Andaman during the same period but the British found no link to the murder of the Viceroy and the presence of these prisoners.<ref name="Halen" />

Sher Ali Afridi was condemned to death and was [[Hanging|hanged]] on the gallows of [[Viper Island]] prison, on 11 March 1872.

== See also ==
* [[Delhi conspiracy case]]
* [[Assassination of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1872 murders in India]]
[[Category:Assassinations in India]]
[[Category:February 1872]]
[[Category:1870s in British India]]

Vagamon

2025-10-03T21:11:08Z

JestineLegg9: enhanced layout as per guidelines and added references

{{Short description|Hill station in Kerala, India}}
{{Original research|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vagamon
| other_name = 
| nickname = Scotland of Asia
| settlement_type = [[Hill station]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = Vagamon meadows.JPG
| image2 = Pain Forest, Vagamon - panoramio.jpg
| image3 = Vagamon - വാഗമൺ 02.jpg
| image4 = Route to Vagamon.JPG
| image5 = Vagamon HS-4910.jpg
| image6 =
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = ''From left to right'': Vagamon meadows, Vagamon pine forest, Vagamon lake, Erattupetta - Vagamon road, Vagamon town
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|41|16|N|76|54|25|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government of Kerala Logo.svg}} [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kottayam]], [[Idukki]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Peerumedu taluk|Peerumedu]], [[Meenachil taluk|Meenachil]], [[Kanjirapally taluk|Kanjirapally]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat]]
| governing_body = Elappara Grama Panchyat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 78.3
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1200
| population_total = 14,641
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 685503
| registration_plate = KL-37
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Erattupetta]], [[Kattappana]], [[Thodupuzha]], [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]], [[Elappara]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = Nearest Railway Station
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kottayam]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Nearest airport
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Vagamon''' ({{ipa|ml|ʋaːɡɐmɐɳ|lang}}) is an Indian [[hill station]] and a [[Revenue Village|revenue village]] located in [[Peerumedu taluk|Peerumedu Taluk]] of [[Idukki district]], and also [[Meenachil|Meenachil taluk]] and [[Kanjirappally|Kanjirappally taluk]] of [[Kottayam district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India: Villages with population 5000 & above |others=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-16 |title=Explore Vagamon |url=https://vagamon.org/,%20https://vagamon.org/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Vagamon Destination Maker |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Located in the [[Western Ghats]] {{Convert|25|km|mi}} east of [[Erattupetta]] on the border of Kottayam-Idukki districts, Vagamon is known for its natural environment.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Pal |first=Pradip Kumar |date=21 January 2010 |title=Vagamon - Scotland of Asia Visit |url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/103305-Vagamon-Scotland-Asia.aspx |website=India Study Channel}}</ref> The [[Vagamon Glass Bridge|Vagamon glass bridge]] is the longest cantilever glass bridge in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valsalan |first=Anson |date=2023-08-25 |title=Enjoy a thrilling walk on India's longest glass bridge at Vagamon |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2023/08/24/vagamon-longest-cantilever-glass-bridge-kolahalamedu.html |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

==History==
Vagamon remained largely unexplored for centuries. Though the British had plantations here, it was only in 1926, when Walter Duncan and Company started their tea plantations, that it became well known. In the 1930s, more tea plantations were set up in the area.<ref name=":0" /> After 1940, people from [[Travancore]], and [[Madras]] ([[Tamil Nadu]]), migrated to Vagamon. Later, after the formation of Kerala State, people from various parts of Kerala migrated there.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

In 1955, the [[Trappists|Trappist]] monastery [[Kurisumala Ashram]] was founded in Vagamon.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Abhish |date=2017-04-22 |title=Kurisumala ashram at Vagamon rejuvenates the visitors |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/230417/kurisumala-ashram-at-vagamon-rejuvenates-the-visitors.html |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

In 1963,Dr. Elizabeth Baker and Architect [[Padma Shri]] [[Laurie Baker]] established a hospital and rural service centre at Kurishumala, Vagamon to serve tea-plantation workers and rural communities in the Idukki hills. Often referred to as the Mitraniketan, it is widely noted as Baker’s first project in Kerala and as an early exemplar of his cost-effective, climate-sensitive building approach using local materials.<ref>https://thefederal.com/the-eighth-column/a-journey-through-laurie-bakers-earliest-projects-in-kerala</ref><ref>https://lauriebaker.net/index.php/life/rural-kerala-vagamon</ref><ref>https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/laurie-bakers-buildings-that-showcase-the-architecture-he-championed-are-living-museums-of-his-philosophy/article68124734.ece</ref>

== Geography ==
Vagamon is located in the [[Western Ghats]] at {{Convert|1100|m}} above sea level.<ref name=":1" /> It has a cool climate with summer temperatures reaching {{Convert|10-23|C|F}}10-23 °C at midday.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Vagamon Village Office |url=https://village.kerala.gov.in/Office_websites/about_village.php?nm=270270Vagamonvillageoffice#:~:text=Geography,1,100%20metres%20above%20sea%20level. |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Government of Kerala Revenue Department}}</ref>

{| style="margin:0;"

|+'''Neighbouring cities & towns'''
|
{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Destinations from Vagamon'''
|Northwest = [[Thodupuzha]]
|North = [[Idukki township|Idukki]]
|Northeast = [[Kattappana]], [[Nedumkandam]]
|West = [[Erattupetta]]
|Centre = Vagamon
|East = [[Ayyappancoil]]
|Southwest = [[Kanjirapally]]
|South = [[Kuttikkanam]]
|Southeast = [[Kumily]]
}}
|}

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Vagamon had a population of 14,641 with 7,212 males and 7,429 females. Vagamon village has an area of {{cvt|78.3|km2}} with 3,816 families residing in it. The average sex ratio was 1030 lower than the state average of 1084. In Vagamon, 9% of the population was under 6 years of age. Vagamon had an average literacy of 90.9%. higher than the national average of 74%, and lower than the state average of 94%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Idukki |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=70,71 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3209_PART_B_IDUKKI.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

== Economy ==
The primary economy is [[ecotourism]] including hiking to explore the many waterfalls, [[rock climbing]] and [[paragliding]].<ref name=":3" /> [[National Geographic Traveler]] has listed Vagamon in their directory of the "50 most attractive places to visit in India".<ref name=":1" /> In addition, many people work in as laborers in tea and coffee plantations.<ref name=":3" />

==Education==
Vagamon has two colleges: [[DC School of Management and Technology]] (DCSMAT) and DC School Of Architecture And Design, both promoted by [[DC Kizhakemuri Foundation]] and co-promoted by [[DC Books]]. One of the leading management colleges in Kerala, DCSMAT has an additional campus in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muscatdaily.com/Archive/Oman/Indian-business-school-to-feature-at-Ghedex-from-April-20-to-22-3zl6|title=INDIAN BUSINESS SCHOOL TO FEATURE AT GHEDEX FROM APRIL 20 TO 22 – Muscat Daily|access-date=17 April 2017|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915222452/http://www.muscatdaily.com/Archive/Oman/Indian-business-school-to-feature-at-Ghedex-from-April-20-to-22-3zl6|url-status=dead}}</ref> DCSMAT offer programs such as Master of Business Administration (MBA), Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com), Bachelor of Business Administrati (BBA), Certified Management Accountant (CMA) and Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA). DC School Of Architecture And Design provides courses such as Bachelor of Arts in Interior Design (BA Interior Design) and Bachelor of Architecture (BArch). The College of Dairy Sciences kolahalamedu Vagamon, offering courses for the B Tech Dairy Sciences, affiliated to Veterinary University.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vagamon Destination Residential Campus |url=https://dcschool.net/vagamon/ |publisher=DCSMAT Institutions}}</ref>

== Issues ==
In August 2008, the [[Kerala Police]] began investigations into a training camp organized in December 2007 by the banned [[Students Islamic Movement of India|SIMI]] activists.<ref>{{cite web |title='SIMI's camp in Kerela, not ultra's training ground' |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Aug172008/national2008081785077.asp?section=updatenews |publisher=The Deccan herald}}{{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref>

On 18 August 2014, two tourists from [[Kozhikode]] died in Vagamon, after lightning struck them. Others who were with them sustained minor injuries. The incident happened at around 4:30 PM when the tourists were hanging around the barren hilltops. Both fell after the lightning hit them and their clothes were burned. Though both were taken to hospital, they died by the time they arrived.<ref>{{cite web |title=മിന്നലേറ്റ് വാഗമണില്‍ രണ്ട് കോഴിക്കോട് സ്വദേശികള്‍ മരിച്ചു - Latest News - Mathrubhumi |trans-title=Two natives of Kozhikode died in Vagamon due to lightning |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=477741 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818210613/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=477741 |archive-date=2014-08-18 |website=www.mathrubhumi.com |language=ml}}</ref>

==Biodiversity==
Vagamon, due to its elevation and climate, has a unique ecosystem, leading to the emergence of rich natural vegetation, plant species, [[shola]] forests etc. From the early 20th century plantation grew crops like tea and coffee. Vagamon hills are home to less explored flora and fauna.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} A diversity study conducted by Dr Pratheesh Mathew recorded 112 species of moths from 16 families under eight superfamilies and has become the prominent faunal diversity study in this area. The author also recorded sightings of many species of insects, annelids, amphibians, lizards, snakes, birds and mammals. A wide variety of flowering and non-flowering plants, including rare Cycas species, has also been noted. The ongoing faunal and floral surveys are expected to shed light on the richness of biodiversity at this location. The flourishing tourism and related developments are predicted to have a negative impact on the flora and fauna of this region.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mathew |first1=Pratheesh |last2=Anand |first2=Sekar |last3=Kuppusamy |first3=Sivasankaran |last4=Ignacimuthi |first4=Savarimuthu |date=2018-03-01 |title=The moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) of vagamon hills (Western Ghats), Idukki district, Kerala, India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324194880 |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref>

==Culture==
Vagamon has a rich history of religious diversity with Hindu, Christian and Muslim populations.<ref name=":1" /> There are several religious buildings to visit including:
* [[Kurisumala Ashram]], Vagamon, Indian-Catholic monastery<ref name=":2" />
* St Sebastian's RC Church Vagamon{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* St Antony's Church Vagamon{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Emmanuel CSI Church Vagamon{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Peniel Worship Center Vagamon
* Zion worship centre BBA Church Paarakattu
* Bible Believers Assembly Kottamala 3rd DIV
* Thangal para, a Muslim pilgrimage center {{Convert|5|km|mi}} outside of Vagamon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thangalpara, Vagamon - Timings, History, Pooja & Aarti schedule |url=https://www.trawell.in/kerala/vagamon/thangalpara |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Trawell.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-27 |title=A trek up the mythical Thangal Para |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2017/07/27/thangal-para-religion-vagamon.html |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
* Sree Arundhathi Vasishta Temple, Vasishtagiry, Vagamon.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Sree Subramanya Swami Temple<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vagamon Sree Subrahmanya Swami Temple |url=https://iprarthana.net/TempleSelect/68550301/#! |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=iPrarthana}}</ref>

==Books==
* The Story of Peermade by [[George Thengummoottil]] ({{ISBN|9788192888606}})

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Vagamon meadows.JPG|Vagamon meadows, [[Kerala]], [[India]]
File:Western Ghats as seen from Vagamon View Point.jpg|Western Ghats as seen from Vagamon View Point

File:VagamonPineForest.jpg|Pine Forest at Kolahalamedu

File:Glamping in Vagamon.jpg|Glamping in a resort at Vagamon
</gallery>

==See also==
[[Kattappana]]{{Portal|India}}
[[Kalvari Mount]]
[[Kottamala ]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kottayam district}}
{{Tourism in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Central Travancore}}

[[Category:Hill stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Villages in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Paragliding in India]]
[[Category:Geography of Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Kerala]]https://www.kpmtourism.com/post/best-time-to-visit-vagamon
[[Category:Tourism in Idukki district]]
==External links==
*[https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/vagamon-idukki/324/ Vagamon official Kerala tourism]