https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=JerrodOverstreet 2026-08-14T09:30:42Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_minor_planets:_4001%E2%80%935000&diff=549536 2026-05-18T15:00:51Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/intro}}<br /> {{Bots|deny=AWB}}<br /> {{TOC001}}<br /> <br /> == 4001–4100 ==<br /> {{Anchor|001}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2|top-link=no}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4001 Ptolemaeus]]''' || 1949 PV || {{MoMP|4001|Ptolemaeus}} || August 2, 1949 || [[Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl|Heidelberg]] || [[Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth|K. Reinmuth]] || [[Asteroid family#Duponta|(1338)]] ([[Flora family|FLO]]) || align=right | {{cvt|4.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4001}}<br /> |-id=002 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4002 Shinagawa || 1950 JB || {{MoMP|4002|Shinagawa}} || May 14, 1950 || Heidelberg || K. Reinmuth || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4002|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4002}}<br /> |-id=003 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4003 Schumann]]''' || 1964 ED || {{MoMP|4003|Schumann}} || March 8, 1964 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || [[Cybele asteroid|CYB]] || align=right | {{cvt|36|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4003}}<br /> |-id=004 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4004 Listʹev || {{mp|1971 SN|1}} || {{MoMP|4004|Listʹev}} || September 16, 1971 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|25|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4004}}<br /> |-id=005 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4005 Dyagilev || {{mp|1972 TC|2}} || {{MoMP|4005|Dyagilev}} || October 8, 1972 || Nauchnij || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4005}}<br /> |-id=006 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4006 Sandler || 1972 YR || {{MoMP|4006|Sandler}} || December 29, 1972 || Nauchnij || [[Tamara Smirnova|T. M. Smirnova]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4006}}<br /> |-id=007 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4007 Euryalos]]''' || 1973 SR || {{MoMP|4007|Euryalos}} || September 19, 1973 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || [[Greek camp|L4]] || align=right | {{cvt|46|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4007}}<br /> |-id=008 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4008 Corbin]]''' || 1977 BY || {{MoMP|4008|Corbin}} || January 22, 1977 || [[Leoncito Astronomical Complex|El Leoncito]] || [[Félix Aguilar Observatory]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4008}}<br /> |-id=009 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4009 Drobyshevskij]]''' || {{mp|1977 EN|1}} || {{MoMP|4009|Drobyshevskij}} || March 13, 1977 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|18|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4009}}<br /> |-id=010 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4010 Nikolʹskij || {{mp|1977 QJ|2}} || {{MoMP|4010|Nikolʹskij}} || August 21, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4010}}<br /> |-id=011 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4011 Bakharev || {{mp|1978 SC|6}} || {{MoMP|4011|Bakharev}} || September 28, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4011}}<br /> |-id=012 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4012 Geballe || {{mp|1978 VK|9}} || {{MoMP|4012|Geballe}} || November 7, 1978 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]], [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4012}}<br /> |-id=013 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4013 Ogiria || {{mp|1979 OM|15}} || {{MoMP|4013|Ogiria}} || July 21, 1979 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Themis family|THM]]{{·}}{{Interloper|602}} || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4013}}<br /> |-id=014 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4014 Heizman || {{mp|1979 SG|10}} || {{MoMP|4014|Heizman}} || September 28, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || [[Cybele asteroid|CYB]] || align=right | {{cvt|37|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4014}}<br /> |-id=015 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4015 Wilson–Harrington]]''' || 1979 VA || {{MoMP|4015|Wilson–Harrington}} || November 15, 1979 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Apollo asteroid|APO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt;{{·}}[[Potentially hazardous object|PHA]]{{·}}{{nowrap|[[List of numbered comets#107P|Comet (107P)]]}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4015}}<br /> |-id=016 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4016 Sambre || 1979 XK || {{MoMP|4016|Sambre}} || December 15, 1979 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]], Netto, E. R. || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4016}}<br /> |-id=017 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4017 Disneya || {{mp|1980 DL|5}} || {{MoMP|4017|Disneya}} || February 21, 1980 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Karachkina|L. G. Karachkina]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|9.3|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4017}}<br /> |-id=018 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4018 Bratislava || 1980 YM || {{MoMP|4018|Bratislava}} || December 30, 1980 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4018}}<br /> |-id=019 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4019 Klavetter || {{mp|1981 EK|14}} || {{MoMP|4019|Klavetter}} || March 1, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4019}}<br /> |-id=020 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4020 Dominique || {{mp|1981 ET|38}} || {{MoMP|4020|Dominique}} || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4020}}<br /> |-id=021 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4021 Dancey || {{mp|1981 QD|2}} || {{MoMP|4021|Dancey}} || August 30, 1981 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4021}}<br /> |-id=022 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4022 Nonna]]''' || {{mp|1981 TL|4}} || {{MoMP|4022|Nonna}} || October 8, 1981 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4022}}<br /> |-id=023 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4023 Jarník || 1981 UN || {{MoMP|4023|Jarník}} || October 25, 1981 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Ladislav Brožek|L. Brožek]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4023}}<br /> |-id=024 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4024 Ronan || 1981 WQ || {{MoMP|4024|Ronan}} || November 24, 1981 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4024|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4024}}<br /> |-id=025 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4025 Ridley || 1981 WU || {{MoMP|4025|Ridley}} || November 24, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4025}}<br /> |-id=026 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4026 Beet || {{mp|1982 BU|1}} || {{MoMP|4026|Beet}} || January 30, 1982 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || [[Nysa family|NYS]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4026|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4026}}<br /> |-id=027 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4027 Mitton || 1982 DN || {{MoMP|4027|Mitton}} || February 21, 1982 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || NYS || align=right | ''{{cvt|8.4|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4027}}<br /> |-id=028 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4028 Pancratz || {{mp|1982 DV|2}} || {{MoMP|4028|Pancratz}} || February 18, 1982 || [[National Radio Astronomy Observatory#Socorro.2C New Mexico|Socorro]] || Taff, L. G. || [[Asteroid family#Astraea family|(5)]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4028}}<br /> |-id=029 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4029 Bridges]]''' || {{mp|1982 KC|1}} || {{MoMP|4029|Bridges}} || May 24, 1982 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]], [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Minor-planet moon#4029|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4029}}<br /> |-id=030 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4030 Archenhold || {{mp|1984 EO|1}} || {{MoMP|4030|Archenhold}} || March 2, 1984 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4030}}<br /> |-id=031 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4031 Mueller]]''' || 1985 CL || {{MoMP|4031|Mueller}} || February 12, 1985 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Hungaria family|H]]{{·}}{{Interloper|003}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4031}}<br /> |-id=032 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4032 Chaplygin || {{mp|1985 UT|4}} || {{MoMP|4032|Chaplygin}} || October 22, 1985 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4032}}<br /> |-id=033 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4033 Yatsugatake || 1986 FA || {{MoMP|4033|Yatsugatake}} || March 16, 1986 || [[Yatsugatake-Kobuchizawa|Kobuchizawa]] || Inoue, M., [[Osamu Muramatsu|O. Muramatsu]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4033}}<br /> |-id=034 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4034 Vishnu]]''' || 1986 PA || {{MoMP|4034|Vishnu}} || August 2, 1986 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Apollo asteroid|APO]]{{·}}[[Potentially hazardous object|PHA]] || align=right data-sort-value=&quot;0.42&quot; | {{cvt|420|m|sortable=on|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4034}}<br /> |-id=035 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4035 Thestor]]''' || 1986 WD || {{MoMP|4035|Thestor}} || November 22, 1986 || [[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]] || [[Kenzo Suzuki (astronomer)|K. Suzuki]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || [[Greek camp|L4]] || align=right | {{cvt|69|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4035}}<br /> |-id=036 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4036 Whitehouse || {{mp|1987 DW|5}} || {{MoMP|4036|Whitehouse}} || February 21, 1987 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4036|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4036}}<br /> |-id=037 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4037 Ikeya || 1987 EC || {{MoMP|4037|Ikeya}} || March 2, 1987 || [[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]] || [[Kenzo Suzuki (astronomer)|K. Suzuki]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4037}}<br /> |-id=038 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4038 Kristina || {{mp|1987 QH|2}} || {{MoMP|4038|Kristina}} || August 21, 1987 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|4.3|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4038}}<br /> |-id=039 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4039 Souseki || 1987 SH || {{MoMP|4039|Souseki}} || September 17, 1987 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4039}}<br /> |-id=040 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4040 Purcell || {{mp|1987 SN|1}} || {{MoMP|4040|Purcell}} || September 21, 1987 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4040}}<br /> |-id=041 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4041 Miyamotoyohko || {{mp|1988 DN|1}} || {{MoMP|4041|Miyamotoyohko}} || February 19, 1988 || [[YGCO Chiyoda Station|Chiyoda]] || [[Takuo Kojima|T. Kojima]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|26|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4041}}<br /> |-id=042 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4042 Okhotsk || {{mp|1989 AT|1}} || {{MoMP|4042|Okhotsk}} || January 15, 1989 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]]{{·}}{{Interloper|405}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4042}}<br /> |-id=043 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4043 Perolof || 1175 T-3 || {{MoMP|4043|Perolof}} || October 17, 1977 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|18|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4043}}<br /> |-id=044 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4044 Erikhøg || 5142 T-3 || {{MoMP|4044|Erikhøg}} || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4044}}<br /> |-id=045 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4045 Lowengrub]]''' || 1953 RG || {{MoMP|4045|Lowengrub}} || September 9, 1953 || [[Goethe Link Observatory|Brooklyn]] || [[Indiana Asteroid Program|Indiana University]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|31|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4045}}<br /> |-id=046 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4046 Swain || 1953 TV || {{MoMP|4046|Swain}} || October 7, 1953 || Brooklyn || Indiana University || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4046}}<br /> |-id=047 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4047 Chang'E || {{mp|1964 TT|2}} || {{MoMP|4047|Chang'E}} || October 8, 1964 || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Nanking]] || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Purple Mountain]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4047}}<br /> |-id=048 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4048 Samwestfall || 1964 UC || {{MoMP|4048|Samwestfall}} || October 30, 1964 || [[Goethe Link Observatory|Brooklyn]] || [[Indiana Asteroid Program|Indiana University]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4048}}<br /> |-id=049 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4049 Noragalʹ || {{mp|1973 QD|2}} || {{MoMP|4049|Noragalʹ}} || August 31, 1973 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Tamara Smirnova|T. M. Smirnova]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|19|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4049}}<br /> |-id=050 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4050 Mebailey || 1976 SF || {{MoMP|4050|Mebailey}} || September 20, 1976 || [[Kvistaberg Observatory|Kvistaberg]] || [[Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist|C.-I. Lagerkvist]], Rickman, H. || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4050}}<br /> |-id=051 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4051 Hatanaka || 1978 VP || {{MoMP|4051|Hatanaka}} || November 1, 1978 || [[Centre de recherches en géodynamique et astrométrie|Caussols]] || [[Kōichirō Tomita|K. Tomita]] || [[FIN tbl#514|AGN]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4051}}<br /> |-id=052 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4052 Crovisier || {{mp|1981 DP|2}} || {{MoMP|4052|Crovisier}} || February 28, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4052}}<br /> |-id=053 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4053 Cherkasov || {{mp|1981 TQ|1}} || {{MoMP|4053|Cherkasov}} || October 2, 1981 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|7.7|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4053}}<br /> |-id=054 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4054 Turnov || 1983 TL || {{MoMP|4054|Turnov}} || October 5, 1983 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4054}}<br /> |-id=055 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4055 Magellan]]''' || {{mp|1985 DO|2}} || {{MoMP|4055|Magellan}} || February 24, 1985 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Amor asteroid|AMO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt; || align=right | {{cvt|2.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4055}}<br /> |-id=056 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4056 Timwarner || {{mp|1985 FZ|1}} || {{MoMP|4056|Timwarner}} || March 22, 1985 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4056}}<br /> |-id=057 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4057 Demophon]]''' || 1985 TQ || {{MoMP|4057|Demophon}} || October 15, 1985 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || [[Greek camp|L4]] || align=right | {{cvt|46|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4057}}<br /> |-id=058 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4058 Cecilgreen || 1986 JV || {{MoMP|4058|Cecilgreen}} || May 4, 1986 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4058}}<br /> |-id=059 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4059 Balder || {{mp|1987 SB|5}} || {{MoMP|4059|Balder}} || September 29, 1987 || [[Brorfelde Observatory|Brorfelde]] || [[Poul Jensen (astronomer)|P. Jensen]] || EOS{{·}}{{Interloper|606}} || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4059}}<br /> |-id=060 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4060 Deipylos]]''' || {{mp|1987 YT|1}} || {{MoMP|4060|Deipylos}} || December 17, 1987 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]], [[Guido Pizarro (astronomer)|G. Pizarro]] || [[Greek camp|L4]] || align=right | {{cvt|84|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4060}}<br /> |-id=061 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4061 Martelli || {{mp|1988 FF|3}} || {{MoMP|4061|Martelli}} || March 19, 1988 || La Silla || [[Walter Ferreri|W. Ferreri]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|19|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4061}}<br /> |-id=062 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4062 Schiaparelli || 1989 BF || {{MoMP|4062|Schiaparelli}} || January 28, 1989 || [[Osservatorio San Vittore|Bologna]] || [[San Vittore Observatory|San Vittore]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4062}}<br /> |-id=063 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4063 Euforbo]]''' || {{mp|1989 CG|2}} || {{MoMP|4063|Euforbo}} || February 1, 1989 || Bologna || San Vittore || [[Greek camp|L4]] || align=right | {{cvt|96|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4063}}<br /> |-id=064 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4064 Marjorie || 2126 P-L || {{MoMP|4064|Marjorie}} || September 24, 1960 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4064}}<br /> |-id=065 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4065 Meinel]]''' || 2820 P-L || {{MoMP|4065|Meinel}} || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4065}}<br /> |-id=066 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4066 Haapavesi || 1940 RG || {{MoMP|4066|Haapavesi}} || September 7, 1940 || [[Iso-Heikkilä Observatory|Turku]] || [[Heikki A. Alikoski|H. Alikoski]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4066|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4066}}<br /> |-id=067 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4067 Mikhelʹson || 1966 TP || {{MoMP|4067|Mikhelʹson}} || October 11, 1966 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4067}}<br /> |-id=068 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4068 Menestheus]]''' || 1973 SW || {{MoMP|4068|Menestheus}} || September 19, 1973 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || [[Greek camp|L4]] || align=right | {{cvt|68|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4068}}<br /> |-id=069 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4069 Blakee || {{mp|1978 VL|7}} || {{MoMP|4069|Blakee}} || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]], [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|4.0|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4069}}<br /> |-id=070 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4070 Rozov || {{mp|1980 RS|2}} || {{MoMP|4070|Rozov}} || September 8, 1980 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4070}}<br /> |-id=071 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4071 Rostovdon || {{mp|1981 RD|2}} || {{MoMP|4071|Rostovdon}} || September 7, 1981 || Nauchnij || [[Lyudmila Karachkina|L. G. Karachkina]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4071|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|26|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4071}}<br /> |-id=072 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4072 Yayoi || {{mp|1981 UJ|4}} || {{MoMP|4072|Yayoi}} || October 30, 1981 || [[Kiso Observatory|Kiso]] || [[Hiroki Kosai|H. Kosai]], [[Kiichirō Furukawa|K. Furukawa]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4072}}<br /> |-id=073 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4073 Ruianzhongxue || {{mp|1981 UE|10}} || {{MoMP|4073|Ruianzhongxue}} || October 23, 1981 || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Nanking]] || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Purple Mountain]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4073}}<br /> |-id=074 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4074 Sharkov || {{mp|1981 UN|11}} || {{MoMP|4074|Sharkov}} || October 22, 1981 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4074}}<br /> |-id=075 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4075 Sviridov || {{mp|1982 TL|1}} || {{MoMP|4075|Sviridov}} || October 14, 1982 || Nauchnij || [[Lyudmila Karachkina|L. G. Karachkina]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4075}}<br /> |-id=076 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4076 Dörffel || {{mp|1982 UF|4}} || {{MoMP|4076|Dörffel}} || October 19, 1982 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4076}}<br /> |-id=077 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4077 Asuka || {{mp|1982 XV|1}} || {{MoMP|4077|Asuka}} || December 13, 1982 || [[Kiso Observatory|Kiso]] || [[Hiroki Kosai|H. Kosai]], [[Kiichirō Furukawa|K. Furukawa]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|19|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4077}}<br /> |-id=078 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4078 Polakis || 1983 AC || {{MoMP|4078|Polakis}} || January 9, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Brian A. Skiff|B. A. Skiff]] || EOS || align=right | {{cvt|20|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4078}}<br /> |-id=079 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4079 Britten || 1983 CS || {{MoMP|4079|Britten}} || February 15, 1983 || Anderson Mesa || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4079}}<br /> |-id=080 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4080 Galinskij || 1983 PW || {{MoMP|4080|Galinskij}} || August 4, 1983 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Karachkina|L. G. Karachkina]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|5.8|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4080}}<br /> |-id=081 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4081 Tippett || {{mp|1983 RC|2}} || {{MoMP|4081|Tippett}} || September 14, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4081}}<br /> |-id=082 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4082 Swann]]''' || {{mp|1984 SW|3}} || {{MoMP|4082|Swann}} || September 27, 1984 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4082}}<br /> |-id=083 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4083 Jody || 1985 CV || {{MoMP|4083|Jody}} || February 12, 1985 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4083}}<br /> |-id=084 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4084 Hollis || 1985 GM || {{MoMP|4084|Hollis}} || April 14, 1985 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4084}}<br /> |-id=085 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4085 Weir]]''' || 1985 JR || {{MoMP|4085|Weir}} || May 13, 1985 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4085}}<br /> |-id=086 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4086 Podalirius]]''' || {{mp|1985 VK|2}} || {{MoMP|4086|Podalirius}} || November 9, 1985 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || [[Greek camp|L4]] || align=right | {{cvt|85|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4086}}<br /> |-id=087 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4087 Pärt || {{mp|1986 EM|1}} || {{MoMP|4087|Pärt}} || March 5, 1986 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4087}}<br /> |-id=088 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4088 Baggesen || 1986 GG || {{MoMP|4088|Baggesen}} || April 3, 1986 || [[Brorfelde Observatory|Brorfelde]] || [[Poul Jensen (astronomer)|P. Jensen]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4088}}<br /> |-id=089 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4089 Galbraith || 1986 JG || {{MoMP|4089|Galbraith}} || May 2, 1986 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4089}}<br /> |-id=090 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4090 Říšehvězd]]''' || {{mp|1986 RH|1}} || {{MoMP|4090|Říšehvězd}} || September 2, 1986 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4090}}<br /> |-id=091 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4091 Lowe || {{mp|1986 TL|2}} || {{MoMP|4091|Lowe}} || October 7, 1986 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|23|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4091}}<br /> |-id=092 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4092 Tyr || {{mp|1986 TJ|4}} || {{MoMP|4092|Tyr}} || October 8, 1986 || [[Brorfelde Observatory|Brorfelde]] || [[Poul Jensen (astronomer)|P. Jensen]] || [[Minor-planet moon#4092|moon]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|9.5|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4092}}<br /> |-id=093 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4093 Bennett || 1986 VD || {{MoMP|4093|Bennett}} || November 4, 1986 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|25|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4093}}<br /> |-id=094 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4094 Aoshima || 1987 QC || {{MoMP|4094|Aoshima}} || August 26, 1987 || [[Shizuoka, Shizuoka|Shizuoka]] || [[Minoru Kizawa|M. Kizawa]], Kakei, W. || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4094}}<br /> |-id=095 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4095 Ishizuchisan || 1987 SG || {{MoMP|4095|Ishizuchisan}} || September 16, 1987 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4095}}<br /> |-id=096 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4096 Kushiro || 1987 VC || {{MoMP|4096|Kushiro}} || November 15, 1987 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4096}}<br /> |-id=097 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4097 Tsurugisan || 1987 WW || {{MoMP|4097|Tsurugisan}} || November 18, 1987 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4097}}<br /> |-id=098 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4098 Thraen || {{mp|1987 WQ|1}} || {{MoMP|4098|Thraen}} || November 26, 1987 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4098}}<br /> |-id=099 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4099 Wiggins || {{mp|1988 AB|5}} || {{MoMP|4099|Wiggins}} || January 13, 1988 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Maria family|MAR]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4099}}<br /> |-id=100 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4100 Sumiko || 1988 BF || {{MoMP|4100|Sumiko}} || January 16, 1988 || [[Okutama, Tokyo|Okutama]] || Hioki, T., [[Nobuhiro Kawasato|N. Kawasato]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4100}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 4101–4200 ==<br /> {{Anchor|101}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4101 Ruikou || 1988 CE || {{MoMP|4101|Ruikou}} || February 8, 1988 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4101}}<br /> |-id=102 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4102 Gergana || {{mp|1988 TE|3}} || {{MoMP|4102|Gergana}} || October 15, 1988 || [[Rozhen National Astronomical Observatory|Smolyan]] || [[Violeta G. Ivanova|V. G. Ivanova]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4102}}<br /> |-id=103 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4103 Chahine || 1989 EB || {{MoMP|4103|Chahine}} || March 4, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4103|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4103}}<br /> |-id=104 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4104 Alu || 1989 ED || {{MoMP|4104|Alu}} || March 5, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || E. F. Helin || [[Maria family|MAR]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4104}}<br /> |-id=105 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4105 Tsia || 1989 EK || {{MoMP|4105|Tsia}} || March 5, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || E. F. Helin || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4105}}<br /> |-id=106 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4106 Nada || 1989 EW || {{MoMP|4106|Nada}} || March 6, 1989 || [[Minami-Oda Observatory|Minami-Oda]] || [[Toshiro Nomura|T. Nomura]], [[Kōyō Kawanishi|K. Kawanishi]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|20|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4106}}<br /> |-id=107 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4107 Rufino || 1989 GT || {{MoMP|4107|Rufino}} || April 7, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4107}}<br /> |-id=108 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4108 Rakos || 3439 T-3 || {{MoMP|4108|Rakos}} || October 16, 1977 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4108}}<br /> |-id=109 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4109 Anokhin || 1969 OW || {{MoMP|4109|Anokhin}} || July 17, 1969 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Bella A. Burnasheva|B. A. Burnasheva]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4109}}<br /> |-id=110 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4110 Keats || 1977 CZ || {{MoMP|4110|Keats}} || February 13, 1977 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|23|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4110}}<br /> |-id=111 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4111 Lamy || {{mp|1981 EN|12}} || {{MoMP|4111|Lamy}} || March 1, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|3.2|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4111}}<br /> |-id=112 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4112 Hrabal || 1981 ST || {{MoMP|4112|Hrabal}} || September 25, 1981 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || Mahrová, M. || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|46|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4112}}<br /> |-id=113 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4113 Rascana || 1982 BQ || {{MoMP|4113|Rascana}} || January 18, 1982 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Baptistina family|BAP]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4113}}<br /> |-id=114 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4114 Jasnorzewska || {{mp|1982 QB|1}} || {{MoMP|4114|Jasnorzewska}} || August 19, 1982 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Zdeňka Vávrová|Z. Vávrová]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4114}}<br /> |-id=115 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4115 Peternorton || {{mp|1982 QS|3}} || {{MoMP|4115|Peternorton}} || August 29, 1982 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4115}}<br /> |-id=116 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4116 Elachi || 1982 SU || {{MoMP|4116|Elachi}} || September 20, 1982 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | {{cvt|4.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4116}}<br /> |-id=117 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4117 Wilke || {{mp|1982 SU|3}} || {{MoMP|4117|Wilke}} || September 24, 1982 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4117}}<br /> |-id=118 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4118 Sveta]]''' || {{mp|1982 TH|3}} || {{MoMP|4118|Sveta}} || October 15, 1982 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4118}}<br /> |-id=119 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4119 Miles || 1983 BE || {{MoMP|4119|Miles}} || January 16, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Fast rotator (asteroid)#4119|fast]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4119}}<br /> |-id=120 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4120 Denoyelle || {{mp|1985 RS|4}} || {{MoMP|4120|Denoyelle}} || September 14, 1985 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4120}}<br /> |-id=121 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4121 Carlin || 1986 JH || {{MoMP|4121|Carlin}} || May 2, 1986 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[International Near-Earth Asteroid Survey|INAS]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4121}}<br /> |-id=122 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4122 Ferrari || 1986 OA || {{MoMP|4122|Ferrari}} || July 28, 1986 || [[Osservatorio San Vittore|Bologna]] || [[San Vittore Observatory|San Vittore]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4122}}<br /> |-id=123 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4123 Tarsila || {{mp|1986 QP|1}} || {{MoMP|4123|Tarsila}} || August 27, 1986 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4123}}<br /> |-id=124 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4124 Herriot || 1986 SE || {{MoMP|4124|Herriot}} || September 29, 1986 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Zdeňka Vávrová|Z. Vávrová]] || [[FIN tbl#519|HOF]] || align=right | {{cvt|19|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4124}}<br /> |-id=125 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4125 Lew Allen || 1987 MO || {{MoMP|4125|Lew Allen}} || June 28, 1987 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | {{cvt|6.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4125}}<br /> |-id=126 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4126 Mashu || 1988 BU || {{MoMP|4126|Mashu}} || January 19, 1988 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|20|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4126}}<br /> |-id=127 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4127 Kyogoku || {{mp|1988 BA|2}} || {{MoMP|4127|Kyogoku}} || January 25, 1988 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4127}}<br /> |-id=128 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4128 UKSTU || {{mp|1988 BM|5}} || {{MoMP|4128|UKSTU}} || January 28, 1988 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4128}}<br /> |-id=129 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4129 Richelen || 1988 DM || {{MoMP|4129|Richelen}} || February 22, 1988 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || R. H. McNaught || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4129}}<br /> |-id=130 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4130 Ramanujan || {{mp|1988 DQ|1}} || {{MoMP|4130|Ramanujan}} || February 17, 1988 || [[Vainu Bappu Observatory|Kavalur]] || Rajamohan, R. || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4130}}<br /> |-id=131 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4131 Stasik || {{mp|1988 DR|4}} || {{MoMP|4131|Stasik}} || February 23, 1988 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || Noymer, A. J. || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|29|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4131}}<br /> |-id=132 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4132 Bartók || 1988 EH || {{MoMP|4132|Bartók}} || March 12, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Jeff T. Alu|J. Alu]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4132}}<br /> |-id=133 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4133 Heureka || 1942 DB || {{MoMP|4133|Heureka}} || February 17, 1942 || [[Iso-Heikkilä Observatory|Turku]] || [[Liisi Oterma|L. Oterma]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|9.4|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4133}}<br /> |-id=134 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4134 Schütz || 1961 CR || {{MoMP|4134|Schütz}} || February 15, 1961 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4134}}<br /> |-id=135 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4135 Svetlanov || 1966 PG || {{MoMP|4135|Svetlanov}} || August 14, 1966 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]], [[Tamara Smirnova|T. M. Smirnova]] || [[FIN tbl#512|DOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|24|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4135}}<br /> |-id=136 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4136 Artmane || 1968 FJ || {{MoMP|4136|Artmane}} || March 28, 1968 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || T. M. Smirnova || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4136}}<br /> |-id=137 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4137 Crabtree || 1970 WC || {{MoMP|4137|Crabtree}} || November 24, 1970 || [[Hamburg Observatory|Hamburg-Bergedorf]] || [[Luboš Kohoutek|L. Kohoutek]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4137}}<br /> |-id=138 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4138 Kalchas]]''' || 1973 SM || {{MoMP|4138|Kalchas}} || September 19, 1973 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || [[Greek camp|L4]] || align=right | {{cvt|46|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4138}}<br /> |-id=139 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4139 Ulʹyanin || {{mp|1975 VE|2}} || {{MoMP|4139|Ulʹyanin}} || November 2, 1975 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Tamara Smirnova|T. M. Smirnova]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4139}}<br /> |-id=140 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4140 Branham || 1976 VA || {{MoMP|4140|Branham}} || November 11, 1976 || [[Leoncito Astronomical Complex|El Leoncito]] || [[Félix Aguilar Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|34|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4140}}<br /> |-id=141 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4141 Nintanlena || {{mp|1978 PG|3}} || {{MoMP|4141|Nintanlena}} || August 8, 1978 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4141}}<br /> |-id=142 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | '''[[4142 Dersu-Uzala]]''' || 1981 KE || {{MoMP|4142|Dersu-Uzala}} || May 28, 1981 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Zdeňka Vávrová|Z. Vávrová]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4142|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4142}}<br /> |-id=143 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4143 Huziak || {{mp|1981 QN|1}} || {{MoMP|4143|Huziak}} || August 29, 1981 || [[National Radio Astronomy Observatory#Socorro.2C New Mexico|Socorro]] || Taff, L. G. || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4143}}<br /> |-id=144 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4144 Vladvasilʹev || {{mp|1981 SW|6}} || {{MoMP|4144|Vladvasilʹev}} || September 28, 1981 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|32|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4144}}<br /> |-id=145 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4145 Maximova || {{mp|1981 SJ|7}} || {{MoMP|4145|Maximova}} || September 29, 1981 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || L. V. Zhuravleva || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4145}}<br /> |-id=146 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4146 Rudolfinum || {{mp|1982 DD|2}} || {{MoMP|4146|Rudolfinum}} || February 16, 1982 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Ladislav Brožek|L. Brožek]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4146}}<br /> |-id=147 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4147 Lennon]]''' || 1983 AY || {{MoMP|4147|Lennon}} || January 12, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Brian A. Skiff|B. A. Skiff]] || [[Vesta family|V]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4147|slow?]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4147}}<br /> |-id=148 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4148 McCartney]]''' || 1983 NT || {{MoMP|4148|McCartney}} || July 11, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4148}}<br /> |-id=149 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4149 Harrison]]''' || 1984 EZ || {{MoMP|4149|Harrison}} || March 9, 1984 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Brian A. Skiff|B. A. Skiff]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]]{{·}}{{Interloper|502}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4149}}<br /> |-id=150 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4150 Starr]]''' || {{mp|1984 QC|1}} || {{MoMP|4150|Starr}} || August 31, 1984 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || B. A. Skiff || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4150}}<br /> |-id=151 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4151 Alanhale]]''' || {{mp|1985 HV|1}} || {{MoMP|4151|Alanhale}} || April 24, 1985 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]], [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker|E. M. Shoemaker]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|20|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4151}}<br /> |-id=152 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4152 Weber || 1985 JF || {{MoMP|4152|Weber}} || May 15, 1985 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|20|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4152}}<br /> |-id=153 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4153 Roburnham || {{mp|1985 JT|1}} || {{MoMP|4153|Roburnham}} || May 14, 1985 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4153}}<br /> |-id=154 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4154 Rumsey || 1985 NE || {{MoMP|4154|Rumsey}} || July 10, 1985 || [[Mount John University Observatory|Lake Tekapo]] || [[Alan C. Gilmore|A. C. Gilmore]], [[Pamela M. Kilmartin|P. M. Kilmartin]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4154}}<br /> |-id=155 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4155 Watanabe || {{mp|1987 UB|1}} || {{MoMP|4155|Watanabe}} || October 25, 1987 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4155}}<br /> |-id=156 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4156 Okadanoboru || 1988 BE || {{MoMP|4156|Okadanoboru}} || January 16, 1988 || [[YGCO Chiyoda Station|Chiyoda]] || [[Takuo Kojima|T. Kojima]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4156}}<br /> |-id=157 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4157 Izu || {{mp|1988 XD|2}} || {{MoMP|4157|Izu}} || December 11, 1988 || [[Gekko Observatory|Gekko]] || [[Yoshiaki Oshima|Y. Oshima]] || [[Adeona family|ADE]] || align=right | {{cvt|21|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4157}}<br /> |-id=158 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4158 Santini || 1989 BE || {{MoMP|4158|Santini}} || January 28, 1989 || [[Osservatorio San Vittore|Bologna]] || [[San Vittore Observatory|San Vittore]] || [[Cybele asteroid|CYB]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4158|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4158}}<br /> |-id=159 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4159 Freeman || 1989 GK || {{MoMP|4159|Freeman}} || April 5, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4159}}<br /> |-id=160 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4160 Sabrina-John || 1989 LE || {{MoMP|4160|Sabrina-John}} || June 3, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || E. F. Helin || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4160}}<br /> |-id=161 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4161 Amasis || 6627 P-L || {{MoMP|4161|Amasis}} || September 24, 1960 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4161}}<br /> |-id=162 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4162 SAF || 1940 WA || {{MoMP|4162|SAF}} || November 24, 1940 || [[Nice Observatory|Nice]] || [[André Patry|A. Patry]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|25|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4162}}<br /> |-id=163 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4163 Saaremaa || 1941 HC || {{MoMP|4163|Saaremaa}} || April 19, 1941 || [[Iso-Heikkilä Observatory|Turku]] || [[Liisi Oterma|L. Oterma]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|20|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4163}}<br /> |-id=164 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4164 Shilov || 1969 UR || {{MoMP|4164|Shilov}} || October 16, 1969 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4164}}<br /> |-id=165 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4165 Didkovskij || {{mp|1976 GS|3}} || {{MoMP|4165|Didkovskij}} || April 1, 1976 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4165}}<br /> |-id=166 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4166 Pontryagin || {{mp|1978 SZ|6}} || {{MoMP|4166|Pontryagin}} || September 26, 1978 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4166}}<br /> |-id=167 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4167 Riemann || {{mp|1978 TQ|7}} || {{MoMP|4167|Riemann}} || October 2, 1978 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || L. V. Zhuravleva || [[Maria family|MAR]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4167}}<br /> |-id=168 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4168 Millan || 1979 EE || {{MoMP|4168|Millan}} || March 6, 1979 || [[Leoncito Astronomical Complex|El Leoncito]] || [[Félix Aguilar Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4168}}<br /> |-id=169 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4169 Celsius || {{mp|1980 FO|3}} || {{MoMP|4169|Celsius}} || March 16, 1980 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist|C.-I. Lagerkvist]] || [[Cybele asteroid|CYB]] || align=right | {{cvt|37|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4169}}<br /> |-id=170 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4170 Semmelweis || 1980 PT || {{MoMP|4170|Semmelweis}} || August 6, 1980 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Zdeňka Vávrová|Z. Vávrová]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4170}}<br /> |-id=171 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4171 Carrasco || {{mp|1982 FZ|1}} || {{MoMP|4171|Carrasco}} || March 23, 1982 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4171}}<br /> |-id=172 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4172 Rochefort || {{mp|1982 FC|3}} || {{MoMP|4172|Rochefort}} || March 20, 1982 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4172}}<br /> |-id=173 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4173 Thicksten || {{mp|1982 KG|1}} || {{MoMP|4173|Thicksten}} || May 27, 1982 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4173}}<br /> |-id=174 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4174 Pikulia || {{mp|1982 SB|6}} || {{MoMP|4174|Pikulia}} || September 16, 1982 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|22|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4174}}<br /> |-id=175 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4175 Billbaum]]''' || 1985 GX || {{MoMP|4175|Billbaum}} || April 15, 1985 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4175}}<br /> |-id=176 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4176 Sudek]]''' || 1987 DS || {{MoMP|4176|Sudek}} || February 24, 1987 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|19|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4176}}<br /> |-id=177 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4177 Kohman]]''' || {{mp|1987 SS|1}} || {{MoMP|4177|Kohman}} || September 21, 1987 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Cybele asteroid|CYB]]{{·}}[[Griqua asteroid|2:1J]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4177}}<br /> |-id=178 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4178 Mimeev || {{mp|1988 EO|1}} || {{MoMP|4178|Mimeev}} || March 13, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Asteroid family#Ashkova|(3460)]] || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4178}}<br /> |-id=179 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4179 Toutatis]]''' || 1989 AC || {{MoMP|4179|Toutatis}} || January 4, 1989 || [[Centre de recherches en géodynamique et astrométrie|Caussols]] || [[Christian Pollas|C. Pollas]] || [[Apollo asteroid|APO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt;{{·}}[[Asteroid family#Alinda family|(887)]]{{·}}[[Potentially hazardous object|PHA]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4179|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4179}}<br /> |-id=180 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4180 Anaxagoras || 6092 P-L || {{MoMP|4180|Anaxagoras}} || September 24, 1960 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4180}}<br /> |-id=181 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4181 Kivi || {{mp|1938 DK|1}} || {{MoMP|4181|Kivi}} || February 24, 1938 || [[Iso-Heikkilä Observatory|Turku]] || [[Yrjö Väisälä|Y. Väisälä]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4181|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4181}}<br /> |-id=182 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4182 Mount Locke || 1951 JQ || {{MoMP|4182|Mount Locke}} || May 2, 1951 || [[McDonald Observatory|Fort Davis]] || [[McDonald Observatory]] || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4182}}<br /> |-id=183 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4183 Cuno]]''' || 1959 LM || {{MoMP|4183|Cuno}} || June 5, 1959 || [[Boyden Observatory|Bloemfontein]] || [[Cuno Hoffmeister|C. Hoffmeister]] || [[Apollo asteroid|APO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt;{{·}}[[Potentially hazardous object|PHA]] || align=right | {{cvt|3.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4183}}<br /> |-id=184 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4184 Berdyayev || {{mp|1969 TJ|1}} || {{MoMP|4184|Berdyayev}} || October 8, 1969 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4184}}<br /> |-id=185 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4185 Phystech]]''' || 1975 ED || {{MoMP|4185|Phystech}} || March 4, 1975 || Nauchnij || [[Tamara Smirnova|T. M. Smirnova]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|6.1|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4185}}<br /> |-id=186 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4186 Tamashima || {{mp|1977 DT|1}} || {{MoMP|4186|Tamashima}} || February 18, 1977 || [[Kiso Observatory|Kiso]] || [[Hiroki Kosai|H. Kosai]], [[Kiichirō Furukawa|K. Furukawa]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|30|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4186}}<br /> |-id=187 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4187 Shulnazaria || {{mp|1978 GR|3}} || {{MoMP|4187|Shulnazaria}} || April 11, 1978 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4187}}<br /> |-id=188 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4188 Kitezh || {{mp|1979 HX|4}} || {{MoMP|4188|Kitezh}} || April 25, 1979 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4188}}<br /> |-id=189 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4189 Sayany || {{mp|1979 SV|9}} || {{MoMP|4189|Sayany}} || September 22, 1979 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4189}}<br /> |-id=190 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4190 Kvasnica || 1980 JH || {{MoMP|4190|Kvasnica}} || May 11, 1980 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Ladislav Brožek|L. Brožek]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4190}}<br /> |-id=191 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4191 Assesse || 1980 KH || {{MoMP|4191|Assesse}} || May 22, 1980 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || EUN || align=right | {{cvt|7.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4191}}<br /> |-id=192 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4192 Breysacher || 1981 DH || {{MoMP|4192|Breysacher}} || February 28, 1981 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || H. Debehogne, [[Giovanni de Sanctis|G. de Sanctis]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|21|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4192}}<br /> |-id=193 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4193 Salanave || {{mp|1981 SM|1}} || {{MoMP|4193|Salanave}} || September 26, 1981 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Brian A. Skiff|B. A. Skiff]], [[Norman G. Thomas|N. G. Thomas]] || THM || align=right | {{cvt|18|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4193}}<br /> |-id=194 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4194 Sweitzer || 1982 RE || {{MoMP|4194|Sweitzer}} || September 15, 1982 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4194}}<br /> |-id=195 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4195 Esambaev || {{mp|1982 SK|8}} || {{MoMP|4195|Esambaev}} || September 19, 1982 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|9.7|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4195}}<br /> |-id=196 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4196 Shuya || {{mp|1982 SA|13}} || {{MoMP|4196|Shuya}} || September 16, 1982 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || L. I. Chernykh || [[Hilda asteroid|3:2]] || align=right | {{cvt|37|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4196}}<br /> |-id=197 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4197 Morpheus]]''' || 1982 TA || {{MoMP|4197|Morpheus}} || October 11, 1982 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]], [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker|E. M. Shoemaker]] || [[Apollo asteroid|APO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt; || align=right | {{cvt|1.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4197}}<br /> |-id=198 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4198 Panthera || {{mp|1983 CK|1}} || {{MoMP|4198|Panthera}} || February 11, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Norman G. Thomas|N. G. Thomas]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4198}}<br /> |-id=199 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4199 Andreev || {{mp|1983 RX|2}} || {{MoMP|4199|Andreev}} || September 1, 1983 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4199}}<br /> |-id=200 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4200 Shizukagozen || 1983 WA || {{MoMP|4200|Shizukagozen}} || November 28, 1983 || [[Karasuyama, Tochigi|Karasuyama]] || [[Yoshiaki Banno|Y. Banno]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|8.0|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4200}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 4201–4300 ==<br /> {{Anchor|201}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4201 Orosz || {{mp|1984 JA|1}} || {{MoMP|4201|Orosz}} || May 3, 1984 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Brian A. Skiff|B. A. Skiff]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|33|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4201}}<br /> |-id=202 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4202 Minitti || {{mp|1985 CB|2}} || {{MoMP|4202|Minitti}} || February 12, 1985 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4202}}<br /> |-id=203 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4203 Brucato || {{mp|1985 FD|3}} || {{MoMP|4203|Brucato}} || March 26, 1985 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[FIN tbl#807|BRU]] || align=right | {{cvt|18|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4203}}<br /> |-id=204 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4204 Barsig || {{mp|1985 JG|1}} || {{MoMP|4204|Barsig}} || May 11, 1985 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4204}}<br /> |-id=205 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | '''[[4205 David Hughes]]''' || 1985 YP || {{MoMP|4205|David Hughes}} || December 18, 1985 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|3.6|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4205}}<br /> |-id=206 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4206 Verulamium || 1986 QL || {{MoMP|4206|Verulamium}} || August 25, 1986 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4206}}<br /> |-id=207 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4207 Chernova || {{mp|1986 RO|2}} || {{MoMP|4207|Chernova}} || September 5, 1986 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4207}}<br /> |-id=208 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4208 Kiselev || {{mp|1986 RQ|2}} || {{MoMP|4208|Kiselev}} || September 6, 1986 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|30|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4208}}<br /> |-id=209 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4209 Briggs]]''' || {{mp|1986 TG|4}} || {{MoMP|4209|Briggs}} || October 4, 1986 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|31|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4209}}<br /> |-id=210 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4210 Isobelthompson || {{mp|1987 DY|5}} || {{MoMP|4210|Isobelthompson}} || February 21, 1987 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4210}}<br /> |-id=211 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4211 Rosniblett || 1987 RT || {{MoMP|4211|Rosniblett}} || September 12, 1987 || La Silla || H. Debehogne || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|25|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4211}}<br /> |-id=212 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4212 Sansyu-Asuke || {{mp|1987 SB|2}} || {{MoMP|4212|Sansyu-Asuke}} || September 28, 1987 || [[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]] || [[Kenzo Suzuki (astronomer)|K. Suzuki]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4212}}<br /> |-id=213 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4213 Njord || {{mp|1987 ST|4}} || {{MoMP|4213|Njord}} || September 25, 1987 || [[Brorfelde Observatory|Brorfelde]] || [[Poul Jensen (astronomer)|P. Jensen]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4213}}<br /> |-id=214 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4214 Veralynn || {{mp|1987 UX|4}} || {{MoMP|4214|Veralynn}} || October 22, 1987 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4214}}<br /> |-id=215 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4215 Kamo || {{mp|1987 VE|1}} || {{MoMP|4215|Kamo}} || November 14, 1987 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4215}}<br /> |-id=216 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4216 Neunkirchen || {{mp|1988 AF|5}} || {{MoMP|4216|Neunkirchen}} || January 14, 1988 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|2.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4216}}<br /> |-id=217 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4217 Engelhardt]]''' || {{mp|1988 BO|2}} || {{MoMP|4217|Engelhardt}} || January 24, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4217}}<br /> |-id=218 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4218 Demottoni || {{mp|1988 BK|3}} || {{MoMP|4218|Demottoni}} || January 16, 1988 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4218}}<br /> |-id=219 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4219 Nakamura || 1988 DB || {{MoMP|4219|Nakamura}} || February 19, 1988 || [[Yatsugatake-Kobuchizawa|Kobuchizawa]] || Inoue, M., [[Osamu Muramatsu|O. Muramatsu]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4219|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4219}}<br /> |-id=220 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4220 Flood || 1988 DN || {{MoMP|4220|Flood}} || February 22, 1988 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || [[FIN tbl#512|DOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4220}}<br /> |-id=221 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4221 Picasso || 1988 EJ || {{MoMP|4221|Picasso}} || March 13, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Jeff T. Alu|J. Alu]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4221}}<br /> |-id=222 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 4222 Nancita || {{mp|1988 EK|1}} || {{MoMP|4222|Nancita}} || March 13, 1988 || Palomar || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4222}}<br /> |-id=223 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4223 Shikoku || 1988 JM || {{MoMP|4223|Shikoku}} || May 7, 1988 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|23|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4223}}<br /> |-id=224 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4224 Susa || 1988 KG || {{MoMP|4224|Susa}} || May 19, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|35|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4224}}<br /> |-id=225 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4225 Hobart || 1989 BN || {{MoMP|4225|Hobart}} || January 31, 1989 || [[Okutama, Tokyo|Okutama]] || Hioki, T., [[Nobuhiro Kawasato|N. Kawasato]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4225}}<br /> |-id=226 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4226 Damiaan || 1989 RE || {{MoMP|4226|Damiaan}} || September 1, 1989 || [[Haute-Provence Observatory|Haute-Provence]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|33|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4226}}<br /> |-id=227 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4227 Kaali || 1942 DC || {{MoMP|4227|Kaali}} || February 17, 1942 || [[Iso-Heikkilä Observatory|Turku]] || [[Liisi Oterma|L. Oterma]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|8.3|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4227}}<br /> |-id=228 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4228 Nemiro || {{mp|1968 OC|1}} || {{MoMP|4228|Nemiro}} || July 25, 1968 || [[Cerro El Roble Astronomical Station|Cerro El Roble]] || Plyugin, G. A., [[Yuri A. Belyaev|Yu. A. Belyaev]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4228}}<br /> |-id=229 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4229 Plevitskaya || 1971 BK || {{MoMP|4229|Plevitskaya}} || January 22, 1971 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4229}}<br /> |-id=230 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4230 van den Bergh]]''' || {{mp|1973 ST|1}} || {{MoMP|4230|van den Bergh}} || September 19, 1973 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || [[Hilda asteroid|3:2]]{{·}}[[Schubart family|SHU]] || align=right | {{cvt|28|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4230}}<br /> |-id=231 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4231 Fireman || 1976 WD || {{MoMP|4231|Fireman}} || November 20, 1976 || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4231|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4231}}<br /> |-id=232 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4232 Aparicio || 1977 CD || {{MoMP|4232|Aparicio}} || February 13, 1977 || [[Leoncito Astronomical Complex|El Leoncito]] || [[Félix Aguilar Observatory]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']]{{·}}{{Interloper|003}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4232}}<br /> |-id=233 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4233 Palʹchikov || {{mp|1977 RO|7}} || {{MoMP|4233|Palʹchikov}} || September 11, 1977 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|7.4|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4233}}<br /> |-id=234 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4234 Evtushenko || {{mp|1978 JT|1}} || {{MoMP|4234|Evtushenko}} || May 6, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4234}}<br /> |-id=235 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4235 Tatishchev || {{mp|1978 SL|5}} || {{MoMP|4235|Tatishchev}} || September 27, 1978 || Nauchnij || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4235}}<br /> |-id=236 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4236 Lidov || {{mp|1979 FV|1}} || {{MoMP|4236|Lidov}} || March 23, 1979 || Nauchnij || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Cybele asteroid|CYB]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4236|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|33|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4236}}<br /> |-id=237 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4237 Raushenbakh || {{mp|1979 SD|4}} || {{MoMP|4237|Raushenbakh}} || September 24, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4237}}<br /> |-id=238 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4238 Audrey || 1980 GF || {{MoMP|4238|Audrey}} || April 13, 1980 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4238}}<br /> |-id=239 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4239 Goodman || 1980 OE || {{MoMP|4239|Goodman}} || July 17, 1980 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4239}}<br /> |-id=240 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4240 Grün || {{mp|1981 EY|20}} || {{MoMP|4240|Grün}} || March 2, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|6.4|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4240}}<br /> |-id=241 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4241 Pappalardo || {{mp|1981 EX|46}} || {{MoMP|4241|Pappalardo}} || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || KOR || align=right | ''{{cvt|3.5|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4241}}<br /> |-id=242 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4242 Brecher || 1981 FQ || {{MoMP|4242|Brecher}} || March 28, 1981 || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4242}}<br /> |-id=243 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4243 Nankivell || {{mp|1981 GF|1}} || {{MoMP|4243|Nankivell}} || April 4, 1981 || [[Mount John University Observatory|Lake Tekapo]] || [[Alan C. Gilmore|A. C. Gilmore]], [[Pamela M. Kilmartin|P. M. Kilmartin]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|18|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4243}}<br /> |-id=244 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4244 Zakharchenko || {{mp|1981 TO|3}} || {{MoMP|4244|Zakharchenko}} || October 7, 1981 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4244}}<br /> |-id=245 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4245 Nairc || {{mp|1981 UC|10}} || {{MoMP|4245|Nairc}} || October 29, 1981 || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Nanking]] || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Purple Mountain]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4245}}<br /> |-id=246 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4246 Telemann || {{mp|1982 SY|2}} || {{MoMP|4246|Telemann}} || September 24, 1982 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4246}}<br /> |-id=247 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4247 Grahamsmith || 1983 WC || {{MoMP|4247|Grahamsmith}} || November 28, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Asteroid family#Ashkova|(3460)]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4247}}<br /> |-id=248 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4248 Ranald || 1984 HX || {{MoMP|4248|Ranald}} || April 23, 1984 || [[Mount John University Observatory|Lake Tekapo]] || [[Alan C. Gilmore|A. C. Gilmore]], [[Pamela M. Kilmartin|P. M. Kilmartin]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4248}}<br /> |-id=249 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4249 Křemže || {{mp|1984 SC|2}} || {{MoMP|4249|Křemže}} || September 29, 1984 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4249}}<br /> |-id=250 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4250 Perun || 1984 UG || {{MoMP|4250|Perun}} || October 20, 1984 || Kleť || [[Zdeňka Vávrová|Z. Vávrová]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|23|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4250}}<br /> |-id=251 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4251 Kavasch || {{mp|1985 JK|1}} || {{MoMP|4251|Kavasch}} || May 11, 1985 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4251}}<br /> |-id=252 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4252 Godwin || {{mp|1985 RG|4}} || {{MoMP|4252|Godwin}} || September 11, 1985 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4252}}<br /> |-id=253 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4253 Märker || {{mp|1985 TN|3}} || {{MoMP|4253|Märker}} || October 11, 1985 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4253}}<br /> |-id=254 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4254 Kamél || {{mp|1985 UT|3}} || {{MoMP|4254|Kamél}} || October 24, 1985 || [[Kvistaberg Observatory|Kvistaberg]] || [[Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist|C.-I. Lagerkvist]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4254}}<br /> |-id=255 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4255 Spacewatch || 1986 GW || {{MoMP|4255|Spacewatch}} || April 4, 1986 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || [[Hilda asteroid|3:2]]{{·}}[[Schubart family|SHU]] || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4255}}<br /> |-id=256 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4256 Kagamigawa || 1986 TX || {{MoMP|4256|Kagamigawa}} || October 3, 1986 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4256}}<br /> |-id=257 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4257 Ubasti]]''' || 1987 QA || {{MoMP|4257|Ubasti}} || August 23, 1987 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Jean Mueller|J. E. Mueller]] || [[Apollo asteroid|APO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt; || align=right | ''{{cvt|2.3|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4257}}<br /> |-id=258 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4258 Ryazanov || {{mp|1987 RZ|2}} || {{MoMP|4258|Ryazanov}} || September 1, 1987 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Karachkina|L. G. Karachkina]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4258}}<br /> |-id=259 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4259 McCoy || {{mp|1988 SB|3}} || {{MoMP|4259|McCoy}} || September 16, 1988 || [[Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory|Cerro Tololo]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4259}}<br /> |-id=260 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4260 Yanai || 1989 AX || {{MoMP|4260|Yanai}} || January 4, 1989 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || KOR || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4260}}<br /> |-id=261 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4261 Gekko || 1989 BJ || {{MoMP|4261|Gekko}} || January 28, 1989 || [[Gekko Observatory|Gekko]] || [[Yoshiaki Oshima|Y. Oshima]] || [[FIN tbl#514|AGN]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4261}}<br /> |-id=262 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4262 DeVorkin || 1989 CO || {{MoMP|4262|DeVorkin}} || February 5, 1989 || [[Yorii Observatory|Yorii]] || [[Masaru Arai|M. Arai]], [[Hiroshi Mori (astronomer)|H. Mori]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4262}}<br /> |-id=263 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4263 Abashiri]]''' || {{mp|1989 RL|2}} || {{MoMP|4263|Abashiri}} || September 7, 1989 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Masayuki Yanai|M. Yanai]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4263}}<br /> |-id=264 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4264 Karljosephine || 1989 TB || {{MoMP|4264|Karljosephine}} || October 2, 1989 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || Cwach, K. F. J. || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4264}}<br /> |-id=265 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4265 Kani]]''' || 1989 TX || {{MoMP|4265|Kani}} || October 8, 1989 || [[Kani, Gifu|Kani]] || [[Yoshikane Mizuno|Y. Mizuno]], [[Toshimasa Furuta|T. Furuta]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4265}}<br /> |-id=266 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4266 Waltari || 1940 YE || {{MoMP|4266|Waltari}} || December 28, 1940 || [[Iso-Heikkilä Observatory|Turku]] || [[Yrjö Väisälä|Y. Väisälä]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|23|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4266}}<br /> |-id=267 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4267 Basner || 1971 QP || {{MoMP|4267|Basner}} || August 18, 1971 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Tamara Smirnova|T. M. Smirnova]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|2.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4267}}<br /> |-id=268 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4268 Grebenikov || {{mp|1972 TW|3}} || {{MoMP|4268|Grebenikov}} || October 5, 1972 || Nauchnij || T. M. Smirnova || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4268}}<br /> |-id=269 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4269 Bogado || 1974 FN || {{MoMP|4269|Bogado}} || March 22, 1974 || [[Cerro El Roble Astronomical Station|Cerro El Roble]] || [[Carlos Torres (astronomer)|C. Torres]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4269}}<br /> |-id=270 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4270 Juanvictoria || {{mp|1975 TJ|6}} || {{MoMP|4270|Juanvictoria}} || October 1, 1975 || [[Leoncito Astronomical Complex|El Leoncito]] || [[Félix Aguilar Observatory]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4270}}<br /> |-id=271 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4271 Novosibirsk || {{mp|1976 GQ|6}} || {{MoMP|4271|Novosibirsk}} || April 3, 1976 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|20|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4271}}<br /> |-id=272 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4272 Entsuji || {{mp|1977 EG|5}} || {{MoMP|4272|Entsuji}} || March 12, 1977 || [[Kiso Observatory|Kiso]] || [[Hiroki Kosai|H. Kosai]], [[Kiichirō Furukawa|K. Furukawa]] || [[Minor-planet moon#4272|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4272}}<br /> |-id=273 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4273 Dunhuang || {{mp|1978 UU|1}} || {{MoMP|4273|Dunhuang}} || October 29, 1978 || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Nanking]] || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Purple Mountain]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4273}}<br /> |-id=274 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4274 Karamanov || {{mp|1980 RZ|3}} || {{MoMP|4274|Karamanov}} || September 6, 1980 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4274}}<br /> |-id=275 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4275 Bogustafson || {{mp|1981 EW|14}} || {{MoMP|4275|Bogustafson}} || March 1, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|3.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4275}}<br /> |-id=276 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | '''[[4276 Clifford]]''' || 1981 XA || {{MoMP|4276|Clifford}} || December 2, 1981 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4276}}<br /> |-id=277 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4277 Holubov || 1982 AF || {{MoMP|4277|Holubov}} || January 15, 1982 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4277|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4277}}<br /> |-id=278 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4278 Harvey || 1982 SF || {{MoMP|4278|Harvey}} || September 22, 1982 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Asteroid family#Levin|(2076)]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|4.5|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4278}}<br /> |-id=279 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4279 De Gasparis || 1982 WB || {{MoMP|4279|De Gasparis}} || November 19, 1982 || [[Osservatorio San Vittore|Bologna]] || [[San Vittore Observatory|San Vittore]] || [[FIN tbl#406|ERI]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4279}}<br /> |-id=280 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4280 Simonenko || {{mp|1985 PF|2}} || {{MoMP|4280|Simonenko}} || August 13, 1985 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4280|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4280}}<br /> |-id=281 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4281 Pounds || {{mp|1985 TE|1}} || {{MoMP|4281|Pounds}} || October 15, 1985 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4281}}<br /> |-id=282 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4282 Endate]]''' || {{mp|1987 UQ|1}} || {{MoMP|4282|Endate}} || October 28, 1987 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4282}}<br /> |-id=283 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4283 Stöffler || 1988 BZ || {{MoMP|4283|Stöffler}} || January 23, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4283|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4283}}<br /> |-id=284 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4284 Kaho || {{mp|1988 FL|3}} || {{MoMP|4284|Kaho}} || March 16, 1988 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4284}}<br /> |-id=285 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4285 Hulkower || 1988 NH || {{MoMP|4285|Hulkower}} || July 11, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4285}}<br /> |-id=286 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4286 Rubtsov || {{mp|1988 PU|4}} || {{MoMP|4286|Rubtsov}} || August 8, 1988 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4286}}<br /> |-id=287 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4287 Třísov || {{mp|1989 RU|2}} || {{MoMP|4287|Třísov}} || September 7, 1989 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4287}}<br /> |-id=288 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4288 Tokyotech || {{mp|1989 TQ|1}} || {{MoMP|4288|Tokyotech}} || October 8, 1989 || [[YGCO Chiyoda Station|Chiyoda]] || [[Takuo Kojima|T. Kojima]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]]{{·}}[[Minor-planet moon#4288|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4288}}<br /> |-id=289 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4289 Biwako || {{mp|1989 UA|2}} || {{MoMP|4289|Biwako}} || October 29, 1989 || [[Dynic Astronomical Observatory|Dynic]] || [[Atsushi Sugie|A. Sugie]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4289}}<br /> |-id=290 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4290 Heisei || {{mp|1989 UK|3}} || {{MoMP|4290|Heisei}} || October 30, 1989 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4290}}<br /> |-id=291 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4291 Kodaihasu || 1989 VH || {{MoMP|4291|Kodaihasu}} || November 2, 1989 || [[Yorii Observatory|Yorii]] || [[Masaru Arai|M. Arai]], [[Hiroshi Mori (astronomer)|H. Mori]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|18|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4291}}<br /> |-id=292 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4292 Aoba || 1989 VO || {{MoMP|4292|Aoba}} || November 4, 1989 || [[Sendai Astronomical Observatory|Ayashi Station]] || [[Masahiro Koishikawa|M. Koishikawa]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|25|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4292}}<br /> |-id=293 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4293 Masumi || 1989 VT || {{MoMP|4293|Masumi}} || November 1, 1989 || [[Gekko Observatory|Gekko]] || [[Yoshiaki Oshima|Y. Oshima]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4293}}<br /> |-id=294 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4294 Horatius || 4016 P-L || {{MoMP|4294|Horatius}} || September 24, 1960 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4294}}<br /> |-id=295 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4295 Wisse || 6032 P-L || {{MoMP|4295|Wisse}} || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4295}}<br /> |-id=296 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4296 van Woerkom || {{mp|1935 SA|2}} || {{MoMP|4296|van Woerkom}} || September 28, 1935 || [[Union Observatory|Johannesburg]] || [[Hendrik van Gent|H. van Gent]] || [[Asteroid family#Matterania|(883)]]{{·}}[[Minor-planet moon#4296|moon]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|6.1|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4296}}<br /> |-id=297 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4297 Eichhorn || 1938 HE || {{MoMP|4297|Eichhorn}} || April 19, 1938 || [[Hamburg Observatory|Hamburg-Bergedorf]] || [[Wilhelm Dieckvoß|W. Dieckvoss]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4297}}<br /> |-id=298 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4298 Jorgenúnez || 1941 WA || {{MoMP|4298|Jorgenúnez}} || November 17, 1941 || [[Fabra Observatory|Barcelona]] || Polit, I. || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4298}}<br /> |-id=299 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4299 WIYN || 1952 QX || {{MoMP|4299|WIYN}} || August 28, 1952 || [[Goethe Link Observatory|Brooklyn]] || [[Indiana Asteroid Program|Indiana University]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4299}}<br /> |-id=300 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4300 Marg Edmondson || {{mp|1955 SG|1}} || {{MoMP|4300|Marg Edmondson}} || September 18, 1955 || Brooklyn || Indiana University || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4300}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 4301–4400 ==<br /> {{Anchor|301}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4301 Boyden || 1966 PM || {{MoMP|4301|Boyden}} || August 7, 1966 || [[Boyden Observatory|Bloemfontein]] || [[Boyden Observatory]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4301}}<br /> |-id=302 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4302 Markeev || 1968 HP || {{MoMP|4302|Markeev}} || April 22, 1968 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Tamara Smirnova|T. M. Smirnova]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4302}}<br /> |-id=303 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4303 Savitskij || {{mp|1973 SZ|3}} || {{MoMP|4303|Savitskij}} || September 25, 1973 || Nauchnij || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4303}}<br /> |-id=304 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4304 Geichenko || {{mp|1973 SW|4}} || {{MoMP|4304|Geichenko}} || September 27, 1973 || Nauchnij || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4304}}<br /> |-id=305 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4305 Clapton || 1976 EC || {{MoMP|4305|Clapton}} || March 7, 1976 || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4305}}<br /> |-id=306 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4306 Dunaevskij || {{mp|1976 SZ|5}} || {{MoMP|4306|Dunaevskij}} || September 24, 1976 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4306}}<br /> |-id=307 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4307 Cherepashchuk || {{mp|1976 UK|2}} || {{MoMP|4307|Cherepashchuk}} || October 26, 1976 || Nauchnij || [[Tamara Smirnova|T. M. Smirnova]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4307}}<br /> |-id=308 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4308 Magarach || {{mp|1978 PL|4}} || {{MoMP|4308|Magarach}} || August 9, 1978 || Nauchnij || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4308}}<br /> |-id=309 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4309 Marvin || 1978 QC || {{MoMP|4309|Marvin}} || August 30, 1978 || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4309}}<br /> |-id=310 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4310 Strömholm || {{mp|1978 RJ|7}} || {{MoMP|4310|Strömholm}} || September 2, 1978 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist|C.-I. Lagerkvist]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4310}}<br /> |-id=311 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4311 Zguridi || {{mp|1978 SY|6}} || {{MoMP|4311|Zguridi}} || September 26, 1978 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4311}}<br /> |-id=312 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4312 Knacke || {{mp|1978 WW|11}} || {{MoMP|4312|Knacke}} || November 29, 1978 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]], [[Charles T. Kowal|C. T. Kowal]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4312}}<br /> |-id=313 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4313 Bouchet || {{mp|1979 HK|1}} || {{MoMP|4313|Bouchet}} || April 21, 1979 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4313|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|19|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4313}}<br /> |-id=314 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4314 Dervan || {{mp|1979 ML|3}} || {{MoMP|4314|Dervan}} || June 25, 1979 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]], [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4314}}<br /> |-id=315 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4315 Pronik || {{mp|1979 SL|11}} || {{MoMP|4315|Pronik}} || September 24, 1979 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|21|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4315}}<br /> |-id=316 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4316 Babinkova || {{mp|1979 TZ|1}} || {{MoMP|4316|Babinkova}} || October 14, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4316}}<br /> |-id=317 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4317 Garibaldi || {{mp|1980 DA|1}} || {{MoMP|4317|Garibaldi}} || February 19, 1980 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Zdeňka Vávrová|Z. Vávrová]] || [[Hilda family|HIL]]{{·}}[[Hilda asteroid|3:2]] || align=right | {{cvt|39|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4317}}<br /> |-id=318 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4318 Baťa]]''' || {{mp|1980 DE|1}} || {{MoMP|4318|Baťa}} || February 21, 1980 || Kleť || Z. Vávrová || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|26|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4318}}<br /> |-id=319 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4319 Jackierobinson || {{mp|1981 ER|14}} || {{MoMP|4319|Jackierobinson}} || March 1, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4319}}<br /> |-id=320 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4320 Jarosewich || {{mp|1981 EJ|17}} || {{MoMP|4320|Jarosewich}} || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|2.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4320}}<br /> |-id=321 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4321 Zero || {{mp|1981 EH|26}} || {{MoMP|4321|Zero}} || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4321}}<br /> |-id=322 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4322 Billjackson || {{mp|1981 EE|37}} || {{MoMP|4322|Billjackson}} || March 11, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4322}}<br /> |-id=323 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4323 Hortulus || 1981 QN || {{MoMP|4323|Hortulus}} || August 27, 1981 || [[Zimmerwald Observatory|Zimmerwald]] || [[Paul Wild (Swiss astronomer)|P. Wild]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4323}}<br /> |-id=324 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4324 Bickel]]''' || {{mp|1981 YA|1}} || {{MoMP|4324|Bickel}} || December 24, 1981 || [[Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site|Socorro]] || Taff, L. G. || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4324}}<br /> |-id=325 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4325 Guest || 1982 HL || {{MoMP|4325|Guest}} || April 18, 1982 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[FIN tbl#513|MRX]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4325}}<br /> |-id=326 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4326 McNally || {{mp|1982 HS|1}} || {{MoMP|4326|McNally}} || April 28, 1982 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4326}}<br /> |-id=327 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4327 Ries || {{mp|1982 KB|1}} || {{MoMP|4327|Ries}} || May 24, 1982 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4327|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4327}}<br /> |-id=328 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4328 Valina || {{mp|1982 SQ|2}} || {{MoMP|4328|Valina}} || September 18, 1982 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4328}}<br /> |-id=329 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4329 Miró || {{mp|1982 SX|2}} || {{MoMP|4329|Miró}} || September 22, 1982 || [[Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site|Socorro]] || Taff, L. G. || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|5.3|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4329}}<br /> |-id=330 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4330 Vivaldi || {{mp|1982 UJ|3}} || {{MoMP|4330|Vivaldi}} || October 19, 1982 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|2.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4330}}<br /> |-id=331 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4331 Hubbard || 1983 HC || {{MoMP|4331|Hubbard}} || April 18, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Norman G. Thomas|N. G. Thomas]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4331}}<br /> |-id=332 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4332 Milton]]''' || 1983 RC || {{MoMP|4332|Milton}} || September 5, 1983 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4332}}<br /> |-id=333 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4333 Sinton || {{mp|1983 RO|2}} || {{MoMP|4333|Sinton}} || September 4, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4333}}<br /> |-id=334 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4334 Foo || {{mp|1983 RO|3}} || {{MoMP|4334|Foo}} || September 2, 1983 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4334}}<br /> |-id=335 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4335 Verona || {{mp|1983 VC|7}} || {{MoMP|4335|Verona}} || November 1, 1983 || [[Cavriana Observatory|Cavriana]] || Cavriana || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4335}}<br /> |-id=336 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4336 Jasniewicz || {{mp|1984 QE|1}} || {{MoMP|4336|Jasniewicz}} || August 31, 1984 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Brian A. Skiff|B. A. Skiff]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|7.2|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4336}}<br /> |-id=337 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4337 Arecibo]]''' || 1985 GB || {{MoMP|4337|Arecibo}} || April 14, 1985 || Anderson Mesa || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|20|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4337}}<br /> |-id=338 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4338 Velez || {{mp|1985 PB|1}} || {{MoMP|4338|Velez}} || August 14, 1985 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4338}}<br /> |-id=339 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4339 Almamater || 1985 UK || {{MoMP|4339|Almamater}} || October 20, 1985 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4339}}<br /> |-id=340 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4340 Dence]]''' || 1986 JZ || {{MoMP|4340|Dence}} || May 4, 1986 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4340}}<br /> |-id=341 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4341 Poseidon]]''' || 1987 KF || {{MoMP|4341|Poseidon}} || May 29, 1987 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || [[Apollo asteroid|APO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt; || align=right | {{cvt|3.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4341}}<br /> |-id=342 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4342 Freud || {{mp|1987 QO|9}} || {{MoMP|4342|Freud}} || August 21, 1987 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|19|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4342}}<br /> |-id=343 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4343 Tetsuya || 1988 AC || {{MoMP|4343|Tetsuya}} || January 10, 1988 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || [[FIN tbl#512|DOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|18|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4343}}<br /> |-id=344 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4344 Buxtehude || {{mp|1988 CR|1}} || {{MoMP|4344|Buxtehude}} || February 11, 1988 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4344}}<br /> |-id=345 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4345 Rachmaninoff || {{mp|1988 CM|2}} || {{MoMP|4345|Rachmaninoff}} || February 11, 1988 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4345}}<br /> |-id=346 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4346 Whitney || {{mp|1988 DS|4}} || {{MoMP|4346|Whitney}} || February 23, 1988 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || Noymer, A. J. || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4346}}<br /> |-id=347 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4347 Reger || {{mp|1988 PK|2}} || {{MoMP|4347|Reger}} || August 13, 1988 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4347}}<br /> |-id=348 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4348 Poulydamas]]''' || 1988 RU || {{MoMP|4348|Poulydamas}} || September 11, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | {{cvt|82|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4348}}<br /> |-id=349 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4349 Tibúrcio]]''' || 1989 LX || {{MoMP|4349|Tibúrcio}} || June 5, 1989 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Werner Landgraf|W. Landgraf]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|28|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4349}}<br /> |-id=350 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4350 Shibecha || {{mp|1989 UG|1}} || {{MoMP|4350|Shibecha}} || October 26, 1989 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || [[Minor-planet moon#4350|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4350}}<br /> |-id=351 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4351 Nobuhisa || {{mp|1989 UR|1}} || {{MoMP|4351|Nobuhisa}} || October 28, 1989 || [[Kani, Gifu|Kani]] || [[Yoshikane Mizuno|Y. Mizuno]], [[Toshimasa Furuta|T. Furuta]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4351}}<br /> |-id=352 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4352 Kyoto || {{mp|1989 UW|1}} || {{MoMP|4352|Kyoto}} || October 29, 1989 || [[Dynic Astronomical Observatory|Dynic]] || [[Atsushi Sugie|A. Sugie]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4352}}<br /> |-id=353 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4353 Onizaki || {{mp|1989 WK|1}} || {{MoMP|4353|Onizaki}} || November 25, 1989 || [[Kani, Gifu|Kani]] || [[Yoshikane Mizuno|Y. Mizuno]], [[Toshimasa Furuta|T. Furuta]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4353}}<br /> |-id=354 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4354 Euclides]]''' || 2142 P-L || {{MoMP|4354|Euclides}} || September 24, 1960 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || [[FIN tbl#512|DOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4354}}<br /> |-id=355 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4355 Memphis || 3524 P-L || {{MoMP|4355|Memphis}} || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Maria family|MAR]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|7.0|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4355}}<br /> |-id=356 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4356 Marathon || 9522 P-L || {{MoMP|4356|Marathon}} || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[FIN tbl#512|DOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4356}}<br /> |-id=357 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4357 Korinthos || 2069 T-2 || {{MoMP|4357|Korinthos}} || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|18|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4357}}<br /> |-id=358 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4358 Lynn]]''' || A909 TF || {{MoMP|4358|Lynn}} || October 5, 1909 || [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich|Greenwich]] || [[Philip Herbert Cowell|P. H. Cowell]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4358}}<br /> |-id=359 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4359 Berlage || 1935 TG || {{MoMP|4359|Berlage}} || September 28, 1935 || [[Union Observatory|Johannesburg]] || [[Hendrik van Gent|H. van Gent]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4359}}<br /> |-id=360 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4360 Xuyi || {{mp|1964 TG|2}} || {{MoMP|4360|Xuyi}} || October 9, 1964 || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Nanking]] || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Purple Mountain]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4360}}<br /> |-id=361 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4361 Nezhdanova || {{mp|1977 TG|7}} || {{MoMP|4361|Nezhdanova}} || October 9, 1977 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4361}}<br /> |-id=362 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4362 Carlisle]]''' || {{mp|1978 PR|4}} || {{MoMP|4362|Carlisle}} || August 1, 1978 || [[Perth Observatory|Bickley]] || [[Perth Observatory]] || [[Minor-planet moon#4362|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4362}}<br /> |-id=363 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4363 Sergej || {{mp|1978 TU|7}} || {{MoMP|4363|Sergej}} || October 2, 1978 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4363}}<br /> |-id=364 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4364 Shkodrov]]''' || {{mp|1978 VV|5}} || {{MoMP|4364|Shkodrov}} || November 7, 1978 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]], [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4364}}<br /> |-id=365 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4365 Ivanova || {{mp|1978 VH|8}} || {{MoMP|4365|Ivanova}} || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4365}}<br /> |-id=366 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4366 Venikagan || {{mp|1979 YV|8}} || {{MoMP|4366|Venikagan}} || December 24, 1979 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4366}}<br /> |-id=367 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4367 Meech || {{mp|1981 EE|43}} || {{MoMP|4367|Meech}} || March 2, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4367}}<br /> |-id=368 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4368 Pillmore || {{mp|1981 JC|2}} || {{MoMP|4368|Pillmore}} || May 5, 1981 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|22|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4368}}<br /> |-id=369 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4369 Seifert || 1982 OR || {{MoMP|4369|Seifert}} || July 30, 1982 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Ladislav Brožek|L. Brožek]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4369}}<br /> |-id=370 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4370 Dickens || 1982 SL || {{MoMP|4370|Dickens}} || September 22, 1982 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Minor-planet moon#4370|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|3.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4370}}<br /> |-id=371 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4371 Fyodorov || {{mp|1983 GC|2}} || {{MoMP|4371|Fyodorov}} || April 10, 1983 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4371}}<br /> |-id=372 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4372 Quincy || 1984 TB || {{MoMP|4372|Quincy}} || October 3, 1984 || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || [[Oak Ridge Observatory]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|8.2|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4372}}<br /> |-id=373 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4373 Crespo || 1985 PB || {{MoMP|4373|Crespo}} || August 14, 1985 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4373}}<br /> |-id=374 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4374 Tadamori || 1987 BJ || {{MoMP|4374|Tadamori}} || January 31, 1987 || [[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]] || [[Kenzo Suzuki (astronomer)|K. Suzuki]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4374}}<br /> |-id=375 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4375 Kiyomori || 1987 DQ || {{MoMP|4375|Kiyomori}} || February 28, 1987 || [[Ojima, Gunma|Ojima]] || [[Tsuneo Niijima|T. Niijima]], T. Urata || [[Asteroid family#Levin|(2076)]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4375}}<br /> |-id=376 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4376 Shigemori || 1987 FA || {{MoMP|4376|Shigemori}} || March 20, 1987 || Ojima || T. Niijima, T. Urata || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4376}}<br /> |-id=377 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4377 Koremori || 1987 GD || {{MoMP|4377|Koremori}} || April 4, 1987 || Ojima || T. Niijima, T. Urata || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4377}}<br /> |-id=378 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4378 Voigt || 1988 JF || {{MoMP|4378|Voigt}} || May 14, 1988 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Werner Landgraf|W. Landgraf]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4378}}<br /> |-id=379 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4379 Snelling || {{mp|1988 PT|1}} || {{MoMP|4379|Snelling}} || August 13, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]], [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker|E. M. Shoemaker]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|20|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4379}}<br /> |-id=380 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4380 Geyer || {{mp|1988 PB|2}} || {{MoMP|4380|Geyer}} || August 14, 1988 || [[Haute-Provence Observatory|Haute-Provence]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4380}}<br /> |-id=381 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4381 Uenohara || {{mp|1989 WD|1}} || {{MoMP|4381|Uenohara}} || November 22, 1989 || [[Uenohara Observatory|Uenohara]] || [[Nobuhiro Kawasato|N. Kawasato]] || EOS || align=right | {{cvt|20|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4381}}<br /> |-id=382 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4382 Stravinsky || {{mp|1989 WQ|3}} || {{MoMP|4382|Stravinsky}} || November 29, 1989 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4382}}<br /> |-id=383 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4383 Suruga]]''' || 1989 XP || {{MoMP|4383|Suruga}} || December 1, 1989 || [[Gekko Observatory|Gekko]] || [[Yoshiaki Oshima|Y. Oshima]] || [[Minor-planet moon#4383|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4383}}<br /> |-id=384 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4384 Henrybuhl || 1990 AA || {{MoMP|4384|Henrybuhl}} || January 3, 1990 || [[Okutama, Tokyo|Okutama]] || Hioki, T., Hayakawa, S. || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4384}}<br /> |-id=385 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4385 Elsässer || 2534 P-L || {{MoMP|4385|Elsässer}} || September 24, 1960 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4385}}<br /> |-id=386 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4386 Lüst || 6829 P-L || {{MoMP|4386|Lüst}} || September 26, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4386}}<br /> |-id=387 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4387 Tanaka || 4829 T-2 || {{MoMP|4387|Tanaka}} || September 19, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4387}}<br /> |-id=388 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4388 Jürgenstock || 1964 VE || {{MoMP|4388|Jürgenstock}} || November 3, 1964 || [[Goethe Link Observatory|Brooklyn]] || [[Indiana Asteroid Program|Indiana University]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4388}}<br /> |-id=389 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4389 Durbin || {{mp|1976 GL|3}} || {{MoMP|4389|Durbin}} || April 1, 1976 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4389}}<br /> |-id=390 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4390 Madreteresa || {{mp|1976 GO|8}} || {{MoMP|4390|Madreteresa}} || April 5, 1976 || [[Leoncito Astronomical Complex|El Leoncito]] || [[Félix Aguilar Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4390}}<br /> |-id=391 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4391 Balodis]]''' || {{mp|1977 QW|2}} || {{MoMP|4391|Balodis}} || August 21, 1977 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4391}}<br /> |-id=392 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4392 Agita || {{mp|1978 RX|5}} || {{MoMP|4392|Agita}} || September 13, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|4.8|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4392}}<br /> |-id=393 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4393 Dawe || {{mp|1978 VP|8}} || {{MoMP|4393|Dawe}} || November 7, 1978 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]], [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4393}}<br /> |-id=394 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4394 Fritzheide || {{mp|1981 EB|19}} || {{MoMP|4394|Fritzheide}} || March 2, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|2.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4394}}<br /> |-id=395 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4395 Danbritt || {{mp|1981 EH|41}} || {{MoMP|4395|Danbritt}} || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4395}}<br /> |-id=396 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4396 Gressmann || 1981 JH || {{MoMP|4396|Gressmann}} || May 3, 1981 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4396}}<br /> |-id=397 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4397 Jalopez || {{mp|1981 JS|1}} || {{MoMP|4397|Jalopez}} || May 9, 1981 || [[Leoncito Astronomical Complex|El Leoncito]] || [[Félix Aguilar Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4397}}<br /> |-id=398 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4398 Chiara || {{mp|1984 HC|2}} || {{MoMP|4398|Chiara}} || April 23, 1984 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Walter Ferreri|W. Ferreri]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4398}}<br /> |-id=399 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4399 Ashizuri || 1984 UA || {{MoMP|4399|Ashizuri}} || October 21, 1984 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4399}}<br /> |-id=400 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4400 Bagryana || {{mp|1985 QH|4}} || {{MoMP|4400|Bagryana}} || August 24, 1985 || [[Rozhen National Astronomical Observatory|Smolyan]] || [[Bulgarian National Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4400}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 4401–4500 ==<br /> {{Anchor|401}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4401 Aditi]]''' || 1985 TB || {{MoMP|4401|Aditi}} || October 14, 1985 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Amor asteroid|AMO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt; || align=right | {{cvt|1.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4401}}<br /> |-id=402 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4402 Tsunemori || 1987 DP || {{MoMP|4402|Tsunemori}} || February 25, 1987 || [[Ojima, Gunma|Ojima]] || [[Tsuneo Niijima|T. Niijima]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4402}}<br /> |-id=403 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4403 Kuniharu || 1987 EA || {{MoMP|4403|Kuniharu}} || March 2, 1987 || [[Gekko Observatory|Gekko]] || [[Yoshiaki Oshima|Y. Oshima]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4403}}<br /> |-id=404 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4404 Enirac || 1987 GG || {{MoMP|4404|Enirac}} || April 2, 1987 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Alain Maury|A. Maury]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4404}}<br /> |-id=405 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4405 Otava || {{mp|1987 QD|1}} || {{MoMP|4405|Otava}} || August 21, 1987 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4405}}<br /> |-id=406 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4406 Mahler || {{mp|1987 YD|1}} || {{MoMP|4406|Mahler}} || December 22, 1987 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4406}}<br /> |-id=407 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4407 Taihaku || {{mp|1988 TF|1}} || {{MoMP|4407|Taihaku}} || October 13, 1988 || [[Sendai Astronomical Observatory|Ayashi Station]] || [[Masahiro Koishikawa|M. Koishikawa]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4407}}<br /> |-id=408 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4408 Zlatá Koruna || {{mp|1988 TH|2}} || {{MoMP|4408|Zlatá Koruna}} || October 4, 1988 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|8.6|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4408}}<br /> |-id=409 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4409 Kissling || 1989 MD || {{MoMP|4409|Kissling}} || June 30, 1989 || [[Mount John University Observatory|Lake Tekapo]] || [[Alan C. Gilmore|A. C. Gilmore]], [[Pamela M. Kilmartin|P. M. Kilmartin]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4409}}<br /> |-id=410 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4410 Kamuimintara || 1989 YA || {{MoMP|4410|Kamuimintara}} || December 17, 1989 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4410}}<br /> |-id=411 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4411 Kochibunkyo || 1990 AF || {{MoMP|4411|Kochibunkyo}} || January 3, 1990 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || [[Minor-planet moon#4411|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4411}}<br /> |-id=412 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4412 Chephren || 2535 P-L || {{MoMP|4412|Chephren}} || September 26, 1960 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4412}}<br /> |-id=413 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4413 Mycerinos || 4020 P-L || {{MoMP|4413|Mycerinos}} || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4413}}<br /> |-id=414 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4414 Sesostris || 4153 P-L || {{MoMP|4414|Sesostris}} || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4414}}<br /> |-id=415 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4415 Echnaton || 4237 P-L || {{MoMP|4415|Echnaton}} || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|3.2|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4415}}<br /> |-id=416 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4416 Ramses || 4530 P-L || {{MoMP|4416|Ramses}} || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|3.0|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4416}}<br /> |-id=417 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4417 Lecar || 1931 GC || {{MoMP|4417|Lecar}} || April 8, 1931 || [[Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl|Heidelberg]] || [[Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth|K. Reinmuth]] || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4417}}<br /> |-id=418 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4418 Fredfranklin || {{mp|1931 TR|1}} || {{MoMP|4418|Fredfranklin}} || October 9, 1931 || Heidelberg || K. Reinmuth || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4418}}<br /> |-id=419 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4419 Allancook || 1932 HD || {{MoMP|4419|Allancook}} || April 24, 1932 || Heidelberg || K. Reinmuth || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4419}}<br /> |-id=420 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4420 Alandreev || 1936 PB || {{MoMP|4420|Alandreev}} || August 15, 1936 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Crimea-Simeis]] || [[Grigory Neujmin|G. N. Neujmin]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4420}}<br /> |-id=421 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4421 Kayor || 1942 AC || {{MoMP|4421|Kayor}} || January 14, 1942 || [[Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl|Heidelberg]] || [[Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth|K. Reinmuth]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4421}}<br /> |-id=422 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4422 Jarre || 1942 UA || {{MoMP|4422|Jarre}} || October 17, 1942 || [[Algiers Observatory|Algiers]] || [[Louis Boyer (astronomer)|L. Boyer]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4422}}<br /> |-id=423 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4423 Golden || 1949 GH || {{MoMP|4423|Golden}} || April 4, 1949 || [[Goethe Link Observatory|Brooklyn]] || [[Indiana Asteroid Program|Indiana University]] || [[Cybele asteroid|CYB]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4423}}<br /> |-id=424 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4424 Arkhipova || 1967 DB || {{MoMP|4424|Arkhipova}} || February 16, 1967 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Tamara Smirnova|T. M. Smirnova]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|24|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4424}}<br /> |-id=425 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4425 Bilk || 1967 UQ || {{MoMP|4425|Bilk}} || October 30, 1967 || [[Hamburg Observatory|Hamburg-Bergedorf]] || [[Luboš Kohoutek|L. Kohoutek]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4425}}<br /> |-id=426 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4426 Roerich || {{mp|1969 TB|6}} || {{MoMP|4426|Roerich}} || October 15, 1969 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || [[FIN tbl#514|AGN]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4426}}<br /> |-id=427 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4427 Burnashev || {{mp|1971 QP|1}} || {{MoMP|4427|Burnashev}} || August 30, 1971 || Nauchnij || [[Tamara Smirnova|T. M. Smirnova]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4427}}<br /> |-id=428 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4428 Khotinok || 1977 SN || {{MoMP|4428|Khotinok}} || September 18, 1977 || Nauchnij || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4428|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4428}}<br /> |-id=429 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4429 Chinmoy]]''' || {{mp|1978 RJ|2}} || {{MoMP|4429|Chinmoy}} || September 12, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | {{cvt|2.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4429}}<br /> |-id=430 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4430 Govorukhin || {{mp|1978 SX|6}} || {{MoMP|4430|Govorukhin}} || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|8.9|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4430}}<br /> |-id=431 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4431 Holeungholee || {{mp|1978 WU|14}} || {{MoMP|4431|Holeungholee}} || November 28, 1978 || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Nanking]] || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Purple Mountain]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|24|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4431}}<br /> |-id=432 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4432 McGraw-Hill]]''' || {{mp|1981 ER|22}} || {{MoMP|4432|McGraw-Hill}} || March 2, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4432}}<br /> |-id=433 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4433 Goldstone || 1981 QP || {{MoMP|4433|Goldstone}} || August 30, 1981 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4433}}<br /> |-id=434 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4434 Nikulin || {{mp|1981 RD|5}} || {{MoMP|4434|Nikulin}} || September 8, 1981 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4434}}<br /> |-id=435 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | '''[[4435 Holt]]''' || {{mp|1983 AG|2}} || {{MoMP|4435|Holt}} || January 13, 1983 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Minor-planet moon#4435|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4435}}<br /> |-id=436 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4436 Ortizmoreno || 1983 EX || {{MoMP|4436|Ortizmoreno}} || March 9, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Ewan Barr|E. Barr]] || [[FIN tbl#631|URS]] || align=right | {{cvt|31|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4436}}<br /> |-id=437 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4437 Yaroshenko || {{mp|1983 GA|2}} || {{MoMP|4437|Yaroshenko}} || April 10, 1983 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4437}}<br /> |-id=438 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4438 Sykes || 1983 WR || {{MoMP|4438|Sykes}} || November 29, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|27|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4438}}<br /> |-id=439 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4439 Muroto || 1984 VA || {{MoMP|4439|Muroto}} || November 2, 1984 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4439}}<br /> |-id=440 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4440 Tchantchès]]''' || 1984 YV || {{MoMP|4440|Tchantchès}} || December 23, 1984 || [[Haute-Provence Observatory|Haute-Provence]] || [[François Dossin|F. Dossin]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']]{{·}}[[Minor-planet moon#4440|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|2.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4440}}<br /> |-id=441 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4441 Toshie || 1985 BB || {{MoMP|4441|Toshie}} || January 26, 1985 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4441}}<br /> |-id=442 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4442 Garcia || {{mp|1985 RB|1}} || {{MoMP|4442|Garcia}} || September 14, 1985 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4442}}<br /> |-id=443 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4443 Paulet || {{mp|1985 RD|4}} || {{MoMP|4443|Paulet}} || September 10, 1985 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4443|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4443}}<br /> |-id=444 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4444 Escher || 1985 SA || {{MoMP|4444|Escher}} || September 16, 1985 || La Silla || Norgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Hansen, L., Christensen, P. R. || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|4.0|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4444}}<br /> |-id=445 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4445 Jimstratton || 1985 TC || {{MoMP|4445|Jimstratton}} || October 15, 1985 || [[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]] || [[Kenzo Suzuki (astronomer)|K. Suzuki]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4445}}<br /> |-id=446 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4446 Carolyn]]''' || 1985 TT || {{MoMP|4446|Carolyn}} || October 15, 1985 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Jupiter Tisserand invariant|T&lt;sub&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;small&gt;(2.97)&lt;/small&gt;]]{{·}}[[Hilda asteroid|3:2]] || align=right | {{cvt|29|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4446}}<br /> |-id=447 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4447 Kirov || {{mp|1985 VE|1}} || {{MoMP|4447|Kirov}} || November 7, 1985 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4447}}<br /> |-id=448 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4448 Phildavis || 1986 EO || {{MoMP|4448|Phildavis}} || March 5, 1986 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4448}}<br /> |-id=449 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4449 Sobinov || {{mp|1987 RX|3}} || {{MoMP|4449|Sobinov}} || September 3, 1987 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|30|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4449}}<br /> |-id=450 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4450 Pan]]''' || 1987 SY || {{MoMP|4450|Pan}} || September 25, 1987 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]], [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker|E. M. Shoemaker]] || [[Apollo asteroid|APO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt;{{·}}[[Potentially hazardous object|PHA]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|1.2|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4450}}<br /> |-id=451 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | '''[[4451 Grieve]]''' || 1988 JJ || {{MoMP|4451|Grieve}} || May 9, 1988 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4451}}<br /> |-id=452 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4452 Ullacharles || 1988 RN || {{MoMP|4452|Ullacharles}} || September 7, 1988 || [[Brorfelde Observatory|Brorfelde]] || [[Poul Jensen (astronomer)|P. Jensen]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4452}}<br /> |-id=453 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4453 Bornholm || 1988 VC || {{MoMP|4453|Bornholm}} || November 3, 1988 || Brorfelde || P. Jensen || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4453}}<br /> |-id=454 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4454 Kumiko || 1988 VW || {{MoMP|4454|Kumiko}} || November 2, 1988 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4454}}<br /> |-id=455 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4455 Ruriko || 1988 XA || {{MoMP|4455|Ruriko}} || December 2, 1988 || Kushiro || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4455}}<br /> |-id=456 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4456 Mawson || 1989 OG || {{MoMP|4456|Mawson}} || July 27, 1989 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4456}}<br /> |-id=457 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4457 van Gogh || 1989 RU || {{MoMP|4457|van Gogh}} || September 3, 1989 || [[Haute-Provence Observatory|Haute-Provence]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4457}}<br /> |-id=458 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4458 Oizumi || 1990 BY || {{MoMP|4458|Oizumi}} || January 21, 1990 || [[Yatsugatake-Kobuchizawa|Yatsugatake]] || [[Yoshio Kushida|Y. Kushida]], [[Osamu Muramatsu|O. Muramatsu]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4458}}<br /> |-id=459 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4459 Nusamaibashi || {{mp|1990 BP|2}} || {{MoMP|4459|Nusamaibashi}} || January 30, 1990 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || Matsuyama, M., [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4459|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4459}}<br /> |-id=460 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4460 Bihoro || 1990 DS || {{MoMP|4460|Bihoro}} || February 28, 1990 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], K. Watanabe || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|39|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4460}}<br /> |-id=461 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4461 Sayama || 1990 EL || {{MoMP|4461|Sayama}} || March 5, 1990 || [[Dynic Astronomical Observatory|Dynic]] || [[Atsushi Sugie|A. Sugie]] || [[FIN tbl#608|BRA]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4461}}<br /> |-id=462 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4462 Vaughan || {{mp|1952 HJ|2}} || {{MoMP|4462|Vaughan}} || April 24, 1952 || [[McDonald Observatory|Fort Davis]] || [[McDonald Observatory]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|19|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4462}}<br /> |-id=463 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4463 Marschwarzschild || {{mp|1954 UO|2}} || {{MoMP|4463|Marschwarzschild}} || October 28, 1954 || [[Goethe Link Observatory|Brooklyn]] || [[Indiana Asteroid Program|Indiana University]] || THM || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4463}}<br /> |-id=464 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4464 Vulcano || 1966 TE || {{MoMP|4464|Vulcano}} || October 11, 1966 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Hungaria family|H]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|3.6|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4464}}<br /> |-id=465 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4465 Rodita || {{mp|1969 TD|5}} || {{MoMP|4465|Rodita}} || October 14, 1969 || Nauchnij || [[Bella A. Burnasheva|B. A. Burnasheva]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]]{{·}}{{Interloper|405}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4465}}<br /> |-id=466 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4466 Abai || {{mp|1971 SX|1}} || {{MoMP|4466|Abai}} || September 23, 1971 || Nauchnij || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4466}}<br /> |-id=467 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4467 Kaidanovskij || {{mp|1975 VN|2}} || {{MoMP|4467|Kaidanovskij}} || November 2, 1975 || Nauchnij || [[Tamara Smirnova|T. M. Smirnova]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]]{{·}}{{Interloper|502}} || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4467}}<br /> |-id=468 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4468 Pogrebetskij || {{mp|1976 SZ|3}} || {{MoMP|4468|Pogrebetskij}} || September 24, 1976 || Nauchnij || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4468}}<br /> |-id=469 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4469 Utting || {{mp|1978 PS|4}} || {{MoMP|4469|Utting}} || August 1, 1978 || [[Perth Observatory|Bickley]] || [[Perth Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4469}}<br /> |-id=470 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4470 Sergeev-Censkij || {{mp|1978 QP|1}} || {{MoMP|4470|Sergeev-Censkij}} || August 31, 1978 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4470}}<br /> |-id=471 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4471 Graculus || 1978 VB || {{MoMP|4471|Graculus}} || November 8, 1978 || [[Zimmerwald Observatory|Zimmerwald]] || [[Paul Wild (Swiss astronomer)|P. Wild]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4471}}<br /> |-id=472 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4472 Navashin || {{mp|1980 TY|14}} || {{MoMP|4472|Navashin}} || October 15, 1980 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4472|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4472}}<br /> |-id=473 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4473 Sears || {{mp|1981 DE|2}} || {{MoMP|4473|Sears}} || February 28, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4473}}<br /> |-id=474 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4474 Proust || {{mp|1981 QZ|2}} || {{MoMP|4474|Proust}} || August 24, 1981 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4474}}<br /> |-id=475 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4475 Voitkevich || {{mp|1982 UQ|5}} || {{MoMP|4475|Voitkevich}} || October 20, 1982 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Karachkina|L. G. Karachkina]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4475}}<br /> |-id=476 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4476 Bernstein || 1983 DE || {{MoMP|4476|Bernstein}} || February 19, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|6.7|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4476}}<br /> |-id=477 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4477 Kelley || 1983 SB || {{MoMP|4477|Kelley}} || September 28, 1983 || [[Rozhen National Astronomical Observatory|Smolyan]] || [[Bulgarian National Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4477}}<br /> |-id=478 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4478 Blanco || {{mp|1984 HG|1}} || {{MoMP|4478|Blanco}} || April 23, 1984 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Walter Ferreri|W. Ferreri]], [[Vincenzo Zappalà|V. Zappalà]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4478}}<br /> |-id=479 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4479 Charlieparker || {{mp|1985 CP|1}} || {{MoMP|4479|Charlieparker}} || February 10, 1985 || La Silla || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[FIN tbl#513|MRX]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4479}}<br /> |-id=480 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4480 Nikitibotania || {{mp|1985 QM|4}} || {{MoMP|4480|Nikitibotania}} || August 24, 1985 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]]{{·}}{{Interloper|405}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4480}}<br /> |-id=481 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4481 Herbelin || 1985 RR || {{MoMP|4481|Herbelin}} || September 14, 1985 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4481}}<br /> |-id=482 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4482 Frèrebasile || 1986 RB || {{MoMP|4482|Frèrebasile}} || September 1, 1986 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Alain Maury|A. Maury]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4482}}<br /> |-id=483 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4483 Petöfi || {{mp|1986 RC|2}} || {{MoMP|4483|Petöfi}} || September 9, 1986 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Karachkina|L. G. Karachkina]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | {{cvt|5.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4483}}<br /> |-id=484 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4484 Sif || 1987 DD || {{MoMP|4484|Sif}} || February 25, 1987 || [[Brorfelde Observatory|Brorfelde]] || [[Poul Jensen (astronomer)|P. Jensen]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4484}}<br /> |-id=485 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4485 Radonezhskij || {{mp|1987 QQ|11}} || {{MoMP|4485|Radonezhskij}} || August 27, 1987 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4485}}<br /> |-id=486 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4486 Mithra]]''' || 1987 SB || {{MoMP|4486|Mithra}} || September 22, 1987 || [[Rozhen National Astronomical Observatory|Smolyan]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]], [[Vladimir Shkodrov|V. G. Shkodrov]] || [[Apollo asteroid|APO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt;{{·}}[[Potentially hazardous object|PHA]] || align=right | {{cvt|1.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4486}}<br /> |-id=487 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | 4487 Pocahontas || 1987 UA || {{MoMP|4487|Pocahontas}} || October 17, 1987 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Amor asteroid|AMO]] &lt;small&gt;+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}&lt;/small&gt; || align=right | ''{{cvt|1.1|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4487}}<br /> |-id=488 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4488 Tokitada || 1987 UK || {{MoMP|4488|Tokitada}} || October 21, 1987 || [[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]] || [[Kenzo Suzuki (astronomer)|K. Suzuki]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4488}}<br /> |-id=489 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4489 Dracius]]''' || 1988 AK || {{MoMP|4489|Dracius}} || January 15, 1988 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Greek camp|L4]] || align=right | {{cvt|77|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4489}}<br /> |-id=490 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4490 Bambery || 1988 ND || {{MoMP|4490|Bambery}} || July 14, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]], [[Brian P. Roman|B. Roman]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | {{cvt|9.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4490}}<br /> |-id=491 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4491 Otaru || 1988 RP || {{MoMP|4491|Otaru}} || September 7, 1988 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4491}}<br /> |-id=492 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4492 Debussy]]''' || 1988 SH || {{MoMP|4492|Debussy}} || September 17, 1988 || [[Haute-Provence Observatory|Haute-Provence]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[Minor-planet moon#4492|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4492}}<br /> |-id=493 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4493 Naitomitsu || {{mp|1988 TG|1}} || {{MoMP|4493|Naitomitsu}} || October 14, 1988 || [[YGCO Chiyoda Station|Chiyoda]] || [[Takuo Kojima|T. Kojima]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4493}}<br /> |-id=494 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4494 Marimo || {{mp|1988 TK|1}} || {{MoMP|4494|Marimo}} || October 13, 1988 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || [[Minor-planet moon#4494|moon]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|7.2|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4494}}<br /> |-id=495 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4495 Dassanowsky || 1988 VS || {{MoMP|4495|Dassanowsky}} || November 6, 1988 || [[Yorii Observatory|Yorii]] || [[Masaru Arai|M. Arai]], [[Hiroshi Mori (astronomer)|H. Mori]] || [[Hilda asteroid|3:2]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4495|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|24|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4495}}<br /> |-id=496 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4496 Kamimachi || {{mp|1988 XM|1}} || {{MoMP|4496|Kamimachi}} || December 9, 1988 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4496}}<br /> |-id=497 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4497 Taguchi || {{mp|1989 AE|1}} || {{MoMP|4497|Taguchi}} || January 4, 1989 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4497}}<br /> |-id=498 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4498 Shinkoyama || {{mp|1989 AG|1}} || {{MoMP|4498|Shinkoyama}} || January 5, 1989 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4498}}<br /> |-id=499 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4499 Davidallen || {{mp|1989 AO|3}} || {{MoMP|4499|Davidallen}} || January 4, 1989 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4499}}<br /> |-id=500 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4500 Pascal || 1989 CL || {{MoMP|4500|Pascal}} || February 3, 1989 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4500}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 4501–4600 ==<br /> {{Anchor|501}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4501 Eurypylos]]''' || {{mp|1989 CJ|3}} || {{MoMP|4501|Eurypylos}} || February 4, 1989 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[Greek camp|L4]] || align=right | {{cvt|46|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4501}}<br /> |-id=502 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4502 Elizabethann || 1989 KG || {{MoMP|4502|Elizabethann}} || May 29, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4502}}<br /> |-id=503 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | 4503 Cleobulus || 1989 WM || {{MoMP|4503|Cleobulus}} || November 28, 1989 || Palomar || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Amor asteroid|AMO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt; || align=right | ''{{cvt|2.4|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4503}}<br /> |-id=504 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4504 Jenkinson || 1989 YO || {{MoMP|4504|Jenkinson}} || December 21, 1989 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || [[Maria family|MAR]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4504}}<br /> |-id=505 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4505 Okamura || {{mp|1990 DV|1}} || {{MoMP|4505|Okamura}} || February 20, 1990 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|19|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4505}}<br /> |-id=506 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4506 Hendrie || 1990 FJ || {{MoMP|4506|Hendrie}} || March 24, 1990 || [[Stakenbridge Observatory|Stakenbridge]] || [[Brian G. W. Manning|B. G. W. Manning]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4506}}<br /> |-id=507 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4507 Petercollins || 1990 FV || {{MoMP|4507|Petercollins}} || March 19, 1990 || [[Fujieda, Shizuoka|Fujieda]] || Shiozawa, H., [[Minoru Kizawa|M. Kizawa]] || KOR || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4507}}<br /> |-id=508 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4508 Takatsuki || {{mp|1990 FG|1}} || {{MoMP|4508|Takatsuki}} || March 27, 1990 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4508}}<br /> |-id=509 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4509 Gorbatskij || A917 SG || {{MoMP|4509|Gorbatskij}} || September 23, 1917 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Crimea-Simeis]] || [[Sergey Belyavsky|S. Belyavsky]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4509}}<br /> |-id=510 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4510 Shawna || 1930 XK || {{MoMP|4510|Shawna}} || December 13, 1930 || [[Lowell Observatory|Flagstaff]] || [[Clyde Tombaugh|C. W. Tombaugh]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4510}}<br /> |-id=511 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4511 Rembrandt || {{mp|1935 SP|1}} || {{MoMP|4511|Rembrandt}} || September 28, 1935 || [[Union Observatory|Johannesburg]] || [[Hendrik van Gent|H. van Gent]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4511}}<br /> |-id=512 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4512 Sinuhe || 1939 BM || {{MoMP|4512|Sinuhe}} || January 20, 1939 || [[Iso-Heikkilä Observatory|Turku]] || [[Yrjö Väisälä|Y. Väisälä]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4512}}<br /> |-id=513 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4513 Louvre || {{mp|1971 QW|1}} || {{MoMP|4513|Louvre}} || August 30, 1971 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Tamara Smirnova|T. M. Smirnova]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4513}}<br /> |-id=514 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4514 Vilen || 1972 HX || {{MoMP|4514|Vilen}} || April 19, 1972 || Nauchnij || T. M. Smirnova || [[Minor-planet moon#4514|moon]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|5.8|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4514}}<br /> |-id=515 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4515 Khrennikov || {{mp|1973 SD|6}} || {{MoMP|4515|Khrennikov}} || September 28, 1973 || Nauchnij || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4515}}<br /> |-id=516 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4516 Pugovkin || {{mp|1973 SN|6}} || {{MoMP|4516|Pugovkin}} || September 28, 1973 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || [[FIN tbl#519|HOF]]{{·}}{{Interloper|519}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4516}}<br /> |-id=517 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4517 Ralpharvey || 1975 SV || {{MoMP|4517|Ralpharvey}} || September 30, 1975 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4517}}<br /> |-id=518 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4518 Raikin || {{mp|1976 GP|3}} || {{MoMP|4518|Raikin}} || April 1, 1976 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4518}}<br /> |-id=519 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4519 Voronezh || {{mp|1976 YO|4}} || {{MoMP|4519|Voronezh}} || December 18, 1976 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4519}}<br /> |-id=520 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4520 Dovzhenko || {{mp|1977 QJ|3}} || {{MoMP|4520|Dovzhenko}} || August 22, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4520}}<br /> |-id=521 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4521 Akimov || {{mp|1979 FU|2}} || {{MoMP|4521|Akimov}} || March 29, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|20|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4521}}<br /> |-id=522 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4522 Britastra || 1980 BM || {{MoMP|4522|Britastra}} || January 22, 1980 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Adeona family|ADE]] || align=right | {{cvt|21|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4522}}<br /> |-id=523 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4523 MIT || {{mp|1981 DM|1}} || {{MoMP|4523|MIT}} || February 28, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || ADE || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4523}}<br /> |-id=524 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4524 Barklajdetolli]]''' || {{mp|1981 RV|4}} || {{MoMP|4524|Barklajdetolli}} || September 8, 1981 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || [[Vesta family|V]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4524|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4524}}<br /> |-id=525 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4525 Johnbauer]]''' || {{mp|1982 JB|3}} || {{MoMP|4525|Johnbauer}} || May 15, 1982 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]], [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker|E. M. Shoemaker]], Wilder, P. D. || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4525}}<br /> |-id=526 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4526 Konko || {{mp|1982 KN|1}} || {{MoMP|4526|Konko}} || May 22, 1982 || [[Kiso Observatory|Kiso]] || [[Hiroki Kosai|H. Kosai]], [[Kiichirō Furukawa|K. Furukawa]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4526|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4526}}<br /> |-id=527 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4527 Schoenberg || 1982 OK || {{MoMP|4527|Schoenberg}} || July 24, 1982 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4527}}<br /> |-id=528 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4528 Berg || 1983 PP || {{MoMP|4528|Berg}} || August 13, 1983 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || [[Minor-planet moon#4528|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4528}}<br /> |-id=529 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4529 Webern || 1984 ED || {{MoMP|4529|Webern}} || March 1, 1984 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4529}}<br /> |-id=530 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4530 Smoluchowski || 1984 EP || {{MoMP|4530|Smoluchowski}} || March 1, 1984 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || [[Hygiea family|HYG]] || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4530}}<br /> |-id=531 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4531 Asaro || 1985 FC || {{MoMP|4531|Asaro}} || March 20, 1985 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | {{cvt|2.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4531}}<br /> |-id=532 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4532 Copland || {{mp|1985 GM|1}} || {{MoMP|4532|Copland}} || April 15, 1985 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Eos family|EOS]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4532|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4532}}<br /> |-id=533 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4533 Orth || 1986 EL || {{MoMP|4533|Orth}} || March 7, 1986 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4533}}<br /> |-id=534 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4534 Rimskij-Korsakov || {{mp|1986 PV|4}} || {{MoMP|4534|Rimskij-Korsakov}} || August 6, 1986 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4534}}<br /> |-id=535 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4535 Adamcarolla || {{mp|1986 QV|2}} || {{MoMP|4535|Adamcarolla}} || August 28, 1986 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4535}}<br /> |-id=536 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4536 Drewpinsky || {{mp|1987 DA|6}} || {{MoMP|4536|Drewpinsky}} || February 22, 1987 || La Silla || H. Debehogne || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4536}}<br /> |-id=537 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4537 Valgrirasp || {{mp|1987 RR|3}} || {{MoMP|4537|Valgrirasp}} || September 2, 1987 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || [[Eos family|EOS]]{{·}}{{Interloper|606}} || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4537}}<br /> |-id=538 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4538 Vishyanand || 1988 TP || {{MoMP|4538|Vishyanand}} || October 10, 1988 || [[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]] || [[Kenzo Suzuki (astronomer)|K. Suzuki]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4538|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4538}}<br /> |-id=539 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4539 Miyagino || {{mp|1988 VU|1}} || {{MoMP|4539|Miyagino}} || November 8, 1988 || [[Sendai Astronomical Observatory|Ayashi Station]] || [[Masahiro Koishikawa|M. Koishikawa]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4539}}<br /> |-id=540 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4540 Oriani || {{mp|1988 VY|1}} || {{MoMP|4540|Oriani}} || November 6, 1988 || [[Osservatorio San Vittore|Bologna]] || [[San Vittore Observatory|San Vittore]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4540}}<br /> |-id=541 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4541 Mizuno || 1989 AF || {{MoMP|4541|Mizuno}} || January 1, 1989 || [[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]] || [[Kenzo Suzuki (astronomer)|K. Suzuki]], [[Toshimasa Furuta|T. Furuta]] || [[Minor-planet moon#4541|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4541}}<br /> |-id=542 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4542 Mossotti || 1989 BO || {{MoMP|4542|Mossotti}} || January 30, 1989 || [[Osservatorio San Vittore|Bologna]] || [[San Vittore Observatory|San Vittore]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|18|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4542}}<br /> |-id=543 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4543 Phoinix]]''' || {{mp|1989 CQ|1}} || {{MoMP|4543|Phoinix}} || February 2, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Greek camp|L4]] || align=right | {{cvt|64|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4543}}<br /> |-id=544 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4544 Xanthus]]''' || 1989 FB || {{MoMP|4544|Xanthus}} || March 31, 1989 || Palomar || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]], [[Norman G. Thomas|N. G. Thomas]] || [[Apollo asteroid|APO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt; || align=right | {{cvt|1.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4544}}<br /> |-id=545 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4545 Primolevi || {{mp|1989 SB|11}} || {{MoMP|4545|Primolevi}} || September 28, 1989 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4545}}<br /> |-id=546 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4546 Franck || {{mp|1990 EW|2}} || {{MoMP|4546|Franck}} || March 2, 1990 || La Silla || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4546}}<br /> |-id=547 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4547 Massachusetts]]''' || 1990 KP || {{MoMP|4547|Massachusetts}} || May 16, 1990 || [[JCPM Sapporo Station|JCPM Sapporo]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|33|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4547}}<br /> |-id=548 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4548 Wielen || 2538 P-L || {{MoMP|4548|Wielen}} || September 24, 1960 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4548}}<br /> |-id=549 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4549 Burkhardt || 1276 T-2 || {{MoMP|4549|Burkhardt}} || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|5.5|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4549}}<br /> |-id=550 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4550 Royclarke || {{mp|1977 HH|1}} || {{MoMP|4550|Royclarke}} || April 24, 1977 || Palomar || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4550}}<br /> |-id=551 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4551 Cochran || 1979 MC || {{MoMP|4551|Cochran}} || June 28, 1979 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4551}}<br /> |-id=552 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4552 Nabelek || 1980 JC || {{MoMP|4552|Nabelek}} || May 11, 1980 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|6.2|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4552}}<br /> |-id=553 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4553 Doncampbell || 1982 RH || {{MoMP|4553|Doncampbell}} || September 15, 1982 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4553}}<br /> |-id=554 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4554 Fanynka || 1986 UT || {{MoMP|4554|Fanynka}} || October 28, 1986 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|26|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4554}}<br /> |-id=555 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4555 Josefapérez || 1987 QL || {{MoMP|4555|Josefapérez}} || August 24, 1987 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Stephen Singer-Brewster|S. Singer-Brewster]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4555}}<br /> |-id=556 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4556 Gumilyov || {{mp|1987 QW|10}} || {{MoMP|4556|Gumilyov}} || August 27, 1987 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Karachkina|L. G. Karachkina]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4556}}<br /> |-id=557 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4557 Mika || 1987 XD || {{MoMP|4557|Mika}} || December 14, 1987 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Masayuki Yanai|M. Yanai]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4557}}<br /> |-id=558 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 4558 Janesick || 1988 NF || {{MoMP|4558|Janesick}} || July 12, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Alain Maury|A. Maury]], [[Jean Mueller|J. E. Mueller]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4558|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4558}}<br /> |-id=559 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4559 Strauss || {{mp|1989 AP|6}} || {{MoMP|4559|Strauss}} || January 11, 1989 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4559}}<br /> |-id=560 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4560 Klyuchevskij || {{mp|1976 YD|2}} || {{MoMP|4560|Klyuchevskij}} || December 16, 1976 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4560}}<br /> |-id=561 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4561 Lemeshev || {{mp|1978 RY|5}} || {{MoMP|4561|Lemeshev}} || September 13, 1978 || Nauchnij || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4561}}<br /> |-id=562 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4562 Poleungkuk || {{mp|1979 UD|2}} || {{MoMP|4562|Poleungkuk}} || October 21, 1979 || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Nanking]] || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Purple Mountain]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4562}}<br /> |-id=563 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4563 Kahnia || 1980 OG || {{MoMP|4563|Kahnia}} || July 17, 1980 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4563}}<br /> |-id=564 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4564 Clayton || {{mp|1981 ET|16}} || {{MoMP|4564|Clayton}} || March 6, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4564}}<br /> |-id=565 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4565 Grossman || {{mp|1981 EZ|17}} || {{MoMP|4565|Grossman}} || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || EUN || align=right | {{cvt|7.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4565}}<br /> |-id=566 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4566 Chaokuangpiu || {{mp|1981 WM|4}} || {{MoMP|4566|Chaokuangpiu}} || November 27, 1981 || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Nanking]] || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Purple Mountain]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4566}}<br /> |-id=567 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4567 Bečvář || {{mp|1982 SO|1}} || {{MoMP|4567|Bečvář}} || September 17, 1982 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || Mahrová, M. || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4567}}<br /> |-id=568 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4568 Menkaure || {{mp|1983 RY|3}} || {{MoMP|4568|Menkaure}} || September 2, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Norman G. Thomas|N. G. Thomas]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4568}}<br /> |-id=569 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4569 Baerbel || {{mp|1985 GV|1}} || {{MoMP|4569|Baerbel}} || April 15, 1985 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Maria family|MAR]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4569}}<br /> |-id=570 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4570 Runcorn || 1985 PR || {{MoMP|4570|Runcorn}} || August 14, 1985 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4570|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|3.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4570}}<br /> |-id=571 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4571 Grumiaux || {{mp|1985 RY|3}} || {{MoMP|4571|Grumiaux}} || September 8, 1985 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4571}}<br /> |-id=572 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4572 Brage || 1986 RF || {{MoMP|4572|Brage}} || September 8, 1986 || [[Brorfelde Observatory|Brorfelde]] || [[Poul Jensen (astronomer)|P. Jensen]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4572}}<br /> |-id=573 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4573 Piešťany || {{mp|1986 TP|6}} || {{MoMP|4573|Piešťany}} || October 5, 1986 || [[Piwnice Astronomical Observatory|Piwnice]] || [[Milan Antal|M. Antal]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4573}}<br /> |-id=574 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4574 Yoshinaka || 1986 YB || {{MoMP|4574|Yoshinaka}} || December 20, 1986 || [[Ojima, Gunma|Ojima]] || [[Tsuneo Niijima|T. Niijima]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || EOS || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4574}}<br /> |-id=575 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4575 Broman || {{mp|1987 ME|1}} || {{MoMP|4575|Broman}} || June 26, 1987 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || EOS || align=right | ''{{cvt|20|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4575}}<br /> |-id=576 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4576 Yanotoyohiko || 1988 CC || {{MoMP|4576|Yanotoyohiko}} || February 10, 1988 || [[YGCO Chiyoda Station|Chiyoda]] || [[Takuo Kojima|T. Kojima]] || EOS || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4576}}<br /> |-id=577 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4577 Chikako || 1988 WG || {{MoMP|4577|Chikako}} || November 30, 1988 || [[Yatsugatake-Kobuchizawa|Yatsugatake]] || [[Yoshio Kushida|Y. Kushida]], Inoue, M. || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4577}}<br /> |-id=578 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4578 Kurashiki || {{mp|1988 XL|1}} || {{MoMP|4578|Kurashiki}} || December 7, 1988 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4578}}<br /> |-id=579 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4579 Puccini || {{mp|1989 AT|6}} || {{MoMP|4579|Puccini}} || January 11, 1989 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || [[Massalia family|MAS]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4579}}<br /> |-id=580 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4580 Child || 1989 EF || {{MoMP|4580|Child}} || March 4, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4580}}<br /> |-id=581 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4581 Asclepius]]''' || 1989 FC || {{MoMP|4581|Asclepius}} || March 31, 1989 || Palomar || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]], [[Norman G. Thomas|N. G. Thomas]] || [[Apollo asteroid|APO]]{{·}}[[Potentially hazardous object|PHA]] || align=right data-sort-value=&quot;0.25&quot; | ''{{cvt|250|m|sortable=on|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4581}}<br /> |-id=582 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4582 Hank || 1989 FW || {{MoMP|4582|Hank}} || March 31, 1989 || Palomar || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Adeona family|ADE]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4582}}<br /> |-id=583 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4583 Lugo || {{mp|1989 RL|4}} || {{MoMP|4583|Lugo}} || September 1, 1989 || [[Rozhen National Astronomical Observatory|Smolyan]] || [[Bulgarian National Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4583}}<br /> |-id=584 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4584 Akan || 1990 FA || {{MoMP|4584|Akan}} || March 16, 1990 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || Matsuyama, M., [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || [[FIN tbl#512|DOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4584}}<br /> |-id=585 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4585 Ainonai]]''' || 1990 KQ || {{MoMP|4585|Ainonai}} || May 16, 1990 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], K. Watanabe || [[FIN tbl#509|CLO]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4585}}<br /> |-id=586 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4586 Gunvor || 6047 P-L || {{MoMP|4586|Gunvor}} || September 24, 1960 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4586}}<br /> |-id=587 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | '''[[4587 Rees]]''' || 3239 T-2 || {{MoMP|4587|Rees}} || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|3.5|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4587}}<br /> |-id=588 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4588 Wislicenus || 1931 EE || {{MoMP|4588|Wislicenus}} || March 13, 1931 || [[Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl|Heidelberg]] || [[Max Wolf|M. F. Wolf]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4588}}<br /> |-id=589 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4589 McDowell || 1933 OB || {{MoMP|4589|McDowell}} || July 24, 1933 || Heidelberg || [[Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth|K. Reinmuth]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4589}}<br /> |-id=590 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4590 Dimashchegolev || {{mp|1968 OG|1}} || {{MoMP|4590|Dimashchegolev}} || July 25, 1968 || [[Cerro El Roble Astronomical Station|Cerro El Roble]] || Plyugin, G. A., [[Yuri A. Belyaev|Yu. A. Belyaev]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|5.8|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4590}}<br /> |-id=591 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4591 Bryantsev || 1975 VZ || {{MoMP|4591|Bryantsev}} || November 1, 1975 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Tamara Smirnova|T. M. Smirnova]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4591}}<br /> |-id=592 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4592 Alkissia || {{mp|1979 SQ|11}} || {{MoMP|4592|Alkissia}} || September 24, 1979 || Nauchnij || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4592}}<br /> |-id=593 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4593 Reipurth || {{mp|1980 FV|1}} || {{MoMP|4593|Reipurth}} || March 16, 1980 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist|C.-I. Lagerkvist]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4593}}<br /> |-id=594 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4594 Dashkova || {{mp|1980 KR|1}} || {{MoMP|4594|Dashkova}} || May 17, 1980 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4594}}<br /> |-id=595 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4595 Prinz || {{mp|1981 EZ|2}} || {{MoMP|4595|Prinz}} || March 2, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4595}}<br /> |-id=596 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | 4596 || 1981 QB || — || August 28, 1981 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Charles T. Kowal|C. T. Kowal]] || [[Amor asteroid|AMO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt; || align=right | ''{{cvt|1.8|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4596}}<br /> |-id=597 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4597 Consolmagno || {{mp|1983 UA|1}} || {{MoMP|4597|Consolmagno}} || October 30, 1983 || Palomar || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4597}}<br /> |-id=598 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4598 Coradini || {{mp|1985 PG|1}} || {{MoMP|4598|Coradini}} || August 15, 1985 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4598}}<br /> |-id=599 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4599 Rowan || {{mp|1985 RZ|2}} || {{MoMP|4599|Rowan}} || September 5, 1985 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4599}}<br /> |-id=600 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4600 Meadows || {{mp|1985 RE|4}} || {{MoMP|4600|Meadows}} || September 10, 1985 || La Silla || H. Debehogne || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4600}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 4601–4700 ==<br /> {{Anchor|601}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4601 Ludkewycz || 1986 LB || {{MoMP|4601|Ludkewycz}} || June 3, 1986 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || Rudnyk, M. || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|9.0|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4601}}<br /> |-id=602 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4602 Heudier || {{mp|1986 UD|3}} || {{MoMP|4602|Heudier}} || October 28, 1986 || [[Centre de recherches en géodynamique et astrométrie|Caussols]] || [[CERGA Observatory|CERGA]] || EUN || align=right | {{cvt|8.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4602}}<br /> |-id=603 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4603 Bertaud || {{mp|1986 WM|3}} || {{MoMP|4603|Bertaud}} || November 25, 1986 || Caussols || CERGA || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4603|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|22|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4603}}<br /> |-id=604 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4604 Stekarstrom || 1987 SK || {{MoMP|4604|Stekarstrom}} || September 18, 1987 || [[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]] || [[Kenzo Suzuki (astronomer)|K. Suzuki]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|4.5|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4604}}<br /> |-id=605 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4605 Nikitin || {{mp|1987 SV|17}} || {{MoMP|4605|Nikitin}} || September 18, 1987 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4605}}<br /> |-id=606 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4606 Saheki]]''' || {{mp|1987 UM|1}} || {{MoMP|4606|Saheki}} || October 27, 1987 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4606}}<br /> |-id=607 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4607 Seilandfarm]]''' || 1987 WR || {{MoMP|4607|Seilandfarm}} || November 25, 1987 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || [[Minor-planet moon#4607|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4607}}<br /> |-id=608 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4608 Wodehouse]]''' || {{mp|1988 BW|3}} || {{MoMP|4608|Wodehouse}} || January 19, 1988 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4608}}<br /> |-id=609 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4609 Pizarro || {{mp|1988 CT|3}} || {{MoMP|4609|Pizarro}} || February 13, 1988 || La Silla || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|29|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4609}}<br /> |-id=610 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4610 Kájov || 1989 FO || {{MoMP|4610|Kájov}} || March 26, 1989 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|9.9|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4610}}<br /> |-id=611 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4611 Vulkaneifel || {{mp|1989 GR|6}} || {{MoMP|4611|Vulkaneifel}} || April 5, 1989 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || Geffert, M. || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4611}}<br /> |-id=612 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4612 Greenstein || 1989 JG || {{MoMP|4612|Greenstein}} || May 2, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4612}}<br /> |-id=613 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4613 Mamoru || 1990 OM || {{MoMP|4613|Mamoru}} || July 22, 1990 || [[JCPM Sapporo Station|JCPM Sapporo]] || [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4613}}<br /> |-id=614 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4614 Masamura || 1990 QN || {{MoMP|4614|Masamura}} || August 21, 1990 || [[Kani, Gifu|Kani]] || [[Yoshikane Mizuno|Y. Mizuno]], [[Toshimasa Furuta|T. Furuta]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4614|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4614}}<br /> |-id=615 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4615 Zinner || A923 RH || {{MoMP|4615|Zinner}} || September 13, 1923 || [[Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl|Heidelberg]] || [[Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth|K. Reinmuth]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4615}}<br /> |-id=616 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4616 Batalov || 1975 BF || {{MoMP|4616|Batalov}} || January 17, 1975 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4616}}<br /> |-id=617 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4617 Zadunaisky || 1976 DK || {{MoMP|4617|Zadunaisky}} || February 22, 1976 || [[Leoncito Astronomical Complex|El Leoncito]] || [[Félix Aguilar Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|33|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4617}}<br /> |-id=618 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4618 Shakhovskoj || {{mp|1977 RJ|3}} || {{MoMP|4618|Shakhovskoj}} || September 12, 1977 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4618}}<br /> |-id=619 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4619 Polyakhova || {{mp|1977 RB|7}} || {{MoMP|4619|Polyakhova}} || September 11, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4619}}<br /> |-id=620 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4620 Bickley || 1978 OK || {{MoMP|4620|Bickley}} || July 28, 1978 || [[Perth Observatory|Bickley]] || [[Perth Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4620}}<br /> |-id=621 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4621 Tambov || {{mp|1979 QE|10}} || {{MoMP|4621|Tambov}} || August 27, 1979 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4621}}<br /> |-id=622 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4622 Solovjova || {{mp|1979 WE|2}} || {{MoMP|4622|Solovjova}} || November 16, 1979 || Nauchnij || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4622}}<br /> |-id=623 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4623 Obraztsova || {{mp|1981 UT|15}} || {{MoMP|4623|Obraztsova}} || October 24, 1981 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|9.7|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4623}}<br /> |-id=624 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4624 Stefani || {{mp|1982 FV|2}} || {{MoMP|4624|Stefani}} || March 23, 1982 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4624}}<br /> |-id=625 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4625 Shchedrin || {{mp|1982 UG|6}} || {{MoMP|4625|Shchedrin}} || October 20, 1982 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Karachkina|L. G. Karachkina]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|6.5|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4625}}<br /> |-id=626 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4626 Plisetskaya || {{mp|1984 YU|1}} || {{MoMP|4626|Plisetskaya}} || December 23, 1984 || Nauchnij || L. G. Karachkina || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4626}}<br /> |-id=627 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4627 Pinomogavero || {{mp|1985 RT|2}} || {{MoMP|4627|Pinomogavero}} || September 5, 1985 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4627}}<br /> |-id=628 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4628 Laplace || {{mp|1986 RU|4}} || {{MoMP|4628|Laplace}} || September 7, 1986 || [[Rozhen National Astronomical Observatory|Smolyan]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]]{{·}}{{Interloper|502}} || align=right | {{cvt|19|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4628}}<br /> |-id=629 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4629 Walford || {{mp|1986 TD|7}} || {{MoMP|4629|Walford}} || October 7, 1986 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Adeona family|ADE]]{{·}}{{Interloper|505}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4629}}<br /> |-id=630 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4630 Chaonis || 1987 WA || {{MoMP|4630|Chaonis}} || November 18, 1987 || [[Chaonis Observatory|Chions]] || [[Johann M. Baur|J. M. Baur]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4630}}<br /> |-id=631 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4631 Yabu || {{mp|1987 WE|1}} || {{MoMP|4631|Yabu}} || November 22, 1987 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4631}}<br /> |-id=632 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4632 Udagawa || 1987 YB || {{MoMP|4632|Udagawa}} || December 17, 1987 || [[YGCO Chiyoda Station|Chiyoda]] || [[Takuo Kojima|T. Kojima]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|5.3|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4632}}<br /> |-id=633 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4633 Marinbica || {{mp|1988 AJ|5}} || {{MoMP|4633|Marinbica}} || January 14, 1988 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4633}}<br /> |-id=634 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4634 Shibuya || 1988 BA || {{MoMP|4634|Shibuya}} || January 16, 1988 || [[Yatsugatake-Kobuchizawa|Kobuchizawa]] || Inoue, M., [[Osamu Muramatsu|O. Muramatsu]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4634}}<br /> |-id=635 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4635 Rimbaud || {{mp|1988 BJ|1}} || {{MoMP|4635|Rimbaud}} || January 21, 1988 || [[Haute-Provence Observatory|Haute-Provence]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4635|slow]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4635}}<br /> |-id=636 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4636 Chile || {{mp|1988 CJ|5}} || {{MoMP|4636|Chile}} || February 13, 1988 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || E. W. Elst || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4636}}<br /> |-id=637 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4637 Odorico || 1989 CT || {{MoMP|4637|Odorico}} || February 8, 1989 || [[Chaonis Observatory|Chions]] || [[Johann M. Baur|J. M. Baur]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4637}}<br /> |-id=638 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4638 Estens || 1989 EG || {{MoMP|4638|Estens}} || March 2, 1989 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4638}}<br /> |-id=639 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4639 Minox || {{mp|1989 EK|2}} || {{MoMP|4639|Minox}} || March 5, 1989 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || [[FIN tbl#518|RAF]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4639}}<br /> |-id=640 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4640 Hara || 1989 GA || {{MoMP|4640|Hara}} || April 1, 1989 || [[Yatsugatake-Kobuchizawa|Yatsugatake]] || [[Yoshio Kushida|Y. Kushida]], [[Osamu Muramatsu|O. Muramatsu]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4640}}<br /> |-id=641 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4641 Ayako || {{mp|1990 QT|3}} || {{MoMP|4641|Ayako}} || August 30, 1990 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4641}}<br /> |-id=642 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4642 Murchie || {{mp|1990 QG|4}} || {{MoMP|4642|Murchie}} || August 23, 1990 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4642}}<br /> |-id=643 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4643 Cisneros || {{mp|1990 QD|6}} || {{MoMP|4643|Cisneros}} || August 23, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4643}}<br /> |-id=644 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4644 Oumu || {{mp|1990 SR|3}} || {{MoMP|4644|Oumu}} || September 16, 1990 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Atsushi Takahashi|A. Takahashi]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4644}}<br /> |-id=645 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4645 Tentaikojo || {{mp|1990 SP|4}} || {{MoMP|4645|Tentaikojo}} || September 16, 1990 || Kitami || [[Tetsuya Fujii|T. Fujii]], K. Watanabe || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4645}}<br /> |-id=646 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4646 Kwee || 4009 P-L || {{MoMP|4646|Kwee}} || September 24, 1960 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|5.3|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4646}}<br /> |-id=647 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4647 Syuji]]''' || {{mp|1931 TU|1}} || {{MoMP|4647|Syuji}} || October 9, 1931 || [[Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl|Heidelberg]] || [[Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth|K. Reinmuth]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4647}}<br /> |-id=648 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4648 Tirion || 1931 UE || {{MoMP|4648|Tirion}} || October 18, 1931 || Heidelberg || K. Reinmuth || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4648}}<br /> |-id=649 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4649 Sumoto || 1936 YD || {{MoMP|4649|Sumoto}} || December 20, 1936 || [[Nice Observatory|Nice]] || [[Marguerite Laugier|M. Laugier]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4649}}<br /> |-id=650 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4650 Mori || 1950 TF || {{MoMP|4650|Mori}} || October 5, 1950 || [[Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl|Heidelberg]] || [[Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth|K. Reinmuth]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4650}}<br /> |-id=651 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4651 Wongkwancheng || {{mp|1957 UK|1}} || {{MoMP|4651|Wongkwancheng}} || October 31, 1957 || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Nanking]] || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Purple Mountain]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|7.9|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4651}}<br /> |-id=652 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4652 Iannini || 1975 QO || {{MoMP|4652|Iannini}} || August 30, 1975 || [[Leoncito Astronomical Complex|El Leoncito]] || [[Félix Aguilar Observatory]] || [[Asteroid family#Nele|(1547)]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4652}}<br /> |-id=653 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4653 Tommaso || {{mp|1976 GJ|2}} || {{MoMP|4653|Tommaso}} || April 1, 1976 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4653}}<br /> |-id=654 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4654 Gorʹkavyj || {{mp|1977 RJ|6}} || {{MoMP|4654|Gorʹkavyj}} || September 11, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|4.5|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4654}}<br /> |-id=655 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4655 Marjoriika || 1978 RS || {{MoMP|4655|Marjoriika}} || September 1, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4655}}<br /> |-id=656 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4656 Huchra || {{mp|1978 VZ|3}} || {{MoMP|4656|Huchra}} || November 7, 1978 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]], [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|6.9|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4656}}<br /> |-id=657 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4657 Lopez || {{mp|1979 SU|9}} || {{MoMP|4657|Lopez}} || September 22, 1979 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4657}}<br /> |-id=658 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4658 Gavrilov || {{mp|1979 SO|11}} || {{MoMP|4658|Gavrilov}} || September 24, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4658}}<br /> |-id=659 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4659 Roddenberry]]''' || {{mp|1981 EP|20}} || {{MoMP|4659|Roddenberry}} || March 2, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | {{cvt|3.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4659}}<br /> |-id=660 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4660 Nereus]]''' || 1982 DB || {{MoMP|4660|Nereus}} || February 28, 1982 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Apollo asteroid|APO]]{{·}}[[Potentially hazardous object|PHA]] || align=right data-sort-value=&quot;0.33&quot; | {{cvt|330|m|sortable=on|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4660}}<br /> |-id=661 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4661 Yebes || 1982 WM || {{MoMP|4661|Yebes}} || November 17, 1982 || [[Centro Astronómico de Yebes|Yebes]] || de Pascual, M. || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4661}}<br /> |-id=662 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4662 Runk || 1984 HL || {{MoMP|4662|Runk}} || April 19, 1984 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4662}}<br /> |-id=663 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4663 Falta || {{mp|1984 SM|1}} || {{MoMP|4663|Falta}} || September 27, 1984 || Kleť || A. Mrkos || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|29|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4663}}<br /> |-id=664 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4664 Hanner || 1985 PJ || {{MoMP|4664|Hanner}} || August 14, 1985 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4664}}<br /> |-id=665 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4665 Muinonen || {{mp|1985 TZ|1}} || {{MoMP|4665|Muinonen}} || October 15, 1985 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4665}}<br /> |-id=666 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4666 Dietz || {{mp|1986 JA|1}} || {{MoMP|4666|Dietz}} || May 4, 1986 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]]{{·}}[[Minor-planet moon#4666|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4666}}<br /> |-id=667 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4667 Robbiesh || 1986 VC || {{MoMP|4667|Robbiesh}} || November 4, 1986 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4667}}<br /> |-id=668 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4668 Rayjay || {{mp|1987 DX|5}} || {{MoMP|4668|Rayjay}} || February 21, 1987 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4668}}<br /> |-id=669 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4669 Høder || {{mp|1987 UF|1}} || {{MoMP|4669|Høder}} || October 27, 1987 || [[Brorfelde Observatory|Brorfelde]] || [[Poul Jensen (astronomer)|P. Jensen]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4669}}<br /> |-id=670 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4670 Yoshinogawa || 1987 YJ || {{MoMP|4670|Yoshinogawa}} || December 19, 1987 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4670}}<br /> |-id=671 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4671 Drtikol || {{mp|1988 AK|1}} || {{MoMP|4671|Drtikol}} || January 10, 1988 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4671}}<br /> |-id=672 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4672 Takuboku]]''' || 1988 HB || {{MoMP|4672|Takuboku}} || April 17, 1988 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|28|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4672}}<br /> |-id=673 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4673 Bortle || 1988 LF || {{MoMP|4673|Bortle}} || June 8, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Maria family|MAR]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4673}}<br /> |-id=674 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4674 Pauling]]''' || 1989 JC || {{MoMP|4674|Pauling}} || May 2, 1989 || Palomar || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']]{{·}}[[Minor-planet moon#4674|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4674}}<br /> |-id=675 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4675 Ohboke || 1990 SD || {{MoMP|4675|Ohboke}} || September 19, 1990 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4675}}<br /> |-id=676 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4676 Uedaseiji || {{mp|1990 SD|4}} || {{MoMP|4676|Uedaseiji}} || September 16, 1990 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Tetsuya Fujii|T. Fujii]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4676}}<br /> |-id=677 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4677 Hiroshi || {{mp|1990 SQ|4}} || {{MoMP|4677|Hiroshi}} || September 26, 1990 || Kitami || [[Atsushi Takahashi|A. Takahashi]], K. Watanabe || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4677}}<br /> |-id=678 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4678 Ninian || {{mp|1990 SS|4}} || {{MoMP|4678|Ninian}} || September 24, 1990 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4678}}<br /> |-id=679 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4679 Sybil || {{mp|1990 TR|4}} || {{MoMP|4679|Sybil}} || October 9, 1990 || Siding Spring || R. H. McNaught || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4679}}<br /> |-id=680 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4680 Lohrmann || 1937 QC || {{MoMP|4680|Lohrmann}} || August 31, 1937 || [[Hamburg Observatory|Hamburg-Bergedorf]] || [[Hans-Ullrich Sandig|H.-U. Sandig]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|5.0|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4680}}<br /> |-id=681 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4681 Ermak || {{mp|1969 TC|2}} || {{MoMP|4681|Ermak}} || October 8, 1969 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4681}}<br /> |-id=682 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4682 Bykov || {{mp|1973 SO|4}} || {{MoMP|4682|Bykov}} || September 27, 1973 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4682}}<br /> |-id=683 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4683 Veratar || {{mp|1976 GJ|1}} || {{MoMP|4683|Veratar}} || April 1, 1976 || Nauchnij || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4683}}<br /> |-id=684 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4684 Bendjoya || 1978 GJ || {{MoMP|4684|Bendjoya}} || April 10, 1978 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4684}}<br /> |-id=685 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4685 Karetnikov || {{mp|1978 SP|6}} || {{MoMP|4685|Karetnikov}} || September 27, 1978 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|19|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4685}}<br /> |-id=686 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4686 Maisica || {{mp|1979 SX|2}} || {{MoMP|4686|Maisica}} || September 22, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4686}}<br /> |-id=687 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4687 Brunsandrej || {{mp|1979 SJ|11}} || {{MoMP|4687|Brunsandrej}} || September 24, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || [[Hygiea family|HYG]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4687}}<br /> |-id=688 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | 4688 || 1980 WF || — || November 29, 1980 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Charles T. Kowal|C. T. Kowal]] || [[Amor asteroid|AMO]] || align=right data-sort-value=&quot;0.60&quot; | {{cvt|600|m|sortable=on|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4688}}<br /> |-id=689 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4689 Donn || 1980 YB || {{MoMP|4689|Donn}} || December 30, 1980 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4689|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4689}}<br /> |-id=690 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4690 Strasbourg || 1983 AJ || {{MoMP|4690|Strasbourg}} || January 9, 1983 || Anderson Mesa || [[Brian A. Skiff|B. A. Skiff]] || [[Hungaria family|H]] || align=right | {{cvt|3.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4690}}<br /> |-id=691 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4691 Toyen || 1983 TU || {{MoMP|4691|Toyen}} || October 7, 1983 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || [[Asteroid family#Levin|(2076)]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4691}}<br /> |-id=692 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4692 SIMBAD || {{mp|1983 VM|7}} || {{MoMP|4692|SIMBAD}} || November 4, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Brian A. Skiff|B. A. Skiff]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4692}}<br /> |-id=693 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4693 Drummond || 1983 WH || {{MoMP|4693|Drummond}} || November 28, 1983 || Anderson Mesa || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4693}}<br /> |-id=694 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4694 Festou || 1985 PM || {{MoMP|4694|Festou}} || August 14, 1985 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4694}}<br /> |-id=695 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4695 Mediolanum || {{mp|1985 RU|3}} || {{MoMP|4695|Mediolanum}} || September 7, 1985 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4695}}<br /> |-id=696 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4696 Arpigny || 1985 TP || {{MoMP|4696|Arpigny}} || October 15, 1985 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4696}}<br /> |-id=697 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4697 Novara || 1986 QO || {{MoMP|4697|Novara}} || August 26, 1986 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4697}}<br /> |-id=698 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4698 Jizera || {{mp|1986 RO|1}} || {{MoMP|4698|Jizera}} || September 4, 1986 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4698}}<br /> |-id=699 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4699 Sootan || 1986 VE || {{MoMP|4699|Sootan}} || November 4, 1986 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4699}}<br /> |-id=700 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4700 Carusi || {{mp|1986 VV|6}} || {{MoMP|4700|Carusi}} || November 6, 1986 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Asteroid family#Astraea family|(5)]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4700}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 4701–4800 ==<br /> {{Anchor|701}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4701 Milani || {{mp|1986 VW|6}} || {{MoMP|4701|Milani}} || November 6, 1986 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4701}}<br /> |-id=702 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4702 Berounka || 1987 HW || {{MoMP|4702|Berounka}} || April 23, 1987 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4702}}<br /> |-id=703 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4703 Kagoshima || 1988 BL || {{MoMP|4703|Kagoshima}} || January 16, 1988 || [[YCPM Kagoshima Station|Kagoshima]] || [[Masaru Mukai|M. Mukai]], Takeishi, M. || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4703}}<br /> |-id=704 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4704 Sheena || {{mp|1988 BE|5}} || {{MoMP|4704|Sheena}} || January 28, 1988 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4704}}<br /> |-id=705 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4705 Secchi || 1988 CK || {{MoMP|4705|Secchi}} || February 13, 1988 || [[Osservatorio San Vittore|Bologna]] || [[San Vittore Observatory|San Vittore]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4705}}<br /> |-id=706 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4706 Dennisreuter || 1988 DR || {{MoMP|4706|Dennisreuter}} || February 16, 1988 || [[Vainu Bappu Observatory|Kavalur]] || Rajamohan, R. || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4706}}<br /> |-id=707 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4707 Khryses]]''' || 1988 PY || {{MoMP|4707|Khryses}} || August 13, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | {{cvt|38|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4707}}<br /> |-id=708 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4708 Polydoros]]''' || 1988 RT || {{MoMP|4708|Polydoros}} || September 11, 1988 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || L5 || align=right | {{cvt|55|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4708}}<br /> |-id=709 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4709 Ennomos]]''' || {{mp|1988 TU|2}} || {{MoMP|4709|Ennomos}} || October 12, 1988 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || L5 || align=right | {{cvt|91|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4709}}<br /> |-id=710 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4710 Wade || {{mp|1989 AX|2}} || {{MoMP|4710|Wade}} || January 4, 1989 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || [[Asteroid family#Matterania|(883)]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|6.6|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4710}}<br /> |-id=711 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4711 Kathy || 1989 KD || {{MoMP|4711|Kathy}} || May 31, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4711}}<br /> |-id=712 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4712 Iwaizumi || 1989 QE || {{MoMP|4712|Iwaizumi}} || August 25, 1989 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|29|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4712}}<br /> |-id=713 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4713 Steel]]''' || 1989 QL || {{MoMP|4713|Steel}} || August 26, 1989 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | {{cvt|6.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4713}}<br /> |-id=714 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4714 Toyohiro || 1989 SH || {{MoMP|4714|Toyohiro}} || September 29, 1989 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Tetsuya Fujii|T. Fujii]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|19|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4714}}<br /> |-id=715 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4715 Medesicaste]]''' || {{mp|1989 TS|1}} || {{MoMP|4715|Medesicaste}} || October 9, 1989 || [[Gekko Observatory|Gekko]] || [[Yoshiaki Oshima|Y. Oshima]] || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | {{cvt|62|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4715}}<br /> |-id=716 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4716 Urey || {{mp|1989 UL|5}} || {{MoMP|4716|Urey}} || October 30, 1989 || [[Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory|Cerro Tololo]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4716}}<br /> |-id=717 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4717 Kaneko || 1989 WX || {{MoMP|4717|Kaneko}} || November 20, 1989 || [[Kani, Gifu|Kani]] || [[Yoshikane Mizuno|Y. Mizuno]], [[Toshimasa Furuta|T. Furuta]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|18|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4717}}<br /> |-id=718 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4718 Araki || {{mp|1990 VP|3}} || {{MoMP|4718|Araki}} || November 13, 1990 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Tetsuya Fujii|T. Fujii]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4718}}<br /> |-id=719 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4719 Burnaby || {{mp|1990 WT|2}} || {{MoMP|4719|Burnaby}} || November 21, 1990 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4719}}<br /> |-id=720 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4720 Tottori || 1990 YG || {{MoMP|4720|Tottori}} || December 19, 1990 || Kushiro || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4720}}<br /> |-id=721 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4721 Atahualpa || 4239 T-2 || {{MoMP|4721|Atahualpa}} || September 29, 1973 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4721}}<br /> |-id=722 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4722 Agelaos]]''' || 4271 T-3 || {{MoMP|4722|Agelaos}} || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | {{cvt|50|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4722}}<br /> |-id=723 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4723 Wolfgangmattig || 1937 TB || {{MoMP|4723|Wolfgangmattig}} || October 11, 1937 || [[Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl|Heidelberg]] || [[Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth|K. Reinmuth]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4723}}<br /> |-id=724 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4724 Brocken || 1961 BC || {{MoMP|4724|Brocken}} || January 18, 1961 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Cuno Hoffmeister|C. Hoffmeister]], [[Joachim Schubart|J. Schubart]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|6.5|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4724}}<br /> |-id=725 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4725 Milone || 1975 YE || {{MoMP|4725|Milone}} || December 31, 1975 || [[Leoncito Astronomical Complex|El Leoncito]] || [[Félix Aguilar Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4725}}<br /> |-id=726 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4726 Federer || {{mp|1976 SV|10}} || {{MoMP|4726|Federer}} || September 25, 1976 || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4726}}<br /> |-id=727 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4727 Ravel || {{mp|1979 UD|1}} || {{MoMP|4727|Ravel}} || October 24, 1979 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4727}}<br /> |-id=728 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4728 Lyapidevskij || 1979 VG || {{MoMP|4728|Lyapidevskij}} || November 11, 1979 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4728}}<br /> |-id=729 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4729 Mikhailmilʹ || {{mp|1980 RO|2}} || {{MoMP|4729|Mikhailmilʹ}} || September 8, 1980 || Nauchnij || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4729}}<br /> |-id=730 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4730 Xingmingzhou || 1980 XZ || {{MoMP|4730|Xingmingzhou}} || December 7, 1980 || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Nanking]] || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Purple Mountain]] || [[Eos family|EOS]]{{·}}{{Interloper|606}} || align=right | {{cvt|25|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4730}}<br /> |-id=731 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4731 Monicagrady || {{mp|1981 EE|9}} || {{MoMP|4731|Monicagrady}} || March 1, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4731}}<br /> |-id=732 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4732 Froeschlé || 1981 JG || {{MoMP|4732|Froeschlé}} || May 3, 1981 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|30|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4732}}<br /> |-id=733 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4733 ORO || {{mp|1982 HB|2}} || {{MoMP|4733|ORO}} || April 19, 1982 || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || [[Oak Ridge Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4733}}<br /> |-id=734 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4734 Rameau || {{mp|1982 UQ|3}} || {{MoMP|4734|Rameau}} || October 19, 1982 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || [[Massalia family|MAS]] || align=right | {{cvt|3.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4734}}<br /> |-id=735 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4735 Gary || 1983 AN || {{MoMP|4735|Gary}} || January 9, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4735}}<br /> |-id=736 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4736 Johnwood || {{mp|1983 AF|2}} || {{MoMP|4736|Johnwood}} || January 13, 1983 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | {{cvt|2.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4736}}<br /> |-id=737 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4737 Kiladze || {{mp|1985 QO|6}} || {{MoMP|4737|Kiladze}} || August 24, 1985 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4737}}<br /> |-id=738 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4738 Jimihendrix || {{mp|1985 RZ|4}} || {{MoMP|4738|Jimihendrix}} || September 15, 1985 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || Goldstein, D. B. || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4738}}<br /> |-id=739 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4739 Tomahrens || {{mp|1985 TH|1}} || {{MoMP|4739|Tomahrens}} || October 15, 1985 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4739}}<br /> |-id=740 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4740 Veniamina || {{mp|1985 UV|4}} || {{MoMP|4740|Veniamina}} || October 22, 1985 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4740}}<br /> |-id=741 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4741 Leskov || {{mp|1985 VP|3}} || {{MoMP|4741|Leskov}} || November 10, 1985 || Nauchnij || [[Lyudmila Karachkina|L. G. Karachkina]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4741}}<br /> |-id=742 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4742 Caliumi || 1986 WG || {{MoMP|4742|Caliumi}} || November 26, 1986 || [[Osservatorio San Vittore|Bologna]] || [[San Vittore Observatory|San Vittore]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4742}}<br /> |-id=743 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4743 Kikuchi || 1988 DA || {{MoMP|4743|Kikuchi}} || February 16, 1988 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Tetsuya Fujii|T. Fujii]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4743}}<br /> |-id=744 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4744 Rovereto || {{mp|1988 RF|5}} || {{MoMP|4744|Rovereto}} || September 2, 1988 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|19|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4744}}<br /> |-id=745 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4745 Nancymarie || {{mp|1989 NG|1}} || {{MoMP|4745|Nancymarie}} || July 9, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4745}}<br /> |-id=746 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4746 Doi || {{mp|1989 TP|1}} || {{MoMP|4746|Doi}} || October 9, 1989 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Atsushi Takahashi|A. Takahashi]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|22|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4746}}<br /> |-id=747 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4747 Jujo || 1989 WB || {{MoMP|4747|Jujo}} || November 19, 1989 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4747}}<br /> |-id=748 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4748 Tokiwagozen || 1989 WV || {{MoMP|4748|Tokiwagozen}} || November 20, 1989 || [[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]] || [[Kenzo Suzuki (astronomer)|K. Suzuki]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4748}}<br /> |-id=749 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4749 Ledzeppelin || {{mp|1989 WE|1}} || {{MoMP|4749|Ledzeppelin}} || November 22, 1989 || [[Uenohara Observatory|Uenohara]] || [[Nobuhiro Kawasato|N. Kawasato]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4749}}<br /> |-id=750 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4750 Mukai || {{mp|1990 XC|1}} || {{MoMP|4750|Mukai}} || December 15, 1990 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Tetsuya Fujii|T. Fujii]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4750}}<br /> |-id=751 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4751 Alicemanning || 1991 BG || {{MoMP|4751|Alicemanning}} || January 17, 1991 || [[Stakenbridge, Worcestershire|Stakenbridge]] || [[Brian G. W. Manning|B. G. W. Manning]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|18|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4751}}<br /> |-id=752 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4752 Myron || 1309 T-2 || {{MoMP|4752|Myron}} || September 29, 1973 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4752}}<br /> |-id=753 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4753 Phidias || 4059 T-3 || {{MoMP|4753|Phidias}} || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|7.8|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4753}}<br /> |-id=754 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4754 Panthoos]]''' || 5010 T-3 || {{MoMP|4754|Panthoos}} || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | {{cvt|53|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4754}}<br /> |-id=755 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4755 Nicky || {{mp|1931 TE|4}} || {{MoMP|4755|Nicky}} || October 6, 1931 || [[Lowell Observatory|Flagstaff]] || [[Clyde Tombaugh|C. W. Tombaugh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4755}}<br /> |-id=756 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4756 Asaramas]]''' || 1950 HJ || {{MoMP|4756|Asaramas}} || April 21, 1950 || [[La Plata Astronomical Observatory|La Plata Observatory]] || [[La Plata Observatory|La Plata]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4756}}<br /> |-id=757 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4757 Liselotte || 1973 ST || {{MoMP|4757|Liselotte}} || September 19, 1973 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || [[Hilda asteroid|3:2]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|20|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4757}}<br /> |-id=758 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4758 Hermitage || {{mp|1978 SN|4}} || {{MoMP|4758|Hermitage}} || September 27, 1978 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|19|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4758}}<br /> |-id=759 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4759 Åretta || {{mp|1978 VG|10}} || {{MoMP|4759|Åretta}} || November 7, 1978 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]], [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || THM || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4759}}<br /> |-id=760 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4760 Jia-xiang]]''' || {{mp|1981 GN|1}} || {{MoMP|4760|Jia-xiang}} || April 1, 1981 || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4760}}<br /> |-id=761 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4761 Urrutia || 1981 QC || {{MoMP|4761|Urrutia}} || August 27, 1981 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Hans-Emil Schuster|H.-E. Schuster]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | {{cvt|3.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4761}}<br /> |-id=762 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4762 Dobrynya || {{mp|1982 SC|6}} || {{MoMP|4762|Dobrynya}} || September 16, 1982 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4762}}<br /> |-id=763 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4763 Ride || 1983 BM || {{MoMP|4763|Ride}} || January 22, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4763}}<br /> |-id=764 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4764 Joneberhart || 1983 CC || {{MoMP|4764|Joneberhart}} || February 11, 1983 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | {{cvt|2.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4764}}<br /> |-id=765 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4765 Wasserburg]]''' || {{mp|1986 JN|1}} || {{MoMP|4765|Wasserburg}} || May 5, 1986 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Hungaria family|H]]{{·}}[[Minor-planet moon#4765|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|1.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4765}}<br /> |-id=766 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4766 Malin || {{mp|1987 FF|1}} || {{MoMP|4766|Malin}} || March 28, 1987 || Palomar || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4766}}<br /> |-id=767 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4767 Sutoku || 1987 GC || {{MoMP|4767|Sutoku}} || April 4, 1987 || [[Ojima, Gunma|Ojima]] || [[Tsuneo Niijima|T. Niijima]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || EUN || align=right | {{cvt|7.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4767}}<br /> |-id=768 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4768 Hartley || {{mp|1988 PH|1}} || {{MoMP|4768|Hartley}} || August 11, 1988 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || Noymer, A. J. || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|34|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4768}}<br /> |-id=769 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4769 Castalia]]''' || 1989 PB || {{MoMP|4769|Castalia}} || August 9, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Apollo asteroid|APO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt;{{·}}[[Potentially hazardous object|PHA]] || align=right | {{cvt|1.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4769}}<br /> |-id=770 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4770 Lane || 1989 PC || {{MoMP|4770|Lane}} || August 9, 1989 || Palomar || E. F. Helin || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|9.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4770}}<br /> |-id=771 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4771 Hayashi || {{mp|1989 RM|2}} || {{MoMP|4771|Hayashi}} || September 7, 1989 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Masayuki Yanai|M. Yanai]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4771}}<br /> |-id=772 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4772 Frankdrake || 1989 VM || {{MoMP|4772|Frankdrake}} || November 2, 1989 || [[Okutama, Tokyo|Okutama]] || Hioki, T., [[Nobuhiro Kawasato|N. Kawasato]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|28|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4772}}<br /> |-id=773 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4773 Hayakawa || 1989 WF || {{MoMP|4773|Hayakawa}} || November 17, 1989 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || [[Asteroid family#Astraea family|(5)]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4773}}<br /> |-id=774 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4774 Hobetsu || {{mp|1991 CV|1}} || {{MoMP|4774|Hobetsu}} || February 14, 1991 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4774}}<br /> |-id=775 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 4775 Hansen || 1927 TC || {{MoMP|4775|Hansen}} || October 3, 1927 || [[Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl|Heidelberg]] || [[Max Wolf|M. F. Wolf]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|7.1|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4775}}<br /> |-id=776 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4776 Luyi]]''' || 1975 VD || {{MoMP|4776|Luyi}} || November 3, 1975 || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4776}}<br /> |-id=777 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4777 Aksenov || {{mp|1976 SM|2}} || {{MoMP|4777|Aksenov}} || September 24, 1976 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4777}}<br /> |-id=778 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4778 Fuss || {{mp|1978 TV|8}} || {{MoMP|4778|Fuss}} || October 9, 1978 || Nauchnij || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4778}}<br /> |-id=779 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4779 Whitley || 1978 XQ || {{MoMP|4779|Whitley}} || December 6, 1978 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]], Warnock, A. || THM || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4779}}<br /> |-id=780 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4780 Polina || {{mp|1979 HE|5}} || {{MoMP|4780|Polina}} || April 25, 1979 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4780}}<br /> |-id=781 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4781 Sládkovič || 1980 TP || {{MoMP|4781|Sládkovič}} || October 3, 1980 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Zdeňka Vávrová|Z. Vávrová]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4781}}<br /> |-id=782 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4782 Gembloux || {{mp|1980 TH|3}} || {{MoMP|4782|Gembloux}} || October 14, 1980 || [[Haute-Provence Observatory|Haute-Provence]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]], [[Léo Houziaux|L. Houziaux]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]]{{·}}{{Interloper|605}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4782}}<br /> |-id=783 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4783 Wasson || {{mp|1983 AH|1}} || {{MoMP|4783|Wasson}} || January 12, 1983 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4783}}<br /> |-id=784 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4784 Samcarin || {{mp|1984 DF|1}} || {{MoMP|4784|Samcarin}} || February 28, 1984 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4784}}<br /> |-id=785 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4785 Petrov || {{mp|1984 YH|1}} || {{MoMP|4785|Petrov}} || December 17, 1984 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Karachkina|L. G. Karachkina]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|8.3|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4785}}<br /> |-id=786 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4786 Tatianina]]''' || {{mp|1985 PE|2}} || {{MoMP|4786|Tatianina}} || August 13, 1985 || Nauchnij || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Minor-planet moon#4786|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|3.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4786}}<br /> |-id=787 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4787 Shulʹzhenko || {{mp|1986 RC|7}} || {{MoMP|4787|Shulʹzhenko}} || September 6, 1986 || Nauchnij || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4787}}<br /> |-id=788 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4788 Simpson || {{mp|1986 TL|1}} || {{MoMP|4788|Simpson}} || October 4, 1986 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Minor-planet moon#4788|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|3.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4788}}<br /> |-id=789 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4789 Sprattia]]''' || {{mp|1987 UU|2}} || {{MoMP|4789|Sprattia}} || October 20, 1987 || [[Climenhaga Observatory|Climenhaga]] || [[David D. Balam|D. D. Balam]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4789}}<br /> |-id=790 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4790 Petrpravec]]''' || 1988 PP || {{MoMP|4790|Petrpravec}} || August 9, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4790|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4790}}<br /> |-id=791 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4791 Iphidamas]]''' || {{mp|1988 PB|1}} || {{MoMP|4791|Iphidamas}} || August 14, 1988 || Palomar || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | {{cvt|50|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4791}}<br /> |-id=792 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4792 Lykaon]]''' || {{mp|1988 RK|1}} || {{MoMP|4792|Lykaon}} || September 10, 1988 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || L5 || align=right | {{cvt|51|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4792}}<br /> |-id=793 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4793 Slessor || {{mp|1988 RR|4}} || {{MoMP|4793|Slessor}} || September 1, 1988 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[FIN tbl#528|LEO]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4793}}<br /> |-id=794 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4794 Bogard || {{mp|1988 SO|2}} || {{MoMP|4794|Bogard}} || September 16, 1988 || [[Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory|Cerro Tololo]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4794}}<br /> |-id=795 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4795 Kihara || {{mp|1989 CB|1}} || {{MoMP|4795|Kihara}} || February 7, 1989 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Atsushi Takahashi|A. Takahashi]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4795}}<br /> |-id=796 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4796 Lewis || 1989 LU || {{MoMP|4796|Lewis}} || June 3, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|7.3|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4796}}<br /> |-id=797 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4797 Ako]]''' || 1989 SJ || {{MoMP|4797|Ako}} || September 30, 1989 || [[Minami-Oda Observatory|Minami-Oda]] || [[Toshiro Nomura|T. Nomura]], [[Kōyō Kawanishi|K. Kawanishi]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4797}}<br /> |-id=798 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4798 Mercator || {{mp|1989 SU|1}} || {{MoMP|4798|Mercator}} || September 26, 1989 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4798}}<br /> |-id=799 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4799 Hirasawa || {{mp|1989 TC|1}} || {{MoMP|4799|Hirasawa}} || October 8, 1989 || [[Kani, Gifu|Kani]] || [[Yoshikane Mizuno|Y. Mizuno]], [[Toshimasa Furuta|T. Furuta]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4799}}<br /> |-id=800 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4800 Veveri || {{mp|1989 TG|17}} || {{MoMP|4800|Veveri}} || October 9, 1989 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4800}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 4801–4900 ==<br /> {{Anchor|801}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4801 Ohře || {{mp|1989 UR|4}} || {{MoMP|4801|Ohře}} || October 22, 1989 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4801}}<br /> |-id=802 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4802 Khatchaturian || {{mp|1989 UA|7}} || {{MoMP|4802|Khatchaturian}} || October 23, 1989 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|2.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4802}}<br /> |-id=803 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4803 Birkle || 1989 XA || {{MoMP|4803|Birkle}} || December 1, 1989 || [[Chaonis Observatory|Chions]] || [[Johann M. Baur|J. M. Baur]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4803}}<br /> |-id=804 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4804 Pasteur]]''' || {{mp|1989 XC|1}} || {{MoMP|4804|Pasteur}} || December 2, 1989 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4804}}<br /> |-id=805 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4805 Asteropaios]]''' || {{mp|1990 VH|7}} || {{MoMP|4805|Asteropaios}} || November 13, 1990 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | {{cvt|58|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4805}}<br /> |-id=806 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4806 Miho || 1990 YJ || {{MoMP|4806|Miho}} || December 22, 1990 || [[JCPM Yakiimo Station|Yakiimo]] || Natori, A., [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4806}}<br /> |-id=807 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4807 Noboru || 1991 AO || {{MoMP|4807|Noboru}} || January 10, 1991 || [[Ōizumi Observatory|Oizumi]] || [[Takao Kobayashi|T. Kobayashi]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4807}}<br /> |-id=808 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4808 Ballaero || 1925 BA || {{MoMP|4808|Ballaero}} || January 21, 1925 || [[Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl|Heidelberg]] || [[Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth|K. Reinmuth]] || [[Adeona family|ADE]] || align=right | {{cvt|19|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4808}}<br /> |-id=809 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4809 Robertball || 1928 RB || {{MoMP|4809|Robertball}} || September 5, 1928 || Heidelberg || [[Max Wolf|M. F. Wolf]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4809}}<br /> |-id=810 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4810 Ruslanova || 1972 GL || {{MoMP|4810|Ruslanova}} || April 14, 1972 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4810}}<br /> |-id=811 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4811 Semashko || {{mp|1973 SO|3}} || {{MoMP|4811|Semashko}} || September 25, 1973 || Nauchnij || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4811}}<br /> |-id=812 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4812 Hakuhou || {{mp|1977 DL|3}} || {{MoMP|4812|Hakuhou}} || February 18, 1977 || [[Kiso Observatory|Kiso]] || [[Hiroki Kosai|H. Kosai]], [[Kiichirō Furukawa|K. Furukawa]] || [[FIN tbl#406|ERI]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4812}}<br /> |-id=813 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4813 Terebizh || {{mp|1977 RR|7}} || {{MoMP|4813|Terebizh}} || September 11, 1977 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|18|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4813}}<br /> |-id=814 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4814 Casacci || 1978 RW || {{MoMP|4814|Casacci}} || September 1, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4814}}<br /> |-id=815 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4815 Anders || {{mp|1981 EA|28}} || {{MoMP|4815|Anders}} || March 2, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4815}}<br /> |-id=816 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4816 Connelly || 1981 PK || {{MoMP|4816|Connelly}} || August 3, 1981 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4816}}<br /> |-id=817 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4817 Gliba || {{mp|1984 DC|1}} || {{MoMP|4817|Gliba}} || February 27, 1984 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | {{cvt|3.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4817}}<br /> |-id=818 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4818 Elgar || 1984 EM || {{MoMP|4818|Elgar}} || March 1, 1984 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|5.0|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4818}}<br /> |-id=819 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4819 Gifford || 1985 KC || {{MoMP|4819|Gifford}} || May 24, 1985 || [[Mount John University Observatory|Lake Tekapo]] || [[Alan C. Gilmore|A. C. Gilmore]], [[Pamela M. Kilmartin|P. M. Kilmartin]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4819|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|3.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4819}}<br /> |-id=820 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4820 Fay || 1985 RZ || {{MoMP|4820|Fay}} || September 15, 1985 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4820}}<br /> |-id=821 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4821 Bianucci || {{mp|1986 EE|5}} || {{MoMP|4821|Bianucci}} || March 5, 1986 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Walter Ferreri|W. Ferreri]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4821}}<br /> |-id=822 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4822 Karge]]''' || {{mp|1986 TC|1}} || {{MoMP|4822|Karge}} || October 4, 1986 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4822}}<br /> |-id=823 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4823 Libenice || {{mp|1986 TO|3}} || {{MoMP|4823|Libenice}} || October 4, 1986 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|4.1|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4823}}<br /> |-id=824 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4824 Stradonice || {{mp|1986 WL|1}} || {{MoMP|4824|Stradonice}} || November 25, 1986 || Kleť || A. Mrkos || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4824}}<br /> |-id=825 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4825 Ventura || {{mp|1988 CS|2}} || {{MoMP|4825|Ventura}} || February 11, 1988 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4825}}<br /> |-id=826 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4826 Wilhelms || 1988 JO || {{MoMP|4826|Wilhelms}} || May 11, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4826}}<br /> |-id=827 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4827 Dares]]''' || 1988 QE || {{MoMP|4827|Dares}} || August 17, 1988 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | {{cvt|43|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4827}}<br /> |-id=828 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4828 Misenus]]''' || 1988 RV || {{MoMP|4828|Misenus}} || September 11, 1988 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || L5 || align=right | {{cvt|46|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4828}}<br /> |-id=829 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 4829 Sergestus || {{mp|1988 RM|1}} || {{MoMP|4829|Sergestus}} || September 10, 1988 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || L5 || align=right | {{cvt|32|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4829}}<br /> |-id=830 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4830 Thomascooley || {{mp|1988 RG|4}} || {{MoMP|4830|Thomascooley}} || September 1, 1988 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4830}}<br /> |-id=831 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4831 Baldwin || {{mp|1988 RX|11}} || {{MoMP|4831|Baldwin}} || September 14, 1988 || [[Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory|Cerro Tololo]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|18|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4831}}<br /> |-id=832 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4832 Palinurus]]''' || {{mp|1988 TU|1}} || {{MoMP|4832|Palinurus}} || October 12, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | {{cvt|52|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4832}}<br /> |-id=833 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4833 Meges]]''' || {{mp|1989 AL|2}} || {{MoMP|4833|Meges}} || January 8, 1989 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || [[Greek camp|L4]] || align=right | {{cvt|80|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4833}}<br /> |-id=834 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4834 Thoas]]''' || {{mp|1989 AM|2}} || {{MoMP|4834|Thoas}} || January 11, 1989 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || L4 || align=right | {{cvt|72|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4834}}<br /> |-id=835 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 4835 Asaeus || 1989 BQ || {{MoMP|4835|Asaeus}} || January 29, 1989 || [[Tokushima-Kainan Astronomical Observatory|Tokushima]] || [[Masayuki Iwamoto|M. Iwamoto]], [[Toshimasa Furuta|T. Furuta]] || L4 || align=right | {{cvt|30|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4835}}<br /> |-id=836 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4836 Medon]]''' || {{mp|1989 CK|1}} || {{MoMP|4836|Medon}} || February 2, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || L4 || align=right | {{cvt|63|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4836}}<br /> |-id=837 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4837 Bickerton || 1989 ME || {{MoMP|4837|Bickerton}} || June 30, 1989 || [[Mount John University Observatory|Lake Tekapo]] || [[Alan C. Gilmore|A. C. Gilmore]], [[Pamela M. Kilmartin|P. M. Kilmartin]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|28|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4837}}<br /> |-id=838 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4838 Billmclaughlin || 1989 NJ || {{MoMP|4838|Billmclaughlin}} || July 2, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4838}}<br /> |-id=839 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4839 Daisetsuzan || 1989 QG || {{MoMP|4839|Daisetsuzan}} || August 25, 1989 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4839}}<br /> |-id=840 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4840 Otaynang || 1989 UY || {{MoMP|4840|Otaynang}} || October 23, 1989 || [[Gekko Observatory|Gekko]] || [[Yoshiaki Oshima|Y. Oshima]] || [[FIN tbl#631|URS]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4840|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|21|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4840}}<br /> |-id=841 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4841 Manjiro || {{mp|1989 UO|3}} || {{MoMP|4841|Manjiro}} || October 28, 1989 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4841}}<br /> |-id=842 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4842 Atsushi || 1989 WK || {{MoMP|4842|Atsushi}} || November 21, 1989 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4842}}<br /> |-id=843 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4843 Mégantic || {{mp|1990 DR|4}} || {{MoMP|4843|Mégantic}} || February 28, 1990 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|27|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4843}}<br /> |-id=844 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4844 Matsuyama || {{mp|1991 BA|2}} || {{MoMP|4844|Matsuyama}} || January 23, 1991 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4844}}<br /> |-id=845 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4845 Tsubetsu || {{mp|1991 EC|1}} || {{MoMP|4845|Tsubetsu}} || March 5, 1991 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4845}}<br /> |-id=846 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4846 Tuthmosis || 6575 P-L || {{MoMP|4846|Tuthmosis}} || September 24, 1960 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4846}}<br /> |-id=847 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4847 Amenhotep || 6787 P-L || {{MoMP|4847|Amenhotep}} || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4847}}<br /> |-id=848 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4848 Tutenchamun || 3233 T-2 || {{MoMP|4848|Tutenchamun}} || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Hygiea family|HYG]] || align=right | {{cvt|22|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4848}}<br /> |-id=849 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4849 Ardenne || 1936 QV || {{MoMP|4849|Ardenne}} || August 17, 1936 || [[Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl|Heidelberg]] || [[Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth|K. Reinmuth]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4849}}<br /> |-id=850 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4850 Palestrina || {{mp|1973 UJ|5}} || {{MoMP|4850|Palestrina}} || October 27, 1973 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4850}}<br /> |-id=851 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4851 Vodopʹyanova || {{mp|1976 US|1}} || {{MoMP|4851|Vodopʹyanova}} || October 26, 1976 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Tamara Smirnova|T. M. Smirnova]] || [[Maria family|MAR]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|6.9|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4851}}<br /> |-id=852 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4852 Pamjones || 1977 JD || {{MoMP|4852|Pamjones}} || May 15, 1977 || Nauchnij || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|3.5|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4852}}<br /> |-id=853 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4853 Marielukac || 1979 ML || {{MoMP|4853|Marielukac}} || June 28, 1979 || [[Cerro El Roble Astronomical Station|Cerro El Roble]] || [[Carlos Torres (astronomer)|C. Torres]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4853}}<br /> |-id=854 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4854 Edscott || {{mp|1981 ED|27}} || {{MoMP|4854|Edscott}} || March 2, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4854}}<br /> |-id=855 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4855 Tenpyou || {{mp|1982 VM|5}} || {{MoMP|4855|Tenpyou}} || November 14, 1982 || [[Kiso Observatory|Kiso]] || [[Hiroki Kosai|H. Kosai]], [[Kiichirō Furukawa|K. Furukawa]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4855}}<br /> |-id=856 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4856 Seaborg || 1983 LJ || {{MoMP|4856|Seaborg}} || June 11, 1983 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Maria family|MAR]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4856}}<br /> |-id=857 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4857 Altgamia || 1984 FM || {{MoMP|4857|Altgamia}} || March 29, 1984 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4857}}<br /> |-id=858 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4858 Vorobjov || 1985 UA || {{MoMP|4858|Vorobjov}} || October 23, 1985 || Palomar || Gibson, J. || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4858}}<br /> |-id=859 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4859 Fraknoi || {{mp|1986 TJ|2}} || {{MoMP|4859|Fraknoi}} || October 7, 1986 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Baptistina family|BAP]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4859}}<br /> |-id=860 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4860 Gubbio || 1987 EP || {{MoMP|4860|Gubbio}} || March 3, 1987 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|26|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4860}}<br /> |-id=861 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4861 Nemirovskij || {{mp|1987 QU|10}} || {{MoMP|4861|Nemirovskij}} || August 27, 1987 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Karachkina|L. G. Karachkina]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4861}}<br /> |-id=862 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4862 Loke || {{mp|1987 SJ|5}} || {{MoMP|4862|Loke}} || September 30, 1987 || [[Brorfelde Observatory|Brorfelde]] || [[Poul Jensen (astronomer)|P. Jensen]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4862}}<br /> |-id=863 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4863 Yasutani || {{mp|1987 VH|1}} || {{MoMP|4863|Yasutani}} || November 13, 1987 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4863}}<br /> |-id=864 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4864 Nimoy || {{mp|1988 RA|5}} || {{MoMP|4864|Nimoy}} || September 2, 1988 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4864}}<br /> |-id=865 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4865 Sor || 1988 UJ || {{MoMP|4865|Sor}} || October 18, 1988 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4865}}<br /> |-id=866 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4866 Badillo || {{mp|1988 VB|3}} || {{MoMP|4866|Badillo}} || November 10, 1988 || [[YGCO Chiyoda Station|Chiyoda]] || [[Takuo Kojima|T. Kojima]] || EOS{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4866|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4866}}<br /> |-id=867 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4867 Polites]]''' || 1989 SZ || {{MoMP|4867|Polites}} || September 27, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | {{cvt|57|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4867}}<br /> |-id=868 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4868 Knushevia]]''' || {{mp|1989 UN|2}} || {{MoMP|4868|Knushevia}} || October 27, 1989 || Palomar || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Hungaria family|H]]{{·}}[[Minor-planet moon#4868|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|1.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4868}}<br /> |-id=869 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4869 Piotrovsky || {{mp|1989 UE|8}} || {{MoMP|4869|Piotrovsky}} || October 26, 1989 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4869}}<br /> |-id=870 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4870 Shcherbanʹ || {{mp|1989 UK|8}} || {{MoMP|4870|Shcherbanʹ}} || October 25, 1989 || Nauchnij || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|20|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4870}}<br /> |-id=871 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4871 Riverside || {{mp|1989 WH|1}} || {{MoMP|4871|Riverside}} || November 24, 1989 || [[Sendai Astronomical Observatory|Ayashi Station]] || [[Masahiro Koishikawa|M. Koishikawa]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4871}}<br /> |-id=872 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4872 Grieg || {{mp|1989 YH|7}} || {{MoMP|4872|Grieg}} || December 25, 1989 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4872}}<br /> |-id=873 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4873 Fukaya || 1990 EC || {{MoMP|4873|Fukaya}} || March 4, 1990 || [[Dynic Astronomical Observatory|Dynic]] || [[Atsushi Sugie|A. Sugie]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4873}}<br /> |-id=874 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4874 Burke || 1991 AW || {{MoMP|4874|Burke}} || January 12, 1991 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4874}}<br /> |-id=875 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4875 Ingalls || 1991 DJ || {{MoMP|4875|Ingalls}} || February 19, 1991 || [[Yatsugatake-Kobuchizawa|Yatsugatake]] || [[Yoshio Kushida|Y. Kushida]], [[Reiki Kushida|R. Kushida]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4875}}<br /> |-id=876 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4876 Strabo || 1133 T-2 || {{MoMP|4876|Strabo}} || September 29, 1973 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4876}}<br /> |-id=877 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4877 Humboldt || 5066 T-2 || {{MoMP|4877|Humboldt}} || September 25, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4877}}<br /> |-id=878 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4878 Gilhutton || 1968 OF || {{MoMP|4878|Gilhutton}} || July 18, 1968 || [[Cerro El Roble Astronomical Station|Cerro El Roble]] || [[Carlos Torres (astronomer)|C. Torres]], Cofre, S. || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | {{cvt|2.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4878}}<br /> |-id=879 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4879 Zykina || 1974 VG || {{MoMP|4879|Zykina}} || November 12, 1974 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|13|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4879}}<br /> |-id=880 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4880 Tovstonogov || {{mp|1975 TR|4}} || {{MoMP|4880|Tovstonogov}} || October 14, 1975 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || [[FIN tbl#803|HNS]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4880}}<br /> |-id=881 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4881 Robmackintosh || 1975 XJ || {{MoMP|4881|Robmackintosh}} || December 1, 1975 || [[Cerro El Roble Astronomical Station|Cerro El Roble]] || [[Carlos Torres (astronomer)|C. Torres]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4881}}<br /> |-id=882 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4882 Divari || {{mp|1977 QU|2}} || {{MoMP|4882|Divari}} || August 21, 1977 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4882}}<br /> |-id=883 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4883 Korolirina || {{mp|1978 RJ|1}} || {{MoMP|4883|Korolirina}} || September 5, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4883}}<br /> |-id=884 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4884 Bragaria || {{mp|1979 OK|15}} || {{MoMP|4884|Bragaria}} || July 21, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|4.8|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4884}}<br /> |-id=885 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4885 Grange || 1980 LU || {{MoMP|4885|Grange}} || June 10, 1980 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4885}}<br /> |-id=886 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4886 Kojima || {{mp|1981 EZ|14}} || {{MoMP|4886|Kojima}} || March 1, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4886}}<br /> |-id=887 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4887 Takihiroi || {{mp|1981 EV|26}} || {{MoMP|4887|Takihiroi}} || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|6.5|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4887}}<br /> |-id=888 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4888 Doreen || {{mp|1981 JX|1}} || {{MoMP|4888|Doreen}} || May 5, 1981 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4888}}<br /> |-id=889 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4889 Praetorius || {{mp|1982 UW|3}} || {{MoMP|4889|Praetorius}} || October 19, 1982 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|21|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4889}}<br /> |-id=890 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4890 Shikanosima || {{mp|1982 VE|4}} || {{MoMP|4890|Shikanosima}} || November 14, 1982 || [[Kiso Observatory|Kiso]] || [[Hiroki Kosai|H. Kosai]], [[Kiichirō Furukawa|K. Furukawa]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4890}}<br /> |-id=891 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4891 Blaga || 1984 GR || {{MoMP|4891|Blaga}} || April 4, 1984 || [[Rozhen National Astronomical Observatory|Smolyan]] || [[Bulgarian National Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|21|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4891}}<br /> |-id=892 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4892 Chrispollas || {{mp|1985 TV|2}} || {{MoMP|4892|Chrispollas}} || October 11, 1985 || [[Centre de recherches en géodynamique et astrométrie|Caussols]] || [[CERGA Observatory|CERGA]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4892|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4892}}<br /> |-id=893 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4893 Seitter || {{mp|1986 PT|4}} || {{MoMP|4893|Seitter}} || August 9, 1986 || [[Rozhen National Astronomical Observatory|Smolyan]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]], [[Violeta G. Ivanova|V. G. Ivanova]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|20|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4893}}<br /> |-id=894 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4894 Ask || 1986 RJ || {{MoMP|4894|Ask}} || September 8, 1986 || [[Brorfelde Observatory|Brorfelde]] || [[Poul Jensen (astronomer)|P. Jensen]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4894}}<br /> |-id=895 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4895 Embla || {{mp|1986 TK|4}} || {{MoMP|4895|Embla}} || October 13, 1986 || Brorfelde || P. Jensen || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4895}}<br /> |-id=896 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4896 Tomoegozen || 1986 YA || {{MoMP|4896|Tomoegozen}} || December 20, 1986 || [[Ojima, Gunma|Ojima]] || [[Tsuneo Niijima|T. Niijima]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|29|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4896}}<br /> |-id=897 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4897 Tomhamilton]]''' || {{mp|1987 QD|6}} || {{MoMP|4897|Tomhamilton}} || August 22, 1987 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4897}}<br /> |-id=898 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4898 Nishiizumi || 1988 FJ || {{MoMP|4898|Nishiizumi}} || March 19, 1988 || Palomar || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | {{cvt|2.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4898}}<br /> |-id=899 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4899 Candace]]''' || 1988 JU || {{MoMP|4899|Candace}} || May 9, 1988 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker, [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker|E. M. Shoemaker]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4899}}<br /> |-id=900 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4900 Maymelou || 1988 ME || {{MoMP|4900|Maymelou}} || June 16, 1988 || Palomar || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4900}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 4901–5000 ==<br /> {{Anchor|901}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4901 Ó Briain || 1988 VJ || {{MoMP|4901|Ó Briain}} || November 3, 1988 || [[Yorii Observatory|Yorii]] || [[Masaru Arai|M. Arai]], [[Hiroshi Mori (astronomer)|H. Mori]] || [[Asteroid family#Levin|(2076)]]{{·}}[[Minor-planet moon#4901|moon]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4901}}<br /> |-id=902 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4902 Thessandrus]]''' || {{mp|1989 AN|2}} || {{MoMP|4902|Thessandrus}} || January 9, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]] || [[Greek camp|L4]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4902|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|51|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4902}}<br /> |-id=903 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4903 Ichikawa || 1989 UD || {{MoMP|4903|Ichikawa}} || October 20, 1989 || [[Kani, Gifu|Kani]] || [[Yoshikane Mizuno|Y. Mizuno]], [[Toshimasa Furuta|T. Furuta]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|15|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4903}}<br /> |-id=904 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4904 Makio]]''' || 1989 WZ || {{MoMP|4904|Makio}} || November 21, 1989 || Kani || Y. Mizuno, T. Furuta || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4904}}<br /> |-id=905 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4905 Hiromi || {{mp|1991 JM|1}} || {{MoMP|4905|Hiromi}} || May 15, 1991 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Atsushi Takahashi|A. Takahashi]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4905}}<br /> |-id=906 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4906 Seneferu || 2533 P-L || {{MoMP|4906|Seneferu}} || September 24, 1960 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4906}}<br /> |-id=907 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4907 Zoser || 7618 P-L || {{MoMP|4907|Zoser}} || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|21|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4907}}<br /> |-id=908 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4908 Ward || 1933 SD || {{MoMP|4908|Ward}} || September 17, 1933 || [[Royal Observatory of Belgium|Uccle]] || [[Fernand Rigaux|F. Rigaux]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4908}}<br /> |-id=909 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4909 Couteau || {{mp|1949 SA|1}} || {{MoMP|4909|Couteau}} || September 28, 1949 || [[Nice Observatory|Nice]] || [[Marguerite Laugier|M. Laugier]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4909}}<br /> |-id=910 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 4910 Kawasato || 1953 PR || {{MoMP|4910|Kawasato}} || August 11, 1953 || [[Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl|Heidelberg]] || [[Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth|K. Reinmuth]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4910}}<br /> |-id=911 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4911 Rosenzweig || 1953 UD || {{MoMP|4911|Rosenzweig}} || October 16, 1953 || [[Goethe Link Observatory|Brooklyn]] || [[Indiana Asteroid Program|Indiana University]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4911}}<br /> |-id=912 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4912 Emilhaury || {{mp|1953 VX|1}} || {{MoMP|4912|Emilhaury}} || November 11, 1953 || Brooklyn || Indiana University || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4912}}<br /> |-id=913 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4913 Wangxuan || 1965 SO || {{MoMP|4913|Wangxuan}} || September 20, 1965 || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Nanking]] || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Purple Mountain]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4913}}<br /> |-id=914 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4914 Pardina || 1969 GD || {{MoMP|4914|Pardina}} || April 9, 1969 || [[Leoncito Astronomical Complex|El Leoncito]] || [[Félix Aguilar Observatory]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4914}}<br /> |-id=915 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4915 Solzhenitsyn || {{mp|1969 TJ|2}} || {{MoMP|4915|Solzhenitsyn}} || October 8, 1969 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4915}}<br /> |-id=916 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4916 Brumberg || 1970 PS || {{MoMP|4916|Brumberg}} || August 10, 1970 || Nauchnij || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4916}}<br /> |-id=917 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4917 Yurilvovia || {{mp|1973 SC|6}} || {{MoMP|4917|Yurilvovia}} || September 28, 1973 || Nauchnij || Crimean Astrophysical Observatory || [[FIN tbl#514|AGN]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4917}}<br /> |-id=918 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4918 Rostropovich || {{mp|1974 QU|1}} || {{MoMP|4918|Rostropovich}} || August 24, 1974 || Nauchnij || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4918}}<br /> |-id=919 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4919 Vishnevskaya || {{mp|1974 SR|1}} || {{MoMP|4919|Vishnevskaya}} || September 19, 1974 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4919}}<br /> |-id=920 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4920 Gromov || {{mp|1978 PY|2}} || {{MoMP|4920|Gromov}} || August 8, 1978 || Nauchnij || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4920}}<br /> |-id=921 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4921 Volonté || 1980 SJ || {{MoMP|4921|Volonté}} || September 29, 1980 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Zdeňka Vávrová|Z. Vávrová]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4921}}<br /> |-id=922 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4922 Leshin || {{mp|1981 EH|4}} || {{MoMP|4922|Leshin}} || March 2, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4922}}<br /> |-id=923 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4923 Clarke]]''' || {{mp|1981 EO|27}} || {{MoMP|4923|Clarke}} || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4923}}<br /> |-id=924 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4924 Hiltner || {{mp|1981 EQ|40}} || {{MoMP|4924|Hiltner}} || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|2.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4924}}<br /> |-id=925 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4925 Zhoushan || {{mp|1981 XH|2}} || {{MoMP|4925|Zhoushan}} || December 3, 1981 || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Nanking]] || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Purple Mountain]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|14|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4925}}<br /> |-id=926 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4926 Smoktunovskij || {{mp|1982 ST|6}} || {{MoMP|4926|Smoktunovskij}} || September 16, 1982 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4926}}<br /> |-id=927 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4927 O'Connell || {{mp|1982 UP|2}} || {{MoMP|4927|O'Connell}} || October 21, 1982 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Zdeňka Vávrová|Z. Vávrová]] || KOR || align=right | {{cvt|7.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4927}}<br /> |-id=928 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4928 Vermeer || {{mp|1982 UG|7}} || {{MoMP|4928|Vermeer}} || October 21, 1982 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Karachkina|L. G. Karachkina]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4928}}<br /> |-id=929 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4929 Yamatai || 1982 XV || {{MoMP|4929|Yamatai}} || December 13, 1982 || [[Kiso Observatory|Kiso]] || [[Hiroki Kosai|H. Kosai]], [[Kiichirō Furukawa|K. Furukawa]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4929}}<br /> |-id=930 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4930 Rephiltim || {{mp|1983 AO|2}} || {{MoMP|4930|Rephiltim}} || January 10, 1983 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || Salyards, S. L. || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|36|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4930}}<br /> |-id=931 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4931 Tomsk || {{mp|1983 CN|3}} || {{MoMP|4931|Tomsk}} || February 11, 1983 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]], [[Giovanni de Sanctis|G. de Sanctis]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4931}}<br /> |-id=932 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4932 Texstapa || {{mp|1984 EA|1}} || {{MoMP|4932|Texstapa}} || March 9, 1984 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Brian A. Skiff|B. A. Skiff]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|26|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4932}}<br /> |-id=933 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4933 Tylerlinder || {{mp|1984 EN|1}} || {{MoMP|4933|Tylerlinder}} || March 2, 1984 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4933}}<br /> |-id=934 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4934 Rhôneranger || 1985 JJ || {{MoMP|4934|Rhôneranger}} || May 15, 1985 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Edward L. G. Bowell|E. Bowell]] || [[Eos family|EOS]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4934|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4934}}<br /> |-id=935 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4935 Maslachkova || {{mp|1985 PD|2}} || {{MoMP|4935|Maslachkova}} || August 13, 1985 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4935}}<br /> |-id=936 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4936 Butakov]]''' || {{mp|1985 UY|4}} || {{MoMP|4936|Butakov}} || October 22, 1985 || Nauchnij || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || [[Asteroid family#Levin|(2076)]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4936}}<br /> |-id=937 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4937 Lintott || {{mp|1986 CL|1}} || {{MoMP|4937|Lintott}} || February 1, 1986 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Asteroid family#Prokne|(194)]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4937}}<br /> |-id=938 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4938 Papadopoulos || {{mp|1986 CQ|1}} || {{MoMP|4938|Papadopoulos}} || February 5, 1986 || La Silla || H. Debehogne || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|6.4|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4938}}<br /> |-id=939 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4939 Scovil || {{mp|1986 QL|1}} || {{MoMP|4939|Scovil}} || August 27, 1986 || La Silla || H. Debehogne || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4939}}<br /> |-id=940 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4940 Polenov || {{mp|1986 QY|4}} || {{MoMP|4940|Polenov}} || August 18, 1986 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Karachkina|L. G. Karachkina]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|18|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4940}}<br /> |-id=941 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4941 Yahagi || 1986 UA || {{MoMP|4941|Yahagi}} || October 25, 1986 || [[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]] || [[Kenzo Suzuki (astronomer)|K. Suzuki]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || THM || align=right | {{cvt|18|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4941}}<br /> |-id=942 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4942 Munroe]]''' || {{mp|1987 DU|6}} || {{MoMP|4942|Munroe}} || February 24, 1987 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4942}}<br /> |-id=943 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4943 Lac d'Orient || 1987 OQ || {{MoMP|4943|Lac d'Orient}} || July 27, 1987 || [[Haute-Provence Observatory|Haute-Provence]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4943}}<br /> |-id=944 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4944 Kozlovskij]]''' || {{mp|1987 RP|3}} || {{MoMP|4944|Kozlovskij}} || September 2, 1987 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4944}}<br /> |-id=945 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4945 Ikenozenni || 1987 SJ || {{MoMP|4945|Ikenozenni}} || September 18, 1987 || [[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]] || [[Kenzo Suzuki (astronomer)|K. Suzuki]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || [[Asteroid family#Astraea family|(5)]] || align=right | {{cvt|7.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4945}}<br /> |-id=946 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[4946 Askalaphus]]''' || {{mp|1988 BW|1}} || {{MoMP|4946|Askalaphus}} || January 21, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]], [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker|E. M. Shoemaker]] || [[Greek camp|L4]] || align=right | {{cvt|48|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4946}}<br /> |-id=947 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4947 Ninkasi]]''' || {{mp|1988 TJ|1}} || {{MoMP|4947|Ninkasi}} || October 12, 1988 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || [[Amor asteroid|AMO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt; || align=right data-sort-value=&quot;0.86&quot; | ''{{cvt|860|m|sortable=on|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4947}}<br /> |-id=948 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4948 Hideonishimura || {{mp|1988 VF|1}} || {{MoMP|4948|Hideonishimura}} || November 3, 1988 || [[Nihondaira Observatory Oohira Station|Oohira]] || [[Nihondaira Observatory Oohira Station|Oohira]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4948}}<br /> |-id=949 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4949 Akasofu]]''' || 1988 WE || {{MoMP|4949|Akasofu}} || November 29, 1988 || [[YGCO Chiyoda Station|Chiyoda]] || [[Takuo Kojima|T. Kojima]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4949}}<br /> |-id=950 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4950 House || {{mp|1988 XO|1}} || {{MoMP|4950|House}} || December 7, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|7.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4950}}<br /> |-id=951 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4951 Iwamoto]]''' || 1990 BM || {{MoMP|4951|Iwamoto}} || January 21, 1990 || [[Kani, Gifu|Kani]] || [[Yoshikane Mizuno|Y. Mizuno]], [[Toshimasa Furuta|T. Furuta]] || [[Minor-planet moon#4951|moon]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4951|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4951}}<br /> |-id=952 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4952 Kibeshigemaro || {{mp|1990 FC|1}} || {{MoMP|4952|Kibeshigemaro}} || March 26, 1990 || [[Dynic Astronomical Observatory|Dynic]] || [[Atsushi Sugie|A. Sugie]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|19|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4952}}<br /> |-id=953 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[(4953) 1990 MU|4953]]''' || 1990 MU || — || June 23, 1990 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || [[Apollo asteroid|APO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt;{{·}}[[Potentially hazardous object|PHA]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|3.8|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4953}}<br /> |-id=954 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4954 Eric]]''' || 1990 SQ || {{MoMP|4954|Eric}} || September 23, 1990 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Brian P. Roman|B. Roman]] || [[Amor asteroid|AMO]] &lt;small&gt;+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}&lt;/small&gt; || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4954}}<br /> |-id=955 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4955 Gold || {{mp|1990 SF|2}} || {{MoMP|4955|Gold}} || September 17, 1990 || Palomar || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || [[Asteroid family#Nocturna|(1298)]] || align=right | {{cvt|20|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4955}}<br /> |-id=956 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4956 Noymer || {{mp|1990 VG|1}} || {{MoMP|4956|Noymer}} || November 12, 1990 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4956}}<br /> |-id=957 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | '''[[4957 Brucemurray]]''' || 1990 XJ || {{MoMP|4957|Brucemurray}} || December 15, 1990 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Amor asteroid|AMO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+{{cvt|1|km|disp=br()}}]]&lt;/small&gt; || align=right | {{cvt|3.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4957}}<br /> |-id=958 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4958 Wellnitz || {{mp|1991 NT|1}} || {{MoMP|4958|Wellnitz}} || July 13, 1991 || Palomar || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4958}}<br /> |-id=959 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4959 Niinoama]]''' || {{mp|1991 PA|1}} || {{MoMP|4959|Niinoama}} || August 15, 1991 || [[JCPM Yakiimo Station|Yakiimo]] || Natori, A., [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|36|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4959}}<br /> |-id=960 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4960 Mayo || 4657 P-L || {{MoMP|4960|Mayo}} || September 24, 1960 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4960}}<br /> |-id=961 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4961 Timherder || {{mp|1958 TH|1}} || {{MoMP|4961|Timherder}} || October 8, 1958 || [[Lowell Observatory|Flagstaff]] || [[Lowell Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4961}}<br /> |-id=962 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[4962 Vecherka]]''' || 1973 TP || {{MoMP|4962|Vecherka}} || October 1, 1973 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Tamara Smirnova|T. M. Smirnova]] || [[Maria family|MAR]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4962|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4962}}<br /> |-id=963 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4963 Kanroku || {{mp|1977 DR|1}} || {{MoMP|4963|Kanroku}} || February 18, 1977 || [[Kiso Observatory|Kiso]] || [[Hiroki Kosai|H. Kosai]], [[Kiichirō Furukawa|K. Furukawa]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|11|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4963}}<br /> |-id=964 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4964 Kourovka || {{mp|1979 OD|15}} || {{MoMP|4964|Kourovka}} || July 21, 1979 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.4|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4964}}<br /> |-id=965 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4965 Takeda || {{mp|1981 EP|28}} || {{MoMP|4965|Takeda}} || March 6, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4965}}<br /> |-id=966 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4966 Edolsen || {{mp|1981 EO|34}} || {{MoMP|4966|Edolsen}} || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|10|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4966}}<br /> |-id=967 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4967 Glia || {{mp|1983 CF|1}} || {{MoMP|4967|Glia}} || February 11, 1983 || [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Norman G. Thomas|N. G. Thomas]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|30|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4967}}<br /> |-id=968 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4968 Suzamur || 1986 PQ || {{MoMP|4968|Suzamur}} || August 1, 1986 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|6.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4968}}<br /> |-id=969 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4969 Lawrence || 1986 TU || {{MoMP|4969|Lawrence}} || October 4, 1986 || Palomar || E. F. Helin || [[Pallas family|PAL]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4969}}<br /> |-id=970 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4970 Druyan || {{mp|1988 VO|2}} || {{MoMP|4970|Druyan}} || November 12, 1988 || Palomar || E. F. Helin || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.1|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4970}}<br /> |-id=971 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4971 Hoshinohiroba || 1989 BY || {{MoMP|4971|Hoshinohiroba}} || January 30, 1989 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Tetsuya Fujii|T. Fujii]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | {{cvt|4.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4971}}<br /> |-id=972 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4972 Pachelbel || {{mp|1989 UE|7}} || {{MoMP|4972|Pachelbel}} || October 23, 1989 || [[Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4972}}<br /> |-id=973 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4973 Showa || 1990 FT || {{MoMP|4973|Showa}} || March 18, 1990 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || [[Cybele asteroid|CYB]] || align=right | {{cvt|28|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4973}}<br /> |-id=974 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4974 Elford || 1990 LA || {{MoMP|4974|Elford}} || June 14, 1990 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|8.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4974}}<br /> |-id=975 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4975 Dohmoto || {{mp|1990 SZ|1}} || {{MoMP|4975|Dohmoto}} || September 16, 1990 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Tetsuya Fujii|T. Fujii]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|18|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4975}}<br /> |-id=976 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4976 Choukyongchol || 1991 PM || {{MoMP|4976|Choukyongchol}} || August 9, 1991 || [[JCPM Sapporo Station|JCPM Sapporo]] || K. Watanabe || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4976}}<br /> |-id=977 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4977 Rauthgundis || 2018 P-L || {{MoMP|4977|Rauthgundis}} || September 24, 1960 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4977}}<br /> |-id=978 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4978 Seitz || 4069 T-2 || {{MoMP|4978|Seitz}} || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4978}}<br /> |-id=979 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | '''[[4979 Otawara]]''' || 1949 PQ || {{MoMP|4979|Otawara}} || August 2, 1949 || [[Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl|Heidelberg]] || [[Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth|K. Reinmuth]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|3.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4979}}<br /> |-id=980 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4980 Magomaev || {{mp|1974 SP|1}} || {{MoMP|4980|Magomaev}} || September 19, 1974 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Chernykh|L. I. Chernykh]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|17|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4980}}<br /> |-id=981 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4981 Sinyavskaya || 1974 VS || {{MoMP|4981|Sinyavskaya}} || November 12, 1974 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4981}}<br /> |-id=982 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4982 Bartini || {{mp|1977 PE|1}} || {{MoMP|4982|Bartini}} || August 14, 1977 || Nauchnij || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|8.0|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4982}}<br /> |-id=983 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4983 Schroeteria || {{mp|1977 RD|7}} || {{MoMP|4983|Schroeteria}} || September 11, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4983}}<br /> |-id=984 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4984 Patrickmiller || {{mp|1978 VU|10}} || {{MoMP|4984|Patrickmiller}} || November 7, 1978 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]], [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|2.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4984}}<br /> |-id=985 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4985 Fitzsimmons || {{mp|1979 QK|4}} || {{MoMP|4985|Fitzsimmons}} || August 23, 1979 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist|C.-I. Lagerkvist]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4985}}<br /> |-id=986 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4986 Osipovia || {{mp|1979 SL|7}} || {{MoMP|4986|Osipovia}} || September 23, 1979 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.8|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4986}}<br /> |-id=987 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4987 Flamsteed || {{mp|1980 FH|12}} || {{MoMP|4987|Flamsteed}} || March 20, 1980 || [[Perth Observatory|Bickley]] || [[Perth Observatory]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4987}}<br /> |-id=988 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4988 Chushuho || {{mp|1980 VU|1}} || {{MoMP|4988|Chushuho}} || November 6, 1980 || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Nanking]] || [[Purple Mountain Observatory|Purple Mountain]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | {{cvt|3.6|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4988}}<br /> |-id=989 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4989 Joegoldstein || {{mp|1981 DX|1}} || {{MoMP|4989|Joegoldstein}} || February 28, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | {{cvt|5.3|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4989}}<br /> |-id=990 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4990 Trombka || {{mp|1981 ET|26}} || {{MoMP|4990|Trombka}} || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4990}}<br /> |-id=991 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4991 Hansuess || {{mp|1981 EU|29}} || {{MoMP|4991|Hansuess}} || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|9.8|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4991}}<br /> |-id=992 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4992 Kálmán || {{mp|1982 UX|10}} || {{MoMP|4992|Kálmán}} || October 25, 1982 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || [[Maria family|MAR]] || align=right | {{cvt|6.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4992}}<br /> |-id=993 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 4993 Cossard || 1983 GR || {{MoMP|4993|Cossard}} || April 11, 1983 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]], [[Giovanni de Sanctis|G. de Sanctis]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''{{cvt|4.1|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4993}}<br /> |-id=994 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4994 Kisala || {{mp|1983 RK|3}} || {{MoMP|4994|Kisala}} || September 1, 1983 || La Silla || H. Debehogne || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.5|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4994}}<br /> |-id=995 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 4995 Griffin || 1984 QR || {{MoMP|4995|Griffin}} || August 28, 1984 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || Swanson, S. R. || {{·}} || align=right | ''{{cvt|7.6|km|disp=br()}}'' || {{M+J|4995}}<br /> |-id=996 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 4996 Veisberg || {{mp|1986 PX|5}} || {{MoMP|4996|Veisberg}} || August 11, 1986 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Karachkina|L. G. Karachkina]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|5.7|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4996}}<br /> |-id=997 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | '''[[4997 Ksana]]''' || 1986 TM || {{MoMP|4997|Ksana}} || October 6, 1986 || Nauchnij || L. G. Karachkina || [[Jupiter Tisserand invariant|T&lt;sub&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;small&gt;(2.99)&lt;/small&gt;]] || align=right | {{cvt|9.9|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4997}}<br /> |-id=998 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4998 Kabashima || 1986 VG || {{MoMP|4998|Kabashima}} || November 5, 1986 || [[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]] || [[Kenzo Suzuki (astronomer)|K. Suzuki]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | {{cvt|16|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4998}}<br /> |-id=999 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 4999 MPC || 1987 CJ || {{MoMP|4999|MPC}} || February 2, 1987 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || EOS{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#4999|slow]] || align=right | {{cvt|12|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|4999}}<br /> |-id=000 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 5000 IAU || {{mp|1987 QN|7}} || {{MoMP|5000|IAU}} || August 23, 1987 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | {{cvt|4.2|km|disp=br()}} || {{M+J|5000}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {{List of minor planets/See also}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|35em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)–(5000)] (IAU Minor Planet Center)<br /> <br /> {{List of minor planets/footer}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:List of minor planets: 4001-5000}}<br /> [[Category:Lists of minor planets by number|0004]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saffron_Magicworks&diff=531740 2026-05-07T19:35:02Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: creating a article...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film production company}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Saffron Magicworks<br /> | logo = Saffron_Magicworks.jpg<br /> | image = <br /> | type = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | foundation = 2017<br /> | location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | founder = [[Nikhil Dwivedi]]<br /> | services = Film and television production<br /> | products = Films and series<br /> | industry = Entertainment<br /> | homepage = https://saffronmagicworks.com<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Saffron Magicworks''' is a film and television production company founded by [[Nikhil Dwivedi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/exec/nikhil-dwivedi/|title=Nikhil Dwivedi|work=Variety|access-date=18 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2024, the company has produced four films, including two that are yet-to be released, and one television series.<br /> <br /> The company's first production was the comedy film ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'' (2018), which ranks among the highest-grossing female-led Hindi films. They have since produced the action sequel film ''[[Dabangg 3]]'' (2019), the mythological television series ''[[Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran]]'' (2019–2020), and the [[Netflix]] thriller film ''[[CTRL (film)|CTRL]]'' (2024).<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Saffron's first production was the comedy film ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'' (2018), which Dwivedi co-produced with [[Ekta Kapoor]]’s [[Balaji Motion Pictures]] and [[Rhea Kapoor]]’s [[Anil Kapoor Films]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nikhil Dwivedi debuts as a producer for Rhea Kapoor and Ekta Kapoor|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nikhil-dwivedi-debuts-producer-rhea-kapoor-ekta-kapoor/|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=27 October 2017|access-date=18 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film starred a female ensemble cast of [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Sonam Kapoor Ahuja]], [[Swara Bhaskar]], and Shikha Talsania, and tells the story of the romantic trials and tribulations of four friends. Released in 2018, it set several opening records for a female-led Hindi film, and eventually earned ₹138 crore worldwide to rank among the biggest female-led earners of Hindi cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Female Centric Movies (India Box Office Lifetime)|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/female-centric-movies/|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=18 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Veere Di Wedding|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3777|website=Box Office India|access-date=18 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Veere Di Wedding off to a good start at the box office highlights: Day 1 collection, reactions and more|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/veere-di-wedding-movie-review-box-office-live-updates-5201097/|work=The Indian Express|date=2 June 2018|access-date=18 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also earned both controversy and praise for its realistic portrayal of female sexuality, a rarity in mainstream Indian cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=How Veere Di Wedding and Lust Stories spearhead the sexual revolution of Bollywood's women|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-veere-di-wedding-and-lust-stories-spearhead-the-sexual-revolution-of-bollywoods-women-4540411.html|work=Firstpost|last=Upadhyay|first=Karishma|date=19 June 2018|access-date=23 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Lust Stories, Veere Di Wedding, and more lift the veil on female sexuality|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/lust-stories-veere-di-wedding-and-more-lift-the-veil-on-female-sexuality/story-Djh70uubta9khd0IKhVVzL.html|last=Thakur|first=Anjali|work=Hindustan Times|date=26 June 2018|access-date=27 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The following year, the company collaborated with [[Salman Khan Films]] and [[Arbaaz Khan|Arbaaz Khan Production]] to produce ''[[Dabangg 3]]'' (2019), which marked the third instalment of the [[Dabangg (film series)|''Dabangg'' cop franchise]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Salman Khan: I have worked on Dabangg 3 script. I want all the critics to criticise it|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-i-have-worked-on-dabangg-3-script-i-want-all-the-critics-to-criticise-it-1612411-2019-10-24|work=India Today|date=24 March 2022|access-date=18 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Salman Khan to promote Dabangg 3 as Chulbul Pandey|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/salman-khan-to-promote-dabangg-3-as-chulbul-pandey-1502805493.html|work=The Statesman|date=1 October 2019|access-date=18 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Led by [[Salman Khan]] and [[Sonakshi Sinha]] and directed by [[Prabhudeva]], the film continues the story of Chulbul Pandey as he has to confront an enemy from the past. It earned ₹230 crore worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/|title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide|access-date=15 February 2020|website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also that year, Saffron ventured into television by producing the mythological television limited series ''[[Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran]]''. Starring [[Shiny Doshi]] and [[Rajneesh Duggal]], the show is based on tales written in the Hindu scriptures of ''[[Srimad Bhagavatam]]''. It aired weekly on [[Colors TV]] in 2019 and 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Nikhil Dwivedi to produce 'Shrimad Bhagwad Mahapuran' on TV|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/nikhil-dwivedi-to-produce-shrimad-bhagwad-mahapuran-on-tv-119053000731_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=30 May 2019|access-date=18 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Colors premiere Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran - A saga blending mythology and philosophy|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/marketing-initiatives/55199_colors-premiere-shrimad-bhagwat-mahapuran---a-saga-blending-mythology-and-philosophy|website=Afaqs!|date=4 June 2019|access-date=18 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2021, Dwivedi sued [[Kamaal R. Khan]] for a series of tweets made against him and the company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title='Dabangg 3' Producer Nikhil Dwivedi Takes KRK to Court|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/dabangg-3-producer-nikhil-dwivedi-takes-krk-to-court-over-defamatory-posts#read-more|website=The Quint|date=10 March 2021|access-date=18 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Bombay High Court]] granted an injunction to Dwivedi, preventing Khan from posting anything against him or his company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bombay HC restrains Kamaal R Khan from publishing 'defamatory' reviews about producer Nikhil Dwivedi|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bombay-hc-restrains-kamaal-r-khan-from-publishing-defamatory-reviews-about-producer-nikhil-dwivedi-9404731.html|work=Firstpost|date=11 March 2021|access-date=18 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The company next released ''[[CTRL (film)|CTRL]]'' on [[Netflix]] in 2024. It is a [[screenlife]] thriller directed by [[Vikramaditya Motwane]] and starring [[Ananya Panday]] and [[Vihaan Samat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Lubna|title=Ananya Panday to headline Vikramaditya Motwane's cyber-thriller produced by Nikhil Dwivedi|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-ananya-panday-to-headline-cyber-thriller-directed-by-vikramaditya-motwane-deets-inside-1207822|website=Pinkvilla|date=1 February 2023|access-date=18 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Saffron has several projects in development. They will also produce an as-yet untitled thriller directed by [[Anurag Kashyap]] and starring [[Bobby Deol]], [[Sanya Malhotra]], [[Saba Azad]] and [[Joju George]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bobby Deol, Joju George in Anurag Kashyap's upcoming thriller: reports|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bobby-deol-joju-george-in-anurag-kashyaps-upcoming-thriller-reports/article68199487.ece|work=The Hindu|date=21 May 2024|access-date=18 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, a ''Naagin'' film trilogy starring [[Shraddha Kapoor]] is in development.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Shraddha Kapoor starrer Nagin not delayed, confirms producer Nikhil Dwivedi|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shraddha-kapoor-starrer-nagin-not-delayed-confirms-producer-nikhil-dwivedi/|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=14 October 2022|access-date=18 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Film===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Key<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> | Denotes films that have not yet been released<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Director<br /> ! scope = &quot;col&quot; | Co-producer<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Cast<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]''<br /> |2018<br /> |[[Shashanka Ghosh]]<br /> |[[Balaji Motion Pictures]], Anil Kapoor Films<br /> |[[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Sonam Kapoor Ahuja]], [[Swara Bhaskar]], Shikha Talsania<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Dabangg 3]]''<br /> |2019<br /> |[[Prabhu Deva]]<br /> |[[Salman Khan Films]], Arbaaz Khan Production<br /> |[[Salman Khan]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Sudeep]], [[Saiee Manjrekar]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[CTRL (film)|CTRL]]''<br /> |2024<br /> |[[Vikramaditya Motwane]]<br /> |Andolan Films<br /> |[[Ananya Panday]], [[Vihaan Samat]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Bandar (film)|Bandar]]'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> |2026<br /> |[[Anurag Kashyap]]<br /> |<br /> |[[Bobby Deol]], [[Sanya Malhotra]], [[Saba Azad]], [[Joju George]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row” | ''Naagin'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> | 2027<br /> | Vishal Furia<br /> |<br /> |[[Shraddha Kapoor]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Laajawaab'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> | 2027<br /> | [[Sabbir Khan]]<br /> | Sabbir Khan Films<br /> | [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]], Rasha Thadani, [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Jackie Shroff]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Bhangra Da Queen''<br /> {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> | 2027<br /> | Mrighdeep Singh Lamba<br /> | [[Amazon MGM Studios]], [[Phantom Studios]]<br /> | [[Sara Ali Khan]], [[Ammy Virk]], [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Network<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Cast<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran]]''<br /> |2019-2020<br /> |[[Colors TV]]<br /> |[[Shiny Doshi]], [[Rajneesh Duggal]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Entertainment companies established in 2017]]<br /> [[Category:Mass media companies established in 2017]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatiya_Janata_Party_%E2%80%93_Telangana&diff=490945 2026-05-07T16:13:28Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: started</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Telengana affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian political party <br /> | colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | name = Bharatiya Janata Party – Telangana<br /> | logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]<br /> | president = [[N. Ramchander Rao]]<br /> | general_secretary = Sri Gujjula Premender Reddy &lt;br/&gt; ◽️Sri Dugyala Pradeep Rao &lt;br/&gt;◽️Kum. Bangaru Shruthi &lt;br/&gt; ◽️Dr. Kasam Venkateshwarlu<br /> | chairman = [[Alleti Maheshwar Reddy]]<br /> | headquarters = [[Nampally, Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]<br /> | alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance]]<br /> | ideology = {{ubl|[[Integral humanism (India)|Integral humanism]]|[[Social conservatism]]|[[Economic liberalism]]|[[Hindu nationalism]]|[[Cultural nationalism]]}}<br /> | youth = [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha|Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha, Telangana]] <br /> | women = [[BJP Mahila Morcha|BJP Mahila Morcha, Telangana]]<br /> | colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]<br /> | loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|8|17|hex=#FF9900}}<br /> | rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|7|hex=#FF9900}}<br /> | state2_seats_name = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | state2_seats = {{Composition bar|7|119|hex=#FF9933}}<br /> | state_seats_name = [[Telangana Legislative Council]]<br /> | state_seats = {{Composition bar|3|40|hex=#FF9900}}<br /> | website = {{URL|bjptelangana.org}}<br /> | symbol = [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|120px]]<br /> | flag = BJPFlagTeluguVersion.png{{!}}border<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|1980|04|06|df=y|p=y1|br=y}}<br /> | eci = <br /> | founder={{ubl<br /> | [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br /> | [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3001&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }} {{cslist<br /> | title = Other founders&lt;ref name=&quot;founders&quot; /&gt;<br /> | [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[K. R. Malkani]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[Sikandar Bakht]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]<br /> | [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[Shanta Kumar]]<br /> | [[Ram Jethmalani]]<br /> | [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]<br /> }}}}<br /> <br /> The '''Bharatiya Janata Party - Telangana''' ('''BJP - Telangana''') is the affiliate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. The party is based in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] led by [[N. Ramchander Rao]] and he is the president of the BJP Telangana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ramchander Rao unanimously elected BJP State president in Telangana |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ramchander-rao-unanimously-elected-bjp-state-president-in-telangana<br /> |date=1 July 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today}} &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The party currently holds 8 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]] from the state. Furthermore, the party has 3 seats in the [[Telangana Legislative Council]] and 8 seats in the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> After the formation of Telangana, the BJP in alliance with [[Telugu Desam Party]] fought the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Legislative Assembly election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Mallikarjun|first=Y.|date=7 April 2014|title=TDP-BJP deal after days of uncertainty|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdpbjp-deal-after-days-of-uncertainty/article5880831.ece|access-date=25 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; BJP won 5 seats in the newly formed [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]. BJP also won a Lok Sabha seat from [[Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Secunderabad constituency]] in the simultaneously held [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=9 November 2014|title=Bandaru Dattatreya - a simple leader from backward class (Profile)|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bandaru-dattatreya-a-simple-leader-from-backward-class-profile-114110900419_1.html|access-date=17 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2018, the state assembly was dissolved earlier than its term, and elections were held [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|same year]]. BJP in this election could only secure 1 seat and its vote share was 7.10%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 December 2018|title=BJP decimated in Telangana, wins only one MLA seat in Hyderabad|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bjp-decimated-telangana-wins-only-one-mla-seat-hyderabad-93197|access-date=17 December 2020|website=The News Minute|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in the [[2019 Indian general election in Telangana|2019 Lok Sabha]] BJP won 4 out of the 17 seats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Geetanath|first=V.|date=23 May 2019|title=Double delight for BJP in Telangana|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/double-delight-for-bjp-in-telangana/article27227118.ece|access-date=17 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The BJP got 19.45% of the total votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BJP takes Telangana by storm, gets 19.45% vote share - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/bjp-takes-t-by-storm-gets-19-45-vote-share/articleshow/69489625.cms|access-date=17 December 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] the BJP won 8 seats with a vote share of 13.90%.In [[2024 Indian general election in Telangana]] the [[BJP]] increased its tally to 8 and secured a vote share of 35.08%.<br /> <br /> ==Electoral Performance==<br /> ===Lok Sabha elections===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; |Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; |Seats won<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; |+/-<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; |Voteshare (%) <br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; |+/- (%) <br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; |Outcome<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; |Floor Leader<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|1|17|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br /> | {{increase}} 1<br /> |8.52%<br /> |{{steady}} <br /> |{{Yes2|Government}}<br /> |[[Narendra Modi]]<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|4|17|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br /> | {{increase}} 3<br /> |19.65%<br /> | {{increase}} 11.13%<br /> |{{Yes2|Government}}<br /> |[[Narendra Modi]]<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|8|17|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br /> | {{increase}} 4<br /> |35.08%<br /> | {{increase}} 15.43%<br /> |{{Yes2|Government}}<br /> |[[Narendra Modi]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Legislative Assembly elections===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; |Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; |Seats won<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; |+/-<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; |Voteshare (%) <br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; |+/- (%) <br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; |Outcome<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; |Floor Leader<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|5|119|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br /> | {{steady}} <br /> | 4.13% <br /> | {{steady}} <br /> |{{No2|Opposition}}<br /> |[[G. Kishan Reddy]]<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|1|119|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br /> | {{decrease}} 4<br /> | 6.98%<br /> | {{increase}} 2.85%<br /> |{{No2|Opposition}}<br /> |[[T. Raja Singh]]<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|8|119|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br /> | {{increase}} 7<br /> | 13.90% <br /> | {{increase}} 6.92%<br /> |{{No2|Opposition}}<br /> |[[Alleti Maheshwar Reddy|A.Maheshwar Reddy]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Local elections===<br /> ====Municipal Corporation====<br /> <br /> ==Leadership==<br /> ===Elected members===<br /> ====Incumbent member(s) of Lok Sabha====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; rowspan=2|S.No.<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; colspan=2|Constituency<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; rowspan=2|Name<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; rowspan=2|[[2024 Indian general election in Telangana#Results by constituency|Win Margin in 2024]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|No.<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|Name<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|01.<br /> | 1<br /> | [[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]] (ST)<br /> | [[G. Nagesh]]<br /> | align=center style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|'''90,652'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|02.<br /> | 3<br /> | [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]] <br /> | [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]<br /> | align=center style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|'''2,25,209'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|03.<br /> | 4<br /> | [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]] <br /> | [[Dharmapuri Arvind]]<br /> | align=center style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|'''1,09,241'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|04.<br /> | 6<br /> | [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]] <br /> | [[Raghunandan Rao]]<br /> | align=center style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|'''39,139'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|05.<br /> | 7 <br /> | [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]] <br /> | [[Etela Rajender]]<br /> | align=center style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|'''3,91,475'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|06.<br /> | 8<br /> | [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]] <br /> | [[G. Kishan Reddy]]<br /> | align=center style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|'''49,944'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|07.<br /> | 10<br /> | [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]] <br /> | [[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]<br /> | align=center style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|'''1,72,897'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|08.<br /> | 11<br /> | [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]] <br /> | [[D. K. Aruna]]<br /> | align=center style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|'''4,500'''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Incumbent member(s) of Legislative Assembly====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; rowspan=2|S.No.<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; colspan=2|Constituency <br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white;width:200px&quot; rowspan=2|Name<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; rowspan=2|Remarks<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; rowspan=2|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election#Results by constituency|Win Margin in 2023]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|#<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|Name<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;grey&quot;| [[Asifabad district|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;'''Asifabad District'''&lt;/span&gt;]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|01.<br /> |1<br /> |[[Sirpur Assembly constituency|Sirpur]]<br /> |[[Palvai Harish Babu]]<br /> |<br /> |align=center style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|'''3,088'''<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;grey&quot;| [[Adilabad district|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;'''Adilabad District'''&lt;/span&gt;]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|02.<br /> |7<br /> |[[Adilabad Assembly constituency|Adilabad]]<br /> |[[Payal Shankar|Payal Shanker]]<br /> |<br /> |align=center style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|'''6,692'''<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;grey&quot;| [[Nirmal district|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;'''Nirmal District'''&lt;/span&gt;]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|03.<br /> |9<br /> |[[Nirmal Assembly constituency|Nirmal]]<br /> |[[Alleti Maheshwar Reddy]]<br /> |<br /> |align=center style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|'''50,703'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|04.<br /> |10<br /> |[[Mudhole Assembly constituency|Mudhole]]<br /> |[[Rama Rao Pawar]]<br /> |<br /> |align=center style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|'''23,999'''<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;grey&quot;| [[Nizamabad district|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;'''Nizamabad District'''&lt;/span&gt;]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|05.<br /> |11<br /> |[[Armur Assembly constituency|Armur]]<br /> |[[Paidi Rakesh Reddy]]<br /> |<br /> |align=center style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|'''29,669'''<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;grey&quot;| [[Kamareddy district|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;'''Kamareddy District'''&lt;/span&gt;]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|06.<br /> |16<br /> |[[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]]<br /> |[[K. V. Ramana Reddy]]<br /> |<br /> |align=center style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|'''6,741'''<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;grey&quot;| [[Nizamabad district|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;'''Nizamabad District'''&lt;/span&gt;]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|07.<br /> |17<br /> |[[Nizamabad Urban Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Urban]]<br /> |[[Dhanpal Suryanarayana Gupta]]<br /> |<br /> |align=center style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot;|'''15,387'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===State Presidents===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; | #<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; | Portrait<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; | Name<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#FF9933; color:white&quot; | Tenure<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> | 1<br /> | [[File:Kishan Reddy.png|99x99px]]<br /> | [[G. Kishan Reddy]]<br /> | 2 June 2014<br /> | 8 April 2016 <br /> | {{Ayd|2 June 2014|8 April 2016}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> | 2<br /> | [[File:Dr Kova Laxman.jpg|113x113px]]<br /> | [[K. Laxman|Kova Laxman]]<br /> | 8 April 2016<br /> | 11 March 2020<br /> | {{Ayd|8 April 2016|11 March 2020}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> | 3<br /> | [[File:Sanjay Bandi Bjp.png|75x75px]]<br /> | [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]<br /> | 11 March 2020<br /> | 4 July 2023<br /> | {{Ayd|11 March 2020|4 July 2023}} <br /> |- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> | (1)<br /> | [[File:Kishan Reddy.png|99x99px]]<br /> | [[G. Kishan Reddy]]<br /> | 4 July 2023<br /> | 30 June 2025 <br /> | {{Ayd|4 July 2023|30 June 2025}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; <br /> | 4<br /> | [[File:Photo of N Ramchander Rao.jpg|99x99px]]<br /> | [[N. Ramchander Rao]]<br /> | 1 July 2025<br /> | ''Incumbent''<br /> | {{Ayd|1 July 2025}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===State Party Leadership===<br /> <br /> ====State General Secretaries====<br /> *Sri Gujjula Premender Reddy<br /> *Sri Dugyala Pradeep Rao<br /> *Kum. Bangaru Shruthi<br /> *Dr. Kasam Venkateshwarlu<br /> <br /> ====State Secretary====<br /> *Sri M. Raghunandan Rao, MP-[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> *Dr. Prakash Reddy<br /> *Sri M. Srinivas Goud<br /> *Smt. M. Jayasree<br /> *Sri Palle Ganga Reddy<br /> *Smt. Kolli Madhavi<br /> *Smt. G. Umarani<br /> *Smt. Akula Vijaya<br /> <br /> ====State Special Invitees====<br /> *[[ D. K. Aruna ]]-BJP National Vice President<br /> *[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar ]]- BJP National General Secretary<br /> *[[ K. Laxman ]]- OBC Morcha National President<br /> *Sri Tarun Chugh-National General Secretary &amp; Telangana State Incharge<br /> *Sunil Bansal- National General Secretary &amp; TS Election Saha Incharge<br /> *Sri Shiv Prakash-BJP National Jt. Gen Secretary (Org.)<br /> *[[Prakash Javadekar]]-Former Union Minister &amp; Telangana State Election Incharge<br /> *[[Dharmapuri Arvind]]-MP-Nizamabad Parliament<br /> *[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]-MP-Chevella Parliament <br /> *[[Etela Rajender]]-BJP National Executive Spl. Invitee<br /> *Sri N. Ramchander Rao- Ex,MLC<br /> *Sri Marri Shashidhar Reddy-Former Minister<br /> *Dr. Bura Narsaiah Goud-Ex.MP<br /> *Sri A. Narayana Reddy, MLC-BJP National Executive Spl. Invitee<br /> *Sri Garikapati Mohan Rao, Ex. MP<br /> *Sri Ponguleti Sudhakar Reddy<br /> *Sri Soyam Bapu Rao, Ex. MP<br /> *Sri P. Muralidhar Rao<br /> <br /> ====State Spokespersons====<br /> *Sri K. Krishna Sagar Rao<br /> *Sri T. Veerender Goud<br /> *Sri N. V. Subash<br /> *Smt. Y. Rachna Reddy, Advocate<br /> *Sri J. Sangappa<br /> *Smt. Chandupatia Keerthi Reddy<br /> *Sri Poreddy Kishore Reddy<br /> *Sri Katta Sudhakar Reddy<br /> *Smt. Rani Rudrama G<br /> *Sri Ch. Vittal<br /> *Sri G.Venkat Reddy, Retired Lecturer<br /> <br /> ====State Prominent Leaders====<br /> *Smt.Mounika Sunkara- State Media Team POC, Assembly Prabhari, Legal Wing, Advocate. <br /> *Dr. O. Srinivas Reddy-BJP Telangana - State Joint Treasurer<br /> *Sri Vijay Surana Jain- BJP Telangana - State Joint Treasurer<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> * [[National Democratic Alliance]]<br /> * [[State units of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.bjp.org/telangana BJP Telangana official page]<br /> {{commons category|Category:BJP in Telangana}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Telangana}}<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Telangana]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ananya_Birla&diff=486364 2026-05-06T05:58:15Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian singer-songwriter and entrepreneur (born 1994)}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{Resume-like|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Tone|date=August 2025}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Ananya Birla<br /> | image = File:AB-0408 copy.jpg<br /> | caption = Ananya in 2022<br /> | birth_name = Ananyashree Birla<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|07|17|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra India<br /> | occupation = {{flatlist|<br /> * Businesswoman<br /> * Singer-songwriter<br /> }}<br /> | genre = {{flatlist|<br /> *Pop<br /> *[[Electropop]]<br /> }}<br /> | instrument = {{flatlist|<br /> * Vocals<br /> * Guitar<br /> * [[Santoor]]<br /> * Piano<br /> }}<br /> | years_active = 2016–present<br /> | label = [[Universal Music India]]<br /> | website = {{Official website|Ananyabirla.com}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ananyashree Birla'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Ananyashree&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thacker |first=Shruti |date=19 December 2016 |title=Why Ananya Birla—business tycoon and musician—isn't your average 22-year-old |url=https://www.vogue.in/magazine-story/why-ananya-birla-business-tycoon-and-musician-isnt-your-average-22-year-old/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205115714/https://www.vogue.in/magazine-story/why-ananya-birla-business-tycoon-and-musician-isnt-your-average-22-year-old/ |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=[[Vogue India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; (born 17 July 1994) is an Indian businesswoman and artist. She is the daughter of industrialist [[Kumar Mangalam Birla]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Aniftos |first=Rania |date=5 April 2019 |title=Ananya Birla Talks the Rise of Pop Music In India, Her New Song 'Unstoppable' &amp; Female Empowerment |magazine=Billboard |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8505554/ananya-birla-talks-pop-music-india-new-song-unstoppable |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715195252/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8505554/ananya-birla-talks-pop-music-india-new-song-unstoppable |archive-date=15 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Ananya Birla is the eldest daughter of [[Kumar Mangalam Birla]] and Neerja Birla. She is a sixth-generation scion of the Birla family, whose place of origin is [[Pilani]]. She developed an interest in music at an early age, learning to play the [[santoor]] at the age of eleven.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu BusinessLine&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 October 2016 |title=Birla heiress hits the high note with musical debut |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/birla-heiress-hits-the-high-note-with-musical-debut/article9268001.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803001821/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/birla-heiress-hits-the-high-note-with-musical-debut/article9268001.ece |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=23 January 2017 |work=Business Line}}&lt;/ref&gt; She attended [[American School of Bombay]], and later studied economics and management at the [[University of Oxford]] for her bachelor's degree, which she was awarded in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Meet India's Young &amp; Successful Heiresses |publisher=Pursuitist |url=http://www.pursuitist.in/meet-indias-young-successful-heiresses/ |url-status=dead |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202013421/http://www.pursuitist.in/meet-indias-young-successful-heiresses/ |archive-date=2 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{dubious|date=March 2026}}<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> <br /> === Business career ===<br /> <br /> Birla founded Svatantra Microfin Private Limited at the age of 17.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 September 2016 |title=Ananya Birla paves her own path |publisher=IndianCEO |url=https://indianceo.in/general/ananya-birla-fortune-talks-success/ |url-status=dead |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223024339/https://indianceo.in/general/ananya-birla-fortune-talks-success/ |archive-date=23 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Unreliable source?|date=August 2025|reason=Promotional}}<br /> <br /> In 2016, Birla became{{How|date=August 2025}} the founder and CEO of Ikai Asai,&lt;ref name=&quot;designpataki.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=Beverly |date=27 February 2020 |title=Indian home décor brands of the moment that are here to stay |url=https://www.designpataki.com/indian-home-decor-brands-moment-stay/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228160248/https://www.designpataki.com/indian-home-decor-brands-moment-stay/ |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=Design Pataki |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; a luxury e-commerce platform.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 September 2016 |title=Ananya Birla ventures into luxury ecommerce business with CuroCarte |work=Forbes India |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/ananya-birla-ventures-into-luxury-ecommerce-business-with-curocarte/44257/1 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=16 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316122011/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/ananya-birla-ventures-into-luxury-ecommerce-business-with-curocarte/44257/1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The same year, ''[[Forbes]]'' named her one of Asia's Women to Watch.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Asia's Women to Watch 2016 |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/gigk45efh/ananya-birla-21-india/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611052715/http://www.forbes.com/pictures/gigk45efh/ananya-birla-21-india/|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Music career ===<br /> While at university, Birla started singing and playing the guitar at pubs and clubs. She also began writing her own music.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 November 2016 |title=Ananya Birla is India's newest musician on the block |url=http://www.vogue.in/content/ananya-birla-indias-newest-musician-block/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226222831/https://www.vogue.in/content/ananya-birla-indias-newest-musician-block/ |archive-date=26 February 2019 |access-date=23 January 2017 |work=Vogue India |quote=Sponsored}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her debut single, &quot;Livin’ the Life&quot;, was co-written, and produced, by [[Jim Beanz|JimBeanz]] (who previously collaborated with [[Nelly Furtado]], [[Cheryl (singer)|Cheryl Tweedy]] and [[Demi Lovato]]) and was recorded and produced at a studio in Philadelphia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 November 2016 |title=Ananya Birla launched a single in collaboration with Afrojack and Jim Beanz |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/ananya-birla-launched-a-single-in-collaboration-with-afrojack-and-jim-beanz/story-D2Ow6kVAzWgQCqLl1wevZI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328203346/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/ananya-birla-launched-a-single-in-collaboration-with-afrojack-and-jim-beanz/story-D2Ow6kVAzWgQCqLl1wevZI.html |archive-date=28 March 2019 |access-date=23 January 2017 |work=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; A remix by Dutch DJ [[Afrojack]] of &quot;Livin’ the Life&quot; makes Birla the first Indian artist to get a worldwide release through PM:AM Recordings and hit over 14 million views on YouTube as of June 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=George |first=Nina C |date=13 March 2017 |title=I love making history |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/601020/i-love-making-history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215057/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/601020/i-love-making-history.html |archive-date=28 March 2019 |access-date=30 March 2017 |work=Deccan Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Livin' the Life by Ananya Birla (Afrojack remix) | date=17 March 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQDXkdH9sbE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517151159/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQDXkdH9sbE |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=30 June 2017 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She released her next single, &quot;Meant to be&quot; in July 2017, which was subsequently certified Platinum as per the Indian Music Industry (IMI) recognised criteria for certifications. This makes Birla the first Indian artist with an English single to go platinum.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusStandard&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 November 2017 |title=Ananya Birla's 'Meant to be' certified platinum |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ananya-birla-s-meant-to-be-certified-platinum-117112800524_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503153713/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ananya-birla-s-meant-to-be-certified-platinum-117112800524_1.html |archive-date=3 May 2019 |access-date=15 July 2019 |work=Business Standard |agency=IANS}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2017, she supported [[Coldplay]] at the Global Citizen Festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 January 2017 |title=Coldplay Concert Live Updates: Global Citizen Festival has an all star lineup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Coldplay-Concert-Live-Updates-Global-Citizen-Festival-has-an-all-star-lineup/articleshow/55511650.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731220521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Coldplay-Concert-Live-Updates-Global-Citizen-Festival-has-an-all-star-lineup/articleshow/55511650.cms |archive-date=31 July 2018 |access-date=2 May 2018 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She released her single &quot;Hold On&quot; on 1 March 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 March 2018 |title=English music is my calling: Ananya Birla |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/exclusive-interviews/english-music-is-my-calling-ananya-birla-1502626761.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145008/https://www.thestatesman.com/exclusive-interviews/english-music-is-my-calling-ananya-birla-1502626761.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=24 April 2018 |work=The Statesman}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 June 2018, she released her fourth single &quot;Circles&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 June 2018 |title=Singer-entrepreneur Ananya Birla releases her fourth single 'Circles' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/singer-entrepreneur-ananya-birla-releases-her-fourth-single-circles/articleshow/64542508.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101341/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/singer-entrepreneur-ananya-birla-releases-her-fourth-single-circles/articleshow/64542508.cms |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=20 June 2018 |work=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 17 January 2019, she released her 5th single and 1st song of 2019 &quot;Better&quot;, which was viewed 4 million times on YouTube within 2 days of its release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ananya Birla Biography, Education, Music, Videos&amp;nbsp;– The Official Website |url=https://www.ananyabirla.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123173940/https://www.ananyabirla.com/ |archive-date=23 January 2019 |access-date=19 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She released her debut EP ''Fingerprint'' in May 2019, via UMG and Island Records UK. It included &quot;Blackout&quot; featuring [[Vector (rapper)|Vector]] and [[Wurld (musician)|Wurld]], which was one of the first collaborations between major artists from India and [[Nigeria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ananya Birla |url=https://www.music-news.com/review/UK/13754/Interview/Ananya-Birla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125181952/https://www.music-news.com/review/UK/13754/Interview/Ananya-Birla |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=Music-News.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2019, Birla released ‘Day Goes By’ with [[Sean Kingston]], who she met when they toured in India together.&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Graff |first=Gary |date=18 September 2019 |title=Ananya Birla Shares 'Day Goes By' Video ft. Sean Kingston: Premiere |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8530418/ananya-birla-day-goes-by-sean-kingston-video |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926040202/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8530418/ananya-birla-day-goes-by-sean-kingston-video |archive-date=26 September 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |magazine=Billboard |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2020, she signed with Maverick Management in Los Angeles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ananya Birla: It feels amazing to now officially be a part of the Maverick Family |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/200519-ananya-birla-it-feels-amazing-now-officially |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119121135/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/200519-ananya-birla-it-feels-amazing-now-officially |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=radioandmusic.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later that year, she released &quot;Let There Be Love&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 July 2020 |title=Ananya Birla announces a new upcoming song, Let There Be Love |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2020/jul/25/ananya-birla-announces-a-new-upcoming-song-let-there-be-love-26791.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125081302/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2020/jul/25/ananya-birla-announces-a-new-upcoming-song-let-there-be-love-26791.html |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=indulgexpress.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and &quot;Everybody's Lost&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brow |first=Jason |date=6 November 2020 |title=Ananya Finds The 'Strength' To Pursue Her Dreams In Empowering New Song 'Everybody's Lost' |url=https://hollywoodlife.com/2020/11/06/ananya-interview-everybody-lost-song-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127140208/https://hollywoodlife.com/2020/11/06/ananya-interview-everybody-lost-song-video/ |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=Hollywood Life |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; becoming the first Indian artist to be featured on an American national top 40 pop radio show, ''Sirius XM Hits.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;''<br /> <br /> She has performed at some of the biggest music events in Asia including [[Global Citizen Festival|Global Citizen]], Oktoberfest, and [[Sunburn Festival|Sunburn]],&lt;ref name=&quot;flaunt.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ananya Birla / Overcoming Stereotypes, Stigma &amp; New Single &quot;Let There Be Love&quot; |url=https://flaunt.com/content/ananya-overcoming-stereotypes-stigma-amp-new-single-let-there-be-love |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216063344/https://flaunt.com/content/ananya-overcoming-stereotypes-stigma-amp-new-single-let-there-be-love |archive-date=16 December 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=Flaunt |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asia's biggest electronic music festival, and has toured with [[Wiz Khalifa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Birla's &quot;Hindustani Way&quot; is the official CHEER SONG for the Indian Olympic at the 2021 Olympics, composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-14 |title=AR Rahman and Ananya Birla launch Tokyo Olympics cheer song 'Hindustani Way' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/ar-rahman-ananya-birla-tokyo-olympics-cheer-song-hindustani-way-7404581/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114060503/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/ar-rahman-ananya-birla-tokyo-olympics-cheer-song-hindustani-way-7404581/ |archive-date=14 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{vague|date=April 2026}}<br /> <br /> === Acting career ===<br /> In 2022, Birla made her acting debut after being featured in the song &quot;Inaam&quot; from ''[[Rudra: The Edge of Darkness]]'', a [[streaming television]] series.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ananya Birla croons for Ajay Devgn's OTT debut &quot;Rudra&quot;, adds a haunting &amp; dark quality to the track 'Inaam. |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ananya-birla-croons-for-ajay-devgns-ott-debut-rudra-adds-a-haunting-dark-quality-to-the-track-inaam/articleshow/89970064.cms |website=Economic Times |date=3 March 2022 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124103325/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ananya-birla-croons-for-ajay-devgns-ott-debut-rudra-adds-a-haunting-dark-quality-to-the-track-inaam/articleshow/89970064.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; She made her full-fledged acting debut in 2023, with a spy thriller titled ''Shlok: The Desi Sherlock'', directed by [[Kunal Kohli]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bobby Deol and Ananya Birla start shooting for Kunal Kohli's next &quot;Shlok – The Desi Sherlock.&quot; |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bobby-deol-and-ananya-birla-start-shooting-for-kunal-kohlis-next/articleshow/94071455.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=January 24, 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124103327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bobby-deol-and-ananya-birla-start-shooting-for-kunal-kohlis-next/articleshow/94071455.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Artistry ==<br /> <br /> === Musical style ===<br /> Her work is often characterized{{By whom|date=August 2025}} as dance-pop and EDM. However, she has experimented with different music genres. She has stated, &quot;Music is not a career for me. It’s who I am. It’s the most honest part of me.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inamdar |first=Anamm |date=2025-04-08 |title=ELLE Impact Cover Star: Business, Music And Meaning—Ananya Birla Is What The New Age of Leadership Looks Like |url=https://elle.in/cover/elle-impact-cover-star-business-music-and-meaningananya-birla-is-what-the-new-age-of-leadership-looks-like-8938034 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Elle India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Influences ===<br /> Early in her career, she cited the works of [[Eminem]] and [[Kurt Cobain]] as influences—for both their work and the way they performed, as well as the impact they had on an audience. She said, &quot;Cobain and Eminem are worlds apart, but they share the ability to be brutally honest in their music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Deepali |title=Rhythm divine! Ananya Birla on her musical influences |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rhythm-divine-ananya-birla-on-her-musical-influences-2631071 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Songwriting ===<br /> Birla's musical journey began as a child with the santoor. At 13, she had switched to singing, and around the same time, she started writing poetry, which led to songwriting. During her college days at Oxford, she taught herself the guitar, calling it &quot;a great companion during a tough time.&quot; She was enrolled in an economics and management programme during the day and performed at London open mics at night. &quot;I realised this is what I want to do for the rest of my life. Seeing people react to my singing was so satisfying and addictive.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Rishna |date=2021-04-09 |title=Ananya Birla on carving her own career, entrepreneurship, and mental health: &quot;Music made me feel like I fit in somewhere&quot; |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/ananya-birla-on-mental-health-music-cover-story-vogue-india-april-2021 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Campaign work ==<br /> {{Promotional section|date=August 2025}}<br /> While in England, Birla became aware of a student helpline that helped young people suffering from anxiety and depression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 May 2016 |title=What's in a name: I want to build my own legacy says Ananya Birla |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20160523-ananya-birla-kumar-mangalam-birla-svatantra-microfinance-build-my-own-legacy-733562-2016-05-15 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114155231/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ananya-birla-kumar-mangalam-birla-svatantra-microfinance-build-my-own-legacy/1/667226.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; After university, she returned to India and, along with her mother, set up a mental health initiative called MPower aiming to stamp out the stigma towards people with mental illness across India. MPower is also responsible for opening a treatment centre for children suffering from mental health conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mpower homepage |url=https://www.mpowerminds.com/ |accessdate=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202115437/https://www.mpowerminds.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Mpower tied up with the Government of Maharashtra and Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) to launch a 24x7 free helpline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Lalatendu |date=3 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus {{!}} Maharashtra, BMC, Mpower tie up to launch mental health helpline |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/coronavirus-maharashtra-bmc-mpower-tie-up-to-launch-mental-health-helpline/article31248628.ece |access-date=23 February 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227064649/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/coronavirus-maharashtra-bmc-mpower-tie-up-to-launch-mental-health-helpline/article31248628.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 45 thousand people had called within 2 months of the launch.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Aditya |date=4 June 2020 |title=45,000 dial mental health helpline in 2 months |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/45000-dial-mental-health-helpline-in-2-months/article31743515.ece |access-date=23 February 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506115256/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/45000-dial-mental-health-helpline-in-2-months/article31743515.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She is an ambassador for the [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]],&lt;ref name=&quot;flaunt.com&quot;/&gt; the United States’ largest grassroots mental health organisation dedicated to building better lives for the millions of Americans affected by mental illness.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Mike |title=Free education program is for those dealing with adults with mental illness |url=https://www.lascrucesbulletin.com/stories/free-education-program-is-for-those-dealing-with-adults-with-mental-illness,5670 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=Las Cruces Bulletin |date=28 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224130945/https://www.lascrucesbulletin.com/stories/free-education-program-is-for-those-dealing-with-adults-with-mental-illness,5670 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She launched the Ananya Birla Foundation in 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ananya Birla: My foundation has donated to save the children with masks; I'm trying my best to do my bit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/ananya-birla-my-foundation-has-donated-to-save-the-children-with-masks-im-trying-my-best-to-do-my-bit/articleshow/76518649.cms |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810142518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/ananya-birla-my-foundation-has-donated-to-save-the-children-with-masks-im-trying-my-best-to-do-my-bit/articleshow/76518649.cms |url-status=live |last1=Purkayastha |first1=Pallabi Dey }}&lt;/ref&gt; with a COVID-19 relief project that involved providing menstruation kits, PPE kits, and protective equipment to women and hospitals across Maharashtra. The Foundation also worked to provide essentials to migrant workers during the pandemic.&lt;ref name=&quot;markets.ft.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ImagineAR Announces Agreement with Indian Superstar Singer Ananya Birla&amp;nbsp;– Company Announcement&amp;nbsp;– FT.com |url=https://markets.ft.com/data/announce/full?dockey=600-202012100630CANADANWCANADAPR_C9608-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926025527/https://markets.ft.com/data/announce/full?dockey=600-202012100630CANADANWCANADAPR_C9608-1 |archive-date=26 September 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=Financial Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2024, Ananya Birla collaborated with the Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS) to enhance mental health and career support for students in Delhi. This initiative trained psychologists in therapeutic techniques, including art-based therapy, enabling children to express themselves through creative outlets. The program aimed to reach over 30,000 students by March 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ananya Birla &amp; IHBAS are on the Frontline Bringing Mental Health Awareness Directly to Our School Campuses (press release)|url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/ananya-birla-ihbas-are-on-the-frontline-bringing-mental-health-awareness-directly-to-our-school-campuses-124100800877_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009020602/https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/ananya-birla-ihbas-are-on-the-frontline-bringing-mental-health-awareness-directly-to-our-school-campuses-124100800877_1.html |archive-date=9 October 2024 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2025, the Ananya Birla Foundation organized the 'Mpowering Minds Summit 2025' to drive urgent reforms in youth mental health. The summit aimed to strengthen mental health infrastructure, eliminate stigma, and integrate mental health education into school curricula.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mpowering Minds Summit 2025 To Drive Urgent Reforms In Youth Mental Health – BW Healthcare World |url=https://www.bwhealthcareworld.com/article/mpowering-minds-summit-2025-to-drive-urgent-reforms-in-youth-mental-health-548048 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=BW Health |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Discography ==<br /> <br /> === Extended plays ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |+List of extended plays<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:9.5em;&quot; |Title<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:21.5em;&quot; |Details<br /> ! colspan=&quot;5&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Tracklisting<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |No.<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |Writer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |Producer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |Length<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |''Fingerprint''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |<br /> * Released: 17 May 2019<br /> * Label: [[Island Records]] UK, [[Universal Music India]]<br /> * Format: Digital download, [[Streaming media|streaming]]<br /> |1.<br /> |&quot;Blackout&quot; (featuring [[Vector (rapper)|Vector]] and [[Wurld (musician)|WurlD]])<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |2:21<br /> |-<br /> |2.<br /> |&quot;All Night Long.&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |3:44<br /> |-<br /> |3.<br /> |&quot;Love Suicide.&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |3:25<br /> |-<br /> |4.<br /> |&quot;Disappear&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |3:13<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Total length:<br /> |12:44<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Singles ===<br /> '''Studio albums'''<br /> <br /> * ''Livin The Life'' (2016)<br /> * Livin' The Life (Afrojack Remix) (2017)<br /> * Meant To Be (2017)<br /> * Hold On (2018)<br /> * Circles (2018)<br /> * Better (2019)<br /> * Unstoppable (2019)<br /> * Blackout (2019)<br /> * Day Goes By (feat. Sean Kingston) (2019)<br /> * Let There Be Love (2020) (2023(<br /> * Everybody's Lost (2020)<br /> * Hindustani Way (with A.R. Rahman) (2021)<br /> * When I'm Alone (2021)<br /> * Give Me Up (2021)<br /> * Deny Me (2021)<br /> * Do It Anyway (2021)<br /> * Inaam (feat. Audio Salvage Collective) (2022)<br /> * Beymaaniyan (feat. [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]]) (2022)<br /> * Teri Meri Kahani (2022)<br /> * Kya Karein (feat. Ankur Tewari) (2022)<br /> * Yaari (2023)<br /> * Dil Karda (feat. [[Kumaar]] &amp; Rahul Sathu) (2023)<br /> * Caught Up (2023)<br /> * Caught Up (feat. L.A.X) (2023)<br /> * Sheeshe Ka Dil (feat. OAFF &amp; Savera) (2023)<br /> * Brave Together (2023)<br /> * Cuffed (Jo Tha Mila) (feat. Offset) (2023)<br /> * Jazbaati Hai Dil (with [[Armaan Malik#:~:text=Armaan Malik (born 22 July,, Punjabi, Urdu and Malayalam.|Armaan Malik]]) (2024)<br /> * 24 (2025)<br /> <br /> ===Film===<br /> * ''[[Do Aur Do Pyaar]]'' (2024)<br /> <br /> *<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://www.ananyabirla.com/ Ananya Birla's official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123173940/https://www.ananyabirla.com/ |date=23 January 2019 }}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}{{Birla family}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT: Birla, Ananya}}<br /> [[Category:1994 births]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br /> [[Category:American School of Bombay alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Birla family]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Businesswomen from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Indian microfinance people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women company founders]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women pop singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women singer-songwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa_Re_Ga_Ma_Pa_Dha_Ni&diff=549712 2026-05-02T19:28:09Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{wikt|swara|svara|hi:सरगम}}<br /> <br /> '''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni''' is the vocalization in the sargam system (see ''[[sargam (music)]]'' and ''[[sargam notes]]'') of the seven basic [[musical note]]s (''sapta [[svara]]'') of the [[octave]] in Indian classical music, equivalent to [[solfège]]'s &quot;[[Do Re Mi]] Fa Sol La Ti&quot; in Western music.<br /> <br /> '''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni''' may also refer to:<br /> <br /> *[[Saregama]], formerly known as The Gramophone Company of India/His Master's Voice/EMI, an Indian music record company, label and content producer for Indian film and television<br /> *''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa'', a musical reality singing competition television franchise broadcast in multiple Indian languages, including:<br /> **''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi]]'' (Hindi)<br /> ***''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship]]''<br /> ***''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Singing Superstar]]''<br /> ***''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Next Singing ICON]]''<br /> ***''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]]'', the children's version<br /> ****''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs International]]''<br /> **''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs]]'' or ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Tamil Li'l Champs'' (Tamil)<br /> **''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla]]'' (Bengali)<br /> **''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Kannada]]'' (Kannada)<br /> **''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam]]'' (Malayalam)<br /> **''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi]]'' (Marathi)<br /> ***''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs]]''<br /> **''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Punjabi]]'' (Punjabi)<br /> **''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors]]'', the senior/adult version<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Swara (disambiguation)]]<br /> *[[Sargam (disambiguation)]]<br /> *[[Sarigam]], city in Gujarat, India<br /> *''[[Sarigamalu]]'', a 1993 Indian film<br /> *''[[Sarigamapadani]]'', a 1994 Indian film<br /> *[[Sarigama Viji]], Indian entertainer<br /> <br /> {{disambig}}</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Joseph%27s_Boys%27_High_School,_Bengaluru&diff=537281 2026-05-01T08:43:47Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: creating new info...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = St Joseph's Boys' High School<br /> | former_name = St. Joseph's European High School<br /> | logo = SJBHSIndia.png<br /> | image = SJBHS Bangalore.png<br /> | image_size = 250px<br /> | caption = SJBHS as seen in Dec 2023<br /> | motto = {{langx|la|Fide et Labore}}<br /> | motto_translation = Faith and toil<br /> | established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1858}}<br /> | founder = [[Missions étrangères de Paris|Missions étrangères de Paris (MEP)]]<br /> | type = [[Private school|Private]] primary and secondary school<br /> | denomination = [[Jesuit]]s<br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Catholic church|Catholicism]]<br /> | gender = {{ubl|[[Single-sex education|Boys only]]: LKG-10|[[Mixed-sex education|Co-educational]]: 11-12 (since 2007)}}<br /> | faculty =<br /> | principal = Fr. Norwin Pereira<br /> | enrollment = 3,300<br /> | affiliation = {{ubl|[[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] Examination (ICSE)|[[Indian School Certificate]] examination (ISC)}}<br /> | campus_size = {{convert|2.7|acre|ha}}<br /> | address = PO Box 25003&lt;br&gt;#27, Museum Road<br /> | city = [[Bangalore]]<br /> | state = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|12.970895|77.603559|type:edu_region:IN-KA|format=dms|display=title,inline}}<br /> | colours = Blue and white {{color box|blue}}{{color box|white}}<br /> | publication = ''Josephite''<br /> | houses = {{ubl|St. Andrew|St. David|St. George|St. Patrick}}<br /> | mascot = <br /> | picture = <br /> | website = {{ubl|http://sjbhs.edu.in}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''St Joseph's Boys' High School''' (formerly '''St. Joseph's European High School''') is a [[Private school|private]] [[Catholic school|Catholic]] primary and senior secondary school located on Museum Road in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. Founded by the MEP (French Missionaries) in 1858, the school caters to boys only from kindergarten to Grade 10 and is co-educational in Grades 11 and 12.<br /> <br /> The school's Annual Old Boys Day draws alumni from around the globe. The school's history is detailed by alumnus Christopher Rego in the book ''Faith and Toil''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.madmonitorproductions.net/faith-and-toil-photographic-book|title=FAITH AND TOIL|website=www.madmonitorproductions.net|date=18 June 2007 |access-date=29 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:St Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore 2008 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|2008 stamp dedicated to St Joseph's Boys' High School]]<br /> {{more citations needed section|date=February 2018}}<br /> St Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore was founded by the MEP French Fathers in 1858 to offer a liberal education for the boys of European/Anglo and [[Anglo-Indian]] families. After [[India's independence]], admission was extended in the 1950s and 1960s to include all students, irrespective of race, religion, or caste. The school buildings are situated in the center of the (formerly European quarter of the) city. Originally the upper floors provided dormitory space.<br /> <br /> Large, open playgrounds accommodate sports such as cricket, football, and hockey. and other games and forms of exercise. The cricket team trains at the Centenary Ground located on Mahatma Gandhi Road near the Mayo Hall. The school pays great attention to physical training and sports and has long conducted the Annual Hockey Tournament for ICSE schools in Bangalore. Sports rivalries have been strong since the mid-19th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&amp;Source=Page&amp;Skin=TOINEW&amp;BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F10%2F31&amp;ViewMode=HTML&amp;GZ=T&amp;PageLabel=6&amp;EntityId=Ar00600&amp;AppName=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105230643/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&amp;Source=Page&amp;Skin=TOINEW&amp;BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F10%2F31&amp;ViewMode=HTML&amp;GZ=T&amp;PageLabel=6&amp;EntityId=Ar00600&amp;AppName=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2016 |title=Times of India on rivalry with Cotton |date= |work=Times of India |access-date=29 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1883, when Father J.M. Vissac was rector, the school was situated on St. John's Hill at the current location of [[St. Germain High School]], adjoining St Francis Xavier's Cathedral. Vissac relocated the school to a large campus in the heart of the City Cantonment. He purchased the &quot;Rocklands&quot; property adjacent to the Madras Bank (the present State Bank of India) and the Good Shepherd Convent and designed the buildings on Museum Road in 1894.<br /> <br /> By 1913 the school had grown to 239 boarders and 183-day scholars, and two new blocks were added along with an immense playground called &quot;New Fields&quot; on Vittal Mallya Road. The tract had to be drained for the playing fields. In 1910, the school adopted the High School Examination System giving up the Old Matriculation System and is believed to have at this time adopted the name St Joseph's European High School.<br /> <br /> Fr. Vissac had two French priests from the diocese, Frs. Froger and Schmitt, earn their MA from the [[University of London]], England, and they returned to teach. After 20 years Fr. Vissac handed over the reins to Fr. Froger, Rector from 1903 to 1913, and again from 1915 to 1916.<br /> <br /> In the first half of the 20th century, the school curriculum was directed toward the Government High and Middle School Examinations, the Cambridge School Certificate, and the Junior and Preliminary Examinations. The school was recognized by Cambridge University and senior candidates could obtain Certificate A of the [[General Certificate of Education]] (GCE).<br /> <br /> During British rule, teachers in Anglo Indian schools had subsidized salaries that were significantly higher than at the Indian [[SSLC]] schools. With Independence in 1947, the school lost many of its earlier privileges.<br /> <br /> The Government of India, unwilling to release foreign exchange for these examinations, switched to the Indian School Certificate Council, with two examinations at the end of Classes X and XII, the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) and the [[Indian School Certificate]] (ISC).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/st-joseph-s-boys-high-school/ka017|title=St Joseph's Boys High School, ICSE-ISC School, Bangalore 25003 No. Box P.O. Road Museum|website=iCBSE|language=en|access-date=29 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/162229/blore-schools-perform-well-isc.html|title=B'lore schools perform well in ISC, ICSE exams|website=m.deccanherald.com|access-date=29 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The school follows the ICSE syllabus up to Class X. In 2005 the school expanded its curriculum at both ends. It added Classes I through IV and extended the high school to include the ISC at Class XII. The year 2007 included another first: Class XI was expanded to include girls.<br /> <br /> Another major change over the years was the closing of the in-school boarding house, which had housed boys ages 8 to 16 in three separate dormitories. They were allowed one out-of-school outing on the last Saturday each month. Their health was entrusted to a Medical Officer and matrons in a large infirmary with a special room for infectious diseases.<br /> <br /> Construction of the new school building took from 2001 until 2007, under Fr. Michael John, the principal from 1994 to 2006. The new facilities, along with improvements, offer a modern and aesthetic environment while retaining from British India the Roman Catholic chapel, the refectory, and the priests' residence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sjbhsbangalore.in/about.html|title=SJBHS|website=sjbhsbangalore.in|access-date=29 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === The Society of Jesus connection ===<br /> As early as 1841, Bishop Bonnaud planned to start a Catholic High school in Bangalore. But this proposal took concrete shape only in 1854 when the priests of the [[Missions étrangères de Paris]] (MEP) bought a plot of land for a sum of INR 1000 at St. Johns Hill. Bangalore. Fr. Bouteloup had a house constructed in 1854 at a cost of INR 3000 and named it St Joseph's Seminary. It also contained an orphanage and boarding school.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> [[Madras University]] was established in 1858 and boarders were admitted to prepare for the matriculation examination there. Fr. Charbonnaux, in charge of the school at the time, entered in his diary: &quot;We decided to open a school for European boys. As a knowledge of English is necessary to our Indian pupils and that of Canarese to European boys, we determined to build a wing and a kitchen adjoining the Seminary.&quot;{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} This was the beginning of St Joseph's College. In the nomenclature of the day, in European usage a college was what today would be called a high school and what would today be called a college would be termed University. By May 1865, a new house was built to take in the orphans and boarders of the school.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> It was difficult for the three departments, seminary, orphanage, and school to function in the same building. Hence in 1875 the orphanage was transferred to St Patrick's Church, where it still exists as St Patrick's Orphanage. The Seminary closed and its buildings were utilized for the school and boarding house. The school had 144 students – 64 boarders and 80-day scholars.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> In 1882, the new rector, Fr. Maurice Vissac, had the school affiliated to Madras University as a second-grade college that could prepare and send students for the F.A. (First Arts) exams. In 1884, the first two candidates appeared for this exam and qualified.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> During and immediately after [[World War I]], the French Fathers (MEP) found it difficult to staff the school. The devastation of [[World War I]] had destroyed nearly a generation of men, some of whom would have become priests and joined the MEP. Bishop Despastures of Mysore, under whose jurisdiction Bangalore came at the time, sought to free up his priests and get religious to teach.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} He sought unsuccessfully to get the Canons of St Maurice from Switzerland but did get orders of teaching brothers. He had earlier approached the [[Society of Jesus]] (Jesuits), founded by [[Ignatius of Loyola|St. Ignatius Loyola]]. He now got the Jesuit [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus|Father General]] in [[Rome]] to send a visitor, Fr. Van Kalken, who, in February 1937, wrote to the Superior of the Jesuit Mission in Mangalore that Fr. General had accepted the offer of the bishop of [[Mysore]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> If the Mangalore mission of the Jesuits could not provide sufficient Jesuits, then the Visitor would invite Jesuits from other Indian missions to offer their services for this work. All St Joseph's institutions – St Joseph's European High School, St Joseph's Indian High School situated at the &quot;New Fields&quot; grounds on Vittal Mallya Road, and St Joseph's College – were transferred to Jesuit management.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> When Italy aligned itself with Hitler against the British for [[World War II]], Italian and German priests were branded as enemy aliens and were interned. The Jesuit superiors found Fr. E.J. Jacques, an Anglo-Indian with an M.A. degree from the University of London, and Fr. Studerus, a Swiss and hence a neutral, to fill the vacancies. Later, Indian Jesuits came to manage the schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Founding of the school {{!}}{{!}} ST. JOSEPH'S BOYS' HIGH SCHOOL, Bangalore |url=https://sjbhs.edu.in/founding_of_the_school.php |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=sjbhs.edu.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The Houses==<br /> The [[House system]] is a feature common to [[Public school (UK)|Public Schools]] in India, especially Christian-run schools (based on a similar system in England).<br /> <br /> The four houses are named after the patron saints of the four constituent nations of the [[United Kingdom]]: <br /> * [[St. Andrew]] of [[Scotland]] – colour blue<br /> * [[St. Patrick]] of [[Northern Ireland]] – colour green<br /> * [[St. George]] of [[England]] – colour red<br /> * [[St. David]] of [[Wales]] – colour yellow<br /> <br /> The houses compete with one another in academics, games, track and field sports, aquatics, arts, and literary, dramatic, and music competitions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sjbhsbangalore.in/management.html|title=SJBHS|website=sjbhsbangalore.in|access-date=29 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!--The captains and vice-captains of the batch 2013-2014 were:<br /> St. Andrew's House <br /> Captain - Derick Brian Saldhana<br /> Vice-Captain - Abhay Joseph<br /> St. Patrick's House <br /> Captain - Vineet Braganza<br /> Vice-Captain - Alistair Gabriel<br /> St. George's House <br /> Captain – Shri Valsan <br /> Vice-Captain – Sahil Elton Lobo<br /> St. David's House <br /> Captain – Sherwin Darryl D'Souza<br /> Vice-Captain – Dylan Felix--&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable alumni==<br /> Notable alumni&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eminent Old Boys &amp; Girls {{!}}{{!}} ST. JOSEPH'S BOYS' HIGH SCHOOL, Bangalore |url=https://sjbhs.edu.in/famous_old_boys.php |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=sjbhs.edu.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; include:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |Kumar Anish <br /> |yoga practitioner and the developer of the concept of ''GOPI Formula'' in yoga<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ashish Ballal]]<br /> |Indian national hockey team<br /> |-<br /> |[[Krishna Bharath]]<br /> |Creator of Google News<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sabeer Bhatia]] <br /> |Co-founder of Hotmail<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sandeep Dikshit]]<br /> |MP from East Delhi constituency<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rahul Dravid]]<br /> |Former captain of the Indian cricket team<br /> |-<br /> |Ben Gomes<br /> |Google Search<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rajeev Gowda]]<br /> |Spokesperson for the Indian National Congress, professor of economics and social sciences at Indian Institute of Management Bangalore<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mariappa Kempaiah]]<br /> |Olympian Indian footballer – 1956 Melbourne and 1960 Rome Olympics<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tarun Khanna (academic)|Tarun Khanna]]<br /> |Jorge Paulo Lemann Professor at the Harvard Business School<br /> |-<br /> |[[T. S. Krishnamurthy]]<br /> |Chief Election Commissioner of India<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sudhir Krishnaswamy]]<br /> |Rhodes Scholar; Vice-Chancellor of National Law School of India University, Bangalore<br /> |-<br /> |[[George Kurian]]<br /> |CEO of NetApp<br /> |-<br /> |[[Thomas Kurian]]<br /> |CEO of Google Cloud<br /> |-<br /> |[[Chetan Maini]]<br /> |Founder of Reva Electric Car Company<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mario Miranda]]<br /> |Cartoonist and Padma Bhushan awardee<br /> |-<br /> |[[Devdutt Padikkal]]<br /> |Cricketer for the Indian under-19s, Royal Challengers Bangalore, and Karnataka teams<br /> |-<br /> |[[J. Y. Pillay]]<br /> |Singaporean bureaucrat and former chairman of Singapore Airlines and Singapore Exchange<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rehan Poncha]]<br /> |Represented India in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SJBHS |url=http://www.sjbhsbangalore.in/oba.html |access-date=29 August 2017 |website=sjbhsbangalore.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Prakash Raj]]<br /> |Film artist in Sandalwood, Kollywood, Tollywood, and Bollywood<br /> |-<br /> |[[Subir Sachdev]]<br /> |Professor of physics at Harvard University specializing in condensed matter<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rahul Sarpeshkar]]<br /> |Professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology<br /> |-<br /> |[[Anup Sridhar]]<br /> |India's former national badminton champion; represented India at 2008 Beijing Olympics<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shavir Tarapore]]<br /> |International ODI and T20 cricket umpire<br /> |-<br /> |[[Robin Uthappa]] <br /> |Indian cricket team<br /> |-<br /> |[[Joseph Murumbi]]<br /> |Second Vice President of the Republic Of Kenya<br /> |-<br /> |[[Irfan Razack]]<br /> |Chairman and Managing Director of Prestige Group <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> *<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{stack|{{portal|Schools|Catholicism|India}}}}<br /> * [[List of Jesuit educational institutions#Schools|List of Jesuit schools]]<br /> * [[List of schools in Bangalore]]<br /> * [[Violence against Christians in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|http://sjbhs.edu.in/}}<br /> <br /> {{Jesuit Schools of India|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's Boys' High School}}<br /> [[Category:Jesuit secondary schools in India]]<br /> [[Category:Jesuit primary schools in India]]<br /> [[Category:Boys' schools in India]]<br /> [[Category:Christian schools in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Primary schools in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1858]]<br /> [[Category:1858 establishments in India]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitefield,_Bengaluru&diff=545726 2026-05-01T04:30:12Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: creating entry...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Whitefield, Bengaluru<br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = Suburb<br /> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br /> | photo1a = Prestige Shantiniketan In Whitefield Main Road.jpg<br /> | photo2a = ITPL11.jpg<br /> | photo2b = Mercedes-Whitefield-1.jpg<br /> | photo3a = The-Den-Bangalore.jpg<br /> | photo3b = ITPL-Whitefield-Bangalore2.jpg<br /> | photo4a = Shri Satya Sai Super Speciality Hospital Whitefield 2-25-2012 5-24-49 PM.JPG<br /> | size = 280<br /> | color = white<br /> }}<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = (L–R from top) [[Prestige Shantiniketan]], a building in [[ITPL]], [[Mercedes-Benz]] R&amp;D centre, The Den, Whitefield Road, Sathya Sai Hospital<br /> | nickname = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Bangalore<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|12.97|N|77.715|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = Metro<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]]<br /> | leader_title = [[Deputy Commissioner]]<br /> | leader_name = Abdul Ahad<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]<br /> | postal_code = 560066,560067,560087<br /> | registration_plate = KA-53- XX-XXXX<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> '''Whitefield''' is a neighborhood of [[Bengaluru]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], India. Established in 1882 as a settlement for the [[Eurasia]]ns and [[Anglo Indian]]s of [[Bangalore]], Whitefield remained a quaint little settlement at the eastern periphery of Bangalore city till the late 1990s when the local [[Information technology|IT]] boom turned it into a major suburb. It is now a major part of Greater Bengaluru&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/From-a-sleepy-settlement-to-a-happening-hub/articleshow/11248558.cms |title=From a sleepy settlement to a happening hub |work=The Times of India |date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2013-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Whitefield%20&amp;district=Bangalore |title=Whitefield Bangalore PinCode |publisher=citypincode.in |access-date=2014-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Whitefield is Bengaluru's first tech corridor to be connected by [[Namma Metro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/whitefield-bengalurus-first-tech-corridor-to-be-connected-by-metro-10298851.html|title=Whitefield, Bengaluru's first tech corridor, to be connected by Metro}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bengaluru-metro-to-launch-tailor-made-passes-for-corporate-firms-10303301.html|title=Bengaluru Metro to launch 'tailor-made' passes for corporate firms}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Namma Metro Purple Line]] passes through Whitefield.<br /> <br /> The locality is named after David Emmanuel Starkenburgh White, founder of the European and [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo Indian]] Association which received 4,000 acres of land from [[Mysore]] Maharaja [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamaraja Wodeyar]] in the 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Ultimate Guide to Whitefield: Why You Need to Invest in Bangalore's IT Hub |url=https://roofandfloor.thehindu.com/real-estate-blog/the-ultimate-guide-to-whitefield-why-you-need-to-invest-in-bangalores-it-hub/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=The Hindu Roof and Floor}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> In 1882, King [[Chamaraja Wodeyar X]], the Maharaja of the [[Mysore State]], granted {{convert|3900|acre|km2}} of land to the Eurasian and [[Anglo-Indian]] Association for the establishment of agricultural settlements at Whitefield, which lay within his territory. The association was then about 170 strong with a committee of 30 members. They were part of the formation of the only settlement in India that Europeans and Eurasians could call their own. Mr. White, the then president of the E&amp;AI Association., took a lively interest in it and helped in its advancement which at the beginning was an uphill task.<br /> <br /> In the first decade of the 1900s, there were about 45 houses: 18 were on the village site and the remainder were on farms throughout the settlement and contained about {{convert|2000|acre|km2}} of land fit for cultivation. The number of residents in 1907 was 130. [[Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara|Lord Connemara]], the then governor of Madras (1890) and General Sir [[Harry Prendergast]], a British resident in Mysore, visited the settlement and lent support to the development of Whitefield. Subsequently, there were regular visits to Whitefield by the Bangalore District officials and high dignitaries from the [[Madras Presidency]].&lt;ref name=autogenerated2&gt;[http://www.children-of-bangalore.com/whitefld.htm Whitefield, the last of the Settlements, ... near Bangalore&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The settlement was {{convert|3|km}} south of the Bangalore-Madras (now Chennai) line and a station was built. It led to the influx of residents and their families who worked at [[Kolar Gold Fields]], about {{convert|50|km}} (by train) to the east. It became convenient for those working at KGF to catch a train (running 3 to 4 times a day) and return to their families. There were frequent trains running to Bangalore {{convert|20|km}} to the west (by train). Reaching the settlement from the railway station was possible only by writing a letter to Mrs. Hamilton (wife of a James Hamilton, the keeper of the Waverly Inn) who would arrange for a bullock cart trip for 8 annas.&lt;ref name=autogenerated2 /&gt;<br /> [[File:Whitefield railway station.jpg|thumb|Whitefield railway station]]<br /> <br /> Until the late 1990s, Whitefield was a small village. It has since become a major hub for the Indian technology industry. The Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP) at Whitefield is one of the country's first information technology parks—[[International Tech Park, Bengaluru]] (ITPB) which houses offices of many IT and ITES companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-10-27/india-business/27851310_1_xeon-processor-intel-new-processor | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921025916/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-10-27/india-business/27851310_1_xeon-processor-intel-new-processor | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-09-21 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=The Times of India: Latest News India, World &amp; Business News, Cricket &amp; Sports, Bollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Whitefield is a part of Bangalore city which is administered by the [[Greater Bengaluru Authority]].<br /> <br /> {{wide image|Whitefield Panorama.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|Panorama of Whitefield|}}<br /> <br /> ==Infrastructure==<br /> Whitefield has started seeing a boom in residential construction&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Residential Projects in Whitefield, Bangalore|url=http://property.sulekha.com/new-projects-in-whitefield-bangalore-for-sale}}&lt;/ref&gt; since the latter half of 1990s and especially during 2002 and onwards.<br /> <br /> There are two major four-lane roads connecting Bangalore city with Whitefield – Whitefield road via Mahadevapura and Varthur road (HAL Old Airport Road) via [[Marathahalli]]. Both roads intersect with Karnataka State highway 35 (SH 35) which runs north–south (Siddlaghatta in the north to [[Anekal]] in the south).<br /> <br /> The [[Whitefield railway station (Bengaluru)|Whitefield railway station]] is about 3&amp;nbsp;km north of the Whitefield Bus stop. It lies on the Bangalore-Chennai route and is double and electrified, the [[Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapura]]-[[Whitefield railway station (Bengaluru)|Whitefield railway station]] section is slated to be converted to a quadruple line.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://idd.kar.nic.in/docs/Annexure%202-%20Railways.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 August 2012 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103816/http://idd.kar.nic.in/docs/Annexure%202-%20Railways.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The station is slated to become a junction with a new Whitefield-Kolar (53&amp;nbsp;km; 33 miles) line being laid. Neighbouring the Whitefield railway station is ''Brindavan'', the ashram and winter residence of the Hindu spiritual leader [[Sathya Sai Baba|Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai Baba]].<br /> <br /> The [[Container Corporation of India]] (CONCOR) has a large inland container depot just off Whitefield road near [[ITPB]].<br /> <br /> Shopping malls like Nexus Whitefield (earlier called The Forum Neighborhood Mall), [[Phoenix Marketcity (Bengaluru)|Phoenix Market City]], [[VR Bengaluru]], Ascendas Park Square Mall and Nexus Shantiniketan Mall are in the Whitefield area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 November 2022 |title=Shop, eat, play and chill: Best shopping malls in Bengaluru's Whitefield that make it a happening hub |work=Times Now News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/shop-eat-play-and-chill-best-shopping-malls-in-bengalurus-whitefield-that-make-it-a-happening-hub-article-95621322}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also houses the renowned super speciality hospital, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Whitefield, inaugurated by Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai Baba on 19 January 2001, which offers all the medical services for free.&lt;ref&gt;Sri Sathya Sai Super Speciality Hospital&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://wfd.sssihms.org.in/index.asp|title=Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences-Bangalore|access-date=21 November 2014|archive-date=19 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019010921/http://wfd.sssihms.org.in/index.asp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre]] is the other major super-speciality hospital in Whitefield.<br /> <br /> Whitefield has extensive city bus connectivity with a wide range of services offered by [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]]. A Traffic and Transit Management Centre (TTMC) in EPIP is functional with schedules connecting it with most areas of the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Bangalore, 11 January, DHNS |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/128452/whitefield-ttmc-opened-public.html |title=Whitefield TTMC opened for public |date=12 January 2011 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=2013-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Whitefield metro station (Mar '23).jpg|right|thumb|[[Whitefield metro station]].]]<br /> The much anticipated [[Namma Metro]] project started catering to Whitefield under Phase 2 from 26 March 2023. The Purple line has been extended to cover stations from [[Krishnarajapura metro station|Krishnarajapura]] to [[Whitefield metro station|Whitefield]] (Kadugodi) covering 13 stations in between. This 13.71&amp;nbsp;km long route was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 25 March 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 March 2023 |title=PM Modi takes first Metro ride on newly launched Whitefield-KR Puram line |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/pm-modi-first-metro-ride-newly-launched-whitefield-kr-puram-line-8518432/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_namma-metro-centre-to-grant-rs25000-crore-for-phase-ii_1601516 |title=Namma Metro: Centre to grant Rs 25,000 crore for Phase II |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=2011-10-21 |access-date=2013-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2011031250300200.htm&amp;date=2011/03/12/&amp;prd=pp&amp; | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Welcome to the land of the gated communities}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Whitefield suffers from water shortages especially during summer months as the whole region relies almost entirely on groundwater. With the increase in housing and office space,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Housing and Office Space in Bangalore|url=http://property.sulekha.com/property-in-whitefield-bangalore-for-sale}}&lt;/ref&gt; the demand has been multiplying over the years, and [[overdrafting|groundwater depletion]] has been worsening alarmingly. [[BWSSB]] is supplying the region with water under the Cauvery Water Supply Scheme Stage IV, Phase II. [[BWSSB]] has been granted Rs. 10&amp;nbsp;billion for water projects in 2012 including supplying water to areas of Greater Bangalore which includes Whitefield.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Taps-will-flow-in-the-outskirts/articleshow/12362728.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707144250/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-22/bangalore/31224806_1_cauvery-water-bwssb-unaccounted-for-water |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-07-07 |title=Taps will flow in the outskirts |date=2012-03-22 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geographic location==<br /> {{Geographic Location<br /> |title = '''Areas of Bangalore'''<br /> |Northwest = Pattandura Agrahara<br /> |North = [[Kadugodi]]<br /> |Northeast = [[Channasandra]]<br /> |West = Nallurahallli<br /> |Centre = Whitefield<br /> |East = Hagadur<br /> |Southwest = Ramagondanahalli<br /> |South = [[Varthur]]<br /> |Southeast = Dakshina Pinakini ([[Ponnaiyar River|Ponnaiyar]]) Wetlands<br /> }}<br /> There are two main roads serving this area – Whitefield Road from [[Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapura]] and Whitefield Main Road from [[Varthur]]. From HAL Old Airport Road and Kudhanahalli Gate is direct link between Central City and Whitefield .On 2 November 2020, Whitefield recorded its poorest air quality since the lockdown due to COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.residentswatch.in/yesterday-whitefield-recorded-its-poorest-air-quality-since-lockdown/|title=Yesterday, Whitefield Recorded Its Poorest Air Quality Since Lockdown &amp;#124; Residents Watch – Bengaluru|date=3 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 January 2021, residents petitioned the authorities to save the neighbouring Pattandur Agrahara Lake. They demanded removal of encroachments and rejuvenation of the water body by the city corporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.residentswatch.in/residents-petition-authorities-to-save-millenia-old-pattandur-agrahara-lake/|title = Residents Petition Authorities to Save Millennia-old Lake in Whitefield &amp;#124; Residents Watch – Bengaluru| date=29 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of the People live in Varthur, Thubhannahalli, AECS Layout, Kudhanahalli Gate area, BEML layout and Nallurhalli because they are located close to major tech companies.<br /> <br /> == Food and leisure ==<br /> There are multiple malls and food hotspots in and around the Whitefield area, some of them include –<br /> <br /> * ITPL Mall ([[Park Square Mall]])<br /> * Nexus Shantiniketan Mall<br /> * [[Phoenix Marketcity (Bengaluru)|Phoenix Marketcity]]<br /> * [[VR Bengaluru]]<br /> * Nexus Whitefield<br /> * The Den (a luxury hotel/resort)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Den, Bengaluru {{!}} Luxury Business Hotel in Whitefield |url=https://www.denhotels.com/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.denhotels.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> These malls host multiple restaurants that cater to a variety of cuisines – Regional [[Indian cuisine]]s, Japanese, fast food, etc.<br /> <br /> Additional prominent standalone restaurants in the area apart from the ones hosted in malls include:<br /> <br /> * Stoners (burger and ice cream franchise)<br /> * Windmills Craftworks (restaurant and micro-brewery)<br /> * Pasta Street (Italian cuisine)<br /> * A2B – Adyar Ananda Bhavan (South Indian restaurant franchise)<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Caterpillar at the RMZ NXT Building in Whitefield Road Bangalore 2-25-2012 4-56-54 PM.JPG|Caterpillar at the RMZ NXT Building<br /> File:Societe-Generale-Whitefield-Bangalore.jpg|[[Société Générale]] Building at Whitefield<br /> File:Avaiator-Building-Whitefield-Bangalore.jpg|Aviator Building<br /> File:Mercedes-Whitefield-2.jpg|[[Mercedes-Benz]] Research and Development Centre<br /> File:The-Den-Bangalore.jpg|The Den Hotel<br /> File:Forum-Mall-Whitefield-Bangalore.jpg|The Forum Value Mall<br /> File:Phoenix-marketcity-BLR-1.jpg|[[Phoenix Market City (Bangalore)|Phoenix Market City]]<br /> File:Sathya-Sai-Hospital-Whitefield-Bangalore.jpg|Sathya Sai Hospital<br /> File:ITPL-Whitefield-Bangalore1.jpg|A building in [[International Tech Park, Bangalore|ITPL]]<br /> File:K Raheja Comerzone (Inorbit Mall + Star Hotel + Office Tower) 2-25-2012 5-24-07 PM.JPG|'''[[Inorbit Mall]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.inorbit.in/mall/whitefield/|title=Inorbit Whitefield|website=inorbit.in|access-date=2018-04-21|archive-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421095337/https://www.inorbit.in/mall/whitefield/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (defunct)<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category-inline}}<br /> {{Neighbourhoods of Bangalore}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1882 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Populated places established in 1882]]<br /> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in East Bengaluru]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archibald_Little_(British_Army_officer)&diff=487361 2026-04-21T16:15:16Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: </p> <hr /> <div>{{infobox military person<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]<br /> | name = Sir Archibald Little<br /> | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB}}<br /> | birth_date = {{birthdate|1810|09|07|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Camberwell, London]]<br /> | death_date = {{dda|1891|06|10|1810|09|07|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = Upton House, [[Tetbury]], [[Gloucestershire]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Jane Orme&lt;br&gt;|7 June 1854|1868|reason=}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|Elizabeth Loftus Sheldon&lt;br&gt;|7 April 1870|1888|reason=died}}<br /> | children = 7, including [[Malcolm Orme Little]]<br /> | relations = [[Malcolm Archibald Albert Little]] (grandson)&lt;br&gt;[[Ian Little (economist)|Ian Little]] (grandson)<br /> }}<br /> [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] '''Sir Archibald Little''' [[Order of the Bath|GCB]] (7 September 1810 – 10 June 1891) was a [[British Army]] officer who was Colonel of the [[9th Lancers]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Little was born in 1810 at [[Camberwell, London]]. He was the son of Archibald Little of [[Shabden Park]], [[Surrey]], and Agnes Oliver. Among his siblings was Helen Little (wife of [[Sir Thomas Buchan-Hepburn, 3rd Baronet]]), Jane Little (wife of [[James St Clair, 14th Lord Sinclair]]), and Capt. James Lockhart Little of the [[81st Regiment of Foot]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley2003&quot;&gt;Mosley, Charles, editor. ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage &amp; Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes.'' [[Wilmington, Delaware]]: [[Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd]], 2003, vol. 1, p. 573.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His paternal grandparents were Matthew Little and Helen Pasley (a daughter of James Pasley).&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley2003&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Little was commissioned as a [[Cornet (rank)|cornet]] in the [[9th Lancers]] on 4 October 1831. He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1832, Captain in 1837, Major in 1850, Lieutenant-Colonel in 1854, Colonel in 1857, Major-General in 1868, Lieutenant General in 1877, and General in 1880.&lt;ref name=&quot;britishempire&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> He served with the 9th Lancers in the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] of 1846, and was at the [[Battle of Sobraon]]. In the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], he commanded the cavalry at the [[Siege of Lucknow]] where he was injured in the elbow by a musket-ball. He was appointed Knight Grand Cross, Order of the Bath for commanding a post at Dilkoosha in November 1857. At [[Kanpur]], he commanded cavalry and three Troops of Horse Artillery, and pursued the rebels of [[Gwalior]] and fighting at [[Saraighat]]. For his efforts, he was [[mentioned in dispatches]] three times. He was commanding officer of the 9th Lancers after the Indian Rebellion, from 1858 to 1861, and was appointed Colonel of the Regiment from 8 March 1875, succeeding Gen. Sir [[James Hope Grant]] and serving until his death on 10 June 1891.&lt;ref name=&quot;britishempire&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Luscombe |first1=Stephen |title=9th Lancers |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/9thlancerslittle.htm |website=www.britishempire.co.uk |access-date=19 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> On 7 June 1854 at [[St James's Church, Piccadilly]], London, Little was married to Jane Orme (1830–1868), daughter of Malcolm Orme and Jane Bonsor. Before her death at [[Rathdown (County Dublin barony)|Rathdown]] in [[County Dublin]] in 1868, they were the parents of seven children, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley2003&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> * Florence Little, who married Alfred Brocklehurst, son of Henry Brocklehurst and Anne Fielden, in 1884.&lt;Ref name=&quot;Townend1970&quot;&gt;Townend, Peter. ''Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 105th edition.'' [[London]]: [[Burke's Peerage Ltd]], 1970, p. 361.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Archibald Cosmo Little (1855–1934), a Major in the [[5th Royal Irish Lancers]]; he married Lady Guendolen ({{nee}} Chetwynd-Talbot) Chaplin, a widow of [[Edward Chaplin (politician)|Edward Chaplin]], MP for [[Lincoln (UK Parliament constituency)|Lincoln]], and daughter of [[Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 19th Earl of Shrewsbury]], in 1887.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley2003&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Malcolm Orme Little]] (1857–1931), a Brig.-Gen. who married Iris Hermione Brassey,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Iris Hermione Brassey in the England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Birth Index, 1837-1915|url=https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=jeI2246&amp;_phstart=successSource&amp;usePUBJs=true&amp;indiv=1&amp;dbid=8912&amp;gsfn=Iris%20Hermione&amp;gsfn_x=NN&amp;new=1&amp;rank=1&amp;uidh=e64&amp;redir=false&amp;msT=1&amp;gss=angs-d&amp;pcat=34&amp;fh=0&amp;h=33655884&amp;recoff=&amp;ml_rpos=1&amp;queryId=7f04ce6ddca97f5fe57f846e55d5af45|date=2006|website=Ancestry.com|access-date=23 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; the daughter of [[Albert Brassey]], MP for [[Banbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Banbury]], and the Hon. Matilda Bingham (a daughter of the [[John Bingham, 4th Baron Clanmorris|4th Baron Clanmorris]]), in 1903.&lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette | date=26 January 1923 | issue=32790 |page=617}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Charles Hope Little (1862–1918), a Lt.-Col. in the 4th Battalion, [[Wiltshire Regiment]]; he married Mildred Dora Ward.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley2003&quot;/&gt;<br /> * Archibald Oliver Little (1863–1920)&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley2003&quot;/&gt;<br /> * Violet Edith Little (b. 1865)&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley2003&quot;/&gt;<br /> * Jean Orme Little (b. 1868), who married Maj. Francis Hubert Wise in 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley2003&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> After her death, he married Elizabeth ({{nee}} Loftus) Sheldon (1824–1888),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Elizabeth, Lady Little |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp94452/elizabeth-lady-little |website=www.npg.org.uk |publisher=[[National Portrait Gallery, London]] |access-date=19 May 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; daughter of Lt.-Gen. William Francis Bentinck Loftus, Colonel of the [[50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot]], and Margaret Harriet Langrishe (a daughter of Very Rev. [[James Langrishe]]), on 7 April 1870 at Holy Trinity Church, in [[Westcott, Surrey]]. Elizabeth was widowed from Edward Ralph Charles Sheldon (son of [[Edward Sheldon (politician)|Edward Ralph Charles Sheldon]], MP for [[South Warwickshire (UK Parliament constituency)|South Warwickshire]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley2003&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Elizabeth, Lady Little, died in 1888 at Upton House in [[Tetbury Upton|Tetbury]], [[Gloucestershire]]. Upton House was a Neoclassical country house built in 1752, whose design is usually attributed to [[William Halfpenny]], of Bristol.&lt;ref name=&quot;historicengland&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UPTON HOUSE, Tetbury Upton - 1155320 |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1155320?section=official-list-entry |website=historicengland.org.uk |publisher=[[Historic England]] |access-date=19 May 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Musson2017&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Musson |first1=Jeremy |title=Upton House: A beautiful 1750 creation by Halfpenny, updated in a manner he'd have loved |url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/architecture/upton-house-how-halfpennys-1750-creation-was-brought-into-the-21st-century-165450 |access-date=19 May 2025 |work=[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]] |date=17 September 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sir Archibald died on 10 June 1891, also at Upton House.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley2003&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Descendants===<br /> Through his son Malcolm, he was a grandfather of [[Malcolm Archibald Albert Little]] (1904–1944), a Colonel in the 9th Lancers, and [[Ian Little (economist)|Ian Little]] (1918–2012), a leading economist.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley2003&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Through his daughter Florence, he was a grandfather of Nancye Brocklehurst (d. 1977), who married [[Sackville Pelham, 5th Earl of Yarborough]] (a son of [[Charles Pelham, 4th Earl of Yarborough]] and [[Marcia Pelham, Countess of Yarborough|Hon. Marcia Lane-Fox]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Fox-Davies1910&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fox-Davies |first1=Arthur Charles |title=Armorial Families: A Directory of Gentlemen of Coat-armour |date=1910 |publisher=T.C. &amp; E.C. Jack |page=194 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Armorial_Families/M2VHAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PA194 |access-date=19 May 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp94451/sir-archibald-little Sir Archibald Little (1810-1891), Army officer] at the [[National Portrait Gallery, London]]<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Little, Archibald}}<br /> [[Category:1810 births]]<br /> [[Category:1891 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:British Army generals]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]<br /> [[Category:9th Queen's Royal Lancers officers]]<br /> [[Category:British military personnel of the First Anglo-Sikh War]]<br /> [[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suvir_Misra&diff=538788 2026-04-21T12:00:00Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: creating new stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{more citations needed|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Suvir Misra<br /> | birth_place = [[Harda]], India<br /> | occupation = {{flat list|<br /> *Musician<br /> *Vocalist<br /> *Musicologist<br /> }}<br /> | other_names = <br /> | module = {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | embed = yes<br /> | genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]]<br /> | instrument = {{flat list|<br /> *[[Rudra veena|Rudra Veena]]<br /> *[[Saraswati veena|Saraswati Veena]]<br /> *[[Surbahar]]<br /> *[[Misr veena]]<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Suvir Misra''' ({{langx|sa|सुवीर मिश्र}}, {{IPA|sa|sʊʋiːɽ mɪɕɽɐ|IPA}}) is an Indian player of [[Rudra veena|Rudra Veena]], [[Saraswati veena|Saraswati Veena]], and [[Surbahar]]. He is unique in being a left handed artist who has mastered all the three veenas of the [[Indian classical music]] - the Rudra Veena, the Saraswati Veena and the Surbahar. He is the inventor of [[Misr Veena]].&lt;ref name=&quot;suvirbio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=About Suvir|url=http://www.beenkar.in/AboutSuvir.htm|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Suvir Misra was born in [[Harda]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and belongs to a family of musicians. He has studied at [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road]]. He started his journey into music at the age of 12.&lt;ref name=&quot;biosuvir&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The love of music|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-love-of-music/article3218504.ece|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> He joined [[Civil Services of India]] in 1993, and currently is working as a Commissioner of Customs, [[Central Board of Excise and Customs|Customs and Central Excise]], Mumbai &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Misra|first1=Suvir|title=Directory|url=http://www.mumbaicustomszone1.gov.in/site/Commissionerates.aspx?type=exp|website=Mumbai Customs|publisher=CBEC|accessdate=6 April 2016|ref=commexport}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Suvir was trained in the Rudra Veena by [[Zia Fariduddin Dagar]] and simultaneously studied [[dhrupad]] from Nirmalya Dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Suvir Misra bio|url=http://www.artists-india.com/instrumentalists/Suvir-Misra|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; He learnt the [[Gwalior gharana]] singing style from K.N.Ienger and learnt [[sitar]] from N.R.Rama Rao. He studied [[tabla]] under Bandu Khan of [[Ajrara gharana]]. Suvir found inspiration in Veena from [[S. Balachander]] of the [[Carnatic music|Karnatic]] tradition.<br /> <br /> He believes that older themes in classical music don't have much importance to modern Indian living and, to popularize classical music, contemporary themes should be used. For this he introduced modern Hindi mukta chhanda poetry within Dhrupad composition structure, and also used newer themes in Hindi literature instead of traditional [[Awadhi language]] or [[Braj Bhasha]].<br /> <br /> Suvir Misra plays and also makes the Rudra Veena.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Beenkar Suvir|url=http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/article-instrument/Suvir-Misra/2060|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607010256/http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/article-instrument/Suvir-Misra/2060|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 June 2014|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suvir has performed on various platforms within India.{{specify|date=August 2020}}{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}<br /> <br /> ==Significant works==<br /> <br /> * His efforts have brought back Karnatic Saraswathi Veena into the mainstream [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] classical music scene.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=High-strung ideas|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/01/22/stories/2005012201420200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607003838/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/01/22/stories/2005012201420200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-06-07|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-01-22|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * He has also developed a unique fingering style to play fast [[Taan (music)|taans]] of Khayal.<br /> * He is the inventor of [[Misr Veena]]. <br /> * Suvir Misra has been trying to bring extinct Veenas, like Jantari, [[Kinnari veena|Kinnari]] etc., back to life.<br /> <br /> ==Musical style==<br /> Suvir prefer to play the Rudra Veena, Saraswati Veena and Surbahar in the ''Gayaki Ang'' (Vocal Style). This style integrates all the subtle characteristics of the human voice into the performance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Suvir Misra plays Khayal on the Saraswati Veena|url=http://theveena.net/2011/04/11/hindustani-ragas-on-the-saraswati-veena/|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Suvir Misra on the differences between the Rudra Veena and Sitar|url=http://theveena.net/2011/04/11/suvir-misra-on-the-differences-between-the-rudra-veena-and-flat-board-musical-instruments-like-the-sitar-hindi/|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.beenkar.in beenkar.in]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Misra, Suvir}}<br /> [[Category:Rudra veena players]]<br /> [[Category:Surbahar players]]<br /> [[Category:Saraswati veena players]]<br /> [[Category:Misr veena players]]<br /> [[Category:Hindustani musicians]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Tuipui_Assembly_constituency&diff=545681 2026-04-19T19:37:39Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: creating entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = West Tuipui<br /> | state = [[Mizoram]]<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (West Tuipui highlighted).png<br /> | constituency_no = 35<br /> | district = [[Lunglei district|Lunglei]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | mla = [[Prova Chakma]]<br /> | party = [[Mizo National Front]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:12470}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''West Tuipui Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is part of [[Lunglei district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |rowspan=3| [[Nihar Kanti Chakma]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot; /&gt;<br /> |[[Prova Chakma]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2023===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: West Tuipui}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Prova Chakma]]<br /> |party = Mizo National Front<br /> |votes = 7,167<br /> |percentage = 48.62<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Nihar Kanti Chakma]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 6,456<br /> |percentage = 43.80<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Kawlhnuna<br /> |party = Zoram People's Movement<br /> |votes = 789<br /> |percentage = 5.35<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = T. Lalengthanga<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 250<br /> |percentage = 1.70<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 78<br /> |percentage = 0.53<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 711<br /> |percentage = 4.82<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 14,740<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Mizo National Front<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2018===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: West Tuipui&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Nihar Kanti Chakma]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = <br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|22.956|92.488|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lunglei district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chikkodi-Sadalga_Assembly_constituency&diff=494135 2026-04-19T19:25:17Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: Put up a data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Chikkodi-Sadalga<br /> | state = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 2<br /> | map_image = 2-Chikkodi-Sadalga constituency.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | mla = [[Ganesh Prakash Hukkeri]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Prakash Hukkeri]]<br /> | district = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi]]<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | electors = &lt;!-- number of electors at last election. Add a ref --&gt;<br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> '''Chikkodi-Sadalga Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. Chikkodi-Sadalga seat is a segment of [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency]]. Two Assembly seats, Chikkodi and Sadalga, were merged to form Chikkodi-Sadalga Assembly constituency.&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 12 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=14assemblymemberslist&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Fourteenth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Prakash Hukkeri]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 elections in India#Karnataka|2014 By-election]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Ganesh Hukkeri]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkodi-Sadalga &lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ganesh Hukkeri]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 128,349 |percentage = 69.82% |change = {{increase}}18.78 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramesh Katti]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,840 |percentage = 27.11% |change = {{decrease}}18.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arjun Bandu Mane |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,284 |percentage = 0.70% |change = {{decrease}}0.94 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 957 |percentage = 0.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.24 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 78,509 |percentage = 42.71% |change = {{increase}}36.81 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 184,169 |percentage = 81.96% |change = {{decrease}}2.94 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 183,835}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 224,693 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.45 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}18.78 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkodi-Sadalga }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ganesh Hukkeri]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 91,467 |percentage = 51.04% |change = {{decrease}}8.13 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annasaheb Shankar Jolle |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 80,898 |percentage = 45.14% |change = {{increase}}5.86 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadashivappa Maruti Walke |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,935 |percentage = 1.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,363 |percentage = 0.76% |change = {{increase}}0.16 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,569 |percentage = 5.90% |change = {{decrease}}14.00 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 179,206 |percentage = 84.90% |change = {{increase}}1.69 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 179,201}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 211,083 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.18 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.13 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly By-election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2014 elections in India#Karnataka|2014 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Chikkodi-Sadalga &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ganesh Hukkeri]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 94,636 |percentage = 59.17% |change = {{decrease}}9.27 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Mallikarjun |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,816 |percentage = 39.28% |change = {{increase}}22.11 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. S. Kurane |party = Samajwadi Janata Party |votes = 1,009 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 953 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,820 |percentage = 19.90% |change = {{decrease}}31.37 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 160,883 |percentage = 83.21% |change = {{increase}}3.18 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 159,929}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,337 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.21 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.27 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2013 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkodi-Sadalga &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Prakash Hukkeri]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 102,237 |percentage = 68.44% |change = {{increase}}13.61 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavanni Rudrappa Sangappagol |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,649 |percentage = 17.17% |change = {{decrease}}18.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kiwad Nagesh Tukaram |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 15,409 |percentage = 10.32% |change = {{increase}}6.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Annappa Maruti Magadum |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,842 |percentage = 1.23% |change = {{decrease}}0.90 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raju Sambha Kamate |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,139 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 76,588 |percentage = 51.27% |change = {{increase}}32.02 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 149,914 |percentage = 80.03% |change = {{increase}}5.76 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 149,375}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,317 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.18 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.61 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2008 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkodi-Sadalga &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Prakash Hukkeri]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 68,575 |percentage = 54.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jigajinagi Ramesh Chandappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 44,505 |percentage = 35.58% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veerasing Abasab Ghorpade |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,970 |percentage = 3.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kore Kiran Ganapatarao |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,663 |percentage = 2.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravasab Mallappa Gunake |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,459 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravi B. Hampannawar |party = Rashtriya Hindustan Sena Karnataka |votes = 1,318 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,070 |percentage = 19.25% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 125,129 |percentage = 74.27% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 125,069}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,481 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Belagavi district]]<br /> * [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br /> {{coord|16.50|74.56|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Belagavi district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadiya_Assembly_constituency&diff=531718 2026-04-16T04:54:24Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: creating pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Sadiya<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = Sadiya Assembly constituency map 2023.svg<br /> | constituency_no = 81<br /> | state = [[Assam]]<br /> | division = [[Upper Assam division|Upper Assam]]<br /> | district = [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]<br /> | established = 1977<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | mla = <br /> | party = <br /> | alliance =<br /> | latest_election_year =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sadiya Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a [[Northeast India|North-eastern state]] of [[India]]. Sadiya is also part of [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> | [[Bipin Hazarika]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} (Marxist)<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br /> | [[Lambheswar Sonowal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | [[Jyotsna Sonowal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[Debendra Nath Baruah]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Jagadish Bhuyan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Bolin Chetia]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election Results==<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Sadiya}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Jagadish Bhuyan]]|party=Assam Jatiya Parishad|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Bolin Chetia]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=|party=|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Sadiya}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party=Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate=[[Bolin Chetia]]<br /> |votes=64,855<br /> |percentage=45.49<br /> |change={{up}}13.42<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party=Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate=Lakhin Chandra Chetia<br /> |votes=42,771<br /> |percentage=30<br /> |change=+3.35<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party=Assam Jatiya Parishad<br /> |candidate=Jagdish Bhuyan<br /> |votes=29,849<br /> |percentage=20.94<br /> |change=''New''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party=None of the above<br /> |candidate=None of the above<br /> |votes=1,918<br /> |percentage=1.35<br /> |change=''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party=Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate=Tikendra Thapa<br /> |votes=1,104<br /> |percentage=0.77<br /> |change=''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party=Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate=Rijumoni Gogoi<br /> |votes=1,055<br /> |percentage=0.74<br /> |change=''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party=Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate=Lalit Deori<br /> |votes=1,023<br /> |percentage=0.72<br /> |change=''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> |votes=22,084<br /> |percentage= 15.66%<br /> |change= <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 1,42,575<br /> |percentage = 75.1<br /> |change = -2.4<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors =   1,89,854<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Sadiya}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Bolin Chetia<br /> |votes = 38,845<br /> |percentage = 32.07<br /> |change = +29.55<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Birinchi Neog<br /> |votes = 32,279<br /> |percentage = 26.65<br /> |change = -18.29<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Lakhin Chandra Chetia<br /> |votes = 22,005<br /> |percentage = 18.17<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Dindayal Verma<br /> |votes = 12,481<br /> |percentage = 10.30<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Tikendra Thapa<br /> |votes = 5,047<br /> |percentage = 4.16<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate = Drona Phukan<br /> |votes = 2,310<br /> |percentage = 1.90<br /> |change = -2.09<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Biswanath Baruah<br /> |votes = 1,430<br /> |percentage = 1.18<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Shrikumar Dohutia<br /> |votes = 1,264<br /> |percentage = 1.04<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |candidate = Anup Borbaruah<br /> |votes = 846<br /> |percentage = 0.69<br /> |change = -0.95<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Bulbul Gowala<br /> |votes = 783<br /> |percentage = 0.64<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Ramen Borgohain<br /> |votes = 758<br /> |percentage = 0.62<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Lalit Deori<br /> |votes = 756<br /> |percentage = 0.62<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 2,044<br /> |percentage = 1.68<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 6,566<br /> |percentage = 5.42<br /> |change = -1.28<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,21,090<br /> |percentage = 77.50<br /> |change = +5.13<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 1,56,238<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Sadiya}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Bolin Chetia<br /> |votes = 46,318<br /> |percentage = 44.94<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Asom Gana Parishad<br /> |candidate = Jagdish Bhuyan<br /> |votes = 39,451<br /> |percentage = 38.28<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Rupshikha Baruah<br /> |votes = 7,018<br /> |percentage = 6.81<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate = Labheswar Gogoi<br /> |votes = 4,116<br /> |percentage = 3.99<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Gopal Pradhan<br /> |votes = 2,607<br /> |percentage = 2.52<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |candidate = Anup Borbaruah<br /> |votes = 1,690<br /> |percentage = 1.64<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = Lalit Deori<br /> |votes = 994<br /> |percentage = 0.96<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Shiv Sena<br /> |candidate = Debajit Moran<br /> |votes = 854<br /> |percentage = 0.82<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 6,867<br /> |percentage = 6.70<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,03,048<br /> |percentage = 72.37<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 1,42,376<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Sadiya]]<br /> * [[Tinsukia district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Tinsukia district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]<br /> [[Category:1977 establishments in Assam]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lutyens%27_Delhi&diff=513796 2026-04-14T22:12:05Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: done...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Area in New Delhi, Delhi, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Lutyens' Delhi<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighborhood]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Delhi<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = New Delhi<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|28|38|8.74|N|77|13|28.02|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]<br /> | established_title = <br /> | established_title1 = {{Start date and age|1926|df=y}}<br /> | established_title2 = <br /> | named_for = [[Sir Edwin Lutyens]]<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Rashtrapati Bhavan (Dehli).jpg|thumb|right|View of [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] with the [[Jaipur Column]] in the foreground, in Lutyens' Delhi.]]<br /> <br /> '''Lutyens' Delhi''' is an area in [[New Delhi]], India, named after the British architect [[Sir Edwin Lutyens|Edwin Lutyens]] (1869–1944), who was responsible for much of the architectural design and building during the period of the [[British Raj]], when India was part of the [[British Empire]] between the 1920s and 1940s. This also includes the [[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]] (LBZ).<br /> <br /> Lutyens designed four bungalows in the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] Estate, (Viceroy House Estate); now, these bungalows lie on the [[Mother Teresa]] Crescent (then Willingdon Crescent). Lutyens, apart from designing the [[Viceroy's House]], designed large government building and was involved with town planning.&lt;ref name=ht2&gt;{{cite news |title=Lutyens himself designed only four bungalows|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/lutyens-himself-designed-only-four-bungalows/story-yaCQuRpqfMOXLhjUPiSouM.html | newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=1 September 2011|access-date=19 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Sir Herbert Baker|Herbert Baker]], who also designed with the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat Building]]s (North and South Block), designed bungalows on the then King George's Avenue (south of the Secretariats) for high-ranking officials. Other members of the team of architects were [[Robert Tor Russell]], who built [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], the Eastern and Western Courts on [[Janpath]], [[Teen Murti Bhavan|Teen Murti House]] (formerly called Flagstaff House), [[Safdarjung Airport]] (formerly Willingdon Airfield), Irwin Amphitheatre (renamed [[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]) and several government houses,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Lutyens' Delhi |author= Aman Nath| url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Lutyens-Delhi/235665|work=Outlook|date=1 October 2007| access-date = 16 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; William Henry Nicholls, CG Blomfield, FB Blomfield, [[Walter Sykes George]], [[Arthur Shoosmith|Arthur Gordon Shoosmith]] and [[Henry Medd]].&lt;ref name=ht2 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=A 'garden' in the centre of New Delhi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-garden-in-the-centre-of-New-Delhi/Article1-707694.aspx|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=9 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022220905/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-garden-in-the-centre-of-New-Delhi/Article1-707694.aspx|archive-date=22 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is on the [[2002 World Monuments Watch]] list of 100 Most Endangered Sites made by [[World Monuments Fund]], a heritage organization based in New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=LUTYENS BUNGALOW ZONE |url=http://www.wmf.org/project/lutyens-bungalow-zone |year=2002 |publisher=[[World Monuments Fund]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Thesouthblockdelhi.JPG|thumb|right|The South Block]]<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The area was constructed after the British decided to move the capital of their Indian Empire from [[Calcutta]] to Delhi, by creating a new district of the latter entitled New Delhi.<br /> <br /> Before the new imperial capital was established in 1911, the [[Old Delhi Railway Station]] served the [[Agra]]-Delhi railways, the line cut through what is today called ''Lutyens' Delhi''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Dastidar |first=Avishek |date=29 August 2011 |title=When Railways nearly derailed New Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/when-railways-nearly-derailed-new-delhi/story-uQ4NgImuaKorKXwqawe27H.html |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=10 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=3 October 2017 |title=Lutyen's Delhi – The Impact Of British Architecture On Delhi |url=https://impressivemagazine.com/lutyens-delhi-the-impact-of-british-architecture-on-delhi/ |website= |access-date=10 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The line was eventually shifted to make way for the new capital and the [[New Delhi Railway Station]] was built near [[Gates of Delhi#Gates in the 7th city|Ajmeri Gate]] in 1926.&lt;ref name=ht1&gt;{{cite news |title=A fine balance of luxury and care |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/a-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/story-m0a2nT6i8WwSAaaAETwNMK.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 July 2011 |access-date=19 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Design and construction==<br /> {{Main article|Construction of New Delhi}}<br /> [[File:Present_masterplan.jpg|1024px|right|thumb|Master plan of central New Delhi as of 2021, illustrating the road and building layout&lt;ref name=&quot;hcp.co.in&quot;&gt;HCP{{Cite web|title= central-vista masterplan|date=4 August 2021 |url=https://hcp.co.in/urbanism/29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016225809/https://hcp.co.in/urbanism/central-vista-masterplan/ |archive-date=2021-10-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> [[File:Central-Vista-plan.png|1024px|right|thumb|New Central Vista Masterplan as of August 2025, illustrating project statuses{{cn|date=February 2026}}]]<br /> [[File:Delhi India Government.jpg|right|thumb|The North Block, as viewed from South Block; the South Block is identical to the North Block]]<br /> Lutyens led a group of architects in laying out the central administrative area of the city, with the charge of retaining one-third of the area as green space.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} At the heart of the city was the impressive [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]] (formerly known as Viceroy's House), located on the top of [[Raisina Hill]]. The [[Rajpath]] (formerly Kingsway) connects [[India Gate]] (formerly known as All India War Memorial) to Rashtrapati Bhawan, while [[Janpath]] (formerly Queensway), which crosses it at a right angle, connects South End Road (renamed as Rajesh Pilot Marg) with [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]]. Currently, [[Droupadi Murmu]] is the [[President of India]], and stays in the official house of [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]].<br /> <br /> The [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat Building]], which house various ministries of the [[Government of India]] including the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]], is beside the Rashtrapati Bhawan and was designed by [[Herbert Baker]]. Also designed by Baker was the [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]] (earlier known as Council House), located on the [[Sansad Marg]], running parallel with the Rajpath (renamed as Kartavya Path). Two magnificent cathedrals in the area, the Anglican [[Cathedral Church of the Redemption]] and Catholic [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi|Sacred Heart Cathedral]] were designed by [[Henry Medd]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Church of Redemption - History|url=http://www.theredemptionchurch.org/history.htm|publisher=The Cathedral Church of The Redemption, New Delhi|access-date=28 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Cathedral Church New Delhi - History|url=http://sacredheartcathedraldelhi.org/History.aspx|publisher=Sacred Heart Cathedral New Delhi|access-date=28 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Lutyens Bungalow Zone==<br /> The [[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]] covers an area of about 26&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. All land and buildings in the LBZ belong to the central government, except for {{convert|254.5|acres}} which is in private hands. It is a very important and expensive zone in New Delhi. There are about 1000 bungalows in the LBZ, of which less than ten percent are in private hands.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ravi Teja, 6 June&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Ravi Teja|title=Many big names of NDA eye Lutyens' Delhi as new home; new MPs scout around for accommodation|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Many-big-names-of-NDA-eye-Lutyens-Delhi-as-new-home-new-MPs-scout-around-for-accommodation/articleshow/36098760.cms|access-date=5 June 2014|agency=ET Bureau|publisher=Times of India|date=5 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In order to create development control norms, the [[Ministry of Urban Development (India)|Ministry of Urban Development]] constituted the 'New Delhi Redevelopment Advisory Committee' (NDRAC) in 1972, when the redevelopment of the areas around the [[walled city]], north of [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] and on Prithviraj Road was taken up.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ganju, MN Ashish. 1999&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Ganju|author2=MN Ashish|title=Lutyens Bungalow Zone|url=http://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-21741|publisher=Architecture + Design, an Indian Journal of Architecture|access-date=21 August 2014|date=November–December 1999|issue=6}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Land prices===<br /> In 2013, it was reported that the market value of the {{convert|254.5|acres}} of land in private hands in the LBZ had increased eightfold in the previous ten years, from around {{INRConvert|6100|c}} to {{INRConvert|49000|c}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last = Sharma | first = Ravi Teja | title = Home prices in Lutyens' Delhi rise 8-fold in 10 years | newspaper = [[The Economic Times]] | date = 26 April 2013 | url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/home-prices-in-lutyens-delhi-rise-8-fold-in-10-years/articleshow/19732708.cms | access-date = 24 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 2014, Rajiv Rattan, [[Indiabulls]] co-founder, bought a {{convert|2920|sqyd|adj=on}} plot for {{INRConvert|220|c}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ravi Teja, 6 June&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma, Jul 24, 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Ravi Teja|title=Essar group promoters Ruias sell Delhi bungalow to Supreme Court lawyer for Rs 100 crore|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-24/news/51982485_1_delhi-bungalow-ruias-amrita-shergill-marg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729175758/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-24/news/51982485_1_delhi-bungalow-ruias-amrita-shergill-marg|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 July 2014|access-date=21 August 2014|publisher=Economic Times|date=24 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2016, Renuka Talwar, daughter of [[DLF (company)|DLF]] Chairman [[KP Singh]], acquired a bungalow on Prithviraj Road for {{INRConvert|435|c}} in one of the biggest deals for a property in Lutyens' Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/dlf-boss-daughter-renuka-talwar-buys-bungalow-in-lutyens-bungalow-zone-for-rs-435-crore/articleshow/56058028.cms|title=DLF boss' daughter Renuka Talwar buys bungalow in Lutyens Bungalow Zone for Rs 435 crore - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Contiguous areas===<br /> Around the great green expanse of the LBZ, is a thick swathe of green, a glacis of trees, and manicured lawns, and grand buildings, that protect and cushion LBZ from the swirl and swarm of Delhi's crowded parts: on the west is the vast wooded area of the [[Delhi Ridge]], adjoining the grand acres of the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan|Presidential Estate]]; to the west and south is [[Nehru Park, Delhi|Nehru Park]], the Race Course, the Air force station, the [[Delhi Gymkhana|Delhi Gymkhana Club]], [[Safdarjung Airport]], Safdarjang Tomb, and the Diplomatic enclave; to the south is the [[Lodi Gardens]], with its fabulous [[Lodhi dynasty|Lodhi era tombs]], and remains; on the SE are great lavishly tended greens of [[Delhi Golf Club]], with its Mughal era ruins; and beyond the Golf course, on the edge of the LBZ boundary is the green stretch of [[National Zoological Park Delhi|National Zoological Park]], lakes, the [[Purana Qila]], and the [[Humayun's Tomb]]. The contiguous areas are lavished with as much care by the government as the LBZ. Those who can't buy into the LBZ buy into the contiguous areas, like Jhor Bagh, where property prices are almost as steep as in the LBZ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ganju, MN Ashish. 1999&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable residents==<br /> The official residence of the [[Prime Minister of India]] is at [[7, Lok Kalyan Marg]], a complex of five bungalows, spread over {{convert|12|acres}}. The former Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] also resided there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh, 28 Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Vijaita|title=PM allotted 2.5-acre bungalow in Lutyens' Delhi|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pm-allotted-2-5-acre-bungalow-in-lutyens-delhi/|access-date=5 June 2014|publisher=Indian express|date=28 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was allotted a Type VIII bungalow, on 3 Motilal Nehru Marg (formerly known as York Road), previously occupied by Delhi chief minister [[Sheila Dikshit]], on 27 February 2014 by [[Kamal Nath]] Minister of Urban Development, on account of his being a [[Rajya Sabha]] MP from Assam. [[Sonia Gandhi]] and [[Rahul Gandhi]] are some of the other politicians who lived at [[10, Janpath]]. Former Prime Ministers who are not members of Parliament (MPs) are not entitled to a government bungalow, however, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], another former Prime Minister and not a Member of any house, used to reside in a bungalow on Krishna Menon Marg from 2005 until his death in 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/former-prime-minister-atal-bihari-vajpayee-turns-89-today/441533-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228064655/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/former-prime-minister-atal-bihari-vajpayee-turns-89-today/441533-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2013|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News, Current News Headlines|website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Notable businessmen include [[Lakshmi Mittal|Laxmi N Mittal]], [[Kushal Pal Singh|KP Singh]], [[Sunil Mittal]], [[C. K. Birla]], [[Shashi Ruia]], [[Ravi Ruia]], [[Analjit Singh]], [[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]] and [[Atul Punj]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma, Jul 24, 2014&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:SansadBhavan.jpg|[[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Old Parliament House]]<br /> File:India Gate-5.jpg|[[India Gate]]<br /> File:Jaipur House.jpg|[[Jaipur House]], which houses the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Beaux-Arts architecture]]<br /> *[[Chanakyapuri]]<br /> * [[Sunehri Bagh Masjid]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/30/arts/design/30kahn.html?pagewanted=1&amp;_r=1&amp;sq=Gautam%20Bhatia&amp;st=cse&amp;scp=3 Architecture: Amnesty Plan for Relics of the Raj] [[New York Times]], 30 December 2007.<br /> * {{cite web |title=Lutyens' Delhi |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?235665 |date=1 October 2007|publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] }}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429172850/http://www.lutyenstrust.org.uk/newdelhinews.htm Edwin Lutyens, New Delhi], The Lutyens Trust.<br /> * ''Dome Over India'', by [[Aman Nath]]. Published by India Book House, 2006. {{ISBN|81-7508-352-2}}.<br /> <br /> {{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:New Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Works of Edwin Lutyens in India]]<br /> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:20th century in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:20th century in British India]]<br /> [[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vatti_Vasant_Kumar&diff=543824 2026-04-13T20:27:41Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: creating new bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician (1955–2023)}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Vatti Vasant Kumar<br /> | image = &lt;!-- filename only, no &quot;File:&quot; or &quot;Image:&quot; prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --&gt;<br /> | alt = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_name = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date text|1955}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Pulla, Eluru district|Pulla]], [[Andhra State]], India<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and given age|df=y|2023|01|29|68}}<br /> | death_place = [[Visakhapatnam]], Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | other_names = <br /> | occupation = <br /> | years_active = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = <br /> | education = [[Andhra University]]<br /> | party = [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]<br /> | office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 2004<br /> | term_end = 2014<br /> | successor = Ganni Veeranjaneyulu<br /> | constituency = [[Unguturu Assembly constituency]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vatti Vasant Kumar''' (1955 – 29 January 2023) was an Indian politician. A member of the [[YSR Congress Party]], he served in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 2004 to 2014.<br /> <br /> Vasant Kumar died in [[Visakhapatnam]] on 29 January 2023, at the age of 67.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last= |first= |date=29 January 2023|title=మాజీ మంత్రి వట్టి వసంత్‌కుమార్‌ కన్నుమూత|trans-title= |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/former-minister-vatti-vasanth-kumar-passed-away-1521313|language=Telugu|work=[[Sakshi (media group)|Sakshi]]|location=Visakhapatnam|access-date=29 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Vatti Vasant}}<br /> [[Category:1955 births]]<br /> [[Category:2023 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from West Godavari district]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]<br /> <br /> {{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manna_Lal_Rawat&diff=516182 2026-04-10T17:08:00Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician, academic, and social activist}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br /> | constituency = [[Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Udaipur]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | term_start = 4 June 2024<br /> | predecessor = [[Arjunlal Meena]]<br /> | image = Dr_Manna_Lal_Rawat.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|01|07}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Chiklad, Pratapgarh]], Rajasthan, India<br /> | spouse = Rajni P. Rawat<br /> | education = [[Mohanlal Sukhadia University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]], [[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Manna Lal Rawat''' ({{IPA|hi|mən̪ːaː laːl ɾaːʋət̪}}) is an [[Indian politician]], academic, and social activist from [[Udaipur]], Rajasthan. He was elected as a member of parliament from the [[Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency]] in 2024. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Manna Lal Rawat was born on 7 January 1972 in Chiklad, Pratapgarh, Rajasthan, to Gautam Lal and Jumali Bai. Rawat holds a PhD in Tribal issues from [[Mohanlal Sukhadia University]] in Udaipur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-03-14 |title=Low-profile Rawat to get a leg up from top leaders |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/low-profile-rawat-to-get-a-leg-up-from-top-leaders/articleshow/108477122.cms |access-date=2025-06-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> In June 2024, Rawat won the election to represent the constituency of Udaipur Lok Sabha over Congress party rival, Taarachand Meena.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-06-05 |title=Udaipur (ST) election results 2024 live updates: BJP's Manna Lal Rawat wins with over 2.6 lakh vote margin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/udaipur-st-election-results-2024-rajasthan-udaipur-st-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-tarachand-meena-cong-manna-lal-rawat-bjp-dalpat-ram-garasia-bsp/articleshow/110673333.cms |access-date=2025-06-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Rajasthan election result 2024: All 25 seats declared; BJP clinches 14, Congress secures 8 - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/rajasthan-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-live-updates-bjp-bsp-cong-arjun-meghwal-om-birla-19422987.htm |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rawat is a member of the Committee on Coal, Mines, and Steel, contributing to policy discussions on India's mining and steel industries. He is also member of advisory committee (Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers' Welfare) and Hindi Advisory Committee (Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation). Before entering politics, he was actively involved in academic and social work, focusing on tribal development and cultural preservation.<br /> <br /> == Social and cultural contributions ==<br /> Rawat has been actively involved in several social and cultural initiatives:<br /> * National Group Member in the delisting movement at the Akhil Bharatiya Vanvasi Kalyan Ashram.<br /> * Director of the TEER Foundation, Nashik.<br /> * Founding member of the Tribal Research and Knowledge Centre, New Delhi.<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> Rawat has authored and contributed to several books and collections:<br /> * ''Lokniti aur Janjatiyan''<br /> * ''Janjatiya Hunkaar''<br /> * ''Aadivasi Samaaj, Sanskriti aur Sahitya'' (Editorial Board Member)<br /> * ''Prikriti ke Swar'' (Co-writer in poetry collection)<br /> * ''Atal Namo Path - 2024''<br /> <br /> == Special interests ==<br /> Rawat is passionate about studying and addressing tribal issues, focusing on their identity, existence, and development. He also engages in discussions on topics of national interest.<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Rawat is married to Dr. Rajni P. Rawat. The couple is actively involved in social and cultural activities.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1972 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:People from Udaipur district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian social workers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian academics]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]<br /> <br /> {{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arun_Sagar&diff=487664 2026-04-10T07:23:53Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{BLP sources|date=September 2015}}<br /> {{unreliable sources|date=September 2015}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arun Sagar<br /> | image =<br /> | imagesize =<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|10|23|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Sagara, Shimoga District|Sagara]], [[Mysore State]], India<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | yearsactive = 1997–present<br /> | television = * ''Tarrle'' (2006)<br /> * ''Maja with Sruja'' (2011)<br /> * ''Koyyam Kotra'' (2013)<br /> * ''Comedy Circle'' (2014)<br /> * ''Simpallag Ondu Singing Show''<br /> * ''[[Bengaluru Benne Dose]]'' (2015)<br /> | spouse = Meera<br /> | children = Surya Sagar, [[Aditi Sagar]] <br /> | parents = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | occupation = Actor, [[art director]], comedian<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Arun Sagar''' (born 23 October 1963) is an Indian actor, art director and comedian who mainly works in the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film industry]]. He has been recognized as a leading art director throughout his career starting from his first movie, ''[[Bhoomi Geetha]]'' which won the national award for best environmental film. He has worked with veteran directors like Poori Jagannath, Meher Ramesh, Veerashankar and K Raghavendra Rao. He has received Karnataka state award for best art direction for his contributions in the movie [[Sri Manjunatha (film)|Sri Manjunatha]]. He ran a show on Kasturi TV called 'Tarrle' that resembled a popular show ''M.A.D.'' from [[Pogo TV]] that taught children about art, painting and crafting. He became popular during the telecast of ''[[Majaa Talkies#Maja with Sruja|Maja with Sruja]]'' that aired on [[Asianet Suvarna]] where he played various comical roles that parodied celebrities and politicians. The show was a huge hit for its satire-comedy structure. Arun Sagar was later hired as the first contestant of [[Bigg Boss Kannada]] Season 1, where he emerged as the runner-up for the season. He later reprised the comedy genre with a new show, ''[[Majaa Talkies#Comedy Circle|Comedy Circle]]'' that was aired on [[ETV Kannada]]. The show was successful, however for unknown reasons, he opted out of the show after few episodes. He also hosted a one-man-show on the same genre known as ''Koyyam Kotra'' on [[TV9 (Kannada)]].<br /> <br /> ==Awards and honours==<br /> {{BLP unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}<br /> * Karnataka State Award: Best Art Director (2002)<br /> * 3rd Suvarna Film Awards: Best Art Director (2010)<br /> * Nominated – SIIMA Award for Best Actor IN a Supporting Role – Male – Kannada<br /> * Nominated – Sandalwood Star Award for Best Comedian<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> ===Films===<br /> {{Colbegin}}<br /> * ''[[Janumada Jodi]]'' (1996)<br /> * ''[[Marma (film)|Marma]]'' (2002)<br /> * ''[[Parva (film)|Parva]]'' (2002)<br /> * ''[[Chandu (2002 film)|Chandu]]'' (2002)<br /> * ''[[Pournami (film)|Pournami]]'' (2006; Telugu)<br /> * ''[[No 73, Shanthi Nivasa]]'' (2007) <br /> * ''[[Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige]]'' (2007)<br /> * ''[[Madesha]]'' (2008)<br /> * ''[[Veera Madakari (film)|Veera Madakari]]'' (2009)<br /> * ''[[Raam (2009 film)|Raam]]'' (2009)<br /> * ''[[Just Maath Maathalli]]'' (2010)<br /> * ''[[Vishnuvardhana (film)|Vishnuvardhana]]'' (2011)<br /> * ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha]] '' (2011)<br /> * ''[[Chingari (2012 film)|Chingari]]'' (2012)<br /> * ''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]'' (2013)<br /> * ''[[Auto Raja (2013 film)|Auto Raja]]'' (2013)<br /> * ''[[Myna (film)|Myna]]'' (2013)<br /> * ''[[Benkipatna]]'' (2015)<br /> * ''[[Ring Master (2015 film)|Ring Master]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/arun-sagar-turns-singer-for-ring-master/articleshow/48844566.cms?from=mdr|title=Arun Sagar turns singer for Ring Master|date=6 September 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2015)<br /> * ''[[Sandamarutham]]'' (2015; Tamil)<br /> * ''[[Amar (2019 film)|Amar]]'' (2019)<br /> * ''[[Kanneri]]'' (2022)<br /> * ''[[Ramana Avatara]]'' (2024)<br /> * ''[[Doora Theera Yaana]]'' (2025)<br /> * ''Joker'' (TBA)<br /> {{Colend}}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> *''[[Mayamruga]]'' (1998)<br /> * ''Hogli Bidi Saar''<br /> * ''Tarrle''<br /> * ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada]]'' (2013 &amp; 2022)<br /> * ''[[Majaa Talkies#Maja with Sruja|Maja with Sruja]]'' (2013)<br /> * ''Koyyam Kotra''<br /> * ''[[Majaa Talkies#Maja with Sruja|Comedy Circle]]''<br /> * ''Simpallag Ondu Singing Show''<br /> * ''[[Bengaluru Benne Dose]]'' (2015–2016)<br /> * ''Connexion Connection''<br /> * ''[[Chandrakumari]]'' (2018)<br /> * ''Sathya''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-12-11 |title=Arun Sagar to play a cameo in the serial Sathya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/arun-sagar-to-play-a-cameo-in-the-serial-sathya/articleshow/79675585.cms |access-date=2024-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2020)<br /> *''[[Cookku with Kirikku]]'' (2021)<br /> *''[[Shodha]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-08-20 |title=&quot;Shodha gave me the scope to go intense and truly perform,&quot; says, Pawan Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/kannada/shodha-gave-me-the-scope-to-go-intense-and-truly-perform-says-pawan-kumar/articleshow/123404178.cms |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' (2025)<br /> <br /> ==Comedy shows history==<br /> <br /> === Maja with Sruja (2010) ===<br /> '''''Maja with Sruja''''' was a sketch comedy show that was aired on [[Asianet Suvarna]] during 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.indiantvinfo.com/maja-with-sruja-on-suvarna-channel/|title = Maja With Sruja every Sunday on Suvarna Channel|date = 30 September 2010|accessdate = 7 July 2015|website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt; The show was directed by &quot;Vijay Prasad&quot;, known for his famous directorial venture '''''Silly Lalli'''''. He is also the director of the film ''[[Sidlingu]]''. The identity of Vijay Prasad was never revealed in the show. Arun Sagar joined the comedians like [[Mimicry Dayanand]], Antony Kamal and [[Srujan Lokesh]], who hosted the comedy focused talk show. Celebrities were being invited for casual talk as well as film promotions. The show ended in 2011 despite being highly appreciated by the viewers. Arun Sagar played the popular role of &quot;Chidlupudi Chidananda&quot; and also impersonated many celebrities. [[Srujan Lokesh]] hinted about a new season in the finale of ''Maja with Sruja'', but this did not happen.<br /> <br /> === Koyyam Kotra (2011–12) ===<br /> [[TV9 Kannada]] hired Arun Sagar for a one-man-show on their channel focused on satire comedy in 2011. The show ''Koyyam Kotra'' was inspired from the popular show, ''[[The Week That Wasn't]]''. Arun Sagar hosted the show, parodied many celebrities from the political and entertainment fields. The show had around 25-episode run and had become quite famous. Later in 2013, Arun Sagar was hired as a contestant for Season 1 of ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada]]'' by [[ETV Kannada]], where he stood out as the runner-up of the season.<br /> <br /> === Comedy Circle (2014) ===<br /> Arun Sagar, after coming out of ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' house, started another sketch comedy show on [[ETV Kannada]] named '''''Comedy Circle'''''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://kannada.filmibeat.com/tv/actor-arun-sagar-comedy-circle-show-etv-kannada-081172.html|title = 'ಕಾಮಿಡಿ ಸರ್ಕಲ್' ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅರುಣ್ ನಗೆ ಪಂಚ್|date = 24 January 2014|accessdate = 7 July 2015|website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt; Though this show appeared to be reincarnation of ''Maja with Sruja'' with all the recurring characters, it missed Srujan Lokesh on the show. The show was directed by Vijay Prasad again, and hosted by Arun Sagar initially. The casting was expanded for the show, which included Arun Sagar, Shalini, [[Mimicry Dayanand]], Antony Kamal, Mimicry Gopi, Mithra and Girija Lokesh in the main cast. Arun Sagar became popular for his impersonation of female characters in the show. For unknown reasons, Arun Sagar was present only for first few episodes. Later, Shalini took up the hosting for ''Comedy Circle'' and the show successfully completed around 40 episodes.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|0755992}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sagar, Arun}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:1965 births]]<br /> [[Category:People from Shimoga district]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]<br /> [[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saleni_Armstrong-Hopkins&diff=532125 2026-04-10T01:26:51Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: creating article...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|American physician}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Saleni Armstrong-Hopkins<br /> | image = SaleniArmstrongHopkins1908.png<br /> | alt = A middle-aged white woman, with grey hair dressed back away from her face. She is wearing glasses and a high-collared striped dress or blouse.<br /> | caption = Saleni Armstrong-Hopkins, from a 1908 publication.<br /> | other_names = <br /> | birth_name = Saleni Armstrong, Salini Armstrong-Hopkins<br /> | birth_date = {{birth-date|January 21, 1855}}<br /> | birth_place = London, Ontario<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | occupation = Physician, author<br /> | years_active = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = <br /> | spouse(s) = <br /> | relatives = [[Zamin Ki Dost]] (sister)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Saleni Armstrong-Hopkins''' (born January 21, 1855), born '''Saleni Armstrong''', and sometimes seen as '''Salini Armstrong-Hopkins''', was a Canadian-born American [[Medical doctor|physician]], medical missionary, and author.<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Saleni Armstrong was born in [[London, Ontario]], the daughter of William Leonard Armstrong and Elizabeth Summers Armstrong.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Leonard|first1=John William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtxTAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=Saleni+O.+Armstrong&amp;pg=PA47|title=Who's who in America|last2=Marquis|first2=Albert Nelson|date=1906|publisher=A.N. Marquis|pages=47–48|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her father was a [[Union Army]] surgeon during the [[American Civil War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1897-05-16|title=American Woman in India|pages=11|work=The Spokesman-Review|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59390269/american-woman-in-india/|access-date=2020-09-16|via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was raised in Michigan and Nebraska.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Leonard|first1=John William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVEYAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Dr.+Armstrong+Khetwadi&amp;pg=PA27|title=Who's who in New York City and State|last2=Mohr|first2=William Frederick|last3=Holmes|first3=Frank R.|last4=Knox|first4=Herman Warren|last5=Downs|first5=0infield Scott|date=1905|publisher=L.R. Hamersly Company|pages=27|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Armstrong attended [[Northwestern University]] for a year and graduated from the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]] in 1885, with an internship in gynecology and obstetrics at the Philadelphia Lying-in Charity Hospital.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Moulton|first=Charles Wells|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFlJAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=Dr.+Armstrong+Khetwadi&amp;pg=PA13|title=The Doctor's Who's who|date=1906|publisher=Saalfield publishing Company|pages=13–14|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also studied at Mount Vernon Institute of Elocution and Languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Herringshaw|first=Thomas William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xxg7AQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Salini+Armstrong&amp;pg=PR4|title=Herringshaw's Encyclopedia of American Biography of the Nineteenth Century: Accurate and Succinct Biographies of Famous Men and Women in All Walks of Life who are Or Have Been the Acknowledged Leaders of Life and Thought of the United States Since Its Formation ...|date=1904|publisher=American Publishers' Association|pages=iv|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Armstrong founded and ran an orphanage in [[Platte County, Nebraska]], as a young doctor. She became a medical missionary in India as a single woman in 1886, serving with her sister Willimina L. Armstrong,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Isham|first=George W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOAwAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Salini+Armstrong&amp;pg=PA42|title=Two Years in India, Or, Some Missionary Lessons, and how They Were Learned|date=1893|publisher=author|pages=42|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gurantz|first=Maya|title=Mothers of Magic|url=https://www.laacollective.org/work/mothers-of-magic|access-date=2020-09-16|website=Los Angeles Archivists Collective|date=31 May 2017 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and later with her husband, Methodist clergyman George Armstrong-Hopkins. She founded and directed a hospital and a nurses' training school at [[Khetwadi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khetwadi]] from 1887 to 1889. She was physician in charge at Lady Atchison Hospital in [[Lahore]] and a hospital in [[Hyderabad, Sindh]] from 1889 to 1893.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Beauchamp|first=William Martin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98kpAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Dr.+Armstrong+Khetwadi&amp;pg=RA2-PA696|title=Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908|date=1908|publisher=S.J. Clarke Publishing Company|pages=696|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 1893 to 1895, she was on the staff of a hospital in [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]]. She sponsored several Indian students to attend college in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The Armstrong-Hopkinses went to Bombay in 1912; she retired from the mission field after her husband's death in 1918.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Williams|first1=D. Newell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qz619lP9EnEC&amp;q=Salini+Armstrong&amp;pg=PT193|title=The Stone-Campbell Movement: A Global History|last2=Foster|first2=Douglas Allen|last3=Blowers|first3=Paul M.|date=2013-03-30|publisher=Chalice Press|isbn=978-0-8272-3527-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1899, Armstrong-Hopkins sued her superior, Methodist bishop [[James Mills Thoburn]], for slander.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1899-12-16|title=Bishop Sued for Slander|pages=1|work=Buffalo Courier|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59390417/bishop-sued-for-slander/|access-date=2020-09-16|via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; She sued him again in 1907 for libel, and won an award of $500.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1907-12-13|title=BISHOP MUST PAY HER $500.; Dr. Saleni Hopkins Sued Churchman for $100,000, Alleging Libel.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1907/12/13/archives/bishop-must-pay-her-500-dr-saleni-hopkins-sued-churchman-for-100000.html|access-date=2020-09-16|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1907-12-13|title=Bishop Guilty of Libel|pages=5|work=The Baltimore Sun|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59374218/bishop-guilty-of-libel/|access-date=2020-09-16|via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thoburn had claimed that Armstrong-Hopkins was spending lavishly on dresses, stockings, shoes, and hats for her Indian patients.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=December 9, 1907|title=Fluffies in Bombay|page=6|work=Syracuse Herald|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-dec-09-1907-1970259/|access-date=September 16, 2020|via=NewspaperArchive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; She held a medical license in Nebraska from 1894,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 12, 1894|title=Licensed Physicians|page=3|work=Lincoln Semi Weekly State Journal|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-jan-12-1894-1970272/|access-date=September 16, 2020|via=NewspaperArchive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; but was refused a license to practice in Washington, D. C. in 1903, when the district's board of medical supervisors questioned her credentials and asked her to sit for an examination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1903-08-10|title=Adheres to Decision|pages=8|work=Evening Star|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59390720/adheres-to-decision/|access-date=2020-09-16|via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Books by Armstrong-Hopkins&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; included ''Within the Purdah'' (1898),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hopkins|first=Saleni (Armstrong)|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/loc.ark:/13960/t4bp0s18q|title=Within the purdah;also, In the Zenana homes of Indian princes, and Heroes and heroines of Zion;|date=1898|publisher=New York|hdl=2027/loc.ark:/13960/t4bp0s18q}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Fruit of Suffering'' (a book of poems), ''Pork and Mustard'', and ''Khetwadi Castle'' (1900).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hopkins|first=Saleni (Armstrong)|url=http://archive.org/details/khetwadicastlese00hopk|title=Khetwadi castle, sequel to &quot;Pork and mustard.&quot; vol. II|date=1900|publisher=Syracuse, N.Y., C. W. Bardeen|others=The Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gave lectures on her experiences in India to women's groups and at church events.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1912-09-24|title=Lecture for Women|pages=7|work=Fort Worth Star-Telegram|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59390942/lecture-for-women/|access-date=2020-09-16|via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> In 1893, Saleni Armstrong married George Franklin Hopkins (1855-1918), as his second wife.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; They both used the surname '''Armstrong-Hopkins''' after they married, and their legal change to the hyphenated surname made headlines in 1905.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1905-05-08|title=Takes Wife's Maiden Name|pages=2|work=The Daily Mail (Bedford, Indiana)|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59374299/takes-wifes-maiden-name/|access-date=2020-09-16|via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1905-03-11|title=Change Authorized|pages=16|work=Evening Star|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59390215/change-authorized/|access-date=2020-09-16|via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1926, she was on a list of &quot;Lost Alumnae&quot; of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania; her alumnae association had lost track of her address.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1926|title=Lost Alumnae|url=http://xdl.drexelmed.edu/pdfs/a076_013.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania|volume=77|pages=11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her younger sister Willimina Leonora Armstrong was known later in life as [[Zamin Ki Dost]], a physician, writer, and lecturer on Eastern mysticism, based in Los Angeles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ellerbe|first=Rose L.|date=1911-06-06|title=Willimina Armstrong|pages=23|work=The Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59393507/willimina-armstrongrose-l-ellerbe/|access-date=2020-09-16|via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Subject bar|portal1=Biography}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Armstrong-Hopkins, Saleni}}<br /> [[Category:1855 births]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century American women medical doctors]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century American medical doctors]]<br /> [[Category:American women non-fiction writers]]<br /> [[Category:American Methodist missionaries]]<br /> [[Category:Methodist missionaries in India]]<br /> [[Category:Methodist writers]]<br /> [[Category:Christian medical missionaries]]<br /> [[Category:Emigrants from pre-Confederation Ontario to the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Northwestern University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Year of death unknown]]<br /> [[Category:American missionaries in India]]<br /> [[Category:American medical missionaries]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Wheeler_(civil_servant)&diff=502621 2026-04-09T09:12:08Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: new new entry from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Sir Henry Wheeler<br /> | office = [[List of Governors of Bihar and Orissa|Governor of Bihar and Orissa]]<br /> | honorific_prefix =<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]<br /> | image = <br /> | monarch = <br /> | predecessor = [[Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha]]<br /> | successor = [[Hugh Lansdown Stephenson|Sir Hugh Lansdown Stephenson]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date text|2 June 1870|}}&lt;ref name = &quot;cambridge&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWSiYp0-AGEC&amp;q=sir+henry+wheeler+date+of+birth+1870+governor+bihar+orissa&amp;pg=PA423|title=Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900|last=Venn|first=John|date=2011-09-15|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108036160}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Clifton, Bristol|Clifton]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1950|6|2|1870|6|2}}<br /> | death_place = <br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Marjory Wheeler|1909}}&lt;ref name=&quot;cambridge&quot; /&gt;<br /> | relations = <br /> | children = 1<br /> | alma_mater = [[Christ's College, Cambridge]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxlBDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Sir+Henry+Wheeler+governor+of+bihar&amp;pg=PT176|title=A Governors' Raj: British Administration during Lord Irwin's Viceroyalty, 1926–1931|last=Macnamara|first=Michael Fenwick|date=2015-01-27|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=9789351504832}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | occupation = [[Administrator of the Government|Administrator]]<br /> | term_start = 12 April 1922<br /> | term_end = 6 April 1927&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://governor.bih.nic.in/OldGovernors.htm|title=Governor of Bihar|website=governor.bih.nic.in|access-date=2018-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sir Henry Wheeler''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4hvDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=Sir+Henry+Wheeler+Governor+of+Bihar+and+Orissa&amp;pg=PT152|title=Patna: A Paradise Lost!: Saga of a 2500 Year Old City from Ajatshatru to Present Day Patna|last=Sahay|first=Navneet|date=2016-11-04|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=9781946204547}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/in-its-100th-year-patna-university-to-set-up-archives-cell/895620/|title=In its 100th year, Patna University to set up archives cell|date=2017-10-15|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1691009/|title=Krishnaballabh Sahay vs His Excellency Sir Henry Wheeler, ... on 27 April, 1926|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2018-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Kxap7M_-nsC&amp;q=Sir+Henry+Wheeler&amp;pg=PA121|title=The Statesman's Year-book|last1=Martin|first1=Frederick|last2=Keltie|first2=Sir John Scott|last3=Renwick|first3=Isaac Parker Anderson|last4=Epstein|first4=Mortimer|last5=Steinberg|first5=Sigfrid Henry|last6=Paxton|first6=John|last7=(Librarian)|first7=Brian Hunter|last8=Turner|first8=Barry|date=1922|publisher=Palgrave}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|KCIE}} (2 June 1870 – 2 June 1950) was the Governor of [[Bihar and Orissa]] from 12 April 1922 to 6 April 1927. He was a member of the [[Imperial Civil Service]] appointed in 1889 and served in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]. He was also a member of [[Council of India]] from 1927 to 1937.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Wheeler was born to Dr. Henry Wheeler on 2 June 1870 in Clifton. He received his early education at Priory House, Clapham Common and Private. He then went on to complete his higher education from [[Christ's College, Cambridge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cambridge&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Civil service career==<br /> Wheeler joined the Imperial Civil Service (ICS) in 1889 and served in Bengal. He was posted as Under Secretary in the [[British Raj|Government of Bengal]] from 1897 to 1898. He was Junior Secretary, Board of Revenue from 1901 to 1903. He was Secretary of the Salt Committee from 1903 to 1904. From 1907 to 1908 he was posted as Deputy Secretary in the Finance Department of [[British Raj|Government of India]]. He worked as the Secretary of the Royal Commission on Decentralisation from 1908 to 1909. He was posted as Financial Secretary to the Government of Bengal from 1909 to 1912. He then went on to serve as Home Secretary in the Government of India from 1912 to 1916.&lt;ref name=&quot;cambridge&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/121787970/|title=The Age, Melbourne, Victoria on March 29, 1922 · Page 10|work=Newspapers.com|access-date=2018-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Governor of Bihar and Orissa==<br /> Wheeler was appointed as Governor of Bihar and Orissa on 12 April 1922 and was in this position till 6 April 1927. During his tenure as Governor, a number of educational and public institutions were founded or declared opened in the state of Bihar and Orissa. Some significant institutions opened during his tenure were [[Bihar Veterinary College]], [[Patna Medical College and Hospital]], [[Sinha Library]], Wheeler Senate Hall of [[Patna University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bvcpatna.org.in/about_institute.html|title=Bihar Veterinary College, Patna|website=www.bvcpatna.org.in|access-date=2018-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102090533/http://www.bvcpatna.org.in/about_institute.html|archive-date=2 January 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pmch.in/history.htm|title=PMCH, PATNA|website=www.pmch.in|access-date=2018-01-07|archive-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015015624/http://www.pmch.in/history.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Sinha-library-a-victim-of-neglect/articleshow/8818930.cms|title=Sinha library a victim of neglect – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/pataliputra/pus-historical-wheeler-senate-hall-turns-store-room-42210|title=PU's historical Wheeler Senate Hall turns into store room|date=2014-09-13|work=dna|access-date=2018-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Other positions held==<br /> Wheeler was a member of Executive Council of Bengal from 1917 to 1922 and a member of Council of India from 1927 to 1937. He also worked as Chairman of Committee to examine procedures of Government of India's secretariat under the new constitution in 1935.&lt;ref name=&quot;cambridge&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and honours==<br /> Sir Henry Wheeler was awarded [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in 1910, [[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] (CSI) in 1914, [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) in 1918 and [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (KCSI) in 1921.&lt;ref name=&quot;cambridge&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32346/supplement/4533|title=The London Gazette}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Sir Wheeler was married to Marjory, daughter of Sir Harold Stuart, at [[Shimla|Simla]] on 12 April 1909. They had one daughter.&lt;ref name=&quot;cambridge&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F54591 Archives relating to Sir Henry Wheeler] at [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-gov}}<br /> {{succession box<br /> | title = [[Governor of Bihar and Orissa]]<br /> | years = 1922–1927<br /> |before = [[Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha]]<br /> | after = [[Hugh Lansdown Stephenson|Sir Hugh Lansdown Stephenson]]<br /> }}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Wheeler, Henry}}<br /> [[Category:1870 births]]<br /> [[Category:1950 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Council of India]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samurai_(2002_film)&diff=532414 2026-04-09T03:09:16Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: creating new pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2002 film by Balaji Sakthivel}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Samurai<br /> | image = Samurai 2002 poster.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Promotional poster <br /> | director = [[Balaji Sakthivel]]<br /> | producer = [[S. Sriram]]<br /> | writer = Balaji Sakthivel<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]|[[Anita Hassanandani]]|[[Jaya Seal]]}}<br /> | music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Sethu Sriram]]<br /> | editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]<br /> | studio = [[Aalayam Productions]]<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|2002|07|12|India|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 180 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> '''''Samurai''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Balaji Sakthivel]] in his directoral debut and produced by [[S. Sriram]]. The film stars [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in the title role, alongside [[Anita Hassanandani]], [[Jaya Seal]], and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]. Cinematography was handled by [[Sethu Sriram]] and the music was scored by [[Harris Jayaraj]].<br /> <br /> Filming of ''Samurai'' started in March 2001 but due to the production delays, the film was released in July 2002.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Thiyagarajan, a medical student, heads to meet his childhood friend Varadharajan. On the way, he meets a kind-hearted but mischievous schoolgirl Deiva, who lives with her grandmother and is the daughter of a police officer named Sandana Pandian. Sandana has a run-in with Thiyagu, but later realizes his kind-heartedness. Thiyagu meets up with his friends to kidnap a politician for his illegal activities at which time, he finds out that Sandana's family are neighbors with him and good friends with his friend. After the dirty politician gets kidnapped, Sandana is appointed to investigate the case.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, Thiyagu also kidnaps another five people, while Sandana is unable to catch the culprit. During this time, Nisha's friends try to molest Deiva. Unable to bear the trauma she experienced on her own, she returns to her parents. However, Sandana is already stressed out from the investigation and doesn't want to hear about Deiva's problems. Thiyagu helps to relieve Deiva's anxiety by telling her she now knows how to avoid that type of situation in the future. After that, Deiva, not knowing Thiyagu's true identity, falls in love with him.<br /> <br /> '''Past''': Thiyagu's studious classmate, Kavitha writes about the things, which she wants to tell Thiyagu in her diary, but never does. Although Thiyagu gets irritated with her, he still loves her. While attending medical school, Kavitha discovers that a [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical company]] has distributed expired medicines that caused a boy's death. When she tries to expose the company, no one supports her because they don't know the boy. This upset her so much she commits suicide. Before dying though, Kavitha asked Thiyagu to deliver justice for the boy's death on her behalf. After much thought, and after reading Kavitha's diary, Thiyagu and his friends decide to exact vengeance on those, who use a loophole in the law to complete their prison sentence in guest houses and hospitals.<br /> <br /> '''Present''': Sandana discovers that the next target is a minister, who is behind the pharma crimes for which Kavitha committed suicide. Sandana tries to protect the minister, but he still gets kidnapped, where Sandana later realizes that Thiyagu is responsible for the kidnappings. Knowing Pandian is after him, Thiyagu tries to escape. When Deiva conveys her love to Thiyagu, he reveals his identity to her. Pandian captures Thiyagu and puts him on trial in an [[In open court|open court]] with [[magistrate]]s and other people. They ask him to release the kidnapped people, but Thiyagu argues that he will only release them after they are punished with a [[capital punishment]].<br /> <br /> The magistrates deny the request stating there is no law that has such a punishment. The abductees end up being released and everyone that heard Thiyagu's argument, form a protest and kills all the abductees. After this, Sandana takes Thiyagu and his friends away in a van, and appreciates his work by saying that there is a need for such a law that gives the culprits a punishment of death. As Thiyagu leaves, Deiva arrives, which reminds Thyagu of how he felt about Kavitha. Deiva tells him that Kavitha is always with him just as Deiva will be. Later, Thiyagu and his friends leave with Deiva.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Thiyagarajan (Thiyagu)<br /> *[[Anita Hassanandani]] as Deiva<br /> *[[Jaya Seal]] as Dr.Kavitha<br /> *[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as ASP Sandana Pandian IPS<br /> *Jayakumar as Thiyagu's Friend<br /> *[[Anupam Shyam]] as DIG Vasu Devan IPS<br /> *[[Kollam Thulasi]] as IAS Rajeshwar<br /> *[[Chinni Jayanth]] as Varadarajan<br /> *[[Bindu Panicker]] as Deiva's mother<br /> *[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Deiva's grandmother<br /> *[[Delhi Kumar]] as Medical College Dean<br /> *[[George Maryan]] as a villager<br /> *[[Sriya Reddy]] as Nisha<br /> *[[Piyush Mishra]] as Politician (special appearance)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> Vikram signed the film in March 2001 and it became the first venture he committed to, after the blockbuster success of [[Bala (director)|Bala]]'s ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' which released in 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/31spice.htm |title=Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry |publisher=Rediff |date=2000-05-31 |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-date=18 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518112805/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/31spice.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; North Indian model [[Natassha|Anita Hassanandani]] was selected to make her debut in the film, but another film, ''[[Varushamellam Vasantham]]'' starring [[Anita Hassanandani]] was released before ''Samurai''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/Review%20-%20Samurai.htm |title=34th Tamil film of the year 2002 |publisher=Cinematoday3.itgo.com |date= |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-date=14 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514075236/http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/Review%20-%20Samurai.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Simran was approached to play a pivotal role in the film, but Jaya Seel, who appeared alongside [[Prabhu Deva]] in ''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]'', was roped in instead to play a medical student.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.india4u.com/kollywood/jeya.asp |title=Tamil Cinema&amp;nbsp;— Feature on Jeya Sheel |publisher=India4u |date= |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-date=18 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118111951/http://www.india4u.com/kollywood/jeya.asp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Malayalam actor [[Kollam Thulasi]] was signed up to play a villain in the film making his debut in Tamil films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://muthala1.tripod.com/cinenews8.html |title=Kollam Thulasi Turns Hero |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221131/http://muthala1.tripod.com/cinenews8.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shooting commenced in April 2001 when Vikram was simultaneously shooting for the action masala films such as ''[[Vinnukkum Mannukkum]]'' (2001), ''[[Dhill]]'' (2001), ''[[Kasi (film)|Kasi]]'' (2001), ''[[Gemini (2002 film)|Gemini]]'' (2002), ''[[King (2002 film)|King]]'' (2002) and ''[[Kadhal Sadugudu]]'' (2003), and was continued till June 2002 due to some production delays. The initial schedules were held in Chennai, then the unit moved on to shoot at locations in Kuttralam, Ooty, Araku, Vishakhapatnam, Lucknow and Bihar. Some scenes with the lead pair were shot in the forest areas of Kerala which was also the location for a song shot on Vikram. Again, a lavish set was erected at the AVM Studios where Vikram, Anita, and new-face Shreya took part.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/samurai.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020911201507/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/samurai.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-09-11 |title=Samurai |access-date=2013-07-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was also heavily shot in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], while songs were canned in [[Syria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/04/stories/2002060400100300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031104040805/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/04/stories/2002060400100300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-11-04 |title=The &quot;Samurai&quot; story |date=2002-06-04 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song &quot;Moongil Kaadugale&quot; was shot at [[Hogenakkal Falls]] in [[Dharmapuri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Aishwarya |first=S. |date=3 July 2010 |title=Indian locations provide stunning backdrops for film shoots |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/indian-locations-provide-stunning-backdrops-for-film-shoots/article497083.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418041817/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/indian-locations-provide-stunning-backdrops-for-film-shoots/article497083.ece |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Vikram went to yoga classes to prepare for the opening scene for ''Samurai'', where he poses in the Mayura asanam posture.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/22/stories/09220221.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125143336/http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/22/stories/09220221.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-25 |title=Strongman in search of a challenge |date=2001-07-22 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a 2002 interview, the actor stated that when he first met Balaji, &quot;he was a very enthusiastic, charged person&quot; and was able to convince Vikram to star in the film. He also compared Balaji with director [[S. Shankar|Shankar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100170100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030627233545/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100170100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-06-27 |title='I want to strike a balance' |date=2002-05-31 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The music and background score were composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0L91pKuoJ8VmVCWif2LhMs|title=Samurai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=[[Spotify]]|date=2002|access-date=30 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Samurai<br /> | type = [[soundtrack]]<br /> | artist = [[Harris Jayaraj]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = July 2, 2002<br /> | recorded = 2002<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 26:59<br /> | label = Five Star Audio&lt;br /&gt;[[Ayngaran International|Ayngaran Music]]&lt;br /&gt;An Ak Audio<br /> | producer = [[Harris Jayaraj]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Vasu (film)|Vasu]]<br /> | prev_year = 2002<br /> | next_title = [[Lesa Lesa]]<br /> | next_year = 2003<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | all_writing = [[Vairamuthu]]<br /> |total_length = 26:59<br /> | title1 = Aagaya Suriyanai<br /> | extra1 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]<br /> | length1 = 5:25<br /> | title2 = En Manadhil<br /> | extra2 = [[Vasundhara Das]]<br /> | length2 = 5:02<br /> | title3 = Adidadi Appatha<br /> | extra3 = [[Suneeta Rao]], [[Vadivukkarasi]]<br /> | length3 = 4:38<br /> | title4 = Moongil Kaadugale<br /> | extra4 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] <br /> | length4 = 6:20<br /> | title5 = Oru Nadhi Oru Pournami<br /> | extra5 = [[Nithyashree Mahadevan]], Tushara<br /> | length5 = 5:34<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> ''Samurai'' opened in July 2002. [[The Hindu]]'s critic noted that &quot;''Samurai'' will satisfy action lovers but for those looking for innovation in story and screenplay, the soldier leaves you yearning&quot;. With respect to performances, the critic added that &quot;with an admirably well-maintained physique and powerful eyes Vikram is all geared up for action&quot;. Moreover, &quot;Anita is more of an essential prop, but Jayaseel in a cameo has scope to perform, which she does well&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/19/stories/2002071900910201.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031009080453/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/19/stories/2002071900910201.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-10-09 |title=Samurai |date=2002-07-19 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Rediff.com]] wrote that &quot;the net result is disappointing due to the worn-out theme that is very reminiscent of recent films&quot;. However, the reviewer also went on to say &quot;Vikram, though, is convincing in his portrayal and the 'training' scenes where he gains expertise and invulnerability is thrilling and the stunt scenes draw applause&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/aug/05sam.htm |title=Movies: Sigh! |work=rediff.com |date=2002-08-05 |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-date=26 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026145625/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/aug/05sam.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The director himself later labelled the film a &quot;damp squib&quot; mentioning he made serious errors with the film's screenplay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/12/07/stories/2007120750431600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208132338/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/12/07/stories/2007120750431600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-12-08 |title=Cinema Plus / Cinema : My first break |date=2007-12-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film ended a string of consecutive successful Vikram films in ''[[Dhill]]'', ''[[Kasi (film)|Kasi]]'' and ''[[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|Gemini]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/11pongal.htm |title=Pongal releases 2003 |publisher=Redif |date=2003-01-11 |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-date=6 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106231121/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/11pongal.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite this, it was reported that Balaji Sakthivel was still keen to make Vikram star in his next film, though the director next went on to make the successful low-budget film ''[[Kaadhal]]'' (2004).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/cinebit/c66.html |title=A Tamil entertainment ezine presenting interesting contents and useful services |publisher=Nilacharal |date= |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-date=22 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522103318/http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/cinebit/c66.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Samurai'' was later dubbed under the same name in Telugu to capitalise on Vikram's star potential.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/07/06/stories/2004070600690400.htm |title=Telugu link |last=Kumar |first=G. Manjula |date=6 July 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201094912/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/07/06/stories/2004070600690400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=1 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-is-red-hot-in-andhra-news-telugu-kkfvHnjchci.html |title=Vikram is red hot in Andhra |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409004703/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-is-red-hot-in-andhra-news-telugu-kkfvHnjchci.html |archive-date=9 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|id=0384495}}<br /> {{Balaji Sakthivel}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Indian vigilante films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2002 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]<br /> [[Category:2002 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Balaji Sakthivel]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Berar&diff=526783 2026-04-01T09:55:54Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: made a post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Heir apparent to the Nizam of Hyderabad}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox political post<br /> | post = Prince<br /> | body = Berar<br /> | native_name = {{nq|پرنس آف بیرار}}<br /> | insignia = Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg<br /> | insigniasize = 100<br /> | insigniacaption = Flag of the Hyderabad<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | alt = <br /> | incumbent = Murad Jah<br /> | incumbentsince = 14 January 2023<br /> | formation = 27 October 1936<br /> | first = [[Azam Jah]]<br /> | style = [[His Highness]]<br /> | member_of = [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|House of Asaf Jah]]<br /> | appointer = [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] <br /> | termlength = Life tenure ''or'' until accession as [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] ''or'' the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] rescinds the title to grant it to another male-line relative.<br /> }}<br /> The '''Prince of Berar''' ({{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|پرنس آف بیرار}}}}) is the title given to the [[heir apparent]] or [[heir presumptive]] of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. The wife of the Prince is called the '''Princess of Berar'''.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{Further|Berar Subah|Berar Province}}<br /> In 1853, the [[East India Company]] signed a treaty with the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] by which the British were required to maintain for the Nizam an auxiliary force of not less than 5,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and four field batteries of artillery, and to provide for the payment of this force the Nizam assigned in trust certain districts, including some in [[Berar Province|Berar]], which were estimated to yield a gross revenue of Rs. 5,000,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Collection_of_Treaties_Engagements_and/2MwNAAAAIAAJ |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1892 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=270–271 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India/GCK2AAAAIAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series |date=1909 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |pages=13–14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1860, this treaty was revised by the [[British government of India|Government of India]] and the [[Hyderabad State]], and under the new terms, a portion of Berar was restored to the Nizam, and all outstanding capital debt due by him was remitted.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Pioneer_Mail_and_Indian_Weekly_News/NSNDAQAAIAAJ |title=The Pioneer Mail and Indian Weekly News |date=1926 |pages=34 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1902, this treaty was again revised, and Berar was ceded in perpetuity to the British by the Nizam in return for an annual payment of Rs. 2,500,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Markovits |first=Claude |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Modern_India_1480_1950/r2OKvG5wbaAC |title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 |date=2004-09-24 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-152-2 |pages=398–401 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Feudatory_and_zemindari_India/IBUnAQAAIAAJ |title=The Feudatory and zemindari India |date=1922 |pages=247–249 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a mark of his sovereignty over Berar, the Nizam was allowed to fly his flag there and to have a salute fired annually on his birthday.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> During his reign, [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] asked the British to restore Berar to him.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bawa |first=Basant K. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Last_Nizam/h45uAAAAMAAJ |title=The Last Nizam: The Life and Times of Mir Osman Ali Khan |date=1992 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-0-670-83997-1 |pages=110–111 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After much difficulty, the Government concluded another agreement with the Nizam, by which his sovereignty over Berar was recognised and it was to be administered together with the Central Provinces under the [[Government of India Act 1935]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Government of India |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gazette.csl_extraordinary.1937-01-28.E-2375-1937-0000-110613 |title=Extraordinary Gazette of India, 1937-01-28, Extra Ordinary |date=1937-01-28 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Indian_Social_Reformer/o05IwXrckgYC |title=The Indian Social Reformer |date=1938 |publisher=S. Natarajan at the Kannada Press |pages=177 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nizam was to be styled as the Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar, his flag was to be flown alongside the [[Union Jack|British flag]] on all public buildings in Berar on ceremonial occasions, and the [[Governor]] of the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] was to be appointed in consultation with the Nizam and his heir-apparent, was to be styled as [[Highness|His Highness]] the Prince of Berar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 27 October 1936, [[Edward VIII]] sent a letter to the Nizam in which he recognised his sovereignty over Berar and granted the title of His Highness the Prince of Berar to his heir-apparent and his successors.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The title was first conferred upon [[Azam Jah]] at a special [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] held at the [[Chowmahalla Palace]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.509154 |title=Travel In South India |date=1938 |pages=126}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Style ==<br /> The heir apparent of the Nizam is titled ''Walashan Nawab (personal title), Sahibzada Mir (personal name) Khan Bahadur, the Prince of Berar'', with the style of [[His Highness]]; the wife of the heir apparent is titled ''(personal name) Begum Sahiba, the Princess of Berar'', with the style of [[Her Highness]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_Indica_Princely_States_in/K_YvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=98 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Bearers of the title ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> !No<br /> !Name<br /> !Picture<br /> !Birth<br /> !Death<br /> !Became Prince of Berar<br /> !Heir of<br /> !Ceased to be Prince of Berar<br /> !Spouse<br /> !Note(s)<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Azam Jah]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Nawab-Azam-Jah-Prince-of-Berar.jpg|frameless|132x132px]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |22 February 1907<br /> |7 October 1970<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |27 October 1936<br /> |[[Mir Osman Ali Khan|Osman Ali Khan]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |24 February 1967<br /> |[[Dürrüşehvar Sultan]]<br /> |He continued to hold the title until his death, even though his son, [[Mukarram Jah|Barkat Ali Khan]], had succeeded [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|Osman Ali Khan]] in his lifetime.<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |2<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Azmet Jah]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |20 January 2023<br /> |living<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |2002<br /> |[[Mukarram Jah|Barkat Ali Khan]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |14 January 2023<br /> ''acceded to throne''<br /> |Zeynep Naz Guvendiren<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |3<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |Murad Jah<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |1998<br /> |living<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |14 January 2023<br /> |[[Azmet Jah]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |''[[Incumbent]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]<br /> * [[Hyderabad State]]<br /> * [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]<br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT: Prince Of Berar}}<br /> [[Category:Titles]]<br /> [[Category:Titles in India]]<br /> [[Category:Asaf Jahi dynasty]]<br /> [[Category:Nizams of Hyderabad]]<br /> [[Category:Banu Abu Bakr]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of princes]]<br /> [[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:People from Telangana]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tani_languages&diff=467907 2026-03-28T12:35:56Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Language family found in Northeast India}}<br /> {{use dmy dates |date=March 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox language family<br /> | name = Tani<br /> | altname = Miric<br /> | region = [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Assam]]<br /> | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan<br /> | fam1 = [[Sino-Tibetan]]<br /> | fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman]]<br /> | child1 = Eastern (Adi and Mising)<br /> | child2 = Western (Apatani, Galo, Nishi and Tagin)<br /> | glotto = tani1259<br /> | glottorefname = Tani<br /> | ethnicity = [[Tani peoples|Tani people]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Tani languages''' encompass a group of closely related languages spoken by the [[Tani people]] in [[northeastern India]], primarily in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Assam]]. These languages belong to the Sino-Tibetan family and include several major dialects such as in [[Mising people|Mising]], [[Galo people|Galo]], [[Apatani people|Apatani]], [[Adi people|Adi]], [[Tagin people|Tagin]], and [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]].<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> The Tani languages are spoken by about 2,170,500 people of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], including the [[Adi people|Adi]], [[Apatani people|Apatani]], [[Galo people|Galo]], [[Mising people|Mising]], [[Nishi people|Nyishi]], [[Tagin people|Tagin]], and of the [[East Kameng]], [[West Kameng]], [[Papumpare]], [[Lower Subansiri]], [[Upper Subansiri]], [[West Siang]], [[East Siang]], [[Upper Siang]], [[Lower Dibang Valley]] and [[Lohit district]]s of Arunachal Pradesh and [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]], [[Lakhimpur district|North Lakhimpur]], [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]], [[Majuli]] etc. districts of Assam. In Arunachal Pradesh alone the Tani-speaking area covers some 40,000 square kilometers, or roughly half the size of the state. Scattered Tani communities spill over the Sino-Indian border into adjacent areas in [[Mêdog County|Mêdog]] ([[Miguba]] people), [[Mainling County|Mainling]] ([[Bokar]] and Tagin peoples), and [[Lhünzê County|Lhünzê]] ([[Nishi people|Bangni]], [[Nga people|Na]], [[Bayi people|Bayi]], Dazu, and [[Mara people|Mara]] peoples) counties of Tibet.<br /> <br /> The name ''Tani'' was originally suggested by Jackson Tianshin Sun in his 1993 doctoral dissertation.&lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot;&gt;Sun, Tianshin Jackson, 1993. [http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/FILES/publish/2008.9.30.77798097.5477484.pdf ''A Historical–Comparative Study of the Tani (Mirish) Branch in Tibeto-Burman.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103740/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/FILES/publish/2008.9.30.77798097.5477484.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} Berkeley, University of California PhD Dissertation.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Classification==<br /> The Tani languages are conservatively classified as a distinct branch in Sino-Tibetan. Their closest relatives may be their eastern neighbors the [[Digaro languages]], Taraon and Idu; this was first suggested by Sun (1993), but a relationship has not yet been systematically demonstrated. Blench (2014) suggests that Tani has a [[Greater Siangic languages|Greater Siangic]] [[stratum (linguistics)|substratum]], with the Greater Siangic languages being a non-Sino-Tibetan language family consisting of [[Idu Mishmi language|Idu]]-[[Taraon language|Taraon]] and [[Siangic languages|Siangic]] languages.<br /> <br /> Mark Post (2015)&lt;ref&gt;Post, M. W. 2015. ‘Morphosyntactic reconstruction in an areal-historical context: A pre-historical relationship between North East India and Mainland Southeast Asia?’ In N. J. Enfield and B. Comrie, Eds. ''Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The State of the Art''. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter: 205 – 261.&lt;/ref&gt; observes that Tani typologically fits into the [[Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area]], which typically has creoloid morphosyntactic patterns,&lt;ref&gt;McWhorter, John H. 2007. ''Language Interrupted: Signs of non-native acquisition in standard language grammars''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; rather than with the languages of the Tibetosphere. Post (2015) also notes that Tani culture is similar to those of Mainland Southeast Asian hill tribe cultures, and is not particularly adapted to cold montane environments.<br /> <br /> A provisional classification in Sun (1993), who argued that Tani is a primary branch of [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] (within Sino-Tibetan), is:<br /> <br /> {{tree list}}<br /> *'''Tani'''<br /> **Eastern Tani ([[Abor language|Adi/Abor]])<br /> ***?[[Damu language|Damu]]<br /> ***[[Bori language|Bori]]<br /> ***[[Mising language|Mising ({{sm|aka}} Plains Miri) – Padam (Bor Abor) – Minyong]]<br /> ***[[Bokar language|Bokar]] (incl. Palibo &amp; Ramo)<br /> **Western Tani<br /> ***[[Apatani language|Apatani]] ({{sm|aka}} Tani)<br /> ***Nishi<br /> **** [[Nishi language|Nishi]] ({{sm|aka}} E. Dafla, Nishing; possibly including Nyisu, [[Yano language|Yano]]), [[Tagin language|Tagin]] ({{sm|aka}} W. Dafla), [[Bangni language|Bangni]] ({{sm|aka}} Na), [[Hill Miri language|Hill Miri]] ({{sm|aka}} Sarak), ?[[Gallong language|Gallong]] ({{sm|aka}} Duba, Galo)<br /> {{tree list/end}}<br /> <br /> To Eastern Tani, van Driem (2008)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2008Naga-English.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411205349/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2008Naga-English.pdf |archive-date=11 April 2016 |chapter=The Naga Language Groups within the Tibeto- Burman Language Family |title=Naga Identities: Changing Local Cultures in the Northeast of India |first=George |last=van Driem |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last1=Oppitz |editor-first2=Thomas |editor-last2=Kaiser |editor-first3=Alban |editor-last3=von Stockhausen |editor-first4=Marion |editor-last4=Wettstein |isbn=978-90-5349-680-0 |pages=311–321 |date=2008 |publisher=Benteli |access-date=18 September 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; adds the following possible languages:<br /> :[[Tangam language|Tangam]]<br /> <br /> [[Milang language|Milang]] has traditionally been classified as a divergent Tani language, but in 2011 was tentatively reclassified as [[Siangic languages|Siangic]] (Post &amp; Blench 2011).<br /> <br /> Proto-Tani was partially reconstructed by Sun (1993). A large number of reconstructed roots have cognates in other Sino-Tibetan languages. However, a great deal of Proto-Tani vocabulary have no cognates within Sino-Tibetan (Post 2011), and most Tani grammar seems to be secondary, without cognates in grammatically conservative Sino-Tibetan languages such as [[Jingpho language|Jingpho]] or the [[Kiranti languages]] (Post 2006). Post (2012)&lt;ref&gt;Post, Mark. 2012. ''[https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/conference/2012_MSA_Languages/pdf/Post_MSEALeipzig_MorphologyNEIMSEA_Handout.pdf Morphological typology, North East India and Mainland Southeast Asia]''. Mainland Southeast Asian Languages: The State of the Art in 2012. Workshop held at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.&lt;/ref&gt; suggests that Apatani and Milang have non-Tani substrata, and that as early Tani languages had expanded deeper into Arunachal Pradesh, mixing with non-Tani languages occurred.<br /> <br /> Mark Post (2013)&lt;ref&gt;Post, Mark W. (2013). [https://www.academia.edu/4167715/Defoliating_the_Tani_Stammbaum_An_exercise_in_areal_linguistics ''Defoliating the Tani Stammbaum: An exercise in areal linguistics.''] Paper presented at the 13th Himalayan Languages Symposium. Canberra, Australian National University, Aug 9.&lt;/ref&gt; proposes the following revised classification for the Tani languages.<br /> <br /> {{tree list}}<br /> *'''Tani'''<br /> **?[[Milang language|Milang]]<br /> **Eastern Tani<br /> ***''[[Bori language|Bori]]''<br /> ***[[Adi language|Siang (Adi)]]<br /> ****''[[Minyong language|Minyong]]''<br /> ****''[[Mising language|Mising]]''<br /> ****''[[Pasi language (India)|Pasi]]''<br /> ****''[[Padam dialect|Padam]]''<br /> ****''[[Bokar language|Bokar]]''<br /> **Pre-Western Tani<br /> ***''[[Tangam language|Tangam]]'', ''[[Damu language|Damu]]''?<br /> ***Western Tani<br /> ****''[[Apatani language|Apatani]]''<br /> ****Subansiri<br /> *****''[[Bangni language|Bangni]]-[[Tagin language|Tagin]]''<br /> *****''[[Nishi language|Nyishi]]–[[Hill Miri language|Hill Miri]]''<br /> *****[[Gallong language|Galo]]<br /> ******''Lare''<br /> ******''Pugo''<br /> {{tree list/end}}<br /> <br /> The undocumented [[Ashing language]] presumably belongs here.<br /> <br /> However, Macario (2015) notes that many Apatani words are closer to reconstructions of [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]] (Matisoff 2003) than to Proto-Tani (Sun 1993). Possible explanations include Apatani having a substratum belonging to an extinct Tibeto-Burman branch or language phylum, or linguistic variation in Proto-Tani.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEILS 7&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Macario |first=Macario |editor-last1=Konnerth |editor-first1=Linda |editor-last2=Morey |editor-first2=Stephen |editor-last3=Sarmah |editor-first3=Priyankoo |editor-last4=Teo |editor-first4=Amos |date=2015 |title=North East Indian Linguistics |volume=7 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/95392 |location=Canberra |publisher=Asia-Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University |isbn=9781922185273 |pages=213–233|hdl=1885/95392 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Isoglosses==<br /> Sun (1993: 254–255) lists the following 25 lexical [[isogloss]]es between Western Tani and Eastern Tani.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Gloss !! Proto-Western Tani !! Proto-Eastern Tani<br /> |-<br /> | urine || *sum || *si<br /> |-<br /> | blind || *mik-čiŋ || *mik-maŋ<br /> |-<br /> | mouth || *gam || *nap-paŋ<br /> |-<br /> | nose || *ñV-pum || *ñV-buŋ<br /> |-<br /> | wind (n.) || *rji || *sar<br /> |-<br /> | rain (n.) || *mV-doŋ || *pV-doŋ<br /> |-<br /> | thunder || *doŋ-gum || *doŋ-mɯr<br /> |-<br /> | lightning || *doŋ-rjak || *ja-ri<br /> |-<br /> | fish || *ŋo-i || *a-ŋo<br /> |-<br /> | tiger || *paŋ-tə || *mjo/mro<br /> |-<br /> | root || *m(j)a || *pɯr<br /> |-<br /> | old man || *mi-kam || *mi-ǰiŋ<br /> |-<br /> | village || *nam-pom || *duŋ-luŋ<br /> |-<br /> | granary || *nam-suŋ || *kjum-suŋ<br /> |-<br /> | year || *ñiŋ || *tak<br /> |-<br /> | sell || *pruk || *ko<br /> |-<br /> | breath || *sak || *ŋa<br /> |-<br /> | ferry/cross || *rap || *koŋ<br /> |-<br /> | arrive || *-ki || *pɯŋ<br /> |-<br /> | say/speak || *ban±man || *lu<br /> |-<br /> | rich || *mi-tə~mi-ta || *mi-rem<br /> |-<br /> | soft || *ñi-mjak || *rə-mjak<br /> |-<br /> | drunk || *kjum || –<br /> |-<br /> | back (adv.) || *-kur || *lat²<br /> |-<br /> | ten || *čam || *rjɯŋ<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Tani Language Foundation==<br /> <br /> The [[Tani Language Foundation]] (TLF) is a non-profit organization dedicated to preserving and revitalizing the linguistic and cultural heritage of the Tani people, an indigenous group primarily residing in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, India. Established by a group of college students of Tani ethnicity, TLF focuses on unifying the various dialects of the Tani languages and ensuring their continued relevance in contemporary society.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-03 |title=Arunachal Pradesh: TLF Leads Efforts to Preserve Indigenous Linguistic Heritage |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/arunachal-pradesh-tlf-leads-efforts-to-preserve-indigenous-linguistic-heritage |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Sentinel Assam |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Founded by Luke Rimmo (Mingkeng) Lego and Takar Mili, TLF focuses on preserving the various dialects of the Tani languages and ensuring their continued relevance in contemporary society.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UPSC Coaching in Delhi, IAS Coaching in Delhi - SRIRAMs IAS |url=https://www.sriramsias.com/upsc-daily-current-affairs/tribal-languages-of-arunachal-pradeshefforts-to-preserve/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=www.sriramsias.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-02-14 |title=Students fight to keep dwindling languages of Arunachal's tribespeople alive |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/students-fight-to-keep-dwindling-languages-of-arunachal-s-tribespeople-alive-101739473703338.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218134732/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/students-fight-to-keep-dwindling-languages-of-arunachal-s-tribespeople-alive-101739473703338.html |archive-date=18 February 2025 |access-date=2025-03-25 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Proto-Tani ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Consonants&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;The Sino-Tibetan Languages - taninet.org&lt;sup&gt;[PDF]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !<br /> ![[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br /> ![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br /> ![[Alveolo-palatal consonant|(Alveolo-)]] [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br /> ![[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br /> ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> ![[Nasal stop|Nasal]]<br /> |m<br /> |n<br /> |ɲ<br /> |ŋ<br /> |(ˀ)<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> ![[Plosive consonant|Stop]]<br /> |p, b<br /> |t, d<br /> |t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ<br /> |k, g<br /> |<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> ![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br /> |f, v<br /> |<br /> |ɕ, ʑ<br /> |<br /> |h, ɦ<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> ![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]<br /> |<br /> |[[Voiced alveolar approximant|r]]<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> ![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Vowels&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;The Sino-Tibetan Languages - taninet.org&lt;sup&gt;[PDF]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Height<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Front vowel|Front]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Central vowel|Central]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Back vowel|Back]]<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Close vowel|Close]]<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |i<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ɨ<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |u<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |e<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ə<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |o<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Open vowel|Open]]<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |a<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> |}<br /> While several of its daughter languages are tonal, Proto Tani most likely did not have tone.&lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Syllable Structure ===<br /> The Proto Tani syllable structure is (Cᵢ)(G)V(X)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> # Cᵢ is an optional initial consonant<br /> # G is an optional approximant<br /> # V is the vowel<br /> # X is an optional coda, either a nucleus identical V, or a final consonant<br /> ## Syllables with an X are heavy, while syllables without one are light<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Siangic languages]]<br /> * [[Greater Siangic languages]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * Bradley, David, 1997. &quot;Tibeto-Burman languages and classification.&quot; In David Bradley, ed. ''Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas.'' Canberra, Australian National University Press: 1–72. {{ISBN|978-0-85883-456-9}}.<br /> * Blench, Roger (2014). ''[https://www.academia.edu/8136744/Fallen_leaves_blow_away_a_neo-Hammarstromian_approach_to_Sino-Tibetan_classification Fallen leaves blow away: a neo-Hammarstromian approach to Sino-Tibetan classification]''. Presentation given at the University of New England, Armidale, 6 September 2014.<br /> * James A. Matisoff, 2003. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fp8lDQAAQBAJ The Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction].'' Berkeley, University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-09843-5}}.<br /> * van Driem, George, 2001. ''Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region.'' Brill. {{ISBN|978-90-04-12062-4}}.<br /> * Post, Mark, 2006. &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/197269/Compounding_and_the_structure_of_the_Tani_lexicon Compounding and the structure of the Tani lexicon].&quot; ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' '''29''' (1): 41–60.<br /> * Post, Mark, 2011. &quot;Isolate substrates, creolization and the internal diversity of Tibeto-Burman.&quot; ''Workshop on The Roots of Linguistic Diversity.'' The Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Australia, June 9–10.<br /> * Post, Mark, 2012. &quot;The language, culture, environment and origins of Proto-Tani speakers: What is knowable, and what is not (yet).&quot; In T. Huber and S. Blackburn, Eds. ''Origins and Migrations in the Extended Eastern Himalayas''. Leiden, Brill: 161–194. {{ISBN|978-90-04-22691-3}}.<br /> * Post, Mark W. and Roger Blench, 2011. &quot;[https://unibe-ch.academia.edu/MarkWPost/Talks/33486/Siangic_A_new_language_phylum_in_North_East_India Siangic: A new language phylum in North East India].&quot; ''6th International Conference of the North East Indian Linguistics Society'', Tezpur University, Assam, India, January 29 – February 2.<br /> * Sun, Tianshin Jackson, 1993. [http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/FILES/publish/2008.9.30.77798097.5477484.pdf ''A Historical–Comparative Study of the Tani (Mirish) Branch in Tibeto-Burman.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103740/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/FILES/publish/2008.9.30.77798097.5477484.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} Berkeley, University of California PhD Dissertation.<br /> <br /> {{Tani languages}}<br /> {{Sino-Tibetan languages}}<br /> {{Arunachal languages}}<br /> {{Languages of Northeast India}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tani languages| ]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Greater Siangic languages]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_Malia&diff=506699 2026-03-27T14:15:33Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress and politician}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | image = June Malia.jpg<br /> | caption = June Malia<br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term_start = 4 June 2024<br /> | term_end = <br /> | constituency = [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]<br /> | office1 = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start1 = 2 May 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;bsnstd&quot; &gt;{{cite news |title=From June Malia to Raj Chakroborty -- here's how Tollywood celebrities from TMC fared in West Bengal elections 2021 |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/elections/news/tmc-celebrities-candidate-june-malia-manoj-tiwary-saayoni-ghosh-sayantika-banerjee-raj-chakraborty-wb-election-result/slidelist/82358058.cms |work=Business Insider |date=2 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | term_end1 = 4 June 2024<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Mrigendra Nath Maiti]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Medinipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Sujoy Hazra]]<br /> | party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (2021–present)<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Politician}}<br /> | module = {{Infobox person<br /> | embed = yes<br /> | birth_name = June Dobe<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|6|24|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br /> | yearsactive = 1996–present<br /> | spouse = Sourav Chattopadhyay<br /> | relatives = Shivangini Malia (daughter)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121120/jsp/entertainment/story_16213715.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127192048/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121120/jsp/entertainment/story_16213715.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2012 |title=June's daughter shines bright on the tolly club ramp |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''June Malia'''&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-greek&quot;&gt;Spelling according to [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/calcutta-times/A-German-break-for-June-Malia/articleshow/10703679.cms The Times of India]&lt;/ref&gt; (or '''June Malliah''') (born '''June Dobe'''; 24 June 1970) is an Indian actress and politician who predominantly works in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] and television. She is a philanthropist and also a member of West Bengal Women's Commission.&lt;ref name=&quot;WBRi interview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WBRi interview |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/74441812-interview-bengali-actress-and-philanthroper-june-maliah-aarohan-childrens-ngo-and-h |publisher=WBRi |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410081844/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/74441812-interview-bengali-actress-and-philanthroper-june-maliah-aarohan-childrens-ngo-and-h |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Maliah was born in [[Calcutta]] to Arun Prasad Dobe and Parul Dobe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=June Maliah |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5816?from=members |work=Sansad |access-date=30 October 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; She studied at Modern High School.<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> In 2021, she was elected as [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Medinipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Medinipur constituency]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bsnstd&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JUNE MALIAH |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=180 |work=myneta.info |access-date=30 October 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, she was elected from [[Midnapore|Midnapur Loksabha]], representing [[Trinamool Congress]] for [[Lok Sabha election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JUNE MALIAH |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=7950 |work=myneta.info |access-date=30 October 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-10 |title=Full list of TMC candidates for 42 Lok Sabha seats in West Bengal: Check it out here |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tmc-releases-candidates-for-west-bengals-42-lok-sabha-seats-check-full-list-here-9206057/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends &amp; Results June-2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2534.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1996 || Lathi || || <br /> |- <br /> | 1998 || [[Hothat Brishti]] || Rupamati ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2002 || Bor Kone || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2003 || [[Nil Nirjane]] || Jaya ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2003 || Aamar Mayer Shapath || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2006 || [[The Bong Connection]] || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2006 || [[Shikar (2006 film)|Shikar]] || Reshmi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2007 || [[Podokkhep]] || Seema ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || Lovesongs || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || [[Raktamukhi Neela|Raktamukhi Neela - A Murder Mystery]] || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || Shey Sraban || Probir's Wife || <br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || [[Prem Bibhrat]] || Nabanita ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || Hathat Vishon Valo Lagchhe || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || Sabdhan Pancha Aaschhe || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || [[Teen Yaari Katha]] || Sreeradha || <br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || [[Ebar Shabor]] || Doyel Ghosh ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || [[Har Har Byomkesh]] || Miss Manna || special appearance<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || Ekla Chalo || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || Sesh Anka || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || [[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]] || Pariza Khan || Based on [[Porcia (wife of Brutus)|Porcia]] <br /> |-<br /> | 2016 ||[[Romantic Noy]] || Shilpi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || [[Meri Pyaari Bindu]] || Bindu's mother ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || [[Porobashinee]] || Actress ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || [[Sweater (film)|Sweater]] || Mother in law of Tuku ||<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |user=taran_adarsh |author=Taran Adarsh |date=18 February 2019 |number=1097462383285460992 |title=Ishaa Saha, Sreelekha Mitra, Kharaj Mukherjee, June Maliah and Saurav Das... First look poster of #Bengali film #Sweater... Directed by Shieladitya Moulik... Produced by PSS Entertainments and Pramod Films... Distribution by SSR Cinemas P Ltd... Summer 2019 release. https://t.co/NVdcLYJiBT}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || [[Mitin Mashi]] || Lila Jariwala ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2022 || [[Kishmish]] || Rohini's mother ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2022 || Khela Jokhon || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2025 || O Mon Bhromon || || Not release <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Documentary===<br /> * '' Out in India: A Family's Journey'' (2008)<br /> <br /> ==Web Series/ Short Films==<br /> * ''[https://www.addatimes.com/show/virgin-mohito/ Virgin Mohito (2018)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227182739/https://www.addatimes.com/show/virgin-mohito |date=27 February 2021 }}''&lt;ref name=&quot;addatimes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.addatimes.com/ |title=Addatimes Media Private Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Addatimes]])<br /> *''Karkat Rogue'' ''(2020)''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kark Rogue: Zee5's new medical thriller |date=23 December 2019 |url=https://theenvoyweb.com/news/kark-rogue-zee5s-new-medical-thriller/ |access-date=9 July 2021 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[ZEE5]])<br /> *''Srikanto (2022)''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=srikanto hoichoi - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=srikanto+hoichoi+# |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=www.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Hoichoi)<br /> * ''[[Abar Proloy]] (2023)'' ([[ZEE5]]) as Indrani<br /> <br /> ==Television==<br /> * ''[[Didi No. 1]]'' (reality game show)<br /> * ''Dhyatterika''<br /> * ''Shirinra'' (Telefilm)<br /> * ''Babushona'' (Comedy show)<br /> * ''[[Dance Bangla Dance]]'' (Dance reality show)<br /> *''Kacher Manush''<br /> *''[[Behula (TV series)|Behula]]''<br /> *''Resham Jhapi''<br /> *''Sob Choritro Kalponik''<br /> *[[Sanjher Baati|''Sanjher Bati'']]<br /> *''[[Gantchhora]]''<br /> *''[[Love Biye Aaj Kal]]''<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===Notes===<br /> {{reflist|group=&quot;lower-greek&quot;}}<br /> <br /> ===Citation===<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|1315113}}<br /> *[https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5816?from=members June Maliah – Sansad profile]<br /> *[https://prsindia.org/mptrack/18-lok-sabha/june-maliah June Maliah – PRS profile]<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Malia, June}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1970 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian web series actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Bengali television]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> [[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]<br /> [[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neeta_Mehta&diff=521540 2026-03-27T06:30:43Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br /> '''Neeta Mehta''' (born to a Gujarati family in 1956) is a former actress in films and an author. She appeared in about 40 films including ''[[Rishta Kagaz Ka]]'', [[Ponga Pandit]], ''[[Aurat Aurat Aurat]]'', ''[[Hero (1983 film)]]'' and ''[[Patthar Se Takkar]]''.<br /> <br /> She was born to a Gujarati family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994581705/This-actress-was-about-to-marry-Sanjeev-Kumar|title=This actress was about to marry Sanjeev Kumar??|website=indiaherald.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of her roles was as a [[dacoit]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yrQaMKE0IX0C&amp;q=neeta+mehta|title=Democratic World|date=March 29, 1981|publisher=Gulab Singh &amp; Sons|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Leaving the materialistic way of life, she became a swami.&lt;ref name=&quot;swam&quot; /&gt; In the sanyas she adopted the name '''Swami Nityanand Giri.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swami Nityanand Giri |url=https://www.youtube.com/@SwamiNityanandGiri |access-date=3 May 2024 |website=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also runs a YouTube channel for her preaches.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> *''[[Meenakshi Murthy]]'' (1974), diploma film<br /> *''[[Ponga Pandit]]'' (1975)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2xlDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neeta+mehta&amp;pg=PT383|title=The Hindi Music Jukebox: Exploring Unforgettable Songs|first=Manek|last=Premchand|date=July 18, 2018|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64324-760-1 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki]]'' (1979)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlCwDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neeta+mehta&amp;pg=PA352|title=Bollywood FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the Greatest Film Story Never Told|first=Dr Piyush|last=Roy|date=September 20, 2019|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4930-5083-3 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Hum Se Badhkar Kaun]]'' (1981)<br /> *''[[Khoon Ki Takkar]] (1981)''&lt;ref name=films&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4rcDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neeta+mehta&amp;pg=PA33|title=BollySwar: 1981–1990|first=Param|last=Arunachalam|date=April 14, 2020|publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited|isbn=9788193848227 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Sapna<br /> *''[[Naari (1981 film)|Naari]]'' (1981)&lt;ref name=&quot;films&quot; /&gt;<br /> *''[[Ram Ki Ganga]]'' (1981)&lt;ref name=&quot;films&quot; /&gt;<br /> *''[[Kaamchor]]'' (1982)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZFTAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=neeta+mehta|title=Film World|date=March 29, 1983|publisher=T.M. Ramachandran|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Rishta Kagaz Ka]]'' (1983) as Roopa<br /> *''[[Swarag Se Sunder]]'' (1986) as Dr. Leelavati Special Guest Appearance<br /> * ''[[Sultanat]]'' (1986) as Special Guest Appearance<br /> * ''[[Rajoo Dada]]'' (1992) as Bijli<br /> * ''[[Basti Badmishon Ki]]''&lt;ref name=swam&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BBpEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neeta+mehta&amp;pg=PT457|title=Balancing the Wisdom Tree: ANTHOLOGY OF FTII'S WOMEN ALUMNI|first=Film and Television Institute of|last=India|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information &amp; Broadcasting|isbn=9789354094736 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1992)<br /> * ''[[Aurat Aurat Aurat]]'' (1996) as Savitri<br /> * ''[[Patthar Se Takkar]]''<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Neeta}}<br /> [[Category:1956 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati actresses]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-film-actor-1950s-stub}}</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=I._G._Patel&diff=472125 2026-03-25T22:53:46Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: cleaned up details per sources and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian banker}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Indraprasad Gordhanbhai Patel<br /> | honorific_suffix = <br /> | image = I. G. Patel.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = I. G. Patel, 1984<br /> | office1 = 9th Director of the [[London School of Economics and Political Science]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1984<br /> | term_end1 = 1990<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Ralf Dahrendorf]]<br /> | successor1 = [[John Ashworth (biologist)|John Ashworth]]<br /> | office3 = Deputy Administrator of&lt;br /&gt;[[United Nations Development Programme]]<br /> | term_start3 = 1972<br /> | term_end3 = 1977<br /> | predecessor3 = <br /> | successor3 = <br /> | office4 = 2nd [[Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India]]<br /> | term4 = 1965–1967<br /> | term5 = 1961–1963<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1924|11|11}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2005|07|17|1924|11|11}}<br /> | death_place = [[New York City]], U.S.<br /> | resting_place = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<br /> | resting_place_coordinates = <br /> | residence = <br /> | citizenship = ]<br /> | known_for = <br /> | alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]]&lt;br /&gt;[[King's College, Cambridge]] ([[PhD]])<br /> | occupation = [[Economist]]&lt;br&gt;[[Indian Economic Service]]&lt;ref name=&quot;IES Modi&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Modi and economics|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=25 December 2015|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/t-c-a-srinivasa-raghavan-modi-and-economics-115122500656_1.html|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=23 December 2016|last1=Srinivasa-Raghavan|first1=T. C. A.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Patel IES&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Dr I.G. Patel|url=https://www.ft.com/content/14f491aa-039a-11da-b54a-00000e2511c8|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|date=2 August 2005|access-date=23 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | predecessor2 = [[M. Narasimham]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br /> | party = <br /> | spouse = Alakanada Patel<br /> | partner = <br /> | children = <br /> | relations = <br /> | signature = I. G. Patel signature-en.jpg<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | term_start2 = 1 December 1977<br /> | term_end2 = 15 September 1982<br /> | order2 = 14th [[List of Governors of Reserve Bank of India|Governor of Reserve Bank of India]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Indraprasad Gordhanbhai Patel''' (11 November 1924 – 17 July 2005),&lt;ref name=&quot;Independent&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url =https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/i-g-patel-300283.html<br /> |title =I. G. Patel Economic statesman and Director of LSE<br /> |date =2005-07-20<br /> |access-date =2008-09-15<br /> |work =The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2005/IGPatel_Obituary.aspx Dr Indraprasad Gordhanbhai Patel (1924-2005) ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722161512/http://www.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2005/IGPatel_Obituary.aspx |date=22 July 2013 }} London School of Economics and Political Science Retrieved 9 August 2013&lt;/ref&gt; popularly known as '''I. G. Patel''', was an Indian economist and civil servant who is best known as the fourteenth Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]], and the ninth director of the [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]] (LSE).<br /> <br /> As LSE's director, Patel was the first person of [[India]]n origin to head a higher education institution in the [[United Kingdom]]. After his stint at LSE, Patel served as Chairman of the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]. He was well known for his formidable intellectual powers in the select company of elite central bankers and statesmen such as the &quot;Committee of the Thirty&quot; set up by the former German Chancellor [[Helmut Schmidt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/i-g-patel-300283.html|title=I. G. Patel|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=2005-07-19|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He also served as Deputy Administrator at the United Nations Development Programme headquarters in [[New York City|New York]].<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Patel stood first in the [[Matriculation]] examination and established a record score that was never beaten {{citation needed|date=June 2023}}. He then came top in his B.A. at the [[University of Bombay]]. He later earned [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in economics from [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]] at [[University of Cambridge]] with a scholarship from the [[Gaekwad]]s of Baroda. Patel chose to write his PhD dissertation on “Foreign Trade and Economic Development”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=I.G. Patel |url=https://azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/indian-economists/i-g-patel |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Azim Premji University |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; His tutor [[Austin Robinson]] regarded him as his best tutee over his entire tenure as a fellow of King's {{citation needed|date=June 2023}}<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> ===Civil Service===<br /> He was a member of the [[Indian Economic Service]] and served in [[Government of India]]. He held the rank and post of Special Secretary in the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] and later [[Secretary to the Government of India|<br /> Secretary to Government of India]] (Economic Affairs) in the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]].<br /> <br /> ===Academic career===<br /> Patel returned to India and joined [[Baroda College]] as a Professor of Economics and as the Principal in 1949. Edward M. Bernstein, later his mentor, invited him to join the Research Department of the [[International Monetary Fund]] in 1950. After five years there, Patel came back to Delhi as an Economic Adviser to the Ministry of Finance in 1954 and spent the next 18 years in one or another top capacity in the Government of India.<br /> <br /> In 1972 he became the Deputy Administrator of the [[UN Development Programme]] for five years, returning only to take up the position of the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India. It was during this period marked by turbulence in the foreign exchange markets that Patel's formidable intellectual powers came into use in sessions of the Bank for International Settlements. In 1982 he was appointed Director&lt;ref name=&quot;Director-IIMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archives.iima.ac.in/director/Dr-IG-Patel.html|title = Dr I.G. Patel @ Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt; of the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, which he helped launch on a trajectory to become the best management school in India.<br /> <br /> But again Patel was picked up to serve abroad. In 1984, he was chosen to be the Director of LSE, where he improved the school's finances and added several properties to its portfolio, as well as securing the freehold of the school's Old Building in Houghton Street. He had to handle student protests about LSE's investments in South Africa and their support of Winston Silcott, who had been convicted of the murder of a police officer in the [[Broadwater Farm]] riots in Tottenham. Patel handled both the situations with tact and firmness but also with a sympathetic understanding of students' concerns about racism. His initiatives, too, in setting up an innovative inter-departmental forum bore fruit in the Interdisciplinary Management Institute and the Development Studies Institute.<br /> <br /> ===RBI Governor===<br /> The [[Indian Rupee]] notes of 1000, 5000 and 10,000 denominations and the gold auctions were demonetized during his tenure (he later featured on a special commemorative 1000 rupee note). However, the 1000 notes had to be reintroduced later.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web <br /> |url = http://www.taxmann.net/Bankinglaws/Banking%20Manual/Fourteen/CONT14.htm<br /> |title = High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978<br /> |access-date = 2006-12-08<br /> |publisher = Taxmann.net}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In later life, he taught at the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]], [[Vadodara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url =http://www.msubaroda.ac.in/techo/mandiscl0910/General_Information_2009-10.pdf<br /> |title =MANDATORY DISCLOSURE 2009-2010<br /> |access-date =2010-02-08<br /> |publisher =MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNIVERSITY<br /> |archive-date =6 June 2011<br /> |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110606061858/http://www.msubaroda.ac.in/techo/mandiscl0910/General_Information_2009-10.pdf<br /> |url-status =dead<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; and in 1991 Patel was requested by then Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] to assume the responsibility of the finance minister of India, but this offer was declined by him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20020225/jairam.shtml |title=Time To Tune In To FM |access-date=12 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229083426/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20020225/jairam.shtml |archive-date=29 December 2004 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was bestowed the [[Padma Vibhushan]] award in 1991 for his furthering of the field of economic science.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmavibhushan_awards_list1.php <br /> |title=Padma Vibhushan Awardees <br /> |access-date=2008-09-15 <br /> |publisher=National Portal of India, GOI <br /> |url-status=dead <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131164854/http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmavibhushan_awards_list1.php <br /> |archive-date=31 January 2008 <br /> |df=dmy-all <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Indraprasad Gordhanbhai Patel was known as [[Baba (honorific)|Baba]] 'IG' from his childhood days in [[Vadodara]], then the capital of the princely state ruled by the [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwads]] of [[Baroda]], where he was born. The post of I.G. Patel Professor of Economics and Government at the [[London School of Economics]] was created in his honour; it is currently held by [[Nicholas Stern]].<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> He married Alaknanda Dasgupta, daughter of renowned professor of economics Amiya Kumar Dasgupta and sister of renowned economist [[Partha Dasgupta|Sir Partha Dasgupta]].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-edu}}<br /> {{s-bef | before = [[Ralf Dahrendorf]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl | title = [[London School of Economics|Director of the London School of Economics]]<br /> | years = 1984–1990}}<br /> {{s-aft | after = [[John Ashworth (vice-chancellor)|John Ashworth]]}}<br /> {{s-bef | before = }}<br /> {{s-ttl | title = [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|Chairperson of the Board of Governors at Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]<br /> | years = 1996 to 2001}}<br /> {{s-aft | after = }}<br /> {{s-gov}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=JJ Anjaria}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India|Chief Economic Adviser of India]]|years=1961–1963&lt;br /&gt;1965-1967}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=VK Ramaswamy}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[M. Narasimham]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India|Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]|years=1977–1982}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Manmohan Singh]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-dip}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Deputy Administrator of the [[United Nations Development Programme]]|years=1972–1977}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Governors of Reserve Bank of India}}<br /> {{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, I G}}<br /> [[Category:1924 births]]<br /> [[Category:2005 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]<br /> [[Category:United Nations Development Programme officials]]<br /> [[Category:International Monetary Fund people]]<br /> [[Category:Governors of the Reserve Bank of India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian bankers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian civil servants]]<br /> [[Category:Indian institute directors]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]<br /> [[Category:People associated with the London School of Economics]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science &amp; engineering]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]<br /> [[Category:Indian academic administrators]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]<br /> [[Category:Chief Economic Advisers to the Government of India]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati people]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gokul&diff=457592 2026-03-25T09:27:23Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{other uses}}<br /> &lt;!-- See [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --&gt;<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Gokul<br /> | official_name = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Town]]<br /> | image_skyline = Gokul temple.JPG<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = A temple in Gokul<br /> | nickname = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27.45|N|77.72|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Mathura district|Mathura]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 163<br /> | population_total = 4041<br /> | population_as_of = 2001<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = Gokul wasi<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = UP-85<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<br /> |demographics1_title3=Native<br /> |demographics1_info3=[[Braj Bhasha|Braj Bhasha dialect]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Gokul''' is a town in the [[Mathura district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is located {{convert|15|km|mi}} south-east of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]]. <br /> <br /> [[File:Indischer Maler um 1640 001.jpg|thumb|Krishna dances over the subdued [[Kaliya]] Naag in river [[Yamuna]], while seen on the banks are people of Gokula, Krishna's father [[Nanda (mythology)|Nanda]] Baba and his brother [[Balarama]]]]<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> In the [[Vishnu Purana|''Viṣṇu Purāṇa'']] and ''[[Bhāgavata Purāṇa]]'', the term &quot;gokula&quot; does not refer to any specific location, but rather simply a &quot;cattle herd&quot; or a temporary cowherd camp.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vaudeville |first=Charlotte |date=1976 |title=Braj, Lost and Found |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |publisher=Brill |volume=18 |issue=3/4 |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Bhāgavata Purāṇa'', Gokula is where [[Krishna|Kr̥ṣṇa]] performed most of his childhood [[Lila (Hinduism)|līlā]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Barz |first=Richard |title=The Bhakti Sect of Vallabhācārya |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=1992 |edition=3rd |pages=17 |orig-date=1976}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In pre-sixteenth century texts [[Mahaban|Mahāban]] and Gokul are identical, but starting in the late sixteenth century the two places became distinct.{{Sfn|Entwistle|1987|p=427}} According to the vārtas of the [[Pushtimarg]], in 1550 [[Vallabha]] arrived in [[Braj]] and unsuccessfully searched for Gokul and Mahāban, which were at the time considered lost/disappeared locations. There the goddess [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Jamna]] appeared before Vallabha and pointed out to him the lost site of Gokula next to a Chomkar/[[Sami tree|Shami]] tree.{{Sfn|Vaudeville|1976|p=201-202}}<br /> <br /> Vallabha's son Viṭṭhalanātha set up his residence in Gokul, and expanded the town and established it as a religious center. He received imperial [[Firman|firmans]] in the name of [[Akbar]] that made Viṭṭhalanātha's landholdings in Gokul tax-exempt with state protection, and granted his cows the freedom to roam through state property and nobles' estates. Gokul was formerly the home of Navanitpriya and the [[Pushtimarg#Houses and Svarūpas in the Puṣtimārga|seven Pushtimarg svarups]].{{Sfn|Entwistle|1987|p=427}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite thesis |last=Saha|first=Shandip |date=2004 |title=Creating a Community of Grace: A History of the Puṣṭi Mārga in Northern and Western India (1493-1905) |chapter=Tracing the History of the Puṣṭi Mārga (1493-1670) |publisher=University of Ottawa |page=128}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Roshen Dalal |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |page=1375}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Transportation ==<br /> <br /> Source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How to Reach Gokul by Road, Train &amp; Airway? {{!}} Travel Information |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/uttarpradesh/how-reach-gokul.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=tour-my-india}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gokul is conveniently located ten kilometers from Mathura, a well-known Hindu pilgrimage site. The pilgrimage site is well connected to every significant Indian city by air, train, and road.<br /> <br /> === Road ===<br /> Gokul has excellent road connections. Numerous buses are run by the [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] to and from Mathura and Gokul. Additionally, the town has a decent network of state and federal highways that pass close to Gokul, including the [[Yamuna Expressway]] and Taj Expressway.<br /> <br /> === Rail ===<br /> Mathura, which is 7 km from the town, has the [[Mathura Junction railway station|closest railway station]]. From the train station, you can reserve a cab to take you to Gokul. Other Indian cities including [[Delhi]], [[Lucknow]], and [[Mumbai]] are easily accessible from the Mathura railhead.<br /> <br /> === Air ===<br /> [[Agra]], which is 54 kilometers away from Gokul, has the closest airport. To go to Gokul from the [[Agra Airport|Agra airport]], you can arrange a taxi. With fewer flights, the air connection of the Agra airport is not the finest. As an alternative, you can travel 232 kms from the airport in [[Jaipur]] or 186 km from the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] in Delhi to get here. To get to Gokul from either airport, you can reserve a cab.<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> According to the [[2001 census of India]], Gokul had a population of 4041. Males constituted 55% of the population and females 45%. The average literacy rate was 60%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 68%, and female literacy was 49%. 18% of the population was under 8 years of age.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=India - Census, Standards &amp; Statistics |work=Foreign Law Guide |editor=Marci Hoffman |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/2213-2996_flg_com_097161}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable sites==<br /> ===Govind ghat aka Thakurani ghat===<br /> Govind Ghat is the main [[ghat]] of Gokul and is the ''baiṭhak'' where [[Vallabha]] initiated his first disciple.{{sfn|Entwistle|1987|p=427}}<br /> <br /> ===Gokulanātha Haveli===<br /> [[File:Painting of Shri Gokulnathji and sakhis.png|thumb|Mid 19th century painting of the svarūpa Gokulanātha flanked by Rādhā and Candrāvalī.]]<br /> The haveli of the svarūpa Gokulanātha is in Gokul. The haveli is maintained by the fourth house of the Puṣṭimārga (the descendants of [[Gokulanatha|Gokulanātha]], son of [[Vitthalanatha|Viṭṭhalanātha]]). The deity Gokulanātha was originally worshipped by the family of Vallabha's wife, and was bestowed upon Gokulanātha by Viṭṭhalanātha. During the reign of [[Aurangzeb]] the Vaishnav deities of Braj left, and Gokulanātha was eventually installed in Jaipur in the late 1700s, along with the deities Gokulacandramā and Madanamohana of the fifth and seventh houses of the Pushtimarg. At some point Gokulanātha was then taken back to Gokul.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Barz |first=Richard |title=The Bhakti Sect of Vallabhācārya |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=1992 |edition=3rd |pages=54–55 |orig-date=First edition 1976}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Entwistle |first=Alan W. |title=Braj: A Center of Krishna Pilgrimage |publisher=Groingen |year=1987 |pages=164, 185, 222-223, 427}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nardi |first=Isabella |date=2023 |title=Mobility and Festivity: Krishna Icons and the Reunion of the Seven Svarūps of 1739–40 |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=39 |issue=1|pages=21–34 |doi=10.1080/02666030.2023.2224621 |s2cid=259624329 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Krishna}}<br /> {{Mathura district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Mathura district]]<br /> [[Category:Krishna]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanisri_filmography&diff=470437 2026-03-24T05:12:21Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: expanded page for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Filmography}}<br /> {{main|Vanisri}}{{Refimprove|date=September 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> [[File:Vanisri.jpg|thumbnail|]]<br /> <br /> The following is the '''filmography of [[Vanisri]],''' the Indian actress who acted in Telugu, Tamil, and Kannada-language films. She acted predominantly in Telugu films. She has appeared in total 200 films among which 147 were in Telugu, 39 in Tamil, 12 in Kannada, and one in Hindi.<br /> <br /> == Telugu filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1962<br /> |''[[Bhishma (1962 film)|Bhishma]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1964<br /> |''Bangaru Thimmaraju''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Navagraha Pooja Mahima''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Thotalo Pilla Kotalo Rani''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |1965<br /> |''Aakasaramanna''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aakasaramanna (1965) |url=https://indiancine.ma/LKT |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Indiancine.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Kamamanjari<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Mangamma Sapatham (1965 film)|Mangamma Sapatham]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Prameelarjuneeyam|Prameelarjuna Yuddham]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Devata (1964 film)|Devatha]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'' [[Satya Harishchandra (1965 Telugu film)|Satya Harishchandra]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Pakkalo Ballem''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |1966<br /> |''[[Sri Krishna Tulabharam (1966 film)|Sri Krishna Tulabharam]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Rangula Ratnam (1966 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Paduka Pattabhishekam 1966 film|Paduka Pattabhishekam]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Paduka Pattabhishekam Telugu Full Movie {{!}} Kanta Rao {{!}} Krishna Kumari {{!}} Old Telugu Full Length Movies | date=8 January 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUV6MmYGhho |access-date=2024-01-10 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Urvashi]]<br /> |Uncredited<br /> |-<br /> |''Loguttu Perumallakeruka''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Pidugu Ramudu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Potti Pleader]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aame Evaru?]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aastiparulu]]''<br /> |Special appearance<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aggi Barata]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |1967<br /> |''[[Gopaludu Bhoopaludu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ummadi Kutumbam]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aadapaduchu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Marapurani Katha]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Stree Janma]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Bhuvana Sundari Katha]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kanchu Kota]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Devuni Gelichina Manavudu]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Devuni Gelichina Manavudu (1967) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ALLN |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Indiancine.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Nindu Manasulu]]''<br /> |<br /> |Remake of Phool aur Patthar <br /> |-<br /> |''Pedda Akkayya''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |1968 <br /> |''[[Lakshmi Nivasam]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Pantaalu-Pattimpulu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sukha Dukhalu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Ranabheri''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Bharya''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Asadhayudu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |1969 <br /> |''Mahabaludu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Astulu Anthastulu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jagath Kiladeelu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Nindu Hrudayalu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Karpura Harathi]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karpura Harathi (1969) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NKP |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=Indiancine.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Seetha/Radha<br /> |Double Role<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aatmeeyulu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Bhale Rangadu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Bangaru Panjaram]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Raja Simha''<br /> |Madhavi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |1970<br /> |''[[Chitti Chellelu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Pachhani Samsaram''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Jagat Jetteelu''<br /> |Vani<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kodalu Diddina Kapuram]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kathanayika Molla]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Pelli Sambandham''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Drohi''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[:te:ఇద్దరు అమ్మాయిలు|Iddaru Ammayilu]]''<br /> |<br /> |Dual roles. Remake of ''[[Kappu Bilupu]]'' ([[Kannada]])<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |1971<br /> |''[[Dasara Bullodu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Atthalu Kodallu]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Athalu Kodallu (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OGN |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Indiancine.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Janaki<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jeevitha Chakram]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Prem Nagar (1971 film)|Prem Nagar]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Chinnanati Snehitulu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Kathaanaayakuraalu'' <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Chelleli Kapuram]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jagath Janthrilu]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jagath Jantrilu |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/jagath-jantrilu/cast/2030164066/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Jhansi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Debbaku Taa Dongala Muthaa''<br /> |Bijili<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Mooga Prema''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Raitu Bidda (1971 film)|Raitu Bidda]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Adrusta Jathakudu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |1972<br /> |''Datta Putrudu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Koduku Kodalu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Maa Inti Kodalu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sri Krishnanjaneya Yuddham]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Abbaigaru Ammaigaru''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Illu Illalu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Amma Maata''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Vichitra Bandham]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Marapurani Talli''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |1973<br /> |''[[Bangaru Babu (1973 film)|Bangaru Babu]]'' <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jeevana Tarangalu]]''<br /> |<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Desoddharakulu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Srivaru Maavaru]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Srivaru Maavaru (1973) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PZA |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Indiancine.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Vijaya<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ganga Manga]]''<br /> |<br /> |Double role. Remake of Seeta aur Geeta<br /> |-<br /> |''Minor Babu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Vintha Katha''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Manchivadu]]''<br /> |<br /> |Remake of Baalu Belagithu (Kannada)<br /> |-<br /> |''Ramude Devudu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |1974<br /> |''[[Khaidi Babai]]''<br /> |<br /> |Remake of Dushmun<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Chakravakam (1974 Telugu film)|Chakravakam]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Krishnaveni (film)|Krishnaveni]]''<br /> |<br /> |Remake of Sharapanjara (Kannada) [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Manushullo Devudu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Kannavari Kalalu''<br /> |<br /> |Remake of Aradhana<br /> |-<br /> |''Satyaniki Sankellu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |1975<br /> |''[[Jeevana Jyothi (1975 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]''<br /> |Lakshmi/Shobha<br /> |Double role. [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Abimanavathi''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Chikkati Velugulu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Babu (1975 film)|Babu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Pooja (1975 film)|Pooja]]''<br /> |<br /> |Remake of Eradu Kanasu (Kannada)<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Eduruleni Manishi (1975 film)|Eduruleni Manishi]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ramuni Minchina Ramudu]]''<br /> |<br /> |Remake of Hum Dono<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Maya Maschindra (1975 film)|Maya Maschindra]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |1976<br /> |''Prema Bandham''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aradhana (1976 film)|Aradhana]]''<br /> |<br /> | Remake of Geet. Nominated-[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Bhakta Kannappa]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Pogarubotu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Secretary (1976 film)|Secretary]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Doralu Dongalu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |1977<br /> |''Aalu Magalu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Chakradhari (1977 film)|Chakradhari]]''<br /> |<br /> |Remake of Bhakta Kumbara (Kannada)<br /> |-<br /> |''Janmajanmala Bandham''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Raja Ramesh]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Edureeta]]''<br /> |<br /> | Remake of Amanush. Nominated-[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jeevana Teeralu]]''<br /> |<br /> |Remake of Dhool Ka Phool<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;11&quot; |1978<br /> |''[[Chilipi Krishnudu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Devadasu Malli Puttadu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Vichitra Jeevitham]]''<br /> |<br /> |Remake of Daag<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Rama Raksha''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Simha Baludu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sahasavanthudu]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahasavantudu (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TJN |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Radha<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sati Savitri (1978 film)|Sati Savitri]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Enki Naidu Baava''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Gorantha Deepam]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Anugraham]]''<br /> |<br /> |Bilingual. Kondura (Hindi version)<br /> |-<br /> |''Rama Chilaka''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1979<br /> |''[[Shri Vinayaka Vijayamu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Maavari Manchitanam]]''<br /> |<br /> |Remake of Do Anjaane<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Andaman Ammayi]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sri Madvirata Parvam]]''<br /> |[[Draupadi]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1980<br /> |''Mahalakshmi''<br /> |Bhavani<br /> | Nominated-[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]<br /> |-<br /> |1981<br /> |''Devudu Mavayaa''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 1989<br /> | ''[[Attaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu]]''<br /> |<br /> |Comeback movie<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Swathi Chinukulu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Agni (1989 film)|Agni]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1990<br /> |''[[Rao Gari Intlo Rowdy]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Prananiki Pranam]]'' <br /> |Justice Jayanti Devi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Bobbili Raja]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Qaidi Dada''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1991<br /> |''[[Peddinti Alludu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1992<br /> |''[[Seetharatnam Gari Abbayi]]''<br /> |<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |''Atta Sommu Alludu Danam''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Collector Gari Alludu''<br /> | Kausalya Devi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Pellam Chatu Mogudu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | 1993<br /> |''[[Rajeswari Kalyanam]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Evandi Aavida Vachindi]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Allari Alludu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Rowdy Mogudu]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-AuiXIH5AA |title=ROWDY MOGUDU {{!}} EXCLUSIVE TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} MOHAN BABU {{!}} VIJAYASHANTI {{!}} VANISREE {{!}} V9 VIDEOS |date=2024-05-04 |last=v9 Videos |access-date=2024-06-07 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Kamala<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Preme Naa Pranam''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Donga Alludu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Attaku Koduku Mamaku Alludu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1994<br /> |''Hello Alludu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1995<br /> |''Amma Naa Kodala''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1996<br /> |''[[Bombay Priyudu]]''<br /> |<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jabilamma Pelli]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1997<br /> |''[[Korukunna Priyudu]]''<br /> |<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> |''[[Bhadradri Ramudu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Tamil filmography==<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> #''[[Namma Veettu Lakshmi]]'' (1966)<br /> #''[[Kathal Paduthum Padu]]'' (1966) as Suguna<br /> #''[[Thanga Thambi]]'' (1967)<br /> #''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1967 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1967)<br /> #''[[Bhavani (1967 film)|Bhavani]]'' (1967)<br /> #''[[Kadhalithal Podhuma (1967 film)|Kadhalithal Podhuma]]'' (1967)<br /> #''[[Thamarai Nenjam]]'' (1968)<br /> #''[[Teacheramma (1968 film)|Teacheramma]]'' (1968)<br /> #''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'' (1968)<br /> #''[[Nervazhi]]'' (1968)<br /> #''[[Uyarndha Manidhan]]'' (1968)<br /> #''[[Manasatshi]]'' (1969)<br /> #''[[Annaiyum Pithavum]]'' (1969)<br /> #''[[Kuzhandhai Ullam]]'' (1969)<br /> #''[[Kanni Pen]]'' (1969)<br /> #''[[Atthai Magal]]'' (1969)<br /> #''[[Aayiram Poi]]'' (1969) as Malathi<br /> #''[[Nirai Kudam]]'' (1969) as Chithra<br /> #''[[Porchilai]]'' (1969)<br /> #''[[Thabalkaran Thangai]]'' (1970)<br /> #''[[Ethirkalam]]'' (1970)<br /> #''[[Thalaivan (1970 film)|Thalaivan]]'' (1970)<br /> #''[[Aathi Parasakthi]]'' (1971)<br /> #''[[Nangu Suvargal]]'' (1971)<br /> #''[[Kulama Gunama]]'' (1971)<br /> #''[[Irulum Oliyum]]'' (1971)<br /> #''[[Velli Vizha]]'' (1972)<br /> #''[[Vasantha Maligai]]'' (1972)<br /> #''[[Avasara Kalyanam]]'' (1972)<br /> #''[[Deiva Kuzhandhaigal]]'' (1973)<br /> #''[[Sivagamiyin Selvan]]'' (1974)<br /> #''[[Vani Rani (film)|Vani Rani]]'' (1974)<br /> #''[[Oorukku Uzhaippavan]]'' (1976)<br /> #''[[Rojavin Raja]]'' (1976)<br /> #''[[Thaliya Salangaiya]]'' (1977)<br /> #''[[Ilaya Thalaimurai]]'' (1977)<br /> #''[[Kanchi Kamakshi]]'' (1978)<br /> #''[[Punniya Boomi]]'' (1978)<br /> #''[[Nallathoru Kudumbam]]'' (1979)<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Kannada filmography==<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> *''[[Veera Sankalpa]]'' (1964) - Debut film<br /> *''[[Muriyada Mane]]'' (1964)<br /> *''[[Mane Aliya]]'' (1964) <br /> *''[[Satya Harishchandra (1965 Kannada film)|Satya Harishchandra]]'' (1965)<br /> *''Pathala Mohini'' (1965)<br /> *''[[Miss Leelavathi]]'' (1965)<br /> *''[[Mahasathi Anasuya]]'' (1965)<br /> *''[[Chandrahasa (1965 film)|Chandrahasa]]'' (1965)<br /> *''[[Katari Veera]]'' (1966)<br /> *''Jaanara Jana'' (1967)<br /> *''[[Kasidre Kailasa]]'' (1971)<br /> *''Ganda Mane Makkalu'' (1988)...Saraswathi<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Hindi filmography==<br /> *''[[Kondura]]'' (1978)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{IMDb name|id=nm0889148|name=Vanisri}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian filmographies]]<br /> [[Category:Actress filmographies]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Agreement&diff=446380 2026-03-17T17:31:36Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: content update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2015 international treaty regarding climate change}}<br /> {{About|the 2015 climate accords|the 1954 conferences to determine the status of West Germany|London and Paris Conferences|the treaty that ended the Cambodian-Vietnamese War | 1991 Paris Peace Agreements|different topics|List of Paris meetings, agreements and declarations}}<br /> {{Good article}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Use Oxford spelling|date=January 2022}}<br /> &lt;noinclude&gt;{{Infobox Treaty<br /> | name = Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change<br /> | long_name =<br /> | type =<br /> | image = ParisAgreement.svg<br /> | image_width = 300px<br /> | caption = {{legend|#6666ff|State parties}}{{legend|#ffcc00|Signatories}}{{legend|#AFAFE9ff|Parties that withdrew}}<br /> {{legend|#000088|Parties also covered by European Union ratification}}{{legend|#e0e0e0|Agreement does not apply}}<br /> | date_drafted = [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference|30 November – 12 December 2015]] in [[Le Bourget]], France<br /> | date_signed = {{start date and age|22 April 2016}}<br /> | location_signed = [[Paris]], France<br /> | date_sealed =<br /> | date_effective ={{start date and age| 4 November 2016}}&lt;ref name=&quot;depo2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dateffect&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Paris Climate Agreement Becomes International Law|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/paris-climate-agreement-international-law-43293508|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104205748/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/paris-climate-agreement-international-law-43293508|archive-date=4 November 2016|access-date=4 November 2016|publisher=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | condition_effective = Ratification and accession by 55 UNFCCC parties, accounting for 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions<br /> | date_expiration =<br /> | signatories = 195&lt;ref name=&quot;depo2&quot;/&gt;<br /> | parties = 194&lt;ref name=&quot;depo2&quot;/&gt; ([[List of parties to the Paris Agreement|list]])<br /> | depositor = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]<br /> | language =<br /> | languages = {{hlist | [[Arabic]] | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] | [[English language|English]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]}}<br /> | website =<br /> | wikisource = Paris Agreement<br /> }}&lt;/noinclude&gt;<br /> <br /> The '''Paris Agreement''' (also called the '''Paris Accords''' or '''Paris Climate Accords''') is an international treaty on [[climate change]] that was signed in 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The treaty covers [[climate change mitigation]], [[Climate change adaptation|adaptation]], and [[Climate finance|finance]]. The Paris Agreement was negotiated by 196 [[party (law)|parties]] at the [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] near [[Paris]], France. As of January 2026, 194 members of the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC) are parties to the agreement. Of the three UNFCCC member states which have not [[Ratification|ratified]] the agreement, the only major [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions|emitter]] is [[Climate change in Iran|Iran]]. The United States, the second largest emitter, [[United States and the Paris Agreement|withdrew from the agreement]] in 2020,&lt;ref name=&quot;UScom&quot; /&gt; rejoined in 2021,&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt; and [[Executive Order 14162|withdrew again in 2026]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Calma |first=Justine |date=20 January 2025 |title=Donald Trump pulls US out of Paris climate agreement |url=https://www.theverge.com/2025/1/20/24345964/donald-trump-paris-climate-agreement-exit |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=The Verge |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Paris Agreement has a long-term temperature goal which is to keep the rise in [[global surface temperature]] to well below {{convert|2|C-change}} above [[Industrial Revolution|pre-industrial]] levels. The treaty also states that preferably the limit of the increase should only be {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. These limits are defined as averages of the global temperature as measured over many years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Zhong |first1=Raymond |last2=Plumer |first2=Brad |last3=Rojanasakul |first3=Mira |date=10 January 2025 |title=2024's Record-Breaking Heat Brought the World to a Dangerous Threshold. Now What? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/01/09/climate/2024-heat-record-climate-goal.html |access-date=10 January 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The lower the temperature increase, the smaller the [[effects of climate change]] can be expected. To achieve this temperature goal, [[greenhouse gas emissions]] should be reduced as soon as, and by as much as, possible. They should even reach [[net-zero emissions|net zero]] by the middle of the 21st century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=UNFCCC|title=The Paris Agreement|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement|url-status=live|access-date=18 September 2021|website=unfccc.int|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319205057/https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt; To stay below 1.5{{Nbsp}}°C of global warming, emissions need to be cut by roughly 50% by 2030. This figure takes into account each [[Nationally determined contribution|country's documented pledges]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schleussner |first=Carl-Friedrich |title=The Paris Agreement – the 1.5 °C Temperature Goal |url=https://climateanalytics.org/briefings/15c/ |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=Climate Analytics |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the Paris Agreement was signed, global emissions continued to rise rather than fall.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt; 2024 was the hottest year on record, with a rise of more than 1.5&amp;nbsp;°C in global average temperature.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> The treaty aims to help countries adapt to climate change effects, and mobilize enough finance. Under the agreement, each country must determine, plan, and [[Enhanced Transparency Framework|regularly report]] on its contributions. No mechanism forces a country to set specific [[emissions target]]s, but each target should go beyond previous targets. In contrast to the 1997 [[Kyoto Protocol]], the distinction between developed and developing countries is blurred, so that the latter also have to submit plans for emission reductions.<br /> <br /> The Paris Agreement was opened for signature on 22 April 2016 ([[Earth Day]]) at a ceremony inside the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|UN Headquarters]] in [[New York City|New York]]. After the [[European Union]] ratified the agreement, sufficient countries had ratified the agreement responsible for enough of the [[greenhouse gas emissions|world's greenhouse gases]] for the agreement to enter into force on 4 November 2016.<br /> <br /> World leaders have lauded the agreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt; However, there is debate about its effectiveness, with some environmentalists and analysts criticizing it for not being strict enough. While pledges under the Paris Agreement are insufficient for reaching the set temperature goals, there is a mechanism of [[Global stocktake|increased ambition]]. The Paris Agreement has been successfully used in [[Climate change litigation|climate litigation]] in the late 2010s forcing countries and oil companies to strengthen climate action.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{TOC level|3}}<br /> <br /> == Aims ==<br /> The aim of the agreement, as described in Article 2, is to have a stronger response to the danger of climate change; it seeks to enhance the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change through:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Paris Agreement, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212194411/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2015 |access-date=12 December 2015 |work=UNFCCC secretariat }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|(a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2&amp;nbsp;°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5&amp;nbsp;°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;<br /> <br /> (b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster [[climate resilience]] and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production;<br /> <br /> (c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.}}<br /> <br /> Countries furthermore aim to reach &quot;global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> [[File:GUSTAVO-CAMACHO-GONZALEZ-L1060274 (23430273715).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Heads of delegations at the [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in Paris]]<br /> <br /> ===Lead-up===<br /> The [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UN Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC), adopted at the 1992 [[Earth Summit]] is one of the first international treaties on the topic. It stipulates that parties should meet regularly to address climate change, at the [[Conference of Parties]] or COP. It forms the foundation to future climate agreements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UN Climate Talks|access-date=20 July 2021|website=Council of Foreign Affairs|url=https://www.cfr.org/timeline/un-climate-talks|year=2021|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720114238/https://www.cfr.org/timeline/un-climate-talks|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Kyoto Protocol]], adopted in 1997, regulated [[greenhouse gas]] reductions for a limited set of countries from 2008 to 2012. The protocol was extended until 2020 with the Doha Amendment in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Harrabin | first1=Roger |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20653018 |title= UN climate talks extend Kyoto Protocol, promise compensation |work= BBC News |date= 8 December 2012 |access-date= 22 June 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180716140524/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20653018 |archive-date= 16 July 2018 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States decided not to ratify the protocol, mainly because of its legally-binding nature. This, and distributional conflict, led to failures of subsequent international climate negotiations. The 2009 negotiations were intended to produce a successor treaty of Kyoto, but the negotiations collapsed and the resulting [[Copenhagen Accord]] was not legally binding and did not get adopted universally.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Falkner|first=Robert|date=2016|title=The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics|url=https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/92/5/1107/2688148|journal=International Affairs|language=en|volume=92|issue=5|pages=1107–1125|doi=10.1111/1468-2346.12708|issn=0020-5850|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=3 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603060439/https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/92/5/1107/2688148|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Klein|first=Richard J. T.|date=7 December 2020|title=The Paris Agreement and the future of climate negotiations|url=https://www.sei.org/perspectives/paris-agreement-and-future-of-climate-negotiations/|url-status=live|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Stockholm Environment Institute|language=en-GB|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718165725/https://www.sei.org/perspectives/paris-agreement-and-future-of-climate-negotiations/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The accord did lay the framework for bottom-up approach of the Paris Agreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Under the leadership of UNFCCC executive secretary [[Christiana Figueres]], negotiation regained momentum after Copenhagen's failure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=McGrath|first=Matt|date=19 February 2016|title=UN climate chief Christiana Figueres to step down|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35612559|url-status=live|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229230045/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35612559}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the [[2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference]], the [[Durban Platform for Enhanced Action|Durban Platform]] was established to negotiate a legal instrument governing [[climate change mitigation]] measures from 2020. The platform had a mandate to be informed by the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC and the work of the subsidiary bodies of the UNFCCC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title= The Nexus between International Law and Science: An Analysis of Scientific Expert Bodies in Multilateral Treaty-Making |newspaper=International Community Law Review |date=1 April 2022 |author=Orangias, Joseph |doi= 10.1163/18719732-bja10068 |s2cid= 248057340 |doi-access=free |hdl=1887/3765960 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The resulting agreement was to be adopted in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6645.php|title=UNFCCC:Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP)|access-date=2 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802050511/http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6645.php|archive-date=2 August 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Negotiations and adoption ===<br /> [[File:Paris agreement signed.webm|upright=1.35|thumb|Movie showing [[Laurent Fabius]] signaling the formal adoption of the Paris Agreement]]<br /> <br /> {{main|2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference}}<br /> <br /> Negotiations in Paris took place over a two-week span, and continued throughout the three final nights.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jepsen |display-authors=etal |first1=Henrik |title=Negotiating the Paris Agreement: The Insider Stories |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/negotiating-the-paris-agreement/660C5CB692E6AE32FE9244374CD1EF39 |date=2021 |isbn= 978-1-108-88624-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Goldenberg|first=Suzanne|date=12 December 2015|title=Paris climate deal: nearly 200 nations sign in end of fossil fuel era|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/12/paris-climate-deal-200-nations-sign-finish-fossil-fuel-era|url-status=live|access-date=18 July 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726181643/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/12/paris-climate-deal-200-nations-sign-finish-fossil-fuel-era}}&lt;/ref&gt; Various drafts and proposals had been debated and streamlined in the preceding year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Evans|first=Simon|date=7 September 2015|title=Bonn climate talks ask for draft Paris text|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/bonn-climate-talks-ask-for-draft-paris-text|url-status=live|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718171321/https://www.carbonbrief.org/bonn-climate-talks-ask-for-draft-paris-text}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to one commentator two ways in which the French increased the likelihood of success were: firstly to ensure that [[Intended Nationally Determined Contributions]] (INDCs) were completed before the start of the negotiations, and secondly to invite leaders just for the beginning of the conference.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 February 2016|title=The Paris Agreement is done! Let the negotiations begin?|url=https://ghginstitute.org/2016/02/24/the-paris-agreement-is-done-let-the-negotiations-begin/|access-date=22 July 2021|website=GHG and Carbon Accounting, Auditing, Management &amp; Training {{!}} Greenhouse Gas Management Institute|language=en-US|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722120833/https://ghginstitute.org/2016/02/24/the-paris-agreement-is-done-let-the-negotiations-begin/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The negotiations almost failed because of a single word when the US legal team realized at the last minute that &quot;shall&quot; had been approved, rather than &quot;should&quot;, meaning that developed countries would have been legally obliged to cut emissions: the French solved the problem by changing it as a &quot;typographical error&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=16 December 2015|title=How a 'typo' nearly derailed the Paris climate deal|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2015/dec/16/how-a-typo-nearly-derailed-the-paris-climate-deal|access-date=22 July 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722135937/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2015/dec/16/how-a-typo-nearly-derailed-the-paris-climate-deal|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the conclusion of COP21 (the 21st meeting of the Conference of the Parties), on 12 December 2015, the final wording of the Paris Agreement was adopted by consensus by the 195 UNFCCC participating member states and the European Union.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sutter|first1=John D.|last2=Berlinger|first2=Joshua|date=12 December 2015|title=Final draft of climate deal formally accepted in Paris|website=CNN|publisher=Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/12/world/global-climate-change-conference-vote/|url-status=live|access-date=12 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212145741/http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/12/world/global-climate-change-conference-vote/|archive-date=12 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nicaragua]] indicated they had wanted to object to the adoption as they denounced the weakness of the agreement, but were not given a chance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wcc.533|doi = 10.1002/wcc.533|title = Latin America in the climate change negotiations: Exploring the AILAC and ALBA coalitions|year = 2018|last1 = Watts|first1 = Joshua|last2 = Depledge|first2 = Joanna|journal = WIREs Climate Change|volume = 9|issue = 6| article-number=e533 | bibcode=2018WIRCC...9E.533W |s2cid = 134228301|access-date = 15 July 2021|archive-date = 15 July 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210715105140/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wcc.533|url-status = live|url-access = subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Harvey |first1=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=8 December 2020 |title=The Paris agreement five years on: Is it strong enough to avert climate catastrophe? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/08/the-paris-agreement-five-years-on-is-it-strong-enough-to-avert-climate-catastrophe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715105140/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/08/the-paris-agreement-five-years-on-is-it-strong-enough-to-avert-climate-catastrophe |archive-date=15 July 2021 |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the agreement the members promised to [[Low-carbon economy|reduce their carbon output]] &quot;as soon as possible&quot; and to do their best to keep global warming &quot;[[2 degree climate target|to well below 2 degrees C]]&quot; (3.6&amp;nbsp;°F).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cop21-climate-change-talks-saturday-announced-1.3362354 |title='Historic' Paris climate deal adopted |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=12 December 2015 |website=CBC News |publisher=CBC/Radio Canada |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212162432/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cop21-climate-change-talks-saturday-announced-1.3362354 |archive-date=12 December 2015 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Signing and entry into force ===<br /> The Paris Agreement was open for signature by states and regional economic integration organizations that are parties to the UNFCCC (the convention) from 22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017 at the UN Headquarters in New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Article 20(1)|url=https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117143548/https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2017|access-date=17 November 2017|website=UNFCCC.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signing of the agreement is the first step towards [[ratification]], but it is possible to [[Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties#Signature, ratification and accession|accede]] to the agreement without signing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Yeo|first=Sophie|date=19 April 2016|title=Explainer: The adoption, signing and ratification of the UN climate deal|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-the-adoption-signing-and-ratification-of-the-un-climate-deal|access-date=8 May 2021|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508110450/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-the-adoption-signing-and-ratification-of-the-un-climate-deal|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It binds parties to not act in contravention of the goal of the treaty.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Paris Agreement on Climate Change|date=2017|editor1-last=Klein|editor-first1=Daniel|chapter=Institutional Arrangements and Final Clauses|last=Voigt|first=Christina|page=363}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which represent almost 40% of global emissions confirmed they would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=McGrath|first=Matt|date=31 March 2016|title=Paris Climate Treaty: 'Significant step' as US and China agree to sign|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35935756?ocid=global_bbccom_email_31032016_top+news+stories|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423220344/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35935756?ocid=global_bbccom_email_31032016_top+news+stories|archive-date=23 April 2016|access-date=23 April 2016|work=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/world/asia/obama-and-president-xi-of-china-vow-to-sign-paris-climate-accord-promptly.html|title=Obama and President Xi of China Vow to Sign Paris Climate Agreement Promptly|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221035108/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/world/asia/obama-and-president-xi-of-china-vow-to-sign-paris-climate-accord-promptly.html|date=31 March 2016|archive-date=21 February 2017|last1=Davenport|first1=Coral|work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement was signed by 175 parties (174 states and the European Union) on the first day it was opened for signature.&lt;ref name=&quot;historic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=22 April 2016|title='Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629105154/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y|archive-date=29 June 2017|access-date=29 June 2017|work=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=22 April 2016|title=Paris Agreement Signature Ceremony|url=http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/632121/list-of-representatives-to-high-level-signature-ceremony.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516205241/http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/632121/list-of-representatives-to-high-level-signature-ceremony.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2017|access-date=22 April 2016|work=[[UNFCCC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of January 2026, 194 states and the European Union have signed the agreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;depo2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Paris Agreement|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&amp;chapter=27&amp;clang=_en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705141043/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&amp;chapter=27&amp;clang=_en|archive-date=5 July 2021|access-date=15 July 2021|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Secretary Kerry Holds Granddaughter Dobbs-Higginson on Lap While Signing COP21 Climate Change Agreement at UN General Assembly Hall in New York (26512345421).jpg|thumb|left|Signing by [[John Kerry]] in [[United Nations General Assembly Hall]] for the United States]]<br /> The agreement would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions|the world's greenhouse gas emissions]] (according to a list produced in 2015)&lt;ref name=&quot;ratpct&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Information provided in accordance with paragraph 104 of decision 1 CP21 related to entry into force of the Paris Agreement (Article 21)|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10.pdf#page=30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221204004/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10.pdf#page=30|archive-date=21 February 2016|access-date=23 April 2016|work=UNFCCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; ratify or otherwise join the treaty.&lt;ref&gt;Article 21(1)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; Alternative ways to join the treaty are acceptance, approval or accession. The first two are typically used when a head of state is not necessary to bind a country to a treaty, whereas the latter typically happens when a country joins a treaty already in force.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Glossary of terms relating to Treaty actions |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Overview.aspx?path=overview/glossary/page1_en.xml#acceptance |website=United Nations Treaty Collection |language=EN |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522074345/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Overview.aspx?path=overview%2Fglossary%2Fpage1_en.xml#acceptance |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; After ratification by the European Union, the agreement obtained enough parties to enter into effect on 4 November 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Yeo|first=Sophie|date=6 October 2016|title=Explainer: Paris Agreement on climate change to 'enter into force'|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-paris-agreement-to-enter-into-force|access-date=8 May 2021|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508084316/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-paris-agreement-to-enter-into-force|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Both the EU and its member states are individually responsible for ratifying the Paris Agreement. A strong preference was reported that the EU and its 28 member states ratify at the same time to ensure that they do not engage themselves to fulfilling obligations that strictly belong to the other,&lt;ref name=&quot;eurat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Yeo|first=Sophie|date=23 June 2016|title=Explainer: When will the European Union ratify the Paris Agreement?|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-when-will-european-union-ratify-paris-agreement|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905103935/http://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-when-will-european-union-ratify-paris-agreement|archive-date=5 September 2016|access-date=3 September 2016|website=Carbon Brief}}&lt;/ref&gt; and there were fears by observers that disagreement over each member state's share of the EU-wide reduction target, as well as Britain's [[Brexit|vote to leave the EU]] might delay the Paris pact.&lt;ref name = &quot;Nature&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/news/paris-climate-deal-to-take-effect-as-eu-ratifies-accord-1.20735|title=Paris climate deal to take effect as EU ratifies accord|journal=Nature|date=4 October 2016|access-date=5 October 2016|doi=10.1038/nature.2016.20735|last1=Schiermeier|first1=Quirin|s2cid=158043198|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005125351/http://www.nature.com/news/paris-climate-deal-to-take-effect-as-eu-ratifies-accord-1.20735|archive-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the EU deposited its instruments of ratification on 5 October 2016, along with seven EU member states.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Parties ==<br /> {{main|List of parties to the Paris Agreement}}<br /> [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi greeting the President of Brazil, Ms. Dilma Rousseff, during Group Photo Session, at COP21 Summit, in Paris, France on November 30, 2015.jpg|thumb|The [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime minister]], [[Narendra Modi]] greeting the [[president of Brazil]], [[Dilma Rousseff]], in background [[Prime Minister of Portugal|Portuguese prime minister]] [[António Costa]] at the COP21 Summit on 30 November 2015]]<br /> <br /> === Countries that have ratified or acceded ===<br /> The EU and 194 states, totalling over 98% of [[greenhouse gas emissions]], have ratified or acceded to the agreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;depo2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=BBC03.09.2016&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-37265541 &quot;Paris climate deal: US and China formally join pact&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102133942/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-37265541 |date=2 January 2018 }}, [[BBC News]], 3 September 2016 (page visited on 4 September 2016).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-ratifies-landmark-paris-climate-deal-62nd-nation-to-join-club-1469274|title=India Ratifies Landmark Paris Climate Deal, Says, 'Kept Our Promise'|access-date=2 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003053948/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-ratifies-landmark-paris-climate-deal-62nd-nation-to-join-club-1469274|archive-date=3 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The only countries which have not ratified are some [[Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa#Greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse gas emitters in the Middle East]]: Iran with 2% of the world total being the largest.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Each Country's Share of {{CO2}} Emissions|url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/each-countrys-share-co2-emissions|access-date=27 June 2021|website=Union of Concerned Scientists|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124214635/https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/science-and-impacts/science/each-countrys-share-of-co2.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Libya]] and [[Yemen]] [[List of parties to the Paris Agreement#Signatories|have also not ratified the agreement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;depo2&quot;/&gt; [[Eritrea]] is the latest country to ratify the agreement, on 7 February 2023.<br /> <br /> Article 28 enables parties to withdraw from the agreement after sending a withdrawal notification to the [[depositary]]. Notice can be given no earlier than three years after the agreement goes into force for the country. Withdrawal is effective one year after the depositary is notified.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 June 2017|title=On the Possibility to Withdraw from the Paris Agreement: A Short Overview|url=https://unfccc.int/news/on-the-possibility-to-withdraw-from-the-paris-agreement-a-short-overview|access-date=4 April 2021|website=UNFCCC|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202225733/https://unfccc.int/news/on-the-possibility-to-withdraw-from-the-paris-agreement-a-short-overview|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === United States withdrawal, readmittance, and rewithdrawal ===<br /> {{Main|United States and the Paris Agreement}}<br /> <br /> On 4 August 2017, the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] delivered an official notice to the [[United Nations]] that the United States, the second largest emitter of greenhouse gases after China,&lt;ref&gt;World Resources Institute, 10 December 2010 [https://www.wri.org/blog/2020/12/interactive-chart-top-emitters &quot;This Interactive Chart Shows Changes in the World's Top 10 Emitters&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314061735/https://www.wri.org/blog/2020/12/interactive-chart-top-emitters |date=14 March 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; intended to withdraw from the Paris Agreement as soon as it was eligible to do so.&lt;ref name=&quot;UScom&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/2017/CN.464.2017-Eng.pdf|title=Reference: C.N.464.2017.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d (Depositary Notification)|date=8 August 2017|access-date=14 August 2017|publisher=United Nations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815062938/https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/2017/CN.464.2017-Eng.pdf|archive-date=15 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The notice of withdrawal could not be submitted until the agreement was in force for three years for the US, on 4 November 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| last1= Restuccia |first1 = Andrew|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/08/04/trump-notice-withdraw-from-paris-climate-deal-241331|title=Trump administration delivers notice U.S. intends to withdraw from Paris climate deal|work=Politico|date=4 August 2017|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804200935/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/08/04/trump-notice-withdraw-from-paris-climate-deal-241331|archive-date=4 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/16/politics/trump-paris-climate-deal/index.html|title=WH: US staying out of climate accord|last=Liptak|first=Kevin|work=CNN|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917032944/http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/16/politics/trump-paris-climate-deal/index.html|archive-date=17 September 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. government deposited the notification with the secretary-general of the United Nations and officially withdrew one year later on 4 November 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/11/04/trump-makes-it-official-us-will-withdraw-paris-climate-accord/|title=Trump makes it official: U.S. will withdraw from the Paris climate accord|last=Dennis|first=Brady|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109092116/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/11/04/trump-makes-it-official-us-will-withdraw-paris-climate-accord/|archive-date=9 November 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schiermeier|first=Quirin|date=4 November 2020|title=The US has left the Paris climate deal – what's next?|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03066-x|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-03066-x|pmid=33149315|s2cid=226257744|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718162335/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03066-x|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> President [[Joe Biden]] signed an executive order on his first day in office, 20 January 2021, to re-admit the United States into the Paris Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Medina|first=Daniella|title=Biden plans 17 executive orders on student loans, wearing masks and more. See the list|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2021/01/20/president-joe-biden-executive-orders-list-inauguration-forgive-student-loans-mask-mandate-muslim-ban/4227159001/|access-date=20 January 2021|website=The Tennessean|language=en-US|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210121045906/https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2021/01/20/president-joe-biden-executive-orders-list-inauguration-forgive-student-loans-mask-mandate-muslim-ban/4227159001/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/20/paris-climate-agreement/ |title=Paris Climate Agreement |date=20 January 2021 |website=WH.gov |publisher=The White House |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121001024/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/20/paris-climate-agreement/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the 30-day period set by Article 21.3, the U.S. was readmitted to the agreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/19/us-official-return-paris-climate-pact | title = US makes official return to Paris climate pact | date = 19 February 2021 | access-date = 19 February 2021 | publisher = [[Associated Press]] | via = [[The Guardian]] | archive-date = 19 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210219091824/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/19/us-official-return-paris-climate-pact | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate|United States climate envoy]] [[John Kerry]] took part in virtual events, saying that the US would &quot;earn its way back&quot; into legitimacy in the Paris process.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Volcovici|first=Valerie|date=19 February 2021|title=It's official: U.S. back in the Paris climate club|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-usa-idUSKBN2AJ16T|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=20 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220084550/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-usa-idUSKBN2AJ16T|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations secretary-general]] [[António Guterres]] welcomed the return of the United States as restoring the &quot;missing link that weakened the whole&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 20 January 2025, President [[Donald Trump]] signed an executive order again withdrawing the U.S. from the agreement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Volcovici |first1=Valerie |last2=Ward |first2=Jasper |date=20 January 2025 |title=Trump to withdraw from Paris climate agreement, White House says |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/trump-withdraw-paris-climate-agreement-2025-01-20/ |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The withdrawal went into effect on 27 January 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-27 |title=So long, Paris: US officially leaves landmark climate pact |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/01/27/so-long-paris-u-s-officially-leaves-landmark-climate-pact-00746628 |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Content==<br /> === Structure ===<br /> The Paris Agreement is a short agreement with 16 introductory paragraphs and 29 articles. It contains procedural articles (covering, for example, the criteria for its entry into force) and operational articles (covering, for example, mitigation, [[Climate change adaptation|adaptation]] and finance). It is a binding agreement, but many of its articles do not imply obligations or are there to facilitate international collaboration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Savaresi |first=Annalisa |date=2016 |title=The Paris Agreement: a new beginning? |url=https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/24099/1/ParisAgreementANewBeginning.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Energy &amp; Natural Resources Law |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=16–26 |bibcode=2016JENRL..34...16S |doi=10.1080/02646811.2016.1133983 |issn=0264-6811 |s2cid=146999274 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724140207/https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/24099/1/ParisAgreementANewBeginning.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2021 |access-date=24 July 2021 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1893/24099}}&lt;/ref&gt; It covers most greenhouse gas emissions, but does not apply to international [[aviation]] and [[Freight transport|shipping]], which fall under the responsibility of the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] and the [[International Maritime Organization]], respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=[[Andrew Dessler]] |title=The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate |author2=Edward A Parson |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-316-63132-4 |pages=190–191}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Paris Agreement has been described as having a bottom-up structure, as its core [[pledge and review]] mechanism allows nations to set their own nationally determined contributions (NDCs), rather than having targets imposed top down.&lt;ref name=&quot;Falkner&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Robert Falkner |author1-link=Robert Falkner |year=2016 |title=The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/67741/2/Falkner_Paris%20agreement_2016.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=1107–1125 |doi=10.1111/1468-2346.12708 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030043759/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/67741/2/Falkner_Paris%20agreement_2016.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=15 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-316-63132-4 |pages=28, 137–148, 175–179 |author=[[Andrew Dessler]] |author2=Edward A Parson }}&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike its predecessor, the Kyoto Protocol, which sets commitment targets that have legal force, the Paris Agreement, with its emphasis on [[Consensus decision-making|consensus building]], allows for voluntary and nationally determined targets.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Taraska |first=Gwynne |date=15 December 2015 |title=The Paris Climate Agreement |url=https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/15030725/ParisClimateAgreement.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118224648/https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/15030725/ParisClimateAgreement.pdf |archive-date=18 November 2016 |publisher=Center for American Progress}}&lt;/ref&gt; The specific climate goals are thus politically encouraged, rather than legally bound. Only the processes governing the reporting and review of these goals are mandated under [[international law]]. This structure is especially notable for the United States{{snd}}because there are no legal mitigation or finance targets, the agreement is considered an &quot;executive agreement rather than a treaty&quot;. Because the UNFCCC treaty of 1992 received the consent of the US Senate, this new agreement does not require further legislation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Another key difference between the Paris Agreement and the Kyoto Protocol is their scope. The Kyoto Protocol differentiated between [[List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol|Annex-I]], richer countries with a historical responsibility for climate change, and non-Annex-I countries, but this division is blurred in the Paris Agreement as all parties are required to submit emissions reduction plans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Amitabh |date=14 December 2015 |title=Paris climate talks: Differentiation of developed and developing stays, India happy |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/paris-climate-talks-differentiation-of-developed-and-developing-stays-india-happy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920110254/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/paris-climate-talks-differentiation-of-developed-and-developing-stays-india-happy/ |archive-date=20 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Paris Agreement still emphasizes the principle of [[Common But Differentiated Responsibilities|Common but Differentiated Responsibility and Respective Capabilities]]{{snd}}the acknowledgement that different nations have different capacities and duties to climate action{{snd}}but it does not provide a specific division between developed and developing nations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Nationally determined contributions ===<br /> {{Main|Nationally determined contributions}}<br /> [[File:Probability_that_countries_achieve_their_Paris_Agreement_Goals_according_to_their_nationally_determined_contributions_(NDCs).webp|thumb|upright=1.5|Probability that countries achieve their Paris Agreement Goals according to their [[nationally determined contribution]]s as of 2021 (NDCs)&lt;ref name=&quot;10.1038/s43247-021-00097-8&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Peiran R. |last2=Raftery |first2=Adrian E. |date=9 February 2021 |title=Country-based rate of emissions reductions should increase by 80% beyond nationally determined contributions to meet the 2 °C target |journal=Communications Earth &amp; Environment |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=29 |bibcode=2021ComEE...2...29L |doi=10.1038/s43247-021-00097-8 |issn=2662-4435 |pmc=8064561 |pmid=33899003 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] Available under [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|CC BY 4.0]].&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> Countries determine themselves what contributions they should make to achieve the aims of the treaty. As such, these plans are called ''[[nationally determined contributions]]'' (NDCs).&lt;ref name=&quot;Article3&quot;&gt;Article 3, [https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&amp;chapter=27&amp;clang=_en Paris Agreement (2015)]&lt;/ref&gt; Article 3 requires NDCs to be &quot;ambitious efforts&quot; towards &quot;achieving the purpose of this Agreement&quot; and to &quot;represent a progression over time&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Article3&quot; /&gt; The contributions should be set every five years and are to be registered by the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change#Secretariat|UNFCCC Secretariat]].&lt;ref&gt;Article 4(9), [https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&amp;chapter=27&amp;clang=_en Paris Agreement (2015)]&lt;/ref&gt; Each further ambition should be more ambitious than the previous one, known as the principle of ''progression''.&lt;ref&gt;Articles 3, 9(3), [https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&amp;chapter=27&amp;clang=_en Paris Agreement (2015)]&lt;/ref&gt; Countries can cooperate and pool their nationally determined contributions. The Intended Nationally Determined Contributions pledged during the [[2015 Climate Change Conference]] are converted to NDCs when a country ratifies the Paris Agreement, unless they submit an update.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Taibi|first1=Fatima-Zahra|url=https://ecbi.org/sites/default/files/2020%20Pocket%20Guide%20to%20NDCs.pdf|title=Pocket Guide to NDCs: 2020 Edition|last2=Konrad|first2=Susanne|last3=Bois von Kursk|first3=Olivier|publisher=European Capacity Building Initiative|year=2020|editor-last=Sharma|editor-first=Anju|page=1|access-date=15 May 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417170754/https://ecbi.org/sites/default/files/2020%20Pocket%20Guide%20to%20NDCs.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Staff|date=22 November 2019|title=National Climate Action under the Paris Agreement|url=https://www.wri.org/ndcs|access-date=13 May 2021|website=World Resources Institute|language=en|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513062710/https://www.wri.org/ndcs|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Paris Agreement does not prescribe the exact nature of the NDCs. At a minimum, they should contain mitigation provisions, but they may also contain pledges on adaptation, finance, [[technology transfer]], [[capacity building]] and transparency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Taibi|first1=Fatima-Zahra|url=https://ecbi.org/sites/default/files/2020%20Pocket%20Guide%20to%20NDCs.pdf|title=Pocket Guide to NDCs: 2020 Edition|last2=Konrad|first2=Susanne|last3=Bois von Kursk|first3=Olivier|publisher=European Capacity Building Initiative|year=2020|editor-last=Sharma|editor-first=Anju|page=17|access-date=15 May 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417170754/https://ecbi.org/sites/default/files/2020%20Pocket%20Guide%20to%20NDCs.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the pledges in the NDCs are unconditional, but others are conditional on outside factors such as getting finance and technical support, the ambition from other parties or the details of rules of the Paris Agreement that are yet to be set. Most NDCs have a conditional component.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Taibi|first1=Fatima-Zahra|url=https://ecbi.org/sites/default/files/2020%20Pocket%20Guide%20to%20NDCs.pdf|title=Pocket Guide to NDCs: 2020 Edition|last2=Konrad|first2=Susanne|last3=Bois von Kursk|first3=Olivier|publisher=European Capacity Building Initiative|year=2020|editor-last=Sharma|editor-first=Anju|pages=32–33|access-date=15 May 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417170754/https://ecbi.org/sites/default/files/2020%20Pocket%20Guide%20to%20NDCs.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While the NDCs themselves are not binding, the procedures surrounding them are. These procedures include the obligation to prepare, communicate and maintain successive NDCs, set a new one every five years, and provide information about the implementation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bodansky|first=Daniel|date=2016|title=The Legal Character of the Paris Agreement|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/reel.12154|journal=Review of European, Comparative &amp; International Environmental Law|language=en|volume=25|issue=2|pages=142–150|doi=10.1111/reel.12154|bibcode=2016RECIE..25..142B |issn=2050-0394|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318073355/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/reel.12154|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no mechanism to force&lt;ref name=&quot;reguly2015&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Reguly|first1=Eric|last2=McCarthy|first2=Shawn|date=14 December 2015|title=Paris climate accord marks shift toward low-carbon economy|newspaper=Globe and Mail|location=Toronto, Canada|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/optimism-in-paris-as-final-draft-of-global-climate-deal-tabled/article27739122/|url-status=live|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213170301/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/optimism-in-paris-as-final-draft-of-global-climate-deal-tabled/article27739122/|archive-date=13 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; a country to set a NDC target by a specific date, nor to meet their targets.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-Kinver&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Mark|first=Kinver|date=14 December 2015|title=COP21: What does the Paris climate agreement mean for me?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35092127|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214130942/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35092127|archive-date=14 December 2015|access-date=14 December 2015|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/world/europe/climate-change-accord-paris.html |title=Nations Approve Landmark Climate Accord in Paris |last=Davenport |first=Coral |date=12 December 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=14 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214090225/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/world/europe/climate-change-accord-paris.html |archive-date=14 December 2015 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; There will be only a [[name and shame]] system&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1 = Chetan |last1=Chauhan|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/paris-climate-deal-what-the-agreement-means-for-india-and-the-world/story-U7TWH8dusBqRV8pzmqDG8M.html|title=Paris climate deal: What the agreement means for India and the world|access-date=14 December 2015|date=14 December 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214182821/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/paris-climate-deal-what-the-agreement-means-for-india-and-the-world/story-U7TWH8dusBqRV8pzmqDG8M.html|archive-date=14 December 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; or as [[János Pásztor (diplomat)|János Pásztor]], the former U.N. assistant secretary-general on climate change, stated, a &quot;name and encourage&quot; plan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cop21-climate-change-conference-final-draft-historic-plan/ |title=Climate negotiators strike deal to slow global warming |date=12 December 2015 |work=[[CBS News]] |last1=Falk|first1= Pamela |access-date=14 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213054835/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cop21-climate-change-conference-final-draft-historic-plan/ |archive-date=13 December 2015 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Global stocktake ===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | total_width = 450<br /> | image1 = 20210626 Variwide chart of greenhouse gas emissions per capita by country.svg<br /> | caption1 = Greenhouse gas emissions ''per person'' in the highest-emitting countries.&lt;ref name=GlobalCarbonAtlas_Territorial_MtCO2&gt;● Source for carbon emissions data: {{cite web |title=Territorial (MtCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) / Emissions / Carbon emissions / Chart View |url=https://globalcarbonatlas.org/emissions/carbon-emissions/ |date=2024 |publisher=Global Carbon Atlas }}&lt;br /&gt;● Source for country population data: {{cite web |title=Population 2022 |url=https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/POP.pdf |publisher=World Bank |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241022200208/https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/POP.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2024 |date=2024 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Though China has the greatest total annual carbon dioxide emissions, the U.S. and a few other high-emitting countries exceed China in ''per capita'' emissions.<br /> | image2 = CO2 emission pie chart.svg<br /> | caption2 = Share of global carbon dioxide emissions, total for each country without regard to population size&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=GHG emissions of all world countries |url=https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2024 |publisher=Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315145619/https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2024 |archive-date=15 March 2025 |date=2024 |url-status=live}} (select &quot;CO2 total emissions&quot; from dropdown list). ● Link directly to [https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2024?vis=co2tot#emissions_table table] (click on &quot;CO2 total emissions&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}Under the Paris Agreement, countries must increase their ambition every five years. To facilitate this, the agreement established the [[Global stocktake|Global Stocktake]], which assesses progress, with the first evaluation in 2023. The outcome is to be used as input for new nationally determined contributions of parties.&lt;ref&gt;article 14 {{cite web|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|date=12 December 2015|title=Framework Convention on Climate Change|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212201810/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf|archive-date=12 December 2015|access-date=12 December 2015|website=United Nations FCCC Int.|publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Talanoa Dialogue]] in 2018 was seen as an example for the global stocktake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=https://newclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/iGST-NewClimate-Questions-for-the-Global-Stocktake-1.pdf|title=Guiding questions for the Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreement|last1=Höhne|first1=Niklas|last2=Louise|first2=Jeffery|date=November 2019|publisher=NewClimate Institute|last3=Nilsson|first3=Anna|last4=Fekete|first4=Hanna|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310232917/https://newclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/iGST-NewClimate-Questions-for-the-Global-Stocktake-1.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a year of discussion, a report was published and there was a call for action, but countries did not increase ambition afterwards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hermwille|first1=Lukas|last2=Siemons|first2=Anne|last3=Förster|first3=Hannah|last4=Jeffery|first4=Louise|date=2019|title=Catalyzing mitigation ambition under the Paris Agreement: elements for an effective Global Stocktake|journal=Climate Policy|volume=19|issue=8|pages=988–1001|doi=10.1080/14693062.2019.1624494|bibcode=2019CliPo..19..988H |s2cid=197773078|issn=1469-3062|doi-access=free|hdl=1871.1/cbd8cb40-3d5d-41b6-9c79-1afdd987554f|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The stocktake works as part of the Paris Agreement's effort to create a &quot;ratcheting up&quot; of ambition in emissions cuts. Because analysts agreed in 2014 that the NDCs would not limit rising temperatures below 2&amp;nbsp;°C, the global stocktake reconvenes parties to assess how their new NDCs must evolve so that they continually reflect a country's &quot;highest possible ambition&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Yeo|first=Sophie|date=19 January 2016|title=The Paris Agreement 'Ratchet Mechanism'|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/timeline-the-paris-agreements-ratchet-mechanism|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119055158/https://www.carbonbrief.org/timeline-the-paris-agreements-ratchet-mechanism|archive-date=19 November 2016|website=Carbon Brief}}&lt;/ref&gt; While ratcheting up the ambition of NDCs is a major aim of the global stocktake, it assesses efforts beyond mitigation. The five-year reviews will also evaluate adaptation, [[climate finance]] provisions, and technology development and transfer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 30 November 2023, the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28) commenced in Dubai with renewed calls for amplified efforts towards climate action.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=COP28 Opens in Dubai |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67143989}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mitigation provisions and carbon markets ===<br /> Article 6 has been flagged as containing some of the key provisions of the Paris Agreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ieta.org/resources/Resources/Position_Papers/2016/IETA_Article_6_Implementation_Paper_May2016.pdf|title=Article 6 Implementation Paper|date=20 May 2016|website=International Emissions Trading Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017115236/http://ieta.org/resources/Resources/Position_Papers/2016/IETA_Article_6_Implementation_Paper_May2016.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Broadly, it outlines the [[Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement|cooperative approaches]] that parties can take in achieving their nationally determined carbon emissions reductions. In doing so, it helps establish the Paris Agreement as a framework for a global carbon market.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stavins|first=Robert|year=2016|title=Market Mechanisms in the Paris Climate Agreement: International Linkage under Article 6.2|url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/2016-10_paris-agreement-beyond_v4.pdf#page=59|journal=Harvard Project on Climate Agreements|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119062203/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/2016-10_paris-agreement-beyond_v4.pdf#page=59|archive-date=19 November 2016|access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Article 6 is the only important part of the agreement yet to be resolved; [[2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference|negotiations in 2019]] did not produce a result.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Evans|first1=Simon|last2=Gabbatiss|first2=John|date=29 November 2019|title=In-depth Q&amp;A: How 'Article 6' carbon markets could 'make or break' the Paris Agreement|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-q-and-a-how-article-6-carbon-markets-could-make-or-break-the-paris-agreement|url-status=live|access-date=7 March 2021|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|archive-date=20 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420143355/https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-q-and-a-how-article-6-carbon-markets-could-make-or-break-the-paris-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt; The topic was settled during the [[2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference|2021 COP26 in Glasgow]]. A mechanism, the &quot;corresponding adjustment&quot;, was established to avoid double counting for emission offsets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Explainer: Article 6 |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2022/05/17/what-you-need-to-know-about-article-6-of-the-paris-agreement |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Linkage of carbon trading systems and ITMOs ====<br /> {{main|Cooperative mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement}}<br /> [[Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement#Article 6.2: Cooperative Approaches|Paragraphs 6.2]] and 6.3 establish a framework to govern the [[Internationally transferred mitigation outcomes|international transfer of mitigation outcomes]] (ITMOs). The agreement recognizes the rights of parties to use emissions reductions outside of their own borders toward their NDC, in a system of carbon accounting and trading.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; This provision requires the &quot;linkage&quot; of carbon emissions trading systems{{snd}}because measured emissions reductions must avoid &quot;double counting&quot;, transferred mitigation outcomes must be recorded as a gain of emission units for one party and a reduction of emission units for the other,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; a so-called &quot;corresponding adjustment&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Art._6.2%2520_draft_decision.pdf UNFCCC.int – Draft CMA decision on guidance on cooperative approaches referred to in Art. 6, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement]&lt;/ref&gt; Because the NDCs, and domestic carbon trading schemes, are heterogeneous, the ITMOs will provide a format for global linkage under the auspices of the UNFCCC.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcu|first=Andrei|year=2016|editor-last=Stavins|editor-first=Robert|title=The Paris agreement and beyond|url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/2016-10_paris-agreement-beyond_v4.pdf#page=53|publisher=Harvard Project on Climate Agreements|chapter=Governance of Carbon Markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119062203/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/2016-10_paris-agreement-beyond_v4.pdf#page=53|archive-date=19 November 2016|access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The provision thus also creates a pressure for countries to adopt emissions management systems{{snd}}if a country wants to use more cost-effective cooperative approaches to achieve their NDCs, they will have to monitor carbon units for their economies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theenergycollective.com/davidhone/2378184/a-vision-for-article-6-of-the-paris-agreement|title=A Vision for Article 6 of the Paris Agreement|last=Hone|first=David|date=16 May 2016|website=The Energy Collective|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120003330/http://www.theenergycollective.com/davidhone/2378184/a-vision-for-article-6-of-the-paris-agreement|archive-date=20 November 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> So far, as the only country who wants to buy ITMOs, Switzerland has signed deals regarding ITMO tradings with Peru, Ghana, Senegal, Georgia, Dominica, Vanuatu, Thailand and Ukraine.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Country !! Sign date !! Source<br /> |-<br /> | Peru || 20 October 2020 || &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/fdfa/representations-and-travel-advice/peru/switzerland-peru.html eda.admin.ch: Bilateral relations Switzerland–Peru]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Ghana || 23 November 2020 || &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.eda.admin.ch/countries/ghana/en/home/news/news.html/content/countries/ghana/en/meta/news/2020/11/switzerland-ghana-climate-agreement eda.admin.ch: Switzerland and Ghana sign an agreement on climate protection]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Senegal || 6 July 2021 || &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/switzerland-and-senegal-sign-climate-deal/46764460 swissinfo.ch: Switzerland and Senegal sign climate deal]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Georgia|| 18 October 2021 || &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-85477.html admin.ch: Climate protection: Switzerland signs agreement with Georgia]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Dominica || 11 November 2021 || &lt;ref name=&quot;bafu-CH&quot;&gt;[https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/topics/climate/info-specialists/climate--international-affairs/staatsvertraege-umsetzung-klimauebereinkommen-von-paris-artikel6.html bafu.admin.ch: Bilateral climate agreements]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Vanuatu || 11 November 2021 || &lt;ref name=&quot;bafu-CH&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Thailand || 24 June 2022 ||&lt;ref name=&quot;bafu-CH&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Ukraine || 4 July 2022 ||&lt;ref name=&quot;bafu-CH&quot;/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Sustainable Development Mechanism ====<br /> [[Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement#Article 6.4: Mechanism to promote climate action and support sustainable development|Paragraphs 6.4]]–6.7 establish a mechanism &quot;to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gases and support sustainable development&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations/ Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015) Adoption of the Paris Agreement, 21st Conference of the Parties, Paris: United Nations&lt;/ref&gt; Though there is no official name for the mechanism as yet, it has been referred to as the Sustainable Development Mechanism or SDM.&lt;ref&gt;''&quot;The Carbon Markets of Tomorrow: Taking Shape Today&quot;. Ecosystem Market Place. Retrieved 24 October 2016''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; The SDM is considered to be the successor to the [[Clean Development Mechanism]], a mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol by which parties could collaboratively pursue emissions reductions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|publisher=Carbon Market Watch|last1=Kachi|first1=Aki|last2=Voigt|first2=Juliane|date=May 2017|title=Building blocks for a robust Sustainable Development Mechanism|url=https://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/BUILDING-BLOCKS-FOR-A-ROBUST-SUSTAINABLE-DEVELOPMENT-MECHANISM_WEB-SINGLE_FINAL.pdf|access-date=4 April 2021|page=2|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425061559/https://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/BUILDING-BLOCKS-FOR-A-ROBUST-SUSTAINABLE-DEVELOPMENT-MECHANISM_WEB-SINGLE_FINAL.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The SDM is set to largely resemble the Clean Development Mechanism, with the dual goal of contributing to global GHG emissions reductions and supporting sustainable development.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.ceps.eu/download/publication/?id=9274&amp;pdf=SR%20No%20128%20ACM%20Post%20COP21%20Analysis%20of%20Article%206.pdf|title=Carbon Market Provisions in the Paris Agreement (Article 6)|last=Marcu|first=Andrei|date=January 2016|publisher=Centre for Europe and Policy Studies|access-date=15 July 2021|isbn=978-94-6138-501-7|page=13|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702140041/https://www.ceps.eu/download/publication/?id=9274&amp;pdf=SR%20No%20128%20ACM%20Post%20COP21%20Analysis%20of%20Article%206.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though the structure and processes governing the SDM are not yet determined, certain similarities and differences from the Clean Development Mechanisms have become clear. A key difference is that the SDM will be available to all parties as opposed to only [[Annex I|Annex-I parties]], making it much wider in scope.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Recommendations for Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.&quot; ''Carbon Market Watch'', 19 May 2016. Web. 10 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol was criticized for failing to produce either meaningful emissions reductions or sustainable development benefits in most instances.&lt;ref&gt;Böhm, Steffen. ''Upsetting the offset: the political economy of carbon markets''. London: MayFlyBooks, 2009,&lt;/ref&gt; and for its complexity. It is possible that the SDM will see difficulties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Climate change adaptation provisions ===<br /> [[Climate change adaptation]] received more focus in Paris negotiations than in previous climate treaties. Collective, long-term adaptation goals are included in the agreement, and countries must report on their adaptation actions, making it a parallel component with mitigation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Mogelgaard |first=Kathleen |date=23 December 2015 |title=What Does the Paris Agreement Mean for Climate Resilience and Adaptation |url=http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/12/what-does-paris-agreement-mean-climate-resilience-and-adaptation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119060408/http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/12/what-does-paris-agreement-mean-climate-resilience-and-adaptation |archive-date=19 November 2016 |website=World Resources Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; The adaptation goals focus on enhancing [[adaptive capacity]], increasing [[Climate resilience|resilience]], and limiting vulnerability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Jennifer |date=12 December 2015 |title=The Paris Agreement: Turning Point for a Climate Solution |url=http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/12/paris-agreement-turning-point-climate-solution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119055526/http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/12/paris-agreement-turning-point-climate-solution |archive-date=19 November 2016 |website=World Resources Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Implementation ==<br /> The Paris Agreement is implemented via national policy. It would involve improvements to [[Energy conservation|energy efficiency]] to decrease the [[energy intensity]] of the global economy. Implementation also requires fossil fuel burning to be cut back and the share of [[sustainable energy]] to grow rapidly. Emissions are being reduced rapidly in the electricity sector, but not in the building, transport and heating sector. Some industries are difficult to decarbonize, and for those [[carbon dioxide removal]] may be necessary to achieve [[Net zero|net zero emissions]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gomez-Echeverri |first=Luis |date=2018 |title=Climate and development: enhancing impact through stronger linkages in the implementation of the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |volume=376 |issue=2119 |article-number=20160444 |bibcode=2018RSPTA.37660444G |doi=10.1098/rsta.2016.0444 |pmc=5897818 |pmid=29610377 |bibcode-access=free |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a report released in 2022 the IPCC promotes the need for innovation and technological changes in combination with consumption and production behavioral changes to meet Paris Agreement objectives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/about/frequently-asked-questions/ |access-date=4 April 2022 |website=IPCC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> To stay below 1.5{{Nbsp}}°C of global warming, emissions need to be cut by roughly 50% by 2030. This is an aggregate of each country's [[nationally determined contribution]]s. By mid-century, {{CO2}} emissions would need to be cut to zero, and total greenhouse gases would need to be [[net zero]] just after mid-century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> There are barriers to implementing the agreement. Some countries struggle to attract the finance necessary for investments in decarbonization. Climate finance is fragmented, further complicating investments. Another issue is the lack of capabilities in government and other institutions to implement policy. [[Clean technology]] and [[knowledge transfer|knowledge]] is often not transferred to countries or places that need it.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; In December 2020, the former chair of the COP 21, [[Laurent Fabius]], argued that the implementation of the Paris Agreement could be bolstered by the adoption of a [[Global Pact for the Environment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Guibert |first=Christelle |date=8 December 2020 |title=Laurent Fabius: 'Le vrai antidote au réchauffement, c'est l'application de l'Accord de Paris ' |trans-title=The true antidote to warming is the application of the Paris Accord |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/environnement/rechauffement-climatique/laurent-fabius-le-vrai-antidote-au-rechauffement-c-est-l-application-de-l-accord-de-paris-7078200 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207084837/https://www.ouest-france.fr/environnement/rechauffement-climatique/laurent-fabius-le-vrai-antidote-au-rechauffement-c-est-l-application-de-l-accord-de-paris-7078200 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=Ouest France |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; The latter would define the environmental rights and duties of states, individuals and businesses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Implementation of General Assembly resolution 73/333, entitled &quot;Follow-up to the report of the ad hoc open-ended working group established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 72/277&quot; |url=https://environmentassembly.unenvironment.org/follow-up-on-ga-res-73-333 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122045508/https://environmentassembly.unenvironment.org/follow-up-on-ga-res-73-333 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=United Nations Environmental Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Specific topics of concern ==<br /> <br /> === Effectiveness ===<br /> [[File:Greenhouse gas emission scenarios 01.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Scenarios of global greenhouse gas emissions. If all countries achieve their current Paris Agreement pledges, average warming by 2100 would still exceed the maximum 2°C target set by the agreement.]]<br /> The effectiveness of the Paris Agreement to reach its climate goals is under debate, with most experts saying it is insufficient for its more ambitious goal of keeping global temperature rise under 1.5&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Raiser |first1=Kilian |last2=Kornek |first2=Ulrike |last3=Flachsland |first3=Christian |last4=Lamb |first4=William F |date=19 August 2020 |title=Is the Paris Agreement effective? A systematic map of the evidence |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=083006 |bibcode=2020ERL....15h3006R |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ab865c |issn=1748-9326 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maizland |first=Lindsay |date=29 April 2021 |title=Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612023125/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of the exact provisions of the Paris Agreement have yet to be straightened out, so that it may be too early to judge effectiveness.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; According to the 2020 United Nations Environment Programme ([[UNEP]]), with the current climate commitments of the Paris Agreement, global mean temperatures will likely rise by more than 3&amp;nbsp;°C by the end of the 21st century. Newer [[net zero]] commitments were not included in the [[Nationally determined contribution|Nationally Determined Contributions]], and may bring down temperatures by a further 0.5&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=United Nations Environment Programme |url=https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2020 |title=Emissions Gap Report |year=2020 |isbn=978-92-807-3812-4 |location=Nairobi |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |page=XXI |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209220237/https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2020 |archive-date=9 December 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With initial pledges by countries inadequate, faster and more expensive future mitigation would be needed to still reach the targets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Paris Agreement, Decision 1/CP.21, Article 17 |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10a01.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401044717/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10a01.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |work=UNFCCC secretariat}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, there is a gap between pledges by countries in their NDCs and implementation of these pledges; one third of the emission gap between the lowest-costs and actual reductions in emissions would be closed by implementing existing pledges.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Roelfsema |first1=Mark |last2=van Soest |first2=Heleen L. |last3=Harmsen |first3=Mathijs |last4=van Vuuren |first4=Detlef P. |last5=Bertram |first5=Christoph |last6=den Elzen |first6=Michel |last7=Höhne |first7=Niklas |last8=Iacobuta |first8=Gabriela |last9=Krey |first9=Volker |last10=Kriegler |first10=Elmar |last11=Luderer |first11=Gunnar |date=29 April 2020 |title=Taking stock of national climate policies to evaluate implementation of the Paris Agreement |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=2096 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.2096R |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-15414-6 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7190619 |pmid=32350258 |doi-access=free}}{{CC-notice|cc=by4}} Minor grammatical amendments were made.&lt;/ref&gt; A pair of studies in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' found that as of 2017 none of the major industrialized nations were implementing the policies they had pledged, and none met their pledged emission reduction targets,&lt;ref name=&quot;empty_promises&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Victor |first1=David G. |last2=Akimoto |first2=Keigo |last3=Kaya |first3=Yoichi |last4=Yamaguchi |first4=Mitsutsune |last5=Cullenward |first5=Danny |last6=Hepburn |first6=Cameron |date=3 August 2017 |title=Prove Paris was more than paper promises |journal=Nature |volume=548 |issue=7665 |pages=25–27 |bibcode=2017Natur.548...25V |doi=10.1038/548025a |pmid=28770856 |s2cid=4467912 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; and even if they had, the sum of all member pledges (as of 2016) would not keep global temperature rise &quot;well below 2°C&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rogelj |first1=Joeri |author1-link=Joeri Rogelj |last2=den Elzen |first2=Michel |last3=Höhne |first3=Niklas |author-link3=Niklas Höhne |last4=Fransen |first4=Taryn |last5=Fekete |first5=Hanna |last6=Winkler |first6=Harald |last7=Schaeffer |first7=Roberto |last8=Sha |first8=Fu |last9=Riahi |first9=Keywan |last10=Meinshausen |first10=Malte |date=30 June 2016 |title=Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2°C |url=http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/13307/1/nature18307_proof1.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Nature |volume=534 |issue=7609 |pages=631–639 |bibcode=2016Natur.534..631R |doi=10.1038/nature18307 |pmid=27357792 |s2cid=205249514 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819072349/http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/13307/1/nature18307_proof1.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2019 |access-date=9 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Mooney |first=Chris |author-link=Chris Mooney (journalist) |date=29 June 2016 |title=The world has the right climate goals – but the wrong ambition levels to achieve them |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/06/29/a-sweeping-new-analysis-shows-why-our-planetary-carbon-math-is-still-falling-short/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629211231/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/06/29/a-sweeping-new-analysis-shows-why-our-planetary-carbon-math-is-still-falling-short/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |access-date=29 June 2016 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2021, a study using a [[Stochastic simulation|probabilistic]] model concluded that the rates of emissions reductions would have to increase by 80% beyond [[#Nationally determined contributions|NDCs]] to likely meet the 2&amp;nbsp;°C upper target of the Paris Agreement, that the probabilities of major emitters meeting their NDCs without such an increase is very low. It estimated that with current trends the probability of staying below 2&amp;nbsp;°C of warming is 5–26% if NDCs were met and continued post-2030 by all signatories.&lt;ref name=&quot;10.1038/s43247-021-00097-8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{As of|2020}}, there is little scientific literature on the topics of the effectiveness of the Paris Agreement on [[capacity building]] and adaptation, even though they feature prominently in the Paris Agreement. The literature available is mostly mixed in its conclusions about loss and damage, and adaptation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the stocktake report, the agreement has a significant effect: while in 2010 the expected temperature rise by 2100 was 3.7–4.8&amp;nbsp;°C, at [[2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP 27]] it was 2.4–2.6&amp;nbsp;°C and if all countries will fulfill their long-term pledges even 1.7–2.1&amp;nbsp;°C. Despite it, the world is still very far from reaching the aim of the agreement: limiting temperature rise to 1.5 degrees. For doing this, emissions must peak by 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ella&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nilsen |first1=Ella |date=8 September 2023 |title=World isn't moving fast enough to cut pollution and keep warming below 2 degrees Celsius, UN scorecard says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/08/us/un-scorecard-climate-cop28/index.html |access-date=12 September 2023 |agency=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;stocktake&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Technical dialogue of the first global stocktake Synthesis report by the co-facilitators on the technical dialogue |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/sb2023_09_adv.pdf |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Recent work{{snd}}on the basis of the first single calendar year in 2024 with an average temperature above 1.5 degrees Celsius{{snd}}indicates that most probably Earth has already entered the 20-year period that will reach an average warming of 1.5 degrees Celsius.&lt;ref name=&quot;paper&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bevacqua |first1=Emanuele |last2=Carl-Friedrich|first2=Schleussner|last3=Zscheischler|first3=Jakob|title=A year above 1.5 °C signals that Earth is most probably within the 20-year period that will reach the Paris Agreement limit |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=Feb 2025 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=262–265 |doi=10.1038/s41558-025-02246-9 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2025NatCC..15..262B }}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it has been suggested that the global mean temperature may have already passed the 1.5 degrees Celsius level in 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;paper2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cannon |first1=Alex |title=Twelve months at 1.5 °C signals earlier than expected breach of Paris Agreement threshold |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=Feb 2025 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=266–269 |doi=10.1038/s41558-025-02247-8 |bibcode=2025NatCC..15..266C |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Paris Agreement also seemed to have influenced the focus of the following IPCC reports. Before the Paris Agreement was settled, the IPCC assessment reports focused roughly in equal proportions on temperatures above and below 2&amp;nbsp;°C. However, in the 6th assessment report, after the Paris Engagement was reached, slightly less than 20% of the temperature mentions are above 2&amp;nbsp;°C and almost 50% focus on 1.5&amp;nbsp;°C alone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Jehn |first1=Florian U. |last2=Kemp |first2=Luke |last3=Ilin |first3=Ekaterina |last4=Funk |first4=Christoph |last5=Wang |first5=Jason R. |last6=Breuer |first6=Lutz |title=Focus of the IPCC Assessment Reports Has Shifted to Lower Temperatures |journal=Earth's Future |date=May 2022 |volume=10 |issue=5 |article-number=e2022EF002876 |doi=10.1029/2022EF002876|bibcode=2022EaFut..1002876J |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Fulfillment of requirements ===<br /> [[File:Total CO2 by Region.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Since 2000, rising {{CO2}} emissions in China and the rest of the world have surpassed the output of the United States and Europe.]]<br /> [[File:Per Capita CO2 by Region.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Per person, the United States generates {{CO2}} at a far faster rate than other primary regions.]]<br /> In September 2021, the Climate Action Tracker estimated that, with current policies, global emissions will double above the 2030 target level. The gap is 20–23 Gt CO2e. Countries such as Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and Thailand have been criticised of not doing enough to meet the requirements of the agreement, and are on track to achieve a 4&amp;nbsp;°C warming of the planet if current policies are implemented more widely. Of the world's countries, only the Gambia's emissions are at the level required by the Paris Agreement. Models predicted that if the necessary measures were not implemented by autumn 2021, the global average temperature would rise by 2.9&amp;nbsp;°C. With the implementation of the Paris Agreement pledges, the average temperature would rise by 2.4&amp;nbsp;°C, and with every zero emission target reached, the average temperature would rise by 2.0&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate target updates slow as science ramps up need for action |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/871/CAT_2021-09_Briefing_GlobalUpdate.pdf |website=Climate Action Tracker Global update}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''Production Gap 2021'' report states that world governments still plan to produce 110% more [[fossil fuels]] in 2030 (including 240% more coal, 57% more oil and 71% more gas) than the 1.5 degree limit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2021 Report |url=https://productiongap.org/2021report/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Production Gap |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2023 the first global stocktake report about the implementation of the agreement was released. According to the report contrarily to expectations, the agreement has a significant effect: while in 2010 the expected temperature rise by 2100 was 3.7–4.8&amp;nbsp;°C, at [[2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP 27]] it was 2.4–2.6&amp;nbsp;°C and if all countries will fulfill their long-term pledges 1.7–2.1&amp;nbsp;°C. However, the world remains very far from limiting warming to 1.5 degrees. To meet this benchmark, global emissions must peak by 2025, and although emissions have peaked in some countries, global emissions have not.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ella&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;stocktake&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ensuring finance ===<br /> {{Further|Climate finance|Green Climate Fund}}<br /> [[File:GCF Signed Pledges 2018.svg|thumb|alt=Map showing that the US, various European countries and Japan contributed most the Green Climate Fund|Pledges to the Green Climate Fund in 2018. The numbers represent the signed pledges per year.|upright=1.4]]<br /> Developed countries reaffirmed the commitment to mobilize $100&amp;nbsp;billion a year in [[climate finance]] by 2020, and agreed to continue mobilising finance at this level until 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Thwaites |first=Joe |date=18 December 2015 |title=What Does the Paris Agreement do for Finance? |publisher=WRI |url=http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/12/what-does-paris-agreement-do-finance |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410215553/http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/12/what-does-paris-agreement-do-finance |archive-date=10 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The money is for supporting mitigation and adaptation in developing countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=13 December 2015 |title=COP21 climate change summit reaches deal in Paris |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35084374 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213160112/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35084374 |archive-date=13 December 2015 |access-date=14 December 2015 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; It includes finance for the [[Green Climate Fund]], which is a part of the UNFCCC, but also for a variety of other public and private pledges. The Paris Agreement states that a new commitment of at least $100&amp;nbsp;billion per year has to be agreed before 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=J. Timmons |last2=Weikmans |first2=Romain |last3=Robinson |first3=Stacy-ann |last4=Ciplet |first4=David |last5=Khan |first5=Mizan |last6=Falzon |first6=Danielle |date=March 2021 |title=Rebooting a failed promise of climate finance |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=180–182 |bibcode=2021NatCC..11..180R |doi=10.1038/s41558-021-00990-2 |issn=1758-6798 |doi-access=free|hdl=2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/319545 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Though both mitigation and adaptation require increased climate financing, adaptation has typically received lower levels of support and has mobilized less action from the private sector.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; A report by the OECD found that 16% of global climate finance was directed toward climate adaptation in 2013–2014, compared to 77% for mitigation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=OECD |date=2015 |title=Climate Finance in 2013–14 and the USD 100 billion goal |url=http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/Climate-Finance-in-2013-14-and-the-USD-billion-goal.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530220000/http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/Climate-Finance-in-2013-14-and-the-USD-billion-goal.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2016 |access-date=10 April 2017 |page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Paris Agreement called for a balance of climate finance between adaptation and mitigation, and specifically increasing adaptation support for parties most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including [[Least developed countries]] and [[Small Island Developing States]]. The agreement also reminds parties of the importance of public grants, because adaptation measures receive less investment from the public sector.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2015, twenty multilateral development banks (MDBs) and members of the International Development Finance Club introduced five principles to maintain widespread climate action in their investments: commitment to climate strategies, managing climate risks, promoting climate smart objectives, improving climate performance and accounting for their own actions. As of January 2020, the number of members abiding by these principles grew to 44.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=IPCC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some specific outcomes of the elevated attention to adaptation financing in Paris include the [[G7 countries]]' announcement to provide US$420&amp;nbsp;million for [[climate risk insurance]], and the launching of a Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) Initiative.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Roadmap to US$100 Billion |url=http://dfat.gov.au/international-relations/themes/climate-change/Documents/climate-finance-roadmap-to-us100-billion.pdf |website=Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119120116/http://dfat.gov.au/international-relations/themes/climate-change/Documents/climate-finance-roadmap-to-us100-billion.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2016 |publisher=OECD}}&lt;/ref&gt; The largest donors to multilateral climate funds, which includes the Green Climate Fund, are the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, France and Sweden.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Timperley |first1=Jocelyn |last2=Pearce |first2=Rosamund |date=6 November 2017 |title=Mapped: Where multilateral climate funds spend their money |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-where-multilateral-climate-funds-spend-their-money |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507154928/https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-where-multilateral-climate-funds-spend-their-money |archive-date=7 May 2021 |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Loss and damage ===<br /> {{Main|Loss and damage (climate change)}}<br /> It is not possible to adapt to all effects of climate change: even in the case of optimal adaptation, severe damage may still occur. The Paris Agreement recognizes [[Loss and damage (climate change)|loss and damage]] of this kind.&lt;ref name=&quot;WorldResourcesInstitute&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/12/when-adaptation-not-enough-paris-agreement-recognizes-%E2%80%9Closs-and-damage%E2%80%9D|title=When Adaptation is Not Enough|last=Mogelgaard|first=Kathleen|date=24 December 2015|website=World Resources Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008083845/http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/12/when-adaptation-not-enough-paris-agreement-recognizes-%E2%80%9Closs-and-damage%E2%80%9D|archive-date=8 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Loss and damage can stem from [[Extreme weather|extreme weather events]], or from slow-onset events such as the loss of land to [[sea level rise]] for low-lying islands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Previous climate agreements classified loss and damage as a subset of adaptation.&lt;ref name=&quot;WorldResourcesInstitute&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The push to address loss and damage as a distinct issue in the Paris Agreement came from the [[Alliance of Small Island States]] and the Least Developed Countries, whose economies and livelihoods are most vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The [[Warsaw Mechanism]], established two years earlier during COP19 and set to expire in 2016, categorizes loss and damage as a subset of adaptation, which was unpopular with many countries. It is recognized as a separate pillar of the Paris Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Pidcock|first=Roz|date=9 May 2017|title=Explainer: Dealing with the 'loss and damage' caused by climate change|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-dealing-with-the-loss-and-damage-caused-by-climate-change|access-date=8 May 2021|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508140245/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-dealing-with-the-loss-and-damage-caused-by-climate-change|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States argued against this, possibly worried that classifying the issue as separate from adaptation would create yet another climate finance provision.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; In the end, the agreement calls for &quot;averting, minimizing, and addressing loss and damage&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; but specifies that it cannot be used as the basis for liability. The agreement adopts the Warsaw Mechanism, an institution that will attempt to address questions about how to classify, address, and share responsibility for loss.&lt;ref name=&quot;WorldResourcesInstitute&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Transparency ===<br /> {{Main|Enhanced Transparency Framework}}<br /> The parties are legally bound to have their progress tracked by technical expert review to assess achievement toward the NDC and to determine ways to strengthen ambition.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.climatefocus.com/sites/default/files/20151228%20COP%2021%20briefing%20FIN.pdf|title=The Paris Agreement Summary|date=28 December 2015|website=Climate Focus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509090559/http://www.climatefocus.com/sites/default/files/20151228%20COP%2021%20briefing%20FIN.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Article 13 of the Paris Agreement articulates an &quot;enhanced transparency framework for action and support&quot; that establishes harmonized [[Monitoring, reporting and verification|monitoring, reporting, and verification]] (MRV) requirements. Both developed and developing nations must report every two years on their mitigation efforts, and all parties will be subject to technical and peer review.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> While the enhanced transparency framework is universal, the framework is meant to provide &quot;built-in flexibility&quot; to distinguish between developed and developing countries' capacities. The Paris Agreement has provisions for an enhanced framework for capacity building, recognizes the varying circumstances of countries, and notes that the technical expert review for each country consider that country's specific capacity for reporting.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Van Asselt|first=Harro|date=2016|title=Putting the 'enhanced transparency framework' into action: Priorities for a key pillar of the Paris Agreement|url=https://mediamanager.sei.org/documents/Publications/Climate/SEI-PB-2016-Transparency-under-Paris-Agreement.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119062033/https://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Climate/SEI-PB-2016-Transparency-under-Paris-Agreement.pdf|archive-date=19 November 2016|website=Stockholm Environment Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parties to the agreement send their first Biennial Transparency Report (BTR), and [[greenhouse gas inventory]] figures to the UNFCCC by 2024 and every two years after that. Developed countries submit their first BTR in 2022 and inventories annually from that year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reporting and Review under the Paris Agreement|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-paris-agreement|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101022313/https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-paris-agreement|archive-date=1 November 2020|access-date=20 April 2020|website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement also develops a Capacity-Building Initiative for Transparency to assist developing countries in building the necessary [[institution]]s and processes for compliance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Flexibility can be incorporated into the enhanced transparency framework via the scope, level of detail, or frequency of reporting, tiered based on a country's capacity. The requirement for in-country technical reviews could be lifted for some less developed or small island developing countries. Ways to assess capacity include financial and human resources in a country necessary for NDC review.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Litigation ===<br /> {{main|Climate change litigation}}<br /> The Paris Agreement has become a focal point of climate change litigation. One of the first major cases in this area was ''[[State of the Netherlands v. Urgenda Foundation]]'', which was raised against the Netherlands' government after it had reduced its planned emissions reductions goal for 2030 prior to the Paris Agreement. After an initial ruling against the government in 2015 that required it to maintain its planned reduction, the decision was upheld on appeals through the [[Supreme Court of the Netherlands]] in 2019, ruling that the Dutch government failed to uphold human rights under Dutch law and the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] by lowering its emission targets.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Corder |first=Mike |date=20 December 2019 |title=Activists cheer victory in landmark Dutch climate case |url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-the-hague-courts-supreme-courts-international-news-5534fe18ac5352ba43c74c9a64d6a20a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190944/https://apnews.com/article/europe-the-hague-courts-supreme-courts-international-news-5534fe18ac5352ba43c74c9a64d6a20a |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=AP news |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2{{nbsp}}°C temperature target of the Paris Agreement provided part of the judgement's legal basis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Backes |first1=C. W. (Chris) |last2=Veen |first2=G. A. (Gerrit) van der |date=2020 |title=Urgenda: the Final Judgment of the Dutch Supreme Court |journal=Journal for European Environmental &amp; Planning Law |language=en |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=307–321 |doi=10.1163/18760104-01703004 |issn=1876-0104 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement, whose goals are enshrined in German law, also formed part of the argumentation in ''Neubauer et al. v. Germany'', where the court ordered Germany to reconsider its climate targets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Global-trends-in-climate-change-litigation_2021-snapshot.pdf |title=Global trends in climate change litigation: 2021 snapshot |last1=Setzer |first1=Joana |last2=Higham |first2=Catherine |date=July 2021 |publisher=Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and Centre for Climate Change, Economics and Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science |page=24 |access-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707141424/https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Global-trends-in-climate-change-litigation_2021-snapshot.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In May 2021, the district court of [[The Hague]] ruled against oil company [[Royal Dutch Shell]] in ''[[Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell]]''. The court ruled that it must cut its global emissions by 45% from 2019 levels by 2030, as it was in violation of human rights. This lawsuit was considered the first major application of the Paris Agreement towards a corporation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Boffey |first=Daniel |date=26 May 2021 |title=Court orders Royal Dutch Shell to cut carbon emissions by 45% by 2030 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/may/26/court-orders-royal-dutch-shell-to-cut-carbon-emissions-by-45-by-2030 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526142843/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/may/26/court-orders-royal-dutch-shell-to-cut-carbon-emissions-by-45-by-2030 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |access-date=26 May 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Human rights ===<br /> {{Further|Human rights}}<br /> <br /> On 4 July 2022, the [[Supreme Federal Court]] of [[Brazil]] recognized the Paris Agreement as a &quot;[[Human rights treaty bodies|human rights treaty]]&quot;. According to the ruling of the court in Brazil it should &quot;supersede national law&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;stf-jus-jul22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Arguição de descumprimento de preceito fundamental |url=https://portal.stf.jus.br/processos/detalhe.asp?incidente=5951856 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724145637/https://portal.stf.jus.br/processos/detalhe.asp?incidente=5951856 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=[[Supremo Tribunal Federal]] |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;yale-bra-jul22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ciuffo |first1=Leandro Neumann |date=7 July 2022 |title=Brazil's High Court First to Declare Paris Agreement a Human Rights Treaty |url=https://e360.yale.edu/digest/paris-agreement-human-rights-treaty-brazil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724144613/https://e360.yale.edu/digest/paris-agreement-human-rights-treaty-brazil |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=Yale Program on Climate Change Communication}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same month the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] in a resolution &quot;(A/HRC/50/L.10/Rev.1) on Human rights and climate change, adopted without a vote&quot; called to ratify and implement the agreement and emphasized the link between stopping climate change and the right to food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Rights Council Adopts Nine Resolutions – Extends Mandates on Eritrea, Internally Displaced Persons, and Violence Against Women and Girls |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/human-rights-council-adopts-nine-resolutions-extends-mandates-eritrea |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] officially recognized that &quot;Climate change threatens the effective enjoyment of a range of human rights including those to life, water and sanitation, food, health, housing, self-determination, culture and development.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=OHCHR and climate change |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/climate-change |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=United Nations |publisher=The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> The agreement was lauded by French president [[François Hollande]], UN secretary-general [[Ban Ki-moon]] and [[Christiana Figueres]], Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|date=12 December 2015|title=Historic Paris Agreement on Climate Change – 195 Nations Set Path to Keep Temperature Rise Well Below 2 Degrees Celsius|url=http://newsroom.unfccc.int/unfccc-newsroom/finale-cop21/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117141004/http://newsroom.unfccc.int/unfccc-newsroom/finale-cop21/|archive-date=17 January 2016|access-date=14 December 2015|website=UN Climate Change Newsroom|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change}}&lt;/ref&gt; The president of Brazil, [[Dilma Rousseff]], called the agreement &quot;balanced and long-lasting&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hulac|first=Benjamin|date=14 December 2015|title=Pollution from Planes and Ships Left Out of Paris Agreement|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/pollution-from-planes-and-ships-left-out-of-paris-agreement/|access-date=9 May 2021|website=Scientific American|language=en|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509142222/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/pollution-from-planes-and-ships-left-out-of-paris-agreement/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and India's prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] commended the agreement's [[climate justice]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Goswami|first1=Urmi|date=14 December 2015|title=Paris COP21: Recognition of &quot;common but differentiated responsibilities&quot; key achievement of India|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/paris-cop21-recognition-of-common-butdifferentiated-responsibilities-key-achievement-of-india-/articleshow/50173196.cms|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715064324/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/paris-cop21-recognition-of-common-butdifferentiated-responsibilities-key-achievement-of-india-/articleshow/50173196.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Matthew|date=13 December 2015|title=Paris climate deal provides 'best chance we have' of saving the planet|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/13/climate-deal-provides-best-chance-saving-the-planet|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713123652/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/13/climate-deal-provides-best-chance-saving-the-planet|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; When the agreement achieved the required signatures in October 2016, US president [[Barack Obama]] said that &quot;Even if we meet every target, we will only get to part of where we need to go.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;obamaclimate&quot; /&gt; He also stated &quot;this agreement will help delay or avoid some of the worst consequences of climate change [and] will help other nations ratchet down their emissions over time.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;obamaclimate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=A sweeping global climate change agreement was ratified on Wednesday|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/obama-paris-climate-accord-best-possible-shot-save-planet-n660446|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005212924/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/obama-paris-climate-accord-best-possible-shot-save-planet-n660446|archive-date=5 October 2016|access-date=5 October 2016|work=NBC News|date=5 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some [[environmentalist]]s and analysts reacted cautiously, acknowledging the &quot;spirit of Paris&quot; in bringing together countries, but expressing less optimism about the pace of climate mitigation and how much the agreement could do for poorer countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=14 December 2015 |title=Paris climate change deal too weak to help poor, critics warn |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/14/paris-climate-change-deal-cop21-oxfam-actionaid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630105950/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/14/paris-climate-change-deal-cop21-oxfam-actionaid |archive-date=30 June 2021 |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[James Hansen]], a former NASA scientist and leading climate change expert, voiced anger that most of the agreement consists of &quot;promises&quot; or aims and not firm commitments and called the Paris talks a fraud with &quot;no action, just promises&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;hansen_fraud&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Milman|first=Oliver|date=12 December 2015|title=James Hansen, father of climate change awareness, calls Paris talks 'a fraud'|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London, England|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/12/james-hansen-climate-change-paris-talks-fraud|url-status=live|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214001649/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/12/james-hansen-climate-change-paris-talks-fraud|archive-date=14 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Criticism of the agreement from those arguing against climate action has been diffuse, which may be due to the weakness of the agreement. This type of criticism typically focuses on national sovereignty and ineffectiveness of international action.<br /> <br /> == Precise methodology and status of goal ==<br /> [[File:IPCC 30y-centered-avg.png|thumb|Calculation of the 30-year average of the global temperature anomaly (referenced to 1850-1900). Linear extrapolation from the past 20 years fills the averaging window for the most recent dates. (Data from the MetOffice Climate Dashboard)]]<br /> <br /> The Paris Agreement required countries to pursue efforts to &quot;limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels,&quot; but did not give a precise definition for the temperature increase. In a 2018 special report titled &quot;Global Warming of 1.5°C,&quot; the [[IPCC]] provided that standard:&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc_sr_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web<br /> |title=FAQ Chapter 1 — Global Warming of 1.5 °C<br /> |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/faq/faq-chapter-1/<br /> |website=IPCC Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5 °C (SR15)<br /> |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)<br /> |access-date=4 October 2025<br /> |language=en<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> {{Blockquote<br /> |text=This IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C uses the reference period 1850–1900 to represent pre-industrial temperature ... warming is defined as the increase in the 30-year global average of combined air temperature over land and water temperature at the ocean surface.<br /> }} <br /> This is implemented as a 30-year centered average of the annual global temperature anomaly, referenced to the 1850-1900 average temperature. For the most recent 15 years, the averaging window is filled using a linear extrapolation from recent years (although the number of &quot;recent&quot; years was not specified by the IPCC). Using this methodology, the 2017 30-year average was found to be about 1.03&amp;nbsp;°C, and the predicted date of crossing the 1.5&amp;nbsp;°C level was the year 2040.<br /> <br /> As of 2024, the same methodology predicts the 1.5&amp;nbsp;°C level will occur sometime in 2029. This itself could be optimistically distant, as the recent decade of warming since 2017 shows that the original IPCC average for that year was underestimated by about 0.1&amp;nbsp;°C.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{portal|border=no|Global warming|France|Politics|World}}<br /> <br /> * {{Annotated link|Climate change denial}}<br /> * {{Annotated link|Climate justice}}<br /> * {{Annotated link|Climate target}}<br /> * {{Annotated link|Kigali Amendment}}<br /> * {{Annotated link|Politics of climate change}}<br /> * {{Annotated link|Green New Deal}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Jepsen |display-authors=etal |first1=Henrik |title=Negotiating the Paris Agreement: The Insider Stories |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/negotiating-the-paris-agreement/660C5CB692E6AE32FE9244374CD1EF39 |date=2021 |isbn= 978-1-108-88624-6 |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Teske 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JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riteish_Deshmukh&diff=446032 2026-03-17T16:09:58Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actor, filmmaker, and TV presenter (born 1978)}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Ritesh Deshmukh<br /> | image = Riteish Deshmukh at the Promotion of 'Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum' 06.jpg<br /> | caption = Deshmukh in 2012<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | works = [[Riteish Deshmukh filmography|Full list]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1978|12|17}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Latur]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | nationality = <br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|filmmaker|television presenter}}<br /> | years active = 2003–present<br /> | height = <br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage |[[Genelia D'Souza]]|2012}}<br /> | children = 2<br /> | mother = <br /> | father = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br /> | family = [[List of Hindi film families#Deshmukh family|Deshmukh]]<br /> | awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Riteish Deshmukh|Full list]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Riteish Vilasrao Deshmukh''' (born 17 December 1978) is an Indian actor, filmmaker and television presenter who predominantly works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] films. Known for his comic portrayals,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-best-comedy-scenes-4985640/|title=Riteish Deshmukh: The actor who stood out in multi-starrers with his perfect comic timing|website=The Indian Express |access-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115020926/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-best-comedy-scenes-4985640/|archive-date=15 January 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2016/Jun/01/i-dont-think-i-will-ever-leave-comedy-riteish-deshmukh-935213.html|title=I don't think I will ever leave comedy: Riteish Deshmukh|website=The New Indian Express |access-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911020926/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2016/Jun/01/i-dont-think-i-will-ever-leave-comedy-riteish-deshmukh-935213.html|archive-date=11 September 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deshmukh is a recipient of several accolades including a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]], a [[Filmfare Awards Marathi|Filmfare Award Marathi]] and five [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]].&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=61st National Film Awards: Complete list of winners|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/61st-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners/|accessdate=19 July 2014|work=The Indian Express|date=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Born to politician and former Chief Minister of [[Maharashtra]], [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]], Deshmukh began his acting career with the film ''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]'' (2003).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Watch: Genelia Deshmukh grooves to 'Vaathi Coming' with an injured hand, Riteish Deshmukh and besties join her |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/watch-genelia-deshmukh-grooves-to-vaathi-coming-with-an-injured-hand-riteish-deshmukh-and-besties-join-her/videoshow/81492829.cms |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has since worked in several successful comedies such as ''[[Masti (2004 film)|Masti]]'' (2004), ''[[Kyaa Kool Hai Hum]]'' (2005), ''[[Bluffmaster!]]'' (2005), ''[[Malamaal Weekly]]'' (2006), ''[[Heyy Babyy]]'' (2007), ''[[Dhamaal]]'' (2007), ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'' (2010), ''[[Double Dhamaal]]'' (2011), ''[[Housefull 2]]'' (2012), ''[[Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum]]'' (2012), ''[[Grand Masti]]'' (2013), ''[[Housefull 3]]'' (2016), ''[[Total Dhamaal]]'' (2019), ''[[Housefull 4]]'' (2019) and ''[[Housefull 5]]'' (2025). He has additionally earned praises for portraying a serial killer in ''[[Ek Villain]]'' (2014),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-02-21 |title=Riteish Deshmukh talks about playing evil on-screen: 'We all feel negatively towards certain things' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-talks-about-playing-evil-on-screen-we-all-feel-negatively-towards-certain-things/story-07pMpQY2RPy2RreHhlYGIK.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013022249/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-talks-about-playing-evil-on-screen-we-all-feel-negatively-towards-certain-things/story-07pMpQY2RPy2RreHhlYGIK.html |archive-date=13 October 2021 |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a corrupt politician in ''[[Raid 2 (film)|Raid 2]]'' (2025), both of which were critical and commercial successes.<br /> <br /> In Marathi cinema, Deshmukh started off as a producer with ''[[Balak-Palak]]'' (2013),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-01-10 |title=Special screening of Balak Palak for students of Riteish's school |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/special-screening-of-balak-palak-for-students-of-riteishs-school/articleshow/18128905.cms |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; and had his first acting role in the [[action film]] ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' (2014). Deshmukh made his directorial debut with ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]'' (2022),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-12-31 |title=&quot;We feel blessed&quot;: Genelia Deshmukh celebrates one year of 'Ved' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/we-feel-blessed-genelia-deshmukh-celebrates-one-year-of-ved/articleshow/106415477.cms#:~:text=As%20actor%20Riteish%20Deshmukh's%20first%20film%20as,her%20appreciation%20for%20the%20affection%20they've%20received.&amp;text='Ved'%20marks%20Riteish's%20directorial%20debut%20in%20Marathi,has%20Genelia%20D'Souza%20in%20the%20lead%20role.. |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; which became one of the [[List of highest-grossing Marathi films|highest-grossing Marathi films]].<br /> <br /> == Early life and family ==<br /> Deshmukh was born on 17 December 1978 in a [[Marathi people|Kshatriya Maratha]] family in [[Mumbai]], to former Chief Minister of [[Maharashtra]], [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]] and Vaishali Deshmukh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2004/oct/29maha1.htm|title=Wheel has taken full circle for Vilasrao Deshmukh|date=30 October 2004|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=6 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/02/stories/2004110209660100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041102185135/http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/02/stories/2004110209660100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2004|title=Deshmukh sworn in Chief Minister of Maharashtra|date=2 November 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 February 2010|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; His elder brother, [[Amit Deshmukh]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Amit Deshmukh: Congress leader who is set to battle from Latur |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/photo/Amit-Deshmukh-Congress-leader-who-is-more-than-Riteish-Deshmukhs-brother-43883/2 |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=Mid Day |date=16 July 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City]] and his younger brother, [[Dhiraj Deshmukh]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/actor-riteish-raises-poll-fever-turns-crowd-puller-for-his-brothers-in-latur/articleshow/71547356.cms | title=Actor Riteish Deshmukh raises poll fever, turns crowd puller for this Brothers in Latur | work=The Times of India | date=12 October 2019 | accessdate=25 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an MLA from [[Latur Rural Assembly constituency|Latur Rural]], in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]. His elder sister-in-law [[Aditi Deshmukh]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mrs. Aditi Amit Deshmukh - The Philanthropist|work=WE Foundation|access-date=24 February 2022|url=https://www.wefoundation.org.in/our_team/ms-aditi-amit-deshmukh/|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205010143/https://www.wefoundation.org.in/our_team/ms-aditi-amit-deshmukh/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an actress and younger sister-in-law [[Deepshikha Deshmukh]] is a film producer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 October 2017 |title=Deepshikha Deshmukh talks about being a Mompreneur |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/famous-personalities/article/deepshikha-deshmukh-talks-about-being-a-mompreneur-18641152 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Deshmukh studied at G. D. Somani Memorial School and earned an architectural degree from Kamla Raheja College of Architecture, [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/plan-your-career/story/top-7-bollywood-celebrities-connection-with-education-182816-2014-02-26|title=Top 7 Bollywood celebrities' connection with education|date=28 February 2014|work=India Today|access-date=11 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He later practiced for a year with an overseas architectural firm and continued designing since his return to India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/famous-personalities/photo/Vilasrao-Amit-Aditi-Riteish-Genelia-Dhiraj-Deepshikha-The-Deshmukh-family-tree-45364|title=From Vilasrao Deshmukh to little Rahyl: The family tree of the Deshmukhs|date=4 April 2019|newspaper=Mid Day|access-date=22 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also studied at the [[Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2002 |title=Meet newcomer Ritesh Deshmukh |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/25ritesh.htm |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=[[rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> {{Main|Riteish Deshmukh filmography}}<br /> ===Breakthrough (2003-2007)===<br /> [[File:Ritesh.jpg|thumb|Deshmukh in 2006]]<br /> <br /> Deshmukh made his screen debut with the 2003 romance, ''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]'' opposite [[Genelia D'Souza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;debut film&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/riteish-deshmukhs-fans-still-remember-his-debut-film/articleshow/69692191.cms|title=Riteish Deshmukh's fans still remember his debut film|website=The Times of India|date=7 June 2019 |access-date=13 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706020926/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/riteish-deshmukhs-fans-still-remember-his-debut-film/articleshow/69692191.cms|archive-date=6 July 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Taran Adarsh]] noted, &quot;Ritesh is camera friendly, dances well and delivers the right expressions.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tujhe-meri-kasam/critic-review/tujhe-meri-kasam-movie-review/|title=Tujhe Meri Kasam Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=3 January 2003 |access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107232056/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tujhe-meri-kasam/critic-review/tujhe-meri-kasam-movie-review/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was a commercial success at the box office and earned him a nomination for [[Screen Award for Best Male Debut]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tujhe Meri Kasam - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=539 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107232152/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=539 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; That year, he also appeared in ''[[Out of Control (2003 film)|Out of Control]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;riteish movies rediff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ritesh/20031121.htm|title=Why Ritesh loves the movies|website=Rediff|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702140427/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ritesh/20031121.htm|archive-date=2 July 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2004, Deshmukh's career marked a turning point with his third film, ''[[Masti (2004 film)|Masti]]'', where he reunited with Genelia D'Souza. The comedy focuses on 3 close friends who reunite after 3 years, but are now married and are being harassed by their wives, with him playing one of the friend.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7124/index.html |title=Masti |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=9 April 2004 |access-date=1 January 2010 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712035202/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7124/index.html |archive-date=12 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manish Gajjar of ''[[BBC]]'' stated, &quot;Riteish imitating Jim Carrey will bring a smile to your face. He has improved from his film, ''Out Of Control''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/04/masti_review.shtml |title=Masti review |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=1 January 2010 |last=Gajjar |first=Manish |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050816113438/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/04/masti_review.shtml |archive-date=16 August 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was a box–office success and earned him the [[Screen Award for Best Comedian]] and the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Masti |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/masti |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715024016/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/masti#.VaU8DbUpq8M |archive-date=15 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; His subsequent releases that year, ''[[Bardaasht]]'' and ''[[Naach (2004 film)|Naach]]'', became box-office duds and received mixed reviews.&lt;ref name=&quot;riteish movies rediff&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/23bar.htm|title=Bardaasht: Not bad!|access-date=5 February 2010|archive-date=24 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524023631/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/23bar.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2005, Deshmukh had four releases, of which ''[[Home Delivery]]'' and ''[[Mr Ya Miss]]'' failed at the box office, while ''[[Bluffmaster!]]'' was a semi hit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Box Office 2005|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=1 May 2012|archive-date=29 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729115127/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; His only major success that year was, the sex-comedy ''[[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum]]'' opposite [[Neha Dhupia]], where he played a man who falls in love with a man. Shruti Bhasin of ''Planet Bollywood'' opined that Deshmukh &quot;steals the show&quot; with his antics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=041006045434 | title=Kyaa Kool Hai Hum – movie review by Shruti Bhasin – Planet Bollywood }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film became a surprise success, earned Deshmukh the [[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actor]] and helped him gain a strong foothold in the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films, with his comic roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kyaa Kool Hai Hum – Movie |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=403|publisher=Box Office India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Similarly in 2006, Deshmukh had two box office failures, with ''[[Fight Club: Members Only]]'' and ''[[Darna Zaroori Hai]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=052506020604 | title=Darna Zaroori Hai – movie review by Lidia Ostepeev – Planet Bollywood }}&lt;/ref&gt; In ''[[Malamaal Weekly]]'', he played an unfortunate assistant to [[Om Puri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Kshama |date=March 8, 2006 |title=Every film teaches something: Riteish |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/every-film-teaches-something-riteish/story-KWsXviIuhiCzZHPM7UND2K.html |access-date=August 13, 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was a success at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Malamaal Weekly – Movie |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=366 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221114424/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=366 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In his last release of the year, ''[[Apna Sapna Money Money]]'', Deshmukh played a conman opposite [[Koena Mitra]], who pretends to be a woman to help his friend.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/apna-sapna-money-money/movieshow/61330499.cms|title=Apna Sapna Money Money Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{pipe}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film emerged a moderate success.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/apna-sapna-money-money/233230 | title=Apna Sapna Money Money | date=5 February 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sukanya Verma]] noted, &quot;The caper rests hugely on Ritesh's shoulders to rake in the laughs. Here, the actor just keeps growing in confidence and talent.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/09money.htm |work=Rediff.com | title=Ritesh rescues Apna Sapna Money Money | author=Sukanya Verma}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Deshmukh started 2007 with a cameo in ''[[Namastey London]]'' and ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'', both of which was a box office hit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2007|title = Top Worldwide Grossers 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; His next release, ''[[Cash (2007 film)|Cash]]'' failed at box office.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Rediff Interview / Ritesh Deshmukh: Everyone works for Cash|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/12ritesh.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=5 December 2010|date=12 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028070241/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/12ritesh.htm|archive-date=28 October 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then appeared in the comedy ''[[Heyy Babyy]]'', co-starring [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Fardeen Khan]], which emerged as the [[List of Hindi films of 2007|sixth highest-grossing film of the year]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=HEYY BABYY: Akshay Kumar's biggest hit to date!|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/9902/HEYY-BABYY-Akshay-Kumars-biggest-hit-date.html|publisher=Yahoo! Movies|access-date=5 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212120108/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/9902/HEYY-BABYY-Akshay-Kumars-biggest-hit-date.html|archive-date=12 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; He played a kid entertainer, who eventually took care of a child with his two roommates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=indiafm.com |work=Heyy Babyy opens huge |url=http://www.indiafm.com/trade/boxoffice_update/index.html |access-date=29 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824035354/http://www.indiafm.com/trade/boxoffice_update/index.html |archive-date=24 August 2007 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Khalid Mohamed of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' found him to be &quot;reliably likeable&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Review: Heyy Babyy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-heyy-babyy/story-8lBUj4b9Ydu0EH0iUDit8J.html |access-date=2015-11-16 |website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> His next release ''[[Dhamaal]]'', emerged a major box office success,&lt;ref&gt;[https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=239 Dhamaal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616225350/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=239 |date=16 June 2020 }}. ''[[Box Office India]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; and saw him play a man who loses his job and finds a hidden treasure along with his friends.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-17 |title=Riteish Deshmukh's top 10 comedy movies to watch on his 44th birthday |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/photos/entertainment/riteish-deshmukh-top-10-comedy-movies-to-watch-on-his-44th-birthday-15439611.htm |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Syed Firdaus Ashraf of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' found him to be &quot;a treat to watch&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/07dhamaal.htm|title=Dhamaal movie!|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=24 April 2023|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424173020/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/07dhamaal.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Downturn, resurgence and critical acclaim (2008-2014) ===<br /> Both of Deshmukh's 2008 releases ''[[De Taali]]'' and ''[[Chamku]]'', performed poorly at the box office.&lt;ref name=&quot;yahoo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Riteish Deshmukh – Biography|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/artists/Riteish-Deshmukh/biography-12222.html|publisher=Yahoo! Movies|access-date=5 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228082228/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/artists/Riteish-Deshmukh/biography-12222.html|archive-date=28 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=318|title=De Taali - Movie|website=[[Box Office India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2009, his first release was ''[[Do Knot Disturb]]'' with [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], which became an average grosser.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/02/movies/02knot.html | title=Bollywood Laughs | newspaper=The New York Times | date=2 October 2009 | last1=Saltz | first1=Rachel }}&lt;/ref&gt; He next played the titular role in ''[[Aladin (2009 film)|Aladin]]'' opposite [[Jacqueline Fernandez]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Aladin - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/previews/aladin/articleshow/5101585.cms |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=The Times of India |date=8 October 2009 |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114094832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/previews/aladin/articleshow/5101585.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kaveree Bamzai]] criticised the film but found him to be &quot;sweet&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/aladin-save-it-genie-59680-2009-10-30|title=Aladin: Save it, Genie!|first1=Kaveree|last1=Bamzai|date=October 30, 2010|website=India Today|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902063552/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/aladin-save-it-genie-59680-2009-10-30|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; His last two releases, ''[[Kal Kisne Dekha]]'' and ''[[Aao Wish Karein]]'' saw him play cameo roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/riteish-deshmukh-plays-a-sardar-in-aftabs-aao-wish-karein/|title=Riteish Deshmukh plays a Sardar in Aftab's Aao Wish Karein|date=12 November 2009|work=[[The Indian Express]]|agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network|location=Mumbai|url-access=subscription|access-date=17 June 2024|archive-date=17 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617221422/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/riteish-deshmukh-plays-a-sardar-in-aftabs-aao-wish-karein/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Riteish Deshmukh.jpg|thumb|Deshmukh in 2010]]<br /> <br /> Deshmukh's first release of 2010 was ''[[Rann (film)|Rann]]'', which also premiered at [[Toronto International Film Festival]] and saw him play a journalist.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/rann-film-review-29253|title=Rann -- Film Review|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=14 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite positive reviews, it failed at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2010 films|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/yearender-2010/photo/flops-of-the-year-364785-2010-12-13|website=India Today|date=13 December 2010 |access-date=25 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then reunited with Jacqueline Fernandez in ''[[Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai]]'' and had a cameo in ''[[Jhootha Hi Sahi]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/apr/09/review-jaane-kahan-se-aayi-hai.htm |title=Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai could have been a gag fest |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=9 April 2010 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=27 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deshmukh next played a Gujarati bartender in the comedy ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'' opposite [[Lara Dutta]]. The film grossed over {{INRConvert|124.50|c}} at the worldwide box office and emerged as the [[List of Hindi films of 2010|fifth highest-earning film of the year]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/03/housefull-gets-biggest-opening-since-3-idiots.htm |title=Housefull gets biggest opening since 3 Idiots |author=Vinod Marani |date=3 May 2010 |work=Rediff |access-date=17 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Komal Nahta]] stated, &quot;Ritesh is very good. Especially when he pretends to be gay, he brings the house down with laughter.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-review-housefull-is-a-comedy-of-errors-1377429 |title=Review: 'Housefull' is a comedy of errors |work=DNA India |access-date=28 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; While, [[Anupama Chopra]] was appreciative of his chemistry with Akshay Kumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=510&amp;ShowID=535 |title=Housefull Review |website=movies.ndtv.com|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503075150/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=510&amp;ShowID=535|archive-date=3 May 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Deshmukh's first release of 2011 was ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]'', in which he played a fake college principal. It was an average grosser.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/f-a-l-t-u/critic-review/f-a-l-t-u-movie-review/ |title=F.A.L.T.U Movie Review |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=1 April 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=12 April 2024 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122020125/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/f-a-l-t-u/critic-review/f-a-l-t-u-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated, &quot;Ritesh's character is half-baked and though he is given enough screen-time, his presence remains peripheral to the primary plot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/FALTU-Movie-Review/articleshow/7833895.cms |title=FALTU: Movie Review |work=The Times of India |date=6 April 2012 |access-date=6 June 2015 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414103947/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/FALTU-Movie-Review/articleshow/7833895.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later the year, he reprised his character in the comic sequel ''[[Double Dhamaal]]'', which was a major success at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ritesh Dehmukh – Filmography|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/artists/Riteish-Deshmukh/filmography-12222.html|publisher=Yahoo! Movies|access-date=5 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025183914/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/artists/Riteish-Deshmukh/filmography-12222.html|archive-date=25 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DOUBLE DHAMAAL GROSSES Rs 39.60 CRORES WORLDWIDE IN ITS OPENING WEEKEND |date=27 June 2011 |url=https://www.relianceentertainment.com/double-dhamaal-grosses-rs-39-60-crores-worldwide-in-its-opening-weekend/}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also had a cameo in ''[[Love Breakups Zindagi]]'', that same year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Love Breakups Zindagi|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-love-breakups-zindagi-is-predictable/20111007.htm<br /> |work=rediff.com|author=Preeti Arora|date=7 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The year 2012 saw Deshmukh deliver three box office successes in ''[[Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya]]'', ''[[Housefull 2]]'', which was his biggest success to date and ''[[Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2012 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=5301&amp;nCat= |publisher=Box Office India |date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120003523/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=5301&amp;nCat= |archive-date=20 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He first played a hard-working simpleton opposite Genelia D'Souza in ''Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya Holds Up Very Well in Week Two|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=4119&amp;nCat=|publisher=Boxofficeindia|date=5 March 2012|access-date=5 March 2012|archive-date=7 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307213319/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=4119&amp;nCat=|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ''[[NDTV]]'' critic was appreciative of his &quot;earnest, restrained performance&quot; and added that he plays Viren to the hilt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?id=686|title=Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya Review|website=movies.ndtv.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415030434/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=686|archive-date=15 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then starred in the comedy sequel, ''Housefull 2'', where he played an ex-dacoit's son opposite [[Zareen Khan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Housefull-2-kick-starts-today/articleshow/8789372.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707084105/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-09/news-interviews/29638285_1_housefull-director-sajid-khan-riteish-deshmukh|url-status=live|archive-date=7 July 2012|title=Housefull 2 kick starts today|access-date=21 June 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film emerged as the year's [[List of Hindi films of 2012|eighth highest grosser]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=4327&amp;nCat= Housefull 2 Crosses 400 Crore Nett In 17 days] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106102719/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=4327&amp;nCat= |date=6 November 2013 }}. Box Office India.com (23 April 2011). Retrieved 21 June 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; His final release that year was the sequel ''Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum'', where he played a struggling DJ opposite [[Sarah-Jane Dias]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum - Movie - Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=290|work=Box Office India|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616222826/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=290|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sonia Chopra of ''[[Sify]]'' found him to be &quot;effortlessly funny and charming&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kya Super Kool Hain Hum review: Risqué but not crass|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kya-super-kool-hain-hum-review-risqu-but-not-crass-review-bollywood-15003860.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130100923/http://www.sify.com/movies/kya-super-kool-hain-hum-review-risqu-but-not-crass-review-bollywood-15003860.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-30|website=[[Sify]]|author=Sonia Chopra}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013, Deshmukh starred in another sequel, ''[[Grand Masti]]'' opposite [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] and [[Bruna Abdullah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Jha | first = Subhash K | title = Grand Masti on hold for Riteish | website = [[Bollywood Hungama]] | date = 9 August 2012 | url = http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1535281/Grand-Masti-on-hold-for-Riteish | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120811212054/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1535281/Grand-Masti-on-hold-for-Riteish | url-status = dead | archive-date = 11 August 2012 | access-date = 9 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite negative reviews, it emerged as the [[List of Hindi films of 2013|tenth highest-grossing film of the year]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/why-grand-masti-continues-its-impressive-run-at-the-box-office-212784-2013-09-29 |title=Why Grand Masti continues its impressive run at the box office |work=India Today |date=30 September 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/grand-masti-first-bollywood-adult-film-to-cross-the-rs-100-cr-mark/426772-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009024005/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/grand-masti-first-bollywood-adult-film-to-cross-the-rs-100-cr-mark/426772-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 2013 |title=Grand Masti: First Bollywood adult film to cross the Rs 100 cr mark |work=IBN Live |date=6 October 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cameo in ''[[Himmatwala (2013 film)|Himmatwala]]'' was his final appearance of the year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=27 April 2020 |title=Himmatwala Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/himmatwala/box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128192600/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/himmatwala/box-office/ |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Deshmukh started 2014 with a triple role in comedy ''[[Humshakals]]'', opposite [[Bipasha Basu]]. The film failed at the box office and received negative reviews from critics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 2014 |title=Humshakals review: How Saif, Riteish teamed up to give your brain damage |url=http://www.firstpost.com/blogs/humshakals-review-saif-ali-khan-riteish-deshmukh-team-up-to-give-you-brain-damage-1580181.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705043832/http://www.firstpost.com/blogs/humshakals-review-saif-ali-khan-riteish-deshmukh-team-up-to-give-you-brain-damage-1580181.html |archive-date=5 July 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |work=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Geety Sahgal |date=7 July 2014 |title=Humshakals box office collections: Despite criticism, Sajid Khan has the last laugh |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/humshakals-box-office-collections-despite-criticism-sajid-khan-has-the-last-laugh/1267008/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710102656/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/humshakals-box-office-collections-despite-criticism-sajid-khan-has-the-last-laugh/1267008/1 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |work=The Financial Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following this, he played a serial killer in the thriller ''[[Ek Villain]]'', opposite [[Aamna Sharif]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=When Riteish Deshmukh's villainous role in the 2014 film 'Ek Villain' won over audiences|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-riteish-deshmukhs-villainous-role-in-this-2014-movie-won-over-audiences-9031844.html|access-date=28 September 2024|website=News18|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was a box office success and the [[List of Hindi films of 2014|ninth highest-grossing film of the year]] and earned him the [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ek Villain Box Office |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808035729/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/200 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2013 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=19 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rajeev Masand stated that Deshmukh springs a surprise and was appreciative of him delivering a &quot;compelling performance&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title='Ek Villain' review: Moderately fulfilling, the film's real villain is a lousy script |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ek-villain-review-moderately-fulfilling-the-films-real-villain-is-a-lousy-script/482287-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629221848/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ek-villain-review-moderately-fulfilling-the-films-real-villain-is-a-lousy-script/482287-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2014 |access-date=29 June 2014 |work=[[Rajeev Masand]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sweta Kaushal opined that he &quot;steals the show with a stellar performance&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Movie review: Riteish Deshmukh is the hero in Ek Villain |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-riteish-deshmukh-is-the-hero-in-ek-villain/story-UR1WPgrsULVTd5RbbEvlVK.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630221848/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-riteish-deshmukh-is-the-hero-in-ek-villain/story-UR1WPgrsULVTd5RbbEvlVK.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2014 |access-date=12 July 2014 |work=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then expanded to Marathi films with ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''. and then did a cameo in ''[[Entertainment (2014 film)|Entertainment]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-22 |title=Made in Marathi |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-made-in-marathi-1141162/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=The Financial Express |language=en |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210104813/https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-made-in-marathi-1141162/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Lai Bhaari'' saw him play twin brother and emerged as the [[List of highest-grossing Marathi films|seventh highest grossing Marathi film ever]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sankar|first=Gayatri|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/lai-bhaari-riteish-deshmukh-delivers-highest-grossing-marathi-film_159531.html|title='Lai Bhaari': Riteish Deshmukh delivers highest grossing Marathi film!|work=Zee News|date=2014-08-05|accessdate=2014-08-06|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808073708/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/lai-bhaari-riteish-deshmukh-delivers-highest-grossing-marathi-film_159531.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mihir Bhanage found Deshmukh's Marathi debut &quot;simply astounding&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/lai-bhaari-salman-khan-riteish-vilasrao-deshmukh-sharad-kelkar-tanvi-azmi-radhika-apte-aditi-pohankar/movie-review/38196919.cms|title=Movie Review: Lai Bhaari|website=[The Times of India|date=2014-07-11|accessdate=2014-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Commercial fluctuations and progression (2015-2021) ===<br /> Deshmukh's only release in 2015, was ''[[Bangistan]]'', which was a commercial failure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/missionimpossibleandbangistanfirstdaybusiness#.VcboBouUdyx|title=Mission Impossible And Bangistan First Day Business|publisher=Boxofficeindia.com|accessdate=2015-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; He started 2016 with the sequel ''[[Housefull 3]]'', where he played a car racer opposite [[Lisa Haydon]]. It became the [[List of Hindi films of 2014|seventh highest-grossing film of the year]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3296=|title=Housefull 3 - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com|access-date=15 November 2016|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000401/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3296=|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=3 June 2016 |title=Housefull 3: Humour of the worst kind |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Housefull-3-Humour-of-the-worst-kind/article14382528.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=13 April 2024 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911081115/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Housefull-3-Humour-of-the-worst-kind/article14382528.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; After two cameos in ''[[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3]]'' and ''[[Mastizaade]]'', he appeared in another sequel ''[[Great Grand Masti]]'' opposite [[Puja Banerjee]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Great-Grand-Masti-trailer-is-impressive-less-cheesy-and-vulgar/articleshow/52792367.cms|title='Great Grand Masti' trailer is impressive; less cheesy and vulgar|work=The Times of India | date=17 June 2016 | access-date=16 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike the prequels, it failed at box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Great Grand Masti|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3324/|website=Box Office India|access-date=28 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; His last release of the year was ''[[Banjo]]'' opposite [[Nargis Fakhri]], where he played a local goon and band member.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/bollywood/290116/riteish-deshmukh-and-nargis-fakhri-s-banjo-goes-on-floors.html|title=Riteish Deshmukh and Nargis Fakhri's 'Banjo' goes on floors|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=29 January 2016|access-date=30 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tatsam Mukherjee found him to be &quot;pretty entertaining&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/banjo-movie-review-riteish-deshmukh-ravi-jadhav-director-natrang-342719-2016-09-23|title=Banjo movie review: Riteish Deshmukh's film lets down the instrument, its culture and the people|newspaper=India Today|access-date=24 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Deshmukh then appeared in the 2017 film ''[[Bank Chor]]'' opposite [[Rhea Chakraborty]], which was a commercial failure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/bank-chor-trailer-riteish-deshmukh-vivek-oberoi-starrer-is-a-goofy-chor-police-caper-3432634.html | title=Bank Chor trailer: Riteish Deshmukh-Vivek Oberoi starrer is a goofy chor-police caper | work=[[Firstpost]] | access-date=18 May 2017 |author=FP Staff |date=9 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3551|title=Bank Chor - Movie - Worldwide Gross &amp; Budget - Box Office India|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=26 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, he first appeared as himself in ''[[Welcome to New York (2018 film)|Welcome to New York]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|date=23 February 2018|title='Welcome to New York' film review: A Bollywood surgery performed with a butter knife|url=https://scroll.in/article/869712/welcome-to-new-york-film-review-a-bollywood-surgery-performed-with-a-butter-knife|access-date=2020-09-17|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then played twin brothers in his second Marathi film ''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]'' opposite [[Saiyami Kher]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/reel/901371/mauli-trailer-riteish-deshmukh-plays-a-swaggering-police-officer|title='Mauli' trailer: Riteish Deshmukh plays a swaggering police officer|date=8 November 2018|accessdate=29 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated, &quot;Deshmukh, an affable presence whatever the role, is a stretch in the action sequences.&quot; It was a box office success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/reel/905634/mauli-film-review-vithoba-to-the-rescue-in-riteish-deshmukh-action-drama|title=Mauli film review: Vithoba to the rescue in Riteish Deshmukh action drama|accessdate=21 December 2018|work=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Deshmukh had two commercial successes in 2019, which broke his box office failure since ''Housefull 3''. He first appeared in the comedy sequel ''[[Total Dhamaal]]'', which became a box office success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/total_dhamaal|title=Total Dhamaal (2019)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date=October 26, 2024|archive-date=10 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210033618/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/total_dhamaal|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/total-dhamaal/box-office/|title=Total Dhamaal Box Office Collection till Now – Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321073601/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com//movie/total-dhamaal/box-office/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronak Kotecha was appreciative of his comic timing and character.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/total-dhamaal/movie-review/68104264.cms|title=Total Dhamaal Movie Review|access-date=22 February 2019|website=Times of India|last=Kotecha|first=Ronak|archive-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222062440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/total-dhamaal/movie-review/68104264.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then played dual characters, one of a classical dancer and other a modern boy in ''[[Housefull 4]]'' opposite [[Pooja Hegde]] and [[Kriti Kharbanda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/akshay-kumar-bobby-deol-riteish-deshmukh-ready-tickle-funny-bones-begin-shooting-housefull-4/|title=Akshay Kumar, Bobby Deol and Riteish Deshmukh ready to tickle your funny bones; begin shooting for Housefull 4|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/housefull-4-akshay-kumar-riteish-deshmukh-and-others-travel-by-train-as-indian-railways-launches-promotion-on-wheels/|title=Housefull 4: Akshay Kumar, Riteish Deshmukh and others travel by train as Indian Railways launches 'Promotion on Wheels' 4 |first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; It later became the [[List of Hindi films of 2019|seventh highest-grossing film of the year]] and Deshmukh's highest grosser till date.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/housefull-4-box-office-collections-housefull-4-becomes-8th-highest-time-diwali-release-opening-weekend-grosser/|title=Housefull 4 Box Office Collections: Housefull 4 becomes the 8th highest all-time Diwali release opening weekend grosser|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=28 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Later the year, Deshmukh played a dwarf goon in ''[[Marjaavaan]]'', which became an average grosser and had a cameo in ''[[Dream Girl (2019 film)|Dream Girl]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sidharth-malhotra-shares-first-look-poster-of-marjaavaan-the-film-will-also-star-tara-sutaria-see-pic/story-KZEho73DPAZg8D0lAjkZSN.html|title=Ritesh Deshmukh shares first look poster of Marjaavaan. See pic|date=31 October 2018|work=Hindustan times|access-date=17 November 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5735|title=Marjaavaan – Movie – Box Office India|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Deshmukh had only one release in 2020, in ''[[Baaghi 3]]'', where he played a fearful police officer opposite [[Ankita Lokhande]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baaghi-3-riteish-deshmukh-joins-tiger-shroff-shraddha-kapoor-in-third-instalment-of-action-franchise-6797381.html |title=Baaghi 3: Riteish Deshmukh joins Tiger Shroff, Shraddha Kapoor in third instalment of action franchise |date=12 June 2019 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite mixed reviews, it became the [[List of Hindi films of 2020|second highest-grossing film of the year]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/baaghi-3-2/box-office/|title=Baaghi 3 Box Office|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=17 March 2020|last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Career expansion and renewed success (2022-present)===<br /> Deshmukh firstly had two cameos in 2022, in ''[[Ek Villain Returns]]'' and Marathi film ''[[Adrushya]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ek-villain-returns-trailer-in-john-abraham-vs-arjun-kapoor-will-the-real-villain-please-stand-up-3115054 |title=Ek Villain Returns Trailer: In John Abraham vs Arjun Kapoor, Will The Real Villain Please Stand Up? |work=[[NDTV]] |date=30 June 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103105/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ek-villain-returns-trailer-in-john-abraham-vs-arjun-kapoor-will-the-real-villain-please-stand-up-3115054 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was followed by two streaming films, ''[[Plan A Plan B]]'' opposite [[Tamannaah Bhatia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2021 |title=Riteish Deshmukh to make digital debut with Netflix film Plan A Plan B |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-to-make-digital-debut-with-netflix-film-plan-a-plan-b-7456328/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017110657/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-to-make-digital-debut-with-netflix-film-plan-a-plan-b-7456328/ |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''[[Mister Mummy]]'' opposite Genelia D'Souza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/riteish-deshmukh-genelia-deshmukh-starrer-mister-mummy-goes-on-floors/article65248826.ece|title=Riteish Deshmukh-Genelia Deshmukh starrer 'Mister Mummy' goes on floors|work=The Hindu|date=22 March 2022|access-date=11 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; While ''Mister Mummy'' received negative reviews,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/hot-take/mister-mummy-honest-review-a-transphobic-nightmare-in-the-name-of-comedy-riteish-deshmukh-genelia-dsouza#read-more|title='Mister Mummy' Honest Review: A Transphobic Nightmare In The Name Of Comedy|last=Phelian|date=19 November 2022|work=The Quint}}&lt;/ref&gt; for ''Plan A Plan B'', Archika Khurana took note of Deshmukh's portrayal of the &quot;cynical character&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khurana |first=Archika |date=September 30, 2022 |title=Plan A Plan B Review : Riteish and Tamannaah's romcom-cliched but fun weekend watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/plan-a-plan-b/ottmoviereview/94502007.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013033327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/plan-a-plan-b/ottmoviereview/94502007.cms |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deshmukh then reunited with D'Souza for the Marathi film ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]'', also his debut as a director. He played an ex-cricketer forcibly married to his neighbour and later coaches his ex-lover's daughter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=8 December 2021 |title=Riteish Deshmukh turns director; Genelia Deshmukh to make her Marathi film debut |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-turns-director-genelia-deshmukh-make-marathi-film-debut/ |access-date=11 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-07-10 |title='Ved': Riteish Deshmukh shares BTS pictures with Salman Khan as he wraps up shooting of his directorial debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ved-riteish-deshmukh-shares-bts-pictures-with-salman-khan-as-he-wraps-up-shooting-of-his-directorial-debut/articleshow/92781696.cms |access-date=2024-05-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; A commercial success, it became the [[List of highest-grossing Marathi films|fourth highest-grossing Marathi film of all time]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Riteish Deshmukh's 'Ved' has raised the profile of Marathi film industry, the film is still in theaters even after 50 days, how much has it earned so far? |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/riteish-deshmukh-and-genelia-deshmukh-ved-marathi-movie-box-office-collection-after-50-days-release-see-details-kmd-95-3470108/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Loksatta |date=18 February 2023 |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mayur Sanap opined: &quot;From grief and anger, to frustration and cynicism, Riteish expresses a gamut of emotions in a fine performance.&quot; He earned a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ved Review: Nothing New To Surprise|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ved-review/20230110.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=20 January 2023|author=Mayur Sanap}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With no film release in 2023, Deshmukh started 2024 with ''[[Kakuda (film)|Kakuda]]'' opposite [[Sonakshi Sinha]], playing a ghost hunter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ronnie Screwvala's 'Kakuda' to star Sonakshi Sinha, Riteish Deshmukh |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2021/07/20/kakuda-to-star-sonakshi-sinha-riteish-deshmukh.html |access-date=2 September 2023 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=July 20, 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Deepa Gahlot]] noted, &quot;Riteish plays Victor with such relish that without him, the film would have deflated quickly.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |title=Kakuda Review: Neither Scary Nor Funny |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kakuda-review/20240711.htm |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=Rediff.com |date=July 11, 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then played a pilot opposite [[Priya Bapat]] in ''[[Visfot]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bhushan-kumar-sanjay-gupta-back-riteish-deshmukh-fardeen-khan-starrer-visfot/|title=Bhushan Kumar and Sanjay Gupta back Riteish Deshmukh and Fardeen Khan starrer ''Visfot''|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=14 October 2021|access-date=26 February 2022|archive-date=26 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226061408/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bhushan-kumar-sanjay-gupta-back-riteish-deshmukh-fardeen-khan-starrer-visfot/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' stated, &quot;Deshmukh adds significant depth to Akash, skillfully conveying both vulnerability and inner conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Sharma|first1=Devesh|title=Visfot Movie Review: It's a morality play with noir elements|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/visfot-movie-review-68306.html|website=Filmfare |date=6 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; These two films were followed by his streaming series debut, with ''[[Pill (TV series)|Pill]]''. Deshmukh played a man fighting corruption in Pharma industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title='Pill' X review: Internet calls Riteish Deshmukh's OTT debut series a 'game-changer' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/pill-x-review-internet-calls-riteish-deshmukh-ott-debut-series-a-game-changer-2565922-2024-07-12 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2024 |title=Pill Trailer Out: In Debut Web Series, Riteish Deshmukh Fights Corruption In Pharma Industry |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pill-trailer-out-in-debut-web-series-riteish-deshmukh-fights-corruption-in-pharma-industry-8947568.html |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shubhra Gupta]] was appreciative of his ordinary man portrayal that made the series engaging.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Pill review: Riteish Deshmukh series is stretched, repetitive |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/pill-review-riteish-deshmukh-series-is-stretched-repetitive-9449793/ |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=12 July 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Deshmukh started 2025 with ''[[Raid 2 (film)|Raid 2]]'', where he played a corrupt politician.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Riteish Deshmukh set to play an antagonist in Ajay Devgn and Vaani Kapoor starrer Raid 2|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-set-play-antagonist-ajay-devgn-vaani-kapoor-starrer-raid-2/|work=Bollywood Hungama |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=27 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Saibal Chatterjee]] was appreciative of his &quot;solid performance&quot;, but criticised the character.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2025 |title=Raid 2 Review: Ajay Devgn's Film Is Average Entertainment At Best |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/raid-2-review-ajay-devgns-film-is-average-entertainment-at-best-2-stars-8303670 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was a commercial success at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Raid 2 Scores Big: Ajay Devgn's sequel streak proves franchises are still box office gold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raid-2-scores-big-ajay-devgns-sequel-streak-proves-franchises-are-still-box-office-gold/articleshow/120889599.cms |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2025 |title=Raid 2 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raid-2/box-office/ |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deshmukh next played one of the primary character in ''[[Housefull 5]]'' opposite [[Sonam Bajwa]] and [[Nargis Fakhri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Karishma |date=27 September 2024 |title=Housefull 5 EXCLUSIVE: Akshay Kumar and team brave the sea storm; show continues for the whole gang |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/housefull-5-exclusive-akshay-kumar-and-team-brave-the-sea-storm-show-continues-for-the-whole-gang-1350639 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was released in two versions, titled ''Housefull 5A'' and ''Housefull 5B'', each featuring a different climax and murderer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Housefull 5: Akshay Kumar's BTS PICS with Riteish Deshmukh, Johny Lever and Ranjeet go viral on the internet; fan says 'Ab ayega maja'|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/housefull-5-akshay-kumars-bts-pics-with-riteish-deshmukh-johny-lever-and-ranjeet-go-viral-on-the-internet-fan-says-ab-ayega-maja-1349880?amp|work=Pinkvilla |date=24 September 2024 |access-date=10 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=Inside Sajid Nadiadwala's 'Housefull 5' Multiple Endings Gambit: 'Bringing Back That Element of Surprise' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/sajid-nadiadwala-housefull-5-multiple-endings-1236413688/ |website=Variety |accessdate=30 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rishabh Suri opined that he &quot;anchors&quot; the film but is let down by weak writing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Housefull 5 review: Akshay Kumar and Ritesh Deshmukh anchor this cruise drama; climax makes up for the flaws |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/housefull-5-review-akshay-kumar-and-ritesh-deshmukh-anchor-this-cruise-drama-climax-makes-up-for-the-flaws-101749203508563-amp.html |website=Hindustan Times |accessdate=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; A commercial success, it emerged as one of the highest-grossing film of the year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 June 2025 |title=Housefull 5 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/housefull-5/box-office/ |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide 2025 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2025/ |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his final release of the year, Deshmukh appeared in the sequel ''[[Mastiii 4]]''.<br /> <br /> Deshmukh will next direct and act in the Marathi–Hindi bilingual ''[[Raja Shivaji (film)|Raja Shivaji]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Riteish Deshmukh to direct and play Shivaji I in 'Raja Shivaji'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/riteish-deshmukh-direct-play-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-raja-shivaji-genelia-dsouza-2504011-2024-02-19|work=India Today |date=19 February 2024 |access-date=25 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also has ''Dhamaal 4'' in the pipeline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Exclusive – Riteish Deshmukh: I'm doing 'Masti 4', 'Dhamaal 4' and 'Housefull 5'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/riteish-deshmukh-doing-masti-4-dhamaal-4-housefull-5-exclusive-2569231-2024-07-19|work=India Today |date=19 July 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> [[File:Genelia D'Souza and Ritesh Deshmukh.jpg|thumb|Riteish with his wife, [[Genelia D'Souza]]]]<br /> <br /> Tabloids repeatedly linked Deshmukh romantically with [[Genelia D'Souza]], ever since they starred together in their debut film ''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]'' in 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Subash K. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Still-denying-Rtiesh-Genelia/articleshow/4597375.cms|title=Still denying Ritesh, Genelia?|website=The Times of India|access-date=11 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811060821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-30/news-interviews/28207146_1_ritesh-deshmukh-tujhe-meri-kasam-debut-film|archive-date=11 August 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were reportedly ready to get engaged, but Ritesh's father, the then–Maharashtra Chief Minister, [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]] did not agree. D'Souza later denied any rumors of a relationship with Deshmukh, and responded that she was just friends with him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/htnext/mirchmasala/I-m-single-Riteish-is-just-a-friend-Genelia/Article1-341198.aspx|title=I'm single, Riteish is just a friend: Genelia|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=18 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814150649/http://www.hindustantimes.com/htnext/mirchmasala/I-m-single-Riteish-is-just-a-friend-Genelia/Article1-341198.aspx|archive-date=14 August 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the couple eventually got married on 3 February 2012, according to Marathi marriage traditions&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Genelia-DSouza-weds-Riteish-Deshmukh/articleshow/11741452.cms|title=&quot;Riteish Deshmukh weds Genelia D'Souza&quot;|website=The Times of India|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709204611/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-03/news-interviews/31020719_1_riteish-and-genelia-genelia-d-souza-riteish-deshmukh|archive-date=9 July 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; in a [[Hindu wedding]] ceremony, and had a [[Christian|Christian wedding]] in church the next day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/riteish-deshmukhs-fans-still-remember-his-debut-film/articleshow/69692191.cms|title=PIX: Riteish and Genelia's church wedding|website=The Rediff News|access-date=4 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204000000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/riteish-deshmukhs-fans-still-remember-his-debut-film/articleshow/69692191.cms|archive-date=4 February 2012|url-status=live}} [https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-ritiesh-and-genelia-s-church-wedding/20120206.htm Alt URL]&lt;/ref&gt; The couple's first child, a son named Riaan, was born on 25 November 2014,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Riteish-Deshmukh-Genelia-blessed-with-son/articleshow/45273691.cms|title=Riteish Deshmukh-Genelia blessed with son|website=The Times of India|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706020926/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Riteish-Deshmukh-Genelia-blessed-with-son/articleshow/45273691.cms|archive-date=6 July 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/genelia-dsouza-announces-their-sons-name-riaan-riteish-deshmukh/516787-8-66.html|title=Genelia D'Souza announces their son's name: Riaan Riteish Deshmukh|website=CNN-IBN|access-date=18 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207002044/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/genelia-dsouza-announces-their-sons-name-riaan-riteish-deshmukh/516787-8-66.html|archive-date=7 December 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; while their second son, named Rahyl, was born on 2 June 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-it-s-a-boy-riteish-deshmukh-and-genelia-d-souza-welcome-their-second-child-2218657|title=It's a Boy! Riteish Deshmukh and Genelia D'Souza welcome their second child|website=DNA India|date=31 May 2016 |access-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706020926/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-it-s-a-boy-riteish-deshmukh-and-genelia-d-souza-welcome-their-second-child-2218657|archive-date=6 July 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://chennaivision.com/genelia-blessed-with-baby-boy/|title=Riteish Deshmukh and Genelia D'souza blessed with baby boy|access-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706020926/http://chennaivision.com/genelia-blessed-with-baby-boy/|archive-date=6 July 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Humanitarian work ===<br /> Deshmukh has donated Rs 2.5&amp;nbsp;million to his hometown [[Latur]] for &quot;Jalyukta Latur&quot;, an initiative to provide sufficient water to the parched district after the droughts that Latur faced in April 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Riteish-Deshmukh-contributes-Rs-25-lakh-for-drought-hit-Latur/articleshow/51964167.cms|title=Riteish Deshmukh contributes Rs 25 lakh for drought-hit Latur|accessdate=26 April 2016|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; He along with his wife, Genelia donated Rs 2.5&amp;nbsp;million towards flood relief in Maharashtra during the [[2019 Indian floods]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/riteish-and-genelia-deshmukh-meet-cm-devendra-fadnavis-donate-rs-25-lakh-for-maharashtra-floods-1580085-2019-08-12|title=Riteish and Genelia Deshmukh meet CM Devendra Fadnavis, donate Rs 25 lakh for Maharashtra floods|date=12 August 2019|work=India Today|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815073412/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/celebrities/story/riteish-and-genelia-deshmukh-meet-cm-devendra-fadnavis-donate-rs-25-lakh-for-maharashtra-floods-1580085-2019-08-12|archive-date=15 August 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deshmukh and D'Souza have also pledge to donate their organs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/feature/riteish-deshmukh-genelia-deshmukh-pledge-to-donate-their-organs/2164611/|title=Riteish Deshmukh, Genelia Deshmukh pledge to donate their organs|date=11 September 2024 |work=The Print}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA) announced Deshmukh as the &quot;Most Beautiful Vegetarian Men&quot; of the year, owing to his dedication to animal welfare and commitment to a compassionate lifestyle.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jacqueline-fernandez-riteish-deshmukh-named-india-s-most-beautiful-vegetarian-celebrities-of-2024-101728909669387-amp.html|title=Jacqueline Fernandez, Riteish Deshmukh named India's 'Most Beautiful Vegetarian Celebrities' of 2024|date=19 October 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Other ventures ==<br /> === Television ===<br /> In addition to acting, Deshmukh has turned host for various award functions including [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]], [[Stardust Awards]] and [[Zee Cine Awards]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.iifa.com/city_thailand.php |title=..:: Welcome to International Indian Film Academy:: |access-date=2012-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528141948/http://www.iifa.com/city_thailand.php |archive-date=2012-05-28 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, he made his television debut as a Judge with the dance show, ''[[StarPlus|India's Dancing Superstar]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/flash-mob-on-india-s-dancing-superstar/story-AXXVmtulElB40BnUIrbyAM_amp.html|title=Flash mob on India's Dancing Superstar|newspaper=Hindustan Times|quote=India's Dancing Superstar team surprised the three judges - Riteish Deshmukh, Geeta Kapoor and Ashley Lobo - with their sudden flash mob act |access-date=14 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has co-hosted the talk show ''[[Yaaron Ki Baraat]]'' and the quiz show ''Vikta Ka Uttar''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Riteishs-fanboy-moment-with-Big-B-Shatrughan-Sinha/articleshow/54660122.cms|title=Riteish's 'fanboy' moment with Big B, Shatrughan Sinha|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 October 2016|access-date=4 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, Deshmukh hosted the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 5|Bigg Boss Marathi 5]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss Marathi returns with Riteish Deshmukh as host; Promises extra drama and entertainment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-returns-with-riteish-deshmukh-as-host-promises-extra-drama-and-entertainment/articleshow/110292657.cms |access-date=2024-09-06 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-24 |title=Riteish Deshmukh, Ahead Of Hosting Bigg Boss Marathi, Reacts To Comparisons With Salman Khan |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/riteish-deshmukh-ahead-of-hosting-bigg-boss-marathi-reacts-to-comparisons-with-salman-khan-8977075.html |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Additionally, Deshmukh hosted the web game show ''[[Ladies vs Gentlemen]]'' with [[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia D'souza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bhasin|first=Shriya|date=2020-11-17|title=Genelia, hubby Riteish Deshmukh to turn host for new show 'Ladies Vs Gentlemen'|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/genelia-hubby-riteish-deshmukh-to-turn-host-for-new-show-ladies-vs-gentlemen-665542|access-date=2020-11-18|website=India TV|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2022, he is seen as the prosecuting lawyer in ''[[Case Toh Banta Hai]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Riteish Deshmukh on Case Toh Banta Hai, his bond with Varun Sharma, Kusha Kapila and more |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/riteish-deshmukh-on-case-toh-banta-hai-his-bond-with-varun-sharma-kusha-kapila-and-more-10956081.html |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=26 July 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Producer and director ===<br /> Deshmukh launched his own production house, [[Mumbai Film Company]], in 2013 with the production of the Marathi film ''[[Balak Palak]]'', which won several awards. Later in 2014, he produced ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Marathi audience accepts films with unique concepts: Riteish Deshmukh |date= 6 April 2014 |publisher= Firstpost | url = http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/marathi-audience-accepts-films-with-unique-concepts-riteish-deshmukh-1467355.html | access-date = 9 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; a critical success which won him the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|National Film Special Jury Award]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=61st National Film Awards For 2013 | url = http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf# |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals| date= 16 April 2014|quote=An unbelievably inspiring film about a specially gifted girl who overcomes all the odds to make an international mark.|access-date = 16 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He then produced another Marathi film ''[[Faster Fene]]'', in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/marathi/news-interviews/Balak-Palak-to-stress-on-need-for-sex-education/articleshow/16432181.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128180358/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-17/news-interviews/33903833_1_marathi-film-director-ravi-jadhav-sai-tamhankar |url-status=live |archive-date=28 January 2013 |title=Balak Palak to stress on need for sex education |date=17 September 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=7 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/faster-fene-trailer-riteish-deshmukh-4868154/|title=Faster Fene trailer: The trailer of Riteish Deshmukh's upcoming production venture looks quite promising|date=30 September 2017|newspaper=The Indian Express|first=Sampada|last=Sharma|accessdate=22 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Deshmukh turned director and screenwriter with the 2022 film ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]'', which was produced by Genelia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bollywood Hungama&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-turns-director-genelia-deshmukh-make-marathi-film-debut/|title=Riteish Deshmukh turns director; Genelia Deshmukh to make her Marathi film debut|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=8 December 2021|access-date=11 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; It became the [[List of Marathi films of 2022|highest grossing Marathi film of 2022]] and the [[List of highest-grossing Marathi films|third highest-grossing Marathi film]] of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ritesh-deshmukhs-marathi-remake-of-the-telugu-film-majili-is-going-great-guns-at-the-marathi-cinema/articleshow/96782635.cms |title=Ritesh Deshmukh's Marathi remake of the Telugu film 'Majili' is going great guns at the Marathi Box-office<br /> |date= 6 January 2023 |access-date= 8 January 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film earned him [[MFK Award for Favourite Director]] along with a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-11 |title=Maharashtracha Favorite Kon Award Show Voting Lines Open; Check Nomination Lists |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/maharashtracha-favorite-kon-award-show-voting-lines-open-check-nomination-lists-8735990.html |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deshmukh will next direct ''[[Raja Shivaji (film)|Raja Shivaji]]'', a film based on [[Chatrapati Shivaji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Riteish Deshmukh to direct and act in a film on Chatrapati Shivaji|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/riteish-deshmukh-to-direct-and-act-in-a-film-on-chatrapati-shivaji-maharaj/article67862878.ece/|work=The Hindu |date=19 February 2024 |access-date=28 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Entrepreneur ===<br /> In 2021, Deshmukh turned an entrepreneur and started a plant based meat brand with his wife, named &quot;Imagine Meats&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/operations/food-and-beverages/people-who-want-a-flexitarian-or-plant-based-lifestyle-dont-have-enough-choice-genelia-deshmukh/113049521 |title=People who want a flexitarian or plant-based lifestyle don't have enough choice: Genelia Deshmukh |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=Economic Times }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/riteish-genelia-deshmukh-announce-their-plant-based-product-imagine-meats-couple-gets-a-shoutout-from-srk/articleshow/86095358.cms?from=mdr |title=Riteish &amp; Genelia Deshmukh announce their plant-based product 'Imagine Meats'; couple gets a shoutout from SRK |access-date=19 September 2021 |work=Economic Times }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == In the media==<br /> [[File:Riteish Deshmukh Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum' team at 98.3 FM Radio Mirchi 04.jpg|thumb|upright|Deshmukh at an event in 2012]]<br /> <br /> Deshmukh appeared on the ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} [[Forbes Celebrity 100|Celebrity 100]] list of 2012. He was placed at the 60th position with an estimated annual income of {{INRConvert|51|m}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1 |title=2012 Celebrity 100 |work=Forbes India |access-date=20 December 2012 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[The Times of India|''Times'' Most Desirable Men]] list of 2011, Deshmukh was placed 40th,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=<br /> Times 50 Most Desirable Men of 2011: The Winners|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/times-50-most-desirable-men-of-2011-the-winners/articleshow/11757172.cms|access-date=25 November 2019|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; while in [[The Times of India|Maharashtra's Most Desirable Men]] list, he was placed 3rd in 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Meet Maharashtra's 2018 Most Desirable Men|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/times-poll-2018/pune-times-most-desirable-men|access-date=27 November 2021|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deshmukh is a celebrity endorser for brands and products such as [[Videocon Group|Videocon]], [[Non-bank financial institution|TAB Capital]], [[Pokémon Go]], Pril Dishwash and Pregakem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=TAB Capital ropes in Riteish Deshmukh as its brand ambassador|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/tab-capital-ropes-in-riteish-deshmukh-as-its-brand-ambassador/60866480|access-date=29 September 2021|work=Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Pokemon GO Welcomes Bollywood Favorites Riteish and Genelia Deshmukh as Brand Faces in India|url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/pokemon-go-welcomes-bollywood-favorites-riteish-and-genelia-deshmukh-as-brand-faces-in-india/2315879/|access-date=20 October 2024|work=The Print}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Genelia is upset with Riteish Deshmukh; find out why via Pregakem's ad campaign|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/genelia-is-upset-with-riteish-deshmukh-find-out-why-via-pregakems-ad-campaign/57732533|access-date=21 December 2023|work=Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013, he formed a cricket team with [[Dhiraj Deshmukh]], later named [[Veer Marathi]] in the [[Celebrity Cricket League]]. He played in this league as the captain of his team. The team's brand ambassador was [[Genelia D'Souza]]. The team defunct in 2015, after three seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://truthdive.com/2013/01/19/ccl-3-celebrity-cricket-league-curtain-raiser-event-on-jan-19-in-mumbai.html |title=TruthDive – South Asian News and Opinion. India |access-date=2013-02-17 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223054154/http://truthdive.com/2013/01/19/ccl-3-celebrity-cricket-league-curtain-raiser-event-on-jan-19-in-mumbai.html |archive-date=23 February 2013}} CCL 3 : Celebrity Cricket League curtain raiser event on 19 Jan in Mumbai&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, he play as the captain of [[Mumbai Heroes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/CCL-Superstar-cricketainment/articleshow/11552967.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030145956/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-20/news-interviews/30643668_1_telugu-warriors-karnataka-bulldozers-chennai-rhinos | url-status=live | archive-date=30 October 2013 | title=CCL: Superstar cricketainment | date=20 January 2012 | access-date=22 January 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | author=Trivedi, Bina}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deshmukh maintains ownership in Evolutions, an India-based architectural and interior designing firm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ritesh designing Karan's house|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ritesh-designing-karans-house/articleshow/6240210.cms|access-date=19 February 2018|quote=Ritesh has an architectural firm Evolution in operation from 2016.|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also a board member of [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Mumbai Academy of Moving Image - Trustees Site |url=https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/festival/trustees |website=www.mumbaifilmfestival.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deshmukh is also one of the highest grossing actors of Indian cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Highest Cumulative Box Office Collection by Actor |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/highest-cumulative-box-office-collection-actor/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2 April 2024 |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402183144/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/highest-cumulative-box-office-collection-actor/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {{main|List of awards and nominations received by Riteish Deshmukh}}<br /> <br /> Deshmukh is a recipient of a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]], the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|Special Jury Award]] for ''Yellow''.&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress1&quot; /&gt; Deshmukh has won four [[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?|Maharashtracha Favourite Kon? Awards]] including two [[MFK Award for Favourite Actor|Favourite Actor]] for ''Lai Bhaari'' and ''Ved''. Additionally, he earned the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – Marathi]] for ''Lai Bhaari''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-20 |title=Riteish Deshmukh And Genelia's Ved Wins Big At Maharashtracha Favourite Kon Awards |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/riteish-deshmukh-and-genelias-ved-wins-big-at-maharashtracha-favourite-kon-awards-8747605.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|1299011}}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama person|riteish-deshmukh}}<br /> * [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mister-mummy/ Mister Mummy] at [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ Bollywood Hungama]<br /> {{Bigg Boss Marathi}}{{Latur district}}{{StardustAwardBestSupportingActor}}<br /> {{Screen Award Best Comedian}}<br /> {{Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role}}<br /> {{IIFAAwardBestSupportingActor}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Deshmukh, Riteish}}<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:People from Latur]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi actors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Marathwada]]<br /> [[Category:1977 births]]<br /> [[Category:Screen Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi people]]<br /> [[Category:Bigg Boss]]<br /> [[Category:Bigg Boss Marathi]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peshawar&diff=448776 2026-03-13T18:31:01Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: Page refined with updated information</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan}}<br /> {{About|the city in Pakistan}}<br /> {{Redirect|Peshawari|other uses|Peshawari (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{pp-pc}}<br /> {{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Peshawar<br /> | other_name = <br /> | native_name = {{hlist|{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|پشاور}}}}|{{lang|ps|پېښور}}|{{lang|hnd|{{Nastaliq|پشور}}}}}}<br /> | settlement_type = [[List of cities in Pakistan by population|Metropolis]]<br /> | image_skyline = {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | total_width = 280<br /> | image_style = border:1;<br /> | perrow = 1/2/2/2/1<br /> | caption_align = center<br /> | image1 = Islamia College Peshawar (Public Sector University), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan cropped.jpg<br /> |caption1 = [[Islamia College University]]<br /> | image2 = Scenery_of_Peshawar.jpg<br /> |caption2 = [[Valley of Peshawar|City Exteriors]]<br /> | image3 = Bala Hisar Fort.jpg<br /> |caption3 = [[Bala Hissar, Peshawar|Bala Hissar]]<br /> | image4 = MKmosque.jpg<br /> |caption4 = [[Mahabat Khan Mosque]]<br /> | image5 = Sethi_House_Peshawar.jpg<br /> |caption5 = [[Sethi Mohallah]]<br /> | image6 = Ghanta Ghar Peshawar.jpg<br /> | caption6 = [[Cunningham Clock Tower]]<br /> | image7 = University_of_Peshawar.jpg<br /> | caption7 = [[University of Peshawar]]<br /> | image8 = Bab-e-Khyber.jpg<br /> |caption8 = [[Bab-e-Khyber]]<br /> }}<br /> | image_caption = <br /> | image_size = 300px<br /> | image_flag = Peshawar City Flag.png<br /> | image_seal = <br /> | image_shield = <br /> | nickname = City of Flowers&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Mar-2018/peshawar-the-city-of-flowers |title=Peshawar – The city of flowers |date=2 March 2018 |website=The Nation |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016140320/https://nation.com.pk/02-Mar-2018/peshawar-the-city-of-flowers |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | motto = <br /> | image_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa#Pakistan<br /> | pushpin_relief = <br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Khyber Pakhtunkhwa##Location within Pakistan<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|34|00|52|N|71|34|03|E|region:PK|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Province]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Peshawar District]]<br /> | established_title = <br /> | seat_type = <br /> | seat = <br /> | parts_type = [[Union councils of Pakistan|Union councils]]<br /> | parts = 92<br /> | government_footnotes = &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.samaa.tv/news/2021/12/kps-new-lg-system-structure-powers-and-voting-process/ |title=KP's new LG system: structure, powers, and voting process |date=17 December 2021 |access-date=5 January 2022 |publisher=SAMAA TV |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105174410/https://www.samaa.tv/news/2021/12/kps-new-lg-system-structure-powers-and-voting-process/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lgkp.gov.pk/districts/district-peshawar/ |title=District Peshawar |access-date=18 January 2022 |website=Department of Local Government, [[Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182717/https://www.lgkp.gov.pk/districts/district-peshawar/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]]<br /> | governing_body = [[Local government in Pakistan#District|District government]]<br /> | leader_title = [[Mayor of Peshawar|Mayor]]<br /> | leader_name = Zubair Ali&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1664848 |title=Major upset for PTI as JUI-F wins Peshawar mayor seat |date=21 December 2021 |access-date=5 January 2022 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|location=[[Pakistan]] |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105082956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1664848 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | leader_party = [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)|JUI-F]]<br /> | leader_title1 = <br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | unit_pref = <br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_metro_km2 = 1257<br /> | area_total_km2 = 215<br /> | area_land_km2 = <br /> | area_water_km2 = <br /> | area_water_percent = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 331<br /> | elevation_max_m = 450<br /> | elevation_min_m = <br /> | total_type = City<br /> | population_total = 1,905,975<br /> | population_as_of = [[2023 Census of Pakistan|2023]]<br /> | population_rank = [[List of cities in Pakistan by population|8th, Pakistan]]<br /> | population_footnotes = &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html |title=Pakistan: Provinces and Major Cities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |publisher=citypopulation.de |access-date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004170407/http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_note = <br /> | population_demonym = Peshawari<br /> | postal_code_type = Postal code<br /> | postal_code = 25000<br /> | area_code = 091 (+92)<br /> | unemployment_rate = <br /> | blank_name_sec1 = Languages<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = [[Pashto]], [[Hindko]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://cmgp.gkp.pk/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | title = <br /> | leader_title2 = Commissioner<br /> | leader_name2 = Riaz Khan Mehsud&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-18 |title=Commissioner defends ‘Drug-Free Peshawar’ campaign |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1322309-commissioner-defends-drug-free-peshawar-campaign |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | leader_title3 = [[Deputy Commissioner (Pakistan)|Deputy Commissioner]]<br /> | leader_name3 = Sanaullah Khan&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-12-03 |title=4 arrested for illegal mining in Peshawar |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/03-Dec-2025/4-arrested-illegal-mining-peshawar |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | timezone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]]<br /> | utc_offset = +5:00<br /> | timezone_DST = <br /> | utc_offset_DST = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Peshawar'''{{efn|name=naming|English pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|p|@|'|S|ɑː|w|ər}};&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Peshawar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518050547/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Peshawar |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 May 2021 |title=Peshawar |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; {{langx|ur|پشاور}} {{IPA|ur|pɪˈʃaː.ʋər||UR_Peshawar2.ogg}}; {{langx|ps|پېښور}} {{IPA|ps|peˈʂə.wər, peˈʃə.wər, peˈçə.wər, peˈxə.wər||PK_Peshawar.ogg}}; {{langx|hnd|پشور}} {{IPA|hnd|pɪˈʃɔːɾ||HK_Peshawar.ogg|pronunciation}}}} is the capital and [[List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population|largest city]] of the [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Pakistani province]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]. It is the [[List of cities in Pakistan by population|eighth-most populous]] Pakistani city, with a population of over 1.9 million.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=2023 Census KP |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/KP.pdf |website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;nwfp&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?pageName=Introduction&amp;amp;DistId=1&amp;amp;DeptId=1&amp;amp;LangId=1 |title=NWFP Introduction |publisher=Government of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa |access-date=12 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030055502/http://www.nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?pageName=Introduction&amp;amp;DistId=1&amp;amp;DeptId=1&amp;amp;LangId=1 |archive-date=30 October 2007 |url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is situated in the north-west of the country, lying in the [[Valley of Peshawar]], a broad area situated east of the [[Khyber Pass]]. <br /> <br /> Peshawar's recorded history dates back to at least sixth century BC, making it one of the [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities#Asia#Central and South Asia|oldest continuously inhabited cities in South Asia]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=3 July 2010 |title=Peshawar: Oldest Living City in South Asia |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/880603/peshawar-oldest-living-city-in-south-asia |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508143831/https://www.dawn.com/news/880603/peshawar-oldest-living-city-in-south-asia |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Nadiem |first=Ihsan H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_1tAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=peshawar+history |title=Peshawar: Heritage, History, Monuments |date=2007 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1971-6 |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; One of the principal cities of the [[Gandhara|ancient Gandhara]], Peshawar served as the capital of the [[Kushan Empire]] during the rule of [[Kanishka the Great]], in the second century CE.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Baloch2004&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Baloch |first1=Sikandar Khan |title=In the Wonderland of Asia, Gilgit &amp;amp; Baltistan |date=2004 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=9789693516142 |page=124 |language=en |quote=Within the next decade, emerged the great kingdom of Gandhra under the great Kushan king Kaniskha (125-160 AD). The seat of his central government was Purushpura which is today known as Peshawar.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Chaurasia2002&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Chaurasia |first1=Radhey Shyam |title=History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A.D. |date=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp;amp; Dist |isbn=9788126900275 |page=148 |language=en |quote=Kanishka's coins have been found as far as Ghaznipur and Gorakhpur. These point to the wide extent of his Indian dominion which stretched from Gandhara to Banaras. The eastern portion of this empire was governed by Mahakshatrapa and a Kshatrapa while the northern portion by military governors. He fixed his capital at Purushpura or Peshawar which he adorned with many noble buildings.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |title=The Listener, Volume 39 |date=1948 |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] |page=27 |language=en |quote=Of course the Kushan capital established by Kanishka in India was at Purushpura—Peshawar—not Mathura, where the Saka satraps had held sway and probably continued under the overlordship of the Kushans.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A variety of [[Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim empires]] ruled the city following the [[battle of Peshawar (1001)|conquest of Peshawar]] by the [[Ghaznavids]] from the [[Hindu Shahis]], in 1001 CE. It was an important trading centre in the [[Mughal Empire]], later serving as the winter capital of the [[Durrani Empire]] from 1776 until the capture of the city by the [[Sikh Empire]] in 1823. In 1849, the city was captured by the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] and subsequently became part of [[British Raj]]. In 1901, Peshawar became capital of the [[North-West Frontier Province]] after it was created from the northwestern districts of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]]. Following the [[Partition of British India]] it became part of Pakistan, in 1947.<br /> <br /> Peshawar is a major [[Culture|cultural]], [[Politics|political]] and [[Economy|economic]] centre of the region. During the colonial period and well into the early years after independence, the [[Lingua franca|''lingua franca'']] of Peshawar was [[Hindko]];&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&amp;gt; in the succeeding decades, the rapid [[urbanization]] and the high rate of [[Rural flight|migration from the rural]] and [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|tribal areas]] of the province, as well as the influx of [[Afghans in Pakistan|Afghan refugees]] following the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], transformed Peshawar from Hindko to a [[Pashto]]-speaking city.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Nadiem |first=Ihsan H. |author-link=Ihsan H. Nadiem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_1tAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Peshawaris+hindko |title=Peshawar: Heritage, History, Monuments |date=2007 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1971-6 |pages=15 |language=en |quote=With the influx of these refugees the language pattern of the Peshawar City also changed drastically as they managed to assimilate in the local populace with comparative ease... Pashto-speaking population overwhelmingly dominating the Hindko or Peshawari-speaking populace (also known as Khaari–urban) in the city.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yduAAAAMAAJ |title=Peshawar: Historic City of the Frontier |date=1995 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-0554-2 |pages=12 |language=en |quote=The Afghan migration to the city of Peshawar has completely changed the character of the city. Peshawar, which was regarded as a ‘Khar’ (city)—a home of town dwellers engaged in trade and business—by the rurally oriented Pathans, is no longer the same today. The Pathans, or rather the Afghans, have made Peshawar as their own city. The [[Hindko language]], which was the common lingua franca of the [[Peshawaris]], as it was the language of the business class, has almost lost its place. Pashto has now become more dominant and so has increased the number of Pathans in the city.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:alimia&quot; /&amp;gt; Today Peshawar is largely populated by [[Pashtuns]], although the original urban population, known as [[Peshawari people|Peshoris]], still has a significant presence in the central areas of the old Walled City.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN: THE PASHTUN LOSE PATIENCE |url=https://www.a2globalrisk.com/analysis/asia-pacific/pakistan--the-pashtun-lose-patience |website=a2globalrisk.com |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028153617/https://www.a2globalrisk.com/analysis/asia-pacific/pakistan--the-pashtun-lose-patience |url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:alimia&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Alimia |first=Sanaa |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8R5oEAAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA85 |title=Refugee Cities: How Afghans Changed Urban Pakistan |date=2022 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-1-5128-2279-3 |pages=85–9 |language=en |chapter=Peshawar's Afghan Transformation |quote=}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Languages |url=https://kp.gov.pk/page/languages |access-date=21 August 2025 |website=Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Official Web Portal |quote=Hindko, (a Punjabi dialect) is spoken in the majority in Hazara Division and also in the central old city areas of Nowshera, Kohat, and Peshawar city.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> [[File:Peshawar Main Street by Panjab Digital Library.jpg|thumb|A vintage photo postcard of the main street, Peshawar. Digitized by [[Panjab Digital Library]].]]<br /> The modern name of the city &quot;Peshawar&quot; is possibly derived from the reconstructed Sanskrit word &quot;Purushapura&quot; ({{Langx|sa|पुरुषपुर|Puruṣapura|City of Men' or 'City of Purusha}}).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hiro2012&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Hiro |first1=Dilip |title=Apocalyptic Realm: Jihadists in South Asia |date=2012 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-17378-9 |language=en |quote=Of the sixteen gates of the historic walled city of Peshawar (derivative of Purushapura, meaning &quot;town of men&quot; in Sanskrit), the best known is the Kabuli Gate.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Jones2019&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Barry |title=Dictionary of World Biography: Sixth edition |date=2019 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-76046-287-1 |page=469 |language=en |quote=His empire extended to Afghanistan, parts of Iran and northern India-Pakistan, and his capital Purushpura is the modern Peshawar, where he built an enormous stupa. He sent Buddhist missionaries to China.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain &amp;amp; Ireland |url=https://archive.org/details/journalroyalasi11irelgoog |access-date=13 December 2012 |year=1834 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain &amp;amp; Ireland. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/journalroyalasi11irelgoog/page/n138 114]–}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It was named so by [[Akbar|Mughal Emperor Akbar]] from its old name ''Parashawar'', the meaning of which Akbar did not understand.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Dept |first=North-West Frontier Province (Pakistan) Information |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqQ0AQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;q=Pesh+Awardan+Akbar |title=Yearbook |date=1955 |language=en |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070345/https://books.google.com/books?id=rqQ0AQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;q=Pesh+Awardan+Akbar |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Nadiem |first=Ihsan H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_1tAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Pesh+Awardan+Akbar |title=Peshawar: Heritage, History, Monuments |date=2007 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1971-6 |language=en |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070251/https://books.google.com/books?id=9_1tAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Pesh+Awardan+Akbar |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The ruler of the city during its founding may have been a Hindu [[raja]] named Purush; the word ''[[pur (Vedic)|pur]]'' means &quot;city&quot; in Sanskrit.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Jaffar1952&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Jaffar |first1=S. M. |title=An Introduction to Peshawar |date=1952 |publisher=S.M.S. Khan |language=en |quote=The old name Purushapura is said to have been derived from Purush, a Raja whose seat of government it is stated to have been.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;GOP1954&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |title=The North-West Frontier Province Year Book |date=1954 |publisher=[[Government of Pakistan]] |page=47 |language=en |quote=The old name Purushpura is said to have been derived from Purush, after a Raja whose seat of government it is stated to have been.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;CottonBurnMeyer1909&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Cotton |first1=James Sutherland |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=Sir William Stevenson |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UT0KAQAAIAAJ |date=1909 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UT0KAQAAIAAJ/page/n503 463] |language=en |quote=Purushapura, seat of king Purush, Peshawar probably derived from, xx. 124.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Sanskrit, written in the [[Kharosthi]] script, was the literary language (along with [[Gandhari Prakrit]]) employed by the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] kingdoms which ruled over the area during its earliest recorded period.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtYskEpemWgC&amp;amp;q=gandhara+sanskrit&amp;amp;pg=PA143 |title=Gandharan Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts |last1=Behrendt |first1=Kurt |last2=Brancaccio |first2=Pia |date=1 November 2011 |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=978-0-7748-4128-3 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070249/https://books.google.com/books?id=rtYskEpemWgC&amp;amp;q=gandhara+sanskrit&amp;amp;pg=PA143 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The city's name may also be derived from the Sanskrit name for &quot;City of Flowers&quot;, ''Poshapura'', a name found in an ancient Kharosthi inscription that may refer to Peshawar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8QGAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;q=peshawar+poshapura |title=Peshawar: Historic City of the Frontier |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |date=1969 |publisher=Khyber Mail Press |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070252/https://books.google.com/books?id=R8QGAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;q=peshawar+poshapura |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Chinese Buddhist monk [[Xuanzang]]'s seventh-century account of a city in Gandhara called the city ''Po-la-sha-pu-lo'' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 布路沙布邏, ''bùlùshābùló'')'','' and an earlier 5th century account by [[Faxian]] records the city's name as ''Fou-lou-sha'' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 弗樓沙, ''fùlóushā'')'','' the Chinese equivalent of the Sanskrit name of the city, Purushapura.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |title=Bulletin of the Asia Institute, Volume 7 |date=1994 |publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] |pages=55 |language=en |quote=As the Fu-lou-sha of Fa-hsien is also identifiable as Peshawar, the fifth-century Chinese transcription of Purushapura can clearly be equated with the seventh-century Pu-lu-sha, the equivalent syllables for pu-lo, representing the Sanskrit pura ...}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOj_AwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=fu+lou+sha&amp;amp;pg=PA239 |title=A Record of Buddhist Monasteries in Lo-Yang |last=Yang |first=Hsüan-chih |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5754-8 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070258/https://books.google.com/books?id=lOj_AwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=fu+lou+sha&amp;amp;pg=PA239 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; An ancient inscription from the Shapur era identifies a city in the Gandhara valley by the name ''pskbvr,'' which may be a reference to Peshawar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9oUAAAAIAAJ&amp;amp;q=peshawar+%E2%80%9Cold+persian%E2%80%9D&amp;amp;pg=PA370 |title=Analecta Orientalia Posthumous Writings and Selected Minor Works |publisher=Brill Archive |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070302/https://books.google.com/books?id=P9oUAAAAIAAJ&amp;amp;q=peshawar+%E2%80%9Cold+persian%E2%80%9D&amp;amp;pg=PA370 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The Arab historian and geographer [[al-Masudi]] noted that by the mid-tenth century, the city was known as ''Parashāwar''. The name was noted to be ''Purshawar'' and ''Purushavar'' by [[al-Biruni]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;asc-centralasia.edu.pk&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.asc-centralasia.edu.pk/Issue_69/07_waqar.html |title=Ancient Peshawar:Historical Review of Some of its Socio-Religious and Cultural Aspects |website=asc-centralasia.edu.pk |access-date=19 July 2019 |quote=The famous Muslim historian and geographer al-Masudi (871–957 AD), also known as the 'Herodotus of the Arabs' for he wrote a 30-volume history of the world, spelt Peshawar as Pershadwar. Purshawar or Purushavar: Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni (973–1048 AD), the Arab geographer and historian records two variants for Peshawar; Purshawar and Purushavar. |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719134124/https://www.asc-centralasia.edu.pk/Issue_69/07_waqar.html |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The city began to be known as ''Peshāwar'' by the era of Emperor Akbar.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;bosworth&quot; /&amp;gt; The current name is said by some to have been based upon the [[Persian language|Persian]] word for &quot;frontier town&quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;bosworth&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=Clifford Edmund |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004153882 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&amp;amp;q=ancient+peshawar |access-date=24 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070250/https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&amp;amp;q=ancient+peshawar |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or, more literally, &quot;forward city&quot;, though transcription errors and linguistic shifts may account for the city's new name. One theory suggests that the city's name is derived from the Persian name &quot;Pesh Awardan&quot;, meaning &quot;place of first arrival&quot; or &quot;frontier city&quot;, as Peshawar was the first city in the Indian subcontinent after crossing the [[Khyber Pass]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/peshawarhistoric0000dani |url-access=registration |quote=Peshawar has long been known as &quot;the Fountier—town.&quot; Standing right at the mout of the world-famous Khyber Pass, it holds the key to the gateway of the subcontinent of Pakistan and India. |title=Peshawar: Historic City of the Frontier |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |date=1995 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=9789693505542 |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wkg8AAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=pesh+awardan+peshawar |title=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |last=Pakistan |first=Research Society of |date=1965 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070252/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wkg8AAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=pesh+awardan+peshawar |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Akbar's bibliographer, [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]], lists the city's name as both ''Parashāwar'', transcribed in Persian as {{langx|fa|پَرَشَاوَر|label=none}},&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |title=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, Volume 2, Issue 1 – Volume 3, Issue 2 |date=1965 |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wkg8AAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=parashawar |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070255/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wkg8AAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=parashawar |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and ''Peshāwar'' ({{langx|fa|پشاور|label=none}}).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |title=Journal of Central Asia |journal=Journal of Central Asia |year=1996 |volume=19}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{Main|History of Peshawar|Timeline of Peshawar}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Joppen 1907 India in the 2nd Century A.D.jpg|thumb|In [[Outline of ancient India|ancient Indian subcontinent]], the city of Purushapura (which became Peshawar), was established near the [[Gandhara]]n capital city of [[Pushkalavati]]]]<br /> {{Quote box<br /> | title = Historical affiliations<br /> | quote = [[Gandhara Kingdom]] (538 – 518 BC)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Standard of Cyrus the Great (Blue).svg|20px]] [[Achaemenid Empire]] (518 – 326 BC)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Vergina Sun WIPO.svg|20px]] [[Macedonian Empire]] (326 – 312 BCE)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Vergina Sun WIPO.svg|20px]] [[Seleucid Empire]] (312 – 303 BC)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Ashoka Chakra.svg|20px]] [[Maurya Empire]] (303 – 185 BC)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Coin of Hippostratos.jpg|28px]] [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] (185 – 85 BC)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Machene.jpg|28px]] [[Indo-Scythian Kingdom]] (85 – 60 BC)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Hippostratos.jpg|28px]] [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] (60 – 48 BC)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Whitehead Coins of the Punjab Museum Plate XI Azes Demeter and Hermes.jpg|28px]] [[Indo-Scythian Kingdom]] (48 BC – 20 CE)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Gondophares.jpg|28px]] [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]] (20 – 60 CE)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Coin of Kanishka I.jpg|28px]] [[Kushan Empire]] (60 – 242 CE)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Derafsh Kaviani flag of the late Sassanid Empire.svg|20px]] [[Sassanid Empire]]/[[File:Hormizd I Kushanshah Merv mint.jpg|28px]] [[Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom]] (242 – 360 CE)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Garuda emblem.png|22px]] [[Gupta Empire]] (360 – 410 CE)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Kidarite Tamga.png|20px]] [[Kidarite Kingdom]] (410 – 465)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Alchon Tamga.png|20px]] [[Alchon Huns|Alchon Kingdom]] (465 – 560)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Nezak_Crown.png|20px]] [[Alchon Huns|Alchon]]—[[Nezak Huns|Nezak Kingdom]] (560 – 665)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Tamgha of the Turk Shahis.png|20px]] [[Turk Shahis|Turk Shahi Kingdom]] (665 – 843)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Hindu Shahis Spalapatideva type, Kabul mint.jpg|28px]] [[Hindu Shahis|Hindu Shahi Kingdom]] (843 – 1001)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Mahmud coin minted in Ghazni.jpg|28px]] [[Ghaznavid Empire]] (1001 – 1180)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad. AH 599-602 AD 1171-1206.jpg|28px]] [[Ghurid Empire]] (1180 – 1206)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha|Qabacha State]] (1206 – 1214)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Taj al-Din Yildiz. AH 602-612 AD 1206-1215 Ghazna (Ghazni) mint. Dated AH 604 (AD 1207-8).jpg|28px]] [[Taj al-Din Yildiz|Yildiz State]] (1214 – 1215)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Khwarizm Shahs. 'Ala al-Din Muhammad II. AH 596-617 AD 1200-1220 Citing Abbasid caliph a1-Nasir. Ghazna (Ghazni) mint.jpg|28px]] [[Khwarazmian Empire]] (1215 – 1221)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Imperial Seal of the Mongols 1246.svg|23px]] [[Mongol Empire]] (1221 – 1221)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Khwarizm Shahs. Jalal al-Din Mangubarni. AH 617-628 AD 1220-1231. AR Double Dirhem (20mm, 5.90 g, 1h). Qal 'a Nay mint.jpg|28px]] [[Khwarazmian Empire]] (1221 – 1224)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Imperial Seal of the Mongols 1246.svg|23px]] [[Mongol Empire]] (1224 – 1226)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Khwarizm Shahs. Jalal al-Din Mangubarni. AH 617-628 AD 1220-1231. AR Double Dirhem (20mm, 5.90 g, 1h). Qal 'a Nay mint.jpg|28px]] [[Khwarazmian Empire]] (1226 – 1228)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;{{flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg|border=no}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] (1228 – 1241)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of the Chagatai Khanate.svg|border=no}} [[Chagatai Khanate]] (1241 – 1307)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;{{flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg|border=no}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] (1307 – 1398)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;{{flagicon image|Timurid.svg|border=no}} [[Timurid Empire]] (1398 – 1414)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;{{flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg|border=no}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] (1414 – 1526)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}} [[Mughal Empire]] (1526 – 1540)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Seal of Sher Shah Suri.png|20px]] [[Sur Empire]] (1540 – 1555)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}} [[Mughal Empire]] (1555 – 1586)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Roshani movement]] (1586 – 1587)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}} [[Mughal Empire]] (1587 – 1738)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;{{flagicon image|Nadir Shah Flag.svg|border=no}} [[Afsharid Empire]] (1738 – 1747)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.svg|20px]] [[Durrani Empire]] (1747 – 1758)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border=}} [[Maratha Empire]] (1758 – 1759)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg|border=no}} [[Durrani Empire]] (1759 – 1818)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;{{flagicon image|Sikh Empire flag.svg|border=no}} [[Sikh Empire]] (1818 – 1849)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|border=no}} [[East India Company]] (1849 – 1858)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;{{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg|border=no}} [[British Raj]] (1858 – 1947)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;{{flag|Pakistan}} (1947 – present)<br /> | align = left<br /> | width = 23em<br /> | fontsize = 90%<br /> | bgcolor = GhostWhite<br /> }}<br /> === Ancient history ===<br /> ==== Foundation ====<br /> Peshawar was established as the city of ''Puruṣapura'',&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hiro2012&quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Chandra1977&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Moti |title=Trade And Trade Routes In Ancient India |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170170556 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDL4kA7SWkEC&amp;amp;dq=ancient+peshawar&amp;amp;pg=PA10 |access-date=24 March 2017 |year=1977 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070259/https://books.google.com/books?id=rDL4kA7SWkEC&amp;amp;dq=ancient+peshawar&amp;amp;pg=PA10 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rishi1982&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Rishi |first1=Weer Rajendra |title=India &amp;amp; Russia: Linguistic &amp;amp; Cultural Affinity |date=1982 |publisher=Roma Publications |language=English |quote=The capital of Kushan Empire was Purushpura, the modern Peshawar.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; on the Gandhara Plains in the broad [[Valley of Peshawar]], after the 100 CE.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Heitzman2008&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Heitzman |first1=James |title=The City in South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-28962-2 |language=English |quote=Taxila long played the role of the eastern capital, in the region known as Gandhara, alongside the region's western capital Pushkaravati or Charsadda, which attracted traders along the northern bank of the Khyber River until its eclipse by the city of Purushapura (later Peshawar) established by the second century CE (Deloche 1993, 1: 31–2).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhu2000&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Sandhu |first1=Gurcharn Singh |title=A military history of ancient India |date=2000 |publisher=Vision Books |page=24 |language=English}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It may have been named after a Hindu raja, who ruled the city, who was known as Purush.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Jaffar1952&quot; /&amp;gt; The city likely first existed as a small village in the fifth century BCE,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Grandeur&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Samad |first1=Rafi U. |title=The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys |date=2011 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-0-87586-859-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNUwBYGYgxsC&amp;amp;dq=purushapura&amp;amp;pg=PA119 |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070314/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNUwBYGYgxsC&amp;amp;dq=purushapura&amp;amp;pg=PA119 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; near the ancient Gandharan capital city of Pushkalavati, near present-day [[Charsadda]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Pakhtunkhwa&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://pakhtunkhwa.com/html/body_nwfp_in_search_of_a_name.html |title=NWFP in search of a name |work=pakhtunkhwa.com |access-date=24 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131042427/http://pakhtunkhwa.com/html/body_nwfp_in_search_of_a_name.html |archive-date=31 January 2016}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com&quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Caroe |first1=Olaf |title=Book on The Pathans – 550 BC |date=1957 |publisher=Macmillan Company |isbn=978-0-19-577221-0}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Greek invasion ====<br /> In the winter of 327–26 BCE, [[Alexander the Great]] subdued the Valley of Peshawar during his [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|invasion of the Indus Valley]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Fuller |first1=J.F.C. |title=The Generalship Of Alexander The Great |date=2004 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-306-81330-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDy97Y6lZGUC&amp;amp;q=peshawar&amp;amp;pg=PA71 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; as well as the nearby [[Swat (Pakistan)|Swat]] and [[Buner Valley|Buner]] valleys.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last=Luniya |first=Bhanwarlal Nathuram |title=Life and Culture in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to 1000 AD |year=1978 |publisher=Lakshmi Narain Agarwal |lccn=78907043}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Following Alexander's conquest, the Valley of Peshawar came under the suzerainty of [[Seleucus I Nicator]], founder of the [[Seleucid Empire]]. A locally made vase fragment that was found in Peshawar depicts a scene from [[Sophocles]]' play ''[[Antigone (Sophocles play)|Antigone]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Tarn |first1=William Woodthorpe |title=The Greeks in Bactria and India |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-00941-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&amp;amp;q=purushapura+bactria |access-date=28 March 2017 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414155821/https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&amp;amp;q=purushapura+bactria |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Mauryan empire ====<br /> [[File:Takht-e-bahi.jpg|thumb|The nearby [[Takht-i-Bahi]] monastery was established in 46 CE,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;H. Bivar 1983, p.197&quot;&amp;gt;A. D. H. Bivar, &quot;The History of Eastern Iran&quot;, in Ehsan Yarshater (ed.), ''The Cambridge History of Iran,'' Vol.3 (1), ''The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods,'' London, Cambridge University Press, 1983, p.197.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and was once a major centre of Buddhist learning.]]<br /> Following the [[Seleucid–Mauryan war]], the region was ceded to the [[Mauryan Empire]] in 303 BCE.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Pandey1963&quot; /&amp;gt; Around 300 BCE, the Greek diplomat and historian [[Megasthenes]] noted that Purushapura was the western terminus of a Mauryan road that connected the city to the empire's capital at ''[[Pataliputra]]'', near the city of [[Patna]] in the modern-day Indian state of [[Bihar]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Pandey1963&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Pandey |first1=Mithila Sharan |title=The Historical Geography and Topography of Bihar |date=1963 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |page=198 |language=en |quote=Under the Mauryas, when Pataliputra was the capital of the whole empire, a road ran from Tamralipti, which was probably then on or very near the coast, to Purushapura in the north-west.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;silk road&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Elisseeff |first1=Vadime |title=The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce |date=1998 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-57181-222-3 |pages=175}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> As Mauryan power declined, the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]] based in modern Afghanistan declared its independence from the Seleucid Empire, and quickly seized the region around 190 BCE.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;H. Bivar 1983, p.197&quot; /&amp;gt; The city was then captured by [[Gondophares]], founder of the [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]]. Gondophares established the nearby ''[[Takht-i-Bahi]]'' monastery in 46 CE.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;H. Bivar 1983, p.197&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Kushan empire ====<br /> [[File:KanishkaCasket.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Peshawar's [[Kanishka stupa]] once kept sacred [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] relics in the [[Kanishka casket]].]]<br /> <br /> In the first century CE, Purushapura came under control of [[Kujula Kadphises]], founder of the [[Kushan Empire]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Abrams2000&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Abrams |first1=Harry N. |title=The Year One: Art of the Ancient World East and West |date=2000 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |isbn=978-0-87099-961-1 |pages=133 |language=en |quote=The late-first—early-second-century-A.D. rule of Kanishka, the third Kushan emperor, was administered from two capitals, Purushapura (Peshawar), near the Khyber Pass, and Mathura, in northern India.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It was made the empire's winter capital.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Le&quot; /&amp;gt; The Kushan's summer capital at ''Kapisi'' (modern [[Bagram]], [[Afghanistan]])&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Chandra&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDL4kA7SWkEC&amp;amp;dq=ancient+peshawar&amp;amp;pg=PA10 |title=Trade And Trade Routes In Ancient India |last1=Chandra |first1=Moti |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1977 |isbn=9788170170556 |access-date=24 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070306/https://books.google.com/books?id=rDL4kA7SWkEC&amp;amp;dq=ancient+peshawar&amp;amp;pg=PA10 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; was seen as the secondary capital of the empire,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Le&quot; /&amp;gt; while Puruṣapura was considered to be the empire's primary capital.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Le&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Le |first1=Huu Phuoc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&amp;amp;q=hephthalite+peshawar&amp;amp;pg=PA51 |title=Buddhist Architecture |date=2010 |publisher=Grafikol |isbn=978-0-9844043-0-8 |pages=51 |access-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070259/https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&amp;amp;q=hephthalite+peshawar&amp;amp;pg=PA51 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ancient Peshawar's population was estimated to be 120,000, which would make it the seventh-most populous city in the world at the time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Top 10 Cities of the Year 100 |url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201b.htm |work=Education &amp;gt; Geography (sourced from Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census by Tertius Chandler. 1987, St. David's University Press) |publisher=About.com |access-date=13 December 2012 |first=Matt |last=Rosenberg |author2=Tertius Chandler |year=2012 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005065844/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201b.htm |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Grandeur&quot; /&amp;gt; As a devout Buddhist, the emperor built the grand ''Kanishka [[Mahavihara]]'' monastery.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=Andre |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries |date=2002 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-0-391-04173-8}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After his death, the magnificent [[Kanishka stupa]] was built in Peshawar to house Buddhist relics. The golden age of Kushan empire in Peshawar ended in 232 CE with the death of the last great Kushan king, [[Vasudeva I]].<br /> <br /> Around 260 CE, the armies of the [[Sasanid Empire|Sasanid]] Emperor [[Shapur I]] launched an attack against Peshawar,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Baij Nath |title=Buddhism in Central Asia |date=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120803725}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and severely damaged Buddhist monuments and monasteries throughout the Valley of Peshawar.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Grandeur&quot; /&amp;gt; Shapur's campaign also resulted in damage to the city's monumental stupa and monastery.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Grandeur&quot; /&amp;gt; The Kushans were made subordinate to the Sasanids and their power rapidly dwindled,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=Andre |title=Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th–13th centuries |date=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-0-391-04174-5}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; as the Sasanids blocked lucrative trade routes westward out of the city.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Grandeur&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Kushan Emperor [[Kanishka III]] was able to temporarily reestablish control over the entire Valley of Peshawar after Shapur's invasion,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Grandeur&quot; /&amp;gt; but the city was then captured by the Central Asian [[Kidarites|Kidarite kingdom]] in the early 400s CE.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Hasan Dani |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750 |date=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ |isbn=9788120815407 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&amp;amp;q=Huna&amp;amp;pg=PA116 |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070303/https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&amp;amp;q=Huna&amp;amp;pg=PA116 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==== White Huns ====<br /> The [[Hephthalite Empire|White Huns]] devastated ancient Peshawar in the 460s CE,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Saletore |first1=Bhasker Anand |title=India's Diplomatic Relations with the East |date=1960 |publisher=Popular Book Depot}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and ravaged the entire region of Gandhara, destroying its numerous monasteries.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Basic Books&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Wriggins |first1=Sally |title=The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang |date=2008 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-7867-2544-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSYKO5zLgZkC&amp;amp;q=xuanzang+peshawar&amp;amp;pg=PT60 |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070303/https://books.google.com/books?id=eSYKO5zLgZkC&amp;amp;q=xuanzang+peshawar&amp;amp;pg=PT60 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Kanishka stupa was rebuilt during the White Hun era with the construction of a tall wooden superstructure, built atop a stone base,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Le&quot; /&amp;gt; and crowned with a 13-layer copper-[[gilding|gilded]] ''[[Chatra (umbrella)|chatra]]''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Le&quot; /&amp;gt; In the 400s CE, the [[China|Chinese]] Buddhist [[pilgrim]] ''[[Faxian]]'' visited the structure and described it as &quot;the highest of all the towers&quot; in [[Jambudvipa|the &quot;terrestrial world&quot;]],&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Le&quot; /&amp;gt; which ancient travelers claimed was up to {{cvt|560|ft|m}} tall,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Le&quot; /&amp;gt; though modern estimates suggest a height of {{cvt|400|ft|m}}.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Le&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 520 CE the Chinese monk [[Song Yun]] visited Gandhara and ancient Peshawar during the White Hun era, and noted that it was in conflict with nearby ''Kapisa''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1962&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Cotton |first1=James |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India:Gazetteers of British India, 1833–1962 Volume 20 of Imperial Gazetteer of India |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee20grea |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://archive.org/details/peshawarhistoric0000dani |title=Peshawar: Historic City of the Frontier |date=1995 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=9789693505542 |pages=12 |url-access=registration}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Chinese monk and traveler [[Xuanzang]] visited ancient Peshawar around 630 CE,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=hastings |first1=captain e. g. g. |title=report of the regular settlement of the peshawar district of the punjab |date=1878 |publisher=Oxford University |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JoIAAAAQAAJ&amp;amp;q=sung+yun+peshawar&amp;amp;pg=PA312 |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070311/https://books.google.com/books?id=7JoIAAAAQAAJ&amp;amp;q=sung+yun+peshawar&amp;amp;pg=PA312 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; after ''Kapisa'' victory, and expressed lament that the city and its great Buddhist monuments had decayed to ruin&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Guiyong |title=Chinese History: Middle ages |date=1978 |publisher=China Academy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQdGAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=peshawar+middle+ages |access-date=24 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070311/https://books.google.com/books?id=PQdGAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=peshawar+middle+ages |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;—although some monks studying [[Theravada Buddhism]] continued to study at the monastery's ruins.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Heirman |first1=Ann |last2=Bumbacher |first2=Stephan Peter |title=The Spread of Buddhism |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789047420064}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Xuanzang estimated that only about 1,000 families continued in a small quarter among the ruins of the former grand capital.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Basic Books&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Medieval history ===<br /> [[File:ClockTower-peshawar.jpg|thumb|Clock Tower Peshawar]]<br /> Until the mid-seventh century, the residents of ancient Peshawar were ruled by [[Turk Shahis|Kabul Shahis]], who were then displaced by the [[Hindu Shahi]]s of [[Kabul]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1962&quot; /&amp;gt; Islam is believed to have been first introduced to the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Hindu]] and other indigenous inhabitants of Puruṣapura in the later seventh century.<br /> <br /> ==== Ghaznavid empire ====<br /> {{Further|Battle of Peshawar (1001)}}<br /> In 986–87 CE, Peshawar's first encounter with Muslim armies occurred when [[Sabuktigin]] invaded the area and fought the Hindu Shahis under their king, Anandpal.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;bosworth&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> On 28 November 1001, Sabuktigin's son [[Mahmud Ghazni]] decisively defeated the army of [[Jayapala|Raja Jayapala]], son of Anandpal, at the [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|Battle of Peshawar]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last=Bosworth |first=C.E. |title=The Ghaznavids 994–1040 |url=https://archive.org/details/ghaznavids0000unse |url-access=registration |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |date=1963}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and established rule of the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] in the Peshawar region. During the Ghaznavid era, Peshawar served as an important stop between the Afghan plateau, and the Ghaznavid garrison city of [[Lahore]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;bosworth&quot; /&amp;gt; During the tenth–12th century, Peshawar served as a headquarters for Hindu [[Nath]] Panthi Yogis,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Chandra&quot; /&amp;gt; who in turn are believed to have extensively interacted with Muslim Sufi mystics.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Chandra&quot; /&amp;gt; <br /> <br /> As the first Pashtun tribe to settle in the region, the [[Dilazak]] Pashtuns began settling in the Valley of Peshawar,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Muhammad Hayat Khan p 346-3472&quot;&amp;gt;&quot;Taareekh-e-Hazara&quot; (Urdu) by Dr. Sher Bahadur Khan Panni_first edition_1969 p 295-313,&quot;Taareekh-e-Wadi-e-Chhachh and Aqwaam-e-Chhachh&quot; (Urdu) by Manzoor Awan p 175-182, &quot;Afghanistan and its inhabitants&quot; translation of Muhammad Hayat Khan's book by Henry B Priestley_1874 (reproduced by Sang-e-Meel Publications_Pakistan_1981) p-55/56, p- 197/198, &quot;Da Pasto Qabeelo Shajre o Mene&quot; (Pashto) by Muhammad Umar Rond Miakhel_2001 p 346-347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and are believed to have settled regions up to the [[Indus River]] by the 11th century.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Muhammad Hayat Khan p 346-3472&quot;&amp;gt;&quot;Taareekh-e-Hazara&quot; (Urdu) by Dr. Sher Bahadur Khan Panni_first edition_1969 p 295-313,&quot;Taareekh-e-Wadi-e-Chhachh and Aqwaam-e-Chhachh&quot; (Urdu) by Manzoor Awan p 175-182, &quot;Afghanistan and its inhabitants&quot; translation of Muhammad Hayat Khan's book by Henry B Priestley_1874 (reproduced by Sang-e-Meel Publications_Pakistan_1981) p-55/56, p- 197/198, &quot;Da Pasto Qabeelo Shajre o Mene&quot; (Pashto) by Muhammad Umar Rond Miakhel_2001 p 346-347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Arab historian and geographer [[al-Masudi]] noted that by the mid tenth century, the city had become known as ''Parashāwar''.<br /> <br /> ==== Delhi sultanate ====<br /> In 1179–80, [[Muhammad Ghori]] captured Peshawar, though the city was then destroyed in the early 1200s at the hands of the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;bosworth&quot; /&amp;gt; Peshawar was an important regional centre under the [[Lodi dynasty]] of [[Delhi Sultanate]].<br /> <br /> Several other Pashtun tribe began settling rural regions around Peshawar in the late 15th and 16th centuries.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;G.P.Tate 1911 Page 12&quot;&amp;gt;&quot;The Kingdom of Afghanistan – A Historical Sketch&quot; by G.P.Tate (1911), Reproduced by 'Indus Publications' (1973) Page 12 (Foot Note)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Ghoryakhel and Khashi ''Khel'' tribe pushed the Dilazak Pashtun tribes east of the Indus River following a battle in 1515 near the city of [[Mardan]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;G.P.Tate 1911 Page 12&quot; /&amp;gt; [[Hindko]] continued to be the language of trade and business in the city.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Early modern history ===<br /> <br /> ==== Mughal empire ====<br /> [[File:MohabbatKhanMosque.png|thumb|Bestowed by Mohabbat Khan, the Mughal governor in 1630, the white-marble façade of the [[Mohabbat Khan Mosque]] is one of Peshawar's most iconic sights.]]<br /> In July 1526, Emperor [[Babur]] captured Peshawar.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Miers2&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Henry Miers |first1=Elliot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2AGBNfe8ZQC&amp;amp;q=peshawar&amp;amp;pg=PA25 |title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period |date=21 March 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-05587-1 |publication-date=2013 |access-date=3 October 2020 |orig-year=1867 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070321/https://books.google.com/books?id=w2AGBNfe8ZQC&amp;amp;q=peshawar&amp;amp;pg=PA25 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During Babur's rule, the city was known as ''Begram'', and he rebuilt the city's fort.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Aykroyd |first1=Clarissa |url=https://archive.org/details/pakistan0000aykr |title=Pakistan |date=2005 |publisher=Mason Crest Publishers |isbn=978-1-59084-839-5 |url-access=registration}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Babur used the city as a base for expeditions to other nearby towns.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;bosworth2&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=Clifford Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&amp;amp;q=ancient+peshawar |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004153882 |access-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070250/https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&amp;amp;q=ancient+peshawar |archive-date=7 March 2022 |url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Peshawar remained an important centre on trade routes between India and Central Asia during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]]. The Peshawar region was a cosmopolitan region in which goods, peoples, and ideas would pass along trade routes.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Richards&quot; /&amp;gt; Its importance as a trade centre is highlighted by the destruction of over one thousand camel-loads of merchandise following an accidental fire at Bala Hissar fort in 1586.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Richards&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&amp;amp;q=peshawar+mughal&amp;amp;pg=PA50 |access-date=24 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070309/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&amp;amp;q=peshawar+mughal&amp;amp;pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Under the reign of Babur's son, [[Humayun]], direct Mughal rule over the city was briefly challenged with the rise of the Pashtun king, [[Sher Shah Suri]], who began construction of the famous [[Grand Trunk Road]] in the 16th century. Mughal rule in the area was tenuous, as Mughal suzerainty was only firmly exercised in the Peshawar valley, while the neighbouring valley of Swat was under Mughal rule only during the reign of [[Akbar]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Akbar Nama, trans. H. Beveridge, vol. 3, p. 715 quoted in Dani, Peshawar. p. 102. Whereas according to Nizam ai-Din Ahmad it was &quot;on the [next day]&quot; that Akbar sent Zain Khan Kukah &quot;with a well equipped army against the Afghans of Sawad (Swat) and Bajaur, for the extirpation of those turbulent tubes,&quot; Khwajah Nizam al-Din Ahmad, The Tabaqat-i-Akbari: (A History of India from the early Musalman Invasions to the thirty-eight year of the reign of Akbar), vol. 2, trans, Brajendra Nath De. rev. and ed, Baini Prashad, low Price Publications, Delhi, 1992, p, 607.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Peshawar was an important trading centre on the Grand Trunk Road.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;silk road&quot; /&amp;gt; During Akbar's rule, the name of the city changed from ''Begram'' to ''Peshawar''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;bosworth&quot; /&amp;gt; In 1586, Pashtuns rose against Mughal rule during the Roshani Revolt under the leadership of [[Pir Roshan|Bayazid Pir Roshan]],&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;CUP Archive&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume 3 |date=1928 |publisher=CUP Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; founder of the egalitarian [[Roshani movement]], who assembled Pashtun armies in an attempted rebellion against the Mughals. The Roshani followers laid siege to the city until 1587.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;CUP Archive&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Peshawar was bestowed with its own set of ''Shalimar Gardens'' during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ahmad, Hasan Dani (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. {{ISBN|9788120815407}}. Retrieved 29 March 2017&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; which no longer exist. Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s governor of Kabul, Mohabbat Khan used Peshawar as his winter capital during the 17th century, and bestowed the city with its famous [[Mohabbat Khan Mosque]] in 1630.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;bosworth&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> [[Yusufzai]] tribes rose against Mughal rule during the Yusufzai Revolt of 1667,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Richards&quot; /&amp;gt; and engaged in pitched-battles with Mughal battalions nearby [[Attock]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Richards&quot; /&amp;gt; [[Afridi]] tribes resisted Mughal rule during the Afridi Revolt of the 1670s.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Richards&quot; /&amp;gt; The Afridis massacred a Mughal battalion in the nearby [[Khyber Pass]] in 1672 and shut the pass to lucrative trade routes.&amp;lt;ref name=richards&amp;gt;{{citation |title=The Mughal Empire |chapter=Imperial expansion under Aurangzeb 1658–1869. Testing the limits of the empire: the Northwest. |volume=5 |series=New Cambridge history of India: The Mughals and their contemporaries |first=John F. |last=Richards |author-link=John F. Richards |edition=illustrated, reprint |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=170–171 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC |access-date=24 March 2017 |archive-date=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231220430/http://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Mughal armies led by Emperor Aurangzeb himself regained control of the entire area in 1674.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Richards&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Following Aurangzeb's death in 1707, his son [[Bahadur Shah I]], former governor of Peshawar and Kabul, was selected to be the Mughal Emperor. As Mughal power declined following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, the empire's defenses were weakened.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Wynbrandt |first1=James |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> On 18 November 1738, Peshawar was captured from the Mughal governor Nawab Nasir Khan by the [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid]] armies during the [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|Persian invasion of the Mughal Empire]] under [[Nader Shah]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=S.R. |title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material, Volume 3 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp;amp; Dist |isbn=9788171568192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4j_VLlGqVSoC&amp;amp;q=peshawar+mughal&amp;amp;pg=PA728 |access-date=24 March 2017 |year=1999 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070326/https://books.google.com/books?id=4j_VLlGqVSoC&amp;amp;q=peshawar+mughal&amp;amp;pg=PA728 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Nadiem |first1=Ihsan H. |title=Peshawar: heritage, history, monuments |date=2007 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel |isbn=9789693519716}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Durrani Empire ====<br /> [[File:Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg|thumb|220px|Peshawar's [[Bala Hissar, Peshawar|Bala Hissar]] fort was once the royal residence of the Durrani Afghan kings.]]<br /> In 1747, Peshawar was taken by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], founder of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZJcAQAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=peshawar+capture+durrani+empire&amp;amp;pg=PA204 |title=A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14 |access-date=29 December 2014 |isbn=978-1-4907-1441-7 |last1=Alikuzai |first1=Hamid Wahed |date=October 2013 |publisher=Trafford |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127151423/https://books.google.com/books?id=YZJcAQAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=peshawar+capture+durrani+empire&amp;amp;pg=PA204 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The city was captured in spring of 1758&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |author=Alexander Mikaberidze |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C |title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 Volumes] |date=22 July 2011 |publisher=Abc-Clio |isbn=9781598843378 |page=43 |quote=The Marathas, assisted by Sikhs, defeated the Afghans and captured Attock, Peshwar and Multan in the spring of 1758}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcEcBQAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=Attock+and+peshwar&amp;amp;pg=PA82 |title=War in the Eighteenth-Century World |date=7 December 2012 |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |isbn=978-0-230-37000-5 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; by the [[Maratha Confederacy]] in alliance with the [[Sikhs]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmU9AAAAMAAJ |title=Marathas and Panipat |year=1961 |page=94}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;mehta2&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 |publisher=New Dawn Press, Incorporated |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=236, 256, 260}} &quot;The province of Multan and northwest frontier were also overrun by Marathas and the forts of Peshawar and Attock were garrisoned by their troops&quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Pletcher |first=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&amp;amp;pg=PA198 |title=The History of India |publisher=Britannica Educational Pub. |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-122-5 |pages=198}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Before that, the fort of Peshawar was being guarded by Durrani troops under [[Timur Shah Durrani]] and Jahan Khan. When [[Raghunathrao]], [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] and Sikh alliance of [[Charat Singh]] and [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] left Peshawar, [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]] was appointed as the representative in this area ofgain the sub-continent.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&amp;gt;Third Battle of Panipat by Abhas Verma {{ISBN|9788180903397}} Bharatiya Kala Prakashan&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;mehta2&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 |publisher=New Dawn Press, Incorporated |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=236, 256, 260}} &quot;The province of Multan and northwest frontier were also overrun by Marathas and the forts of Peshawar and Attock were garrisoned by their troops&quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4j_VLlGqVSoC&amp;amp;q=extended+their+sway+upto+Multan&amp;amp;pg=PA763 |title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material |date=1999 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp;amp; Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-817-8 |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In the following year Ahmad Shah agin occupied the city. Under the reign of his son [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]], the Mughal practice of using Kabul as a summer capital and Peshawar as a winter capital was reintroduced,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;bosworth&quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hanifi2011&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |first=Shah |last=Hanifi |title=Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation on a Colonial Frontier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kh1hpPLSpcEC |access-date=13 December 2012 |date=11 February 2011 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-7777-3 |quote=Timur Shah transferred the Durrani capital from Qandahar during the period of 1775 and 1776. Kabul and Peshawar then shared time as the dual capital cities of Durrani, the former during the summer and the latter during the winter season. |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815092453/https://books.google.com/books?id=kh1hpPLSpcEC |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; with the practice maintained until the [[Sikh]] invasion.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Olaf&quot;&amp;gt;Caroe, Olaf (1957) The Pathans.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Peshawar's [[Bala Hissar, Peshawar|Bala Hissar Fort]] served as the residence of Afghan kings during their winter stay in Peshawar, and it was noted to be the main centre of trade between [[Bukhara]] and India by British explorer [[William Moorcroft (explorer)|William Moorcroft]] during the late 1700s.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;hopkins&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Hopkins |first1=B. |title=The Making of Modern Afghanistan |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-22876-4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Peshawar was at the centre of a productive agricultural region that provided much of north India's dried fruit.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;hopkins&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Timur Shah's grandson, [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]], became king, and quickly seized Peshawar from his half-brother, [[Shah Shuja Durrani]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO&quot; /&amp;gt; Shah Shujah was then himself proclaimed king in 1803, and recaptured Peshawar while Mahmud Shah was imprisoned at Bala Hissar fort until his eventual escape.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO&quot; /&amp;gt; In 1809, the British sent an emissary to the court of Shah Shujah in Peshawar, marking the first diplomatic meeting between the British and Afghans.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO&quot; /&amp;gt; His half-brother Mahmud Shah then allied himself with the ''Barakzai'' Pashtuns, and captured Peshawar once again and reigned until the [[Battle of Nowshera]] in March 1823.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Sikh Empire ====<br /> [[Ranjit Singh]] invaded Peshawar in 1818, but handed its rule to Peshawar Sardars as vassals.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Sikhs&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Rai |first1=Jyoti |last2=Singh |first2=Patwant |title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh |date=2008 |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |isbn=978-0-7206-1371-1}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;lee&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-78914-010-1 |pages=188 |language=English}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Following the Sikh victory against [[Azim Khan]] at the Nowshera in March 1823, Ranjit Singh captured Peshawar again and reinstated Yar Mohammed as the governor.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;lee&quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Sikhs&quot; /&amp;gt; By 1830, Peshawar's economy was noted by Scottish explorer [[Alexander Burnes]] to have sharply declined,&amp;lt;ref name=hopkins /&amp;gt; with Ranjit Singh's forces having destroyed the city's palace and agricultural fields.&amp;lt;ref name=hopkins /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Much of Peshawar's caravan trade from [[Kabul]] ceased on account of skirmishes between Afghan and Sikh forces,&amp;lt;ref name=hopkins /&amp;gt; as well as a punitive tax levied on merchants by Ranjit Singh's forces.&amp;lt;ref name=hopkins /&amp;gt; Singh's government also required Peshawar to forfeit much of its leftover agricultural output to the Sikhs as tribute,&amp;lt;ref name=hopkins /&amp;gt; while agriculture was further decimated by a collapse of the dried fruit market in north India.&amp;lt;ref name=hopkins /&amp;gt; Singh appointed Neapolitan mercenary [[Paolo Avitabile]] as administrator of Peshawar, who is remembered for having unleashed a reign of terror. His time in Peshawar is known as a time of &quot;gallows and gibbets&quot;. The city's famous Mahabat Khan, built in 1630 in the Jeweler's Bazaar, was badly damaged and desecrated by the Sikh conquerors.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;heritage.gov.pk&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=History of Peshawar |url=http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/historic_peshawar.htm |publisher=National Fund for Cultural Heritage |access-date=13 December 2012 |first=Asghar |last=Javed |year=1999–2004 |archive-date=27 February 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040227044829/http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/historic_peshawar.htm |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The Sikh Empire formally [[Capture of Peshawar (1834)|annexed Peshawar in 1834]] following advances from the armies of [[Hari Singh Nalwa]]&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Sikhs&quot; /&amp;gt;—bringing the city under direct control of the Sikh Empire's ''Lahore Durbar''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Sikhs&quot; /&amp;gt; An 1835 attempt by [[Dost Mohammad Khan|Dost Muhammad Khan]] to re-occupy the city was unsuccessful after being unable to breach the Peshawar fort's defenses.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-78914-010-1 |pages=208 |language=English}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Sikh settlers from Punjab were settled in the city during Sikh rule. The city's only remaining [[Gurdwara]]s were built by [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] to accommodate the newly settled Sikhs.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Gurudwara Bhai Joga Singh at Peshawar |url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/gurudwaras-in-pakistan/gurudwara-bhai-joga-singh-at-peshawar |work=All About Sikhs – your Gateway to Sikhism |publisher=Gateway to Sikhism |access-date=13 December 2012 |first=Iqbal |last=Qaiser |year=2012 |archive-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425220253/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/gurudwaras-in-pakistan/gurudwara-bhai-joga-singh-at-peshawar |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Sikhs also rebuilt the Bala Hissar fort during their occupation of the city.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |date=2003 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9789231038761}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==== British Raj ====<br /> [[File:Islamia College Peshawar 2.jpg|thumb|The British-era [[Islamia College University|Islamia College]] was built in an [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-Saracenic Revival]] style.]]<br /> [[File:Sethi House Peshawar.jpg |thumb|Built for wealthy [[Peshawaris|Peshawari]] merchants in a Central Asian architectural style, the [[Sethi Mohallah]] features several homes dating from the British era.]]<br /> Following the defeat of the Sikhs in the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1845–46 and the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1849, some of their territories were captured by the British [[East India Company]]. The British re-established stability in the wake of ruinous Sikh rule.&amp;lt;ref name=hopkins /&amp;gt; During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Rebellion of 1857]], the 4,000 members of the native garrison were disarmed without bloodshed;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&amp;gt; the absence of conflict during the rebellion meant that Peshawar was not affected by the widespread devastation that was experienced throughout the rest of British India and local chieftains sided with the British after the incident.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&amp;gt;[[Charles Allen (writer)|Charles Allen]], ''Soldier Sahibs'', p.276&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The British laid out the vast [[Peshawar Cantonment]] to the west of the city in 1868, and made the city its frontier headquarters.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Schofield, Victoria 2003 page 47&quot;&amp;gt;Schofield, Victoria, &quot;Afghan Frontier: Feuding and Fighting in Central Asia&quot;, London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks (2003), page 47&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Additionally, several projects were initiated in Peshawar, including linkage of the city by railway to the rest of British India and renovation of the Mohabbat Khan mosque that had been desecrated by the Sikhs.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;heritage.gov.pk&quot; /&amp;gt; British suzerainty over regions west of Peshawar was cemented in 1893 by Sir [[Mortimer Durand]], foreign secretary of the British Indian government, who collaboratively [[Durand Line|demarcated the border]] between British controlled territories in India and Afghanistan.<br /> <br /> The British built [[Cunningham clock tower]] in celebration of the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria]], and in 1906 built the Victoria Hall (now home of the [[Peshawar Museum]]) in memory of [[Queen Victoria]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;heritage.gov.pk&quot; /&amp;gt; The British introduced Western-style education into Peshawar with the establishment of [[Edwardes College]] and [[Islamia College University|Islamia College]] in 1901 and 1913, along with several schools run by the [[Anglican Church]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;heritage.gov.pk&quot; /&amp;gt; For better administration of the region, Peshawar and the adjoining districts were separated from the Punjab Province in 1901;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKdraLI-c0wC&amp;amp;pg=PA15 |page=15 | title=Changes in the Socio-economic Structures in Rural North-West Pakistan | isbn=978-3-8175-0408-4 | last1=Khan | first1=Mohammad Asif | year=2007 |publisher=Mohammad Asif Khan }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier Province]] was separated from Punjab Province in 1901, after which Peshawar became capital of the new province.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;bosworth&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> [[Communal riots]] broke out in the old city of Peshawar during the spring of 1910, when the annual [[Hinduism|Hindu]] festival of [[Holi]] coincided with [[Barawafat]], the annual [[Islam|Muslim]] day of mourning, resulting in a considerable loss of life along with hundreds of [[looted]] businesses and injuries.{{efn|name=1921CensusQuote|&quot;The date of the Hindu festival of Holi coincided with Barawafat, the Musalman day of mourning, in 1910, which led to a very serious riot between the Hindus and Musalmans of the Peshawar City resulting in a considerable loss of life. There was a wholescale plunder of Hindu houses and shops.&quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;1921Census&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430163|jstor=saoa.crl.25430163 |access-date=10 February 2023|title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 14, North-west Frontier Province : Part I, Report; part II, Tables |year=1922 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|92–93}}}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;1910Riots&quot;&amp;gt;Rehman, Noor &amp;amp; Khan, Aman Ullah. 2020. &quot;[http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/HistoryPStudies/PDF_Files/2_v33_2_2020.pdf &quot;Maro Hindu Ko&quot; (Kill the Hindus): Communal Violence in Peshawar City: A Historical Perspective]&quot; In ''[http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/40 Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society]''. Volume: 33, No. 02, July – December 2020&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A month prior, in February 1910, prominent community religious leaders met with officials and agreed that Holi would be solely celebrated in predominantly Hindu neighbourhoods of the city, notably in Andar Shehr and Karim Pura.{{efn|&quot;On 22nd February 1910, a meeting of leading Muslims and Hindu leaders was called by deputy commissioner of Peshawar at the Municipal Hall in which arrangements regarding the upcoming festivals were discussed and a committee was established consisting of prominent leaders from both sides. It was decided in the meeting that the Holi should be celebrated quietly until the 25th March. There should be only two processions, namely from the Hindu quarter of Andar Shahr to that of Karimpura and vice-versa. The Muslim of the city should not join the procession and the troops should celebrate Holi in their lines and some leading men from both sides will supervise the arrangement at Hasting Memorial and other at Clock Tower.&quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;1910Riots&quot; /&amp;gt;{{rp|23–24}}}} On 21 March 1910, however, rumors of [[musician]]s from [[Amritsar]] and a dancing boy from [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]] being brought into the city for Holi celebrations, led to a group of individuals who were marking Barawafat into forming a mob with the intention of stopping the [[procession]].{{efn|On 21 March the Deputy Commissioner was informed by deputy superintendent of police Zain ul Abidin that the situation in the city is not good as Hindu brought some musicians from Amritsar and a dancing boy from Hari Pur and they are intending to lead the procession on an unauthorized route. The superintendent of police suggested the deputy commissioner that the Holi should not be allowed as the situations going to create clash. Mr. Blackway sent some Hindu leader to enquire the situation. These Hindu gentlemen assured the deputy commissioner that the situation is friendly and nothing bad is going to be happened. There is no musician with the Holi and it would follow the old route. At the same time some Muslim leaders reported to the deputy commissioner about the Muslim mob who intended to stop the Holi procession. They also suggested that Holi procession should be stopped to avoid an expected clash between the two communities. However, after the surety of the Hindu leaders that there are no musicians and dancing boys and that the procession is not going on an unauthorized route the deputy commissioner was stuck to follow his old plan. This was the point which was misunderstood and created communal violence in the city.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;1910Riots&quot; /&amp;gt;{{rp|24}}}} Despite Muslim and Hindu [[community leader]]s calling for calm, both parties ultimately clashed at the Asamai Gate, when the Holi procession was ''en route'' to [[Dargah Pir Ratan Nath Jee]], with a Hindu procession member stabbing a Muslim individual in the mob.{{efn|Around 8 pm when the Holi procession at Asa Mai gate was about to depart on the route to Pir Rathan Nath Dharamshala sub inspector Kanhya Lal who was posted at Chita Khuo informed the police head quarter that a mob of Muslim also assembled to stop it and the two mobs started abusing each other. Leaders from both sides tried to control the situation but the people from both sides refused to pay any heed to their leaders. Meanwhile, a Hindu Mahr Singh stabbed a Muslim with knife. Mahr Singh was chased by the mob and captured him at Bara Bazar. At the same time two Muslims Jani and Ahmad were killed by Hindu with knives. Police report for 21 March 1911, provides that two Muslim were killed and three wounded while from Hindu side two people were killed and eleven were wounded and eleven shops were broken.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;1910Riots&quot; /&amp;gt;{{rp|24}}}} [[Riot]]s ensued for the following three days, involved individuals from outlying [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|tribal regions]] who had entered the city, with a mob at Bara Bazar allegedly chanting &quot;''Maro Hindu Ko''&quot; (Kill the Hindus).{{efn|When the funeral party was ousted from the city a riffraff of Muslim consisting of people from trans-border areas and Afghanistan remained in the city that started plundering and broke 285 shops. A violent clash was started in which two Hindus and one Muslim was killed... The next day on 23 March the looting of shops started again. The first case was reported in Ramdas Bazar where the Muslim despite the Military and Police patrolling looted the Hindu shops. A Hindu, reader of Nawab of Landi fired and wounded two Muslim. The local Hindu during investigation denied the fact but Military intelligence reported that he fired and wounded two people. He was arrested and sent on trial under India Penal Code. Two Hindu were killed at Ram Das Bazar. It was also reported that in Mewa Mandi a mob of Afridi and Mohmand tribes started plundering and looted many shops. People from tribal areas were also involved in this looting. 11 shops were broken in Ram Das Bazar that day... The official records about the events of the day had self-contradictory statements. The starting paragraphs of police and commissioner reports claims that everything was good at the start of the day but after a while the situation was out of control in the whole city. For instance, police reports provides that around 10:00 am, in Karimpura a police constable Chettan Ram was struck on head and the mob at Bara Bazar started the slogan &quot;Maro Hindu Ko&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;1910Riots&quot; /&amp;gt;{{rp|25}}}} Estimates detail the riots resulted in a total of 451 damaged shops and homes, primarily belonging to members of the Hindu community, while at least 4 Muslims and 6 Hindus were killed, alongside hundreds of injuries.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;1910Riots&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Edwardes College Side View.JPG|thumb|[[Edwardes College]] was built during the British-era, and is now one of Peshawar's most prestigious educational institutions.]]<br /> Peshawar emerged as a centre for both [[Hindkowans|Hindkowan]] and [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] intellectuals during the British era. Hindko speakers, known as [[Peshawaris|Peshoris]], were responsible for the dominant culture for most of the time that Peshawar was under British rule.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The Frontier Town of Peshawar. A Brief History by Sayed Amjad Hussain.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Peshawar was also home to a non-violent resistance movement led by [[Ghaffar Khan]], a disciple of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. In April 1930, Khan, leading a large group of his followers, protested in Qissa Khwani Bazaar against discriminatory laws that had been enacted by the colonial government; hundreds were killed when a detachment of the [[British Indian Army]] [[Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre|opened fire on the demonstrators]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=PESHAWAR: Qissa Khwani martyrs remembered |url=http://archives.dawn.com/2008/04/24/local36.htm |work=DAWN The Internet Edition |publisher=DAWN Media Group |access-date=13 December 2012 |author=APP |date=24 April 2008 |archive-date=12 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312042251/http://archives.dawn.com/2008/04/24/local36.htm |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Modern era ===<br /> In 1947, Peshawar became part of the newly created state of Pakistan, and emerged as a cultural centre in the country's northwest. The [[partition of India]] saw the departure of many Hindko-speaking Hindus and Sikhs who held key positions in the economy of Peshawar, weakening the historical presence of Hindko language in the city.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Bahri1986&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |year=1986 |page=50 |quote=Essentially, what has occurred is an occupation by Pashto-speaking Pathans of key areas in the urban economy of the province which before 1947 were traditionally exercised by Hindko- speaking Hindus and Sikhs. |title=Papers in language and linguistics, Volume 1 |publisher=Bahri Publications}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;GeijbelsAddleton&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |page=38 |quote=Shackle suggests Hindko simply means &quot;Indian language' and describes it as a &quot;collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country'. Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence. |title=The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan |publisher=Christian Study Centre}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[University of Peshawar]] was established in the city in 1950, and augmented by the amalgamation of nearby British-era institutions into the university.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |title=Peshawar: Historic City of the Frontier |date=1995 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=9789693505542 |url=https://archive.org/details/peshawarhistoric0000dani |url-access=registration |quote=peshawar independence. |access-date=14 June 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Until the mid-1950s, Peshawar was enclosed within a city wall and sixteen gates. In the 1960s, Peshawar was a base for a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operation to spy on the [[Soviet Union]], with the [[1960 U-2 incident]] resulting in an aircraft shot down by the Soviets that flew from Peshawar. From the 1960s until the late 1970s, Peshawar was a major stop on the famous [[Hippie trail]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=The Lonely Planet Journey: The Hippie Trail |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/the-lonely-planet-journey-the-hippie-trail-6257275.html |access-date=14 June 2017 |work=The Independent |date=5 November 2011 |archive-date=15 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615005133/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/the-lonely-planet-journey-the-hippie-trail-6257275.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] in the 1980s, Peshawar served as a political centre for the [[CIA]] and the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]]-trained [[Afghan Mujahideen|mujahideen]] groups based in the camps of [[Afghan refugees]]. It also served as the primary destination for large numbers of Afghan refugees. By 1980, 100,000 refugees a month were entering the province,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;UNHCR&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |author1=Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit |title=AFGHANS IN PESHAWAR Migration, Settlements and Social Networks |url=http://www.unhcr.org/43e754da2.pdf |website=Collective for Social Science Research |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |access-date=5 April 2017 |date=January 2006 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405172225/http://www.unhcr.org/43e754da2.pdf |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; with 25% of all refugees living in Peshawar district in 1981.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;UNHCR&quot; /&amp;gt; The arrival of large numbers of Afghan refugees strained Peshawar's infrastructure,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;murtaza&quot; /&amp;gt; and drastically altered the city's demography.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;murtaza&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=HAIDER |first1=MURTAZA |title=Of refugees, cities and cultures |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/728044 |access-date=5 April 2017 |work=Dawn |date=20 June 2012 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221140/https://www.dawn.com/news/728044 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Like much of northwest Pakistan, Peshawar has been severely affected by violence from the attacks by the terrorist group, [[Tehrik-i-Taliban]]. Local poets' [[shrine]]s have been targeted by the [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|Pakistani Taliban]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Sufi shrine bombed, in push to &quot;Talibanize&quot; Pakistan |url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&amp;amp;art=14662&amp;amp;size=A |access-date=13 December 2012 |newspaper=AsiaNews.it |date=3 June 2009 |first=Qaiser |last=Felix |agency=AsiaNews CF |archive-date=31 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105018/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&amp;amp;art=14662&amp;amp;size=A |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; a [[suicide bomb]] [[Peshawar church bombing|attack]] targeted the historic [[All Saints Church, Peshawar|All Saints Church]] in 2013, and most notably the [[2014 Peshawar school massacre]] in which Taliban militants killed 132 school children. Peshawar suffered 111 acts of [[terrorism in Pakistan|terror]] in 2010,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;SPDC&quot; /&amp;gt; which had declined to 18 in 2014,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;SPDC&quot; /&amp;gt; before the launch of [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]], which further reduced acts of violence throughout Pakistan. A large attack on a [[2022 Peshawar mosque attack|Shiite mosque in the city]] killed dozens and injured 200 people on 4 March 2022. In January 2023, another [[2023 Peshawar mosque bombing|terrorist attack]] occurred at Peshawar in which 100 people were killed.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2023&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web | title=Death toll from Pakistan mosque bombing rises to 100 – Crime News | publisher=Al Jazeera | date=31 January 2023 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/31/pakistan-rescue-operation-peshawar-mosque-suicide-bombing | access-date=23 February 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> [[File:Pakistan Khyber Pass IMG 9928.jpg|thumb|right|The city serves as a gateway to the [[Khyber Pass]], whose beginning is marked by the Khyber Gate.]]<br /> <br /> === Topography ===<br /> [[File:KhyberPassPakistan_enh2.jpg|thumb|Peshawar sits at the eastern end of the [[Khyber Pass]], which has been used as a trade route since the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] era approximately 2,000 years ago.]]<br /> Peshawar is located in the broad Valley of Peshawar, which is surrounded by mountain ranges on three sides, with the fourth opening to the Punjab plains. The city is located in the generally level base of the valley, known as the Gandhara Plains.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Chandra&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Climate ===<br /> {{Main|Climate of Peshawar}}<br /> <br /> With an influence from the local steppe climate, Peshawar features a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSh''), with very hot, prolonged summers and brief, mild to cool winters. Winter in Peshawar starts in November and ends in late March, though it sometimes extends into mid-April, while the summer months are from mid-May to mid-September. The mean maximum summer temperature surpasses {{cvt|40|C|F}} during the hottest month, and the mean minimum temperature is {{cvt|25|C|F}}. The mean minimum temperature during the coolest month is {{cvt|4|C|F}}, while the maximum is {{cvt|18.3|C|F}}.<br /> <br /> Peshawar is not a [[monsoon]] region, unlike other parts of Pakistan; however, rainfall occurs in both winter and summer. Due to western disturbances, the winter rainfall shows a higher record between the months of February and April. The highest amount of winter rainfall, measuring {{cvt|236|mm|in}}, was recorded in February 2007,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Peshawar climate data&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Peshawar Climate Data |url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk:80/cdpc/Climate/Peshawar_Climate_Data.txt |website=PakMet |publisher=Climate Data Processing Centre (CDPC), Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi. |access-date=26 June 2016 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613053333/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/Climate/Peshawar_Climate_Data.txt |archive-date=13 June 2010}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; while the highest summer rainfall of {{cvt|402|mm|in}} was recorded in July 2010;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan Rainfall july 2010&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=RAINFALL STATEMENT JULY-2010 |url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk:80/FFD/index_files/rainfalljuly10.htm |website=PakMet |publisher=Climate data Processing Centre (CDPC), Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi |access-date=26 June 2016 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820185911/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/rainfalljuly10.htm |archive-date=20 August 2010}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; during this month, a record-breaking rainfall level of {{cvt|274|mm|in}} fell within a 24-hour period on 29 July 2010&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan Rainfall july 2010&quot; /&amp;gt;—the previous record was {{cvt|187|mm|in}} of rain, recorded in April 2009.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Peshawar climate data&quot; /&amp;gt; The average winter rainfall levels are higher than those of summer. Based on a 30-year record, the average annual precipitation level was recorded as {{cvt|400|mm|in}} and the highest annual rainfall level of {{cvt|904.5|mm|in}} was recorded in 2003.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Peshawar climate data&quot; /&amp;gt; Wind speeds vary during the year, from {{cvt|5|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}} in December to {{cvt|24|kn|mph km/h}} in June. The relative humidity varies from 46% in June to 76% in August. The highest temperature of {{cvt|50|C|F}} was recorded on 18 June 1995,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Peshawar climate data&quot; /&amp;gt; while the lowest {{cvt|-3.9|C|F}} occurred on 7 January 1970.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Peshawar climate data&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> {{Peshawar weatherbox}}According to the World Air Quality Report 2024, Peshawar is one of the world's most polluted city.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=World's Most Polluted Cities 2024 {{!}} AQI Ranking |url=https://www.aqi.in/world-most-polluted-cities |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=www.aqi.in |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Cityscape ===<br /> Peshawar's urban typology is similar to other ancient cities in South Asia, such as Lahore, Multan and Delhi – all of which were founded near a major river, and included an old walled city, as well as a royal citadel.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Tahir |first=M. Athar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uHQMAQAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=peshawar+cityscape |title=Frontier Facets: Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province |date=2007 |publisher=National Book Foundation; Lahore |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Historically, the old city of Peshawar was a heavily guarded citadel that consisted of high walls. In the 21st century, only remnants of the walls remain, but the houses and [[havelis]] continue to be structures of significance. Most of the houses are constructed of unbaked bricks, with the incorporation of wooden structures for protection against earthquakes, with many composed of wooden doors and latticed wooden balconies. Numerous examples of the city's old architecture can still be seen in areas such as [[Sethi Mohallah]]. In the old city, located in inner-Peshawar, many historic monuments and bazaars exist in the 21st century, including the Mohabbat Khan Mosque, [[Kotla Mohsin Khan]], [[Chowk Yadgar]] and the [[Qissa Khawani Bazaar]]. Due to the damage caused by rapid growth and development, the old walled city has been identified as an area that urgently requires restoration and protection.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 August 2015 |title=Work to restore Peshawar walled city soon |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1197733 |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=Dawn |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The walled city was surrounded by several main gates that served as the main entry points into the city — in January 2012, an announcement was made that the government plans to address the damage that has left the gates largely non-existent over time, with all of the gates targeted for restoration.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Ali&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Restoring heritage: Kabuli Gate being rebuilt in old city |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/328577/restoring-heritage-kabuli-gate-being-rebuilt-in-old-city/ |access-date=13 December 2012 |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=29 January 2012 |author=Manzoor Ali |agency=The Express Tribune News Network |archive-date=27 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427105614/http://tribune.com.pk/story/328577/restoring-heritage-kabuli-gate-being-rebuilt-in-old-city/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;134&quot;&amp;gt;<br /> File:Peshawarbazaar.jpg|A view of old Peshawar's famous [[Qissa Khawani Bazaar]].<br /> File:Oldpeshawarcity.jpg|Much of Peshawar's old city still features examples of traditional style architecture.<br /> File:Qissa_Khwani_Bazaar,_Peshawar,_Pakistan_-_panoramio_-_franek2.jpg|Some buildings in the old city feature carved wooden balconies.<br /> &amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> <br /> {{Historical populations<br /> |title=<br /> |type=<br /> |align=<br /> |direction=<br /> |width=<br /> |state=<br /> |shading=<br /> |pop_name=<br /> |percentages=<br /> |footnote=<br /> |source={{efn|1891–1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Peshawar, which included Peshawar Municipality and Peshawar Cantonment.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1941&quot;/&amp;gt;{{rp|19}}|name=&quot;PeshawarCity1891to1941&quot;}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1891&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1901&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1911&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1921&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1931&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1941&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;pocketbook2006&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Elahi |first1=Asad |year=2006 |chapter=2: Population |chapter-url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/pocket_book2006/2.pdf |title=Pakistan Statistical Pocket Book 2006 |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/pakistan-statistical-pocket-book-2006 |publisher=Government of Pakistan: Statistics Division |place=Islamabad, Pakistan |publication-date=2006 |page=28 |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=30 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211332/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/pakistan-statistical-pocket-book-2006 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;census2017&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/kp/PESHAWAR_BLOCKWISE.pdf |title=POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD DETAIL FROM BLOCK TO DISTRICT LEVEL: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA (PESHAWAR DISTRICT) |date=3 January 2018 |access-date=23 April 2018 |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]] |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612111509/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/kp/PESHAWAR_BLOCKWISE.pdf |url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite report |year=2017 |title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017 |url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2017 |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |page=13 |access-date=29 March 2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;Macrotrends (2021)[http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1921/CensusIndia1921IndiaTables.pdf Census of India (1921)]<br /> |1881 |79982<br /> |1891 |84191<br /> |1901 |95147<br /> |1911 |97935<br /> |1921 |104452<br /> |1931 |121866<br /> |1941 |173420<br /> |1951 |151776<br /> |1961 |218000<br /> |1972 |273000<br /> |1981 |555000<br /> |1998 |982816<br /> |2017 |1,964,102<br /> |2023|1,905,975<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Population ===<br /> According to the [[2023 Pakistani census|2023 census]], Peshawar was the 8th largest city of Pakistan&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Samaa&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2017/08/pakistans-10-populous-cities-revealed/ |title=Pakistan's 10 most populous cities revealed |publisher=[[Samaa TV]] |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221114/https://www.samaa.tv/news/2017/08/pakistans-10-populous-cities-revealed/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and the [[List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population|largest city in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] with a population of 1,905,975.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN POPULATION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, CENSUS-2023, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_1_kp_districts.pdf}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Its population is five times higher than the second-largest city in the province.<br /> <br /> ==== Afghan refugees ====<br /> Peshawar has hosted Afghan refugees since the start of the [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|Afghan civil war]] in 1978, though the rate of migration drastically increased following the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] in 1979. The arrival of large numbers of Afghan refugees strained Peshawar's infrastructure,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;murtaza&quot; /&amp;gt; and drastically altered the city's demography.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;murtaza&quot; /&amp;gt; During the 1988 national elections, an estimated 100,000 Afghans refugees were illegally registered to vote in Peshawar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan Restricts Afghan. Refugees |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/16/world/pakistan-restricts-afghan-refugees.html |access-date=13 December 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 November 1988 |first=Donatella |last=Lorch |agency=The New York Times Company |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221215/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/16/world/pakistan-restricts-afghan-refugees.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2012, it was estimated that Afghans constituted 28% of the city's total population, and that the numbers could be higher.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Alimia |first=Sanaa |title=Refugee cities: how Afghans changed urban Pakistan |date=2022 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-1-5128-2279-3 |edition= |location=Philadelphia |pages=88}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> With the influx of Afghan refugees into Peshawar, the city became a hub for Afghan musicians and artists,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=PESHAWAR: Refugee musicians keep Afghan music alive |url=http://www.dawn.com/2001/12/25/local22.htm |access-date=13 December 2012 |newspaper=DAWN The Internet Edition |date=24 December 2001 |first=Intikhab |last=Amir |agency=DAWN Group of Newspapers |archive-date=9 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109170435/http://www.dawn.com/2001/12/25/local22.htm |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; as well as a major centre of [[Pashto literature]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFBDAAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=peshawar+hindko+pashto |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide |date=24 May 2016 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH &amp;amp; Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock |editor1-first=Hans Henrich |editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock |pages=299 |access-date=5 April 2017 |editor2-last=Bashir |editor2-first=Elena |editor2-link=Elena Bashir |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070329/https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFBDAAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=peshawar+hindko+pashto |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Some Afghan refugees have established successful businesses in Peshawar, and play an important role in the city's economy.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;tribune.com.pk&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Fragile economy of Peshawar and policy failure |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1145097/fragile-economy-peshawar-policy-failure/ |access-date=7 April 2017 |work=The Tribune |date=20 July 2016 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221242/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1145097/fragile-economy-peshawar-policy-failure/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Peshoris ====<br /> [[Peshawaris]], also known as ''Peshoris'', are the Hindko-speaking urban community which has inhabited the city since the ancient period,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:alimia&quot; /&amp;gt; mostly associated with [[trade]], [[business]] and [[education]]. Peshoris formed majority in the city until the 1960s.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Dr. Sayed Amjad |date=9 August 2024 |title=Story of a Map of Peshawar |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/29-Aug-2024/story-of-a-map-of-peshawar |access-date=21 August 2025 |website=[[The Friday Times]] |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Today they are a minority ethnic group mostly confined to the old [[Mahallah|neighbourhoods]] in the Walled City.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Languages ===<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> | thumb = right<br /> | caption = Languages by number of speakers (urban) in the [[Peshawar Tehsil]], 2023&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;2023censuslanguage&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=7th Population and Housing Census – Detailed Results: Table 11 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/kp/dcr/table_11.pdf |website=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]] }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | label1 = [[Pashto]]<br /> | value1 = 87.8<br /> | color1 = green<br /> | label2 = [[Hindko language|Hindko]]<br /> | value2 = 5.57<br /> | color2 = maroon<br /> | value3 = 4.11<br /> | color3 = red<br /> | label3 = [[Urdu]]<br /> | label4 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br /> | label5 = Others<br /> | color5 = grey<br /> | value4 = 1.12<br /> | value5 = 1.40<br /> }}{{Pie chart<br /> | thumb = right<br /> | caption = Languages by number of speakers in the Peshawar City, 1951&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=1951 |title=Census of Pakistan, VOLUME 4 1951. North-West Frontier Province: Report &amp;amp; Tables |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31337/download/34518/1371_1951_REP.pdf |website=Manager of Publications, Government of Pakistan, Karachi}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | label1 = [[Pashto]]<br /> | value1 = 75.27<br /> | color1 = green<br /> | label2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]{{efn|Hindko was described under Punjabi in the 1951 census of Pakistan.}}<br /> | value2 = 19.52<br /> | color2 = maroon<br /> | value3 = 3.91<br /> | color3 = red<br /> | label3 = [[Urdu]]<br /> | label4 = [[Persian language|Persian]]<br /> | label5 = Others<br /> | color5 = grey<br /> | value4 = 0.55<br /> | value5 = 0.75<br /> | color4 = blue<br /> }}<br /> [[Pashto]] is the major language spoken in Peshawar city today, while [[Hindko language|Hindko]] was historically the language of street, and is still spoken in the Old City.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shackle |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Shackle |year=1980 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00137401 |issn=0041-977X |volume=43 |issue=3&amp;lt;!-- |pages=482–510--&amp;gt; |title=Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |pages=496–97 |s2cid=129436200}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=Asadullah |first=M. |date=1 January 2025 |title=Indigenous Peshawaris: A Saga Of Cultural Diminishment |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/01-Jan-2025/indigenous-peshawaris-a-saga-of-cultural-diminishment |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=[[The Friday Times]] |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Though English is used in the city's educational institutions, while Urdu is understood throughout the city – as the national language of the country.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Mills&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Mills |first1=Margaret Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=08R9DujEOfwC&amp;amp;q=peshawar+language&amp;amp;pg=PA307 |title=Gender, Genre, and Power in South Asian Expressive Traditions |date=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120811782 |page=307 |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070314/https://books.google.com/books?id=08R9DujEOfwC&amp;amp;q=peshawar+language&amp;amp;pg=PA307 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Hindko speakers in Peshawar increasingly assimilate elements of Pashto and Urdu into their speech.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFBDAAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=peshawar+hindko+pashto |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide |date=24 May 2016 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH &amp;amp; Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock |editor1-first=Hans Henrich |editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock |pages=291 |access-date=5 April 2017 |editor2-last=Bashir |editor2-first=Elena |editor2-link=Elena Bashir |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070323/https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFBDAAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=peshawar+hindko+pashto |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Religion ===<br /> Peshawar is overwhelmingly Muslim, with Muslims making up 98.5% of the city's population in the 1998 census.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Pattan&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |title=Peshawar District: Socio-political Profile |date=2006 |publisher=Pattan Development Organization}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Christians make up the second largest religious group with around 20,000 adherents, while over 7,000 members of the [[Ahmadiyya Community]] live in Peshawar.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Pattan&quot; /&amp;gt; [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s are also found in the city − though most of the city's Hindu and Sikh community migrated ''en masse'' to India following the [[Partition of British India]] in 1947.<br /> <br /> Though the city's Sikh population drastically declined after Partition, the Sikh community has been bolstered in Peshawar by the arrival of approximately 4,000 Sikh refugees from conflict in the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]];&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Historic Gurdwara in Peshawar to Reopen for Worship |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=750961 |work=Outlook India.com |publisher=The Outlook Group |access-date=13 December 2012 |first=M |last=Zulqernain |date=10 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425183548/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=750961 |archive-date=25 April 2013}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2008, the largest Sikh population in Pakistan was located in Peshawar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan: The Embattled Sikhs in Taliban Territory |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2032514,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206025136/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2032514,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2010 |access-date=13 December 2012 |newspaper=Time World |date=22 November 2010 |first=Rania |last=Abouzeid |agency=Time Inc}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Sikhs in Peshawar self-identify as Pashtuns and speak [[Pashto language|Pashto]] as their mother tongue.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newslinemagazine.com/2008/10/the-frontier-singhs/ |title=The Frontier Singhs &amp;amp;#124; News &amp;amp; Politics &amp;amp;#124; Newsline |access-date=17 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411112422/http://www.newslinemagazine.com/2008/10/the-frontier-singhs/ |archive-date=11 April 2013}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; There was a small, but, thriving [[Judaism|Jewish]] community until the late 1940s. After the partition and the emergence of the [[State of Israel]], Jews left for Israel.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/pakistans-jewish-ghosts |title=Where Are Pakistan's Jews Hiding? |date=4 April 2013 |website=Tablet Magazine |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304162054/https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/pakistans-jewish-ghosts |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;div style=&quot;overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.1em; padding-right: 0.1em&quot;&amp;gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Religious groups in Peshawar City (1868–2023){{efn|1868–1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Peshawar, which included Peshawar Municipality and Peshawar Cantonment.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1941&quot;/&amp;gt;{{rp|19}}&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;2017–2023: Urban population of Peshawar District.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census2017B&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census2023B&quot;/&amp;gt;|name=&quot;PeshawarCity1868to2023&quot;}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Religion in Pakistan|Religious]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;group<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1868&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1868&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057644 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057644 |access-date=7 July 2024 |title=Report on the census of the Punjab taken on 10th January, 1868. |year=1868 |pages=66 |last1=(India) |first1=Punjab }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1881&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1881&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=14 January 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1881B&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=14 January 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|520}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1891&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1891&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318666 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318666 |access-date=30 December 2023 |title=Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states. |year=1891 |last1=Baines |first1=Jervoise Athelstane |author2=India Census Commissioner |volume=1 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|68}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1901&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1901&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352838 |jstor=saoa.crl.25352838 |access-date=30 December 2023 |title=Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1901}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|44}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1911&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1911&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393779 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393779 |access-date=30 December 2023 |title=Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |last1=Edward Albert Gait |first1=Sir |author2=India Census Commissioner |volume=2 |publisher=Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|23}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1921&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1921&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394121 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394121 |access-date=30 December 2023 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|25}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1931&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1931&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793233|jstor=saoa.crl.25793233 |access-date=30 December 2023 |title=Census of India, 1931, vol. XV. North-west frontier province. Part I-Report. Part II-Tables |last1=Mallam |first1=G. L. |last2=Dundas |first2=A. D. F. |year=1933 |publisher=Peshawar, Printed by the manager, Government stationery and printing, 1933. }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|258}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1941&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census1941&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME X NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE|access-date=30 December 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|19}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census2017B&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017|title=Final Results (Census-2017)|access-date=30 December 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Census2023B&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/digital-census/detailed-results|title=7th Population and Housing Census – Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=28 December 2024}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]<br /> | 54,977<br /> | {{Percentage | 54977 | 81264 | 2 }}<br /> | 57,378<br /> | {{Percentage | 57378 | 79982 | 2 }}<br /> | 60,269<br /> | {{Percentage | 60269 | 84191 | 2 }}<br /> | 68,352<br /> | {{Percentage | 68352 | 95147 | 2 }}<br /> | 73,198<br /> | {{Percentage | 73198 | 97935 | 2 }}<br /> | 73,882<br /> | {{Percentage | 73882 | 104432 | 2 }}<br /> | 86,369<br /> | {{Percentage | 86369 | 121866 | 2 }}<br /> | 122,972<br /> | {{Percentage | 122972 | 173420 | 2 }}<br /> | 1,942,636<br /> | {{Percentage | 1942636 | 1969823 | 2 }}<br /> | 1,872,113<br /> | {{Percentage | 1872113 | 1899560 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]<br /> | 21,802<br /> | {{Percentage | 21802 | 81264 | 2 }}<br /> | 18,105<br /> | {{Percentage | 18105 | 79982 | 2 }}<br /> | 15,501<br /> | {{Percentage | 15501 | 84191 | 2 }}<br /> | 18,552<br /> | {{Percentage | 18552 | 95147 | 2 }}<br /> | 16,328<br /> | {{Percentage | 16328 | 97935 | 2 }}<br /> | 21,001<br /> | {{Percentage | 21001 | 104432 | 2 }}<br /> | 21,973<br /> | {{Percentage | 21973 | 121866 | 2 }}<br /> | 31,630<br /> | {{Percentage | 31630 | 173420 | 2 }}<br /> | 1,720<br /> | {{Percentage | 1720 | 1969823 | 2 }}<br /> | 1,726<br /> | {{Percentage | 1726 | 1899560 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]<br /> | 3,379<br /> | {{Percentage | 3379 | 81264 | 2 }}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | 3,629<br /> | {{Percentage | 3629 | 84191 | 2 }}<br /> | 3,063<br /> | {{Percentage | 3063 | 95147 | 2 }}<br /> | 3,132<br /> | {{Percentage | 3132 | 97935 | 2 }}<br /> | 3,414<br /> | {{Percentage | 3414 | 104432 | 2 }}<br /> | 4,854<br /> | {{Percentage | 4854 | 121866 | 2 }}<br /> | 2,586<br /> | {{Percentage | 2586 | 173420 | 2 }}<br /> | 22,032<br /> | {{Percentage | 22032 | 1969823 | 2 }}<br /> | 23,638<br /> | {{Percentage | 23638 | 1899560 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]<br /> | 994<br /> | {{Percentage | 994 | 81264 | 2 }}<br /> | 1,465<br /> | {{Percentage | 1465 | 79982 | 2 }}<br /> | 4,755<br /> | {{Percentage | 4755 | 84191 | 2 }}<br /> | 5,144<br /> | {{Percentage | 5144 | 95147 | 2 }}<br /> | 5,026<br /> | {{Percentage | 5026 | 97935 | 2 }}<br /> | 6,152<br /> | {{Percentage | 6152 | 104432 | 2 }}<br /> | 8,630<br /> | {{Percentage | 8630 | 121866 | 2 }}<br /> | 14,245<br /> | {{Percentage | 14245 | 173420 | 2 }}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | 1,441<br /> | {{Percentage | 1441 | 1899560 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | 3<br /> | {{Percentage | 3 | 79982 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 84191 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 95147 | 2 }}<br /> | 3<br /> | {{Percentage | 3 | 97935 | 2 }}<br /> | 3<br /> | {{Percentage | 3 | 104432 | 2 }}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | 33<br /> | {{Percentage | 33 | 84191 | 2 }}<br /> | 34<br /> | {{Percentage | 34 | 95147 | 2 }}<br /> | 47<br /> | {{Percentage | 47 | 97935 | 2 }}<br /> | 20<br /> | {{Percentage | 20 | 104432 | 2 }}<br /> | 29<br /> | {{Percentage | 29 | 121866 | 2 }}<br /> | 14<br /> | {{Percentage | 14 | 173420 | 2 }}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 1899560 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | 4<br /> | {{Percentage | 4 | 84191 | 2 }}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | 1<br /> | {{Percentage | 1 | 97935 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 104432 | 2 }}<br /> | 11<br /> | {{Percentage | 11 | 121866 | 2 }}<br /> | 70<br /> | {{Percentage | 70 | 173420 | 2 }}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 84191 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 95147 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 97935 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 104432 | 2 }}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ahmadiyya]] [[File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg|15px]]<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | 924<br /> | {{Percentage | 924 | 1969823 | 2 }}<br /> | 166<br /> | {{Percentage | 166 | 1899560 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | Others<br /> | 112<br /> | {{Percentage | 112 | 81264 | 2 }}<br /> | 3,031<br /> | {{Percentage | 3031 | 79982 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 84191 | 2 }}<br /> | 2<br /> | {{Percentage | 2 | 95147 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 97935 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 104432 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 121866 | 2 }}<br /> | 1,903<br /> | {{Percentage | 1903 | 173420 | 2 }}<br /> | 2,511<br /> | {{Percentage | 2511 | 1969823 | 2 }}<br /> | 476<br /> | {{Percentage | 476 | 1899560 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! Total population<br /> ! 81,264<br /> ! {{Percentage | 81264 | 81264 | 2 }}<br /> ! 79,982<br /> ! {{Percentage | 79982 | 79982 | 2 }}<br /> ! 84,191<br /> ! {{Percentage | 84191 | 84191 | 2 }}<br /> ! 95,147<br /> ! {{Percentage | 95147 | 95147 | 2 }}<br /> ! 97,935<br /> ! {{Percentage | 97935 | 97935 | 2 }}<br /> ! 104,432<br /> ! {{Percentage | 104432 | 104432 | 2 }}<br /> ! 121,866<br /> ! {{Percentage | 121866 | 121866 | 2 }}<br /> ! 173,420<br /> ! {{Percentage | 173420 | 173420 | 2 }}<br /> ! 1,969,823<br /> ! {{Percentage | 1969823 | 1969823 | 2 }}<br /> ! 1,899,560<br /> ! {{Percentage | 1899560 | 1899560 | 2 }}<br /> |}<br /> &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Economy ==<br /> [[File:City center Peshawar city.jpg|thumb|City Center Road is the major trade zone in Peshawar.]]<br /> Peshawar's economic importance has historically been linked to its privileged position at the entrance to the [[Khyber Pass]] – the ancient travel route by which most trade between Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent passed. Peshawar's economy also benefited from tourism in the mid-20th century, as the city formed a crucial part of the [[Hippie trail]].<br /> <br /> Peshawar's estimated monthly per capita income was ₨55,246 in 2015, compared to ₨117,924 in [[Islamabad]],&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;SPDC&quot; /&amp;gt; and ₨66,359 in [[Karachi]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;SPDC&quot; /&amp;gt; Peshawar's surrounding region is also relatively poor − Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's cities on average have an urban per capita income that is 20% less than Pakistan's national average for urban residents.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;SPDC&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.spdc.org.pk/Data/Publication/PDF/AR2014-15.pdf |title=SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN ANNUAL REVIEW 2014–15 |year=2016 |publisher=SOCIAL POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE |access-date=8 April 2017 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405051228/https://www.spdc.org.pk/Data/Publication/PDF/AR2014-15.pdf |url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Peshawar was noted by the [[World Bank]] in 2014 to be at the helm of a nationwide movement to create an ecosystem for entrepreneurship, freelance jobs, and technology.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Putting Peshawar at the Helm of Digital Change: Youth, Technology, and Innovation |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/05/23/putting-peshawar-at-the-helm-of-digital-change |access-date=7 April 2017 |publisher=World Bank |date=23 May 2014 |archive-date=7 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144251/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/05/23/putting-peshawar-at-the-helm-of-digital-change |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The city has been host to the World Bank assisted Digital Youth Summit&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Digital Youth Summit |url=http://digitalyouthsummit.pk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144301/http://digitalyouthsummit.pk/ |archive-date=7 April 2017 |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=digitalyouthsummit.pk |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; — an annual event to connect the city and province's youths to opportunities in the [[digital economy]]. The 2017 event hosted 100 speakers including several international speakers, and approximately 3,000 delegates in attendance.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Digital Youth Summit |url=http://digitalyouthsummit.pk/ |access-date=7 April 2017 |archive-date=7 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144301/http://digitalyouthsummit.pk/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Industry ===<br /> Peshawar's Industrial Estate on Jamrud Road is an industrial zone established in the 1960s on 868 acres. The industrial estate hosts furniture, marble industries, and food processing industries, though many of its plots remain underutilized.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=IBP, Inc. |title=Pakistan: Doing Business and Investing in Pakistan: Strategic, Practical Information, Regulations, Contacts |date=1 June 2015 |publisher=Lulu |isbn=978-1-5145-2747-4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Hayatabad Industrial Estate hosts 646 industrial units in Peshawar's western suburbs, though several of the units are no longer in use.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;CPEC-inspired economic zones&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=CPEC-inspired economic zones |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1228970 |access-date=7 April 2017 |work=Dawn |date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221227/https://www.dawn.com/news/1228970 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As part of the [[China Pakistan Economic Corridor]], 4 [[special economic zone]]s are to be established in the province, with roads, electricity, gas, water, and security to be provided by the government.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;CPEC-inspired economic zones&quot; /&amp;gt; The nearby Hattar SEZ is envisioned to provide employment to 30,000 people,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;CPEC-inspired economic zones&quot; /&amp;gt; and is being developed at a cost of approximately $200 million with completion expected in 2017.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;CPEC-inspired economic zones&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Employment ===<br /> As a result of large numbers of displaced persons in the city, only 12% of Peshawar's residents were employed in the formalized economy in 2012.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;tribune.com.pk&quot; /&amp;gt; Approximately 41% of residents in 2012 were employed in personal services, while 55% of Afghan refugees in the city in 2012 were daily wage earners.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;tribune.com.pk&quot; /&amp;gt; By 2016, Pakistan had adopted a policy to repatriate Afghan refugees. <br /> <br /> Wages for unskilled workers in Peshawar grew on average 9.1% per year between 2002 and 2008. Following the outbreak of widespread Islamist violence in 2007, wages rose only 1.5% between 2008 and 2014. Real wages dropped for some skilled craftsmen during the period between 2008 and 2014.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;SPDC&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Constraints ===<br /> Peshawar's economy has been negatively impacted by political instability since 1979 resulting from the [[War in Afghanistan]] and subsequent strain on Peshawar's infrastructure from the influx of refugees.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;tribune.com.pk&quot; /&amp;gt; The poor security environment resulting from Islamist violence also impacted the city's economy. With the launch of [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] in 2014, the country's security environment has drastically improved.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Violence-related fatalities in Balochistan, Punjab increased in 2016 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1306301 |access-date=9 February 2017 |work=Dawn |date=4 January 2017 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080215/http://www.dawn.com/news/1306301 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The metropolitan economy suffers from poor infrastructure. The city's economy has also been adversely impacted by shortages of electricity and natural gas.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan's Peshawar hopes for economic boost |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia/2015/01/pakistan-peshawar-hopes-economic-boost-2015146622659471.html |access-date=7 April 2017 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=4 January 2015 |archive-date=7 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233251/http://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia/2015/01/pakistan-peshawar-hopes-economic-boost-2015146622659471.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The $54 billion [[China Pakistan Economic Corridor]] will generate over 10,000 MW by 2018&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Daily Time&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Parliamentary body on CPEC expresses concern over coal import |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/19-Nov-2015/parliamentary-body-on-cpec-expresses-concern-over-coal-import |access-date=11 December 2015 |work=Daily Times |date=19 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222105640/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/19-Nov-2015/parliamentary-body-on-cpec-expresses-concern-over-coal-import |archive-date=22 December 2015}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; – greater than the current electricity deficit of approximately 4,500 MW.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Dunya News&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Electricity shortfall increases to 4,500 MW |url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/286627-Electricity-shortfall-increases-to-4500-MW |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=Dunya News |date=29 June 2015 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718200828/http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/286627-Electricity-shortfall-increases-to-4500-MW |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; <br /> <br /> Poor transportation is estimated to cause a loss of 4–6% of the Pakistani [[GDP]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Transport policy: need of the day |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1314522 |access-date=7 April 2017 |work=Dawn |date=13 February 2017 |quote=&quot;Inefficiencies in the performance of the transport sector costs Pakistan's economy 4-6pc of GDP&quot;, said Werner E. Liepach, ADB Country Director. |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920002534/https://www.dawn.com/news/1314522 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Peshawar for decades has suffered from chaotic, mismanaged, and inadequate public transportation and the poor public transportation also has been detrimental to the city's economy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Peshawar Mass Transit Project Brief |url=http://www.urbanpolicyunit.gkp.pk/MTS%20Project%20Brief.pdf |access-date=7 April 2017 |agency=Urban Policy Unit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801190105/http://www.urbanpolicyunit.gkp.pk/MTS%20Project%20Brief.pdf |archive-date=1 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Therefore, the government has since a new rapid bus service called [[TransPeshawar|BRT Peshawar]] covering the entire Peshawar. BRT Peshawar is now believed to be one the most advanced BRT of Pakistan&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last2=Shinwari |first1=Manzoor |last1=Ali |first2=Ibrahim |date=14 August 2020 |title=PM inaugurates much-awaited Peshawar BRT project |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1574288 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=Dawn|location=Pakistan |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512171011/https://www.dawn.com/news/1574288 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Transportation ==<br /> === Road ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Phase 3 Chowk.jpg|thumb|New [[Overpass|flyovers]], such as this one near the suburb of [[Hayatabad]], have been constructed in recent years to improve traffic flow.]]<br /> Peshawar's east–west growth axis is centred on the historic [[Grand Trunk Road]] that connects Peshawar to [[Islamabad]] and [[Lahore]]. The road is roughly paralleled by the [[M1 motorway (Pakistan)|M-1 Motorway]] between Peshawar and Islamabad, while the [[M-2 motorway (Pakistan)|M-2 Motorway]] provides an alternate route to Lahore from Islamabad. The Grand Trunk Road also provides access to the Afghan border via the [[Khyber Pass]], with onwards connections to [[Kabul]] and [[Central Asia]] via the [[Salang Pass]].<br /> <br /> Peshawar is to be completely encircled by the [[Peshawar Ring Road]] in order to divert traffic away from the city's congested centre. The road is currently under construction, with some portions open to traffic.<br /> <br /> The [[Karakoram Highway]] provides access between the Peshawar region and western China, and an alternate route to Central Asia via [[Kashgar]] in the Chinese region of [[Xinjiang]].<br /> <br /> The [[Indus Highway]] provides access to points south of Peshawar, with a terminus in the southern port city of [[Karachi]] via [[Dera Ismail Khan]] and northern [[Sindh]]. The {{cvt|1.9|km|mi|1}} [[Kohat Tunnel]] south of Peshawar provides access to the city of [[Kohat]] along the Indus Highway.<br /> <br /> ==== Motorways ====<br /> <br /> Peshawar is connected to [[Islamabad]] and [[Rawalpindi]] by the 155 kilometre long [[M1 motorway (Pakistan)|M-1 Motorway]]. The motorway also links Peshawar to major cities in the province, such as [[Charsadda]] and [[Mardan]]. The M-1 motorway continues onwards to [[Lahore]] as part of the [[M-2 motorway (Pakistan)|M-2 motorway]].<br /> <br /> Pakistan's motorway network links Peshawar to Faisalabad by the [[M4 motorway (Pakistan)|M-4 Motorway]], while a new motorway network to [[Karachi]] is being built as part of the [[China Pakistan Economic Corridor]].<br /> <br /> The [[E35 expressway (Pakistan)|Hazara Motorway]], constructed as part of CPEC, is providing control-access motorway travel all the way to [[Mansehra]] and [[Thakot]] via the M-1 and Hazara Motorways.<br /> <br /> === Rail ===<br /> [[Peshawar Cantonment railway station]] serves as the terminus for Pakistan's {{cvt|1687|km|mi}}-long [[Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line|Main Line-1]] railway that connects the city to the port city of [[Karachi]] and passes through the [[Peshawar City railway station]]. The Peshawar to Karachi route is served by the ''[[Awam Express]]'', ''[[Khushhal Khan Khattak Express]]'', and the ''[[Khyber Mail (passenger train)|Khyber Mail]]'' services.<br /> <br /> The entire Main Line-1 railway track between Karachi and Peshawar is to be overhauled at a cost of $3.65&amp;amp;nbsp;billion for the first phase of the project,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Purchase of power: payments to Chinese companies to be facilitated through revolving fund |website=Business Recorder |access-date=6 December 2015 |date= 5 December 2015 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/4356623 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240314195201/https://www.brecorder.com/news/4356623 |archive-date= 14 March 2024 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; with completion by 2021.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan to get Chinese funds for upgrading rail links, building pipeline |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world/pakistan-to-get-chinese-funds-for-upgrading-rail-links-building-pipeline/story-pI5fBFrrL6tEuJRe0m3v2O.html |first1=Imtiaz |last1=Ahmad |access-date=9 August 2016 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 June 2016 |quote=The project is planned to be completed in two phases in five years by 2021. The first phase will be completed by December 2017 and the second by 2021. |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811074118/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/pakistan-to-get-chinese-funds-for-upgrading-rail-links-building-pipeline/story-pI5fBFrrL6tEuJRe0m3v2O.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Upgrading the railway line will permit train travel at speeds of 160 kilometres per hour, versus the average {{cvt|60 to 105|km/h}} speed currently possible on existing tracks.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Karachi-Peshawar railway line being upgraded under CPEC |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/22-Jan-2016/karachi-peshawar-railway-line-being-upgraded-under-cpec |access-date=10 February 2016 |work=Daily Times |date=22 January 2016 |archive-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810012047/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/22-Jan-2016/karachi-peshawar-railway-line-being-upgraded-under-cpec |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Peshawar was also once the terminus of the ''[[Khyber train safari]]'', a tourist-oriented train that provided rail access to [[Landi Kotal]]. The service was discontinued as the security situation west of Peshawar deteriorated with the beginning of the region's Taliban insurgency.<br /> <br /> === Air ===<br /> <br /> Peshawar is served by the [[Bacha Khan International Airport]], located in the [[Peshawar Cantonment]]. The airport served 1,255,303 passengers between 2014 and 2015,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;caapakistan.com.pk&quot;&amp;gt;&quot;[http://www.caapakistan.com.pk/AT/AT-EO-Stats.aspx Statistical Information of CAA Pakistan]&quot;, [[CAA Pakistan]], updated on 14 March 2016. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326084634/http://caapakistan.com.pk/AT/AT-EO-Stats.aspx |date=26 March 2016 }}.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; the vast majority of whom were international travelers.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;caapakistan.com.pk&quot; /&amp;gt; The airport offers direct flights throughout Pakistan, as well as to [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<br /> <br /> === Public transit ===<br /> [[TransPeshawar|BRT Peshawar]] is a modern &amp;amp; third generation rapid bus service of Peshawar, which has started its service on 13 August 2020.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=14 August 2020 |title=Imran Khan inaugurates BRT service in Peshawar |url=https://nation.com.pk/14-Aug-2020/imran-khan-inaugurates-brt-service-in-peshawar |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=The Nation |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202185048/https://nation.com.pk/14-Aug-2020/imran-khan-inaugurates-brt-service-in-peshawar |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It has 30 stations and 244 buses, which covers area from [[Chamkani, Peshawar|Chamkani]] to [[Karkhano Market]]. BRT Peshawar has replaced Peshawar's old, chaotic, dilapidated, and inadequate transportation system. The system has 30 stations and is mostly at grade, with four kilometres of elevated sections.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ADB&quot; /&amp;gt; The system also contains 3.5 kilometres of underpasses.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ADB&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Peshawar Sustainable Bus Rapid Transit Corridor Project |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/48289/48289-002-eia-01.pdf |publisher=Asian Development Bank |access-date=24 March 2017 |date=February 2017 |archive-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322203427/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/48289/48289-002-eia-01.pdf |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; BRT Peshawar is also complemented by a feeder system, with an additional 100 stations along those feeder lines.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> [[File:Pesbrt.jpg|thumb|Peshawar has one of the most advanced Metro (BRT) systems.]]<br /> <br /> === Intercity bus ===<br /> Peshawar is well-served by private buses (locally referred to as &quot;flying coaches&quot;) and vans that offer frequent connections to throughout Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, as well as all major cities of Pakistan. The city's [[Daewoo Express]] bus terminal is located along the [[Grand Trunk Road|G.T. Road]] adjacent to the departure points for several other transportation companies.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.daewoo.com.pk/terminal_view.asp?menu_set=5&amp;amp;submenu_set=1&amp;amp;page_title=Peshawar&amp;amp;terminal_code=25 |title=Daewoo Express Peshawar |work=Daewoo Express |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105101524/http://daewoo.com.pk/terminal_view.asp?menu_set=5&amp;amp;submenu_set=1&amp;amp;page_title=Peshawar&amp;amp;terminal_code=25 |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Administration ==<br /> === Politics ===<br /> Peshawar has historically served as the political centre of the region, and is currently the capital city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The city and province have been historically regarded to be strongholds of the [[Awami National Party]] – a secular [[Socialism in Pakistan|left-wing]] and moderate-nationalist party.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rug Pandits, Yasir&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Sheikh |first1=Yasir |title=Areas of political influence in Pakistan: right-wing vs left-wing |url=http://rugpundits.com/2012/11/05/areas-of-political-influence-in-pakistan-right-wing-vs-left-wing/ |website=rugpundits.com |publisher=Rug Pandits, Yasir |access-date=29 May 2015 |location=Karachi, Sindh |date=5 November 2012 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530024013/http://rugpundits.com/2012/11/05/areas-of-political-influence-in-pakistan-right-wing-vs-left-wing/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rug Pandits, Yasir Sheikh&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Sheikh |first1=Yasir |title=Political spectrum of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) – Part I: ANP, PPP &amp;amp; MMA |url=http://rugpundits.com/2013/02/09/political-spectrum-of-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-kp-part-i-anp-ppp-mma/. |website=rugpundits.com |publisher=Rug Pandits, Yasir Sheikh |access-date=29 May 2015 |location=Islamabad |date=9 February 2013 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530053654/http://rugpundits.com/2013/02/09/political-spectrum-of-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-kp-part-i-anp-ppp-mma/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] had also enjoyed considerable support in the province due to its [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialist agenda]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rug Pandits, Yasir&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Despite being a centre for leftist politics in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar is still generally known throughout Pakistan for its social conservatism.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rakodi&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=Rakodi |editor1-first=Carole |title=Religion, Religious Organisations and Development: Scrutinising Religious Perceptions and Organisations |date=4 April 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-91247-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1PhCwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=peshawar+liberal+conservative&amp;amp;pg=PA55 |access-date=6 April 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070310/https://books.google.com/books?id=u1PhCwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=peshawar+liberal+conservative&amp;amp;pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Sunni Muslims in the city are regarded to be socially conservative,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rakodi&quot; /&amp;gt; while the city's Shia population is considered to be more socially liberal.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rakodi&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> A plurality of voters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, of which Peshawar is the capital, elected one of Pakistan's only religiously based provincial governments during the period of military dictatorship of [[Pervez Musharraf]]. A ground-swell of anti-American sentiment after the 2001 [[United States invasion of Afghanistan]] contributed to the Islamist coalition's victory.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The Islamists introduced a range of social restrictions following the election of the Islamist [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] coalition in 2002, though Islamic [[Shariah]] law was never fully enacted.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot; /&amp;gt; Restrictions on public musical performances were introduced, as well as a ban prohibiting music to be played in any public places, including on public transportation – which lead to the creation of a thriving underground music scene in Peshawar.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Tirmizi&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Peshawar underground: It's difficult to be a rock star in the land the epitomises conservatism, yet something shocking is happening. There is a rock scene waiting to burst out of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Rahim Shah was just the beginning, Sajid and Zeeshan were proof that originality can spring out of unlikely places and there are others who are making their riffs and ragas heard... slowly, but surely. |url=http://jang.com.pk/thenews/jun2007-weekly/nos-24-06-2007/instep/mainissue.htm |access-date=13 December 2012 |newspaper=The News on Sunday Instep |date=24 June 2007 |first=Maria |last=Tirmizi |author2=Rizwan-ul-Haq |archive-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825024510/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/jun2007-weekly/nos-24-06-2007/instep/mainissue.htm |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2005, the coalition successfully passed the &quot;Prohibition of Use of Women in Photograph Bill, 2005,&quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Clarke&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=Michael E. |last2=Misra |first2=Ashutosh |title=Pakistan's Stability Paradox: Domestic, Regional and International Dimensions |date=1 March 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-63934-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpSpAgAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=virtue+vice+pakistan+2002&amp;amp;pg=PA21 |access-date=6 April 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070309/https://books.google.com/books?id=fpSpAgAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=virtue+vice+pakistan+2002&amp;amp;pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; leading to the removal of all public advertisements in Peshawar that featured women.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=PESHAWAR: Advertisers forced to deface billboards |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/190452/peshawar-advertisers-forced-to-deface-billboards |access-date=6 April 2017 |work=Dawn |date=3 May 2006 |archive-date=7 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144320/https://www.dawn.com/news/190452/peshawar-advertisers-forced-to-deface-billboards |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The religious coalition was swept out of power by the secular and leftist [[Awami National Party]] in elections after the fall of Musharraf in 2008,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Robinson |first1=Simon |title=Religion's Defeat in Pakistan's Election |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1718614,00.html |access-date=6 April 2017 |agency=Time |date=29 February 2008 |archive-date=7 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233148/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1718614,00.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; leading to the removal of the MMA's socially conservative laws.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Musicians in Pakistan's northwest long for better times |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-music-idUSISL3885020080316 |access-date=7 April 2017 |work=Reuters |date=15 March 2008 |archive-date=7 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144453/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-music-idUSISL3885020080316 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; 62% of eligible voters voted in the election.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;SPDC&quot; /&amp;gt; The Awami National Party was targeted by Taliban militants, with hundreds of its members having been assassinated by the [[Pakistani Taliban]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title='Pakistan's liberal Pashtuns are losing the battle' |url=http://www.dw.com/en/pakistans-liberal-pashtuns-are-losing-the-battle/a-16477304 |access-date=6 April 2017 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=24 December 2012 |archive-date=7 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407150001/http://www.dw.com/en/pakistans-liberal-pashtuns-are-losing-the-battle/a-16477304 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013, the centrist [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] was elected to power in the province on an anti-corruption platform. Peshawar city recorded a voter turnout of 80% for the 2013 elections.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;SPDC&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Municipal services ===<br /> 86% of Peshawar's households have access to municipal piped water as of 2015,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;SPDC&quot; /&amp;gt; though 39% of Peshawar's households purchase water from private companies in 2015.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;SPDC&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> 42% of Peshawar households are connected to municipal sewerage as of 2015.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;SPDC&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Culture ==<br /> === Music ===<br /> After the 2002 Islamist government implemented restrictions on public musical performances, a thriving underground music scene took root in Peshawar.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Tirmizi&quot; /&amp;gt; After the start of Pakistani Taliban insurgency in 2007–2008, militants began targeting members of Peshawar's cultural establishment. By 2007, Taliban militants began a widespread campaign of bombings against music and video shops across the Peshawar region, leading to the closure of many others.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan &quot;Taliban&quot; bombs shops in morality bid |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/pakistan-talibanisation-idUKNOA34792920070613 |access-date=7 April 2017 |work=Reuters |date=13 June 2007 |archive-date=7 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144337/http://uk.reuters.com/article/pakistan-talibanisation-idUKNOA34792920070613 |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2009, Pashto musical artist [[Ayman Udas]] was assassinated by Taliban militants on the city's outskirts. In June 2012, a Pashto singer, [[Ghazala Javed]], and her father were killed in Peshawar, after they had fled rural Khyber Pakhtunkhwa for the relative security of Peshawar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=The Music Doesn't Stop in Peshawar |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-music-doesn-t-stop-in-peshawar/968383 |access-date=13 December 2012 |newspaper=The Indian Express: Journalism of Courage |date=30 June 2012 |first=Raza |last=Rumi |author2=Manzoor Ali |archive-date=14 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814232140/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-music-doesn-t-stop-in-peshawar/968383/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Musicians began to return to the city by 2016,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera.com&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Music returns to Pakistan's Peshawar |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/music-returns-pakistan-peshawar-city-160526091916539.html |access-date=7 April 2017 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=26 May 2016 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406184151/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/music-returns-pakistan-peshawar-city-160526091916539.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; with a security environment greatly improved following the [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] in 2014 to eradicate militancy in the country. In 2016, the provincial government announced a monthly income of $300 to 500 musicians in order to help support their work,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera.com&quot; /&amp;gt; as well as a $5 million fund to &quot;revive the rich cultural heritage of the province&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera.com&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> [[File:Peshawar Museum.JPG|thumb|Peshawar Museum]]<br /> <br /> === Museums ===<br /> <br /> The [[Peshawar Museum]] was founded in 1907 in memory of [[Queen Victoria]]. The building features an amalgamation of British, South Asian, Hindu, Buddhist and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Islamic architectural styles. The museum's collection has almost 14,000 items, and is well known for its collection of [[Greco-Buddhist art]]. The museum's ancient collection features pieces from the [[Gandhara]]n, [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]], [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]], and Indo-Scythian periods.<br /> <br /> == Notable people ==<br /> {{Main|List of people from Peshawar}}<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Beautiful view of Peshawar Uni museum.jpg|thumb|Museum of Peshawar University]]<br /> <br /> [[File:FAST Peshawar campus.jpg|thumb|FAST Peshawar Campus]]<br /> {{Main|List of universities in Peshawar}}<br /> <br /> Numerous educational institutes — schools, colleges and universities — are located in Peshawar. 21.6% of children between the ages of 5 and 9 were not enrolled in any school in 2013,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;SPDC&quot; /&amp;gt; while 16.6% of children in the 10 to 14 age range were out of school.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;SPDC&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Currently, Peshawar has universities for all major disciplines ranging from [[Humanities]], [[General science|General Sciences]], [[Science]]s, [[Engineering]], [[Medicine|Medical]], [[Agriculture]] and [[Management science|Management Sciences]]. The first public sector university, [[University of Peshawar]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.uop.edu.pk/ |title=University of Peshawar |last=UoP |first=CITS |website=University of Peshawar |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=19 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219102400/http://www.uop.edu.pk/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (UOP) was established in October 1950 by the first [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]. [[University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.uetpeshawar.edu.pk/ |title=University of Engineering &amp;amp; Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan |website=uetpeshawar.edu.pk |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202111919/http://www.uetpeshawar.edu.pk/ |url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; was established in 1980 while [[University of Agriculture, Peshawar|Agriculture University Peshawar]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.aup.edu.pk/ |title=The University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan |website=aup.edu.pk |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224131819/http://www.aup.edu.pk/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; started working in 1981. The first private sector university [[CECOS University of Information Technology and Emerging Sciences|CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cecos.edu.pk/ |title=CECOS – University of Information Technology and Emerging Sciences |website=cecos.edu.pk |language=en-US |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224055353/http://www.cecos.edu.pk/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; was established in 1986. [[Institute of Management Sciences (Peshawar)|Institute of Management Sciences]] started functioning in 1995, which become degree awarding institution in 2005.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.imsciences.edu.pk/ |title=IMSciences |website=imsciences.edu.pk |language=en-gb |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224205338/http://www.imsciences.edu.pk/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> There are currently 9 Medical colleges in Peshawar, 2 in public sector while 7 in private sector.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.pmc.gov.pk/Colleges/PrivateMedicalColleges |title=RECOGNIZED MEDICAL COLLEGES IN PAKISTAN |website=pmdc.org.pk |access-date=21 December 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819060118/http://www.pmdc.org.pk/AboutUs/RecognizedMedicalDentalColleges/tabid/109/Default.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2010}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The first Medical College, [[Khyber Medical College]],&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Newspaper&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/660792 |title=University status for Khyber Medical College planned |last=Newspaper |first=the |date=21 September 2011 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan |access-date=21 December 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213012006/https://www.dawn.com/news/660792 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; was established in 1954 as part of [[University of Peshawar]]. The first Medical University, [[Khyber Medical University]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kmu.edu.pk/ |title=Khyber Medical University {{!}} Committed to Excellence in Medical Education and Research |website=kmu.edu.pk |language=en |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224144037/http://kmu.edu.pk/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Newspaper&quot; /&amp;gt; while a women only Medical college, [[Khyber Girls Medical College]] was established in 2007.<br /> <br /> At the start of the 21st century, a host of new private sector universities started working in Peshawar. [[Qurtuba University]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.qurtuba.edu.pk/ |title=Qurtuba University of Science &amp;amp; Information Technology |website=qurtuba.edu.pk |language=en-gb |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=18 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218235155/http://qurtuba.edu.pk/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology|Sarhad University of Science and IT]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.suit.edu.pk/ |title=Sarhad University |website=suit.edu.pk |language=en |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=19 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219200654/http://www.suit.edu.pk/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences|Fast University, Peshawar Campus]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://pwr.nu.edu.pk/ |title=FAST-NUCES Peshawar {{!}} National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences |website=pwr.nu.edu.pk |language=en-US |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=19 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219153117/http://pwr.nu.edu.pk/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and [[City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar|City University of Science and IT]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cityuniversity.edu.pk/cusitnew/index.php |title=CUSIT: City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar |website=cityuniversity.edu.pk |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225172421/http://www.cityuniversity.edu.pk/cusitnew/index.php |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; were established in 2001 while [[Gandhara University]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gandhara.edu.pk/ |title=Gandhara University Peshawar Pakistan: Home Page |website=gandhara.edu.pk |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101013915/http://www.gandhara.edu.pk/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; was inaugurated in 2002 and [[Abasyn University]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://abasyn.edu.pk/ |title=Abasyn University |website=abasyn.edu.pk |language=en |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=20 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220091258/http://abasyn.edu.pk/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; in 2007.<br /> <br /> [[Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sbbwu.edu.pk/sbbwu/ |title=Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar |last=SBBWU |first=ITC |website=sbbwu.edu.pk |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=20 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220122440/http://www.sbbwu.edu.pk/sbbwu/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1370646 |title=Universities asked to promote research |last=Report |first=Bureau |date=15 November 2017 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan |access-date=21 December 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052403/https://www.dawn.com/news/1370646 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; the first women university of Peshawar, started working in 2009 while private sector [[IQRA National University]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.inu.edu.pk/ |title=IQRA NAtional University {{!}} Peshawar, Hayatabad |website=inu.edu.pk |language=en-GB |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226013547/http://inu.edu.pk/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; was established in 2012.<br /> <br /> Apart from good range of universities, Peshawar has host of high quality [[further education]] (Post School) educational institutes. The most renowned are, [[Edwardes College]] founded in 1900 by Herbert Edwardes, is the oldest college in the province and [[Islamia College Peshawar]], which was established in 1913. Islamia College became university and named as [[Islamia College University]] in 2008.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1144436 |title=Khattak lauds academic standard of Islamia College University |last=Report |first=Bureau |date=14 November 2014 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan |access-date=21 December 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222090814/https://www.dawn.com/news/1144436 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The following is a list of some of the public and private universities and colleges in Peshawar:<br /> &amp;lt;!-- New links in alphabetical order please --&amp;gt;<br /> *[[Abasyn University]] (Abasyn University, Peshawar)<br /> *[[Agricultural University (Peshawar)]]<br /> *[[CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences]]<br /> *[[City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar]]<br /> *[[Edwardes College]]<br /> *[[Forward Degree College]]<br /> *[[Frontier Women University]]<br /> *[[Gandhara University]]<br /> *[[Government College Hayatabad Peshawar]]<br /> *[[Government College Peshawar]]<br /> *[[Government Girls Degree College, Peshawar]]<br /> *[[Government Superior Science College Peshawar]]<br /> *[[IMSciences]] (Institute of Management Sciences)<br /> *[[Iqra National University, Peshawar]] (formerly Peshawar Campus of Iqra University Karachi)<br /> *[[Islamia College University]]<br /> *[[Jinnah College for Women]]<br /> *Jinnah Medical College<br /> *[[Khyber Girls Medical College]]<br /> *[[Khyber Medical College]]<br /> *[[Khyber Medical University]]<br /> *[[National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences]], Peshawar Campus (NU-FAST)<br /> *Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar<br /> *Peshawar Medical College<br /> *Kabir Medical College<br /> *Sardar Begum Dental College<br /> *[[Preston University (Pakistan)|Preston University]]<br /> *[[Qurtuba University]] (Qurtuba University of Science &amp;amp; Information Technology)<br /> *[[Rehman Medical College]]<br /> *[[Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology]]<br /> *[[Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University]]<br /> *[[University of Agriculture, Peshawar]]<br /> *[[University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar]]<br /> *[[University of Peshawar]]<br /> <br /> The Pakistani military operates Army Public School Peshawar. It was the site of the [[2014 Peshawar school massacre]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/12/16/remembering-the-peshawar-school-massacre|title=Remembering the Peshawar school massacre|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]]|date=16 December 2015|access-date=28 June 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Landmarks ==<br /> The following is a list of other significant landmarks in the city that still exist in the 21st century:<br /> *'''General'''<br /> **[[Governor's House (Peshawar)|Governor's House]]<br /> **Peshawar Garrison Club – situated on [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan|Sir Syed]] Road near the Mall<br /> **[[Kotla Mohsin Khan]] – the residence of Mazullah Khan, 17th-century Pashtu poet<br /> **[[Qissa Khwani Bazaar]]<br /> **[[Kapoor Haveli]] Former residence of [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] – famous actor<br /> *'''Forts'''<br /> **[[Bala Hissar, Peshawar|Bala Hisar Fort]]<br /> *'''Colonial monuments'''<br /> **[[Chowk Yadgar]] (formerly the &quot;Hastings Memorial&quot;)<br /> **[[Cunningham clock tower]] – built in 1900 and called &quot;[[Cunningham clock tower|Ghanta Ghar]]&quot;<br /> *'''Buddhist'''<br /> **[[Gorkhatri]] – an ancient site of Buddha's alms or begging bowl, and the headquarters of Syed Ahmad Shaheed, Governor Avitabile<br /> **[[Pashto Academy]] – the site of an ancient Buddhist university<br /> **[[Kanishka stupa|Shahji ki Dheri]] – the site of the famous [[Kanishka stupa]]<br /> *'''Hindu'''<br /> **Panch Tirath – an ancient Hindu site with five sacred ponds<br /> **[[Gorkhatri]] – sacred site for Hindu [[yogi]]s&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Baburnama|Babur Nama]] Page 141 published by Penguin&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> **Guru [[Gorkhnath]] temple<br /> **Aasamai temple – near Lady Reading Hospital (LRH)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Riaz |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/565613/the-sacred-four-the-decline-of-hindu-holy-sites-in-peshawar |title=The sacred four: The decline of Hindu holy sites in Peshawar|work=The Express Tribune |access-date=3 August 2013 |date=19 June 2013 |archive-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624052532/http://tribune.com.pk/story/565613/the-sacred-four-the-decline-of-hindu-holy-sites-in-peshawar/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> *'''Sikh'''<br /> **[[Gurdwara|Sikh Gurudwara]] at Jogan Shah<br /> *'''Parks'''<br /> **[[Army Stadium, Peshawar|Army Stadium]]<br /> **[[Wazir Bagh]] – laid in 1802, by Fatteh Khan, Prime Minister of [[Shah Mahmud Khan]]<br /> **[[Ali Mardan Khan]] Gardens (also known as Khalid bin Waleed Park) – formerly named &quot;Company Bagh&quot;<br /> **[[Shahi Bagh]] – a small portion constitutes the site of [[Arbab Niaz Stadium]]<br /> **[[Jinnah Park, Peshawar|Jinnah Park]] – A park on GT Road opposite [[Bala Hissar, Peshawar|Balahisar fort]]<br /> **[[Tatara Park]] – A Park located in [[Hayatabad]]<br /> **Bagh e Naran – A large park in [[Hayatabad]]. A portion of the park also has a Zoo.<br /> *'''Mosques'''<br /> **[[Mohabbat Khan Mosque]]<br /> **[[Qasim Ali Khan Mosque]]<br /> *'''Museums'''<br /> **[[Peshawar Museum]]<br /> *'''Zoo'''<br /> **[[Peshawar Zoo]]<br /> <br /> == Sports ==<br /> <br /> There are hosts of sporting facilities in Peshawar. The most renowned are [[Arbab Niaz Stadium]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/ground/58988.html |title=Arbab Niaz Stadium {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} Cricket Grounds {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=8 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208181914/http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/ground/58988.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and Hayatabad Cricket Stadium, which are the International cricket grounds of Peshawar and [[Qayyum Stadium]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/12/22/cm-kp-mehmood-khan-inaugurates-state-of-the-art-hayatabad-cricket-stadium/ | title=CM KP Mehmood Khan inaugurates state-of-the-art Hayatabad Cricket Stadium | date=22 December 2022 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.radiotnn.com/construction-work-on-kps-second-largest-sports-complex-completes-in-charsadda/ |title=Construction work on KP's second largest sports complex completes in Charsadda |website=radiotnn.com |language=en-US |access-date=24 December 2017 |date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729055929/http://www.radiotnn.com/construction-work-on-kps-second-largest-sports-complex-completes-in-charsadda/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; which is the multi sports facilities located in [[Peshawar Cantonment]].<br /> <br /> Cricket is the most popular sport in Peshawar&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1207531 |title=From bombs to trophies, cricket thrives in Peshawar |last=AFP |date=17 September 2015 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan |access-date=24 December 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224214410/https://www.dawn.com/news/1207531 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; with [[Arbab Niaz Stadium]] as the main ground coupled with Cricket Academy. There is also small cricket ground, [[Peshawar Gymkhana Ground]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1139019/teams-refuse-play-gymkhana-cricket-ground/ |title=Teams refuse to play at Gymkhana Cricket Ground – The Express Tribune |date=11 July 2016 |work=The Express Tribune |access-date=24 December 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929213620/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1139019/teams-refuse-play-gymkhana-cricket-ground/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; which is located adjacent to [[Arbab Niaz Stadium]], a popular club cricket ground. The oldest international cricket ground in Peshawar however is [[Peshawar Club Ground]], which hosted the first ever [[Test match (cricket)|test match]] between Pakistan and India in 1955.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58991.html |title=Peshawar Club Ground {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} Cricket Grounds {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221739/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58991.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Peshawar Zalmi]] represents the city in the [[Pakistan Super League]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://peshawarzalmi.com/ |title=Peshawar Zalmi Home page |work=Peshawar Zalmi |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221305/https://www.peshawarzalmi.com/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 1975, the first sports complex, [[Qayyum Stadium]] was built in Peshawar&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&amp;gt; while [[Hayatabad Sports Complex]] was built in the early 1990s.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/72917/as-sports-facilities-decline-in-peshawar-so-do-sports-stars/ |title=As sports facilities decline in Peshawar, so do sports stars – Daily Times |date=29 June 2016 |work=Daily Times |access-date=24 December 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225091855/https://dailytimes.com.pk/72917/as-sports-facilities-decline-in-peshawar-so-do-sports-stars/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Both Qayyum Stadium and Hayatabad Sports Complexes are multiple sports complexes with facilities for all major indoor and outdoor sports such as [[association football|football]],&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/250547/www.tupernic.com |title=Pakistan and Qatar clash today: Olympic qualifier |date=6 June 2007 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan |access-date=24 December 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224214312/https://www.dawn.com/news/250547/www.tupernic.com |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Field hockey|Field Hockey ground]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |url=http://nation.com.pk/06-Oct-2016/imran-inaugurates-hayatabad-sports-complex |title=Imran inaugurates Hayatabad Sports Complex |work=The Nation |access-date=24 December 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224214443/http://nation.com.pk/06-Oct-2016/imran-inaugurates-hayatabad-sports-complex |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Squash (sport)|Squash]], [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]], Gymnasium, Board Games section, [[Wrestling]], [[Boxing]] and [[Badminton]]. In 1991, Qayyum Stadium hosted Barcelona Olympics Qualifier Football match between Pakistan and Qatar&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&amp;gt; plus it also hosted National Games in 2010.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/94032/playing-for-peace-peshawar-all-set-for-31st-national-games/ |title=Playing for peace: Peshawar all set for 31st National Games – The Express Tribune |date=24 December 2010 |work=The Express Tribune |access-date=24 December 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224214503/https://tribune.com.pk/story/94032/playing-for-peace-peshawar-all-set-for-31st-national-games/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Field hockey|Hockey]] and [[Squash (sport)|squash]] are also popular in Peshawar.<br /> <br /> ;Professional sports teams from Peshawar<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Club<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |League<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Sport<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Venue<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Established<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: left;&quot; |[[Peshawar Zalmi]]<br /> |[[Pakistan Super League]]<br /> |[[Cricket]]<br /> |[[Arbab Niaz Stadium]]<br /> |2015<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: left;&quot; |[[Peshawar Panthers]]<br /> |[[Haier T20 Cup|National T20 League]]/[[National One-day Championship]]<br /> |[[Cricket]]<br /> |[[Arbab Niaz Stadium]]<br /> |2004<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: left;&quot; |[[Peshawar Haiders]]<br /> |[[Super Kabaddi League]]<br /> |[[Kabaddi]]<br /> |[[Tehmas Khan Football Stadium Peshawar|Tehmas Khan Stadium]]<br /> |2018<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: left;&quot; |Tribe F.C. Peshawar<br /> |[[Geo Super Football League]]<br /> |[[Association football|Football]]<br /> |[[Qayyum Stadium]]<br /> |2007<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Twin towns and sister cities ==<br /> {{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> Peshawar is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<br /> *{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Makassar]], Indonesia&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Indonesia seeking to enhance trade with Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/317118/indonesia-seeking-to-enhance-trade-with-khyber-pakhtunkhwa/ |access-date=13 December 2012 |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=6 January 2012 |first=Umer |last=Farooq |agency=The Express Tribune News Network |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221247/https://tribune.com.pk/story/317118/indonesia-seeking-to-enhance-trade-with-khyber-pakhtunkhwa/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> *{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ürümqi]], China&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=KP-hosted event reaffirms Sino-Pak partnership, shared resolve to take bilateral cooperation to new heights|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/06/04/kp-hosted-event-reaffirms-sino-pak-partnership-shared-resolve-to-take-bilateral-cooperation-to-new-heights/|access-date=4 June 2025|newspaper=Pakistan Today|date=4 June 2025|archive-date=4 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604211456/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/06/04/kp-hosted-event-reaffirms-sino-pak-partnership-shared-resolve-to-take-bilateral-cooperation-to-new-heights|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal bar|Pakistan}}<br /> *[[Peshawari chappal]]<br /> *[[Peshawari turban]]<br /> *[[Karkhano]]<br /> *[[Kushan Empire]]<br /> *[[Kanishka]]<br /> *[[Bacha Khan]]<br /> *[[Khudai Khidmatgar]]<br /> *[[2014 Peshawar school attack]]<br /> *[[2020 Peshawar school bombing]]<br /> *[[Chapli Kabab]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> {{See also|Timeline of Peshawar#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Peshawar}}<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> *Ahmad, Aisha and Boase, Roger. 2003. &quot;Pashtun Tales from the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier: From the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier.&quot; Saqi Books (1 March 2003). {{ISBN|0-86356-438-0}}.<br /> *Beal, Samuel. 1884. &quot;Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang.&quot; 2 vols. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969.<br /> *Beal, Samuel. 1911. &quot;The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang by the Shaman Hwui Li, with an Introduction containing an account of the Works of I-Tsing&quot;. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. 1911. Reprint: Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973.<br /> *[[Ahmad Hasan Dani|Dani, Ahmad Hasan]]. 1985. &quot;[https://www.bolnews.com/pakistan/2020/04/pm-imran-khan-to-visit-peshawar-amid-coronavirus-outbreak/ Peshawar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627114755/https://www.bolnews.com/pakistan/2020/04/pm-imran-khan-to-visit-peshawar-amid-coronavirus-outbreak/ |date=27 June 2020 }}: Historic city of the Frontier&quot; Sang-e-Meel Publications (1995). {{ISBN|969-35-0554-9}}.<br /> *Dobbins, K. Walton. 1971. &quot;The Stūpa and Vihāra of Kanishka I&quot;. The Asiatic Society of Bengal Monograph Series, Vol. XVIII. Calcutta.<br /> *Elphinstone, Mountstuart. 1815. &quot;An account of the Kingdom of Caubul and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India; comprising a view of the Afghaun nation.&quot; Akadem. Druck- u. Verlagsanst (1969).<br /> *Foucher, M. A. 1901. &quot;Notes sur la geographie ancienne du Gandhâra (commentaire à un chaptaire de Hiuen-Tsang).&quot; ''BEFEO'' No. 4, Oct. 1901, pp.&amp;amp;nbsp;322–369.<br /> *Hargreaves, H. (1910–11): &quot;Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī&quot;; ''Archaeological Survey of India, 1910–11'', pp.&amp;amp;nbsp;25–32.<br /> *Hill, John E. 2003. &quot;[http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the ''Hou Hanshu''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606034202/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html |date=6 June 2011 }}.&quot; 2nd Draft Edition.<br /> *Hill, John E. 2004. &quot;[http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html The Peoples of the West from the Weilue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223070446/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html |date=23 December 2017 }}&quot; 魏略 ''by Yu Huan'' 魚豢'': A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.'' Draft annotated English translation.<br /> *[[Hopkirk, Peter]]. 1984. &quot;[[The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia]]&quot; Kodansha Globe; Reprint edition. {{ISBN|1-56836-022-3}}.<br /> *[[William Moorcroft (traveller)|Moorcroft, William]] and [[Trebeck, George]]. 1841. &quot;Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara... from 1819 to 1825&quot;, Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971.<br /> *Reeves, Richard. 1985. &quot;Passage to Peshawar: Pakistan: Between the Hindu Kush and the Arabian Sea.&quot; Holiday House September 1985. {{ISBN|0-671-60539-9}}.<br /> *Imran, Imran Rashid. 2006. &quot;Baghaat-i-Peshawar.&quot; Sarhad Conservation Network. July 2006.<br /> *Imran, Imran Rashid. 2012. &quot;Peshawar – Faseel-e-Shehr aur Darwazay.&quot; Sarhad Conservation Network. March 2012.<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Sister project links|Peshawar}}<br /> *{{Wikivoyage inline}}<br /> <br /> {{PeshawarTopics}}<br /> {{Neighbourhoods of Peshawar}}<br /> {{PakistanCities}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Peshawar| ]]<br /> [[Category:Populated places in Peshawar District]]<br /> [[Category:Cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br /> [[Category:Capitals of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Metropolitan areas of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]]<br /> [[Category:Populated places established in the 5th millennium BC]]<br /> [[Category:Cities in Pakistan]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Johnson_(film)&diff=466791 2026-03-08T09:45:28Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: slightly fixed details to improve readability and updated info after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2005 Indian film by Anil C. Menon}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Ben Johnson<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | director = Anil C. Menon<br /> | producer = Milan Jaleel<br /> | writer = [[T. A. Shahid]]<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Kalabhavan Mani]]|[[Indraja]]|[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]|[[Vijayaraghavan]]|[[Harisree Ashokan]]}}<br /> | music = [[Deepak Dev]] (songs)&lt;br /&gt;C. Rajamani (score)<br /> | cinematography = [[P. Sukumar]]<br /> | editing = [[L. Bhoominathan]]<br /> | studio = Galaxy Films<br /> | distributor = Galaxy Films<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|06|24}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Ben Johnson''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller]] film directed by Anil C. Menon, written by [[T. A. Shahid]], and produced by Milan Jaleel. It stars [[Kalabhavan Mani]] in dual roles as father and son, alongside [[Indraja]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Harisree Ashokan]] and [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] in supporting roles. The songs were composed by [[Deepak Dev]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3708|title=Ben Johnson|accessdate=2014-10-07|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?349|title=Ben Johnson|accessdate=2014-10-07|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011200918/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?349|archivedate=11 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/ben-johnson-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011184758/http://spicyonion.com/title/ben-johnson-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 October 2014|title=Ben Johnson|accessdate=2014-10-07|publisher=spicyonion.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Ben Johnson'' was released on 24 June 2005 and was a commercial success at the box office.&lt;ref name=&quot;BO&quot;/&gt; The film was dubbed in [[Odia language|Odia]] under the same title.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> {{more plot|date=October 2024}}<br /> Amarakkadan Pathrose is a local goon in the Muthangakuzhi village. He is the monarch of all that he surveys, thanks to his rough and ready methods. Fear stalks the village whenever he gets into ‘action’. His son, Johnson is everything that the fear-inspiring father is not. He goes out of his way to be nice to one and all, in an effort to erase the bad reputation set by his father. Johnson has always cherished the dream of becoming a policeman. Ever since his childhood, Johnson has been good in sports. Thanks to his excellence in athletics, the villagers start calling him Ben Johnson because of his physical resemblance to the famous [[Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)|Canadian sprinter]].<br /> <br /> Johnson manages to become a [[sub-inspector]] (SI) in Kerala police, under the sports quota! As destiny would have it, Johnson is posted as the SI in his own village of Muthangakuzhi. Now he is driven by a missionary zeal to rid the village of rowdies and baddies, both social as well as political.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Kalabhavan Mani]] in a [[double role]] as:<br /> ** [[Sub-inspector|SI]] A. P. Ben Johnson (son)<br /> ** Amarakkadan Pathrose (father)<br /> * [[Indraja]] as Gouri<br /> * [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Stephen Varghese [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] <br /> * [[Harisree Ashokan]] as Head Constable Swami<br /> * [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Chandranthodi Viswanathan Menon MLA, The main antagonist<br /> * [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Govindan Menon, Lakshmi's elder brother and Johnson's uncle<br /> * [[Kalasala Babu]] as Chandranthodi Madhava Menon<br /> * [[Cochin Haneefa]] as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Eenashu Pillai <br /> * [[Sukumari]] as Dhakshyani, Gouri's grandmother <br /> * [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Lakshmi Amma (Lakshmikutty), Johnson's mother <br /> * [[Adithya Menon]] as Vettukadan, The Secondary antagonist<br /> * [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Chandranthodi Surendran Menon<br /> * [[Machan Varghese]] as Constable Indran<br /> * Vishnu Prasad as Chandranthodi Hariprasad Menon <br /> * [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] <br /> * [[Bheeman Raghu]] as Raghu<br /> * [[I. M. Vijayan]] <br /> * [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Minister<br /> * [[Narayanankutty]]<br /> * [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Abu<br /> * [[Chali Pala]] as Retd. [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Parameshwaran<br /> * [[Baiju Ezhupunna]] as Thrivikraman<br /> * [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Police officer (Photo archive)<br /> * [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as<br /> Chief Minister Raman Pilla (guest)<br /> * [[Nadirshah]] as Himself (cameo)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> The music was composed by [[Deepak Dev]], with lyrics written by [[Kaithapram]].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)<br /> |- <br /> | 1 || &quot;Sona Sona nee&quot; || [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Malgudi Subha]] || [[Kaithapram]] || <br /> |- <br /> | 2 || &quot;Iniyum Mizhikal&quot; || [[Sujatha Mohan]] || [[Kaithapram]] || <br /> |- <br /> | 3 || &quot;Iniyum Mizhikal&quot; (M) || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Kaithapram || <br /> |- <br /> | 4 || &quot;Munpe Munpe&quot; || [[Deepak Dev]], Arjun Sasi || Kaithapram, Arjun Sasi || <br /> |- <br /> | 5 || &quot;Munpe Munpe&quot; || Arjun Sasi || Kaithapram, Arjun Sasi || <br /> |- <br /> | 6 || &quot;Pettayaadi&quot; || [[Nadirsha]], [[Sangeetha Rajeshwaran|Sangeetha]] || [[Nadirsha]] || <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> <br /> It was released on 24 June 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/must-watch-kalabhavan-mani-films/photostory/51303437.cms|title=Must Watch|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/the-best-of-kalabhavan-mani-a-tribute-imagegallery-0-malayalam-qdhrPuegcajje.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311204804/http://www.sify.com/movies/the-best-of-kalabhavan-mani-a-tribute-imagegallery-0-malayalam-qdhrPuegcajje.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 March 2018|title=The best of Kalabhavan Mani: a tribute|work=[[Sify]]|date=19 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was a commercial success at the box office.&lt;ref name=&quot;BO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-06 |title=The Hindu : Entertainment Thiruvananthapuram: Boom year for mollywood |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123001380100.htm |access-date=2022-06-02 |website= [[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206164931/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123001380100.htm |archive-date=6 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The songs were well received, especially the song &quot;Sona..Sona..&quot; sung by Kalabhavan Mani and &quot;Iniyum Mizhikal Nirayaruthe&quot; by K.J. Yesudas.{{cn|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0468665|Ben Johnson}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2005 films]]<br /> [[Category:2005 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Twins in Indian films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shipra_Mazumdar&diff=465737 2026-03-06T15:56:19Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: correct structure additionally and updated info based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Shipra Mazumdar<br /> | known_for = Reaching the summit of [[Mount Everest]]<br /> | occupation = [[Major (rank)|Major]] in the [[Indian Army]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Shipra Mazumdar''' is a [[Major (rank)|Major]] in the [[Indian Army]], and a member of the Indian Army women mountaineering team. She is a [[Bengali people|Bengali]].&lt;ref name=timesofindia /&gt; She pursued Engineering at [[Army Institute of Technology]], Pune. She did her Basic and Advance Mountaineering Courses from [https://www.nimindia.net/ Nehru Institute of Mountaineering], Uttarkashi.<br /> <br /> ==Mountaineering expedition==<br /> At 9:30&amp;nbsp;a.m. on 2 June 2005,&lt;ref name=Tribune&gt;{{cite news | title =Army women create history atop Everest | newspaper =[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | location =[[Chandigarh]] | date =2 June 2013 | url =http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050603/main5.htm | accessdate =26 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; she reached the summit of [[Mount Everest]] with three other members of the team. They climbed from [[Tibet]], using the [[North Col]] route.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title =Indian Army women scale Mt Everest | location =[[Mumbai]] | date =3 June 2005 | url =http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-06-03/india/27863619_1_mt-everest-indian-army-tallest-peak | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130216063604/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-06-03/india/27863619_1_mt-everest-indian-army-tallest-peak | url-status =dead | archive-date =16 February 2013 | newspaper =[[The Times of India]] | accessdate =26 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another mountaineering team from the [[Indian Air Force]] had reached the summit on 30 May.&lt;ref name=Tribune/&gt; One member of that team, Squadron Leader S.S. Chaithanya, disappeared in a blizzard during the descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title =Army women on top of the world | newspaper =[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] | location =[[Calcutta]] | date =3 June 2005 | url =http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050603/asp/nation/story_4821257.asp | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130216214333/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050603/asp/nation/story_4821257.asp | url-status =dead | archive-date =16 February 2013 | accessdate =26 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Indian summiters of Mount Everest - Year wise]]<br /> *[[List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit]]<br /> *[[List of Mount Everest records of India]]<br /> *[[List of Mount Everest records]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|refs=<br /> &lt;ref name=timesofindia&gt;{{cite news | title =On top of the world, in 10 hours | location =[[Mumbai]] | date =18 May 2010 | url =http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-18/kolkata/28297950_1_mountaineers-association-bad-weather-basanta | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131109185739/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-18/kolkata/28297950_1_mountaineers-association-bad-weather-basanta | url-status =dead | archive-date =9 November 2013 | newspaper =[[The Times of India]] | accessdate =26 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Indian mountaineers}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mazumdar, Shipra}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]<br /> [[Category:Indian female mountain climbers]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{climbing-bio-stub}}</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pona_Machaan_Thirumbi_Vandhan&diff=525842 2026-03-04T05:06:24Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: made info - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{More plot|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Pona Machaan Thirumbi Vandhan poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[C. S. Rao]]<br /> | producer = T. S. Venkataswami<br /> | writer = V. Seetharaman (dialogues)<br /> | screenplay = Mercury Films Story Department<br /> | based_on = {{based on|''Punarjanmam''|Thumilan}}<br /> | starring = Sriram&lt;br /&gt; [[Kusalakumari]]<br /> | cinematography = Jiten Bannerjee &lt;br /&gt; V. Kumara Devan<br /> | editing = P. M. Ramamoorthy<br /> | music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]] &lt;br /&gt; [[C. N. Pandurangan]]<br /> | studio = Mercury Films<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{film date|1954|11|27|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Pona Machan Thirumbi Vandhan''''' ({{translation|The previous husband has returned}}) is a 1954 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by C. Srinivasa Rao. The dialogues were written by V. Seetharaman and screenplay by Mercury Films' Story Department. Based on the novel ''Punarjanmam'' by Thumilan, it stars Sriram and [[Kusalakumari]]. The film was released on 27 November 1954 and did not succeed commercially.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> The film tells of a young man named Sambu. He is from a well-to-do family and spends his days chewing [[betel]] leaves and [[tobacco]]. He is fond of telling stories about old times to his servant Kittan. The young man is fond of his sister Chandra. He is keen on getting her married to a suitable young man and keeping the couple in his house. He releases a peculiar advertisement asking for a bridegroom who has to send money of {{INRConvert|1000|year=1959}} to be considered for the alliance. A young man Thyagu, who was mostly in North India and sick of Chappathi&amp;nbsp;– Kuruma, wishes to get back home and replies to the ad. Another person and his sister Vimala then come to Sambhu's house. Not interested in the &quot;Ad for groom&quot; business. Chandra leaves the house. She meets Thyagu and unaware of each other's identity, they fall in love. They meet with a car accident and the rich owners takes them home for treatment, thinking they are a married couple. Afraid of scandals, they change their names, leading to more complications. Resolving the complications occupies the rest of the film.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Col-begin|width=70%}}<br /> {{col-break|width=50%}}<br /> ;Male cast<br /> * Sriram as Thyagu<br /> * Shankaramoorthi as Rathnam<br /> * [[K. A. Thangavelu|Thangavelu]] as Sambu<br /> * Ganapathi Bhatt<br /> * Friend Ramasami<br /> * Sampathkumar<br /> * [[T. K. Ramachandran]]<br /> * Velappan<br /> * C. P. Kittan as Kittan<br /> * Ganesh Singh<br /> * Raja Wahab Kashmiri<br /> ;Male Support Cast<br /> * Shankar, [[S. S. Mani Bhagavathar|Mani Bhagavathar]], Kottayam Kailasa Bhagavathar, Prasad, Varadarajan, Kuntu Pillai, and R. K. Krishnan Mudaliar.<br /> {{col-break|width=50%}}<br /> ;Female cast<br /> * [[Kusalakumari]] as Chandra<br /> * Lakshmikantha as Vimala<br /> * Angamuthu as<br /> * Rathnam<br /> * Ranganayaki<br /> * Jayagowri<br /> * [[C. K. Saraswathi|Saraswathi]]<br /> * Saroja<br /> * Varada Bai<br /> * Rukmani<br /> * Lakshmi<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and [[C. N. Pandurangan]]..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.PonaMachanThirumbiVandhan_C.S.Rao_1954/110.%20Pona%20Machan%20Thirumbi%20Vandhan_C.S.Rao_1954.pdf |title=போன மச்சான் திரும்பிவந்தான் |publisher=Mercury Films |year=1954 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=5 October 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam&amp;nbsp;– Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=77–78 |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! MD !! Length<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Aatharam Nin Paadham&quot; || [[Radha Jayalakshmi]] || rowspan=6|V. Seetharaman || rowspan=4|[[M. S. Viswanathan]] || 03:37<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Pennai Veeddil&quot; || [[P. Leela]] &amp; [[A. G. Rathnamala]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Koduthidu Neeye Koduthidu&quot; || A. G. Rathnamala &amp; K. R. Chellamuthu || 03:11<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Yaarai Yematra Vandheer&quot; || [[U. R. Jeevarathinam]] || 03:28<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Idhayam Ennum&quot; || [[A. M. Rajah]] &amp; [[U. R. Jeevarathinam]] || rowspan=3|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] || 02:41<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Odam Polae Namathu&quot; || [[V. N. Sundaram]], [[A. L. Raghavan]],&lt;br /&gt;T. Sathyavathi &amp; Subbulakshmi || 02:34<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Yeno Naanum Vaaduren&quot; || [[Jikki]] || N. S. Chithambaram || 03:03<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Pona Machan Thirumbi Vandhan'' was released on 27 November 1954,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 November 1954 |title=Ponamachan Thirumbi Vandhan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&amp;dat=19541127&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en |access-date=16 March 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; and did not succeed commercially.&lt;ref name=&quot;RandorGuy&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=14 December 2013 |title=Blast from the Past&amp;nbsp;– Pona Machaan Thirumbi Vandhan 1954 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/pona-machaan-thirumbi-vandhaan-1954/article5459568.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140111181951/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/pona-machaan-thirumbi-vandhaan-1954/article5459568.ece |archive-date=11 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1954 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1954 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1954 films]]<br /> [[Category:1959 comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by C. N. Pandurangan]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maya_Memsaab&diff=445648 2026-03-03T23:38:49Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: minor update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Maya Memsaab<br /> | image = Maya Memsaab.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[Ketan Mehta]]<br /> | producer = Ketan Mehta<br /> | writer = Hriday Lani &lt;small&gt;(dialogue)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gulan Kriplani &lt;small&gt;(Maya's monologues)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | screenplay = [[Sitanshu Yashaschandra]]&lt;br /&gt;Ketan Mehta<br /> | based_on = ''[[Madame Bovary]]'' by [[Gustave Flaubert]]<br /> | starring = [[Deepa Sahi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Farooq Shaikh]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Shah Rukh Khan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Raj Babbar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Paresh Rawal]]<br /> | music = [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Gulzar]] &lt;small&gt;(lyrics)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | cinematography = Anoop Jotwani<br /> | editing = [[Renu Saluja]]<br /> | released = {{film date|df=y|1993|7|2}}<br /> | runtime = 130 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = {{Estimation}} {{INRConvert|1.85|c|year=1993}} 1.85 [[crore]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/shahrukh-khan-box-office-analysis-hits-flops-blockbusters/|title=Shahrukh Khan Box Office Analysis: Hits, Flops, Blockbusters|date=4 September 2013 |publisher=Indicine}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Maya Memsaab''''' (also known as '''''Maya''''' and '''''Maya: The Enchanting Illusion''''' in English) is a 1993 Indian [[mystery film|mystery]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Ketan Mehta]] starring [[Farooq Shaikh]], [[Deepa Sahi]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Raj Babbar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDEEAAAAMBAJ&amp;dq=Maya+Memsaab&amp;pg=PT83 |title=Outlook Traveller - Google Books |date= March 2008|publisher=Outlook |accessdate=2022-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is based on the famous [[Gustave Flaubert]]'s 1857 novel ''[[Madame Bovary]]''. Maya Memsaab won the [[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)]] in the year 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=dff.nic.in |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019211416/http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The rights of this film are now owned by Shah Rukh Khan's [[Red Chillies Entertainment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.redchillies.com/movies/movie-rights.aspx|title=Red Chillies Entertainments|website=www.redchillies.com|access-date=2016-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006020052/http://redchillies.com/movies/movie-rights.aspx|archive-date=6 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Synopsis==<br /> <br /> Young, beautiful, and intelligent Maya lives with her father in a palatial mansion in [[Shimla]], [[India]]. When her father suffers a stroke, she calls for local Dr. Charu Das, who arrives on his bicycle and prescribes treatment for her father. He continues to come to her house often, more on the pretext of seeing her than her father. Eventually, they get married. Years pass by and Charu is engrossed in treating patients, leaving Maya alone to reflect on her own fate and life. It is not long before a young man named Rudra enters her life and an affair follows. This does not last long though, as a much younger man, Lalit, enters her life and they begin ''another'' passionate affair. But again, Maya is not satisfied as she longs for more than carnal needs. Time and time again, this bored housewife gets attracted to costly objects and spends recklessly on clothes and furniture, even if she has to borrow money. She eventually is forced to mortgage her house to a man Lalaji. Finally, reality catches up with her. Lalaji brings a court order to take possession of her house. Rudra and Lalit desert her and this leads her to drink a mystical drink that was earlier being advertised on the streets to give you one wish on the condition you had a pure heart. The drink causes her to flash brightly and disappear. This leaves two investigators to probe who or what really killed Maya.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *[[Deepa Sahi]] as Maya Das<br /> *[[Farooq Sheikh]] as Dr Charu Das <br /> *[[Raj Babbar]] as Rudra Pratap Singh<br /> *[[Shahrukh Khan]] as Lalit<br /> *[[Paresh Rawal]] as Lalaji<br /> *[[Raghubir Yadav]] as the mentally sick street-beggar<br /> *[[Shrivallabh Vyas]] as Detective<br /> *[[Shreeram Lagoo]] as Maya's father<br /> *[[Farah (actress)|Farah]] as Chhaya Das, Dr. Charu's daughter.<br /> *[[Sudha Shivpuri]]<br /> *[[Rajesh Vivek]]<br /> *[[Om Puri]] as Detective<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> This album is composed by [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar|Hridayanath Mangeshkar]], &amp; Lyrics by [[Gulzar]]. most of the song sang by Lata Mangeshkar. Most popular song in album &quot;Ek Haseen Nigah Ka&quot; sang by [[Kumar Sanu]]<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> ! Song !! Singer<br /> |-<br /> |1.<br /> | &quot;Ek Haseen Nigah Ka (Male)&quot;<br /> |[[Kumar Sanu]]<br /> |-<br /> |2.<br /> | &quot;Ek Haseen Nigah Ka (Female)&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> |-<br /> |3.<br /> | &quot;Khud Se Batein&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |4.<br /> | &quot;Ye Shahar Bada&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |5.<br /> | &quot;O Dil Banjare&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |6.<br /> | &quot;Mere Sarhane Jalao Sapne&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |7.<br /> | &quot;Chhaya Jagi&quot;<br /> | [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0137100}}<br /> <br /> {{Madame Bovary}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1993 films]]<br /> [[Category:1993 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on Madame Bovary]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Ketan Mehta]]<br /> [[Category:Indian erotic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Erotic mystery films]]<br /> [[Category:1990s erotic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1993 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Shimla]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girmit&diff=500593 2026-03-03T21:24:15Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: Put up new details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2019 Kannada-language film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Girmit<br /> | image = Girmit.jpg<br /> | caption =<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = [[Ravi Basrur]]<br /> | writer = Ravi Basrur<br /> | screenplay = {{plainlist|<br /> * Suchan Shetty<br /> * Pramod Maravante<br /> * Kinnal Raj<br /> * Sandeep Sirsi<br /> * B Manjunath<br /> }}<br /> | story = Ravi Basrur<br /> | producer = [[N. S. Rajkumar]]<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> * Ashlesh Raj<br /> * Shlagha Saligrama<br /> * Jayendra Vakwadi<br /> * Aradhya shetty<br /> * Tanisha Koni<br /> * Nagaraj Japti<br /> * Pavithra Heskattur<br /> * Shravya Maravante<br /> * Aditya Kundapura<br /> * Sinchana Koteshwara<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = Sachin Basrur<br /> | editing = Ravi Basrur<br /> | music = Ravi Basrur<br /> | studio = {{plainlist|<br /> * Omkar Movies<br /> * Ravi Basrur Movies<br /> }}<br /> | distributor = KRG Studio<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|11|08}}<br /> | runtime = 120 minutes<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Girmit''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada film|Kannada-language film]] written and directed by [[Ravi Basrur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/aug/01/kannada-film-girmit-to-see-english-release-too-2012480.html |title=Kannada film Girmit to see english release too |website=The New Indian Express |location=India |access-date=2020-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is also being dubbed into [[English film|English]] with the same title, into [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] as ''Podi Mass'', and into [[Hindi film|Hindi]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] as ''Pakka Mass'' starring Ashlesh Raj and Shlagha Saligrama in the lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ravi Basrur's children's film 'Girmit' to be dubbed in English |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ravi-basrur-s-children-s-film-girmit-be-dubbed-english-106575 |accessdate=22 October 2019 |work=www.thenewsminute.com |date=2 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The music was composed by [[Ravi Basrur]], and the film was produced by [[N. S. Rajkumar]] Omkar Movies and Ravi Basrur Movies.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> [[File:Girmit film cast.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Cast of the film, from left to right (top to bottom): Shlagha Saligrama, Ashlesh Raj, Shravya Maravante, Tanisha Koni, Jayendra Vakwadi, Abhishek Karkada, Sahana Balekere, Manish Shetty, Aditya Kundapura, Nagaraj Japti, Dhanush Gundmi, film director Ravi Basrur]]<br /> <br /> * Ashlesh Raj as Raj<br /> * Shlagha Saligrama as Rashmi<br /> * Jayendra Vakwadi as Sadhashiva<br /> * Nagaraj Japti as Shankarappa<br /> * Pavithra Heskattur as Saroja<br /> * Aditya Kundapura as Damodara<br /> * Sahana Basrur as Jalajakshi<br /> * Tanisha Koni as Rekha<br /> * Aradhya shetty as Roopa<br /> * Dhanush Gundmi as Sudhakara<br /> * Shravya Maravante as Sushila<br /> * Sinchana Koteshwara as Sindhu<br /> * Ullas as Pandya<br /> * Manish Shetty as Bhaskara<br /> * Sarthak shenoy as Maadha<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The film is touted to be a family-drama-action-comedy and has about 280 child artistes playing different roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Girmit to get an English release along with four other languages |url=https://newsjizz.in/41506-girmit-to-get-an-english-release-along-with-four-other-languages.html |accessdate=22 October 2019 |work=NEWSJIZZ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The child artistes will have a strong resemblance to the stars who do the voiceovers for their characters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ravi Basrur's children's film 'Girmit' to be dubbed in English |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ravi-basrur-s-children-s-film-girmit-be-dubbed-english-106575 |accessdate=22 October 2019 |work=www.thenewsminute.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Top actors in [[Sandalwood cinema|Sandalwood]] have done the voiceovers for this film; the list includes [[Yash (actor)|Yash]], [[Radhika Pandit]], [[Sudha Belawadi]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], Puneeth Rudranag, Petrol Prasanna, and [[Sadhu Kokila]].<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] has also sung for this film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Voice of heavyweight celebs to boomerang in Girmit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/may/13/voice-of-heavyweight-celebs-to-boomerang-in-girmit-1976047.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Kannada tracklist (Girmit)<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Arambhave Anandave<br /> | extra1 = [[Santhosh Venky]] <br /> | lyrics1 = Kinnal Raj<br /> | length1 = 3:31<br /> | title2 = Dhoom Ratta<br /> | extra2 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Ravi Basrur]]<br /> | length2 = 3:20<br /> | title3 = Tik Tok<br /> | extra3 = Naveen Sajju, Arundhati Hegde<br /> | lyrics3 = Pramod Maravanthe<br /> | length3 = 4:10<br /> }}<br /> ;Telugu tracklist (Pakka Mass)<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Singarala Seeta Devi<br /> | extra1 = [[Santhosh Venky]] <br /> | lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]<br /> | length1 = 3:31<br /> | title2 = Dhoom Racha<br /> | extra2 = Santosh Venky<br /> | lyrics2 = Ramajogayya Sastry<br /> | length2 = 3:20<br /> | title3 = Tik Tok<br /> | extra3 = Santosh Venky, Arundhati Hegde<br /> | lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry<br /> | length3 = 4:10<br /> }}<br /> ;Hindi tracklist (Pakka Mass)<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Pehali Nazar<br /> | extra1 = [[Santhosh Venky]] <br /> | lyrics1 = [[Priya Saraiya]]<br /> | length1 = 3:31<br /> | title2 = Dhoom Ratta<br /> | extra2 = Santhosh Venky<br /> | lyrics2 = Deepak Bharati<br /> | length2 = 3:20<br /> | title3 = Tik Tok<br /> | extra3 = Santhosh Venky, [[Ananya Bhat]]<br /> | lyrics3 = Deepak Bharati<br /> | length3 = 4:10 <br /> }}<br /> ;Tamil tracklist (Podi Mass)<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Jimmy Jimmy<br /> | extra1 = [[Santhosh Venky]] <br /> | lyrics1 = Madhura Kavi<br /> | length1 = 3:31<br /> | title2 = Dhoom Ratta<br /> | extra2 = Santhosh Venky<br /> | lyrics2 = Madhura Kavi<br /> | length2 = 3:20<br /> | title3 = Tik Tok<br /> | extra3 = [[Gana Bala]], Arundhati Hegde<br /> | lyrics3 = Madhura Kavi<br /> | length3 = 4:10<br /> }}<br /> ;Malayalam tracklist (Podi Mass)<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Neeharamo Neeralamo<br /> | extra1 = Mohan Krishna<br /> | lyrics1 = Sudamsu<br /> | length1 = 3:31<br /> | title2 = Dhoom Ratta<br /> | extra2 = Mohan Krishna<br /> | lyrics2 = Sudamsu<br /> | length2 = 3:20<br /> | title3 = Tik Tok<br /> | extra3 = Mohan Krishna, Neethu<br /> | lyrics3 = Sudamsu<br /> | length3 = 4:10<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ;English tracklist (Girmit)<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = My Happiness<br /> | extra1 = Emiliano Laino<br /> | lyrics1 = Gubbi<br /> | length1 = 3:31<br /> | title2 = Dhoom Ratta<br /> | extra2 = Santosh Venky<br /> | lyrics2 = Gubbi<br /> | length2 = 3:20<br /> | title3 = Tik Tok<br /> | extra3 = Santosh Venky, Ananya Bhat<br /> | lyrics3 = Gubbi<br /> | length3 = 4:10<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|11165318}}<br /> * {{Facebook | girmitkannadamovie}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2019 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian children's films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 action films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 children's films]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hussain_Ahmad_Madani&diff=503319 2026-02-26T12:07:54Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: new initial pg w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar and independence activist (1879–1957)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Syed Hussain Ahmad Madani<br /> | honorific_prefix = Shaykh al-Islam<br /> | image = Husain Ahmad Madani 2012 stamp of India.jpg<br /> | office1 = 5th Principal and Sheikh al-Hadith of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1927<br /> | term_end1 = 5 December 1957<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]<br /> | successor1 = {{bulleted list|[[Ibrahim Balyawi]] (As Principal)|[[Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad]] (As Shaykh al-Hadīth)}}<br /> | office2 = 4th President of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]<br /> | term_start2 = 1940<br /> | term_end2 = 5 December 1957<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Salman Mansoorpuri |title=Tehreek Azadi-e-Hind Mai Muslim Ulama aur Awaam ka Kirdar |date=2014 |publisher=Deeni Kitab Ghar |location=Deoband |page=194 |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes|religion=[[Islam]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1879|10|06|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bangarmau]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1957|12|05|1879|10|06|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Deoband]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br /> | children = [[Asad Madni]], [[Arshad Madani]], [[Asjad Madani]]<br /> | school_tradition = [[Maturidi]]<br /> | denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]<br /> | jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]<br /> | main_interests = [[Hadith]], [[Tafsir]], [[Fiqh]]<br /> | influences = [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rasheed Ahmed Gangohi]]<br /> | influenced = [[Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]]<br /> | disciples = [[Nur Uddin Gohorpuri]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shah Ahmad Shafi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shamsuddin Qasemi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ahmed Ali Assami|Ahmad Ali Badarpuri]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Muhammad Azhar Nomani]]<br /> | movement = [[Deobandi]]<br /> | Sufi_order = [[Chisti order|Chishti]] {{small|([[Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari|Sabiri]]-[[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki|Imdadi]])}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Naqshbandi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Qadri]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardy]]<br /> | notable_ideas = [[Composite nationalism]]<br /> | notable_works = ''[[Naqsh-e-Hayat]]''<br /> | students = [[Abdul Matin Chowdhury (scholar)|Abdul Matin Chowdhury]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Abdul Jalil Choudhury]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Abdul Ghani Azhari]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Muhammad Ismail Katki]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sharif Hasan Deobandi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Usman Ghani Qasmi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Naseer Ahmad Khan (scholar)|Naseer Ahmad Khan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Muhibbullah Babunagari]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:FN&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Noor |first=Farish Ahmad |author-link=Farish A. Noor |date=24 November 2000 |title=Of mortal 'ulama' and belly buttons |url=https://m.malaysiakini.com/columns/6510 |work=[[Malaysiakini]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Zainul Abideen Azmi]]}}<br /> | relations = [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Syed Hussain Ahmad Madani''' ({{langx|ur|حسین احمد مدنی}}; 6 October 1879 – 5 December 1957) was an Indian [[Islamic scholar]], serving as the principal of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was among the first recipients of the civilian honour of [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1954.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=19 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=TheNation&gt;[http://nation.com.pk/blogs/27-Jun-2015/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-deoband-movement The rise and fall of the Deoband movement], The Nation (newspaper), Published 27 June 2015, Retrieved 19 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Madani played a key role in cementing the Congress-Khilafat Pact in the 1920s and &quot;Through a series of lectures and pamphlets during the 1920s and 1930s, Madani prepared the ground for the cooperation of the Indian Ulama with the Indian National Congress.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;SikkaPuriBeaman2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sikka |first1=Sonia |last2=Puri |first2=Bindu |last3=Beaman |first3=Lori G. |author3-link=Lori G. Beaman |title=Living with Religious Diversity |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317370994}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His work ''[[Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam]]'' was published in 1938 and advocated for a united country, in [[opposition to the partition of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PeersGooptu2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Peers |first1=Douglas M. |last2=Gooptu |first2=Nandini |title=India and the British Empire |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192513526 |quote=Madani, head for several decades of the Deoband training centre for theologians, strongly supported Congress nationalism and the ideal of a 'composite nationalism' within {{not a typo|an}} united India, which he thought would be more conducive to the spread and prosperity of his community over the entire subcontinent than any religious partition.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and ancestry ==<br /> <br /> Hussain Ahmad Madani was born in [[Uttar Pradesh]] in a small town named [[Bangarmau]] in district [[Unnao]]. When he was born his father worked as a teacher in [[Bangarmau]]. His family was originally from Tanda in district [[Ambedkar Nagar]]. His father's name was Sayyid Habibullah, who was a descendant of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] through [[Husayn ibn Ali]] down 35 generations.{{sfn|Metcalf, Husain Ahmad Madani|2012}} Husayn's 16th generation down descendant Sayyid Nurul Haq was given 24 villages in [[Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar|Tanda]] by the Emperor of Delhi. Eventually through time, some of this land was inherited by Sayyid Habibullah (thirteen villages as of 1757).&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=জীবনী|language=bn|chapter=ফেদায়ে মিল্লাত সায়্যিদ আসআদ মাদানী (র:)|author=Muhammad Ruhul Amin Nagori|publisher=As Siraz}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> [[File:Madani chattar, Nayasarak, Sylhet.jpg|thumb|The [[Madani Square]] monument in [[Sylhet]], [[Bangladesh]], built in 2019 commemorating Hussain Ahmad Madani.]]<br /> After graduating from the Darul Uloom Deoband, he migrated to [[Medina]] with his family. He began teaching Arabic grammar, [[usul al-fiqh]], [[usul al-hadith]], and [[Tafsir|Quranic exegesis]]. He spent 18 years teaching these various Islamic sciences in Medina. He was then appointed as head teacher and &quot;Shaikhul Hadith&quot; of Darul Uloom Deoband. He served in this position for approximately 28 years.&lt;ref name=TheNation/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Efforts for independence ==<br /> <br /> After his teacher [[Mehmud Hasan]] was sentenced by the British for his role in the [[Silk Letter Conspiracy]] to a prison in the Island of [[Malta]], Madani volunteered to go with him so that he could look after him. He had personally not been convicted.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} Mehmud was imprisoned for three years. It so happened that Islamic month of Ramadan had come and neither Mehmud Hasan nor Madani was Hafiz of the Qur'an. At this instance, Mehmud Hasan said to his student (Madani) that most of his life, he didn't have a Ramadan without listening to the complete Qur'an in the special night prayers called [[Tarawih]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} Hussain Ahmad Madani, who respected his teachers very much, took this very sentence of his teacher seriously and started to memorise the Quran while in prison. Daily, Madani would memorise one [[Juz'|Juz]] (part) of the [[Quran]] and recite it in the Tarawih. Continuing to do so, he memorised the whole Quran in the 30 days of Ramadan, thus saving his teacher Mehmud Hasan from being deprived of listening to the Quran, as he had every Ramadan.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}<br /> <br /> After his release, he returned to India and became actively involved in India's freedom struggle. He had considerable influence over a section of the Muslims, more prominently those belonging to Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]. Maulana Madani was one of the founder members of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], [[New Delhi]]. He was the member of foundation committee (for the foundation of Jamia Millia Islamia) headed by Sheikhul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan, met on 29 October 1929. He was against the [[two-nation theory]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4617667.stm How Indians see Jinnah]. BBC News. Retrieved on 19 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; and predominantly due to this, a large number of Muslims from Eastern U.P. and Bihar declined to migrate to Pakistan at the time of 1947 [[independence of Pakistan]] and the [[Partition of India]]. He became the President of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], a post he held until his death in 1957. (He also held the post of ''Shaikhul Hadith'' at Darul Uloom Deoband till his death.)&lt;ref name=TheNation/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Debate between Iqbal and Madani===<br /> {{Main|Madani–Iqbal debate}}<br /> Husain Ahmad Madani opposed the inception of Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ghazali.net/book1/chapter_2.htm Ulema and the Pakistan Movement]. Retrieved on 19 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; He was of the view that in the present times, nations are formed on the basis of homeland (geographic basis) and not on ethnicity and religion.&lt;ref&gt;Zamzam 17 July 1938 cited by Pakistan Struggle and Pervez, Tulu-e-Islam Trust, Lahore, p. 614&lt;/ref&gt; On the issue of whether the identity of a nation depended upon its land or religion, there was an interesting debate between Husain Ahmad Madani and Allama Iqbal. [[Allama Iqbal]], a known pan-Islamist and a leading pro-Pakistan figure of the time, had at first developed differences of opinion with Husain Ahmad Madani over this issue. Later a mutual friend of both these leaders, a person named Taloot intervened by writing letters to both Iqbal and Madani. Taloot was able to bring more clarity to the circumstances and the intent of Madani in stating what he originally had stated about forming new nations and homelands. Taloot's intervention was successful and eventually both Iqbal and Madani were able to understand each other better. It resulted in a reconciliation between the two Muslim leaders and Iqbal finally wrote a personal letter saying that he respected Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani's service and devotion to Islam as much as any other Muslim despite their political differences.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/details/HazratMaulanaHussainAhmadMadanirtaAurAllamaIqbal Madani and Iqbal letters in Urdu language from 1938 on the issue of forming new homelands], Retrieved 19 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Husain Ahmad Madani himself was reportedly quoted as saying, &quot;All should endeavor jointly for such a democratic government in which Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and Parsis are included. Such a freedom is in accordance with Islam.&quot; ... .&quot;that Muslims could live as observant Muslims in a religiously plural society where they would be full citizens of an independent, secular India.&quot;&lt;ref name=TheNation/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sylhet ==<br /> After being released in 1923, employment became necessary for him. Despite previously serving at the Calcutta Alia Madrasa, his long imprisonment affected his relations with the staff there.{{sfn|Wahidi|1992|p=284}} He also had no accommodation. He was offered jobs from various places and at the same time was given a condition to refrain from politics. The [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]] offered him 40,000 takas in advance and a monthly salary of 500 takas to teach at the [[University of Dacca]].{{sfn|Wahidi|1992|p=285}} A similar offer was made by the [[Kingdom of Egypt|Government of Egypt]] which offered a monthly wage of 1000 takas for the post of Shaykhul Hadith at [[Al-Azhar University]]. Madani rejected both of these offers.{{sfn|Wahidi|1992|p=285}} Qazi Zahurul Islam noticed Madani's poverty and contacted the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], requesting to add him to the stipend list for scholars and poets. However, Madani rejected this too as he saw it to be shameful.{{sfn|Wahidi|1992|p=287}}<br /> <br /> Madani's followers in [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] offered him to come to Sylhet and improve the quality of the Islamic education system there.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://islamicfoundation.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/islamicfoundation.portal.gov.bd/publications/ae553c25_ccc5_45f8_b3bb_4caa7e0bc2aa/Jiboni%20grontho.pdf|title=রাজনীতিতে বঙ্গীয় উলামার ভূমিকা|last=Abdullah|first=Dr. Muhammad|year=1995|publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]]|location=[[Dhaka]]|pages=361–362|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728222417/http://islamicfoundation.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/islamicfoundation.portal.gov.bd/publications/ae553c25_ccc5_45f8_b3bb_4caa7e0bc2aa/Jiboni%20grontho.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was due to Sylhet being incorporated into the [[Assam Province]], requiring Islamic students to go to [[Dhaka]] or [[Calcutta]] for appropriate learning such as [[Sihah-e-Sittah]].{{sfn|Adrawi|Nadvi|2017|p=187}} Thus, he came to Sylhet for 2 years due to the insistence of the people of Sylhet, despite offers of teaching from other places.{{sfn|Ahmad|2000|p=182}} In December 1924, Madani entered Sylhet and started teaching at the Khelafat Building Madrasa near Nayasarak Masjid in Manik Pirer Tila, [[Sylhet]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=দ্বীনি শিক্ষার পথ ও পদ্ধতি|author=Madani, Hussain Ahmad|year=1991|publisher=Barnamala Press|location=[[Moulvibazar]], [[Bangladesh]]|page=10|translator=Nazrul Islam, Shah}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the daily five-hour class, Madani would teach books such as ''Sharh Nukhbatil Fikar'', ''[[Al-Fawz al-Kabir]]'', ''[[Sunan at-Tirmidhi|Jami Tirmidhi]]'' and other [[Sihah-e-Sittah]]. He also immersed himself in ''[[tasawwuf]]'' in Sylhet.{{sfn|Islahi|1952|loc=Volume 4|p=245}} Three years later, he returned to Sylhet and committed to his followers that he would visit Sylhet every [[Ramadan]]. Madani continued this annual practice up until the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.{{sfn|Adrawi|Nadvi|2017|p=196}}<br /> <br /> == Literary works ==<br /> *''[[Composite Nationalism and Islam]]''<br /> *''Naqsh-e-Hayat'' (Autobiography of Maulana Madni).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/NaqshEHayatByShaykhHusainAhmadMadnir.a|title=Naqsh e Hayat by Shaykh Husain Ahmad Madni (R.a)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Ash-Shihabus Saqib'' (Refutation of [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/Ash-shihab-us-saqibByShaykhHusainAhmadMadnir.a|title = Ash-Shihab-us-Saqib by Shaykh Husain Ahmad Madni (R.a)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Maktubat Shaykh al-Islam'' (over 2000 pages)&lt;ref name=&quot;Adrawi&quot;&gt;Ma'asr Shaykh al-Islam (Biography of Hussain Ahmad Madani), Mawlāna Nizāmuddīn Asīr Adrawī, Page 494, Darul Mu'allifeen Deoband (5th edition, April 2017).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Safar Nama Shaykhul Hind [[Mahmud al-Hasan]]'' (related to [[Silk Letter Movement]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Adrawi&quot;/&gt;<br /> * ''Tasawwur-e-Shaikh'' (related to [[Tasawwuf]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Adrawi&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and recognition ==<br /> [[File:Madani Road in Deoband.jpg|thumb|Maulana Madani road in Deoband is named after Madani]]<br /> * [[Padma Bhushan]] Award by the [[Government of India]] in 1954&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[India Post]] issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honour in 2012&lt;ref&gt;[http://nation.com.pk/blogs/27-Jun-2015/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-deoband-movement India Post issued a commemorative postage stamp in Husain Ahmad Madani's honour in 2012], The Nation (newspaper) article shows the stamp image, Published 27 June 2015, Retrieved 19 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Madani Square]], structure named after his efforts and hard work in [[Sylhet]], [[Bangladesh]].{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}<br /> <br /> ==Death and legacy==<br /> [[File:The Inscription on the grave of Shaikhul Islam Maulana Sayed Husain Ahmad Madani.jpg|thumb|The inscription on the grave of Hussain Ahmad Madani]]<br /> Madni died on 5 December 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=al-Hussaini |first=Sayed Nafees|author-link =Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini|date=10 July 1998 |orig-date=15 February 1958 |editor-last=Farqaleet |editor-first=Muhammad Usman |editor2-last=Barni |editor2-first=Bahar |title=Sawānihi Khaka Shaikhul Islam Maulana Hussain Ahmad Madani|trans-title=A Biographical Sketch of Shaikhul Islam Maulana Hussain Ahmad Madani |url=https://archive.org/details/drmaharshah_gmail_20181231/page/n234/mode/1up |journal=Daily Al Jamiat |edition=2nd |volume=43 |page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; His funeral prayer was led by [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title = Ulama-e-Deoband Ke Aakhri Lamhaat|author= Abu Muhammad Maulana Sana'ullah Sad Shuja'abadi|publisher=Maktaba Rasheediya |location= [[Saharanpur]] |language=ur|page = 95}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; Urdu author [[Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi]] has written his biography, ''Ma'asr Shaykh al-Islam,'' which is published by Darul Mu'allifeen, [[Deoband]]. A technical college in Saharanpur was named Madani Technical Institute after him.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}<br /> <br /> *''[[Husain Ahmad Madani: The Jihad for Islam and India's Freedom]]''<br /> <br /> === Madani Technical Institute ===<br /> Madani Technical Institute (MTI), named after Madani and founded in 1991, is a government-recognised technical college situated in Deoband, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The institute's curriculum holds approval from both the Directorate General of Employment and Training (DGET) and the National Council on Vocational Training (NCVT). Presently, MTI offers courses in Draughtsman (Civil), Electrician, Electronics Mechanic, Fitter, and Wireman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://collegeindia.in/iti/28875-madani-technical-institute-mti-saharanpur/overview|title=Madani Technical Institute - MTI, Saharanpur, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh - Entrance Exam, Admit Card, Result 2021|website=collegeindia.in|date=2021-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.northhilleducation.com/iti/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/28875-madani-technical-institute-mti-saharanpur/|title=Madani Technical Institute - MTI, Saharanpur, Saharanpur Admission, Contact, Website, Facilities|website=www.northhilleducation.com|date=2021-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pmjdy.gov.in/files/Financial-Literacy/flc-bank/Private/Uttar%2520Pradesh.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjo6fu9-LPxAhWVfn0KHdElAcQQFjADegQIExAC&amp;usg=AOvVaw1YEjYgTIqxnmmfy0I3VeOB|title=Financial-Literacy|website=pmjdy.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of Deobandis]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{citation|last=Metcalf|first=Barbara|author-link=Barbara Metcalf|title=Husain Ahmad Madani: The Jihad for Islam and India's Freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQjrAQAAQBAJ|year=2012|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-210-6|ref={{sfnref|Metcalf, Husain Ahmad Madani|2012}}}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Moj |first=Muhammad |title=The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-389-3 |ref={{sfnref|Moj, The Deoband Madrassah Movement|2015}}}}<br /> * {{cite book|title=Shaikhulislam Maulana Husain Ahmad Madni: Ek Savani va Tarikhi Mutalaah|last=Wahidi|first=Faridul|year=1992|publisher=Qaumi Kitab Ghar|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=29236286|lccn=92903430}}<br /> * {{cite book|title=শায়খুল হিন্দ মাওলানা মাহমুদ হাসান দেওবন্দি রহ. জীবন ও কর্ম|last1=Adrawi|first1=Nizamuddin Asir|author-link=Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi|last2=Nadvi|first2=Asjad Qasemi|year=2017|publisher=Shaykhul Hind Academy; Maktabatul Hera|location=[[Deoband]]; [[Dhaka]]|page=73|translator=Siddiq, Abul Kalam|oclc=47168064}}<br /> * {{cite book|url=https://islamicfoundation.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/islamicfoundation.portal.gov.bd/publications/ae553c25_ccc5_45f8_b3bb_4caa7e0bc2aa/Jiboni%20grontho.pdf|title=শায়খুল ইসলাম হযরত মাওলানা হুসাইন আহমদ মাদানি রহ.|last=Ahmad|first=Dr. Mushtaq|year=2000|publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]]|location=[[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]}}<br /> * {{cite book|title=Maktubat-i Shaikhulislam|last=Islahi|first=Najmuddin|year=1952|publisher=Madani Library|location=[[Gujranwala]]|language=Ur|oclc=20069582}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons}}<br /> *Al-E'tidaal Fi Maraatib ar-Rijaal (English Translation), Islamic Book Service, Pages 34–35<br /> *Aap Beeti (English Translation), Darul Isha'at, Pages 375–376<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|Biography|Islam|India}}<br /> {{Hussain Ahmad Madani}}<br /> {{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}<br /> {{Hanafi scholars}}<br /> {{Maturidi}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Madani, Hussain Ahmad}}<br /> [[Category:Hanafis]]<br /> [[Category:Maturidis]]<br /> [[Category:Deobandis]]<br /> [[Category:Hadith scholars]]<br /> [[Category:Shaykh al-Islāms]]<br /> [[Category:Sunni Sufis]]<br /> [[Category:Critics of Wahhabism]]<br /> [[Category:Indian independence activists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature &amp; education]]<br /> [[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]<br /> [[Category:People from Unnao district]]<br /> [[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Principals of Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br /> [[Category:1879 births]]<br /> [[Category:1957 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]<br /> [[Category:Presidents of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]<br /> [[Category:Burials at Qasmi Cemetery]]<br /> [[Category:Hussain Ahmad Madani]]<br /> [[Category:Sheikh al-Hadith of Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Majlis-e-Shura of Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br /> [[Category:Founders of Jamia Millia Islamia]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patiala_School_for_the_Deaf-blind&diff=524780 2026-02-22T03:05:19Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: made a post - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox school<br /> | name = Patiala School for the Deaf-blind<br /> | image =<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | address = Village Saifdipur, Behind Punjabi University<br /> | city = [[Patiala]]<br /> | district = <br /> | state = [[Punjab, India|Panjab]]<br /> | postal_code = 147001<br /> | country = India<br /> | latitude = <br /> | longitude = <br /> | schooltype = [[Special education|Special school]]<br /> | established = {{Start date|2011|1|26|df=yes}}<br /> | status = Open<br /> | superintendent = <br /> | principal = <br /> | viceprincipal = <br /> | administrator = <br /> | director = <br /> | campus_type = <br /> | athletic_conference = <br /> | motto = <br /> | rival = <br /> | mascot = <br /> | school colors = <br /> | gender = <br /> | enrollment = <br /> | classes = 1st–10th<br /> | language = <br /> | enrollment_as_of = <br /> | affiliations = [[Punjab School Education Board|PSEB]]<br /> | communities = <br /> | feeder_schools = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | picture = <br /> | website = [http://www.patialaschool.org www.patialaschool.org]<br /> | free_label = Manager<br /> | free_text = [[Society for Welfare of the Handicapped]]<br /> | online news = <br /> | newspaper = <br /> | yearbook = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Patiala School for the Deaf-blind''' is a [[special school]] for deaf-blind children, or multiple disabilities, in Patiala city of Panjab.&lt;ref name=ps&gt;{{cite web |url = http://patialaschool.org/inner/psfordeaf.html |title = Patiala School for Deaf |publisher = patialaschool.org |accessdate = 16 November 2014 |archive-date = 8 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200208221621/http://patialaschool.org/inner/psfordeaf.html |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=islpro&gt;{{cite web |url = http://islpro.org/schools-for-the-deaf/ |title = Schools for the deaf |publisher = islpro.org |accessdate = 16 November 2014 |archive-date = 7 November 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141107225819/http://islpro.org/schools-for-the-deaf/ |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Society for Welfare of the Handicapped'' started the school in 2011.&lt;ref name=uri&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.uri.org/files/static_page_files/swh_simplex.pdf |title = SOCIETY FOR WELFARE OF THE HANDICAPPED (REGD) |format = PDF |publisher = www.uri.org |date = |accessdate = 19 November 2014 |archive-date = 29 November 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129051823/https://www.uri.org/files/static_page_files/swh_simplex.pdf |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ps/&gt;<br /> <br /> The school is the 3rd of its kind in India.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Mahant Gurbanta Das School for Deaf &amp; Dumb]], Bathinda<br /> * [[Vatika High School for Deaf &amp; Dumb]], Chandigarh<br /> * [[Patiala School for the Deaf]]<br /> * [[Patiala School for the Blind]]<br /> * [[Umeed Red Cross School for Hearing Impaired]], Faridkot<br /> * [[Khosla School for the Deaf]], Jalandhar<br /> * [[School for Deaf]], Barnala<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Schools for the deaf}}<br /> {{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Schools for the deaf in Punjab]]<br /> [[Category:Schools for the blind in Punjab]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 2011]]<br /> [[Category:2011 establishments in Punjab, India]]<br /> <br /> {{PunjabIN-school-stub}}</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malda_Town_railway_station&diff=515401 2026-02-05T10:55:45Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Railway Station in West Bengal, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Malda Town<br /> | other_name = <br /> | style = Indian Railways<br /> | type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station <br /> | image = Malda Town Railway Station.jpg<br /> | address = [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]] Sarani, [[English Bazar]], [[Malda district]], [[West Bengal]]<br /> | country = {{flag|India}}<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25.0162|N|88.1302|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | elevation = {{convert|30|m|ft}}<br /> | owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]<br /> | line = * [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]]<br /> | tracks = 26<br /> | structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]<br /> | platform = 7<br /> | parking = {{color|green|Available}} {{rint|parking}}<br /> | status = {{color|green|Active}}<br /> | code = {{Indian railway code<br /> | code = MLDT<br /> | zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]<br /> | division = {{rwd|Malda}}<br /> }}<br /> | opened = {{start date and age|1959}}<br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = Yes<br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Eastern Railway zone|left=Gour Malda|right=Old Malda Junction|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=New Jalpaiguri Junction|type=[[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]] }}<br /> | map_type = India West Bengal#India<br /> | map_dot_label = <br /> | map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-caption = Interactive map<br /> | mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Malda Town Railway Station''' is a railway station on the [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]] under [[Malda railway division]] of [[Eastern Railway zone]]. It serves the city of [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. One of the first two [[Amrit Bharat Express]] trains originating from this station towards [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|SMVT Bengaluru station]] was flagged off on 30 December 2023. It is 89th number railway station out of top 100 railway station of India in terms of revenue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-12-22 |title=Amrit Bharat train: PM Modi likely to flag of new push-pull train for common man between Ayodhya and Darbhanga - check top features |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/amrit-bharat-train-pm-modi-flag-off-ayodhya-darbhanga-lord-ram-goddess-sita-birthplace-mithilanchal-new-push-pull-train-features/articleshow/106210446.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-23 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Verma |first=Shivam |date=22 December 2023 |title=PM Modi to flag off 5 Vande Bharat, 2 Amrit Bharat trains on December 30, check details here |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pm-modi-to-flag-off-5-vande-bharat-2-amrit-bharat-trains-on-december-30-check-details-here-3072293}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Malda Town Railway Station at night.jpg|thumb|left|Malda Town railway station at night]]<br /> [[File:Malda Town.jpg|thumb|left|Station name plate]]<br /> In the early 1960s, when [[Farakka Barrage]] was being constructed, a radical change was made in the railway system north of the [[Ganges]]. Indian Railways created a new broad-gauge rail link from Kolkata.&lt;ref name=njp&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/rinbad-siliguri.html|title = India: the complex history of the junctions at Siliguri and New Jalpaiguri | publisher= IRFCA|access-date = 2011-11-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The {{convert|2240|m|abbr=on}} long Farakka Barrage carries a rail-cum-road bridge across the Ganges. The rail bridge was opened in 1971 thereby linking the [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop]] to Malda, [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]] and other railway stations in North Bengal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Salman|first1=Salman M. A.|last2=Uprety|first2=Kishor|title=Conflict and cooperation on South Asia's international rivers: a legal perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&amp;pg=PA135|access-date= 2011-07-05|year=2002|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-5352-3|pages=135–136}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=timeline&gt;{{cite web| url = http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm| title = Indian Railway History timeline|first=R. P.|last=Saxena| access-date = 2011-11-20| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm| archive-date = 14 July 2012| df = dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Busy station===<br /> Malda Town railway station is amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railways.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=2012-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; One of the reasons for it being a busy station is that every train that passes through the station stops here since it is the meeting point of two railway zones (i.e. The [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] and the [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]). To the north of the station starts the [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]] and to the south of it starts the [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]].<br /> <br /> ==Malda railway division==<br /> <br /> [[Malda railway division]] is one of the four railway divisions under the Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways. This railway division was formed in 1984 and its headquarters is located at Malda in the state of West Bengal, India. There are two A-1 stations under [[Malda railway division]], viz. Malda Town railway station and [[Bhagalpur railway station]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121224/jsp/siliguri/story_16353502.jsp#.UTHAmKAfGt8 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130220073916/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121224/jsp/siliguri/story_16353502.jsp#.UTHAmKAfGt8 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 20 February 2013 |title = Malda rail snip riles Congress|work=The Telegraph|date=24 December 2012| access-date = 2013-03-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Diesel Loco Shed, Malda Town==<br /> Malda Diesel Shed was established in 1984.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Malda Diesel Shed, N.F. Railway |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/DLS/nfr/Malda%20Town.pdf |publisher=Indian Railways.gov |access-date=7 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; This loco shed comes under the jurisdiction of the Northeast Frontier Railway zone, even though Malda Town comes under the Eastern Railway zone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board) |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,1,304,366,541,710,717 |access-date=29 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Serial No. !! Locomotive Class !! Horsepower !! Quantity <br /> |-<br /> |1. || [[WDM-3D]] || 3300 || 11<br /> |-<br /> |2. || [[WAG-9]] || 6120 || 167<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; |'''Total Locomotives Active as of February 2026'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Electric Loco Holding |url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html |access-date=29 May 2025 |website=Railnet |archive-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520042505/http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;||178<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Amenities==<br /> The major facilities available are Waiting rooms, retiring rooms, computerised reservation facility, Reservation Counter, Vehicle parking etc. The vehicles are allowed to enter the station premises. There are vegetarian and non-vegetarian refreshment rooms, tea stalls, book stalls, post and telegraphic office and Government Railway Police (G.R.P.) office. Automatic ticket vending machines are installed to reduce the queue for train tickets on the station. This station is being redeveloped under the Amrit Bharat Station Scheme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Press Release: Press Information Bureau |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1897980 |access-date=29 May 2025 |website=PIB India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Platforms==<br /> There are seven platforms in Malda Town railway station. The platforms are interconnected with three foot overbridges. Escalators are installed at each of the platforms. There are twenty-five lines of which 7 are along platforms, whereas the rest are loop lines.<br /> ==Tourism==<br /> The ruins of the historic cities of Gour &amp; [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]] can be visited from the proximity of Malda Town railway station.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IndiaRailInfo|441}}<br /> * {{Wikivoyage inline|Gour-Pandua}}<br /> * {{Wikivoyage inline|Malda City}}<br /> <br /> {{Railway stations in West Bengal}}<br /> {{Malda topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1959]]<br /> [[Category:Malda railway division]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Malda district]]<br /> [[Category:Maldah]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Maldah]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jahanabad_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=505193 2026-01-28T21:45:05Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Bihar}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | name = Jahanabad<br /> | map_image = <br /> | state = [[Bihar]]<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = <br /> | assembly_cons =[[Arwal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Arwal]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kurtha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurtha]]&lt;br&gt;[[Jehanabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jehanabad]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ghosi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghosi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Makhdumpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Makhdumpur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Atri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Atri]]<br /> | mp = [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Chandeshwar Prasad]], [[File:Chandeshwar Prasad.jpg|20px]] [[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> !#<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024 lead<br /> |-<br /> |214<br /> |[[Arwal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Arwal]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Arwal district|Arwal]]<br /> |Manoj Sharma<br /> |style=background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=6}}<br /> |-<br /> |215<br /> |[[Kurtha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurtha]]<br /> |Pappu Kumar Verma<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br /> |-<br /> |216<br /> |[[Jehanabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jehanabad]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]]<br /> |Rahul Sharma<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br /> |-<br /> |217<br /> |[[Ghosi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghosi]]<br /> |Rituraj Sharma<br /> |style=background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|<br /> |[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br /> |-<br /> |218<br /> |[[Makhdumpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Makhdumpur]] (SC)<br /> |Subedar Das<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br /> |-<br /> |233<br /> |[[Atri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Atri]]<br /> |[[Gaya district|Gaya]]<br /> |Romit Kumar<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM(S)]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> {{noteslist}}<br /> <br /> == Members of Parliament ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Name<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Satyabhama Devi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Chandrasekhar Singh]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]<br /> |Hari Lal Prasad Sinha <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]<br /> |[[Mahendra Prasad]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Ramashray Prasad Singh]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]<br /> |[[Surendra Prasad Yadav ]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]<br /> |[[Arun Kumar (Bihar politician)|Arun Kumar]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Janata Dal (United)]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]<br /> |[[Ganesh Prasad Singh]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]<br /> |[[Jagdish Sharma]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Janata Dal (United)]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]<br /> |[[Arun Kumar (Bihar politician)|Arun Kumar]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Samata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]<br /> |[[Chandeshwar Prasad]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Janata Dal (United)]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |[[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2024===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Jehanabad|Jahanabad]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate=[[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]<br /> |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |votes=4,53,035<br /> |percentage=47.88<br /> |change={{increase}}5.93}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Chandeshwar Prasad]]<br /> |party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |votes = 3,00,444<br /> |percentage = 32.47<br /> |change = {{decrease}}9.70<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Arun Kumar (Bihar politician) | Dr. Arun Kumar]]<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = 86,380<br /> |percentage = 9.33<br /> |change = {{increase}}6.92<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=11,055|percentage=1.19|change={{decrease}}2.29}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=1,52,591 |percentage=15.41|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=9,27,696 |percentage=55.26|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |loser = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Jehanabad|Jahanabad]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=[[Chandeshwar Prasad]] |votes=3,35,584|percentage=42.17|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=[[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]|votes=3,33,833|percentage=41.95}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Samata Party (Secular)|candidate= [[Arun Kumar (Bihar politician)|Dr. Arun Kumar]]|votes=34,558|percentage=4.34}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=27,683|percentage=3.48}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Nitya Nand Singh|votes=19,211|percentage=2.41}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=1,751|percentage=0.22|change = -5.00}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=8,22,233|percentage=51.76|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner =Janata Dal (United)<br /> |loser =Rashtriya Lok Samata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Jehanabad|Jahanabad]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf | title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2015-09-23 |page=80}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=web-arch-turnout&gt;{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |publisher=ECI New Delhi |access-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=June 6, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Rashtriya Lok Samata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Arun Kumar (Bihar politician)|Dr. Arun Kumar]]<br /> |votes = 3,22,647<br /> |percentage = 39.76 <br /> |change = ''New''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]<br /> |votes = 2,80,307<br /> |percentage = 34.54 <br /> |change = -1.14<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |candidate = Anil Kumar Sharma<br /> |votes = 1,00,851<br /> |percentage = 12.43 <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation<br /> |candidate = Ramadhar Singh<br /> |votes =34,365<br /> |percentage =4.23<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate |<br /> |party = [[Independent politician|IND]]<br /> |candidate = Nityanand Singh<br /> |votes =10,625<br /> |percentage =1.31<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 42,340<br /> |percentage = 5.22<br /> |change = +1.6<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 8,11,852<br /> |percentage = 57.04<br /> |change = +10.11<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Rashtriya Lok Samata Party <br /> |loser = Janata Dal (United) <br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Arwal district]]<br /> * [[Jehanabad district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/jahanabad/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Jahanabad lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br /> {{Patna Division topics}}<br /> {{Magadh Division topics}}<br /> {{Bihar elections}}<br /> {{coord|25.2|85.0|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Arwal district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Jehanabad district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Gaya district]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengali_phonology&diff=490455 2026-01-28T16:43:56Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: started.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Phonology of the Bengali language}}<br /> {{Self-reference|For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Bengali for Wikipedia articles, see [[Help:IPA/Bengali]].}}<br /> {{IPA notice}}<br /> The phonology of [[Bengali language|Bengali]], like that of its neighbouring [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]], is characterised by a wide variety of [[diphthong]]s and [[inherent vowel|inherent]] [[back vowel]]s (both {{IPAslink|o̞|o}} and {{IPAslink|ɔ}}).<br /> <br /> ==Phonemic inventory==<br /> [[File:Bengali vowel chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.13|Standard Bangladeshi Bengali vowel chart, from {{Harvcoltxt|Khan|2010|p=222}}|class=skin-invert-image]]<br /> [[Phoneme|Phonemically]], Bengali features 29 consonants, 7 oral vowels (8 if non-native /ʌ/ is counted), and up to 7 [[nasalization|nasalized vowels]]. In the tables below, the sounds are given in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |+ Oral vowels<br /> ! || [[Front vowel|Front]] || [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]]<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Close vowel|Close]]<br /> | {{IPA link|i}} || || {{IPA link|u}}{{efn|name=u|The phonetic quality of /u/ may also be a fully back near-close rounded vowel [{{IPA link|ʊ}}].{{sfnp|Khan|2010|p=222}}}}{{efn|name=w|The semivowels /o̯ u̯/ may be merged as [{{IPA link|w}}] as a result of [[fortition]], especially in loan words e.g. {{lang|bn|ওয়াদা}} {{IPA|[wad̪a~o̯ad̪a]}} 'promise', {{lang|bn|উইলিয়াম}} {{IPA|[wiliam~u̯iliam]}} 'William'.}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]<br /> | {{IPA link|e}} || || {{IPA link|o}}{{efn|name=w}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]<br /> |{{IPA link|æ}}~{{IPA link|ɛ}}{{efn|name=fn1|{{IPA|/æ/}} never occurs outside of the initial syllable in native words, as it was originally and allophone of word-initial /e/ in some that later became phonemic via [[syncope]]. An example would be the word for &quot;alike&quot;, একই, original [ækoi̯] but now [æki]. of The main exceptions are when prefixes added to words starting জ্ঞা /ggæ/ (pronounced [gæ] when no prefixes are added but [gːæ] after a prefix is added). An example would be the word বিজ্ঞান /big.gæn/ [bigːæn] &quot;science&quot;, a combination of the prefix বি- /bi/ (denoting deliberation, distinction, order or opposition) to the word জ্ঞান /ggæn/ [gæn] &quot;knowledge&quot;. Some may choose to pronounce /æ/ in this environment as /a/, giving rise to the pronunciations [gan] (homophonous with গান &quot;song&quot;) &amp; [bigːan]. Examples of non-syllable initial /æ/ in this environment are rarer when the word doesn't start with জ্ঞা, but they do exist. (অন্যায় /ɔn.næe̯/ [ɔnːæe̯] &quot;Injustice&quot; from অ- /ɔ/ (denoting negation) &amp; ন্যায় /nnæe̯/ [næe̯] &quot;justice&quot;). The vowel is usually pronounced as a near-open [{{IPA link|æ}}]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Hanne-Ruth |title=Bengali: A Comprehensive Grammar (Routledge Comprehensive Grammars), 1 |date=25 November 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415411394 |page=23 |edition=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bengali romanization table |url=http://www.bahaistudies.net/asma/bengali_loc.pdf |website=Bahai Studies |access-date=4 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; but may also be pronounced and transcribed in IPA as open-mid [{{IPA link|ɛ}}],{{sfnp|Khan|2010|p=222}} depending on the speaker or variety.}}||<br /> ({{IPA link|ʌ}}){{efn| /ʌ/ is only found English loanwords containing the vowel /ʌ/, and is merged by most speakers with /a/ &amp; by some as /ɔ/.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Chatterji|1921|p=16}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> || {{IPA link|ɔ}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Open vowel|Open]]<br /> | || {{IPA link|ɐ|a}}{{efn|In onomatopoeias and polysyllabic words, /a/ is phonetically realised as the vowel [{{IPA link|ɐ}}].{{sfnp|Khan|2010|p=222}} In monosyllabic words, /a/ is realised as the more opened vowel [{{IPA link|ä}}~{{IPA link|äː}}].}} ||<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |+ Nasal vowels<br /> ! || [[Front vowel|Front]] || [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]]<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Close vowel|Close]]<br /> | {{IPA link|ĩ}} || || {{IPA link|ũ}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]<br /> |{{IPA link|ẽ}} || || {{IPA link|õ̞|õ}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]<br /> |({{IPA link|æ̃}}~{{IPA link|ɛ̃}}){{efn|name=~|Bengali is usually said to have 7 nasal vowels. However, whilst /æ̃~ɛ̃/ and /ɔ̃/ do not have minimal pairs between them and their oral counterparts, they are still phonetically distinct, which makes their phonemic status hard to define&lt;ref&gt;Islam (2018) &quot;Phonemic status of Bangla nasal vowels: A corpus study&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;}} || || ({{IPA link|ɔ̃}}){{efn|name=~}}<br /> |-<br /> ![[Open vowel|Open]]<br /> | || {{IPA link|ɐ̃|ã}}||<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |+ Consonants<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |<br /> ! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br /> ! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/&lt;br /&gt;[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br /> ! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]{{efn|True retroflex (''murdhonno'') consonants are not found in Bengali.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Mazumdar|first1=Bijaychandra|title=The history of the Bengali language|date=2000|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8120614529|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu/page/57 57]|edition=Repr. [d. Ausg.] Calcutta, 1920.|ref=The history of the Bengali language|quote=yet it is to be noted as a fact, that the [[cerebral consonant|cerebral]] letters are not so much cerebral as they are [[dental consonant|dental]] in our speech. If we carefully notice our pronunciation of the letters of the '{{lang|bn|ট}}' class we will see that we articulate '{{lang|bn|ট}}' and '{{lang|bn|ড}},' for example, almost like English T and D without turning up the tip of the tongue much away from the region of the teeth.|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu/page/57}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are [[apical consonant|apical]] [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] in western dialects. In other dialects, they are [[fronting (sound change)|fronted]] to [[apico-alveolar]].}}<br /> ! [[Palato-alveolar consonant|Palato-&lt;br /&gt;alveolar]]<br /> ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br /> ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]<br /> | {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}}{{efn|[{{IPA link|ɳ}}] may occur as an allophone of /{{IPA link|n}}/ in conjuncts with retroflex stops as it was the original sound for the letter ণ while in other words it is pronounced as [{{IPA link|n}}] like with the letter ন.}} || || || {{IPA link|ŋ}} ||<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Plosive]]/&lt;br /&gt;[[Affricate]]<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;small&gt;voiceless&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;unaspirated&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|t̪|t}} || {{IPA link|ʈ}} || {{IPA link|tʃ}}{{efn|name=fn2|Palato-alveolar affricates [tʃ] and [tʃʰ], and [dʒ] and [dʒʱ] can also be pronounced as alveolo-palatal affricates [{{IPA link|tɕ}}] and [tɕʰ], and [{{IPA link|dʑ}}] and [dʑʱ].}} || {{IPA link|k}} ||<br /> |-<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;aspirated&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|pʰ}}{{efn|name=fn3|/{{IPA|pʰ}}/ (written as {{angbr|{{lang|bn|ফ}}}}) is phonetically realised as either an aspirated stop [pʰ] or, commonly, fricative [{{IPA link|ɸ}}~{{IPA link|f}}]. The fricatives can additionally occur as an allophone of /pʰ/ in foreign loan words e.g. {{lang|bn|ফ্যান}} {{IPA|[ɸæn]}} 'fan'.}}|| {{IPA link|tʰ}} || {{IPA link|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA link|tʃʰ}}{{efn|name=fn2|}} || {{IPA link|kʰ}} ||<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;small&gt;voiced&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;unaspirated&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|d̪|d}} || {{IPA link|ɖ}} || {{IPA link|dʒ}}{{efn|name=fn2|}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}} ||<br /> |-<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;aspirated&lt;/small&gt;{{efn|The voiced aspirated (murmured) series is missing in the Eastern Bengali of Sylhet, Barak Valley, Cumilla, Tripura, Noakhali and Chittagong, where it is replaced by [[tone (linguistics)|tone]], as in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=102}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | {{IPA link|bʱ}}{{efn|name=fn4|/{{IPA|bʱ}}/ (written as {{angbr|{{lang|bn|ভ}}}}) is phonetically realised as either an aspirated stop [bʱ] or, much rarely, fricative [{{IPA link|β}}~{{IPA link|v}}]. The fricatives can additionally occur as an allophone of /bʱ/ in foreign loan words e.g. {{lang|bn|ভিসা}} {{IPA|[βisa]}} 'visa'.}} || {{IPA link|dʱ}} || {{IPA link|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA link|dʒʱ}}{{efn|name=fn2|}} || {{IPA link|ɡʱ}} ||<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fricative]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;small&gt;voiceless&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | || {{IPA link|s}}{{efn|{{IPA|/s/}} is a phoneme for many speakers of Standard Bengali (e.g. {{lang|bn|সিরকা}} {{IPA|/sirka/}} 'vinegar', {{lang|bn|অস্থির}} {{IPA|/ɔstʰir/}} 'uneasy', {{lang|bn|ব্যস}} {{IPA|/bas/}} or {{IPA|/bæs/}} 'enough'). For most speakers, {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/ʃ/}} are phonemically distinct ({{lang|bn|আস্তে}} {{IPA|/aste/}} 'softly' vs. {{lang|bn|আসতে}} {{IPA|/aʃte/}} 'to come'). For some, especially in [[Rajshahi]], there is no difference between {{lang|bn|স}} and {{lang|bn|শ}}, ({{lang|bn|বাস}} {{IPA|/bʌs/}} 'bus' vs. {{lang|bn|বাঁশ}} {{IPA|/bas/}} 'bamboo'); they have the same consonant sound. For some speakers, {{IPA|[s]}} can be analyzed as an allophone of either {{IPA|/ʃ/}} or {{IPA|/tʃʰ/}} ({{IPA|[ʃalam]}} for {{lang|bn|সালাম}} {{IPA|/salam/}} 'greetings' or {{lang|bn|বিচ্ছিরি}} {{IPA|[bitʃːʰiri]}} for {{lang|bn|বিশ্রী}} {{IPA|/bisːri/}} 'ugly'). Some loanwords that originally had {{IPA|/s/}} are now pronounced with {{IPA|[tʃʰ]}} in Standard Bengali ({{lang|bn|পছন্দ}} ''pochondo'' {{IPA|[pɔtʃʰondo]}} 'like', compared to Persian ''pasand'').}} || || {{IPA link|ʃ}} ||&lt;br /&gt;||<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;small&gt;voiced&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | || ({{IPA link|z}}){{efn|{{IPA|/z/}}: {{angbr|{{lang|bn|জ}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|bn|য}}}} may represent a voiced affricate {{IPAslink|dʒ}} in Standard Bengali words of native origin, but they can also represent {{IPAslink|z}} in foreign words and names ({{lang|bn|জাকাত}} {{IPA|/zakat/}} '[[zakah]] charity', {{lang|bn|আজিজ}} {{IPA|/aziz/}} 'Aziz'). Most foreign borrowings with {{IPA|/z/}} sound are replaced with {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, as in {{lang|bn|নামাজ}} {{IPA|/namadʒ/}} '[[namaz]]' and {{lang|bn|ডিজাইন}} {{IPA|/ɖidʒain/}} 'design'. However, a native ''s''/''z'' opposition has developed in Chittagonian Bengali. Additionally, some loanwords that originally had {{IPA|[z]}} are now pronounced with /{{IPA link|dʒ}}/ in Standard Bengali ({{lang|bn|সবজি}} {{IPA|/ʃobdʒi/}} 'vegetable', from Persian ''sabzi'').}} || || || || {{IPA link|ɦ}}{{efn|name=fn5|{{IPA|/ɦ/}}: [{{IPA link|h}}] occurs in word-initial or final positions while [{{IPA link|ɦ}}] occurs medially.}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Approximant]]<br /> | ({{IPA link|w}}){{efn|name=w}} || {{IPA link|l}} || || |({{IPA link|j}}){{Efn|{{IPA|[j]}} occurs in some pronunciations of Bengali vowel clusters as a result of the semivowels /e̯ i̯/ undergoing fortitional merging. This fortitional merging occurs in the same areas as the fortition /o̯ u̯/ to [w]. Examples include: {{lang|bn|নয়ন}} &quot;eye&quot; {{IPA|[nɔjon~nɔe̯on]}} {{lang|bn|ভাই}} &quot;brothers&quot; {{IPA|[bʱaj~bʱai̯]}}.}}<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;small&gt;unaspirated&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | || {{IPA|r}}{{efn|The {{IPA|/r/}} phoneme is pronounced either as a voiced alveolar tap [{{IPA link|ɾ}}], voiced alveolar approximant [{{IPA link|ɹ}}] or voiced alveolar trill [{{IPA link|r}}]. Most speakers colloquially pronounce /r/ as a tap [ɾ], although the trill [r] may occur word-initially (but very rarely); with the tap [ɾ] occurring medially and finally. /r/ can also occur as an approximant [ɹ], especially in some eastern dialects and sometimes in conjuncts before consonants.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Phonemes of Bengali&quot;&gt;{{harvcoltxt|Ferguson|Chowdhury|1960}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfnp|Khan|2010|pp=223–224}}}} || {{IPA link|ɽ}}{{efn|{{IPA|[ɽ]}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/ɖ/}} that occurs outside of word initial positions &amp; the clusters /ɖɖ/ /nɖ/ (realised phonetically as [d̠ː] &amp; [n̠d̠] respectively). Bengali dialects make alveolar {{IPA|/r/}} and postalveolar {{IPA|/ɽ/}} increasingly indistinct phonemically eastwards, and it is fully realised as alveolar in eastern dialects (including the Standard Bengali dialect spoken in Dhaka), where both may be phonetically realised as either [ɾ] or [ɹ]. Thus the pairs {{lang|bn|পড়ে}} {{IPA|/pɔɽe/}} 'reads'/'falls' vs. {{lang|bn|পরে}} {{IPA|/pɔre/}} 'wears'/'after', and {{lang|bn|করা}} {{IPA|/kɔra/}} 'do' vs. {{lang|bn|কড়া}} {{IPA|[kɔɽa]}} 'strict' can be homophonous.}} || || ||<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;small&gt;aspirated&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | || || ({{IPA link|ɽʱ}}){{Efn|{{IPA|[ɽʱ]}} is a non-word initial allophone of /ɖʱ/. It is distinct phonetically only in far western Bengali dialects (and some conservative speech), and usually pronounced as either as [ɾ̠] or as the many phonetic realisations of Bengali /r/ in most dialects.}} || || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Although the standard form of Bengali is largely uniform across Bangladesh and India, there are a few sounds that vary in pronunciation (in addition to the myriad variations in non-standard dialects):<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ===Consonant clusters===<br /> {{main|Bengali consonant clusters}}<br /> <br /> Native Bengali ({{lang|bn|তদ্ভব}} ''tôdbhôbo'') words do not allow initial [[consonant cluster]]s;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=125}}&lt;/ref&gt; the maximum syllabic structure is CVC (i.e. one vowel flanked by a consonant on each side). Many speakers of Bengali restrict their phonology to this pattern, even when using Sanskrit or English borrowings, such as {{lang|bn|গেরাম}} ''geram'' (CV.CVC) for {{lang|bn|গ্রাম}} ''gram'' (CCVC) meaning 'village' or {{lang|bn|ইস্কুল}} ''iskul'' / ''ishkul'' (VC.CVC) for {{lang|bn|স্কুল}} ''skul'' (CCVC) 'school'.<br /> <br /> Sanskrit ({{lang|bn|তৎসম}} ''tôtśômo'') words borrowed into Bengali, however, possess a wide range of clusters, expanding the maximum syllable structure to CCCVC. Some of these clusters, such as the {{IPA|[mr]}} in {{lang|bn|মৃত্যু}} ''mrittu'' ('death') or the {{IPA|[sp]}} in {{lang|bn|স্পষ্ট}} ''spôshṭo'' ('clear'), have become extremely common, and can be considered permitted consonant clusters in Bengali. English and other foreign ({{lang|bn|বিদেশী}} ''bideshi'') borrowings add even more cluster types into the Bengali inventory, further increasing the syllable capacity,{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} as commonly used loanwords such as {{lang|bn|ট্রেন}} ''ṭren'' ('train') and {{lang|bn|গ্লাস}} ''glash'' ('glass') are now included in leading Bengali dictionaries.<br /> <br /> Final consonant clusters are rare in Bengali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=126}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most final consonant clusters were borrowed into Bengali from English, as in {{lang|bn|লিফ্ট}} ''lifṭ'' ('elevator') and {{lang|bn|ব্যাংক}} ''beņk'' (&quot;bank'). However, final clusters do exist in some native Bengali words, although rarely in standard pronunciation. One example of a final cluster in a standard Bengali word would be {{lang|bn|গঞ্জ}} ''gônj'', which is found in names of hundreds of cities and towns across Bengal, including {{lang|bn|নবাবগঞ্জ}} ''Nôbabgônj'' and {{lang|bn|মানিকগঞ্জ}} ''Manikgônj''. Some nonstandard varieties of Bengali make use of final clusters quite often. For example, in some Purbo (eastern) dialects, final consonant clusters consisting of a nasal and its corresponding oral stop are common, as in {{lang|bn|চান্দ}} ''chand'' ('moon'). The Standard Bengali equivalent of ''chand'' would be {{lang|bn|চাঁদ}} ''chãd'', with a nasalized vowel instead of the final cluster.<br /> <br /> ===Diphthongs===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |+ Diphthongs<br /> ! IPA || Transliteration || Example<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/ii̯/}} || ii || {{Transliteration|bn|nii}} &quot;I take&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/iu̯/}} || iu || {{Transliteration|bn|biubhôl}} &quot;upset&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/ei̯/}} || ei || {{Transliteration|bn|dei}} &quot;I give&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/eu̯/}} || eu || {{Transliteration|bn|ḍheu}} &quot;wave&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/æe̯/}} || êe || {{Transliteration|bn|nêe}} &quot;they (singular) takes&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/ai̯/}} || ai || {{Transliteration|bn|pai}} &quot;I find&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/ae̯/}} || ae || {{Transliteration|bn|pae}} &quot;they (singular) find&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/au̯/}} || au || {{Transliteration|bn|pau}} &quot;sliced bread&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/ao̯/}} || ao || {{Transliteration|bn|pao}} &quot;you find&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/ɔe̯/}} || ôe || {{Transliteration|bn|nôe}} &quot;they (singular) are not&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/ɔo̯/}} || ôo || {{Transliteration|bn|nôo}} &quot;you are not&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/oi̯/}} || oi || {{Transliteration|bn|noi}} &quot;I am not&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/oo̯/}} || oo || {{Transliteration|bn|dhoo}} &quot;you wash&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/ou̯/}} || ou || {{Transliteration|bn|nouka}} &quot;boat&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/ui̯/}} || ui || {{Transliteration|bn|dhui}} &quot;I wash&quot;<br /> |}<br /> Magadhan languages such as Bengali are known for their wide variety of [[diphthongs]], or combinations of [[vowel]]s occurring within the same [[syllable]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=116}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two of these, {{IPA|/oi̯/}} and {{IPA|/ou̯/}}, are the only ones with representation in script, as {{lang|bn|ঐ}} and {{lang|bn|ঔ}} respectively. The semivowels {{IPA|/e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯/}} may all form the glide part of a diphthong. The total number of diphthongs is not established, with bounds at 17 and 31. Several vowel combinations can be considered true monosyllabic diphthongs, made up of the main vowel (the nucleus) and the trailing vowel (the off-glide).{{sfnp|Sarkar|1985}}{{page needed|date=September 2023}} Almost all other vowel combinations are possible, but only across two adjacent syllables, such as the disyllabic vowel combination {{IPA|[u.a]}} in {{lang|bn|কুয়া}} {{Transliteration|bn|kua}} ('well'). As many as 25 vowel combinations can be found, but some of the more recent combinations have not passed through the stage between two syllables and a diphthongal monosyllable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Chatterji|1926|pp=415–416}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Prosody==<br /> <br /> ===Stress===<br /> In standard Bengali, [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]] is predominantly initial. Bengali words are virtually all [[trochee|trochaic]]; the primary stress falls on the initial syllable of the word, while secondary stress often falls on all odd-numbered syllables thereafter, giving strings such as {{lang|bn|সহযোগিতা}} ''sahayogitā'' {{IPA|[ˈʃɔhoˌdʒoɡiˌta]}} ('cooperation'). The first syllable carries the greatest stress, with the third carrying a somewhat weaker stress, and all following odd-numbered syllables carrying very weak stress. However, in words borrowed from Sanskrit, the root syllable has stress, out of harmony with the situation with native Bengali words.&lt;ref name=&quot;suniti_stress&quot;&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Chatterji|1921|pp=19–20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also, in a declarative sentence, the stress is generally lowest on the last word of the sentence.<br /> <br /> Adding [[prefix (linguistics)|prefixes]] to a word typically shifts the stress to the left; for example, while the word {{lang|bn|সভ্য}} ''sabhya'' {{IPA|[ˈʃobbʱo]}} ('civilized') carries the primary stress on the first syllable, adding the [[negation|negative]] prefix {{IPA|/ɔ-/}} creates {{lang|bn|অসভ্য}} ''asabhya'' {{IPA|[ˈɔʃobbʱo]}} ('uncivilized'), where the primary stress is now on the newly added first syllable {{lang|bn|অ}} ''ô''. Word-stress does not alter the meaning of a word and is always subsidiary to sentence-level stress.&lt;ref name=&quot;suniti_stress&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Intonation===<br /> For Bengali words, intonation or pitch of voice have minor significance, apart from a few cases such as distinguishing between identical vowels in a diphthong. However, in sentences intonation does play a significant role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Chatterji|1921|p=20}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a simple [[declarative sentence]], most words and/or phrases in Bengali carry a rising tone,&lt;ref name=&quot;inton0&quot;&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Hayes|Lahiri|1991|p=56}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the exception of the last word in the sentence, which only carries a low tone. This [[Intonation (linguistics)|intonational]] pattern creates a musical tone to the typical Bengali sentence, with low and high tones alternating until the final drop in pitch to mark the end of the sentence.<br /> <br /> In sentences involving [[Focus (linguistics)|focused]] words and/or phrases, the rising tones only last until the focused word; all following words carry a low tone.&lt;ref name=&quot;inton0&quot;/&gt; This intonation pattern extends to [[wh-questions]], as wh-words are normally considered to be focused. In yes–no questions, the rising tones may be more exaggerated, and most importantly, the final syllable of the final word in the sentence takes a high falling tone instead of a flat low tone.&lt;ref name=&quot;inton1&quot;&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Hayes|Lahiri|1991|pp=57–58}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Vowel length===<br /> Like most Magadhan languages, [[vowel length]] is not contrastive in Bengali; all else equal, there is no meaningful distinction between a &quot;[[short vowel]]&quot; and a &quot;[[long vowel]]&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Bhattacharya|2000|p=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; unlike the situation in most Indo-Aryan languages. However, when [[morpheme]] boundaries come into play, vowel length can sometimes distinguish otherwise homophonous words. This is because [[open syllable|open]] monosyllables (i.e. words that are made up of only one [[syllable]], with that syllable ending in the main vowel and not a consonant) can have somewhat longer vowels than other syllable types.&lt;ref name=&quot;munier&quot;&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Ferguson|Chowdhury|1960|pp=16–18}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the vowel in ''ca'' ('tea') can be somewhat longer than the first vowel in ''caṭa'' ('licking'), as ''ca'' is a word with only one syllable, and no final consonant. The [[Affix|suffix]] ''ṭa'' ('the') can be added to ''ca'' to form ''caṭa'' ('the tea'), and the long vowel is preserved, creating a minimal pair ({{IPA|[ˈtʃaʈa]}} vs. {{IPA|[ˈtʃaˑʈa]}}). Knowing this fact, some interesting cases of apparent vowel length distinction can be found. In general, Bengali vowels tend to stay away from extreme vowel articulation.&lt;ref name=&quot;munier&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Furthermore, using a form of [[reduplication]] called &quot;echo reduplication&quot;, the long vowel in ''ca'' can be copied into the reduplicant ''ṭa'', giving ''caṭa'' ('tea and all that comes with it'). Thus, in addition to ''caṭa'' ('the tea') with a longer first vowel and ''caṭa'' ('licking') with no long vowels, we have ''caṭa'' ('tea and all that comes with it') with two longer vowels.<br /> <br /> ==Regional phonological variations==<br /> {{main|Bengali dialects}}<br /> {{more citations needed section|date=February 2020}}<br /> <br /> === Affricates and fricatives ===<br /> In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south-eastern [[Bangladesh]] ([[Barisal Division|Barisal]], [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]] and [[Sylhet Division]]s), and [[Tripura]] and [[Barak Valley]] of [[India]], many of the stops and [[Affricate consonant|affricates]] heard in the western and (south) central dialects are pronounced as [[Fricative consonant|fricatives]]. Western [[Palato-alveolar consonant|palato-alveolar]] and [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal affricates]] {{lang|bn|চ}} [{{IPA link|tɕ}}~{{IPA link|tʃ}}], {{lang|bn|ছ}} [{{IPA link|tɕʰ}}~{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}], {{lang|bn|জ}} [{{IPA link|dʑ}}~{{IPA link|dʒ}}], {{lang|bn|ঝ}} [{{IPA link|dʑʱ}}~{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}] correspond to eastern {{lang|bn|চ়}} [{{IPA link|ts}}~{{IPA link|s}}], {{lang|bn|স}} {{IPA|[s]}}, {{lang|bn|জ়}} [{{IPA link|z}}~{{IPA link|dz}}], {{lang|bn|য}} [{{IPA link|z}}~{{IPA link|zʱ}}].&lt;ref name=&quot;hajong2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Hajong |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=haj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115092134/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=haj |archive-date=15 November 2006 |access-date=6 July 2020 |publisher=The Ethnologue Report}}&lt;/ref&gt; Note that few Perso-Arabic borrowings containing the phoneme {{IPAblink|z}} are realised as such in all dialects.<br /> <br /> The unvoiced aspirated velar stop {{lang|bn|খ}} {{IPAblink|kʰ}}, the aspirated labial stop {{lang|bn|ফ}} {{IPAblink|pʰ}} and the voiced aspirated labial stop {{lang|bn|ভ}} {{IPAblink|bʱ}} of western-central Bengali dialects correspond to {{lang|bn|খ়}} [{{IPA link|x}}~{{IPA link|χ}}], {{lang|bn|ফ়}} [{{IPA link|ɸ}}~{{IPA link|f}}] and {{lang|bn|ভ়}} [{{IPA link|b}}~{{IPA link|β}}~{{IPA link|v}}] in eastern Bengali. These pronunciations are more prevalent in the [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] variety of northeastern Bangladesh and south Assam, the variety spoken by most of the Bengali community in the United Kingdom. Note that phonemic transcriptions from left to right for eastern Bengali dialects indicate the realizations further eastwards. Retroflexes lose aspiration and variously remain like that or become alveolar. Breathy voiced stops lose breathiness. The voiced velar stop {{lang|bn|গ}} [{{IPA link|g}}] can fricative to {{Lang|bn|গ়}} [{{IPA link|ɣ}}], and is mostly lost afterwards. The stops {{lang|bn|ঘ থ ধ ঠ ঢ}} are relatively stable across dialects that do not lose aspiration, remaining [{{IPA link|gʱ t̪ʰ d̪ʱ ʈʰ ɖʰ}}]. The first 3 stops may be phonetically realised as affricates [{{IPA link|gɣ t̪θ d̪ð}}] by a few speakers, though this is extremely rare and idiosyncratic. {{lang|bn|থ}} [{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}] and {{lang|bn|দ}} [{{IPA link|d̪}}] in English loanwords fricatise to {{Lang|bn|থ়}} {{IPAblink|θ}} and {{lang|bn|দ়}} respectively in the speech of educated speakers (Bengali approximates English {{IPAslink|ð}} as {{Lang|bn|দ}} {{IPAblink|d̪}}, not {{Lang|bn|ধ}} {{IPAblink|d̪ʱ}}), though this realisation isn't used in native words.<br /> <br /> Many eastern Bengali dialects share phonological features with Assamese, including the debuccalisation of {{Lang|bn|স}}, {{Lang|bn|শ}} &amp; {{Lang|bn|ষ}} {{IPAblink|ʃ}} to {{Lang|bn|হ}} {{IPAblink|h}} (but not to {{Lang|bn|খ়}} {{IPAblink|x}}).{{sfnp|Khan|2010|pp=223–224}}<br /> <br /> ===Substrate and Tibeto-Burman influence===<br /> The influence of older [[substrate language|substrate]] and [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] on the phonology is more observable in eastern Bengali dialects, and becomes increasingly prominent eastwards. In dialects of the [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]], [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]], [[Chittagong Division]]s of Bangladesh (and bordering areas of [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]] and [[Barishal Division]]s), and [[Tripura]] and [[Barak Valley]] of India, [[alveolar consonants|alveolar stops]] are realised in place of [[Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar stops]] {{lang|bn|ট}} {{IPA|[t̠]}}, {{lang|bn|ঠ}} {{IPA|[t̠ʰ]}}, {{lang|bn|ড}} {{IPA|[d̠]}}, and {{lang|bn|ঢ}} {{IPA|[d̠ʱ]}}, resembling the equivalent phonemes in Southeast Asian languages such as [[Thai language|Thai]] and [[Lao language|Lao]].<br /> <br /> In the phonology of far western Bengali, the distinction between the alveolar tap {{lang|bn|র}} {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, and postalveolar taps {{lang|bn|ড়}} {{IPA|[ɽ]}} and {{lang|bn|ঢ়}} {{IPA|[ɽʱ~ɽ]}} is clear and distinct like Indian languages further west. However, the distinction is often less clear in western and central dialects (unless in careful or conservative speech), and fully lost in eastern dialects, where both tap sounds are realised as either the alveolar tap or the alveolar approximant [{{IPA|ɹ}}], similar to [[Assamese language|Assamese]] {{lang|as|ৰ}}, due to older substrate and Tibeto-Burman influence.{{sfnp|Khan|2010|pp=223–224}} Far eastern Bengali dialects tend not to distinguish aspirated voiced stops {{lang|bn|ঘ}} {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}}, {{lang|bn|ঝ}} {{IPA|[dʑʱ]}} (often fricativized instead), {{lang|bn|ঢ}} {{IPA|[d̠ʱ]}}, {{lang|bn|ধ}} {{IPA|[dʱ]}}, and {{lang|bn|ভ}} {{IPA|[bʱ]}} from their unaspirated equivalents, with some dialects treating them as allophones of each other and other dialects replacing the former with the latter completely. Note that {{lang|bn|ঢ়}} is realised as {{IPA|[ɽ]}} but not as {{IPA|[ɽʱ]}} in all Bengali dialects (including the standard one) except for far western ones (in [[Jharkhand]] and western parts of [[West Bengal]]).<br /> <br /> Some variants of the [[Bengali language|Bengali]], particularly the Chittagonian, [[Noakhali language|Noakhailla]] and Sylheti, have contrastive tone and so differences in pitch can distinguish words. There is also a distinction between {{lang|bn|ই}} and {{lang|bn|ঈ}} in many northern Bangladeshi [[Bengali dialects]]. {{lang|bn|ই}} represents the uncommon {{IPAblink|ɪ}}, but {{lang|bn|ঈ}} the standard {{IPAblink|i}} used for both letters in most other dialects.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Bengali alphabet]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{citation<br /> |last=Bhattacharya<br /> |first=Tanmoy<br /> |year=2000<br /> |chapter=Bangla (Bengali)<br /> |title=Encyclopedia of World's Languages: Past and Present (Facts About the World's Languages)<br /> |publisher=WW Wilson<br /> |place=New York<br /> |editor-last=Gary<br /> |editor-first=Jane<br /> |editor2-last=Rubino<br /> |editor2-first=Carl<br /> |chapter-url=http://people.du.ac.in/~tanmoy/bong_us.pdf<br /> |isbn=978-0-8242-0970-4<br /> }}<br /> * {{citation<br /> |last=Chatterji<br /> |first=S.K.<br /> |year=1921<br /> |title=Bengali Phonetics<br /> |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies<br /> |volume=2<br /> |pages=1–25<br /> |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0010179X<br /> |s2cid=246637825<br /> |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1549580<br /> }}<br /> * {{citation<br /> |last=Chatterji<br /> |first=S.K.<br /> |year=1926<br /> |title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language<br /> |publisher=Calcutta University Press<br /> }}<br /> * {{citation<br /> |last1=Ferguson<br /> |first1=C.A.<br /> |last2=Chowdhury<br /> |first2=M.<br /> |year=1960<br /> |title=The Phonemes of Bengali: Part 1<br /> |journal=Language<br /> |volume=36<br /> |issue=1<br /> |pages=22–59<br /> |doi=10.2307/410622<br /> |jstor=410622<br /> }}<br /> * {{citation<br /> |last1=Hayes<br /> |first1=B.<br /> |last2=Lahiri<br /> |first2=A.<br /> |year=1991<br /> |title=Bengali intonational phonology<br /> |journal=[[Natural Language &amp; Linguistic Theory]]<br /> |doi=10.1007/BF00133326<br /> |volume=9<br /> |page=47<br /> |s2cid=170109876<br /> }}<br /> * {{citation<br /> |last=Khan<br /> |first=Sameer ud Dowla<br /> |year=2010<br /> |title=Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)<br /> |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association<br /> |volume=40<br /> |issue=2<br /> |pages=221–225<br /> |url=http://www.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%202010%20Bengali%20Bangladeshi%20standard.pdf<br /> |doi=10.1017/S0025100310000071<br /> |doi-access=free<br /> }}<br /> * {{citation<br /> |last=Masica<br /> |first=C.<br /> |year=1991<br /> |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages<br /> |publisher=Cambridge University Press<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Sarkar|first1=Pabitra|title=Bangla diswar dhoni|date=1985|publisher=Bhasa |location=Kolkata}} &lt;!-- This looks suspiciously like a self-published source --&gt;<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> {{Language phonologies}}<br /> {{Bengali language topics|state=expanded}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Phonology}}<br /> [[Category:Bengali grammar]]<br /> [[Category:Indo-Aryan phonologies]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopard_of_Gummalapur&diff=512103 2025-12-20T18:02:45Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: Redirect page</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)#Outdoors and writings]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from merge}}<br /> {{R printworthy}}<br /> {{R to section}}<br /> {{R with Wikidata item}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Individual leopards]]<br /> [[Category:Man-eating animals in India]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Brahminism&diff=471096 2025-12-18T05:35:54Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: brief correct lead for clarity and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Opposition to Brahminism}}<br /> {{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br /> {{Citation style|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Politics of India}}<br /> '''Anti-Brahminism''' is a term used in opposition to [[caste system|caste]] based [[Hierarchy|hierarchal]] social order which places [[Brahmins]] at its highest position.{{sfn|Rao|2009|p=49}}&lt;ref name=Bhargava/&gt; Initial expressions of Anti-Brahminism emerged from instances of pre-colonial opposition to the [[caste system in India]], ideological influences during the colonial period,{{sfn|Novetzke|2011}} and from a colonialist Protestant Christian understanding of religion in the 19th century, which viewed &quot;[[Brahminism]]&quot; as a corrupted religion imposed on the Indian population.{{sfn|Gelders|Delders|2003}}<br /> <br /> [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]] and some Hindu Reformists structured their criticism along similar lines following the 19th century criticism of &quot;Brahminism,&quot;{{sfn|Gelders|Delders|2003}} opposing the dominant position Brahmins had acquired by the time of British rule in the 19th century.<br /> <br /> However, anti-Brahminism has also manifested as an anti-Brahmin sentiment, notably during the [[Dravidian movement]] and the [[Self-Respect Movement]] in the 20th century, and even in the 21st century among some followers of [[Periyar]].<br /> <br /> ==Definitions==<br /> &quot;Brahminism&quot; refers both to the historical [[Brahminism|Brahmanical tradition and ideology]] of the late [[Vedic period]] (ca.1100-500 BCE), as to<br /> {{blockquote|...a sociopolitical ideology that encodes a memory of an ideal past and a vision of society in the future, one in which Brahmins occupy the highest place [...] their superior position in society and their superior knowledge stems from birth. This makes them naturally, intrinsically superior to all other humans [...] Brahmanism then is the most perfect form of conservatism, a status quoist ideology par excellence, entirely suitable to elites who wish to perpetuate their social status, power and privilege.&lt;ref name=Bhargava/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> &quot;Anti-Brahminism&quot; or &quot;Non-Brahminism&quot; is a movement in opposition to caste based discrimination and hierarchical social order which places [[Brahmins]] at its highest position.{{sfn|Rao|2009|p=49}}&lt;ref name=Bhargava/&gt; [[B. R. Ambedkar]] stated:<br /> {{blockquote|By Brahmanism, I do not mean the power, privileges and interests of Brahmins as a community. That is not the sense in which I am using the word. By Brahmanism, I mean the negation of the spirit of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Police action over actor Chetan Kumar's remarks sparks row in Karnataka|website=The Hindu|last=Bharadwaj|first=K. V. Aditya|date=July 2, 2021|location=Bengaluru, Karnataka|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/police-action-over-actor-chetan-kumars-remarks-sparks-row-in-karnataka/article35100813.ece|archive-date=July 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702134021/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/police-action-over-actor-chetan-kumars-remarks-sparks-row-in-karnataka/article35100813.ece}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> ===Pre-Colonial times===<br /> According to Novetzke, initial expressions of Anti-Brahminism emerged from instances of pre-colonial opposition to the caste system, ideological influences during the colonial period.{{sfn|Novetzke|2011}}<br /> <br /> === 19th century colonialism ===<br /> {{expand section|date=July 2021}}<br /> <br /> According to Gelders and Delders, the structure of present-day anti-Brahminism has its roots in 19th century India and colonial views on the position and influence of Brahmins. 19th century colonial rulers viewed India's culture as corrupt and degenerate, and its population irrational. In this view, derived from a Protestant Christian understanding of religion, rooted in the Protestant opposition against the Catholic Church, the original &quot;God-given religion&quot; was corrupted by (Catholic) priests, which was extended by comparison to the Brahmins in India, and the Brahmin-dominated type of [[Hinduism]], for which the term &quot;[[Brahminism]]&quot; was used, was supposedly imposed on the Indian population.{{sfn|Gelders|Delders|2003}}<br /> <br /> ===20th century===<br /> In the late 19th and early 20th century, with the rise of nationalist and rationalist movements, criticism against Brahminism came from both Brahmins and from low-caste Hindu communities. Ambedkar along with Hindu Reformists, structured their criticism along similar lines following the 19th century criticism of &quot;Brahminism.&quot;{{sfn|Gelders|Delders|2003}}<br /> <br /> According to Beteille, in [[Tamil Nadu]] the traditional position of Brahmins had been enforced with the beginning of British rule, profiting from western education and turning to an urban lifestyle.{{sfn|Béteille|1969|p=209}} They monopolized the new urban jobs and entered the [[Indian Civil Service]], gaining strongholds in government and bureaucracy,{{sfn|Béteille|1969|p=209}} and also dominated the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]].{{sfn|Béteille|1969|p=210}} This widened the gap between Brahmins and non-Brahmins, but opposition quickly mounted.{{sfn|Béteille|1969|p=210}} Anti-Brahminism became organized with the formation of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] in late 1916 in Tamil Nadu. This party was composed of non-Brahmins (who were typically part of either the [[feudal]] castes, land-owning agricultural castes, or merchant castes) and was committed to enhancing the opportunities for non-Brahmins.{{sfn|Clothey|2006}} With the dawn of the 20th century, and the rapid penetration of western education and western ideas, there was a rise in consciousness amongst the lower castes who felt that rights which were legitimately theirs were being denied to them.{{sfn|Béteille|1969|p=210}} In 1920, when the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] came to power, Brahmins occupied about 70 percent of the high level posts in the government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Superiority in Numbers|date=April 22, 2006|website=Tehelka|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main17.asp?filename=Ne042206superiority.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918002111/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main17.asp?filename=Ne042206superiority.asp|archive-date=September 18, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; After reservation was introduced by the Justice Party, it reversed this trend, allowing non-Brahmins to rise in the government of the [[Madras Presidency]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} In the 1930s, anti-Brahmanism was disseminated among the masses by the [[Self-Respect Movement]].{{sfn|Béteille|1969|p=211}}<br /> <br /> One of the most prominent proponents of Anti-Brahminism was [[Dalit]] leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. Another prominent proponent was Dravidian leader [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}<br /> <br /> Periyar called on both Brahmins and non-Brahmins to shun Brahminism.{{sfn|Omvedt|2006|p=95}} However, Ramaswamy did make incendiary statements towards the encouragement of violence against the Brahmin community: &quot;''Pambaium parpanaium partha parpanai adi''&quot; — If you see a snake and a Brahmin, beat the Brahmin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pandian |first=Jacob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73msCkfD5V8C&amp;dq=brahmin+snake+periyar&amp;pg=PA64 |title=Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order |date=1987 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-0-86132-136-0 |pages=64 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ghafoor |first=Dr Fazal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QI8qEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=brahmin+snake+periyar&amp;pg=PT67 |title=Treading the Beaten Path: A Journey Through India |date=2021-04-21 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63745-397-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gorringe |first=Hugo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19RjDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=periyar+snake&amp;pg=PT109 |title=Untouchable Citizens: Dalit Movements and Democratization in Tamil Nadu |date=2005-01-07 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5280-305-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ramasamy also claimed, on several occasions, that to eliminate the caste system, driving away the Brahmins was crucial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Kandasamy |first1=W. B. Vasantha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTrzAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=periyar+eradicate+brahmins&amp;pg=PA287 |title=Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Analysis of Periyar's Views on Untouchability |last2=Smarandache |first2=Florentin |last3=Kandasamy |first3=K. |date=2005 |publisher=Infinite Study |isbn=978-1-931233-00-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Questioning Periyar Is Necessary for Forging a Progressive Anti-Caste Politics |url=https://thewire.in/caste/periyar-anti-caste-politics |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 1957, he supposedly called upon his followers to kill Brahmins and set fire to their houses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nehru |first=Jawaharlal |url=http://archive.org/details/HindSwaraj-Nehru-SW2-39 |title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru |series=Second Series |year=1984 |volume=39 |pages=383 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 3 November 1957, Dravidar Kazhagam held a convention in Thanjavur under Ramasamy's leadership and demanded that the Government of India delete provisions from the Constitution dealing with religious freedom (which, they believed, gave protection to the caste system and particularly to Brahmins), and if they failed to do so the copies of the Constitution would be burnt, and portraits and statues of Mahatma Gandhi would be broken; if it produced no results, the Dravidar Kazhagam members would be asked to kill Brahmins and burn their residential localities. These statements prompted the then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to write to [[K. Kamaraj]] who was the [[Chief minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Madras State (Tamil Nadu)]] at that time, urging him to deal with this matter without delay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nehru |first=Jawaharlal |url=http://archive.org/details/HindSwaraj-Nehru-SW2-40 |title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru |series=Second Series |year=1984 |volume=40 |pages=387 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dravidian nationalist's call to &quot;kill Tamil Brahmins&quot; at a 1973 speech in Karaikudi is still echoed in the 21st century by regional parties.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-09 |title=DMK spokesperson supports Periyar's call for 'killing Brahmins'; Subramanian Swamy moves EC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/dmk-spokesperson-supports-periyar-s-call-for-killing-brahmins-subramanian-swamy-moves-ec-1116752.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Ambedkarism]]<br /> * [[Self-Respect Movement]]<br /> * [[Caste-related violence in India]]<br /> * [[Reserved political positions in India]]<br /> * [[Caste politics]]<br /> * [[Reservation in India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Bhargava --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=Bhargava&gt;{{Cite news|last=Bhargava|first=Rajeev|author-link=Rajeev Bhargava|date=2019-07-23|title=What does it mean to oppose Brahmanism?|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/what-does-it-mean-to-oppose-brahmanism/article28658412.ece|access-date=2021-07-23|issn=0971-751X|quote=Anyone who consents to, endorses or justifies this hierarchical order, regardless of his caste, creed or gender, is then a ‘Brahmanist’.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> <br /> ;Printed sources<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> &lt;!-- B --&gt;<br /> * {{Citation | last =Béteille | first =André | year =1969 | title =Caste, Class and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village | publisher =University of California Press}}<br /> &lt;!-- C --&gt;<br /> * {{Citation | last =Clothey | first =Fred W. | year =2006 | title =Ritualizing on the Boundaries: Continuity and Innovation in the Tamil Diaspora | publisher =Univ of South Carolina Press}} <br /> &lt;!-- G --&gt;<br /> * {{Citation | last1 =Gelders | first1 =Raf | last2 =Delders | first2 =Willem | year =2003 | title =Mantras of Anti-Brahmanism: Colonial Experience of Indian Intellectuals | journal =Economic and Political Weekly |volume=38 |issue=43 |pages=4611–4617 | doi = | jstor =4414197 | url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262123666}}<br /> &lt;!-- N --&gt;<br /> * {{Cite journal|last=Novetzke|first=Christian Lee|date=2011-03-23|title=The Brahmin double: the Brahminical construction of anti-Brahminism and anti-caste sentiment in the religious cultures of precolonial Maharashtra|journal=South Asian History and Culture|volume=2|issue=2|pages=232–252|doi=10.1080/19472498.2011.553494|s2cid=144806307|issn=1947-2498|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2011.553494|url-access=subscription}}<br /> &lt;!-- O --&gt;<br /> * {{Cite book| last =Omvedt | first =Gail | year =2006 | title=Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction on an Indian Identity | publisher =Orient Longman | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kCwpXZlKqL0C|isbn=978-81-250-2895-6|access-date=17 January 2018}}<br /> &lt;!-- R --&gt;<br /> * {{Cite book | last =Rao | first =Anupama | year =2009 | title =The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India | publisher =[[University of California Press]] | isbn =978-0-520-25761-0 | language =en}}<br /> &lt;!-- S --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Schomer |first1=Karine |first2=W. H. |last2=McLeod |title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India |year=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120802773}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book |last=Irschik |first= Eugene|date=1969 |title= Politics and Social Conflict in South India, the Non-Brahman Movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929.|url= https://archive.org/details/PoliticsAndSocialConflictInSouthIndia|publisher= University of California Press}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * ''[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/punes-endless-identity-wars/734020/ Pune’s endless identity wars]'' by Rakshit Sonawane, ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 6 January 2011.<br /> * [http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/may/23franc.htm Editorial by Francois Gautier on anti-Brahmanism]<br /> <br /> {{Reservation in India}}<br /> {{Discrimination}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Anti-Brahminism}}<br /> [[Category:Anti-Brahminism| ]]<br /> [[Category:Caste system in India]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of India]]<br /> [[Category:Discrimination in India]]<br /> [[Category:Social justice]]<br /> [[Category:Dalit history]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joydip_Mukherjee&diff=473893 2025-12-11T05:32:51Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: small cleaned up lead per sources and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Joydeep Mukherjee (director)]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993_murders_in_Prasanthi_Nilayam&diff=482013 2025-12-07T07:53:05Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: started.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Attempted assassination on Sathya Sai Baba}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br /> On June 6, 1993 there was an assassination attempt on [[Sathya Sai Baba]]'s life. While reports vary, the official narrative is that four men (devotees) entered Sai Baba's [[Prasanthi Nilayam|residence]] under the premise of wanting to give him a [[telegram]]. When their path was obstructed, they stabbed two of the Baba's assistants to death, injuring two others.&lt;ref name=&quot;saiescape&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930630-satya-sai-baba-escapes-attack-811237-1993-06-29 |title=Sathya Sai Baba escapes attack|date=29 June 1993|last=Rai|first=S |work=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hearing the commotion Sai Baba sounded the alarm and police were dispatched to his residence. Upon arriving, the police said the four youths had locked themselves in Sai Baba's living room and the officers tried to break the door down. &quot;The four were shot when they opened the door and attacked the police.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/who-is-sri-sathya-sai-baba-101102|title=Who is Sri Sathya Sai Baba?|agency=Press Trust of India|date=24 April 2011|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=25 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/religion-obituaries/8471342/Sathya-Sai-Baba.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/religion-obituaries/8471342/Sathya-Sai-Baba.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Religion Obituaries; Satya Sai Baba |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=24 April 2011 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;saidna&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_sathya-sai-baba-escaped-murder-attempt_1535839 |title=Sathya Sai Baba escaped murder attempt|date=25 April 2011|last=Madhusoodan|first=M K |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;saimystery&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19930715-sai-baba-assassination-attempt-by-disciples-remains-mystery-811306-1993-07-14 |title=Sai Baba assassination attempt by disciples remains mystery|date=14 July 1993|last=Rai|first=S |work=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bbcd&gt;BBC Documentary. Secret Swami&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Ruhela&gt;Ruhela, Satya Pal (1997), Sri Sathya Sai Baba and the Press, 1972-1996, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-7533-041-2}}, pp. 106–107&lt;/ref&gt; Sai Baba remained unharmed during the incident,&lt;ref name=&quot;saiescape&quot;/&gt; and later in a discourse cleared things up saying there was no bid on his life.&lt;ref name=&quot;saidna&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> Many aspects of the event remain ambiguous and unresolved. Inspector Reddy (of the [[Puttaparthi]] recalls thinking Swami (Sai Baba) was dead and telling his officers to shoot but could never explain the big time gap between the four men locking themselves in the living room and their shooting. Some say that influential persons in the ashram ordered their deaths. Janakiram, Sai Baba's brother, told [[India Today]], &quot;If we allowed them (the assailants) to live, some Ram Jethmalani-like lawyer would have come and rescued them.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;saimystery&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> Two of the initial assailants escaped and were captured a month later. They told investigators &quot;that they had no intention of killing Baba but to inform him about some trust members who wanted to usurp his powers.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;saidna&quot;/&gt; Anantpur Superintendent of Police K. Subbanna, said: &quot;It is obvious that this is a conspiracy with a very big dimension.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;saiescape&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Another concern for Sai Baba's immediate safety arose on January 17, 2002 when an unknown man (later identified as Somasundaram) entered the Whitefield Ashram with an air pistol. He was apprehended by volunteers and handed over to police without incident.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/sai-baba-escapes-murder-attempt-at-darshan/cid/905018|title=SAI BABA ESCAPES MURDER ATTEMPT AT DARSHAN |author=HABIB BEARY|date=17 January 2002|work=Telegraph India|access-date=17 January 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mr. Indulal Shah, chief functionary of the [[Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust]] was quoted in the press as stating &quot;the matter is purely internal and we do not wish to have any law enforcement agency investigating into it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[The Hindu]], 10-6-1993&lt;/ref&gt; However, it is currently unknown whether the murdered men were targets or assailants.&lt;ref name=&quot;saimystery&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Intruder incident analysis==<br /> The incident was widely published in the Indian press. In the [[BBC]] [[documentary]] it was stated that &quot;some police officers were arrested but were never charged and that the case was eventually dropped.&quot;&lt;ref name=bbcd/&gt; The police version claimed that the assailants charged at the police with daggers and were all shot dead. A [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] report stated that the official police report was riddled with lies and inconsistencies.&lt;ref name=bbcd/&gt; V.P.B. Nair (Former Secretary to the Home Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]) also opined that the official police report contained inconsistencies.&lt;ref name=bbcd/&gt; <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Prashanthi Nilayam}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Murder in India]]<br /> [[Category:Crime in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:1993 murders in India]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tribal_Research_and_Cultural_Institute&diff=474239 2025-12-03T16:57:50Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: enhance information per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Public institute in Agartala, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = Tribal Research and Cultural Institute<br /> | image = <br /> | type = [[Public university|Public]] [[research institute]]<br /> | established = 1970<br /> | academic_affiliation = Tripura State Academy of Tribal Culture<br /> | officer_in_charge = Ar. Naba Kumar Deb Barma, THAS Gr-IV<br /> | chair = [[Bikash Debbarma]]<br /> | director = Ananda Hari Jamatia, TCS SSG<br /> | city = [[Agartala]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://trci.tripura.gov.in/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tribal Research and Cultural Institute''' was established under Tribal Welfare Department in the year 1970 as per the decision of the [[Government of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Tribal Research and Cultural Institute {{!}} Tribal Research and Cultural Institute |url=https://trci.tripura.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=trci.tripura.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is dedicated to conduct research on tribal issues and also evaluate the various programmes'/schemes' impact on the tribes residing in [[Tripura]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Banik |first=Mrinal |date=2022-07-29 |title=Tripura drafts action plan to protect vulnerable Karbong tribe |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/tripura/2022/07/29/tripura-drafts-action-plan-to-protect-vulnerable-karbong-tribe/ |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Major activities ==<br /> <br /> * Research Studies<br /> * Tribal Language Development<br /> * Publication <br /> * Documentation works<br /> * Seminar/ Workshop/Training<br /> * Ethno-Cultural Museum<br /> * Library<br /> * Auditorium<br /> * Tripura State Academy of Tribal Culture<br /> * Associate Programme with Outside Institutes/Agencies<br /> * Promotion of Tribal Culture<br /> <br /> == Wings ==<br /> <br /> * Research Wing<br /> * Publication Wing<br /> * Audio-Visual and Multi-Media Wing<br /> * Tribal Language Wing<br /> * Library<br /> * Museum<br /> * Auditorium<br /> * Tripura State Academy of Tribal Culture<br /> <br /> == Tribes covered ==<br /> <br /> * [[Bhil]]<br /> * [[Bhutia]]<br /> * Chaimal<br /> * [[Chakma people|Chakma]]<br /> * [[Garo people|Garo]]<br /> * [[Halam tribe|Halam]]<br /> * [[Jamatia]]<br /> * [[Khasi people|Khashia]]<br /> * [[Kuki people|Kuki]]<br /> * [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]]<br /> * [[Mizo people|Lushai]]<br /> * [[Marma people|Mog]]<br /> * [[Munda people|Munda]]<br /> * [[Noatia]]<br /> * Orang<br /> * [[Reang]]<br /> * [[Santal people|Santal]]<br /> * [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]]<br /> * [[Uchoi|Uchai]]<br /> <br /> == Functions ==<br /> The primary function of this institute is to conduct research on tribal issues as also to study and gauge the various schemes' impact on Tribal life in the state. It further offers in-serve training courses and also coaching to the tribal aspirants vying for jobs through degree and diploma courses among others. It also runs Youth Leadership Training Programmes aimed at tribal groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Panday |first=Chandan |date=2019-10-03 |title=Visit Tripura now, if you want to taste mouthwatering tribal food |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/10/03/visit-tripura-now-if-you-want-to-taste-mouthwatering-tribal-food/ |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Facilities ==<br /> [[Tripura State Tribal Museum]] is located in the building of this institute. The institute also has a [[library]] with books related to tribals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tripura State Tribal Museum {{!}} Home |url=https://trci.tripura.gov.in/emuseum/ |access-date=2022-08-22 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; It publishes two research journals biannually, a literary journal 'SAIMA' and a journal on Tribal Life and culture 'TUI'.<br /> <br /> == Library ==<br /> <br /> * Impact of Block (Rubber) plantation in Tripura&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=A.K |title=Impact of block (Rubber) plantation in Tripura |date=2020-10-20 |publisher=Tribal Research and Cultural Institute |isbn=978-93-86707-59-8 |edition= |location=[Agartala] |language=en |oclc=1277284475}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Cinema as Art &amp; Popular Culture in Tripura: An Introduction&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Deb Barma |first1=Aloy |title=Cinema as Art &amp; Popular Culture in Tripura: An Introduction |last2=Debroy |first2=Prajapita |publisher=Tribal Research and Cultural Institute |year=2022 |isbn=978-81-958995-0-0 |language=en |ol=44969662M}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Sri Rajmala Vol. I to IV&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last= |title=Sri Rajmala, vol.-I to IV |date= |publisher=Tribal Research and Cultural Institute |isbn=978-93-86707-48-2 |location=[Agartala] |translator-last=Nath |translator-first=N.C |oclc=1237107505}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Tripura State Tribal Museum]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Tripura}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://trci.tripura.gov.in/ Official website]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Research institutes in Agartala]]<br /> [[Category:Research institutes established in 1970]]<br /> [[Category:1970 establishments in Tripura]]<br /> [[Category:Research institutes in India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-museum-stub}}<br /> {{Tripura-geo-stub}}</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boyi_Bhimanna&diff=453307 2025-11-26T03:05:45Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: quick update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian writer (1911–2005)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br /> {{infobox person<br /> | name = Boyi Bhimanna<br /> | birth_date = 19 September 1911<br /> | birth_place = Mamidikuduru, British India<br /> | occupation = poet<br /> | parents = Boyi Pullaiah (Father)<br /> Boyi Nagamma (Mother)<br /> | awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2001)<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2005|12|16|1911|9|19}}<br /> | death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br /> }}<br /> Dr. '''Boyi Bhimanna''' (19 September 1911&amp;nbsp;– 16 December 2005), transliterated alternatively as '''Bheemanna''' or '''Bheemana''', was a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Telugu poetry|poet]].<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Bhimanna was born in a poor [[Mala (caste)|Dalit]] family in [[Mamidikuduru]] village, [[East Godavari]] District of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in 1911. He participated in the Quit India Movement. He wrote a book called &quot;Gudiselu Kaalipothunnay&quot; (The Burning huts).<br /> <br /> == Writings ==<br /> He was influenced by the teachings of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]]. His writings reflected the angst of the down-trodden. He wore several hats such as that of a writer, poet, journalist and academic. He was a member of the [[academic senate|senate]] of [[Andhra University]]. He was the director of the Andhra Pradesh state translation division for some time.<br /> <br /> He wrote in English, as well, and the work entitled ''Seventh Season'', a collection of his English poetry, was well-received. He wrote over seventy books in his career, with the work ''Gudiselu Kaalipothunnaayi'' ({{translation}}''The Huts are Burning'') being the most popular.<br /> <br /> Bhimanna has written many literary works; some of the most popular among them are ''Paleru, Janabaduni Jabulu, Dharmamkosam Poratam etc.''<br /> <br /> Among all great literature works '''Paleru''' is the main icon which brought changes in many poor and dalit families. Many backward caste parents started joining their children in school for better and beautiful future.<br /> <br /> == Selected list of works ==<br /> * ''Gudiselu Kaalipothunnaai''<br /> * ''Naku Telisina Jashuva''<br /> * ''Bhimanna Ugadulu''<br /> * ''Rajakiya Veerudu Dr. Khan''<br /> * ''Paleru'' (play)<br /> * ''Pilli Satakam''<br /> * ''Paleru nunchi Padmasri Varaku'' (auto-biography)<br /> * janabhaduni jabulu<br /> * Kooli Raju<br /> * Ragavaasishtam<br /> * Dharmam Kosam Poratam<br /> * Raga Vaisakhi<br /> * Deepa Sabha<br /> * Raabheelu<br /> * Ragodayam<br /> * Madhubala<br /> * Madhugeetha<br /> * Naa Oohalalo Valmiki<br /> * Bhimanna Shankharavam<br /> * Gilli Cheptunna<br /> * Idigo, Idee Bhagavadgeetha<br /> * Chatuvulu- Swagathaalu<br /> * Entha Cheekati Enni Deepaalu<br /> * Kukka Morugutoone Undi<br /> * Srisri Communistu Kaadu<br /> * Baalayogeeyam<br /> * The Seventh Season<br /> * Paramaatma<br /> * Drug Addictulu<br /> * Anaadi kosam nunchi Anantatvam loki<br /> * Manavuni Maroka Majili<br /> * Chandaalika<br /> * Pairu Paata<br /> * Ambedkara Suprabhatam<br /> * Ambedkara Matham<br /> * Mani Manasam<br /> * Panchama Swaram<br /> * Sivalakalu<br /> * God the Drug<br /> * Veda Vyasudu<br /> * Dharma Vyadhudu<br /> * Pragathi<br /> * Jagat Satyam Brahma Mithya<br /> * Oyi Kavi Kavitvam Raayi<br /> * Bhimanna Kavya Kusumaalu<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> He won several awards, including the [[Sahitya Akademi]] [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Puraskar]] for ''Gudiselu Kaalipothunnaayi'' in 1975. He was honoured by the [[Government of India]] with the fourth and third highest civilian awards in the country, namely the [[Padma Shri]] and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1973 and 2001, respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhimanna was also awarded the title ''[[Kala Prapoorna]]'' (honorary doctorate) by [[Andhra University]]. From 1978 to 1984, he was a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]].<br /> <br /> He was awarded [[Kala Ratna]] Award from Andhra Pradesh Government in 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Five-artistes-presented-with-Hamsa-awards/articleshow/107951.cms |title = Five artistes presented with Hamsa awards | website=[[The Times of India]] |date = 2 August 2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1992, [[Telugu University]] conferred a special award on him and in 1996, the state government awarded him the ''[[Self-respect movement|Atma Gauravam]] Puraskaram'' ({{translation}} Self-Respect Award).<br /> <br /> Bhimanna also received the prestigious Raja-Lakshmi Literary Award from the [[Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation]] in Chennai for the year 1991, as well as the Loknayak Award.<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> He suffered from [[Parkinson's disease]] and, after a period of ailment, died at the [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]] in Hyderabad.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> * Cover story from [[Eenadu]] (Pages 1 &amp; 2) and editorial (Page 4) dated 17 December 2005.<br /> * [http://www.andhracafe.com/index.php?m=show&amp;id=2300 News item about his death]<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhimanna, Boyi}}<br /> [[Category:1911 births]]<br /> [[Category:2005 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian independence activists from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Journalists from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu poets]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Telugu]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Kala Ratna]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature &amp; education]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths from Parkinson's disease in India]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from East Godavari district]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C5%ABtiba&diff=519469 2025-11-25T07:01:09Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: new...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Ancient people in the Deccan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{one source|date=June 2022}}<br /> '''Mūtiba''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{Transliteration|sa|Mūtiba}}, {{Transliteration|sa|Mūvīpa}}, and {{Transliteration|sa|Mūcīpa}}; [[Latin]] {{Transliteration|la|Modubae}}) was an ancient [[tribe]] of south-central [[South Asia]] whose existence is attested during the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=92}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=94}}<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> The precise location Mūtibas is yet uncertain. The Roman author [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] located them between the &quot;Modogalingae,&quot; (likely Mudgagiri or Maudgalyana, ie [[Munger]]) who lived on a large island in the [[Ganges|Gaṅgā]], and the [[Āndhra (tribe)|Āndhra]]s, and associates them with the {{Transliteration|la|Molindae}} ([[Pulinda]]s) and the {{Transliteration|la|Uberae}} ([[Sora people|Savaras]]).{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=94}}<br /> <br /> The name {{Transliteration|sa|Mūcīpa}}, by which the {{Transliteration|sa|Śāṅkhāyana Śrauta Sūtra}} calls the Mūtibas, might be connected to the name of the [[Musi River (India)|Musi]] river.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=94}}<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Mūtibas already existed as a tribe during the time of the [[Brahmana|{{Transliteration|sa|Brāhmaṇa}}]]s.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=92}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolhati&diff=510333 2025-11-10T21:28:59Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: new some article needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Banjara community in India}}<br /> The '''Kolhati''' are an Indian [[nomad]]ic community that form a subgroup of the [[Banjara]] people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Satya|first=Laxman D.|title=Colonial Sedentarization and Subjugation: The Case of Banjaras of Berar, 1850-1900|journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies |volume=24 |issue=4|year=1997 |doi=10.1080/03066159708438653 |pages=317-318 &lt;!--314–336--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; They belong to central India and [[Maharashtra]]. They traditionally are professional entertainers and acrobats. They are classified as a [[Nomadic tribes in India|nomadic tribe]] by the government of Maharashtra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;pg=PA385|title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World|last=Phillips|first=David J.|date=2001-01-01|publisher=William Carey Library|isbn=9780878083527|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They have also been employed with [[tamasha]] troupes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/jqc5GcWGbN826l9DVTn9FM/Know-your-Lavani.html|title=Know your Lavani|last=Ratnam|first=Dhamini|date=2016-11-29|newspaper=Livemint|access-date=2016-12-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/tune-into-the-world-of-traditional-lavani/16170180|title=Tune into the world of traditional Lavani|newspaper=mid-day|access-date=2016-12-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; The kolhati language is spoken in considerable numbers in [[Pune district]]. Kolhati [[lavani]]-tamasha performers have got social prestige from the patronage of the art form by the Maharashtra state government,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/courtesans-bar-girls-and-dancing-boys-book-review/article6281126.ece|title=Dancing on the fringes: the shadowy world of courtesans|last=Kakodkar|first=Priyanka|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2016-12-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is vital to their identity as performing artists according to Morcom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nshUAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT87|title=Courtesans, Bar Girls &amp; Dancing Boys: The Illicit Worlds of Indian Dance|last=Morcom|first=Anna|date=2014-02-07|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=9789350097939|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Tribes of India]]<br /> [[Category:Banjara people]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qasimabad_Fort&diff=527569 2025-10-03T15:43:34Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: made new data - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Fort in India}}<br /> {{Infobox historic site<br /> | name = Qasimabad fort<br /> | image = qasimabadfort.png<br /> | image_size = 280px<br /> | caption = The remains of Qasimabad fort built by Nawab Sheikh Abdullah in memory of his father Nawab Sheikh Muhammad Qasim.<br /> | type = <br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|25.7889647|83.6700072}}<br /> | location = [[Ghazipur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | area = 17 [[acre]]s<br /> | built = 1742-1743<br /> | built_for = Nawab Sheikh Abdullah<br /> | architecture = Mughal, &amp; British<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | owner = *Nawab Sheikh Abdullah and his descendants (1742-1952) <br /> * Government (1952-....)<br /> | embedded = <br /> | child = <br /> | criteria = <br /> | ID = <br /> | year = <br /> | buffer_zone = <br /> | locmapin = Uttar Pradesh#India<br /> | map_caption = <br /> }}<br /> '''Qasimabad fort''' also known as Nawab Muhammad Qasim Fort. It was built by Nawab Sheikh Abdullah in 1742. The fort is located in the town of [[Kasimabad, Ghazipur|Kasimabad]], of [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur District]], Uttar Pradesh, India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nawab Qasim Fort in Bad condition|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/nawab-kasim-fort-desecrated}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;Banaras Princly Estate&quot;|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/benares.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608215953/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/benares.html|archive-date=2017-06-08|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;The First Nawabs of Awadh&quot;|year=1954|publisher=SHIVA LAL AGARWALA, AGRA|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12411/page/n33}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;Ghazipur: A Gazetteer being Vol. XXIX of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh&quot;|year=1909|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/37271|last1=Nevill|first1=H. R.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:18th-century forts in India]]<br /> [[Category:Forts in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{UttarPradesh-geo-stub}}</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhumpa_sangita&diff=496953 2025-09-08T16:26:09Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: Put up article</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Dhumpa Sangita of Khandapada, Odisha by Gadadhara Dhumpa Parisada.ogg|thumb|Rendition of iconic ''dhumpa'' lyric of poet Gadadhara Singhasamanta 'dhumpa sangitare bali' by artists of Gadadhara Dhumpa Parisada, Khandapada, Nayagarh]]<br /> '''Dhumpa sangita''' is a [[Folk music of India|folk musical art form]] from the [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] and [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]] districts of [[Odisha]] in [[India]]. It derives its name from the ''dhumpa'', a [[bamboo]] [[percussion instrument]] that accompanies the performance. The tradition is currently on the decline and faces the threat of extinction.<br /> <br /> == Creation ==<br /> The creation of the dhumpa is credited to [[Kavisurya Baladev Rath|''Kabisurjya'' Baladeba Ratha]], an [[Oriya poetry|Odia poet]] of the late 18th and early 19th century from the Ganjam district of Odisha.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Gopalpur beach fest gets under way|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/article980863.ece|accessdate=17 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=December 26, 2010|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; He designed the ''dhumpa'' as an instrument to accompany the recital of his lyrics and satires which are still called ''dhumpa geeta'' in rural areas of the Ganjam district.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Call to revive folk musical instrument 'Dhumpa'|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/17/stories/2007121756630300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219203133/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/17/stories/2007121756630300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 19, 2007|accessdate=17 March 2013|date=December 17, 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Dhumpa ==<br /> The dhumpa consists of a cylindrical hollow bamboo, of six to seven feet in length, wrapped in colorful [[zari]] and fitted on a long wooden ply. It can be played by up to four persons simultaneously. It is traditionally played with sticks to produce a rhythmic beat, a technique that continues to be used by modern tribal musicians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Dying folk art fest concludes - Performances by artistes from across state|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110328/jsp/orissa/story_13773203.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133330/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110328/jsp/orissa/story_13773203.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 4, 2016|accessdate=17 March 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=March 28, 2011|location=Calcutta, India|first=Namita|last=Panda}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphindia&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Dhumpa dance gets a lease of life - Unique folk dance forms of the state get recognition from audience on the third day of Ganjam Mahotsav|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110108/jsp/orissa/story_13406829.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522014844/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110108/jsp/orissa/story_13406829.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 22, 2012|accessdate=17 March 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=January 8, 2011|location=Calcutta, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Performances ==<br /> Dhumpa sangita performances have troupes of up to ten musicians who play different percussion instruments, a principal singer, chorus singers and a [[Gotipua]] dancer. In some performances the principal singing is accompanied by instruments like [[harmonium]], [[tabla]], [[flute]], [[veena]], mardala, [[thali]] and [[nagara (drum)|nagara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rare music show performed at Berhampur|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/02/stories/2009120250450200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209180315/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/02/stories/2009120250450200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 9, 2013|accessdate=17 March 2013|date=December 2, 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Declining popularity and attempts at revival ==<br /> Although an important part of the literary and [[Culture of Odisha|cultural history of Odisha]], dhumpa performances have become a rarity in the state. Only 30 to 40 practitioners of the art now live in [[Digapahandi]], the birthplace of [[Baladeba Ratha|Kabisurjya]] and the dhumpa geet. In recent years, the [[Government of Odisha]] and [[Government of India|India]] have taken steps to revive interest in this art form. The [[Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre]] (EZCC), [[Kolkata]] has been promoting dhumpa sangita under its ‘[[guru-shishya parampara]]’ scheme.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Revival of Dhumpa on the cards|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/04/stories/2008080457230200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922093627/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/04/stories/2008080457230200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 22, 2008|accessdate=17 March 2013|date=August 4, 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Patronage by the erstwhile royal family of Digapahandi have also helped set off a gradual revival in the art form.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphindia&quot; /&gt; Guru Aditya Kumar Patro, Digapahandi, Ganjam. The notable exponents of the art form.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Odia culture}}<br /> [[Category:Music of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Indian folk music]]</div>

JerrodOverstreet https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=GHQ_India&diff=499505 2025-08-27T22:02:09Z

<p>JerrodOverstreet: Put up article</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Headquarters of the [British] Indian Army}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox Military Unit<br /> |unit_name=GHQ India<br /> |image=GHQ India.svg<br /> |caption=Formation sign of General Headquarters, India during the Second World War<br /> |country=[[British India]]<br /> |branch=<br /> |type=<br /> |dates=1903 to 1947<br /> |specialization=<br /> |command_structure= [[War Office]]&lt;br&gt;[[Viceroy of India]]<br /> |size=<br /> |current_commander=<br /> |garrison=[[New Delhi]]<br /> |battles=<br /> |notable_commanders= <br /> }}<br /> '''General Headquarters, India''' was the headquarters of the [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], who commanded the British military forces in India, including the [[British Indian Army]], after the [[Kitchener Reforms]] of 1903. It succeeded '''Headquarters, India''' which was the term in use initially after the three [[Presidency armies]] had been amalgamated into one force. The Commander-in-Chief answered to the civilian [[Viceroy of India]].<br /> <br /> Confusingly, in the official ''Volume II: India's Most Dangerous Hour'', Major-General Stanley Kirby ''et al.'', 1958, the term &quot;India Command&quot; was repeatedly used.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/war-against-japan-vol-2 |title=Volume II: India's Most Dangerous Hour|first=Stanley|last=Kirby|year=1958|publisher=HMSO}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;India Command&quot; was not defined, but Stanley Kirby ''et al.'' appeared to be referring to the British Indian Army in India; the British Army in India; and GHQ India, the three together, as a whole. A more correct term for these three entities together would have been the [[Army in India]].<br /> <br /> ==Early history==<br /> GHQ India succeeded '''Headquarters, India''' which was the term in use initially after the three [[Presidency armies]] had been amalgamated into one force in 1895. &quot;The C-in-C India’s HQ was known as the General Headquarters (GHQ India) and acted as the superior HQ for all services to fulfil their requirements.&quot;{{sfn|Dogar|1999}}<br /> <br /> The Commander-in-Chief's [[chief of staff]] was the [[Chief of the General Staff (India)|Chief of the General Staff]]. It was based in [[Calcutta]] and [[Simla]] (the winter capital of the Raj) until the seat of power moved to [[New Delhi]] in 1911.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.britains-smallwars.com/India/Survey.htm |title=Britain's Small Wars |access-date=9 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114083136/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/India/Survey.htm |archive-date=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to India, as the [British] Indian Army garrisoned the waystation [[Aden Settlement]] (later [[Aden Colony]]) the Commander-in-Chief was also responsible for troops in Aden. Later Indian troops were also sent to Iraq and Persia).{{sfn|Jackson|2006|p=148}} <br /> <br /> The [[1906 Birthday Honours]] and [[1922 Birthday Honours]] list officers on the staff of Headquarters, India; by the [[1942 New Year Honours]] the listing had become General Headquarters, India (Colonel, Acting Major-General [[Rob Lockhart]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette|issue=35399|page=6|date=1 January 1942|supp=y}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For significant periods before the creation of [[South East Asia Command]] (SEAC) in 1943, the C-in-C India was also responsible for [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]] and [[British Burma|Burma]]. The [[Commander-in-Chief, India]],{{sfn|Dogar|1999}} had some 2,000 officers and 2.5 million troops under his command in 1945.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=India Army GHQ |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1945/nov/29/india-army-ghq#S5CV0416P0_19451129_CWA_183|publisher=Hansard |date=29 November 1945}}&lt;/ref&gt; GHQ India was redesignated ''Army HQ'' in 1947 when India was [[Partition of India|partitioned]].{{sfn|Dogar|1999}}<br /> <br /> ==Second World War==<br /> Following a review by the British Chiefs of Staff in late 1939, operational control of troops in Iraq passed in early 1940 to [[Middle East Command]] although the provision of troops and their maintenance remained for the most part GHQ India's responsibility.{{sfn|Playfair|Stitt|Molony|Toomer|2004a|pp=63 &amp; 66}} In March 1941, in the period before the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]], the C-in-C Middle East General [[Archibald Wavell]], who was preoccupied with existing problems in his theatre, gained approval for Iraq to come under India's operational control again{{sfn|Playfair|Flynn|Molony|Toomer|2004b|p=178}} but once hostilities commenced in May Wavell was obliged by London reluctantly to reassume responsibility.{{sfn|Playfair|Flynn|Molony|Toomer|2004b|pp=184 &amp; 185}} In June 1941, after cessation of hostilities, control reverted once more to GHQ India.{{sfn|Playfair|Flynn|Molony|Toomer|2004b|p=250}} India finally relinquished responsibility for Persia and Iraq in August 1942 when a separate [[Persia and Iraq Command]] was created.{{sfn|Playfair|Flynn|Molony|Gleave|2004c|pp=375 &amp; 376}}<br /> <br /> After the dissolution of [[ABDACOM]] in February 1942 the C-in-C [[India]] also became responsible for [[Ceylon]]. During this period, some Chinese and American units also came under C-in-C India.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=11}} These responsibilities remained unchanged until the creation of [[South East Asia Command]] (SEAC) in August 1943. With the creation of SEAC there were three geographic theatres and a further operational command. The China Theatre was under the command of [[Generalissimo]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. SEAC was an Anglo-American command under a Supreme Allied Commander, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], who was responsible for operations in Burma, Ceylon, Malaya and Sumatra. General [[Claude Auchinleck|Auchinleck]] as [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], was responsible for the development of India as a base, for internal security in India, and the defence of India's [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North West Frontier]]. His responsibility included the training, equipping, maintenance and movement of operational forces assigned to SEAC.{{sfn|Romanus|Sunderland|1953|page=364}} The American operational theater, [[China Burma India theater|China Burma India]] (CBI), operated in all three geographic areas. It was not subordinate to SEAC.{{sfn|Romanus|Sunderland|1953|page=364}}<br /> <br /> On 24 November 1944, G.H.Q.(I) passed on to the Headquarters [[Allied Land Forces South East Asia]] &quot;..proposals made by the Burma Government-in-exile for the evaluation of the men released in 1942, either returnees or deserters.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=War Office 203/4030 via New Burma Army, 1945-1949 |url=http://www.rothwell.force9.co.uk/burmaweb/BurmaArmy1945-49.htm |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.rothwell.force9.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;The Burma Government proposed to raise administrative units to screen personnel who had remained in Burma, and operational units for internal security duties. ..Within General Headquarters, India, the department responsible for the administration of [[British Burma Army|Burma Army]] units in India and Burma, known as Burma Section, also asked for the immediate raising of a second administrative unit.&quot; A.G. (BURSEC) was an integral part of GHQ India until it was established with Headquarters [[Twelfth Army (United Kingdom)|Twelfth Army]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indiaburmasoldiers.co.uk/BurmaArmy1945-49.htm|title=The New Burma Army, 1945–1949|publisher=The Burma Campaign|access-date=22 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Field Marshal]] Sir [[Claude Auchinleck]] served as the last C-in-C, India from 1943. He was reappointed on 15 August 1947, and became Supreme Commander of India and Pakistan. He oversaw the division of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force between the two new countries. In the process, [[GHQ Pakistan]] was established to serve the newly independent Pakistan, at [[Rawalpindi]]. Auchinleck served in this capacity until November 1948, when the role of Supreme Commander was abolished.{{sfn|Warner|1982|page=289}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *{{cite journal|last=Dogar|first=Yasub Ali |title=Pakistan's higher defence organisation |journal=Defence Journal |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/jan99/defence.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201100518/http://www.defencejournal.com/jan99/defence.htm |date=January 1999 |archive-date=1 December 2008}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Jackson |first=Ashley |year=2006 |title=The British Empire and the Second World War|edition=illustrated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=1-85285-417-0|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xTKtPPEDTtQC&amp;pg=PA148 148]}}<br /> *{{cite book| last=Patti |first=Archimedes L. A.|year=1980 |title=Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's albatross |edition=illustrated |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-04156-9 |page =[https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&amp;pg=PA11 11]}}<br /> *{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| last2=Stitt| first2=Commander G.M.S| last3=Molony| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last4=Toomer| first4=Air Vice-Marshal S.E.|editor-last=Butler| editor-first=J.R.M| editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler | series=[[History of the Second World War]], United Kingdom Military Series| title=Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)| publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK|year=2004a| orig-year=1st. pub. [[HMSO]]:1954| isbn=1-845740-65-3| name-list-style=amp}}<br /> *{{cite book| first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| last2=Flynn| first2=Captain F.C. (R.N.)| last3=Molony| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last4=Toomer| first4=Air Vice-Marshal S.E.|editor-last=Butler| editor-first=J.R.M| editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=[[History of the Second World War]], United Kingdom Military Series| title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II: The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941)| publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK |year=2004b| orig-year=1st. pub. [[HMSO]]:1956| isbn=1-845740-66-1| name-list-style=amp}}<br /> *{{cite book| first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| last2=Flynn| first2=Captain F.C. (R.N.)| last3=Molony| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last4=Gleave| first4=Group Captain T.P.|editor-last=Butler| editor-first=Sir James| editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=[[History of the Second World War]], United Kingdom Military Series| title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942)| publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK |year=2004c| orig-year=1st. pub. [[HMSO]]:1960| isbn=1-845740-67-X| name-list-style=amp}}<br /> *{{cite book|last1=Romanus |first1=Charles F. |last2=Sunderland |first2=Riley |year=1953|title=Stilwell's Mission to China |publisher=Government Printing Office|id=Library of Congress 35-603349 | url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Mission/USA-CBI-Mission-10.html|page=364}}<br /> * {{Cite web |last=Romanus |first=Charles F. |last2=Sunderland |first2=Riley |date=1987 |year= |title=United States Army in World War II China-Burma-India Theater: Stillwell's Command Problems |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Command/USA-CBI-Command-1.html |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=www.ibiblio.org |publisher=Center of Military History |place=Washington, DC.}}<br /> * {{cite book| last=Warner| first=Philip| title=Auchinleck. The Lonely Soldier| publisher=Sphere Books| year=1982| orig-date=1981| location=London| isbn=0-7221-8905-2}}<br /> * Development of India as a Base for Operations - Digested by the MILITARY REVIEW from an article by Lieutenant General Sir Wilfrid Lindsell in the &quot;Journal of the Royal United Service Institution&quot; (Great Britain) May 1947.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.britain-at-war.org.uk/WW2/London%5FGazette/Far%5FEast/ OPERATIONS IN THE FAR EAST From 17 October, 1940 To 27 December 1941] - including creation of General Headquarters Far East<br /> * [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C1245251 General Headquarters India: operational instructions and standing orders (WO 203/4755), April-October 1943] on file National Archives<br /> * https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30071123 - formation badge<br /> <br /> {{British armies, commands, and corps during the Second World War}}<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations of British India|General Headquarters, India]]<br /> [[Category:Military history of India during World War II|GHQ]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1903]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1947]]</div>

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