Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Kapu Ramachandra Reddy

2026-05-06T22:44:32Z

JerilynCropper5: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Kapu Ramachandra Reddy''' (born 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was elected as MLA in 2009, 2012 and 2019 from [[Rayadurg Assembly constituency]] in [[Anantapur district]]. He was elected as MLA of Rayadurg 3 times and served as Whip to the Government of Andhra Pradesh. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rayadurg Assembly Election 2024: Rayadurg Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/rayadurg-constituency-result-1148 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rayadurg Constituency Election Results 2019: Rayadurg Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/rayadurg |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kapu Ramachandra Reddy was born in Nagireddy Palle village of Bramhasamudram mandal of Ananthapuram district to Kapu Chinna Thimmappa. He completed his M.Com. from [[Karnatak University|Karnataka University]]. Later, he did M.L.I.Sc. in 1991 and LLB (Spl) in 1994 from [[Ballari]] College affiliated to [[Gulbarga University]]. He is an advocate and also has his own business.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-16 |title=Kapu Ramachandra Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} Rayadurg {{!}} Ananthapuram |url=https://theleaderspage.com/kapu-ramachandra-reddy/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy started his political career with [[Indian National Congress]] in 2009. He won the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Rayadurg Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]]. He defeated Mettu Govinda Reddy of Telugu Desam Party by a margin of 14,091 votes. He later won the [[2012 Andhra Pradesh by-elections]] and also regained his seat in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. He lost the seat in 2014 to [[Kalava Srinivasulu]] by a narrow margin of 1,827 votes but defeated him in the next election by a huge margin of 14,049 votes in [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He quit YSRCP after he was denied a ticket to contest the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly election]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandari |first=Pavan Kumar |date=2024-01-10 |title=Kapu Ramachandra Reddy announces he would contest from Kalyandurgam and family from Rayadurgam |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/kapu-ramachandra-reddy-announces-he-would-contest-from-kalyandurgam-and-family-from-rayadurgam-850507 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-05 |title=Rayadurg MLA Kapu Ramachandra Reddy quits YSRCP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/rayadurg-mla-kapu-ramachandra-reddy-quits-ysrcp/articleshow/106581119.cms |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and joined BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-03-17 |title=Key Andhra politician Kapu Ramachandra Reddy joins BJP amid allegations against YSRC govt |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Mar/17/key-andhra-politician-kapu-ramachandra-reddy-joins-bjp-amid-allegations-against-ysrc-govt |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In January, there were rumours that he would join Congress but he later joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-11 |title=Kapu Ramachandra Reddy to Join Congress |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/110124/kapu-ramachandra-reddy-to-join-congress.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111035526/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/110124/kapu-ramachandra-reddy-to-join-congress.html |archive-date=11 January 2024 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandra Reddy, Kapu}}
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

Adoni Urban mandal

2026-05-06T14:22:19Z

JerilynCropper5: put up data - done

{{Short description|Mandal in Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adoni-1 mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15|37|28|N|77|16|23|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| subdivision_type3 = Headquarters
| subdivision_name3 = [[Adoni]]
| mapframe = yes
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
}}

'''Adoni-1 mandal''' is one of the [[mandal]]s in [[Kurnool district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Adoni revenue division]].

== History ==
The mandal carved out from [[Adoni mandal]] which was made part of the [[Kurnool district]] on 31 December 2025.<ref name="districts-20251231">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref>
== Villages in the Mandal ==

=== Revenue villages ===
The Revenue Villages of This mandal are <ref name="districts-20260216">{{Cite news |title= 2 ఆదోని మండలాలు|date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/kurnool-news/7/125240353|access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref> :
# [[Adoni]]
# Kallubavi
# Vengalapuram
# Parvathapuram
# Mandagiri
# S. Kondapuram
# Isvi
# Gonabavi
# Dibbanakallu
# Nettekallu
# Arekallu
# Baichigeri
# Salakalakonda
# Virupapuram
# Doddanakeri
# Sambagallu
# Huvvanur
# Kapati
# Basarakodu
# Chinnapendekallu
# Mantriki
# Sultanapuram
# Pesalabanda

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kurnool district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Kurnool district]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

INS Sharda

2026-05-06T11:54:53Z

JerilynCropper5:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}{{italic title|string=Sharda}}

{{Short description|Indian navy patrol vessel}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Sharda (P55) in Androth and Agatti Islands.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Sharda'' sailing between [[Androth]] and [[Agatti Island]]
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = ''Sharda''
| namesake =
| ordered =
| builder = [[Hindustan Shipyard Limited]]
| laid_down =
| launched = 22 August 1990
| acquired =
| commissioned = 27 October 1991
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| fate =
| status = Active
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Sukanya|patrol vessel}}<ref name=in-sukanya/>
| type =
| tonnage =
| displacement = 1,890 tons (full load)<ref name=in-sukanya/>
| length = {{cvt|101|m|ftin}}
| beam = {{cvt|11.5|m|ftin}}
| height =
| draught =
| draft =
| depth =
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| ramps =
| ice_class =
| power =
| propulsion = 2 × [[diesel engine]]s, {{convert|12800|bhp|kW|-1|abbr=on}}, 2 shafts
| sail_plan =
| speed = {{convert|21|kn|km/h|0}}
| range = {{convert|7000|nmi|km|-3}} at {{convert|15|kn|km/h|0}}
| endurance =
| test_depth =
| boats =
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement = 70
| crew =
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = *1 × Racal Decca 2459 search radar
*1 BEL 1245 navigation radar
| EW =
| armament = *1 × 40 mm, 60 cal. [[Bofors]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]
*2 × 12.7 mm [[machine gun]]s
* 2 x 25 mm, 80 cal. anti-aircraft guns
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = 1 [[HAL Chetak]]
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''INS ''Sharda'' (P55)''' is a {{sclass|Sukanya|patrol vessel}} of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="in-sukanya">{{cite web |title=Surface Ships →Offshore Patrol Vessels→Sukanya Class |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/opv_sukanya.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223133452/http://indiannavy.nic.in/opv_sukanya.htm |archivedate=23 February 2012 |accessdate=13 August 2009 |website=indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sukanya Class, Saryu Class {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/sukanya-class-saryu-class |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>

== Operations ==
On 17 May 2017, the ship rescued a Liberian registered merchant vessel, MV ''Mountbatten'', from pirates while on patrol in the Gulf of Aden.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-rescues-merchant-vessel-from-pirates-in-gulf-of-aden-977619-2017-05-17|title=Indian Navy rescues merchant vessel from pirates in Gulf of Aden|access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref>

===2024 Anti-piracy patrols===
On 2 February 2024, ''Shardha''' thwarted another piracy attempt off the Somali coast and rescued an Iranian-flagged [[fishing vessel]] (FV) and its crew of 11 [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] and 8 [[Pakistanis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=INS Sharda Awarded on the Spot Unit Citation for Anti Piracy Operations |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/world-news/ins-sharda-awarded-on-the-spot-unit-citation-for-anti-piracy-operations |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref> Indian Navy's remotely piloted aircraft located FV 'Omari', and ''Sharda'', deployed for an anti-piracy mission in the region, was diverted to intercept the boat. ''Omari'' had been boarded by seven pirates who had taken the crew as hostages using her integral helicopter and boats, the ship coerced the pirates for safe release of crew along with the vessel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Navy rescues fishing vessel with Pakistani nationals from pirate attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-ins-sharada-somalian-pirates-iranian-fishing-vessel-fv-omari-2496886-2024-02-02 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=Indian Navy foils another piracy attempt off Somalia coast; 11 Iranian, 8 Pak nationals rescued |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-navy-foils-another-piracy-attempt-off-somalia-11-iranian-8-pak-nationals-rescued-101706883592968.html |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Navy foils piracy bid, rescues 8 Pakistanis among 19 - Rediff.com |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/navy-foils-piracy-bid-rescues-8-pakistanis-among-19/20240202.htm |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SWIFT RESPONSE BY MISSION DEPLOYED INDIAN NAVAL PLATFORMS FOIL ANOTHER PIRACY ATTEMPT ALONG EAST COAST OF SOMALIA |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=2002101 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

On 6 April 2024, [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[R. Hari Kumar]] awarded 'On the Spot Unit Citation' to ''Sharda'' for its anti piracy operation off the Eastern coast of Somalia on 2 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INS SHARDA AWARDED ON THE SPOT UNIT CITATION FOR ANTI PIRACY OPERATIONS |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2017331 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

The ship participated in the eighth edition of Exercise Ekatha, an annual bilateral eercise between the Indian Navy and [[Maldives National Defence Force]] (MNDF), which was conducted between November and December 2025 for 30 days until 16 December. The exercise included [[MARCOS]] and [[MNDF Marine Corps]]. The closing ceremony held at [[Maldives National Defence Force#MNDF Central Area Command|MNDF Central Area Command]], [[Kadhdhoo]], was attended by the [[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff]], [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Tarun Sobti]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=DCNS visit to Maldives closing ceremony of Exercise Ekatha - 2025 |date=2025-12-15 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2204321&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2000932010588836251 |user=indiannavy |title=Closing Ceremony of 8th edition of Exercise Ekatha held at MNDF Central Area Command, Kadhdhoo... |date=2025-12-16 |access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sukanya-class patrol vessel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharada (P55)}}
[[Category:Sukanya-class patrol boats]]
[[Category:1990 ships]]

{{india-mil-stub}}
{{mil-ship-stub}}

Yazin Nizar

2026-05-05T23:50:37Z

JerilynCropper5: Added first post needs work

{{Short description|Indian playback singer (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

'''Yazin Nizar''', known mononymously as '''Yazin''', is an Indian [[playback singer]] and music producer . He has sung over 1000 original songs for films in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi including some the biggest Indian movies in the discography .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yazin Nizar {{!}} Music Artist, Music Department, Actor |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5578461/ |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> He is known for singing the Tamil and Malayalam versions of the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Oscar]]-winning song "[[Naatu Naatu]]". His accolades include multiple [[Mirchi Music Awards]] and Raga Pratibha awards.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=17 December 2014 |title=Touching a musical high |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/interview-with-playback-singer-yazin-nizar/article6700855.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Different-genres-excite-me-Yazin-Nizar/articleshow/46563569.cms|title=Different genres excite me: Yazin Nizar|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2015/feb/03/rhythmic-reflections-712827.html|title=Rhythmic Reflections|website=The New Indian Express|date=3 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=13 March 2023 |title=Oscars 2023: It was gratifying to see Keeravani sir with the Oscar, says Naatu Naatu singer Yazin Nizar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Mar/13/oscars-2023-itwas-gratifying-to-seekeeravanisirwith-the-oscar-says-naatu-naatu-singer-yazin-ni-41017.html |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Nizar was born in Kollam, Kerala, India. He began performing live as an adult after participating in and winning televised singing competitions such as ''Gandharva Sangeetham'' and [[Sangeetha Mahayuddham|''Sangeetha Mahayuddham'']].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yazin Nizar on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/th/artist/yazin-nizar/549604097 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Apple Music - Web Player |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Nizar was nominated twice for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]] for “Meghalu Lekunna” from ''[[Kumari 21F]]'' and “Charusheela” from ''[[Srimanthudu]]'' at the [[63rd Filmfare Awards South]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, Nizar began his career as an independent musician. His multilingual track "Neeye, Neeve, Neene", composed by Phani Kalyan, was sung in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sriram |first=Swathi |date=2016-10-18 |title=When passion meets video, it goes viral |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/hyderabad/2016/Oct/17/when-passion-meets-video-it-goes-viral-1528949.html |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, Nizar recorded his debut song for [[A. R. Rahman]] in the Tamil film ''[[Atrangi Re|Galatta Kalyanam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2021-12-13 |title=Yazin Nizar thrilled about his debut song for AR Rahman's 'Galatta Kalyanam' and working in 'RRR' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-yazin-nizar-a-r-rahman-galatta-kalyanam-rrr/article37944327.ece |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Awards and Nominations
!Award
!Category
!Song or Album
!Year
!Result
|-
|[[MAC Awards|MLC Awards]]
|Outstanding Achievement Award - Best Song
|"Kanapadava" from the short film [[Manasanamaha]]
|2020
|Winner<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Yazin Nizar - Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5578461/awards/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
|Singer of the Decade
|
|2021
|Nominated
|-
|Album of the year
|"[[Srimanthudu (soundtrack)|Srimanthudu]]"
|2016
|Winner (Shared)<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Best Vocalist of the Year (Male)
|"Meghalu Lekunna" from the film [[Kumari 21F]]
|2016
|Winner<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Best Upcoming Singer
|
|2015
|Winner
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|Best Male Playback Singer - Telugu
|"Charusheela" from the film [[Srimanthudu]]
|2016
|Nominated<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer - Telugu
|"Meghalu Lekunna" from the film [[Kumari 21F]]
|2016
|Nominated<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Oniros Film Awards
|Best Song
|
|2020
|Nominated (Shared)<ref name=":1" />
|-
|New York Movie Awards
|Best Original Song
|
|2020
|Nominated (Shared)<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Venice Film Awards
|Best Original Song
|
|2020
|Winner (Shared)<ref name=":1" />
|}

==Discography==

===Telugu===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Telugu Discography
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Composer
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Nanda Nanditha (2012 film)|Nanda Nanditha]]'' || "Na Hrudayam" || [[Emil Mohammed|Farhan Roshan]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Pattathu Yaanai|Dheerudu]]'' || "Kottandira Melamu" || [[S. Thaman]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014 || ''Dk Bose'' || "Maula Maula" || [[Achu Rajamani]]
|-
| ''[[Ra Ra Krishnayya]]'' || "Ra Ra Krishnayya"|| [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Run Raja Run]]'' || "Coma Coma" || rowspan="10" | [[Ghibran]]
|-
| "Manassantha"
|-
| rowspan="16" | 2015 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Jil (film)|Jil]]'' || "Jil Jil Manase"
|-
| "Man on Fire"
|-
| ''[[Thoongavanam|Cheekati Rajyam]]'' || "Cheekati Rajyam"
|-
| rowspan="5" | ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' || "Sruthi Niyamam"
|-
| "Thanthanathom"
|-
| "Srutshti Niyamam"
|-
| "Na Rudhirapu"
|-
| "Uthaman Kadhai"
|-
| ''[[Shivam (2015 Telugu film)|Shivam]]'' || "I Love You Too" || rowspan="3" | [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
| ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'' || "Seethakalam"
|-
| ''[[Srimanthudu]]'' || "Charuseela"
|-
| ''[[Columbus (2015 film)|Columbus]]'' || "Galullo" || Jithin Roshan
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Loafer (2015 film)|Loafer]]'' || "Nuvvedusthunte" || rowspan="2" | [[Sunil Kashyap]]
|-
| "Jiya Jale Jale"
|-
| ''[[Kumari 21F]]'' || "Meghalu Lekunna" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
| ''[[Abbayitho Ammayi]]'' || "Okkasari" || [[Ilayaraja]]
|-
| rowspan="18" | 2016 || ''[[Shourya (2016 film)|Shourya]]'' || "O Manasa" || Veda Giri
|-
| ''[[Tuntari]]'' || "Diamond Girl" || [[Sai Karthik]]
|-
| ''[[Savitri (2016 film)|Savitri]]'' || "Fly like a bird" || Shravan
|-
| ''[[Run (2016 film)|Run]]'' || "Bujji Bujjikonda" || [[Sai Karthik]]
|-
| ''[[Oka Manasu]]'' || "O Manasa Cheruvaga" || [[Sunil Kashyap]]
|-
| [[Pichaikkaran|''Bichagadu'']] '''(D)'''|| "Oka Pootta Annam" || [[Vijay Antony]]
|-
| ''[[Babu Bangaram]]'' || "Raaka Raaka" || [[Ghibran]]
|-
| ''L7'' || "So So Baby" || Aravind Shankar
|-
| ''[[Janatha Garage]]'' || "Apple Beauty" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
| ''[[Hyper (2016 film)|Hyper]]'' || "Comeback" || [[Ghibran]]
|-
| ''[[Appatlo Okadundevadu]]'' || "Tomorrow" || [[Sai Karthik]]
|-
| ''[[Saithan|Bhetaludu]]'' || "Ladukio" || rowspan="2" | [[Vijay Antony]]
|-
| ''[[Saithan|Bhetaludu]]'' || "Jayalaksmi"
|-
| ''[[Saptagiri Express (film)|Sapthagiri Express]]'' || "Rivvala" || Bulganin
|-
| Single || "Rakumara-Arjun" || rowspan="2" | Phani Kalyan
|-
| Single || "Neeve"
|-
| ''[[Eedu Gold Ehe]]'' ||"Mechans Gold Veedu" || Mahati Swara Sagar
|-
| ''[[Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada]]'' || "Chirunama Thana Chirunama" || [[Shekar Chandra]]
|-
| rowspan="14" |2017 || ''[[Winner (2017 film)|Winner]]'' || "Sitara" || [[S. Thaman]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''O Pilla Nee Valla'' || "Pranam Poye" || rowspan="2" | Madhu Ponnas
|-
| "Bill Gates Aina"
|-
| ''Rendu Rellu Aaru'' || "Chilipi Manasu" || Vijay Bulganin
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Gunturodu]]'' || "Promise" || rowspan="2" | DJ Vasanth
|-
| "Padhe Padhe"
|-
| ''[[Venkatapuram (film)|Venkatapuram]]'' || <nowiki>''Egire Egire''</nowiki> || [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]]
|-
| ''[[Goutham Nanda]]'' || <nowiki>''</nowiki>Zindgi Na Milegi" || [[S. Thaman]]
|-
| ''[[Yaman (film)|Yaman]]'' || "Devude Rasina" || [[Vijay Antony]]
|-
| ''Premika'' || "Deveri Chirunavve" || Dilip Bandaari
|-
| ''[[Raja The Great]]'' || "Allabe Allabe" || rowspan="2" | [[Sai Karthik]]
|-
| ''[[Next Nuvve]]'' || "Ala Meda Mida"
|-
| ''[[Mental Madhilo]]'' || "Cheliyo Chellako" || [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
|-
| ''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]'' || "Life is a Rainbow" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
| rowspan="26" | 2018 || ''[[Sketch (2018 film)|Sketch]]'' '''(D)'''|| "Evare Evare" || [[S. Thaman]]
|-
| ''[[Ye Mantram Vesave]]'' || "Ye Vela Choosano Kani" || Abdus Samad
|-
| ''Sivakasipuram'' || "Inaluga" || Pavan Shesha
|-
| ''[[Rangula Ratnam (2018 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' || "Emaindi Bujjikanna" || [[Sricharan Pakala]]
|-
| ''[[Manasuku Nachindi]]'' || "Rey Idi" || [[Radhan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''Masakali'' || "Anaganaga" || rowspan="2" | Mihirams
|-
| "Oko Kshanam"
|-
| ''Satya Gang'' || "Chirujalle Kurisele" || Prabhas
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Chalo]]'' || "Chal Godava" || rowspan="2" | [[Mahati Swara Sagar]]
|-
| "Ammaye Chalo Antu"
|-
| ''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]'' || "Very Very Sad" || [[S. Thaman|S. S. Thaman]]
|-
| ''[[Kee (film)|Kee]]'' '''(D)'''|| "Pakkakochi" || [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|-
| ''[[Pantham]]'' || "First Time" || [[Gopi Sundar]]
|-
| ''[[MLA (2018 Telugu film)|MLA]]'' || "Most Wanted Abbayi" || [[Mani Sharma]]
|-
| ''Nene Mukhya Mantri Naithe'' || "Vilagipoola Sandanam" || Phani Kalyan
|-
| ''[[Krishnarjuna Yudham]]'' || "Ela Ela" || [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
|-
| ''[[Tej I Love You]]'' || "Hello Pilla" || [[Gopi Sundar]]
|-
| ''[[Naa... Nuvve]]'' || "Nijama Manasa" || [[Sharreth]]
|-
| ''[[Pantham]]'' || "First Time" || [[Gopi Sundar]]
|-
| ''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]'' || "O Vasumathi" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
| ''[[Lover (2018 film)|Lover]]'' || "Naalo Chilipi Kala" || [[Sai Karthik]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Nartanasala (2018 film)|Nartanasala]]'' || "Ela Netho" || rowspan="2" | [[Mahati Swara Sagar]]
|-
| "Dhol Bhaje"
|-
| ''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]'' || "Manasedo Vethukuthu Undi" || [[Mani Sharma]]
|-
| ''[[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]'' || "Peddha Peddha Kallathoti" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
| ''[[Antariksham 9000 KMPH]]'' || "Samayama" || [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
|-
| rowspan="17" | 2019 || ''Meriseti Merupalle'' || "Meriseti Merupalle" || Sindhu K Prasad
|-
| ''Nivaasi'' || "Jago Jago" || Charan Arjun
|-
| ''[[Edaina Jaragocchu]]'' || "Cheliya" || Srikanth Pendyala
|-
| ''Sharabha'' || "Ottesi Chebutha" || [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|-
| ''Ninnu Thalachi'' || "Nee Manasu Pai" || Yellendar Mahaveera
|-
| ''[[Chikati Gadilo Chithakotudu]]'' || "Party Song" || [[Balamurali Balu]]
|-
| ''[[Neeya 2|Nagakanya]]'' || "Raasagi" || [[Shabir]]
|-
| ''[[118 (film)|118]]'' || "Chandamame" || [[Shekar Chandra]]
|-
| ''[[Kolaigaran|Killer]]'' || "Champodde" || [[Simon K. King]]
|-
| ''[[Abhinetri 2]]'' || "Love Love" || [[Sam C. S.]]
|-
| ''Undiporaadhey'' || "Tholisari Ninnu" || Sabu Varghese
|-
| ''[[1st Rank Raju (2019 film)|1st Rank Raju]]'' || "Ayyo Rama" || Kiran Ravindranath
|-
| '' [[Golisoda|Evadu Thakkuva Kadu]]'' || "Life is just a casino" || Hari Gowra, [[Sai Karthik]]
|-
| ''[[Kousalya Krishnamurthy]]'' || "Muddabanthi" || [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|-
| ''[[Majili]]'' || "Naa Gundello" || [[Gopi Sunder]]
|-
| ''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/maharshis-song-nuvve-samastham-this-high-energy-number-will-make-you-restless-for-the-mahesh-babu-starrer/399341 |title=Maharshi's song Nuvve Samastham: This high energy number will make you restless for the Mahesh Babu starrer |date=12 April 2019 |access-date=Apr 12, 2019}}</ref>''|| "Nuvve Samastham" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
| ''[[Ninu Veedani Needanu Nene]]''|| "Ninu Veedani Needanu Nene" || [[S. Thaman]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2020 || rowspan="2" | ''[[V (2020 film)|V]]'' || "Manasu Maree" || rowspan="2" | [[Amit Trivedi]]
|-
| "Ranga Rangeli"
|-
| ''Parari'' || "Siggu Siggu" || Mahit Narayan
|-
| ''Yemaipothaney'' || "Naa Manasukathe" || Vasanth G
|-
| ''Ja'' || "Nee Choope"|| Venki
|-
|''[[IIT Krishnamurthy]]''
|"Megham Tho Megham"
|Naresh Kumaran
|-
| rowspan="13" |2021
|''Tongi Tongi Chudamaku Chandamama''
|"Challani Neeru"
|Hari Gowra
|- |-
|''Kannullo Kalalunte''
|"Idhe Ma Katha"
| rowspan="2" |[[Sunil Kashyap]]
|-
| ''[[Gem]]'' ||"Vsosi Vayyarive"
|-
| ''[[Uppena]]'' ||"Ranguladhukunna" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
| [[WWW (film)|''WWW'']]||"Kannulu Chedire" || [[Simon K King]]
|-
|''Surya''
|"Neetho Unta"
|Ajay Arasada
|-
|''Dhagad''
|"Kittayya"
|Poonik
|-
|''[[Gully Rowdy]]''
|"Visakhapatnam Lo Rowdy Gaado"
|[[Sai Karthik]]
|-
|[[Mugguru Monagallu (2021 film)|''Mugguru Monagallu'']]
|"O Pilla Nee Valla"
|Suresh Bobbili
|-
|''Maro Prasthanam''
|"Dharanilo Dharma Sthapanakai"
|[[Sunil Kashyap]]
|-
|''[[Raja Vikramarka (2021 film)|Raja Vikramarka]]''
|"Kaalam Kadalai"
|[[Prashanth R Vihari]]
|-
|''[[Bro (2021 film)|Bro]]''
|"Anandham"
|Shekar Chandra
|-
| rowspan="1" |''Missing''
|"Hola Hola"
| rowspan="1" |Ajay Arasada
|-
| rowspan="16" |2022
|''[[Rowdy Boys]]''
|"Okariki Okarani (Rock Version)"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
| rowspan=1|''Nee Venakale''
| "Karan Arjun"
| rowspan=1|Roshan Salur
|-
| rowspan=1|[[Samrat Prithviraj|''Samrat Pritviraj'']] '''(D)'''
| "Hadhu Cheripey"
| rowspan=1|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy|Shankar-Ehsan-Loy]]
|-
| rowspan=1|''Telisina Valu''
| "Nerajana"
| rowspan=1|Pouly
|-
|''[[Sehari]]''
|"Naa Disha Neeve"
|[[Prashanth R Vihari]]
|-
|''[[Stand Up Rahul]]''
|"Padhaa"
|[[Sweekar Agasthi]]
|-
| rowspan=1|''[[Mr. Pregnant|Mr. Preganant]]''
| "Remainado"
| rowspan=1|Shravan Bharadwaj
|-
|[[Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)|''Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu'']]
|"Oh My Aadhya"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|''[[The Throwback (2023 film)|Throwback 2020]]''
|"Manasunu Varincheti"
|Pauly. M
|-
| rowspan=1|''[[Take Diversion|Take diversion]]'' '''(D)'''
| "Neevu Leni Nenila"
| rowspan=1|[[Jose Franklin]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Shamshera]]'' '''(D)'''
| "Nee Paina Picchi Preme Kadhaa"
| rowspan="2" |[[Mithoon]]
|-
| "Aame Kallu"
|-
| rowspan=1|''[[Kinnerasani]]''
| "I Get So High"
| rowspan=1|[[Mahati Swara Sagar]]
|-
| rowspan=1|''[[Sita Ramam]]''
| "Epudo Ninnu"
| rowspan=1|[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Highway (2022 film)|''Highway'']]
| "Oohincha Ledhu Kadhe"
| rowspan="2" |[[Simon K King]]
|-
| "Kommallo"
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023
| ''[[Sony Music]]''|| "Vellake" || Bharatt-Saurabh
|-
| ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' '''(D)''' || "Kashmeeru" || [[Manan Bhardwaj]]
|-
|[[Kanulu Therichinaa Kanulu Moosinaa|''Kanulu Therichinaa Kanulu Moosinaa'']]
|"Marhabha"
|Gowra Hari
|-
|2024
|''[[Music Shop Murthy]]''
|"Vadiley Vadiley"
|Pavan
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|[[Tuk Tuk (film)|''Tuk Tuk'']]
|"Koyilamma"
|Santhu Omkar
|-
|''[[Single (film)|Single]]''
|"Shilpi Yevaro"
|[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|-
|[[Junior (2025 film)|''Junior'']]
|"Junior Anthem"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|[[War 2 (film)|''War 2'']] '''(D)'''
|"Salam Anali"
|[[Pritam]]
|-
|''[[Krishna Leela (2025 film)|Krishna Leela]]''
|"Asalenduke"
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|-
|2026
|''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari (2026 film)|Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]''
| "Darsanamey"
|[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|}

===Tamil===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Tamil Discography
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Composer
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' || "Avatha Payya" || [[G. V. Prakash]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013 || ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' || "Melliya Saaral" || C Satya
|-
| ''Konjam kofee konjam kadhal''|| "Sakkarakkatti" || Phani kalyan
|-
| ''Adithalam''|| "Oru Chaan Vayithukku" || [[Taj Noor]]
|-
| ''[[Thee Kulikkum Pachai Maram]]'' || "Kathaikalile" || Jitin Roshan
|-
| rowspan="15" | 2014 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Goli Soda]]'' || "Jananam Jananam" || rowspan="2" | Sn Arunagiri
|-
| "Oyyale Oyya"
|-
| ''[[Thirumanam Enum Nikkah]]'' || "Yaro Ival Yaro Ival" || [[Ghibran]]
|-
|''Panduvam''|| "Ivanai Boomi" || Niro
|-
| ''Davani Katru''|| "Sarugena Sarugena" || Udayan Victor
|-
| ''Vella Kakka Manja Kuruvi''|| "Adadada" || Saesan
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''Yaazh''|| "Panamarakkada" || rowspan="3" | Sn Arunagiri
|-
| "Poovarasam Poovay"
|-
| "Vizhi Vanile"
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Solla Aasai]]'' || "En Uyire Née" || [[M. M. Srilekha]]
|-
| ''[[Nedunchaalai]]'' || "Injadhea" || [[C. Sathya]]
|-
| ''[[Poojai]]'' || "Soda Bottle" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| ''[[Kaaval (2015 film)|Kaaval]]'' || "Kaval Theme" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
| ''Mel''|| "Ooru Enga Ooru" || Udayan Victor
|-
| ''Manam Konda Katal''||"Yaar Ival" ||Vikram Varman
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2015 || ''[[India Pakistan]]'' || "Indian Na Pakistan Née" || Deena
|-
| ''[[Katham Katham]]'' || "Idhu Yenna" || Tajnoor
|-
| ''[[Chennai Ungalai Anbudan Varaverkirathu]]'' || "Velicham Mazhai" || Raja
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' || "Mutharasan Kadhai" || rowspan="3" | [[Ghibran]]
|-
| "Uthaman Kadhai"
|-
| "Saagavaram"
|-
| ''[[Kirumi]]'' || "Boom Boom Bootam"|| [[K (Indian composer)|K]]
|-
| ''[[Natpadhigaram 79]]'' || "Penne Née Kadhal" || Deepak Nilambur
|-
| ''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]'' || "Neeye Unakku Raja" || [[Ghibran]]
|-
| ''[[Pasanga 2]]'' || Pookkalai Killi Vanth ||[[Arrol Corelli]]
|-
| rowspan="12" |2016 || ''[[Janatha Garage]]'' '''(D)'''|| "Apple Beauty" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |''Aarambamey Attakaasam'' '''(D)'''|| "Thiruda Thiruda" || rowspan="3" | Jaya K Doss
|-
| "Yeandi Yenga Pona"
|-
| "Yenna Sonna"
|-
| ''[[Nayyapudai]]'' || "Ith Pol Oru Sukam"|| [[Taj Noor]]
|-
| ''[[Pichaikkaran]]'' || "Oru Velai Sottrukkaga" || [[Vijay Antony]]
|-
| ''[[Kanithan]]'' || "Iviralgal" || [[Sivamani (percussionist)|Sivamani]]
|-
| ''[[Paisa (2016 film)|Paisa]]''|| "Paisa" || [[James (musician)|James]]
|-
| ''[[Babu Bangaram|Selvi]]'' || "Raka Raka" || [[Ghibran]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Saithan]]'' || "Jayalakshmi" || rowspan="2" |[[Vijay Antony]]
|-
| "Ladukio"
|-
| ''[[Kaaval (2015 film)|Neeye]]''|| "Neeye" || Phani Kalyan
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2017 || ''[[Adhe Kangal (2017 film)|Adhe Kangal]]'' || "Itdho Thaanagave" || [[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]]
|-
| ''Kombay''|| "Aathadi Aatha" || Deniz
|-
| ''[[Yaman (film)|Yaman]]'' || Kadavul Ezhuthum || [[Vijay Antony]]
|-
| ''[[Magalir Mattum (2017 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' || "Bullet Song" || [[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]]
|-
| ''Yaagan''|| "Neethan En Bhoomi" || Niro Pirabakaran
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Sathya (2017 Tamil film)|Sathya]]'' || "Yavvana" || rowspan="2" |[[Simon K. King]]
|-
| "Yavvana" (Reprise)
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Nedunalvaadai]]'' || "Yedho Aagippochu" || rowspan="2" |[[Jose Franklin]]
|-
| "Ore Oru Kanpaarvai"
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2018 || ''[[Sketch (2018 film)|Sketch]]'' || "Cheeni Chillale" || [[S. Thaman]]
|-
| ''[[Ratsasan]]'' || "Mayangal Nanada" || [[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''Panam Pathnonnum Seyyum''||"Rocksong" || rowspan="2" | Al Aalij
|-
| "Verikonda"
|-
| ''[[Raatchasan]]'' || "Piriyame Piriyame" || rowspan="2" | [[Ghibran]]
|-
| ''[[Aan Devathai]]'' || "Pogumidam"
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2019 || ''[[Kanne Kalaimaane]]'' || "Neenda Malare" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
|''[[Kolaigaran]]'' || "Kollathey" || [[Simon K. King]]
|-
|''[[Ninu Veedani Needanu Nene|Kannadi]]'' || "Kannai Katti" || [[S. Thaman|S Thaman]]
|-
| ''[[Market Raja MBBS]]''|| "Kannale Kannale" || [[Simon K. King|Simon K King]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020 || ''Tumba''|| "Kelaumbuda Nanba" || [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi|Santosh Dhayanidhi]]
|-
| ''[[Dharala Prabhu]]''|| "Pularum" || [[Vivek-Mervin]]
|-
| ''[[Maara]]''|| "Oru Arai Unadhu" || rowspan="2" | [[Ghibran]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2021|| ''[[Maara]]''|| "O Ajooba"
|-
| ''[[WWW (film)|WWW]]''|| "Minnalai" || [[Simon K King]]
|-
| ''[[Oh Manapenne]]''|| "Sakiye" || [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|-
|[[Atrangi Re|''Galatta Kalyaanam'']] || "Kaadhalai Solla Mudiyatha" || [[AR Rahman]]
|-
| rowspan="13"| 2022|| ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]'' '''(D)'''|| "Naatu Koothu" || [[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
|''[[Adade Sundara]]'' || "Thandanaanandha (Promo Song)" || [[Vivek Sagar]]
|-
| rowspan=4|''[[Shamshera]]'' '''(D)'''|| "Ondraagudhae" || rowspan="4" |[[Mithoon]]
|-
| "Theeporiyae"
|-
| "Kannale"
|-
| "Shamshera Thoandrumboadhu"
|-
| rowspan=1|''[[Visithiran]]''
| "Deva Emmai Kappaye"
| rowspan=1|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar|GV Prakash Kumar]]
|-
| rowspan=1|[[Samrat Prithviraj|''Samrat Prithviraj'']] '''(D)'''
| "Azhaikiradhe"
| rowspan=1|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|-
| rowspan=1|''Vallavan Vaguthatada''
| "Vallavan Vaguthatada"
| rowspan=1|Sagishna Xavier
|-
| rowspan=1|[[Sita Ramam|''Sita Ramam'']] '''(D)'''
| "Urayum Theeyil"
| rowspan=1|[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|-
| rowspan=1|[[Poikkal Kudhirai (2022 film)|''Poikkal Kuthirai'']]
| "Thadai Udayatha"
| rowspan=1|[[D. Imman|D Immaan]]
|-
| rowspan=1|[[Captain (2022 film)|''Captain'']]
| "Kylaa"
| rowspan=1|D Immaan
|-
| rowspan=1|''[[Raangi]]''
| "Panithuli"
| rowspan=1|[[C. Sathya]]
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' '''(D)''' || "Theeraadha" || [[Manan Bhardwaj]]
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Kanguva]]''|| "Yolo"|| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|2025
|[[War 2 (film)|''War 2'']] '''(D)'''
|"Kalaaba"
|[[Pritam]]
|}

===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Composer
|-
| 2002|| ''[[Punarjani]]'' || "Srithakamalakucha" || Suresh Manimala
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009 || ''Nalla Pattukare'' || "May Junemasam"|| [[Sharreth]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''The Gambler''|| "Re Rere" || [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|-
| "Ponmanimuthe" || [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010|| rowspan="3" | ''[[The Metro (film)|The Metro]]'' || "Dai Eechakkdavandi" || rowspan="3" | [[Shaan Rahman]]
|-
| "Maanmizi Poo Maine"
|-
| "Maanmizhi"
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Spanish Masala]]'' || "Ayyoayyo" || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2013|| ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'' || "Pranantenalangal|| [[Shaan Rahman]]
|-
| ''[[Kaashh]]'' || Daivathinvaramulla" || Sandeep Pillai
|-
| ''[[Ozhimuri]]''|| "Vakkinullilevingummouname" || [[Bijibal]]
|-
| ''[[101 Weddings]]'' || "Sajalamay" || [[Deepak Dev]]
|-
| ''[[Musafir (2013 film)|Musafir]]'' || "Sandhya" || [[Ouseppachan]]
|-
|''[[Kili Poyi]]'' || "Sajalamay" || rowspan="2" | [[Rahul Raj]]
|-
| rowspan="12" | 2014 || ''[[London Bridge (film)|London bridge]]'' || "Chinni Chinni"
|-
| ''Friendship'' || "Anuraagathin" || Farhaan Roshan
|-
| ''[[Konthayum Poonoolum]]'' || "Nenjil" || [[Mejo Joseph]]
|-
| ''[[Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil]]'' || "Chethi Minukki" || [[A. R. Reihana]]
|-
| ''Manja'' || "Pattam Nokkii" || [[Jecin George]]
|-
|''[[Rajadhiraja]]'' || "Dhandhan" || [[Karthik Raja]]
|-
| ''[[Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu]]'' || "Puthanilanjik" || [[Afzal Yusuf]]
|-
| ''[[Vikramadithyan]]''|| "Anthichoppil" || [[Bijibal]]
|-
| ''[[Cousins (2014 film)|Cousins]]'' || "Kolussu Thenni" || [[M. Jayachandran]]
|-
|''[[Angry Babies in Love]]'' ||"Zindgil" || [[Bijibal]]
|-
| ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'' '''(D)'''|| "Neelakasha" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
| ''[[Bhaiyya Bhaiyya]]''|| "Veyil Poyaal" || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
| 2015 || [[Jilebi (2015 film)|''Jilebi'']]|| "Yatra" || [[Bijibal]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Aana Mayil Ottakam]]'' || "Oru Pidi Swapnangal Than" || Rakesh
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2017 || ''[[Kuttikalundu Sookshikkuka]]'' || "Himagiri" || [[Bijibal]]
|-
| ''[[Adventures of Omanakuttan]]''|| "TARARARA" || [[Dawn Vincent]]
|-
| ''[[C/O Saira Banu]]'' || "Chakkikochamme" || [[Mejo Joseph]]
|-
| ''[[Viswasapoorvam Mansoor]]'' || "Ariyaaykayaalalla"|| rowspan="2" | [[Ramesh Narayan]]
|-
| ''[[Viswasapoorvam Mansoor]]'' || "Nenjiladakkakal"
|-
| ''[[Baahubali: The Conclusion]]'' '''(D)'''|| "Bali Bali Bahubali" ||[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]'' || "Palnila Taarame" || [[Rahul Raj]]
|-
| ''[[Old is Gold]]'' || "Vadivaalinu" || Jubair Mohammed
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2019 || ''Magical Moments'' || "Chuvappu" || [[Mejo Joseph]]
|-
| ''[[Mask (2019 film)|Mask]]'' || "Var Vidhumukhi" || [[Gopi Sundar]]
|-
| ''[[Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel]]''||"Thaniye Itha"|| [[Rahul Raj]]
|-
| ''[[Saaho]] '''''(D)'''||"Psycho Saiyaan"|| [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Marconi Mathai]]''||"Palnilavinum"|| rowspan="2" | [[M. Jayachandran]]
|-
|"Nanba"
|-
| rowspam="2" | ''[[Finals (film)|Finals]]''|| "Parakkam" || [[Kailas Menon]]
|-
| ''Parkam Reprise''|| "Kailas Menon"
|-
|''[[Edakkad Battalion 06]]''
|"Sehanai Song"
|Kailas Menon<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rekha-play-tovino-s-mom-edakkad-battalion-06-103893|title=Rekhs to play Tovino's mom|work=News Minute Times|date=19 June 2019 |access-date=June 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mammootty-launches-first-look-poster-tovino-s-edakkad-battalion-06-108528|title=Mammootty launches first look poster Tovino's Edakkad Battalion 06|work=News Minute Times|date=7 September 2019 |access-date=September 7, 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thakkol]]''||"Akashathin Vellivelicham"|| rowspan="2" |[[M. Jayachandran]]
|-
| ''[[Mamangam (2019 film)|Mamangam]]''||Promo Song
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022 ||[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|''Aarattu'']] '''(D)'''||"Onnam Kandam" || [[Rahul Raj]]
|-
|[[RRR (film)|''RRR'']] '''(D)'''||"Karinthol" || [[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
|''[[Sita Ramam]]'' '''(D)'''||"Ariyum Thorum" || [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' '''(D)'''|| "Kashmirin Saanu" || [[Manan Bhardwaj]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Lucky Baskhar]]'' '''(D)'''
|"Mindathe"
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
|''[[Kanguva]]'' '''(D)'''
|"Yolo"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
| rowspan="1"|2025
|''[[Identity (2025 film)|Identity]]'' ||"Cyclone Central"|| [[Jakes Bejoy]]
|}

===Kannada===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Kannada discography
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Composer
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Kal Manja]]''|| "Loveletter" || [[Emil Mohammed]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014 || ''Pungidasai''||"Chendirane" || Farhaan Roshan
|-
| ''[[Savaari 2]]''|| "Ninna Danigagi" || [[Manikanth Kadri]]
|-
| ''[[Namo Bhootatma]]''|| "Nina Chanda" || Farhaan Roshan
|-
| ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power]]''|| "Dham Powere" || [[S. Thaman]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Jaathre]]''|| "Neenillada" || [[Manikanth Kadri]]
|-
| 2016 || ''Neene''|| "Neene" || Phani Kalyan
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Rogue (2017 film)|Rogue]]'' || "Ee Sarasa"|| [[Sunil Kashyap]]
|-
| 2020 ||''[[Navratna]]''|| "Muddu" || Vengi
|-
| 2021 || ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]'' '''(D)'''|| "Dosti" || [[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
| 2021 || ''Oh My Love''|| "Enaytho Kaane" || Charan Arjun
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' '''(D)''' || "Kaashmira Thaana" || [[Manan Bhardwaj]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/yazinn/ Official Facebook Page]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nizar, Yazin}}
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kollam]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1965

2026-05-04T15:34:58Z

JerilynCropper5: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1960s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Fateh (2025 film)

2026-05-02T22:25:24Z

JerilynCropper5: Put Up New Post - done

{{Short description|Indian Hindi action crime film directed by Sonu Sood}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Fateh
| image = Fateh film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sonu Sood]]
| writer = Sonu Sood Ankur Pajni
| story = Sonu Sood
| producer = Sonali Sood Umesh KR Bansal
| starring = {{ubl|Sonu Sood|[[Jacqueline Fernandez]]}}
| cinematography = Vincenzo Condorelli
| editing = Yash Parikh Chandrashekhar Prajapati
| music = '''Score:''' John Stewart Eduri '''Songs:''' [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] Haroon - Gavin Vivek Hariharan
| studio = {{ubl|Shakti Sagar Productions|[[Zee Studios]]}}
| distributor = Zee Studios
| runtime = 127 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/fateh-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi3mtaw |title=''Fateh'' (18) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=6 January 2025 |access-date=7 January 2025 |archive-date=8 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108130436/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/fateh-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi3mtaw |url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|01|10}}
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|18.5–30.70 [[crore]]}}<ref name="bo2"/><ref name=FatehET/><ref name=FatehABP/>
}}

'''''Fateh''''' (translated: Victory) is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller]] film written and directed by [[Sonu Sood]] in his directorial debut<ref>{{Cite web |title='Fateh' movie review {{!}} Sonu Sood’s directorial debut is predictable and formulaic |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/fateh-movie-review-sonu-soods-directorial-debut-is-predictable-and-formulaic-3350373 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>. Produced by Shakti Sagar Productions, and [[Zee Studios]] and co-produced by Ajay Dhama,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pande |first1=Shreyas |title='Hitman' song from Sonu Sood's action-thriller Fateh unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress..com/hindi/news/2024/Dec/18/hitman-song-from-sonu-soods-action-thriller-fateh-unveiled |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 December 2024 |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218100213/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Dec/18/hitman-song-from-sonu-soods-action-thriller-fateh-unveiled |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Adivi |first1=Sashidhar |title=Engineering background helped me understand filmmaking better |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/engineering-background-helped-me-understand-filmmaking-better-885710 |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=19 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225124937/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/engineering-background-helped-me-understand-filmmaking-better-885710 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sonu Sood says directorial debut Fateh' is an ode to every hero who fights back|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/sonu-sood-says-directorial-debut-fateh-is-an-ode-to-every-hero-who-fights-back-1503372671.html |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=6 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> the film stars Sood in the titular role, alongside [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Vijay Raaz]] and [[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gowda |first1=Dese |title='My next film is in the South': Sonu Sood |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/Aug/03/my-next-film-is-in-the-southsonu-sood-2601303.html |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=3 August 2023 |language=en |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214181852/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/Aug/03/my-next-film-is-in-the-southsonu-sood-2601303.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fateh Teaser: Sonu Sood's Directorial Debut Film Promises An Action Packed Thriller |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/fateh-teaser-sonu-soods-directorial-debut-film-promises-an-action-packed-thriller-8818279.html |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214181907/https://www.news18.com/movies/fateh-teaser-sonu-soods-directorial-debut-film-promises-an-action-packed-thriller-8818279.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It follows Fateh, an ex-agent who comes out of his tranquil life in order to bring down the entire cyber mafia syndicate when a local girl falls victim to it and goes missing.

The film was officially announced in December 2021, while its title was revealed in October 2022. [[Principal photography]] commenced in March 2023 and wrapped up in October 2023.

''Fateh'' was theatrically released on 10 January 2025 and received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sonu Sood's Fateh to hit theatres on January 10 next year |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sonu-soods-fateh-to-hit-theatres-on-january-10-next-year/cid/2037536 |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[Telegraph India]] |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207062709/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sonu-soods-fateh-to-hit-theatres-on-january-10-next-year/cid/2037536 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Fateh Singh, an ex-[[Special operations|special ops]] officer, lives a peaceful life as a [[Dairy farming|dairy farming supervisor]] in [[Punjab]] until a village girl, Nimrit Kaur, falls prey to a [[cybercrime]] syndicate headed by Raza and Satya Prakash. Joining forces with Khushi Sharma, an ethical hacker, Fateh uses their combined skills to rescue Nimrit and destroy the cybercrime syndicate.

==Cast==
{{Castlist|
* [[Sonu Sood]] as Fateh Singh
* [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] as Khushi Sharma
* [[Vijay Raaz]] as Satya Prakash
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Raza<ref>{{cite news |title=EXCLUSIVE: Naseeruddin Shah to play the role of a hacker in Sonu Sood's Fateh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-naseeruddin-shah-to-play-the-role-of-a-hacker-in-sonu-sood-s-fateh-101716545399837.html |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621181155/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-naseeruddin-shah-to-play-the-role-of-a-hacker-in-sonu-sood-s-fateh-101716545399837.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Nagineedu]] as Ramana Reddy
* [[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]] as Nishit Biswas
* [[Prakash Belawadi]] as Aayappa
* Shiv Jyoti Rajput as Nimrit Kaur
* Suraj Jumani as Ronnie
* [[Binnu Dhillon]] as Sandhu
* [[Saurav Lokesh]] as Balaji
* Akashdeep Sabir as Chaddha
* Sheeba as Surjeet, Nimrit's mother
* Soundous Essayd Moufakir as Raza's assistant
* Viral Patel as Viral
* Shubham Chaudhary as Deaf Man
* Nyra Sachar as Tittu
* Rehaan Sachar as Jolly
* Nishan Cheema as Ranjeet Singh
* Simran Rana as News Anchor
* Atharva Bhatia as Happy Singh
* Kiranbir Kaur as Satvant Kaur
* Onkar Gill as Jita
}}

== Production ==
===Development===
The film was announced by [[Zee Studios]] in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=Sonu Sood to star in action-thriller Fateh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/Dec/24/sonu-sood-to-star-in-action-thriller-fateh-2399005.html |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=24 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225132658/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/Dec/24/sonu-sood-to-star-in-action-thriller-fateh-2399005.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It marks the directorial debut of actor [[Sonu Sood]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sonu Sood to turn writer for film on digital scams, will don never-before-seen avatar for the film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sonu-sood-to-turn-writer-for-film-on-digital-scams-8224991/ |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

===Filming===
Filming began in March 2023 in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and was wrapped in October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Sonu Sood wraps up shooting for his next film 'Fateh' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/actor-sonu-sood-wraps-up-shooting-for-his-next-film-fateh/articleshow/104732826.cms?from=mdr |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204143106/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/actor-sonu-sood-wraps-up-shooting-for-his-next-film-fateh/articleshow/104732826.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sonu Sood, Jacqueline Fernandez starrer 'Fateh' starts filming in Punjab |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sonu-sood-jacqueline-fernandez-starrer-fateh-starts-filming-in-punjab/article66607108.ece |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 March 2023 |language=en-IN |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207123320/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sonu-sood-jacqueline-fernandez-starrer-fateh-starts-filming-in-punjab/article66607108.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Fateh
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], Haroon–Gavin and Vivek Hariharan
| released = 30 December 2024
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 43:37
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
| {{YouTube|Fm06OYzMB6E|Fateh Full Album}}
}}
}}

The soundtrack album is composed by [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], Haroon–Gavin and Vivek Hariharan while the background score is composed by John Stewart Eduri, and features the composition "To the Moon" by [[Hans Zimmer]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/other/hans-zimmer-s-music-makes-bollywood-debut-with-sonu-sood-s-fateh/ar-AA1wOYRe?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |title=Archived copy |website=[[MSN]] |access-date=2025-01-05 |archive-date=2025-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125005933/https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/other/hans-zimmer-s-music-makes-bollywood-debut-with-sonu-sood-s-fateh/ar-AA1wOYRe?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/87486/sonu-sood-says-hans-zimmers-song-to-be-featured-first-time-in-an-indian-film-in-fateh-i-feel-fortuna|title=Sonu Sood Says Hans Zimmer's Song To Be Featured First Time In An Indian Film In Fateh: 'I Feel Fortunate…'|first=Abhinav|last=Singh|date=2 January 2025|website=Mashable India|access-date=5 January 2025|archive-date=5 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105223327/https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/87486/sonu-sood-says-hans-zimmers-song-to-be-featured-first-time-in-an-indian-film-in-fateh-i-feel-fortuna|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first single titled "Fateh Kar Fateh" was released on 12 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=12 December 2024 |title=Arijit Singh croons the patriotic anthem of victory 'Fateh Kar Fateh' for Sonu Sood's Fateh |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/arijit-singh-croons-patriotic-anthem-victory-fateh-ka-fateh-sonu-soods-fateh/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=12 December 2024 |archive-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212143508/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/arijit-singh-croons-patriotic-anthem-victory-fateh-ka-fateh-sonu-soods-fateh/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The second single titled "Hitman" was released on 17 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=14 December 2024 |title=Sonu Sood, Yo Yo Honey Singh tease new track 'Hitman' from Fateh ahead of December 17 release, watch |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sonu-sood-yo-yo-honey-singh-tease-new-track-hitman-fateh-ahead-december-17-release-watch/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=14 December 2024 |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214141611/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sonu-sood-yo-yo-honey-singh-tease-new-track-hitman-fateh-ahead-december-17-release-watch/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 43:37
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Fateh Kar Fateh
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| lyrics1 = Mandeep Khurana
| music1 = Haroon–Gavin
| length1 = 3:40
| title2 = Hitman
| extra2 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| lyrics2 = Leo Grewal, Paradox
| music2 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| length2 = 3:05
| title3 = Ruaa Ruaa
| extra3 = [[Stebin Ben]], Rupali Moghe
| lyrics3 = Mandeep Khurana
| music3 = Haroon–Gavin
| length3 = 3:46
| title4 = Nindiya
| extra4 = [[Hamsika Iyer]], Tineke Van Ingelgem
| lyrics4 = Mandeep Khurana
| music4 = Vivek Hariharan
| length4 = 3:37
| title5 = Heer
| extra5 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Asees Kaur]]
| lyrics5 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], Ajay Pal Sharma
| music5 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| length5 = 4:08
| title6 = To The Moon
| extra6 = Instrumental
| lyrics6 = [[Instrumental]]
| music6 = [[Hans Zimmer]]
| length6 = 3:49
| title7 = Call To Life
| extra7 = [[Loire (musician)|Loire Cotler]]
| lyrics7 = Instrumental
| music7 = [[Loire (musician)|Loire Cotler]]
| length7 = 3:49
| title8 = Roohdaari
| extra8 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], Vivek Hariharan
| lyrics8 = Mandeep Khurana
| music8 = Vivek Hariharan
| length8 = 4:01
| title9 = Waaheguru Kahey Mann Mera
| extra9 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| lyrics9 = Mandeep Khurana
| music9 = Haroon–Gavin
| length9 = 3:02
| title10 = Rona Taqdeer
| extra10 = [[B Praak]], Saloni Thakkar
| lyrics10 = Shabbir Ahmed, Ajay Pal Sharma
| music10 = Shabbir Ahmed
| length10 = 4:03
| title11 = Roohdari
| note11 = Reprise Version
| extra11 = Yashika Sikka, Vivek Hariharan
| lyrics11 = Mandeep Khurana
| music11 = Vivek Hariharan
| length11 = 3:37
}}

== Marketing ==
In early December 2024, [[Sonu Sood]] and co-star [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] visited the [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Mahakaleshwar Temple]] in [[Ujjain]] to seek blessings for their film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sonu Sood prays at Mahakaleshwar for movie 'Fateh' with Jacqueline Fernandez |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/video/sonu-sood-prays-to-mahakaleshwar-for-movie-fateh-1076968 |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204180931/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/video/sonu-sood-prays-to-mahakaleshwar-for-movie-fateh-1076968 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sonu Sood seeks blessings at Mahakaleshwar Temple in Ujjain ahead of the release of Fateh, watch : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sonu-sood-seeks-blessings-mahakaleshwar-temple-ujjain-ahead-release-fateh-watch/ |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=3 December 2024 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204021251/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sonu-sood-seeks-blessings-mahakaleshwar-temple-ujjain-ahead-release-fateh-watch/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
''Fateh'' was released on 10 January 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sonu Sood's directorial debut Fateh to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Jul/31/sonu-soods-directorial-debut-fateh-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=31 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225125317/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Jul/31/sonu-soods-directorial-debut-fateh-to-release-on-this-date |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sonu Sood's action thriller 'Fateh' teaser releases alongside 'Pushpa 2' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/world/sonu-soods-action-thriller-fateh-teaser-releases-alongside-pushpa-2-1503372530.html |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] from 7 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/fateh-on-ott-heres-where-and-when-you-can-watch-sonu-sood/0ec14902a9401|title=Fateh on OTT: When, where to watch Sonu Sood's John Wick-styled actioner after its theatrical run|website=OTTplay}}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Critical reception===
Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "At its core, ''Fateh'' highlights the vulnerabilities of our fast-paced digital lives. While its blood-soaked narrative may not resonate with everyone, it effectively underscores the urgency of its theme."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/fateh/movie-review/117086280.cms|title=Fateh Movie Review: Sonu Sood strikes hard in a gritty cyber crime actioner|website=The Times of India|access-date=2025-01-10|archive-date=2025-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110110807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/fateh/movie-review/117086280.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganesh Aaglave of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3.5/5 and wrote "''Fateh'' is a big-screen entertainer and deserves an audience for its crisp storytelling and stylish action sequences."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aaglave |first=Ganesh |date=10 January 2025 |title=Fateh movie review: Sonu Sood turns desi John Wick to deliver a stylish action-packed cyber-crime thriller |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-turns-desi-john-wick-to-deliver-a-stylish-action-packed-cyber-crime-thriller-13851226.html |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=10 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110110844/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-turns-desi-john-wick-to-deliver-a-stylish-action-packed-cyber-crime-thriller-13851226.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Fateh'' is a slick action entertainer that exposes the horrors of loan apps, a burning issue in the country right now. Sonu Sood is impressive as an actor and also as director in this film that has the potential to surprise though the opening will be impacted due to limited buzz."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/fateh-2/critic-review/fateh-2-movie-review/a-slick-action-entertainer-fateh-exposes-the-horrors-of-loan-apps/|title=Fateh Movie Review: A slick action entertainer FATEH exposes the horrors of loan apps.|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=10 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-11|archive-date=2025-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111061646/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/fateh-2/critic-review/fateh-2-movie-review/a-slick-action-entertainer-fateh-exposes-the-horrors-of-loan-apps/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Trisha Bhattacharya of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "For fans of Sonu Sood or those looking for a light [[Masala film|masala]] entertainer with a socially relevant theme, ''Fateh'' might be worth a watch. However, it’s not a film that will linger in your mind long after the credits roll."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=10 January 2025 |title=Fateh review: Sonu Sood's stellar act marred by weak execution |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/fateh-review-sonu-sood-stellar-act-weak-execution-jacqueline-fernandez-vijay-raaz-naseeruddin-shah-2662837-2025-01-10 |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=India Today |archive-date=10 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110141549/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/fateh-review-sonu-sood-stellar-act-weak-execution-jacqueline-fernandez-vijay-raaz-naseeruddin-shah-2662837-2025-01-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tanmayi Savadi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Fateh'' offers nothing new in terms of the plot. The saving graces are the actors who put their heart and soul into making it a bearable affair. If you are a fan of Sonu Sood, ''Fateh'' could make for a decent watch. Otherwise, it suffers from unexciting treatment even when style and action are in abundance."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/fateh-movie-review-sonu-soods-directorial-debut-intertwines-action-with-style-review-117094214|title=Fateh Movie Review: Sonu Sood's Directorial Debut Intertwines Action With Style|website=Times Now|date=10 January 2025 }}</ref>

Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "the film boasts of several slick action scenes but lacks an even pace."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=10 January 2025 |title=Fateh Movie Review: Messy action film |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/fateh-movie-review-70759.html |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=Filmfare |archive-date=11 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111091311/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/fateh-movie-review-70759.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Jagadish Angadi of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and praised Sood's performance in the action sequences but criticized its excessive violence and lack of originality in plot and screenplay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/fateh-movie-review-sonu-soods-directorial-debut-is-predictable-and-formulaic-3350373|title='Fateh' movie review: Sonu Sood's directorial debut is predictable and formulaic|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Fateh'' is marked by dizzying momentum if not sustained clarity. Sonu Sood delivers a no-frills lead performance that is perfectly in sync with the spirit and substance of the film."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/fateh-review-the-no-nonsense-unabashed-and-ultra-violent-film-is-surprisingly-watchable-2-5-stars-7447887|title=Fateh Review: The No-Nonsense, Unabashed And Ultra-Violent Film Is Surprisingly Watchable|website=NDTV|access-date=2025-01-11|archive-date=2025-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111040958/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/fateh-review-the-no-nonsense-unabashed-and-ultra-violent-film-is-surprisingly-watchable-2-5-stars-7447887|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mayur Sanap of ''[[rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "Dark, disturbing, and full of gore; ''Fateh'' is gung-ho in its efforts to make this stylised action yarn as brutal as possible."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanap |first=Mayur |date=10 January 2025 |title=Fateh Review: Saved By Sleek Action|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/fateh-review/20250110.htm|access-date=10 January 2025|website=rediff.com}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "Your tipping point depends upon how much sickening, relentless violence you can handle: clearly, the action choreographers have had a lot of fun, and you go along up until a point. After that, it all becomes an empty, exhausting blur."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=10 January 2025 |title=Fateh movie review: Sonu Sood is on a mission to slash, kill and burn |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-is-on-a-mission-to-slash-kill-and-burn-9771491/ |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=11 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111072648/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-is-on-a-mission-to-slash-kill-and-burn-9771491/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shubham Kulkarni of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "''Fateh'' has very little to offer for redemption in a runtime that is crisp but filled with a lot of things that aspire to be ''[[John Wick]]''-styled drama but can only manage a weak replica of ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'', which is such a sad trajectory for any film."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/fateh-review-in-the-race-of-violent-animal-sonu-sood-/8d814e90f716|title=Fateh Review: In the race of violent 'Animal(s)' Sonu Sood starrer is pretending to be one|website=OTTplay|access-date=2025-01-11|archive-date=2025-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110110808/https://www.ottplay.com/review/fateh-review-in-the-race-of-violent-animal-sonu-sood-/8d814e90f716|url-status=live}}</ref>

Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "[[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] begins 2025 with a bloody nose as Sonu Sood goes hammer and tongs to create a space for himself on the high table."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-goes-on-a-shooting-spree-in-this-stylised-yet-vacuous-actioner/article69085698.ece|title='Fateh' movie review: Sonu Sood goes on a shooting spree in this stylised yet vacuous actioner|website=The Hindu|date=10 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-11|archive-date=2025-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111045213/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-goes-on-a-shooting-spree-in-this-stylised-yet-vacuous-actioner/article69085698.ece|url-status=live |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj }}</ref> Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "While ''Fateh'' does not go out of its way to subvert the action genre, the film’s international treatment — especially in the action sequences — is definitely bound to impress people."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-goes-into-animal-mode-in-this-high-octane-actioner-101736502729215.html|title=Fateh movie review: Sonu Sood goes into 'Animal' mode in this high-octane actioner|website=Hindustan Times |date=10 January 2025 }}</ref> Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote, "Sonu Sood's directorial debut is dotted with inspired action sequences and clumsy writing."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-directs-and-stars-in-a-not-so-bad-actioner|title='Fateh' Movie Review: Sonu Sood Directs And Stars In A Not-So-Bad Actioner|website=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=2025-01-11|archive-date=2025-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111132018/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-directs-and-stars-in-a-not-so-bad-actioner|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Box office===
According to [[Bollywood Hungama]], ''Fateh'' concluded its theatrical run with a worldwide gross of {{INR}}18.50 crore.<ref name="bo2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-10 |title=Fateh Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website= [[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/fateh-2/box-office/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |language=en}}</ref> While [[ABP News]] and [[ET Now]] reported that the collection was {{INR}}30.70 crore.<ref name=FatehABP>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-02 |title=Sonu Sood’s ‘Fateh’ Becomes 2025’s First Sleeper Hit, Grossing ₹30.7 Crore |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/sonu-sood-s-fateh-becomes-2025-s-first-sleeper-hit-grossing-30-7-crore-and-expanding-globally-1748571 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref name=FatehET>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-02 |title=Fateh Box Office Collection: सोनू सूद की फिल्म सुपरहिट की जगह बनी 'स्लीपर हिट'! जानें कमाई के आंकड़े |url=https://hindi.etnownews.com/entertainment/sonu-soods-fateh-becomes-2025s-first-sleeper-hit-grossing-30-7-crore-article-117856076 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=ET Now Swadesh |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|27679608}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=fateh-2}}
{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}

[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:2020s vigilante films]]
[[Category:2025 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 crime action films]]
[[Category:2025 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films about assassinations]]
[[Category:Films about computer hacking]]
[[Category:Films about con artists]]
[[Category:Films about contract killing in India]]
[[Category:Films about cybercrime]]
[[Category:Films about mass murder]]
[[Category:Films about missing people]]
[[Category:Films about mobile phones]]
[[Category:Films about snipers]]
[[Category:Films about snuff films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about social media]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Films about torture]]
[[Category:Films about veterans]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Gun fu films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]

Ekdala Wars

2026-05-01T17:39:23Z

JerilynCropper5: Put Up A Details - done

{{Short description|War between Bengal Sultanate and Dehli}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

The '''Ekdala War''' ({{Langx|bn|একডালার যুদ্ধ|Ekḍalar Juddhô}}) was a 14th century conflict between the [[Bengal Sultanate]] and the [[Delhi Sultanate]] which took place in the islets of Ekdala in [[Bengal]]. The war resulted in Delhi eventually recognising the independence of [[Bengal Sultanate]].
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = First Ekdala War
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = 1353–1359
| place = Ekdala, [[Bengal]]
| territory =
| result = [[Bengal Sultanate]] victory{{Bulleted list|Withdrawal by the Delhi Sultanate}}{{Bulleted list|Delhi recognises sovereignty of the Sultan of Bengal}}
| combatant1 = [[Bengal Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg|23x23px]] [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| commander1 = [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] [[Sikandar Shah]]
| commander2 = [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]] Malik Dīlān Mīrshikār Malik Ḥusām ad-Dīn Nawā Tātār Khān
| strength1 = 200,000 infantry 10,000 horses 51 elephants
| strength2 = 260,000 infantry 30,000 horses Elephants
| casualties1 = 180,000 people
| casualties2 = Heavy
| notes =
| casus =
| mage2 =
}}

==Background==
{{Further|Tughlaq campaign of Bengal}}
In the early 14th century, Delhi's rebel governors in Bengal formed their own sultanates. By 1352, [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] defeated other rulers in [[Bengal]] and united the region into one sultanate. Ilyas Shah proclaimed himself as the [[Bengal Sultanate|Sultan of Bengal]]. Ilyas Shah's earlier military campaigns also involved the sacking of [[Kathmandu]] and [[Varanasi]]; and an invasion of [[Odisha|Orissa]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==Location==
The conflict centered on the mud fort of Ekdala. The fort was located on an island surrounded by a [[moat]] and marshy jungle. The exact location of the area is unclear; with various sources saying it may have been in [[Dinajpur]], [[Dhaka]] or [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]].<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Ekdala|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin}}</ref>

==First Ekdala War==
In 1353, the Sultan of Delhi [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]] led 70,000 of his men into Bengal. They rested at the banks of the [[Kosi River]] which was difficult to cross, and they could also see some of Ilyas Shah's forces posted on the other side near the [[Ganges River|Ganges Junction]]. When news of this reached Ilyas Shah, he deserted his capital at [[Hazrat Pandua|Pandua]] and took shelter in the Fort of Ekdala. The Delhi army then besieged the fort, but was deterred by its island's location and the Bengal navy. According to erstwhile Delhi accounts, the two forces engaged in a battle after the Delhi Sultan tricked Ilyas Shah into attacking Delhi forces, who had pretended to withdraw. The Delhi army occupied [[Lakhnauti]] and issued a proclamation asking locals to pledge allegiance to [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]]. With the Bengal army scattered across, Ilyas Shah had fled with seven horsemen as three of his elephants were killed and 48 captured. According to erstwhile Delhi accounts, [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]'s forces were victorious but did not annex the territory upon the wish of their Sultan, who had learnt from historic incidents with rebellious governors. The Sultan of Delhi also renamed Ekdala to Azadpur (akin to Freetown) and [[Pandua, Hooghly|Pandua]] to [[Firozabad]] (after himself). After the forces had set off for Delhi following the victory, Ilyas Shah entered Ekdala and executed the governor put in charge.{{Sfn|Elliot|1953}} Other sources claim that the conflict was settled after Bengal agreed to pay an annual tribute to Delhi, and that the exchange of gifts between Delhi and Bengal indicated each other's sovereignty.{{Sfn|Sengupta|2011|p=73}}

==Siege of Ekdala (1359)==
Firuz Shah Tughluq again invaded Bengal in 1359 when Ilyas Shah's successor [[Sikandar Shah]] took the throne. Tughluq felt Sikandar Shah had violated the terms of the treaty reached with his father. Tughluq sought to place the son-in-law of one of Ilyas Shah's rivals as the sultan of Bengal. During the invasion, Sikandar Shah based himself in Ekdala fort like his father.

The Delhi army besieged the island fort for months. After growing exhausted of Bengal's climate, the Delhi Sultan reached a peace treaty with Sikandar Shah.{{Sfn|Kunal Chakrabarti|Shubhra Chakrabarti|2013|p=12}} Delhi recognized Sikandar as an independent ruler. The peace treaty ensured Bengal's independence for two centuries.{{Sfn|Sengupta|2011|p=73}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|title=Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi Of Shams-i Siraj Afif|last=Elliot |first=Henry Miers |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.116023/page/n45/mode/2up?q=shamsu|publisher=Gupta, Susil|year=1953}}
*{{cite book|last= Sengupta|first=Nitish K. |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA71|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341678-4}}
*{{cite book|last1= Chakrabarti |first1= Kunal| last2 = Chakrabarti|first2=Shubhra|title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|year=2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5 |ref={{harvid|Kunal Chakrabarti|Shubhra Chakrabarti|2013}}}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War}}
[[Category:Wars involving the Bengal Sultanate]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Wars involving medieval India]]

Brahmo Samaj

2026-04-27T05:34:18Z

JerilynCropper5:

{{short description|Hindu socio-cultural reform movement}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More footnotes needed|date=October 2024}}
{{excessive examples|date=October 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox religion
| name = Brahmo Samaj
| caption_bagcgj =
| image =
| imagewidth =
| alt =
| caption =
| abbreviation =
| type =
| main_classification =
| orientation =
| scripture = [[Brahmo Dharma]]
| theology = [[Monotheism]]
| polity =
| governance =
| structure =
| leader_title =
| leader_name = [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]]
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 = [[Debendranath Tagore]]
| leader_title2 =
| fellowships_type =
| fellowships =
| associations = Brahmo Samaj ([[Adi Brahmo Samaj]] and [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]])
| area =
| headquarters =
| founder = [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] [[Dwarakanath Tagore]]
| founded_date = {{start date and age|1828|08|20|df=yes|p=y}}
| founded_place = {{nowrap|[[Calcutta]], [[British Raj|British India]]}}
| parent =
| merger =
| absorbed =
| separations =
| merged_into =
| defunct =
| hospitals =
| nursing_homes =
| aid =
| congregations =
| members = 
| ministers =
| missionaries =
| temples =
| primary_schools =
| secondary_schools =
| tax_status =
| tertiary =
| other_names = Brahmo Sabha
| publications =
| website = {{URL|brahmosamaj.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Brahmo Samaj'''{{efn|{{IPA|bn|bram.ho ʃɔ.mad͡ʒ}}}} is the societal component of [[Brahmoism]], which began as a [[monotheist]]ic reformist movement during the [[Bengal Renaissance]].

It was one of the most influential religious movements in India<ref>[[J. N. Farquhar]], [https://archive.org/stream/modernreligiousm00farquoft/modernreligiousm00farquoft_djvu.txt ''Modern Religious Movements of India''] (1915), p. 29.</ref> and made a significant contribution to the making of modern India.<ref>Brahmo Samaj and the Making of Modern India, David Kopf, publ. 1979 Princeton University Press (USA).</ref> It was started at Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) on 20 August 1828 by [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] and [[Dwarkanath Tagore]] as reformation of the prevailing customs of the time (specifically [[Kulinism|Kulin]] practices) and began the Bengal Renaissance of the 19th century pioneering all religious, social and educational advance of the Bengali community in the 19th century. Its Trust Deed was made in 1830 formalising its inception and it was duly and publicly inaugurated in January 1830 by the consecration of the first house of prayer, now known as the Adi Brahmo Samaj.<ref>''Modern Religious Movements in India'', J. N. Farquhar (1915), p. 29 etc.</ref> From the ''Brahmo Samaj'' springs Brahmoism, the most recent of legally recognised religions in India and Bangladesh, reflecting its foundation on reformed spiritual Hinduism with vital elements of Christian-Islamic faith and practice.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://brahmosamaj.in/ |title=Official Brahmo website |publisher=Brahmosamaj.in |access-date=2012-10-15 |archive-date=23 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023163011/http://www.brahmosamaj.in/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/reports/36.pdf |title=Bangladesh Law Commission |access-date=2012-10-15 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202740/http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/reports/36.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Etymology==

The Brahmo Samaj literally denotes community ({{langx|sa|italic=yes|'samaj'}}) of men who have knowledge of [[Brahman]], the ultimate reality.<ref>Page 1 Chapter 1 Volume 1 ''History of the Brahmo Samaj'' by Sivanath Sastri, 1911, 1st. edn. publisher R.Chatterji, Cornwallis St. Calcutta. ''Brahmo'' (ব্রাহ্ম ''bramho'') literally means "one who worships [[Brahman]]", and ''Samaj'' (সমাজ ''shômaj'') mean "community of men".</ref> In reality Brahmo Samaj does not discriminate between caste, creed or religion and is an assembly of all sorts and descriptions of people without distinction, meeting publicly for the sober, orderly, religious and devout adoration of "''The Nameless, Eternal, Immutable Being who is the Author and Preserver of the Universe''."<ref>[[Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha]] 1830.</ref>

==Doctrine==

The following doctrines, as noted in Renaissance of Hinduism, are common to all varieties and offshoots of the ''Brahmo Samaj'':<ref>Source: The Gazetteer of India, Volume 1: Country and people. Delhi, Publications Division, Government of India, 1965. CHAPTER VIII – Religion. HINDUISM by Dr. C.P.Ramaswami Aiyar, Dr. Nalinaksha Dutt, Prof. A.R.Wadia, Prof. M.Mujeeb, Dr. Dharm Pal and Fr. Jerome D'Souza, S.J.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahir |first=Rajiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india |title=A Brief History of Modern India |date=2018 |publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited |isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 |pages=212 |language=en |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430144833/https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Brahmo Samajists denied that any scripture could enjoy the status of ultimate authority transcending human reason and conscience.
* Brahmo Samajists have no faith in [[Avatar]]s (incarnations)
* Brahmo Samajists denounce polytheism and idol-worship.
* Brahmo Samajists are against the caste system.
* Brahmo Samajists took no definite stand on the doctrine of [[karma]] and [[Reincarnation|transmigration of soul]] and left it to individual Brahmos to believe either way.

==Divisions of Brahmo Samaj==
* [[Adi Brahmo Samaj]]
* [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]]

===Anusthanic versus Ananusthanic (Non-Anusthanic) Brahmos===
Anusthanic Brahmos comprise Adi Brahmos, Adi Dharmaites and many Sadharan Brahmos. Anusthanic Brahmos are exclusively adherents of the Brahmo religion and have no other faith.

The concept of the soul is anathema to Anusthanic Brahmos, which they consider to have been ruled out by the "1861 Anusthan"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anusthanic Brahmos, Ananusthnic Brahmo Samaj |url=https://true.brahmosamaj.in/brahmo-anusthanic-ananusthanics.html |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=true.brahmosamaj.in}}</ref> and they instead refer to the soul as "being". Every "being", which they consider immortal, is a part of God, who they see as the singularity, author and preserver of existence. "Beings" are sent out by God for a mission, "Kriya" on completion of which the "being" reintegrates (re-absorbs) into God.

For Anusthanic Brahmos the next step after death is this reintegration, re-absorption and renewal with God.

This corresponds to the 2nd "Adi" Prime Principle:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brahmo Samaj Prime Principles |url=https://true.brahmosamaj.in/brahmo-prime-principles.html |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=true.brahmosamaj.in}}</ref>
<blockquote>Being is created from Singularity. Being is renewed to Singularity. Being exists to be one again with Loving Singularity.</blockquote>

Ananusthanic (Non-Anusthanic Brahmos) believe in the concept of immortal souls eternally progressing towards God. This implies a karmic and fatalistic belief, which is different to Kriayic Brahmoism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://true.brahmosamaj.in/brahmo-anusthanic-ananusthanics.html |title=Anusthanic Brahmos, Ananusthnic Brahmo Samaj |publisher=World Brahmo Council |access-date=29 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903211957/http://true.brahmosamaj.in/brahmo-anusthanic-ananusthanics.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History and timeline==
===Brahmo Sabha===
On 20 August 1828 the first assembly of the ''Brahmo Sabha'' was held at the North Calcutta house of Firingi Kamal Bose. This day was celebrated by [[Brahmo]]s as ''Bhadrotsab'' (ভাদ্রোৎসব ''Bhadrotshôb''; "[[Bhadro]] celebration"). These meetings were open to all people irrespective of religion, caste, creed, gender. The format of worship was defined by [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] – which included reading of the Vedas by two Telegu Brahmins, followed by an explanation of Vedanta and [[Upanishads]] in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] by Utsavananda Bidyabagish, followed by Brahmasangeet composed by Rammohun or his friends. The songs were performed by top classical musical exponents Krishnaprasad and Bishnu Chakraborty and percussion was played by the country's top maestro Golam Abbas.<ref>"Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India" by Kenneth W. Jones, pp. 33–34, publ. 1989 Cambridge Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-521-24986-4}} This ''Samaj'' soon moved to its new premises in Chitpore Road on the land purchased by religious reformer [[Ram Mohan Roy|Raja Rammohun Roy]] and his friends like [[Dwarkanath Tagore]], Kalinath Munshi, [[Ram Chandra Vidyabagish]] and others. The ''Samaj'' regularly gathered on Saturday between seven o'clock to nine o'clock. These were informal meetings of [[Bengali Brahmin]]s (the "twice born"), accompanied by Upanishadic recitations in [[Sanskrit]] followed by [[Bengali language|Bengali]] translations of the Sanskrit recitation and singing of Brahmo hymns composed by Rammohun.</ref><ref>History of the Brahmo Samaj – Sivanath Satri (1911).</ref>

On 8 January 1830 influential progressive members of the closely related [[Kulin Brahmin]] clan<ref>"A History of Brahmin Clans" ({{IAST|Brāhmaṇa Vaṃshõ kā Itihāsa}}) in Hindi, by Dorilāl Śarmā, published by Rāśtriya Brāmhamana Mahāsabhā, Vimal Building, Jamirābād, Mitranagar, Masūdābād, Aligarh 2nd edn. 1998 and also footnotes to [[Bengali Brahmin]].</ref> scurrilously<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tagore,_Prince_Dwarkanath |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703142014/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tagore%2C_Prince_Dwarkanath |archive-date=3 July 2015 |title=Tagore, (Prince) Dwarkanath |publisher=Banglapedia |date=2009-04-22 |access-date=2015-07-23 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> described as [[Pirali Brahmin]] (''i.e.'' ostracised for service in the Mughal ''Nizaamat'' of Bengal) of Tagore (''Thakur'') and Roy ''Zameendar'' family, mutually executed the [[Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha]] for the first [[Adi Brahmo Samaj]] (place of worship) on Chitpore Road (now Rabindra Sarani), [[Kolkata]], India with [[Ram Chandra Vidyabagish]] as first resident superintendent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://true.brahmosamaj.in/brahmo-trust-deed.html |title=Online copy of 1830 Trust Deed |publisher=brahmosamaj.in |access-date=2012-10-15 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903211320/http://true.brahmosamaj.in/brahmo-trust-deed.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 23 January 1830 or 11th ''Magh'', the ''Adi Brahmo'' premises were publicly inaugurated (with about 500 Brahmins and 1 Englishman present). This day is celebrated by Brahmos as ''Maghotsab'' (মাঘোৎসব ''Maghotshôb'' "[[Magh (Bengali calendar)|Magh]] celebration").

In November 1830 Rammohun Roy left for England. [[Akbar II]] had conferred the title of 'Raja' to Rammohun Roy.<ref>''Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India'' by Kenneth W. Jones page 34, publ. 1989 Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-24986-4}}.</ref>

===Brief eclipse of Brahmo Sabha===
By the time of Rammohun's death in 1833 near Bristol (UK), attendance at the ''Samaj'' dwindled. [[Dwarkanath Tagore]] provided the funds for the upkeep of the Samaj and Ram Chandra Vidyabagish kept up the flame burning, and arrived each week to perform the divine service as laid out by Rammohun.

===Tattwabodhini period===
On 6 October 1839, [[Debendranath Tagore]], son of Dwarkanath Tagore, established ''Tattvaranjini Sabha'' which was shortly thereafter renamed the Tattwabodhini ("Truth-seekers") Sabha. Initially confined to immediate members of the Tagore family, in two years it mustered over 500 members. In 1840, Debendranath published a Bangla translation of ''[[Katha Upanishad]]''. A modern researcher describes the Sabha's philosophy as ''modern middle-class (bourgeois) Vedanta.<ref>2007: Brian Hatcher Journal of American Academy of Religion.</ref>'' Among its first members were the "two giants of Hindu reformation and Bengal Renaissance", [[Akshay Kumar Datta]], who in 1839 emerged from the life of an "anonymous squalor-beset individual", and [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], the "indigenous moderniser".<ref>Brahmo Samaj and the Making of Modern India, David Kopf, Princeton University Press, pp. 43–57.</ref>

===First Covenant and merger with the Tattwabodhini Sabha===
On 7th Pous 1765 Shaka (1843) Debendranath Tagore and twenty other Tattwabodhini stalwarts were formally invited by Pt. Vidyabagish into the Trust of Brahmo Sabha. The Pous Mela at Santiniketan starts on this day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rabindrabharatiuniversity.net/museum/tagore_family/tagore_society.htm |title=Rabindra Bharati Museum Kolkata, The Tagores & Society |publisher=Rabindrabharatiuniversity.net |access-date=2012-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307155433/http://www.rabindrabharatiuniversity.net/museum/tagore_family/tagore_society.htm |archive-date=7 March 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> From this day forth, the Tattwabodhini Sabha dedicated itself to promoting Ram Mohan Roy's creed.<ref>"Bourgeois Hinduism", Brian Allison Hatcher, pp. 57–58.</ref> The other Brahmins who swore the First Covenant of Brahmoism are:
* Shridhar Bhattacharya
* Shyamacharan Bhattacharya
* Brajendranath Tagore
* Girindranath Tagore, brother of [[Debendranath Tagore]] and father of Ganendranath Tagore
* Anandachandra Bhattacharya
* Taraknath Bhattacharya
* Haradev Chattopadhyaya, the future father-in-law to Mahacharya [[Hemendranath Tagore]]<ref>History of the Brahmo Samaj, S. Sastri. 2nd ed. p. 81.</ref>
* Shyamacharan Mukhopadhyaya
* Ramnarayan Chattopadhyaya
* Sashibhushan Mukhopadhyaya

===Foundation of the Brahmo Samaj===
In 1861 the Brahmo Samaj was founded at [[Lahore]] by Nobin Roy.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Qalb-i-Abid |first=S. |title=The Growth of Communalism in the Punjab Before the 1919 Reforms: A Brief Survey |url=http://pjhc.nihcr.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/1-The-Growth-of-Communalism-in-the-Punjab-Before-the-1919-Reforms-Dr.-S.-Qalb-i-Abid.pdf |journal=Pakistan Journal of History and Culture |volume=11 |page=4}}</ref> It included many Bengalis from the Lahore Bar Association. Many branches were opened in the [[Punjab]], at [[Quetta]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Amritsar]] etc.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sahni |first=Ruchi Ram |date=2018-02-15 |title=My Connection with the Brahmo Samaj |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474004.003.0009 |journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |volume=1 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780199474004.003.0009 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===First secession===
Disagreement with the Debendranath Tagore and [[Keshub Chandra Sen]] came to a head publicly between the period of 1 August 1865 till November 1866 and the followers of Keshub created the "Brahmo Samaj of India". This period is also referred to in the histories of the secessionists as the "First Schism".<ref>Pt. Shivnath Shastri, Brahmo History, 1911, pp. 106-107, 2nd ed.</ref> Keshab Chandra Sen was influenced by [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]] teachings and gradually adopted them in his personal life and philosophy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indica.today/quick-reads/sri-ramakrishna-paramhamsa-and-the-brahmo-samaj-a-story-of-two-spiritual-paths/ |title=Sri Ramakrishna Paramhamsa and the Brahmo Samaj – A Story of Two Spiritual Paths |last=Chanda |first=Anirban |date=6 May 2020 |website=Indica Today}}</ref>

===Current status and number of adherents===
While the various Calcutta sponsored movements declined after 1920 and faded into obscurity after the [[Partition of India]], the [[Adi Dharm]] creed has expanded and is now the 9th largest of India's enumerated religions with 7.83 million adherents, heavily concentrated between the states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In the Indian census of 2001 only 177 persons declared themselves a "Brahmo", but the number of subscriber members to Brahmo Samaj is somewhat larger at around 20,000 members.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brahmo.org/brahmo-faq.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://brahmo.org/brahmo-faq.html |archive-date=2011-07-25 |title=Brahmo Samaj FAQ Frequently asked Questions |publisher=Brahmo.org |date=2011-07-25 |access-date=2012-10-15}}</ref><ref>[http://old.nabble.com/Re%3A--brahmoconference--Happy-Maghotsava-p27574782.html Statewise census computation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203950/http://old.nabble.com/Re:--brahmoconference--Happy-Maghotsava-p27574782.html|date=3 March 2016}} by the [[Brahmo Conference Organisation]].</ref>

== Social and religious reform ==
In matters of social reform the Brahmo Samaj attacked many dogmas and superstitions. It condemned the prevailing Hindu prejudice against sailing across sea and going abroad (Kala Pani). The Samaj condemned practice of Sati (burning of widows), discouraged child marriage and polygamy, and crusaded for widow remarriage. The Samaj attacked casteism and untouchability.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kopf |first=David |title=The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781400869893}}</ref>

After the controversy of underage marriage of [[Keshub Chunder Sen]]'s daughter, the ''Special Marriages Act of 1872'' was enacted to set the minimum age of 14 years for marriage of girls.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Brahma_Sabha |title=Brahma Sabha |website=Banglapedia |access-date=2015-07-23 |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723131516/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Brahma_Sabha |url-status=live}}</ref> All Brahmo marriages were thereafter solemnised under this law. Many Indians resented the requirement of the affirmation "I am not a Hindu, nor a Muslim, nor a Christian" for solemnising a marriage under this Act. The requirement of this declaration was imposed by [[Henry James Sumner Maine]], legal member of Governor General's Council appointed by Britain. The 1872 Act was repealed by the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954]] under which any person of any religion could marry. The [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]] applies to all Hindus (including "followers" of the Brahmo Samaj) but not to the adherents of the Brahmo religion.

===Second secession===
Differences arose between Keshub Chandra Sen and the band of young people who called themselves "Samadarshi". The difference arose due to the autocratic handling of the works of the Brahmo Samaj by Keshub Chandra Sen. The differences came to a head with the Coochbehar marriage. A meeting was called in Town Hall of Calutta on 15 May 1878 and the [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]] came into existence <ref>History of the Brahmo Samaj - Sivanath Sastri (1911) pp. 290 - 292.</ref> with [[Anandamohan Bose]] as president, Shib Chandra Deb, [[Sivanath Sastri]], Umesh Chandra Dutta, Gurucharan Mahalanobish serving as office bearers.

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|India|Society|History}}
* [[History of Bengal]]
* [[Arya Samaj]]
* [[Brahmo]]
* [[New religious movement]]
* [[Prarthana Samaj]]
* [[Tattwabodhini Patrika]]
* [[Ayyathan Gopalan|Brahmosamaj Kerala]] and [[Ayyathan Gopalan|Dr. Ayyathan Gopalan]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.brahmosamaj.org The Brahmo Samaj]
* [https://www.thesadharanbrahmosamaj.org The Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]
* [https://www.thebrahmosamaj.net Brahmo Samaj.net]
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahmo-Samaj Brahmo Samaj] in the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* [https://www.yoopery.com/2021/04/Biography-of-raja-ram-mohan-roy-in-details.html Biography of Raja Rammohan Roy]

{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Bengali Hindu people}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India}}

[[Category:Brahmoism]]
[[Category:Hindu new religious movements]]
[[Category:Religion in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Hinduism in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Religion in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Neo-Vedanta]]
[[Category:Bengal Renaissance]]
[[Category:1828 establishments in India]]

Rajat Moona

2026-04-20T09:13:27Z

JerilynCropper5: starting a data.

{{short description|Indian professor and administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|03|28}}
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] [[Indian Institute of Science Bangalore]]
| website = {{URL|www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/moona/}}
| known_for = [[Computer architecture|Computer Hardware and Architecture]] and [[VLSI Design]]
| profession = [[Professor]] [[Academic administration|Administrator]] Consultant
| office1 = Director at [[Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar]]
| term_start1 = 3 October 2022<ref name="aa">{{Cite web |url= https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/former-iit-bhillai-director-prof-rajat-moona-now-takes-charge-of-iit-gandhinagar-5998105.html|title= Former IIT Bhillai Director Prof Rajat Moona Now Takes Charge of IIT Gandhinagar |access-date=13 April 2023|date=20 September 2022|website= news18.com}}</ref>
| term_end1 = present
| predecessor1 = [[Prof.]][[Sudhir K. Jain]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = Director (Additional Supervisor) at [[Indian Institute of Information Technology Vadodara]]
| term_start2 = 21 May 2023
| term_end2 = 30 May 2024
| predecessor2 = [[Prof.]] Saraat Kumar Pathan
| successor2 = [[Prof.]] Dharmendra Singh
| office3 = Director at [[Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai]]
| term_start3 = 20 March 2017
| term_end3 = 26 September 2022<ref name="aa"/>
| predecessor3 = ''Position Established''
| successor3 = [[Prof.]]Rajiv Prakash
| office4 = [[Director General]] of [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]]
| term_start4 = 1 May 2011
| term_end4 = 15 March 2017<ref name="a"/>
| predecessor4 = Rajan Joseph
| successor4 = [[Doctor (title)|Dr]]. Debashish Dutta
| office5 = Professor at [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]]
| term_start5 = 15 April 1991
| term_end5 = 31 March 2030 <ref>{{cite web |title=Rajat Moona |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/new/dr-rajat-moona |website=www.iitk.ac.in |publisher=IIT Kanpur |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref>
}}
'''Rajat Moona''' (born 28 March 1934) is the Director of [[Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar]] from October 2022 onwards. He has also served as Director of [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Vadodara]] on additional Charge Basis from 2023 till 2024. He has served as director at [[IIT Bhilai|Indian Institute of Technology, Bhilai]] from March 2017 to September 2022. He is also a professor of [[Computer science and engineering|Computer Science and Engineering]] at [[IIT Kanpur]] from April 1991 and was [[Director General]] of [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]] from May 2011 to March 2017.<ref name="b">{{cite web |title=Rajat Moona {{!}} Home Page |url=https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/moona/ |website=www.cse.iitk.ac.in}}</ref><ref name="a">{{cite web |title=Prof Rajat Moona takes over as Director General, C-DAC |url=https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=prs_rl199 |website=www.cdac.in |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
He completed his BTech in [[Electrical Engineering]] from [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]]. He earned his [[doctoral degree]] from the Department of [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and Automation at [[Indian Institute of Science Bangalore]], in 1989, under the supervision of [[Vaidyeswaran Rajaraman]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajat Moona {{!}} Home Page |url=https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/moona/?page=myself |website=www.cse.iitk.ac.in |publisher=Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Kanpur |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref>

==Work==
He joined at [[IIT Kanpur]] as a faculty member in 1991.<ref name="b"/> Between 1994 and 1995, he was a visiting scientist at the [[Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]] (CSAIL), [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite news |title=SAII Ropes in Faculty From Premier Institutes |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/saii-ropes-in-faculty-from-premier-institutes/81917/ |work=The Financial Express |date=13 May 2003}}</ref> Later he was also associated with [[Mentor Graphics]] as Senior Engineering Manager. Here was involved in developing methods of translating software codes of electronic systems into hardware.<ref>{{cite web |title=Compiling memory dereferencing instructions from software to hardware in an electronic design |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US7203912B2/en |website=patents.google.com |publisher=US Patent office |language=en |date=21 July 2004}}</ref>

During his tenure at [[IIT Kanpur]], he was involved in development of a [[smart card]] operating system for [[Electronic passport|Electronic Passports]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iitbhilai.ac.in/index.php?pid=epassport|title=e-Passport to be launched, developed by Prof. Moona|website=www.iitbhilai.ac.in|access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref> At [[C-DAC]], he was instrumental on the ''SCOSTA''<ref>{{cite web |title=SCOSTA Operating system |url=https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=pe_sct_scosta_os |website=www.cdac.in}}</ref> compliant [[operating system]] development,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moona |first1=Rajat |last2=Agrawal |first2=Manindra |last3=Gairola |first3=B. K. |title=Smart Card Initiatives@IIT Kanpur |url=https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/moona/smartcard/index.php?page=scosta/scosta |website=www.cse.iitk.ac.in |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> and the technical improvements behind the [[Electronic toll collection|Electronic Toll Collection]] (ETC) in [[India]] and [[Electronic Voting Machine]] (EVM) that uses [[Radio-frequency identification|RFID]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vishnoi |first1=Anubhuti |title=Election Commission: EVM rigging not possible, chips source coded in India: Rajat Moona, Member, Technical Expert Panel on EVMs, EC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/evm-rigging-not-possible-chips-source-coded-in-india-rajat-moona-member-technical-expert-panel-on-evms-ec/articleshow/65791586.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=13 September 2018}}</ref>

==Honor and awards==
*Indo-US Science and Technology Fellowship (1994)<ref>{{cite web |title=Vidwan {{!}} Profile Page |url=https://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/profile/3203 |website=vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in |publisher=Information and Library Network Centre (INFLIBNET)}}</ref>
*Poonam and [[Prabhu Goel]] Chair Professorship (2008)<ref>{{cite web |title=Poonam and Prabhu Goel Chair |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/july14cse/2014-04-11-06-21-53/poonam-and-prabhu-goel-chair |website=www.iitk.ac.in |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref>
*[[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]] in Information and Communication Technology (2010)<ref>{{cite news |title=C-DAC scientists selected for Vasvik Research Award |url=https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=print_page&print=pk_itn_spot891 |work=www.cdac.in |date=10 September 2012}}</ref>
*National Award for Best Electoral Practices, [[Election Commission of India]] (2016, 2020–21)<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajya Sabha accolades Prof. Moona's contributions for EVM |url=https://www.iitbhilai.ac.in/index.php?pid=for_EVM |website=www.iitbhilai.ac.in |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Director of IIT Bhilai receives prestigious award on National Voters' Day |url=https://www.iitbhilai.ac.in/index.php?pid=NationalVoters|website=www.iitbhilai.ac.in |accessdate=26 June 2022}}</ref>

==Selected bibliography==
===Articles===
*{{cite journal |last1=Nandy |first1=S K |last2=Deogaonkar |first2=Anuradha |last3=Moona |first3=Rajat |last4=Madhuri |first4=C Sudha |title=K-d Tree based Gridless Maze Routing on Message Passing Multiprocessor Systems |journal=IETE Journal of Research |date=2 June 2015 |volume=36 |issue=3–4 |pages=287–293 |doi=10.1080/03772063.1990.11436895}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mujoo |first1=Ashwani |last2=Malviya |first2=Manoj Kumar |last3=Moona |first3=Rajat |last4=Prabhakar |first4=T V |chapter=A Search Engine for Indian Languages |title=Electronic Commerce and Web Technologies |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=2000 |volume=1875 |pages=349–358 |doi=10.1007/3-540-44463-7_30 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-540-67981-3 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=S. |last2=Moona |first2=R. |title=VLSI Design 2000. Wireless and Digital Imaging in the Millennium. Proceedings of 13th International Conference on VLSI Design |chapter=Retargetable functional simulator using high level processor models |date=2000 |pages=424–429 |doi=10.1109/ICVD.2000.812644 |publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|isbn=0-7695-0487-6 |s2cid=25990436 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Rajesh |first1=V. |last2=Moona |first2=R. |title=Proceedings Twelfth International Conference on VLSI Design. (Cat. No.PR00013) |chapter=Processor modeling for hardware software codesign |date=January 1999 |pages=132–137 |doi=10.1109/ICVD.1999.745137|isbn=0-7695-0013-7 |s2cid=2708772 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Moona |first1=Rajat |last2=Rajaraman |first2=V. |title=A FIFO-based multicast network and its use in multicomputers |journal=Microprocessors and Microsystems |date=December 1991 |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=543–547 |doi=10.1016/0141-9331(91)90013-6}}

===Patents===
*[[Compiling]] memory [[dereferencing]] instructions from software to hardware in an electronic design (2004)<ref>{{cite web |title=Compiling memory dereferencing instructions from software to hardware in an electronic design |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US7203912 |website=patents.google.com |publisher=US Patent office |accessdate=24 July 2020 |language=en |date=21 July 2004}}</ref>
*Methods and systems for secured access to devices and systems (2006)<ref>{{cite web |title=Methods and systems for secured access to devices and systems |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US7864987 |website=patents.google.com |publisher=US Patent office |accessdate=24 July 2020 |language=en |date=18 April 2006}}</ref>
*Method and system for using personal devices for [[authentication]] and service access at service outlets (2009)<ref>{{cite web |title=Method and system for using personal devices for authentication and service access at service outlets |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8713655 |website=patents.google.com |publisher=US Patent office |language=en |date=20 April 2009}}</ref>

===Books===
*{{cite book |last1=Moona |first1=Rajat |title=Assembly Language Programming in GNU/Linux for IA32 Architectures |date=2009 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-203-3156-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3_WIQOYE2EC&q=Assembly+Language+Programming+in+GNU/Linux+for+IA32+Architectures |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Ratan K. |last2=Gupta |first2=Phalguni |last3=Moona |first3=Rajat |title=Foundations of Parallel Processing |date=1995 |publisher=Narosa Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7319-032-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sv28PQAACAAJ |language=en}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moona, Rajat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Technology directors]]
[[Category:Educators from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Bhilai]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

Katlicherra Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:44:08Z

JerilynCropper5: starting

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Katlicherra
| constituency_no = 7
| type = SLA
| map_image = Katlicherra Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency|Karimganj]]
| district = [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Gautam Roy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alliance =
| electors =
| abolished= 2023
}}
'''Katlicherra Assembly constituency''' was one of the 126 constituencies of the Legislative Assembly of Assam state in northeastern India.<ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> This constituency was abolished in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

Katlicherra (constituency number 7) was one of the 3 constituencies located in [[Hailakandi district]]. Katlicherra was part of [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1951
| rowspan="3" |[[Gourishankar Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|1957
|-
|1962
|-
| 1967
|[[Tajamul Ali Laskar]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}| ||[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 1972
|[[Santosh Kumar Roy (Assam politician)|Santosh Kumar Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=9}}
|-
| 1978
| [[Gourishankar Roy]]
|-
| 1983
| [[Tajamul Ali Laskar]]
|-
| 1985
| rowspan="6" |[[Gautam Roy]]
|-
| 1991
|-
| 1996
|-
|2001
|-
| 2006
|-
| 2011
|-
| 2016
| rowspan="2"|[[Suzam Uddin Laskar]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2021
|}

== Election results ==
===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Katlicherra<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = [[Suzamuddin Laskar]]
|votes = 79,769
|percentage = 51.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Subrata Nath
|votes = 66,798
|percentage = 43.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanjeev Roy
|votes = 2,931
|percentage = 1.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 745
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,971
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,53,891
|percentage = 85.22%
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,58,480
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|losser
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|24.46|92.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Hailakandi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

Parshuram Kund

2026-04-17T10:54:43Z

JerilynCropper5: starting new entry.

{{Short description|Hindu Pilgrimage Site in Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Parshuram Kund
| native_name = परशुराम कुंड
| image = Parshuram Kund .jpg
| country = {{IND}}
| location =
| district = [[Lohit district]]
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| map_type = India Arunachal Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|27|52|39|N|96|21|33|E|display=inline, title}}
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Parashurama]]
| festivals = [[Makar Sankranti]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Parshuram Kund''' is a [[Hindu pilgrimage sites|Hindu pilgrimage site]] in the [[Lohit district]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parshuram Kund {{!}} District Lohit, Government of Arunachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://lohit.nic.in/tourist-place/parshuram-kund/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is situated on the [[Brahmaputra]] plateau in the lower reaches of the [[Lohit River]] and about 48 km from [[Tezu]] in [[Lohit district]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India. Dedicated to the sage [[Parashurama]], the popular site attracts pilgrims from [[Nepal]], from across India, including the nearby states of [[Manipur]] and [[Assam]]. Over 70,000 devotees and [[sadhu]]s take a holy dip in its water each year on the occasion of [[Makar Sankranti]], in the month of January.'''<ref>{{cite web | title = Thousands gather at Parshuram Kund for holy dip on Makar Sankranti | publisher=The News Mill| url = http://thenewsmill.com/thousands-gather-parshuram-kund-holy-dip-makar-sankranti/ | accessdate = 2017-01-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = 70,000 devotees take holy dip in Parshuram Kund|newspaper=Indian Express | url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/70000-devotees-take-holy-dip-in-parshuram-kund/1061283/ |date=18 January 2013| accessdate = 2014-06-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Arunachal Pradesh planning to promote tourism at Parsuram Kund | work=Daily News & Analysis| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-arunachal-pradesh-planning-to-promote-tourism-at-parsuram-kund-1779235 | accessdate = 2014-06-29 }}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Linggi |first=Fames |last2=Miwu |first2=Rajen |last3=Mihu |first3=Riko |date=2023 |title=Valuation of Religious Site Parshuram Kund in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2023/5/7006.pdf |journal=International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research |volume=5 |issue=5}}</ref>

The Kund originally was established by the pilgrims coming from Assam in the 1970s and was promoted as a tourist place. The temple is dedicated to the [[Lord Parshuram]], there is also a shrine dedicated to Devi Renuka. Lord Parshuram is the 6th avatar of Sri [[Lord Vishnu]], there is a dashavatar temple dedicated to Sri Maha Vishnu with all the ten distinct avatars of Lord Vishnu.

==Religious importance==
It is a shrine of all-India importance located in the lower reaches of the Lohit River. Thousands of pilgrims visit the place in winter every year, especially on the [[Makar Sankranti]] day for a holy dip in the sacred kund which is believed to wash away one's sins. There is a mythological story behind this beautiful place as told by the local people. It is believed that Parashurama the sixth incarnation of [[Lord Vishnu|Vishnu]], on the orders of his father Rishi [[Jamadagni]], beheaded his mother [[Renuka]] with his axe. Since he had committed one of the worst crimes of killing one's mother, the axe got stuck to his hand. His father pleased with his obedience decided to give him a boon to which he asked for his mother to be restored back to life. Even after his mother was brought back to life the axe could not be removed from his hand. This was a reminder of the heinous crime he had committed. He repented for his crime and on taking the advice of eminent rishis of that time, he arrived at the banks of Lohit River to wash his hands in its pure waters. It was a way to cleanse him of all the sins. As soon as he dipped his hands into the waters the axe immediately got detached and since then the site where he washed his hands became a place of worship and came to be known by sadhus as Parshuram Kund.
Also there are many stories varying from region to region in India that describe the above incident and there are numerous temples dedicated to Parashurama most of which are in [[Kerala]]. But this place attracts many pilgrims from near and far and quite a few sanyasis reside here and take care of the temple that is dedicated to Parashurama.

==History==
The site of the Parashuram Kund as established by the [[Sadhu]] was in existence until the [[1950 Assam earthquake]] that shook the whole of the North-East and the Kund was completely covered. A very strong current is now flowing over the original site of the Kund, but massive boulders have in a mysterious way embedded themselves in a circular formation in the riverbed thus forming another Kund in place of the old.<ref name= tinsukia>{{cite web| url =http://www.indiaprofile.com/pilgrimage/parashuramkund.htm|title = Parashuram Kund| publisher= indiaprofile.com }}</ref>
The temple which is believed to be the home of Malini (Parvati) is situated on the rocky hills of the Ghagra and Ghai rivers in the Likabali sub-division. Read more [https://www.borderlens.com/articles/thousands-throng-to-parshuram-kund-and-malinithan-to-celebrate-makar-sankranti/ here].

==Tourism==
Annual fair is held during [[Makar Sankranti|Makara Sankranti]], to which wild cows, rare fur-rugs and other curios are brought down by the hill tribes. There are also facilities for trekking from [[Tezu]] to glow lake which takes one day, hiking and river rafting and angling on the river Lohit.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Parshuram math(view 1),Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|Parshuram Math (view 1)
Parshuram math(view 2),Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|Parshuram Math (view 2)
Parshuram math(view 3),Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|Parshuram Math (view 3)
Parshuram math(view 4),Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|Parshuram Math (view 4)
Parshuram math(view 5),Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|Parshuram Math (view 5)
</gallery>

==See also==
*Parasurameswara Temple - Called [[Gudimallam]], an ancient temple from 2nd Century
* [[Hinduism in Arunachal Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{url|https://lohit.nic.in/tourist-place/parshuram-kund|Government website}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Hindu temples in Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Lohit district]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple

2026-04-12T14:56:47Z

JerilynCropper5: put up new place

{{Short description|Hindu temple of Krishna near Aranmula, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple
| image = Aranmula Temple.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Parthasarathy Temple, [[Aranmula]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9|19|41.2|N|76|41|16.4|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aranmula_Parthasarathy_Temple&params=9_19_41.2_N_76_41_16.4_E_type:landmark_region:IN]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Pathanamthitta District|Pathanamthitta]]
| location = [[Aranmula]]
| elevation_m = 36.8
| deity = Parthasarathy ([[Krishna]])
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| festivals = [[Aranmula Boat Race]]
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

The '''Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Aranmula]], a village in [[Pathanamthitta District]], [[Kerala]], [[South India]], on the southern bank of [[Pamba River|Pamba river]], the third longest river in Kerala. It is dedicated to the Lord [[Krishna]], who is worshipped as Parthasarathy ([[Arjuna]]'s charioteer). Constructed in the [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala style of architecture]], it is one of the "[[Divya Desams]]", the 108 temples of Vishnu revered by the [[Alvar]] saints.

It is one of the most important [[Krishna]] temples in Kerala and is one of the five ancient shrines in Kerala, connected with the legend of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', where the five [[Pandavas]] are believed to have built one temple each; Aranmula is built by the Pandava prince Arjuna.

The sacred jewels, called ''Thiruvabharanam'' of [[Ayyappan]] are taken in procession to [[Sabarimala]] each year from Pandalam, and Aranmula Temple is one of the stops on the way. Also, the ''Thanka Anki'', golden attire of Ayyappan, donated by the king of Travancore, is stored here and taken to Sabarimala during the Mandala season of late December.

Aranmula is also known for [[Aranmula Boat Race|snake boat race]] held every year during [[Onam]] linked to the legends of the ''Mahabharata''. The temple has four towers over its entrances on its outer wall. The Eastern tower is accessed through a flight of 18 steps and the Northern tower entrance flight through 57 steps leads to the [[Pamba River|Pamba]] River. The temples has paintings on its walls dating back to early 18th century.

The temple is open from 4 am to 11:00 am and 5 pm to 8 pm and is administered by [[Travancore Devaswom Board]] of the [[Government of Kerala]].

==Legend==
The Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple is one of the five ancient shrines in the [[Chengannur]] area of Kerala, connected with the legend of the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. Legend has it that the [[Pandava]] princes, after crowning [[Parikshit]] as king of [[Hastinapura]] left on a pilgrimage. On arriving on the banks of [[Pamba River]], each one is believed to have installed a tutelary image of Krishna; [[Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple]] by [[Yudhishthira]], [[Puliyur Mahavishnu Temple]] by [[Bheema]], Aranmula by [[Arjuna]], [[Thiruvanvandoor Mahavishnu Temple]] by [[Nakula]] and [[Thrikodithanam Mahavishnu Temple]] to [[Sahadeva]].<ref name=culture>[[#Culture|Cultural Heritage of Kerala 2008]], pp. 44-45</ref><ref name=RoaA>[[#Rao|Rao 2012]], pp. 17-20</ref> Legend has it that Arjuna built this temple, to expiate for the sin of having killed [[Karna]] on the battlefield, against the [[dharma]] of killing an unarmed enemy. It is also believed that here, Vishnu revealed the knowledge of creation to the god [[Brahma]], from whom the [[Madhu-Kaitabha]] demons stole the [[Vedas]].<ref name="Ramesh">{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Malai Nadu and Vada Nadu|last= M. S. |first=Ramesh|publisher= Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam|year=2000|page=188}}</ref>

The image of the temple was brought here in a raft made of six pieces of bamboo to this site, and hence the name "Aranmula" (six pieces of bamboo). There is another story, which says it was brought in a raft made of seven pieces of bamboo, out of which one got separated at a place 2 km upstream of the current Temple's location on the banks of Pamba. The place is called "Mulavoor Kadavu" meaning "river bank where the bamboo pole came off". There are still descendants of a family of Ayurveda physicians with great lineage by that name Mulavoor residing there.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=56}}</ref> As per other legend, the place derives its name from ''arin-villai'', a land near a river.<ref name="Dalal2011">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=195|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=aranmula+temple&pg=PT195}}</ref>

As per another legend, during the [[battle of Kurukshetra]], the [[Kaurava]] prince [[Duryodhana]] had taunted [[Bhishma]] of not using his full might in fighting the Pandavas. This taunt by Duryodhana filled Bhishma with rage. Bhishma took a vow to fight with such ferocity the next day that Krishna himself would be forced to break his vow of not using a weapon during the war in order to protect Arjuna. On the ninth day of the battle, the Kauravas reigned supreme under the leadership of Bhishma, when Krishna motivated Arjuna to take initiative and vanquish his foe. Bhishma was unparalleled with the use of celestial weapons in such a manner that Arjuna could not counter the onslaught. Arrows after arrows fired from Bhishma's bow breached the defenses of Arjuna and inflicted wounds to his body by penetrating his armour. The string of Arjuna's bow, the [[Gandiva]] was snapped during the battle. Seeing Arjuna's plight, Krishna jumped down in rage, and took up his [[Sudarshana Chakra|sudarshana chakra]] charging towards Bhishma. Bhishma was overfilled with joy and surrendered to Krishna. Meanwhile, Arjuna beseeched Krishna not to kill Bhishma, as it would have been against Krishna's vow to take up arms in his battle. It is believed that it is this image of Krishna that is enshrined here, with the Sudarshana chakra This symbolizes the Lord's act of compassion to both his devotees on either side of the battle. Krishna broke his vow to protect Arjuna and also to fulfill the promise that his ardent devotee Bhishma had made.<ref name=RoaA/>

Krishna presiding here in the [[Vishvarupa]] form is considered as "Annadana Prabhu" (The Lord who provides food) along with other temples like [[Vaikom Mahadeva Temple]] and [[Sabarimala]]. It is believed that those whose [[Annaprashana]] is performed at the Aranmula Parthasarathy temple would never be affected by the pangs of poverty throughout their life.

[[Aranmula kannadi|Aranmula Mirror]] is also related to the history of this temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rough Guide to South India|year=2004|author1=David Abram|author2=Nick Edwards|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=1843531038|page=348|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&q=Aranmula+Parthasarathy+Temple&pg=PA348}}</ref> The king of Travancore wanted to donate a crown made of rare metal to the temple and he found a rare combination of copper and lead.<ref name=Info/> It is believed as per the tradition that preparing the metal polished mirror was produced only by a family. In modern times, the College of Fine Arts have started producing it on commercial scale.<ref>[[#Culture|Cultural Heritage of Kerala 2008]], p. 159</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Aranmula Parthasarathy 1.JPG|thumb|200px|left|The outer walls around the sanctum housing the structure of lamps, called ''Vilakkumaadam'']]
The temple is built in [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala style architecture]], which is common in all temples in the South Indian state of Kerala in eastern axis. The temple has an elevated structure reached by a flight of 20 steps. The temple has a two-storeyed [[gopuram]] or a gateway tower, with the upper storey having wooden trails covering the ''Kottupura'' (a hall of drum beating during festivals). A rectangular wall around the temple, called ''Kshetra-Madilluka'', pierced by the gateways, encloses all the shrines of the temple. The metal plated flagpost or ''[[Dwajasthambam]]'' is located axial to the temple tower leading to the central sanctum and there is a ''Deepastamba'', which is the light post. ''Chuttuambalam'' is the outer pavilion within the temple walls. The central shrine and the associated hall is located in a rectangular structure called ''Nallambalam'', which has pillared halls and corridors.<ref name=RoaB>[[#Rao|Rao 2012]], pp. 12-13</ref> Between the entrance of ''Nalambalam'' to the sanctum, there is a raised square platform called ''Namaskara Mandapam'' which has a pyramidal roof. ''Thevrapura'', the kitchen used to cook offering to the deity is located on the left of Namaskara Mandapa from the entrance. ''Balithara'' is an altar is used for making ritualistic offering to demi-gods and the festive deities. The central shrine called ''Sreekovil'' houses the image of the presiding deity, who is a standing four-armed Lord Vishnu worshipped as ''Parthasarathy''. It is on an elevated platform with a single door reached through a flight of five steps. Either sides of the doors have images of guardian deities called [[Dvarapala]]kas. As per Kerala rituals, only the main priest called [[Thantri]] and the second priest called [[Melshanthi]] alone can enter the ''Sree Kovil''.<ref>[[#Culture|Cultural Heritage of Kerala 2008]], p. 139</ref> The central shrine has a circular plan with the base built of granite, superstructure built of laterite and conical roof made of terracotta tile supported from inside by a wooden structure. The lower half of ''Sree Kovil'' consists of the basement, the pillar or the wall, called ''stambha'' or ''{{Transliteration|ml|bhithi}}'' and the entablature called ''{{Transliteration|ml|prasthara}}'' in the ratio 1:2:1, in height. Similarly the upper half is divided into the neck called ''griva'', the roof tower called ''[[shikhara]]'' and the conical ''[[kalasam]]'' (made of copper) in the same ratio. The roof projects in two levels to protect the inner structure from heavy rains during monsoon. The roof of the temple and some of the pillars have lavish wood and stucco carvings depicting various stories of ancient epics, [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharatha]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Kamli-Kyouk Phyu|editor=Subodh Kapoor|page=3963|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|year=2002|isbn=9788177552577|volume=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYN0n0pzlpcC&q=kerala+temple+architecture&pg=PA3963}}</ref> The outer walls around the sanctum have a series of wooden frames housing an array of lamps, which are lit during festive occasions.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Architecture and Organization of Kerala Style Hindu Temples|jstor=40460291|page=17|last=Noble|first=William A.|journal=Anthropos|year=1981|volume=76|issue=1/2|issn=0257-9774}}</ref> The temples have paintings on its walls dating back to early 18 century.<ref name=culture23>[[#Culture|Cultural Heritage of Kerala 2008]], p. 151</ref> The image of the presiding deity is {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall, making it the tallest among the idols of all Krishna temples in Kerala. Krishna is in [[Vishvarupa]] pose, the one he depicted to Arjuna during the Mahabharatha war. It is thus considered to be in fierce form. As per one legend, Arjuna is believed to have built the temple in Nilakal Narayanapuram and later brought to Aranmula in a raft made with six bamboo.<ref name=Info>{{cite book|title=Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAt8AgAAQBAJ&q=aranmula+temple&pg=PA115|pages=115–116|publisher=Infokerala Communications Pvt. Ltd.|first=Biju|last=Mathew|isbn=9788192128443|year=2013}}</ref> In the second precinct, there are shrines of Sastha, Yakshi, Nagaraja and Erangavil Bhagavathy. There is another shrine for Balarama in the lower shrine, considered to be older than the main shrine.<ref name=Info/>

==Aranmula Temple Utsavam==
The annual Utsavam commences on the Atham Nakshatra in the month of Makara and concludes ten days later on the Thiruvonam day.
Garuda Vahanam Ezhunellippu is the main event during this ten day festival. This event falls on the fifth day of the annual festival and is also called ''Anchaam Purappadu''. The deity is taken out from the sanctum sanctorum mounted on [[Garuda]]. It is believed that all 33 million Devas (the elements of nature) and Gandharvas would be present in the temple at that time to witness Lord Krishna riding on his vahana, the [[Garuda]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-01-08 |title=Aranmula temple festival begins with Kodiyettu ceremony |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Aranmula-temple-festival-begins-with-Kodiyettu-ceremony/article16836591.ece |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Other Festivities==
[[File:Kerala boatrace.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Aranmula Uthrattathi Boat Race]]
As per Hindu legend in Mahabharata, Arjuna, one of the Pandavas was returning with the image of Krishna after along penance. He faced a huge flood in the Pamba river. A poor low caste Hindu helped him cross the river with a raft made with six bamboos. It is believed that the [[Aranmula Boat Race]] is celebrated annually on the [[Pamba River|Pamba]] river to commemorate the poor Hindu.<ref name=Usha>{{cite book|title=Festivals In Indian Society (2 Vols. Set)|last=Sharma|first=Usha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6OYRUEAF7oC&q=aranmula+temple&pg=PA124|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2008|isbn=9788183241137|page=25}}</ref> The race is held on the last day of the [[Onam festival]] when snake boats around {{convert|100|ft|m|abbr=on}} with four helmsmen, 100 rowers and 25 singers participate. The boats move in pairs to the rhythm of music. After the watersport, there is an elaborate feast in the Aranmula temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kerala Tradition & Fascinating Destinations|publisher=Infokerala Communications Pvt. Ltd|pages=195–196|last=Mathew|first=Biju|isbn=9788192128481|year=2012|location=Kerala, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTunBAAAQBAJ&q=aranmula+temple&pg=PA194}}</ref> The festival is the largest boat race festival held in Kerala and is attended by thousands of visitors.<ref name=Usha/> The festival was largely a religious one until 1978, when the Government of Kerala declared it a sports event, but during 2000, the religious festivities were restored.<ref name=High/>

The Malayalam month of [[Meenam]] witnesses a festival where Aranmula Parthasarathy is taken in a grand procession on the [[Garuda]] [[Vahana|mount]] to the Pampa river bank, where an image of the [[Bhagawati]] from the nearby [[Punnamthode]] temple is brought in procession for the ''[[Arattu]]'' festival.<ref name=Info/>

Another festival celebrated here is the [[Khandavanadahanam]] celebrated in the [[Malayalam]] month of [[Dhanus (month)|Dhanus]]. For this festival, a replica of a forest is created in front of the temple with dried plants, leaves and twigs. This bonfire is lit, symbolic of the [[Khandavana]] forest fire of the Mahabharata.

The heads of three Brahmin households in Aranmula and nearby Nedumprayar follow a tradition of fasting on Thiruvonam. The tradition reportedly dates back to more than two centuries. It is believed that once a Brahmin made a vow to feed one pilgrim every day. Pleased with his devotion, the presiding deity appeared to him. From then on, the Brahmin was overjoyed and he made it a custom to feed to conduct a feast every year, which is practised in modern times. The feast is conducted after the boat race.<ref name=High>{{cite journal|title=The Snake Boats of Kerala: Pageantry prevails in a yearly festival along the tropical River Pampa|journal=Hinduism Today|date=31 August 2001|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=Vrindavanam|access-date=8 August 2015|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79274521.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924182049/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79274521.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-access= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/28/stories/2007082854440500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120140026/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/28/stories/2007082854440500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 November 2007|title=Fasting on Thiruvonam related to Aranmula temple|date=28 August 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref>

==Religious importance==
The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnavite saint from Tamil Nadu, [[Nammalvar]] in one Tamil hymn. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples. [[Thirumangai Alvar]] have sung in praise of the deity in this temple with eleven hymns. Thulabaram, the practice of weighing oneself against material and donating it to the temple is practiced here. The Vanni tree in the temple is believed to have medicinal values. The fruits of the Vanni tree are also weighed in Thulabaram and also used for curing diseases of the devotees. It is the place where [[Brahma]] is believed to have worshiped Vishnu to retrieve the [[Veda]]s from the two demons named Madhu and Kaitibha. The image of Parthasarathy is believed to have been installed by Arjuna himself. The temple is used to store the jewels of the [[Sabarimala temple]].<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.|pages=551–2}}</ref>

==Temple administration==
The temple is open from 4 am to 11:00 am and 5 pm to 8 pm and is administered by [[Travancore Devaswom Board]] of the [[Government of Kerala]]. The king of Travancore maintained the golden dress in the temple, offered to Sabarimala Ayyapan Temple. The practise of offering the golden dress to Sabarimala temple annually is done by the board.<ref name=Info/>

==See also==
* [[Temples of Kerala]]
* [[Aranmula Palace (Aranmula Kottaram)|Aranmula kottaram]]
* [[Anikkattilammakshethram]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

;Sources
{{refbegin|20em}}
* {{cite book|title=Cultural Heritage of Kerala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7QNGkZKc5wC&q=kerala+temple+architecture&pg=PA139|publisher=DC Books|location=Kerala, India|isbn=9788126419036|year=2008|ref=Culture}}
* {{cite book|title=Temples of Kerala|publisher=Vasan Publications|last=Rao|first=A.V. Shankaranaryana|ref=Rao|year=2012|isbn=978-81-89888-94-7}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aranmula_Parthasarathy_Temple&params=9_19_41.2_N_76_41_16.4_E_type:landmark_region:IN GeoHack - Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple]

{{Commons category|Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple}}

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Aranmula]]
[[Category:Krishna temples]]

Janana

2026-04-09T17:00:28Z

JerilynCropper5: starting

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{for|Indian harems|Zenana}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}

'''Janana''' is a village in the municipality of [[Bhadra, Rajasthan|Bhadra]], [[Hanumangarh district]], in the [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==Overview==
Janana contains approximately 750 houses and has a population of approximately 6,500, primarily [[Jat]]. No Muslims, Christians, or people holding the title of [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] are permitted to enter the village. People of various Jat [[gotra]]s (sub-castes), such as Bhawaria,Saharan, soni,Fageria, [[Jhajharia]], Dhaka, Tetarwal, Sheoran and Godara (Meghwal) reside in Janana.

Constructed in 1958, the Amar Singh Branch Canal passes through and provides water to Janana. The village has a private elementary school, K.C.M. Modern School, and two public secondary schools, one of which is female-only.

Hinduism plays a prominent role in village life: Janana is the location of the locally renowned Samadhi Baba temple, which people visit seeking cures for animal and human afflictions. Located nearby are other Hindu temples such as Hanuman Mandir, Shyam Baba Mandir, Ramdev-ji, Bhomia-ji, Jhoojhar, Kali Mata, Bhairav-ji, Shiv Mandir, and Ram Sita Lakshman Mandir. Shri Balaji Seva Samiti is being constructed by local residents for visitors.{{clarify|date=February 2018}}

A large fair is held on the Davitiya of each [[Shukla Paksha]] in Janana,{{clarify|date=February 2018}} and a smaller one is held on each Thursday.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|29.2126724|75.2836418|display=title}}
{{Hanumangarh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Hanumangarh district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Divyabharathi

2026-04-05T08:24:37Z

JerilynCropper5: Put Up Post - done

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Distinguish|Divya Bharti}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Divyabharathi
| caption = Divyabharathi in 2021
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|1|28}}
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Model (person)|Model]]}}
| years_active = 2017–present
| alma_mater = [[Bannari Amman Institute of Technology]]
}}

'''Divyabharathi''' (born 28 January 1992) is an Indian actress, who works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divya Bharathi Movies: Latest and Upcoming Films of Divya Bharathi{{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Divya-Bharathi/movies |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> She was a professional model, latter got into Acting and rose to fame with her debut film ''[[Bachelor (2021 film)|Bachelor]]''.

She garnered notice for her role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2021 | title=GV Prakash and Divyabharathi overjoyed with the success of Bachelor | website=[[The Times of India]] | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gv-prakash-and-divyabharathi-over-the-success-of-bachelor/articleshow/88343550.cms}}</ref> winning several accolades in her debut film itself and won Woman Entertainer of the year for 2021.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Divya is the woman entertainer of the year | url=https://www.radiocity.in/videos/divya-bharathi-winner-in-cinema-category-women-entertainer-awards-2022-radiocity-8405}}</ref> She also was won Miss Ethnic Face of Madras,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2015 | title=Divya looked stunning at the Face of Madras awards at Savera in Chennai | website=[[The Times of India]] | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chennai/divya-looked-stunning-at-the-face-of-madras-awards-at-savera-in-chennai/articleshow/48709982.cms}}</ref> Princess of Coimbatore 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2020 | title=All you need to know about the Bachelor star Divya Bharathi | url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/photos-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-bachelor-divya-bharathi/701167}}</ref> and Popular New Face Model in the fields of modelling and advertising. She won the Female Rising Star of Kollywood in 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2022 |title=Divya Bharathi is the rising female star | url=https://twitter.com/divyabarti2801/status/1502674734818897926}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2022 |title=Divya Bharathi grabs gold | url=https://www.newsintv.com/awards/edison-awards-2022-winners-list/}}</ref> for her acting and stardom.

== Early life and education ==
Divyabharathi was born in [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-15 |title=Catching Divyabharathi’s Pongal pulse: A rooted Pongal of little joys |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/catching-divyabharathis-pongal-pulse-a-rooted-pongal-of-little-joys/articleshow/126526298.cms |access-date=2026-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She completed her school education in [[Coimbatore]], India and pursued her engineering degree in B.Tech. Information Technology in [[Bannari Amman Institute of Technology]], [[Sathyamangalam]].<ref>{{cite news|date=31 March 2023|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/divya-bharathi-college-photo-1680255046|title=இவரா இது!. கல்லூரி பருவத்தில் திவ்யபாரதி எப்படி இருந்திருக்கிறார் என்று பாருங்க|language=ta|website=Cineulagam|access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Rajesh |date=2024-09-27 |title=Divya Bharathi: അന്ന് കോളേജ് കാലത്തെ ഫോട്ടോക്ക് കളിയാക്കൽ; ഇന്ന് കോളിവുഡ് നടി |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/photogallery/buzz/kollywood-actress-divya-bharathi-college-days-photo-goes-viral-rv-691899.html |website=[[News18]] |access-date=2024-10-03 |language=ml}}</ref> After completing her education, she started modelling for fashion shows and designer events. She also started acting in ad films, modelling photoshoots and Television commercials. She made fortunes in modelling and emerged as the winner of Miss Ethnic Face of Madras<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2015 | title=Divya looked stunning at the Face of Madras awards at Savera in Chennai | website=[[The Times of India]] | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chennai/divya-looked-stunning-at-the-face-of-madras-awards-at-savera-in-chennai/articleshow/48709982.cms}}</ref> in 2015. In the same year, Divya Bharathi was also crowned as the Popular New Face Model. She continued her stint in the modelling career and pursued the title Princess of Coimbatore 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2020 | title=All you need to know about the Bachelor star Divya Bharathi | url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/photos-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-bachelor-divya-bharathi/701167}}</ref> After a good success in the modelling field, she finally decided to pursue Acting as a Full-time profession.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2024|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-actresss-divya-bharathi-opened-up-about-facing-body-shaming-in-college-8861784.html|title=When Actresss Divya Bharathi Opened Up About Facing Body Shaming In College|website=[[News18]]|access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanti |first=Rajitha |date=2024-09-28 |title=Tollywood: అప్పుడు బాడీ షేమింగ్ కామెంట్స్.. ఇప్పుడు గుండెల్లో గుడి కట్టారు.. ఈ వయ్యారి ఫాలోయింగ్ చూస్తే మైండ్ బ్లాంకే.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/photo-gallery/cinema-photos/actress-divya-bharathi-says-about-her-college-days-and-comments-about-her-look-1360669-2.html |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te |access-date=2024-10-03}}</ref>

== Career ==
Before entering into Tamil film industry, she was a model and won the Miss Ethnic Face of Madras in 2015 and Popular New Face Model in the same year. In 2016, she bagged the title 'Princess of Coimbatore 2016'.<ref>{{cite web|date=31 December 2020|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/photos-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-bachelor-divya-bharathi/701167|title=[PHOTOS] All you need to know about the Bachelor star Divya Bharathi|website=Zoom|access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>

Divyabharathi got various offers in modelling and started appearing in many television advertisements. She finally landed up in the lead role by auditioning for the feature film ''[[Bachelor (2021 film)|Bachelor]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2019 | title=Divyabharathi roped in as female lead for this romance | website=[[The Times of India]] | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/divyabharathi-roped-in-as-female-lead-for-this-romance/articleshow/71066657.cms}}</ref> film co starring [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2021 | title=Actress Divya Bharathi turns emotional at Bachelor pre-release press meet | url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/11/30182013/1331488/Actress-Divya-Bharathi-turns-emotional-at-Bachelor-.vpf}}</ref> and underwent workshop sessions to transform from acting in ads to acting in full-length feature films. The film was finally started in September 2019 with her playing the protagonist in this heroine centric film with [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] as the main antagonist. The film was produced by ''Axess Film Factory''. After being under production for 2 years it was finally released on 3 December 2021. It was initially met with mixed reviews, but her performance in the film as ''Subbu'' garnered huge attention and appreciation for her bold portrayal, and carrying the entire film on her shoulders. Her performance was widely regarded as one of the best performances by a debut actress. She was appreciated that it did not appear as her debut film, but she performed like an experienced actress. She was also awarded the ''Rising Star Female'' in [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] 2022. Her performance in the character ''Subbulakshmi'' was heavily praised as she carried the whole film as a protagonist in her debut film itself and she won several awards for the same.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.radiocity.in/videos/divya-bharathi-winner-in-cinema-category-women-entertainer-awards-2022-radiocity-8405 |title=Divya Bharathi - Winner In Cinema Category {{!}} Women Entertainer Awards 2022 |website=RadioCity |language=en |access-date=2024-07-12}}</ref>

She acted in ''Madhil Mel Kaadhal'' paired up with [[Mugen Rao]] directed by Anjana Ali Khan but the movie remain unreleased.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfHjPSqPM5Y |title=Madhil Mel Kaadhal - Official Teaser {{!}} Mugen Rao, Divyabharathi {{!}} Anjana AliKhan {{!}} Nivas K Prasanna |date=2022-04-08 |last=((Muzik247)) |access-date=2024-07-12 |via=YouTube}}</ref> In October 2023, she was announced to appear in the 25th film of G. V. Prakash Kumar titled ''[[Kingston (film)|Kingston]]'' making her second collaboration with him after ''Bachelor'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2023 |title=GV Prakash to team up with Divyabharathi again for his 25th film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gv-prakash-to-team-up-with-divya-bharathi-again-for-his-25th-film/articleshow/104279861.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020131505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gv-prakash-to-team-up-with-divya-bharathi-again-for-his-25th-film/articleshow/104279861.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=20 October 2023}}</ref>

In 2024, she appeared in the webseries called ''[[Cheran's Journey]]'' (2024) alongside veteran actor [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Kalaiyarasan]] which was directed by [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], released in OTT Platform, [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title='Journey' Review: Director Cheran's web series is a disappointing watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/journey-review-director-cheran-web-series-is-a-disappointing-watch-2487495-2024-01-12 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and also made cameo appearance in ''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]'' (2024) as Maharaja's wife which emerged to be one of the highest-grossing Tamil film of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=With Maharaja, Garudan and Aranmanai 4, is Tamil cinema back on track? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/with-maharaja-garudan-and-aranmanai-4-is-tamil-cinema-back-on-track/50ac4f8505420 |access-date=20 June 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710044220/https://www.ottplay.com/news/with-maharaja-garudan-and-aranmanai-4-is-tamil-cinema-back-on-track/50ac4f8505420 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the same year, she debuted in a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] movie ''G.O.A.T'' alongside [[Sudigali Sudheer]] which is yet to be released.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-20 |title=Divya Bharathi's Telugu debut film, also starring Sudigali Sudheer, titled 'G.O.A.T' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/divya-bharathis-telugu-debut-film-also-starring-sudigali-sudheer-titled-goat/article66873849.ece |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 19 November 2025, through her social media handle, she accused her ''G.O.A.T'' film director Naresh Kuppili of misogynistic behaviour during the time of production of the film,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-20 |title=Actor Divyabharathi slams GOAT filmmaker Naresh Kuppili for alleged misogyny |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/20/actor-divyabharathi-slams-goat-filmmaker-naresh-kuppili-for-alleged-misogyny |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> for using derogatory slang terms and also questioned the silence of her co-star in the film Sudigali Sudheer for not intervening.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title=Divyabharathi accuses Telugu director Naresh Kuppili, actor Sudheer of sexism |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/divyabharathi-accuses-telugu-director-naresh-kuppili-actor-sudheer-of-sexism-2822726-2025-11-19 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, Naresh was removed from the project was due to internal differences, and the producer himself took over the direction duties.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-19 |title=Divya Bharathi vs Naresh Kuppili: ‘GOAT’ Actress Hits Back Boldly, Says “Isn’t It Just a Harmless Joke?” |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/divya-bharathi-vs-naresh-kuppili-goat-actress-hits-back-boldly-says-isnt-it-just-a-harmless-joke/articleshow/125435037.cms |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
*''Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of Divyabharathi film credits
!Year
!Title
!Role
!class ="unsortable"| Notes
|-
|2017
|''[[Mupparimanam]]''
|Anusha's friend
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Bachelor (2021 film)|Bachelor]]''
|Subbulakshmi "Subbu"
|Lead debut<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2019 |title=First-look out from GV Prakash Kumar's next titled 'Bachelor' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-look-out-gv-prakash-kumar-s-next-titled-bachelor-108864 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128120244/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-look-out-gv-prakash-kumar-s-next-titled-bachelor-108864 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]''
|Maharaja's wife
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2023 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 50th film titled 'Maharaja' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-50th-film-titled-maharaja/articleshow/101701879.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513131335/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-50th-film-titled-maharaja/articleshow/101701879.cms |archive-date=13 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Kingston (film)|''Kingston'']]
|Rose

|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kingston teaser OUT: GV Prakash headlines a swashbuckling sea fantasy; release date revealed |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kingston-teaser-out-gv-prakash-headlines-a-swashbuckling-sea-fantasy-release-date-revealed/9ba08c3333821 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Aasai}}
|{{tableTBA}}
|Completed<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-17 |title='Aasai' release date confirmed: Kathir and Divya Bharathi starrer romantic thriller out on March 6 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aasai-release-date-confirmed-kathir-and-divya-bharathi-starrer-romantic-thriller-out-on-march-6/articleshow/126613352.cms |access-date=2026-01-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{pending film|G.O.A.T}}
|{{tableTBA}}
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] film<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-20 |title=Divya Bharathi's Telugu debut film, also starring Sudigali Sudheer, titled 'G.O.A.T' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/divya-bharathis-telugu-debut-film-also-starring-sudigali-sudheer-titled-goat/article66873849.ece |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{pending film|Madhil Mel Kaadhal}}
|{{tableTBA}}
|Filming<ref>{{cite web|date=2 December 2021|url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2021/12/01/mugens-film-gets-madhil-mel-kaadhal-as-its-title|title=Mugen's film gets Madhil Mel Kaadhal as its title|website=[[DT Next]] |access-date=26 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Web Series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Platform
! class="unsortable"| Note
|-
|2024
|''[[Cheran's Journey]]''
|Latha Vijayakumar Reddy
|[[SonyLIV]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=24 March 2022 |url=https://www.studioflicks.com/news/aadhi-divya-bharathi-cheran-signed-by-sonyliv/|title=Aadhi – Divya Bharathi – Cheran signed by SonyLIV|website=studioflicks.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|''Lingam''
|Ponmalar a.k.a. "Malar"
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2022
| [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| Best Female Rising Star
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |''[[Bachelor (2021 film)|Bachelor]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2022 |title= Divya Bharathi is the rising female star | url= https://twitter.com/divyabarti2801/status/1502674734818897926}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2022 |title= Divya Bharathi grabs gold | url=https://www.newsintv.com/awards/edison-awards-2022-winners-list/}}</ref>
|-
| Techofes Awards
| Best Debut Actress
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2022 |title= Divya Bharathi wins best debut | url= https://www.trendsmap.com/twitter/tweet/1526037828203069440}}</ref>
|-
| [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City Awards]]
| Woman Entertainer of the year - Cinema
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web | title= Divya is the woman entertainer of the year | url= https://www.radiocity.in/videos/divya-bharathi-winner-in-cinema-category-women-entertainer-awards-2022-radiocity-8405}}</ref>
|-
| Behindwoods Gold Medals
| Best Debut Actor - Female
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinefry.co.in/behindwoods-gold-medal/|title=Behindwoods Gold Medal 2022 Winners List, Nominee List - Cinefry|date=29 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| She India Awards
| Sensational Star of the year
| {{won}}
|
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]
* [[List of Tamil film actresses]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm11882661}}
* {{instagram|divyabharathioffl}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kotta Alludu

2026-03-27T20:29:24Z

JerilynCropper5: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kotta Alludu
| image = Kotha Alludu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = P. Sambhasiva Rao
| producer = M Satyanarayana Suryanarayana
| writer = Mullapudi Venkata Ramana
| cinematography = Swamy
| starring = [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] [[Jaya Prada]] [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Hema Choudhary]] [[Mohan Babu]]
| music = K.V.Mahadevan
| editing = Kotagiri Gopal Rao
| studio = Sri Siddhartha Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1979|05|31|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Kotta Alludu''''' ({{Translation|New son-in-law}}) is a 1979 Indian Telugu-language film that stars [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Hema Chaudhary]] and [[Mohan Babu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/starhomes/chiranjeevi/filmography.html|title=Chiranjeevi movie list - Telugu Cinema hero}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chiranjeeviblog.com/filmography/chiranjeevi-filmography.html|title = Chiranjeevi Filmography|date = 5 July 2010}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=October 2021}}

The story revolves around themes of greed, family betrayal, and justice.

The primary conflict begins with Gummadi (playing a father figure), who possesses knowledge or ownership of Sanjeevni, a rare and valuable medicinal herb. His own son-in-law, Satyanarayana (playing the antagonist), is driven by extreme greed for this herb and the wealth it represents. In his pursuit of the herb, Satyanarayana goes as far as murdering Gummadi.

The narrative then shifts to the "new son-in-law," Hari (played by Superstar Krishna), who is married to Gummadi's eldest daughter, Leela (played by Jaya Prada). Upon discovering the treachery and the murder of his father-in-law, Hari takes it upon himself to protect the family and the legacy of the medicinal herb. The core of the movie follows Hari as he strategically outsmarts Satyanarayana and teaches him a lesson, eventually bringing justice to the family.

== Cast ==
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Hari
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Leela
* [[Gummadi_(actor)|Gummadi]]
* [[Chiranjeevi]]
* [[Hema Chaudhary]]
* [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]]
* [[Mohan Babu]]

== Production ==
* [[Satya Chitra Productions]]

== Soundtrack ==
* Pillakadu Kadamma – [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
* Demudu Varame Ichadu – [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam ]]
* Adigadigo Aa Navve – [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
* Rupayee Rupayee – [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
* Ekkada Vunnaru Srivaru – [[P. Susheela]]
* Hari Hari Srikrishna – [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]

== Critical reception ==
{{Empty section|date=October 2021}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0246011}}

[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:1979 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
{{1970s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Super Zindagi

2026-03-24T00:19:42Z

JerilynCropper5: Added basic details added tags - done

{{short description|Indian Malayalam-language comedy drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Super Zindagi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Vintesh
| writer = Abhilash Sreedharan (dialogues)
| screenplay = Prajith Raj EKR Vintesh
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Haseeb Meppat Sathar Padannelakath
| starring = [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Parvati Nair]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Eldho Issac
| editing = Lijo Paul
| music = [[Sooraj S. Kurup]]
| studio = 666 Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|8|9|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Super Zindagi''''' ({{Translation|Super life}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by Vintesh and starring [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] and [[Parvati Nair]]. The film was released on 9 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/malayalam/dhyan-sreenivasans-super-zindagi-to-release-in-august/ |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's 'Super Zindagi' to release in August |work=The South First|date=18 July 2024 }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] as Sidharthan aka Sidhu
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Mujeeb
*[[Parvati Nair]] as Vidya
*[[Johny Antony]] as Naji
*[[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Da Vinci
*[[Kalesh Ramanand]] as Ashok
*[[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]] as Javed
*[[Sreeja Ravi]] as Lekha
*Rithu Manthra as Archana
}}

== Production ==
Principal photography for the film was completed in mid-2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2023 |title=It’s a wrap for Dhyan Sreenivasan’s ‘Super Zindagi’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-dhyan-sreenivasans-super-zindagi/articleshow/101481589.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Vivek Santhosh of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 1/5 and wrote, "Unimaginatively staged, the narrative quickly becomes a tiresome slog with stale humour and forgettable performances".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=10 August 2024 |title='Super Zindagi' movie review: A lifeless comedy filled with stale characters |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Aug/10/super-zindagi-movie-review-a-lifeless-comedy-filled-with-stale-characters |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote, "Despite its efforts to capitalise on the Mukesh-ness (his knack for turning even simple lines into humorous ones) and the Dhyan-ness (his ability to give the hero a boy-next-door appeal), Super Zindagi falters throughout due to shoddy writing".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2024 |title=Super Zindagi movie review: This is, sadly, Dhyan Sreenivasan’s world now and we have no choice but to live in it |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/super-zindagi-movie-review-this-is-sadly-dhyan-sreenivasans-world-now-and-we-have-no-choice-but-to-live-in-it-9505180/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Rohit Panikker of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, " From the characterization to the story's narrative, Super Zindagi is a rather uneventful experience. Although it is a well-presented film in terms of its visuals, editing and soundtrack, the technical excellence does very little to bolster the weak storytelling".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/super-zindagi-a-promising-plot-let-down-by-poor-script-and-unconvincing-performances-review-112409708|title=Super Zindagi: A Promising Plot Let Down By Poor Script, Unconvincing Performances|work=[[Times Now]]|date=9 October 2024|first=Rohit|last=Panikker|access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|27736435}}

[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]

Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya

2026-03-23T20:15:51Z

JerilynCropper5: formatting fix

{{For|other novels, films, and series about Byomkesh Bakshi|Byomkesh Bakshi in other media}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya
| image = Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya first look poster.jpeg
| caption = First look poster
| alt = Theatrical release poster of ''Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya'' featuring Dev as the titular character
| director = [[Birsa Dasgupta]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Durgo Rahasya]]''|[[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]}}
| producer = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] Shyam Sundar Dey Tanmoy Banerjee
| screenplay = Subhendu Dasmunshi
| starring = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] [[Rukmini Maitra]] [[Ambarish Bhattacharya]]
| music = Diptarka Bose
| cinematography = Subhankar Bhar
| editing = Sumit Chowdhury
| studio = [[Greentouch Entertainment|Shadow Films]] Dev Entertainment Ventures
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|08|11}}
| runtime = 119:50 minutes <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwODE4MDcyMDIzMDAwMTM=|title=CBFC | Search Film }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| gross =
| budget =
}}

'''''Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya''''' ({{Translation|Byomkesh and the Mystery of the Fort}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]] [[detective]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Birsa Dasgupta]] and written by Subhendu Dasmunshi. The film stars [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as [[Byomkesh Bakshi]] along with [[Rukmini Maitra]], [[Ambarish Bhattacharya]], [[Rajatava Dutta]], Satyam Bhattacharya and Debesh Chattopadhyay in pivotal roles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-31 |title='Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya': Dev and Birsa start third shooting schedule in Jharkhand |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-dev-and-birsa-start-third-shooting-schedule-in-jharkhand/articleshow/100643337.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-08 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709080722/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-dev-and-birsa-start-third-shooting-schedule-in-jharkhand/articleshow/100643337.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> It is produced by Dev under Dev Entertainment Ventures. The film is based on the [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[fictional]] [[detective]] character of [[Byomkesh Bakshi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dev is set to play Byomkesh Bakshi in Byomkesh Durgo Rahasya, to be co-produced by him |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-is-set-to-play-byomkesh-bakshi-in-byomkesh-durgo-rahasya-to-be-co-produced-by-him/cid/1913076 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708145058/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-is-set-to-play-byomkesh-bakshi-in-byomkesh-durgo-rahasya-to-be-co-produced-by-him/cid/1913076 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=কবে আসছে 'ব্যোমকেশ ও দুর্গ রহস্য', রবীন্দ্রজয়ন্তীতে দিন ঘোষণা দেবের |url=https://eisamay.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/dev-and-rukmini-maitra-starrer-byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-to-release-on-11-august/photoshow/100102431.cms |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Eisamay |date=9 May 2023 |language=bn |archive-date=2023-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708145057/https://eisamay.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/dev-and-rukmini-maitra-starrer-byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-to-release-on-11-august/photoshow/100102431.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='যাই বল…', নয়া লুকে চমক 'ব্যোমকেশ' দেবের, সমালোচকদেরও দিলেন খোঁচা! |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-shares-glimpse-of-byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya/ |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.sangbadpratidin.in |archive-date=2023-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614035924/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-shares-glimpse-of-byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya/ |url-status=live|language=bn }}</ref> The film was released theatrically on 11 August 2023.<ref name="bangla.hindustantimes.com">{{cite news |title=The castle is full of mysteries, yet Dev's Byomkesh is not a truth-seeker, but a family man |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-rukmini-maitra-starring-byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-review-31691748941383.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |archive-date=2023-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811122405/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-rukmini-maitra-starring-byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-review-31691748941383.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as [[Byomkesh Bakshi]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Rukmini Maitra]] as Satyabati, Byomkesh's wife
* [[Ambarish Bhattacharya]] as Ajit
* Satyam Bhattacharya as Monilal
* Shantilal Mukherjee as Officer DSP Pandey
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Ram Kishore Singha
* Debesh Chattopadhyay
* Shankar Debnath
* Atmadeep Ghosh
* Sayantan Maitra as Murlidhar
* Sampurna Mandal
* Rohit Basfore

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The film was announced on 28 January 2023 by [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] on his [[Twitter]] handle, marking the completion of his 17 years in the Bengali Film Industry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dev is set to play Byomkesh Bakshi in Byomkesh Durgo Rahasya, to be co-produced by him |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-is-set-to-play-byomkesh-bakshi-in-byomkesh-durgo-rahasya-to-be-co-produced-by-him/cid/1913076 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708142717/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-is-set-to-play-byomkesh-bakshi-in-byomkesh-durgo-rahasya-to-be-co-produced-by-him/cid/1913076 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the auspicious occasion of [[Poila Baisakh]] the first look of [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as [[Byomkesh Bakshi]] from the film was released.<ref>{{Cite web |title=নববর্ষে দেবের বড় চমক, প্রকাশ্যে 'ব্যোমকেশ ও দুর্গ রহস্য' -র ফার্স্ট লুক |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-upcoming-film-byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-first-look-poster-out-on-bengali-new-year/articleshow/99517124.cms |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Eisamay |date=15 April 2023 |language=bn |archive-date=2023-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816203314/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-upcoming-film-byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-first-look-poster-out-on-bengali-new-year/articleshow/99517124.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya' poster shows Dev donning the detective's hat |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/dev-drops-poster-for-byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya/cid/1930361 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-date=2023-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708142716/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/dev-drops-poster-for-byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya/cid/1930361 |url-status=live }}</ref> The dubbing was completed on 3 July 2023.

=== Filming ===
Principal photography took place in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Bolpur]] and [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Marketing ===
The trailer was released on 27 July 2023 on Dev Entertainment Ventures Youtube channel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya' trailer: Deb debuts as Byomkesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-trailer-deb-debuts-as-byomkesh-promises-a-thrilling-cinematic-experience/articleshow/102168207.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-27 |archive-date=2023-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727164723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-trailer-deb-debuts-as-byomkesh-promises-a-thrilling-cinematic-experience/articleshow/102168207.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya Trailer : 'অপরাধ কি কখনও...', ব্যোমকেশের বেশে অনবদ্য দেব! |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-and-rukmini-maitra-starrer-byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-trailer-out-now/articleshow/102173128.cms |access-date=2023-07-28 |archive-date=2023-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728151404/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-and-rukmini-maitra-starrer-byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-trailer-out-now/articleshow/102173128.cms |url-status=live|language=bn }}</ref> The teaser and pre teaser of the film were released on 14 July 2023 and 1 July 2023 respectively on the same channel.<ref>{{cite news |title='ব্যোমকেশ ও দুর্গ রহস্য'র টিজার প্রকাশ্যে! কতটা সফল হলেন 'সত্যান্বেষী' দেব |url=https://www.thewall.in/news/byomkesh-o-durga-rahasya-teaser-out/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |archive-date=2023-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714162833/https://www.thewall.in/news/byomkesh-o-durga-rahasya-teaser-out/ |url-status=live|language=bn }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya teaser unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-teaser-unveiled/articleshow/101776859.cms |access-date=2023-07-15 |archive-date=2023-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715123753/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-teaser-unveiled/articleshow/101776859.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[PVR Pictures]] announced that the film would get an all [[India]] release on 11 August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |date= |title=PVR INOX Picture to distribute Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya all over india |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CvNAtHeBkBc/?hl=en |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730082111/https://www.instagram.com/p/CvNAtHeBkBc/?hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Diptarka Bose
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 19 August 2023
| recorded = 2022–23
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:11
| language = Bengali
| label = Dev Entertainment Ventures
| producer = Dev
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
| {{YouTube|1MpU2QYnJO4|Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya - Full Album}}
}}}}

The music of the film was composed by Diptarka Bose.

The first single "Bom Satyaneshi", penned by Arghyaneal Ghosh was released on 31 July 2023. The second single "O Je Mane Na Mana" was released on 7 August 2023. It is an adaptation of a [[Rabindra Sangeet]] by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bom Satyaneshi
| extra1 = Diptarka Bose
| length1 = 2:54
| title2 = O Je Mane Na Mana
| extra2 = Lagnajita Chakraborty
| length2 = 1:28
| title3 = Byomkesh Investigation Theme
| length3 = 1:49
| title4 = Adventure Theme
| length4 = 2:01
| title5 = Gold Theme
| length5 = 2:50
| title6 = Reveal Theme
| length6 = 4:09
| total_length = 15:11
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 11 August 2023 on the occasion of the Independence Day. It was released with 190+ shows in the first week in [[West Bengal]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The film earned more than 1.5 crore rupees within the first five days of release.<ref>{{cite news |title=Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya Box Office |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/devs-byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-box-office-collection-how-much-movie-collects-competition-with-gadar-2-and-omg-2-31692357099677.html |access-date=2023-08-20 |archive-date=2023-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820054528/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/devs-byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-box-office-collection-how-much-movie-collects-competition-with-gadar-2-and-omg-2-31692357099677.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The total worldwide collection after 1 week stands at 2.30 crores.<ref>{{cite news |title=Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya Total Collection |url=https://www.bollyviewsyt.com/2023/08/byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-box-office.html}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
The film opened to positive responses from the audience and mixed reviews from the critics. Subhasmita Kanji of [[Hindustan Times]] Bengali rated the film 3.8 out of 5 stars and wrote "If I say overall, then I will say good. Actually could have been better as expected, the scope was there."<ref name="bangla.hindustantimes.com"/> Souvik Saha of Cine Kolkata rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film offers a unique take on the iconic detective, combining elements of commercial cinema with the intrigue of a mystery thriller. While it has its share of flaws, the film's visual aesthetics make it worth a watch for fans of the genre."<ref>{{cite news |title=Byomkesh o Durgo Rahasya Review : A Unique Take on Byomkesh with Commercial Touch |url=https://cinekolkata.com/review/byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-review-a-unique-take-on-byomkesh-with-commercial-touch/ |access-date=2023-08-11 |archive-date=2023-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811193933/https://cinekolkata.com/review/byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-review-a-unique-take-on-byomkesh-with-commercial-touch/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Virat Verma of Flickonclick rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "It combines well-executed performances, intriguing storytelling, and an atmospheric setting to create an engaging cinematic experience....The movie succeeds in delivering a thrilling narrative that keeps audiences engrossed till the very end."<ref>{{cite news |title=Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya Bengali Movie Review: Ultimate Detective Thriller |url=https://www.flickonclick.com/byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-bengali-movie-review-ultimate-detective-thriller/ |access-date=2023-08-13 |archive-date=2023-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813065844/https://www.flickonclick.com/byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-bengali-movie-review-ultimate-detective-thriller/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Devarti Ghosh of [[Ei Samay]] rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Mystery, Love, Relationships, History, Comedy, One can watch Dev's Byomkesh to find entertainment in the mix of action."<ref>{{cite news |title=ব্যোমকেশ ও দুর্গরহস্য Review |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review/byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-movie-review-starring-dev-rukmini-maitra/moviereview/102672965.cms |access-date=2023-08-13 |archive-date=2023-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813065841/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review/byomkesh-o-durgo-rahasya-movie-review-starring-dev-rukmini-maitra/moviereview/102672965.cms |url-status=live|language=bn }}</ref> [[Aaj Tak]] Bengali rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite news |title=Byomkesh o Durgo Rohosyo Review: ফুল এন্টারটেইনমেন্ট বিরসার 'দুর্গরহস্য', ব্যোমকেশ হিসাবে মন জয় করতে পারলেন দেব? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/review-of-devs-byomkesh-o-durga-rohosya-directed-by-birsa-dasgupta-tollywood-film-review-entertainment-news-banglay-sum-630496-2023-08-12 |access-date=2023-08-13 |archive-date=2023-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813141800/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/review-of-devs-byomkesh-o-durga-rohosya-directed-by-birsa-dasgupta-tollywood-film-review-entertainment-news-banglay-sum-630496-2023-08-12 |url-status=live|language=bn}}</ref>

Upam Buzarbaruah of [[Times of India]] rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Byomkesh O Durgo Rohosyo is a thriller – an unremarkable package that has a bit of everything. It has all that calls for a watch."<ref>{{cite news |title=Byomkesh O Durgo Rahosyo Movie Review : A visual treat minus the cerebral kick |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/byomkesh-o-durgo-rahosyo/movie-review/102682588.cms |access-date=2023-08-13 |archive-date=2023-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813071720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/byomkesh-o-durgo-rahosyo/movie-review/102682588.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt11122910}}
{{Birsa Dasgupta}}
{{Byomkesh Bakshi}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Saradindu Bandopadhyay]]
[[Category:2020s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 thriller films]]
[[Category:Byomkesh Bakshi films]]
[[Category:Dev Entertainment Ventures films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Birsa Dasgupta]]
[[Category:Greentouch Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

Vijayanagara Empire

2026-03-19T05:53:42Z

JerilynCropper5: small changes

{{short description|Empire in southern India (1336–1646)}}
{{About|the historical empire|the capital city|Vijayanagara|other uses|Vijaynagar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Vijayanagara Empire
| native_name = 
| status = Empire
| government_type = Monarchy
| year_start = 1336
| date_start = 18 April
| year_end = 1646<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/icp01/chapter/the-vijayanagara-empire/#|last=Reddy|first=P. Bhaskar|title=The Vijayanagara Empire}}</ref>
| event1 = Earliest records
| date_event1 = 1343
| event2 = [[Battle of Talikota]]
| date_event2 = 23 January 1565
| stat_year1 = 1500 est.
| stat_area1 = 880000
| ref_area1 = <ref>{{cite book | last1=Keay | first1=John | title=India: A History | date=September 2018 | publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic | isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&q=%22But+if+for+Europe+geography%22 }}</ref>
| s1 = Sultanate of Golconda
| image_map = File:Vijayanagara Empire c.1485.png
| map_caption = The Vijayanagara Empire in 1485, tributaries not shown
| image_map_caption = {{legend|#FF9F80|Greatest extent of the Vijaynagar Empire, 15th century, tributaries not shown}}
| capital = [[Vijayanagara]] (1336–1565) [[Penukonda]] (1565–1592) [[Chandragiri]] (1592–1604) [[Vellore]] (1604–1646)<ref name=capitals>{{cite book |last=Howes |first=Jennifer |title=The Courts of Pre-colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship |publisher=Psychology Press |date=1998 |page=43 |isbn=978-07-0071-585-5}}</ref>
| common_languages = [[Kannada]] [[Sanskrit]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref name="Bridges2016">{{cite book|last1=Bridges|first1=Elizabeth J.|chapter=Vijayanagara Empire|title=The Encyclopedia of Empire|editor-last1=Dalziel|editor-first1=N. |editor-last2=MacKenzie|editor-first2=J. M.|year=2016|pages=1–5|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe424|isbn=978-1118455074}}</ref> 
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| population_estimate = 18,000,000<ref name="auto12">{{cite book|author=Alexander V Avakov |title=Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th–21st Centuries |date=April 2015 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-UPyBwAAQBAJ&q=population+of+ethiopia+1600&pg=PA15|page=101 |publisher=Algora |isbn= 978-1-628-94101-2 |accessdate= 28 July 2016}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 1500
| currency = [[Vijayanagara coinage|Varaha]]
| leader1 = [[Harihara Raya I|Harihara I]] (first)
| leader2 = [[Bukka Raya I]]
| leader3 = [[Deva Raya II]]
| leader4 = [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya|Saluva Narasimha Deva]]
| year_leader5 = 1509{{endash}}1529
| leader5 = [[Krishnadevaraya|Krishna Deva Raya]]
| year_leader6 = 1529{{endash}}1542
| leader6 = [[Achyuta Deva Raya]]
| year_leader7 = 1642{{endash}}1646
| leader7 = [[Sriranga III]] (last)
| year_leader1 = 1336{{endash}}1356
| year_leader2 = 1356{{endash}}1377
| year_leader3 = 1423{{endash}}1446
| year_leader4 = 1485{{endash}}1491
| title_leader = [[List of Vijayanagara emperors|Emperor]]
| s2 = Kingdom of Mysore
| today = [[India]]
}}

The '''Vijayanagara Empire''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|v|I|,|dZ|@|j|@|'|n|@|g|@|r|@}}}} also known as the '''Karnata Kingdom''', was a late medieval [[Hinduism|Hindu]] empire that ruled much of [[southern India]]. It was established in 1336 by the brothers [[Harihara I]] and [[Bukka Raya I]] of the [[Sangama dynasty]], belonging to the [[Yadava]] clan of [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravamsa]] lineage.{{sfn|Dhere|2011|p=243}}{{sfn|Sewell|2011|pp=22, 23, 420}}{{efn|name="Dhere2011p243"}}{{Synthesis inline|date=July 2025}}

The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off [[Muslim invasions of India|Muslim invasions]] by the end of the 13th century. At its peak in the early 16th century under [[Krishnadevaraya]], it subjugated almost all of Southern India's ruling dynasties and pushed the [[Deccan sultanates]] beyond the [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]]-[[Krishna River|Krishna]] River [[doab]] region, in addition to annexing the [[Gajapati Empire]] ([[Odisha]]) up to the Krishna River, becoming one of the most prominent states in India.{{sfn|Stein|1989|p=xi}} The empire's territory covered most of the lands of the modern-day Indian states of [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Goa]], and some parts of [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-13 |title=Vijayanagar {{!}} Ancient City & Empire, India {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vijayanagar |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The empire lasted until 1646, although its power declined greatly after a major military defeat in the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565 by the combined armies of the Deccan sultanates. The empire is named after its capital city of [[Vijayanagara]] (modern-day [[Hampi]]) whose extensive ruins are now a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in Karnataka. The wealth and fame of the empire inspired visits by and writings of medieval European travelers such as [[Domingo Paes]], [[Fernão Nunes]], and [[Niccolò de' Conti]]. These travelogues, [[contemporary literature]] and [[epigraphy]] in the local languages, and modern archeological excavations at Vijayanagara have provided ample information about the history and power of the empire.

The empire's legacy includes monuments spread over Southern India, the best known of which is the group at Hampi. Different temple building traditions in South and [[Central India]] were merged into the [[Vijayanagara architecture|Vijayanagara architectural style]]. This synthesis inspired architectural innovations in the construction of [[Hindu temples]]. Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies to the region such as [[water resource management|water management]] systems for irrigation. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Sanskrit]] with topics such as [[astronomy]], [[mathematics]], [[medicine]], [[fiction]], [[musicology]], [[historiography]] and [[Theatre|theater]] gaining popularity. The classical music of Southern India, [[Carnatic music]], evolved into its current form. The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in the history of Southern India that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as an unifying factor.
{{Vijayanagara_empire}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| header = Vijayanagara ruins, 19th century
| image1 = Ruins of Bala Krishna Temple Vijayanagara Hampi 1868 Edmund Lyon photo.jpg| caption1 = Krishna temple in 1868
| image2 = Ruins of Vijianuggur, the Volkonda Ramachandra temple in Hampi, Vijayanagara, 1868 photo.jpg| caption2 = Rama temple in 1868
| image3 = Interior of Vitthala temple mandapa in Hampi, Vijayanagara 1880 photo.jpg| caption3 = Vitthala temple in 1880
| image4 = Hampi King's Balance Vitthala temple street entrance near river 1856 photo.jpg| caption4 = King's balance in 1858
}}

==Name==
'Vijaynagar' translates to 'City of Victory'.
''Karnata Rajya'' (Karnata Kingdom) was another name for the Vijayanagara Empire, used in some inscriptions and literary works of the Vijayanagara times including the Sanskrit work ''Jambavati Kalyanam'' by Emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]] and Telugu work ''Vasu Charitamu''.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2001|p=14}}
Europeans referred to the Vijayanagara Empire as "The Kingdom of Narasinga".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/472791/narasinga-kingdom.html |title=The Narasinga Kingdom |publisher=Deccan Herald |date= 21 April 2015|accessdate= 14 March 2023}}</ref>{{efn|{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/andrea-corsali.-lesploratore-amico-di-leonardo-da-vinci-scomparso-in-oriente |title=Andrea Corsali. L'esploratore Amico Di Leonardo Da Vinci, Scomparso In Oriente | publisher=Gingko Edizioni|date= 21 April 2015|accessdate=14 March 2023 |quote=... Il regno di Paleacate confina per terra ferma col re di Narsinga, ch’è gentile e principal re di tutta l’India, ed è il più ricco signore che sia di questa banda fino al mar, Batticala, Onor e Brazabor; e lassando il paese de Malabari, ch’è giunto con la marina, s’estende per terra ferma fino al sino Gangetico, dove è il signor de Coromandel, e Paleacate, di là dal capo di Commari, detto Pelura anticamente. ...}}}} a name derived from "Narasimha" by the Portuguese.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.notesonindianhistory.com/2013/10/vijayanagara-city-of-victory.html |title=The Rayas of Vijayanagar |publisher=Notes on Indian History |date= 7 October 2013|accessdate= 14 March 2023}}</ref> It is not clear whether the name was derived from [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]] or [[Narasimha Raya II]].

==History==
===Background and origin theories===
{{Main|Origin of the Vijayanagara Empire|Medieval city of Vijayanagara}}

Before the early 14th-century rise of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Hindu states of the Deccan – the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava Empire]] of Devagiri, the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] of [[Warangal]], and the [[Pandyan Empire]] of [[Madurai]] – were repeatedly raided and attacked by [[Muslim]]s from the north. By 1336 the upper Deccan region (modern-day [[Maharashtra]] and [[Telangana]]) had been defeated by armies of Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] and [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=216}}{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=Part II, p. 22}}

Further south in the Deccan region, [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala]] commander, Singeya Nayaka-III, declared independence after the Muslim forces of the Delhi Sultanate defeated and captured the territories of the [[Yadava Empire]] in 1294.{{sfn|Stein|1989|pp=18–19}}<ref name=gilmartin300/> He created the [[Kampili kingdom]] near [[Gulbarga]] and [[Tungabhadra River]] in the northeastern parts of present-day [[Karnataka]] state.<ref name=talbot281>{{cite book|author=Cynthia Talbot|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA281 |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803123-9|pages=281–282}}</ref> The kingdom collapsed after a defeat by the armies of Delhi Sultanate and upon their defeat, the populace committed a ''[[jauhar]]'' (ritual mass suicide) in {{Circa|1327–28}}.<ref name="Storm2015p311">{{cite book|author=Mary Storm|title=Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0sJcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT311 |year=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-32556-7|page=311}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Kanhaiya L |last=Srivastava|title=The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206–1526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cMgAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|page=202|isbn=978-8121502245}}</ref> The Vijayanagara Kingdom was founded in 1336 as a successor to the hitherto prosperous Hindu kingdoms of the Hoysalas, the Kakatiyas, and the Yadavas with the breakaway Kampili Kingdom adding a new dimension to the resistance to the Muslim invasion of South India.<ref name=gilmartin300>{{cite book|first1=David |last1=Gilmartin|first2=Bruce B. |last2=Lawrence|title=Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZhT5Ilq5kAC&pg=PA321|year=2000|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-3099-9|pages=300–306, 321–322}}</ref>{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=part II, pp. 22–24}}

Two theories have been proposed regarding the ethnolinguistic origins of the Vijayanagara Empire.{{sfn|Jackson|2016|pp=43–44}} One is that [[Harihara I]] and [[Bukka I]], the founders of the empire, were [[Kannadigas]] and commanders in the army of the [[Hoysala Empire]] stationed in the Tungabhadra region to ward off Muslim invasions from Northern India.{{sfn|Karmarkar|1947|p=30}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=188}}{{sfn|Rice|2001|p=345}}{{efn|name="Kannadaempire"|Historians such as [[P. B. Desai]], [[Henry Heras]], [[B.A. Saletore]], [[G. S. Gai]], William Coelho and [[Suryanath U. Kamath|Kamath]] in {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|pp=157–160}}}} Another theory is that Harihara and Bukkaraya were [[Telugu people|Telugu]] people, first associated with the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya Kingdom]], who took control of the northern parts of the Hoysala Empire during its decline. They were believed to have been captured by the army of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] at [[Warangal]].{{efn|name="telguorigin"|N. Ventakaramanayya; B. Suryanarayana Rao in {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|pp=157–160}}.}} According to tradition, the founders were supported and inspired by [[Vidyaranya]], a saint at the [[Sringeri]] monastery, to fight the Muslim invasion of South India,{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=216}}{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=160}} but the role of Vidyaranya in the founding of the Vijayanagara Empire is not certain.{{sfn|Goodding|2013|p=87}}

===Early years===
In the first two decades after the founding of the empire, [[Harihara I]] gained control over most of the area south of the [[Tungabhadra River]] and earned the title of "master of the eastern and western seas" (''Purvapaschima Samudradhishavara''). By 1374 [[Bukka Raya I]], successor to Harihara I, defeated the chiefdom of [[Arcot]], the [[Reddi kingdom|Reddys]] of Kondavidu, and the [[Madurai Sultanate|Sultan of Madurai]], and had gained control over [[Goa]] in the west and the [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]]-[[Krishna River]] [[doab]] in the north.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=162}}{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=317}}{{sfn|Sen|2013|pp=103–106}} The original capital of the empire was in the [[principality]] of [[Anegondi]] on the northern banks of the Tungabhadra River in today's Karnataka. It was moved to Vijayanagara during Bukka Raya I's reign because it was easier to defend against the Muslim armies, who were persistently attacking from the northern lands.{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=Part II, p. 24}}

With the Vijayanagara Empire now imperial in stature, [[Harihara II]], the second son of Bukka Raya I, further consolidated the empire beyond the Krishna River and South India was controlled by the Vijayanagara Empire.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=242}} The next ruler, [[Deva Raya I]], was successful against the [[Gajapati dynasty|Gajapatis]] of [[Odisha]] and undertook works of fortification and irrigation.{{efn| name="aqueduct"|From the notes of Portuguese Nuniz. Robert Sewell notes that a big dam across was built the Tungabhadra and an aqueduct {{convert|15|mi|km|0}} long was cut out of rock {{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=243}}.}} Firuz Bahmani of [[Bahmani Sultanate]] entered into a treaty with Deva Raya I in 1407 that required the latter to pay Bahmani an annual tribute of "100,000 huns, five maunds of pearls and fifty elephants". The Sultanate invaded Vijayanagara in 1417 when the latter defaulted in paying the tribute. Such wars for tribute payment by Vijayanagara were repeated in the 15th century.{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=89–90 with footnote 28}}

[[Deva Raya II]] (eulogized in contemporary literature as ''Gajabetekara''){{efn|name="hunter"|Also deciphered as ''Gajaventekara'', a metaphor for "great hunter of his enemies", or "hunter of elephants" {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=163}}.}} succeeded to the throne in 1424. He was possibly the most successful of the [[Sangama Dynasty]] rulers.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=244}} He quelled rebelling feudal lords and the [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]] and [[Venad (historical region)|Quilon]] in the south. He invaded [[Sri Lanka]] and became overlord of the kings of [[Burma]] at [[Hanthawaddy Kingdom|Pegu]] and [[Tanintharyi Division|Tanasserim]].{{efn|name="Burma"|From the notes of Persian [[Abd al-Razzaq Samarqandi|Abdur Razzak]]. Writings of Nuniz confirms that the kings of Burma paid tributes to Vijayanagara Empire ({{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=245}}, {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=164}}).}} By 1436 the rebellious chiefs of Kondavidu and the Velama rulers were successfully dealt with and had to accept Vijayanagara overlordship.{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=part II, p. 31}} After a few years of tranquility, wars broke out with the Bahmani Sultanate in 1443 with some successes and some reversals. The Persian visitor [[Firishta]] attributes Deva Raya II's war preparations, which included augmenting his armies with Muslim archers and cavalry, to be the cause of the conflict. Contemporary Persian ambassador [[Abd al-Razzaq Samarqandi|Abdur Razzak]] attributes the war to the Bahmani Sultan capitalizing on the confusion caused by an internal revolt within the Vijayanagara Empire, including an attempt to assassinate the Raya by his brother.{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=part II, p. 2}}
[[File:View of tower and mantapa at the Raghunatha temple in Hampi.JPG|thumb|left|View of tower and mantapa at Ragunatha temple in [[Hampi]]]]
Deva Raya II was succeeded by his elder son [[Mallikarjuna Raya]] in 1446. The Gajapati emperor removed the Vijayanagara control over the Tamil country by occupying the Reddi kingdoms of Rajahmundry, Kondaveedu, [[Kanchipuram]], and [[Tiruchirapalli]]. These defeats reduced the Vijayanagara Empire's prestige, described by an inscription which described the Gajapati king as "a yawning lion to the sheep of the Karnatak King".{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=part II, p. 33}} Mallikarjuna's successor [[Virupaksha Raya II]] led a life of pleasure perusing wine and women leading to the loss of Goa and much of Karnataka to the Bahmani Sultanate. His governor Saluva Narasimha reduced the loss of territory by holding almost all of coastal Andhra Pradesh south of the Krishna river, Chittoor, the two Arcots and Kolar. Saluva Narashimha defeated the Gajapatis and held Udayagiri, drove out the Pandyas from Tanjore, and took procession of [[Machilipatnam]] and [[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondaveedu]]. He later defeated Bahmani forces and recovered most of the empire's earlier losses.{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=part II, p. 34}}
[[File:THRONE PLATFORM(Mahanavami Dibba)-Dr. Murali Mohan Gurram (8).jpg|thumb|"Throne platform" or "Victory Platform" or "Mahanavami Dibba" or "Dussera Dibba". This surviving structure is in the Royal Enclosure.]]
After the death of Virupaksha Raya II in 1485, [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya|Saluva Narasimha]] led a coup that ended the dynastic rule while continuing to defend the empire from raids by the Sultanates created from the continuing disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate in its north.{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=86–87}} Saluva Narasimha left his two adolescent sons under the care of general [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]] who ably defended the empire from their traditional enemies, the Gajapati king and the Bahmani Sultan. He also subdued rebelling chiefs of the Chera, the Chola and the Pandya territories. Despite many attempts by nobles and members of the royal family to overthrow him, Narasa Nayaka retained control as regent till 1503.{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=part II, pp. 35–36}}

In 1503, Narasa Nayaka's son Vira Narasimha had prince Immadi Narasimha of the [[Saluva dynasty]] assassinated and took over the rule in a coup thus becoming the first of the [[Tuluva dynasty]] rulers. This did not go well with the nobles who revolted. Seeing internal troubles grow, the Gajapati king and the Bahmani Sultan began to encroach on the empire even as the governors of Ummattur, [[Adoni]], and [[Talakad]] colluded to capture the Tungabhadra-Krishna river doab region from the empire.{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=part II, p. 36}} The empire came under the rule of [[Krishnadevaraya|Krishna Deva Raya]] in 1509, another son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=250}} Initially Krishnadevaraya faced many obstacles including dissatisfied nobles, the rebellious chief of Ummattur in the south, a resurgent Gajapati kingdom under King Prataparudra, a growing threat from the newly formed Adil Shahi Sultanate of Bijapur under Yusuf Adil Khan and Portuguese interest in controlling the west coast.{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=part II, p. 37}} Not one to be unnerved by these pressures he strengthened and consolidated the empire, one victory at a time. He was an astute ruler who hired both Hindus and Muslims into his army.{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=87–88}} In the following decades, the empire covered Southern India and successfully defeated invasions from the five established [[Deccan sultanates]] to its north.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=239}}{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=159}}

===Empire's peak===

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Garuda Temple, Maha Mandapa and Eastern Gopura, Vitthala Temple Complex 1856 photo.jpg
| total_width = 350
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = The elegant stone chariot.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = The Garuda stone chariot and Vitthala temple gopuram in 1856 (left) and 2016.
}}

The empire reached its peak during the rule of [[Krishna Deva Raya]] (1509–1529) when Vijayanagara armies were consistently victorious.{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=88–89}} The empire gained territory from the [[Deccan sultanates]], including [[Battle of Raichur|Raichur in 1520]] and [[Gulbarga]] in the central Deccan, and from wars with Sultan [[Quli Qutb Shah]] of [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golconda]] in the eastern Deccan; the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] region as well was gained from the [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapatis of Odisha]]. This was in addition to the already established presence in the southern Deccan.{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=part II, pp. 37–39}}{{efn|name="richcity"|The notes of Portuguese Barbosa confirms a very rich and well provided Vijayanagara city {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=186}}.}} Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of Emperor Krishna Deva Raya.{{sfn|Dallapiccola|2001|p=66}}

Krishna Deva Raya was succeeded by his younger half-brother [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] in 1529. When Achyuta Deva Raya died in 1542, [[Sadashiva Raya]], the teenage nephew of Achyuta Raya, was appointed emperor, with [[Rama Raya (statesman)|Rama Raya]], Krishna Deva Raya's son-in-law, becoming the caretaker.{{sfn|Eaton|2006|p=79}} When Sadashiva Raya was old enough to assert his independent claim over the throne, Rama Raya made him a virtual prisoner and became the de facto ruler.{{sfn|Eaton|2006|p=92}} He hired Muslim generals in his army from his previous diplomatic connections with the Deccan sultanates and called himself "Sultan of the World".{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=93–101}} This included both [[Deccanis|Deccani Muslims]] recruited from anywhere in the Deccan or Westerners from beyond the [[Persian Gulf]].{{sfn|Eaton|2006|p=87}} He was keenly interfering in the internal affairs of the various sultanates in the Deccan and on playing off the Muslim powers against one another, while making himself the ruler of the most powerful and influential regional power. This worked for a while but eventually made him very unpopular among his people and the Muslim rulers.{{sfn|Pillai|2020|pp=116–118}} He made a commercial treaty with the Portuguese to stop the supply of horses to [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]], then defeated the Bijapur sultan and inflicted humiliating defeats on Golconda and [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]].{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=part II, p. 43}}

===Defeat and decline===
[[File:Battle of Talikota (formatted).jpg|thumb|400px|Panorama of the [[Battle of Talikota]] (1565). In the right panel, [[Hussain Nizam Shah I|Husain Shah]] (riding a horse) orders the decapitation of [[Rama Raya (statesman)|Rama Raya]] (reigned 1542–65), the defeated ruler of Vijayanagar. ''Ta'rif-i Husain Shahi'' (Chronicle of Husain Shah).]]
Eventually the [[Deccan sultanates]] to the north of Vijayanagara united and attacked Rama Raya's army in January 1565 in the [[Battle of Talikota]].{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=96–98}} Regarding the Vijayanagara defeat in battle, Kamath opines that the Sultanate armies, though numerically disadvantaged, were better equipped and trained. Their artillery was manned by expert Turkish gunmen while the Vijayanagara army depended on European mercenaries using outdated artillery. The Sultanate cavalry rode fast moving Persian horses and used spears that were fifteen to sixteen feet long giving them a greater reach, and their archers used metal [[crossbow]]s which enabled their arrows to reach longer distances. In comparison, the Vijayanagara army depended on slow-moving [[war elephant]]s, a cavalry riding mostly locally bred weaker horses wielding shorter-reach javelins, and their archers used traditional bamboo bows with a shorter range. Richard Eaton argues that Vijayanagara's inferiority was due to Krishna Raya's failure to invest in military technology in the years since Raichur because his victory against a technologically superior army led him to underestimate technology's value.<ref name=Eaton>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard |chapter=The Deccan and the South, 1400–1650 |title=India in the Persianate Age, 1000–1765 |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2019 |pages=168–172}}</ref>

Despite these disadvantages, Kamath, Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund concur that the vast Vijayanagara army appeared to have the upper hand until two Muslim generals (identified as the mercenary Gilani brothers according to Kamath) switched sides and joined forces with the Deccan sultanates turning the tide decisively in favor of them. The generals captured Rama Raya and beheaded him, and Sultan Hussain had the severed head stuffed with straw for display.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=191}}{{sfn|Eaton|2006|p=98}}{{sfn|Kamath|2001|pp=172–173}} Rama Raya's beheading created confusion and havoc in the Vijayanagara army, which were then completely routed. The Deccan sultanates' army plundered [[Hampi (town)|Hampi]] and reduced it to the ruinous state in which it remains today.{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=98–101}}

After Rama Raya's death, [[Tirumala Deva Raya]] started the [[Aravidu dynasty]], founded a new capital of [[Penukonda]] to replace the destroyed Hampi, and attempted to reconstitute the remains of Vijayanagara Empire.{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=100–101}} Tirumala abdicated in 1572, dividing the remains of his empire to his three sons. The Aravidu dynasty successors ruled the region but the empire collapsed in 1614, and the final remains ended in 1646, from continued wars with the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur sultanate]] and others.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=174}}{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=11–12}}{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=101–115}} The end of the empire led to the formation of the [[Anegundi Raj|Anegundi kingdom]] by the last emperor’s successors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=C.hayavadana Rao |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281497 |title=History Of Mysore 1399 1799 Ad Vol Iii}}</ref>

During this period, more kingdoms in South India became independent and separate from Vijayanagara, including the [[Nayakas of Chitradurga]], [[Keladi Nayaka]], [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Kingdom]], [[Nayaks of Gingee|Nayak Kingdom of Gingee]], [[Thanjavur Nayaks|Nayaks of Tanjore]], and [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty|Nayaks of Madurai]].{{sfn|Kamath|2001|pp=220, 226, 234}}

==Governance==
[[File:Mahanavami Dibba1.jpg|thumb|Tourists on top of Mahanavami Platform in Royal Enclosure.]]
[[File:Hampi group of monuments-Hampi-Karnataka-DSC 7874.jpg|thumb|Corridor at Temple from Vijayanagara capital [[Hampi]].]]
[[File:Kannada inscription (1509 AD) of Krishnadeva Raya at entrance to mantapa of Virupaksha temple in Hampi.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=|Kannada inscription of Emperor Krishna Deva Raya, dated 1509, at the [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha temple]] in Hampi, describing his coronation and the construction of the large open [[Mandapa|mantapa]]]]

The rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire maintained the administrative methods developed by their predecessors, the Hoysala, Kakatiya and Pandya kingdoms.{{efn|K.M. Panikkar in {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=174}}}} The emperor, ministry, territory, fort, treasury, [[Military of Vijayanagara|military]], and ally formed the seven critical elements that influenced every aspect of governance.{{efn|name="varna"|''Svamin'', ''Amatya'', ''Janapada'', ''Durga'', ''Kosa'', ''Daiufa'', ''Mitra'' respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Mahalingam|1940|p=9, 101, 160, 239, 244, 246, 260}}</ref>}} The emperor was the ultimate authority, assisted by a cabinet of ministers (''Pradhana'') headed by the prime minister (''Mahapradhana''). Other important titles recorded were the chief secretary (''Karyakartha'' or ''Rayaswami'') and the imperial officers (''Adhikari''). All high-ranking ministers and officers were required to have military training.{{efn|From the notes of Persian Abdur Razzak and research by B.A. Saletore in {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=175}}}} A secretariat near the emperor's palace employed [[scribes]] and officers to maintain records made official by using a [[wax seal]] imprinted with the ring of the monarch.{{efn|From the notes of Nuniz in {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=175}}}} At the lower administrative levels, wealthy feudal landlords (''Gowdas'') supervised accountants (''Karanikas'' or ''Karnam'') and guards (''Kavalu''). The palace administration was divided into 72 departments (''Niyogas''), each having several female attendants chosen for their youth and beauty (some imported or captured in victorious battles) who were trained to handle minor administrative matters and to serve men of nobility as courtesans or concubines.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=286}}

The empire was mentioned to be divided into main provinces (''Rajya''), each under a commander (''Dandanayaka'' or ''Dandanatha'') and headed by a governor, often from the royal family, who used the native language for administrative purposes.{{efn|From the notes of Duarte Barbosa in {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=176}}, the Vijayanagara empire had 5 provinces. However, the empire may have had nine provinces ([[T. V. Mahalingam]] in {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=176}})}} A ''Rajya'' was divided into regions (''[[Vishaya]]'', ''Vente'' or ''Kottam'') and further divided into counties (''Sime'' or ''Nadu''), themselves subdivided into municipalities (''Kampana'' or ''Sthala''). Hereditary families ruled their respective territories and paid tribute to the empire, while some areas, such as [[Keladi (India)|Keladi]] and [[Madurai]], came under the direct supervision of a commander.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|pp=176–177}}

The main provinces (''Rājya'') in the latter half of the 14th century were the following:<ref>{{harvnb|Mahalingam|1940|p=178}}</ref>
# [[Udayagiri, Andhra Pradesh|Udayagiri]] rājya
# [[Penukonda|Penugoṇḍa]] rājya
# [[Chandragiri|Candragiri]] rājya
# [[Padavedu|Paḍaivīḍu]] rājya - seat in present-day Padavedu in [[Tiruvannamalai District]]
# [[Tiruvadi]] rājya
# [[Mulabagilu|Muḷuvāyi]] rājya - generally was the [[viceroy|vice-regal]] seat of the government of the eldest son of the reigning Vijayanagara monarch
# [[Santalige|Śāntalige]] rājya
# [[Āraga]] rājya - capital: Chandragutti in [[Shimoga district]]
# [[Tulu Nadu|Tuḷuva]] rājya - capital: [[Mangalore]]

Because of the rapid expansion of the empire, over the years, several new provinces were created. Other ''rajyas'' mentioned along the years included: [[Barkur]] rājya (division of Tulu rajya), [[Tiruchirappalli]] rājya, [[Gooty|Gutti]] rājya, [[Valudambattu|Valudilambattu]] rājya, [[Nagamangala]] rājya, [[Hoysala]] rājya (Seat in [[Srirangapatna]]), [[Nidagal|Nidugal]] rājya, Haive rājya (Seat: [[Banavasi]]), [[Konkan|Konkana]] rājya (Seat: [[Goa|Gove]]), [[Kurnool|Kandanavolu]] rājya, [[Rayadurgam]] rājya, [[Kondapalli]] rājya and [[Kondavidu]] rājya.<ref name=mahalingam>{{Cite book|last=Mahalingam|first=T.V|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.500515/page/n3/mode/2up|title=Administration and social life under Vijayanagara|publisher=Madras University Historical Series, No. 15. University of Madras|year=1940}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ramanayya|first=N. Venkata |date= 1933|title=Vijayanagara: Origin of the City and the Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22642 |publisher=University of Madras|isbn=9788120605459}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Heras |first=H. |date=July 1928 |title=Goa Viragal of the Time of Harihara II of Vijayanagara |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367513 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Second Series) |volume=19 |issue=1 |publisher=The Mythic Society |pages=1–28 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sreedhar |first=Dr. E. |date=2018–2019 |title=Historical Geography of Rayadurga Rajya Under the Rayas of Vijayanagara – As Depicated in Inscriptions |url=https://www.mcrhrdi.gov.in/images/centres/PDF_Download/Ithihaas%20Vol.39.pdf |journal=Itihas: Journal of the State Archives & Research Institute |volume=39 |publisher=Telangana State Archives & Research Institute |pages=21–33}}</ref>

The explorer [[Duarte Barbosa]] mentioned that the Vijayanagara empire was divided into five vast provinces; each one with its own language, which were: 1- ''Tolinate'' ([[Tulu Nadu]]), 2- ''Danseam Rayen'' (Unidentified), 3- ''Telingu'' ([[Telangana]]), 4- ''Bisnaga'' (Vijayanagara) proper or ''Canarim'' ([[Karnataka]]) and 5- ''Charamandel'' ([[Coromandel Coast|Coromandel]], which came from [[Chola]]-Mandalam).<ref>{{cite book |last=Barbosa |first=Duarte |editor-last=Longworth |editor-first=Mansel|title=The book of Duarte Barbosa: An account of the countries bordering on the Indian ocean and their inhabitants and completed about the year 1518 A.D.|date=1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.00951 |location=London |publisher=The Hakluyt Society |page=183-184 |isbn=1409424812}}</ref>

On the battlefield, the emperor's commanders led the troops. The empire's war strategy rarely involved massive invasions; more often it employed small-scale methods such as attacking and destroying individual forts. The empire was among the first in India to use long-range artillery, which were commonly manned by foreign gunners.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=287}} Army troops were of two types: the emperor's personal army directly recruited by the empire and the feudal army under each feudatory. Emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]]'s personal army consisted of 100,000 infantry, 20,000 cavalrymen, and over 900 elephants. The whole army was claimed to number over 1.1 million soldiers, with up to 2 million having been recorded, along with a navy led by a ''Navigadaprabhu'' (commander of the navy).{{efn|From the notes of Abdur Razzaq and Paes in {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=176}}}} The army recruited from all classes of society, supported by the collection of additional feudal tributes from feudatory rulers, and consisted of archers and [[musket]]eers wearing quilted [[tunic]]s, shieldmen with swords and [[poignard]]s in their girdles, and soldiers carrying shields so large that armour was not necessary. The horses and elephants were fully armoured and the elephants had knives fastened to their tusks to do maximum damage in battle.{{efn|From the notes of Nuniz in {{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=288}}}}

The capital city was dependent on water supply systems constructed to channel and store water, ensuring a consistent supply throughout the year. The remains of these hydraulic systems have given historians a picture of the prevailing [[surface-water hydrology|surface water]] distribution methods in use at that time in the semiarid regions of South India.{{sfn|Davison-Jenkins|2001|p=89}} Contemporary records and notes of foreign travellers describe huge tanks constructed by labourers.{{efn|From the notes of Domingo Paes and Nuniz in {{harvnb|Davison-Jenkins|2001|p=98}}}} Excavations uncovered the remains of a well-connected water distribution system existing solely within the royal enclosure and the large temple complexes (suggesting it was for the exclusive use of royalty, and for special ceremonies) with sophisticated channels using gravity and [[siphon]]s to [[Water transportation|transport water]] through pipelines.<ref>{{harvnb|Davison-Jenkins|2001|p=90}}</ref> In the fertile agricultural areas near the [[Tungabhadra River]], canals were dug to guide the river water into [[irrigation tank]]s. These canals had [[sluice]]s that were opened and closed to control the water flow. In other areas, the administration encouraged digging wells, which were monitored by administrative authorities. Large tanks in the capital city were constructed with royal patronage while smaller tanks were funded by wealthy individuals to gain social and religious merit.{{sfn|Davison-Jenkins|2001|pp=88–99}}

==Economy==
[[File:Copper Jital coin of the Vijayanagar Empire, struck during the reign of Krishnadevaraya (white background).jpg|thumb|upright|Copper Jital coin of the Vijayanagar Empire, struck during the reign of [[Krishnadevaraya]], having the [[Garuda]] motif on obverse.]]
The economy of the empire was largely dependent on agriculture. [[Wheat]], [[Sorghum]] (''jowar''), cotton, and [[Pulse (legume)|pulse legumes]] grew in semi-arid regions, while sugarcane and rice thrived in rainy areas. [[Betel|Betel leaves]], [[areca]] (for chewing), and coconut were the principal cash crops, and large-scale cotton production supplied the weaving centers of the empire's vibrant textile industry. Spices such as [[turmeric]], pepper, [[cardamom]], and [[ginger]] grew in the remote [[Malnad]] hill region and were transported to the city for trade. The empire's capital city was a thriving business centre that included a burgeoning market in large quantities of precious gems and gold. Prolific temple-building provided employment to thousands of [[stone masonry|masons]], [[sculpture|sculptors]], and other skilled artisans.{{efn|From the notes of Duarte Barbosa. {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=181}}}}

According to Abdur Razzak, much of the empire was fertile and well cultivated.{{efn|name="ports"}} Most of the growers were [[tenant farmer]]s and were given the right of part ownership of the land over time. Tax policies encouraging needed produce made distinctions between land use to determine tax levies. For example, the daily market availability of rose petals was important for perfumers, so cultivation of roses received a lower tax assessment.<ref name=":0">From the notes of Abdur Razzak in {{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=298}}</ref> Salt production and the manufacture of [[Salt pan (evaporation)|salt pans]] were controlled by similar means. The making of [[ghee]] (clarified butter), which was sold as an oil for human consumption and as a fuel for lighting lamps, was profitable.<ref>From the notes of Abdur Razzak in {{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=299}}</ref> Exports to China intensified and included cotton, spices, jewels, [[semi-precious stone]]s, ivory, rhino horn, [[ebony]], [[amber]], coral, and aromatic products such as perfumes. Large vessels from China made frequent visits and brought Chinese products to the empire's 300 ports, large and small, on the [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The ports of [[Mangalore]], [[Honavar]], [[Bhatkal]], [[Barkur]], [[Cochin]], [[Kannur|Cannanore]], [[Machilipatnam]], and [[Dharmadam]] were important for they not only provided secure harbors for traders from Africa, Arabia, Aden, the Red sea, China and Bengal but some also served as ship building centers.{{efn|name="ports"|From the notes of Abdur Razzak in {{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=304}}}}

When merchant ships docked, the merchandise was taken into official custody and taxes levied on all items sold. The security of the merchandise was guaranteed by the administration officials. Traders of many nationalities ([[Arabs]], [[Persian people|Persians]], [[Gujaratis|Guzerates]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorassanians]]) settled in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], drawn by the thriving trade business.{{efn|name="ports"}} Ship building prospered and [[keel]]ed ships between 1000 and 1200 ''bahares'' ([[Tonnage|burden]]) were built without decks by sewing the entire [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]] with ropes rather than fastening them with nails. Ships sailed to the [[Red Sea]] ports of [[Aden]] and [[Mecca]] with Vijayanagara goods sold as far away as [[Venice]]. The empire's principal exports were pepper, ginger, [[cinnamon]], cardamom, [[Prunus cerasifera|myrobalan]], [[Tamarind|tamarind timber]], [[Golden Shower Tree|anafistula]], precious and semi-precious stones, pearls, [[musk]], [[ambergris]], [[rhubarb]], [[aloe]], cotton cloth and [[porcelain]].{{efn|name="ports"}} Cotton yarn was shipped to [[Burma]] and [[indigo]] to [[Persia]]. Chief imports from [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] were [[copper]], quicksilver ([[mercury (element)|mercury]]), [[vermilion]], coral, [[saffron]], coloured velvets, [[rose water]], knives, colored [[camlet]]s, gold and silver. Persian horses were imported to Cannanore before a two-week land trip to the capital. [[Silk]] arrived from China and sugar from [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=304–305}}
[[File:15th century aqua duct to Mahanavami platform Pushkarani step well, Hampi Hindu monuments Karnataka 1.jpg|thumb|Raised water-channel or aqueduct for city.]]
[[File:Elephant's stable or Gajashaale.JPG|thumb|left|''Gajashaala'' or [[Hampi#Elephant stables and enclosure|elephant's stable]], built by the Vijayanagara rulers for their [[war elephants]]]]
East coast trade routes were busy, with goods arriving from [[Golkonda]] where rice, [[millet]], [[pulses]] and [[tobacco]] were grown on a large scale. Dye crops of indigo and [[chay root]] were produced for the weaving industry. A mineral rich region, Machilipatnam was the gateway for high quality iron and steel exports. Diamond mining was active in the Kollur region.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=305}} The cotton weaving industry produced two types of cottons, plain [[Calico (fabric)|calico]] and [[muslin]] (brown, bleached or dyed). Cloth printed with coloured patterns crafted by native techniques were exported to [[Java]] and the [[Far East]]. Golkonda specialised in plain cotton and [[Pulicat]] in printed. The main imports on the east coast were [[non-ferrous metal]]s, [[camphor]], porcelain, silk and luxury goods.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=306}}

[[Navaratri|Mahanavami]] festival marked the beginning of a financial year from when the state treasury accounted for and reconciled all outstanding dues within nine days. At this time, an updated annual assessment record of provincial dues, which included rents and taxes, paid on a monthly basis by each governor was created under royal decree.{{efn|name="varna"}}

Temples were taxed for land ownership to cover military expenses. In the Telugu districts the temple tax was called ''Srotriyas'', in the Tamil speaking districts it was called as ''Jodi''. Taxes such as ''Durgavarthana'', ''Dannayivarthana'' and ''Kavali Kanike'' were collected towards protection of movable and immovable wealth from robbery and invasions. ''Jeevadhanam'' was collected for cattle graze on non-private lands. Popular temple destinations charged visitor fees called ''Perayam'' or ''Kanike''. Residential property taxes were called ''Illari''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reddy|first=Soma|title=Taxation of Hindu Temples in the Telugu districts of the Vijayanagara Empire (1978)|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=39|pages=503–508|jstor=44139388}}</ref>

==Culture==
===Social life===
[[File:Evidence of Vijaynagar pomp.jpg|thumb|alt=A stone depiction of four horizontal rows: the top row contains dancers, the second row contains warriors, the third contains horses and their trainers, and the bottom row depicts elephants.|Horizontal friezes in relief on the outer wall enclosure of Hazara Rama temple, depicting life in the empire]]
{{Further|Society of the Vijayanagara Empire}}
The Hindu social order was prevalent and it influenced daily life in the empire. The rulers who occupied the top of this hierarchy assumed the honorific ''Varnasramadharma'' (''lit'', "helpers of the four classes and four stages"). According to Talbot, caste was more importantly determined by occupation or the professional community people belonged to, although the family lineage (''Gotra'') and the broad distinction described in sacred Hindu texts were also factors. The structure also contained sub-castes and caste clusters ("Jati").{{sfn|Sinopoli|2003|pp=98–99}} According to Vanina, caste as a social identity was not fixed and was constantly changed for reasons including polity, trade and commerce, and was usually determined by context. Identification of castes and sub-castes was made based on temple affiliations, lineage, family units, royal retinues, warrior clans, occupational groups, agricultural and trade groups, devotional networks, and even priestly cabals. It was also not impossible for a caste to lose its position and prestige and slip down the ladder while others rose up the same.{{sfn|Vanina|2012|pp=129–130}} Epigraphy studies by Talbot suggests that members within a family could have different social status based on their occupation and the upward movement of a caste or sub-caste was not uncommon based on the breakthroughs achieved by an individual or a group of individuals from the community.{{sfn|Vanina|2012|pp=131–132}}

Caste affiliation was closely tied to craft production and members of a common craft formed collective memberships. Often members of related crafts formed inter-caste communities. This helped them consolidate strength and gain political representation and trade benefits.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2003|pp=21–22, 98}} According to Talbot, terminology such as ''Setti'' was used to identify communities across merchant and artisan classes while ''Boya'' identified herders of all types.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2003|p=99}} [[Artisan]]s consisted of blacksmiths, goldsmiths, brasssmiths and carpenters. These communities lived in separate sections of the city to avoid disputes, especially when it came to social privileges. Conquests led to large-scale migration of people leading to marginalisation of natives of a place. The ''Tottiyans'' were shepherds who later gained marginal ruling status (''[[Polygar|poligars]]''), ''[[Saurashtra people|Saurashtra]]ns'' were traders who came from present-day Gujarat and rivalled the Brahmins for some benefits, the ''[[Reddys]]'' were agriculturists and the ''Uppilia'' were [[salt farm]]ers.{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=part II, pp. 155–156}}

According to Chopra et al., in addition to their monopoly over priestly duties, Brahmins occupied high positions in political and administrative fields. The Portuguese traveler [[Domingo Paes]] observed an increasing presence of Brahmins in the military.{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=part II, p. 156}} The separation of the priestly class from material wealth and power made them ideal arbiters in local judicial matters, and the nobility and aristocracy ensured their presence in every town and village to maintain order.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=289}} Vanina notes that within the warrior class was a conglomerate of castes, kinship and clans that usually originated from landholding and pastoral communities. They ascended the social ladder by abandoning their original occupations and adopting to a martial code of living, ethics and practices. In South India they were loosely called the ''Nayakas''.{{sfn|Vanina|2012|p=140}}

[[File:Vijayanagar snakestone.jpg|thumb |alt=Nāga|''[[Nāga]]'', snake worship in Hampi]]
[[Sati (practice)|Sati]] practice is evidenced in Vijayanagara ruins by several inscriptions known as ''Satikal'' (Sati stone) or ''Sati-virakal'' (Sati hero stone).{{sfn|Verghese|2001|p=41}} There are controversial views among historians regarding this practice including religious compulsion, marital affection, martyrdom or honor against subjugation by foreign intruders.<ref name="Hawley1994p150">{{cite book|author=John Stratton Hawley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_VbHItKQjYC|title=Sati, the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-19-536022-6|pages=150–151}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindsey|first=Harlan|title=Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives |publisher=University of California Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0520301757|page=200}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=H.G|first=Rekha|date=2019|title=Sati Memorial Stones of Vijayanagara Period – A Study |url=https://journals.eduindex.org/index.php/hrj/article/view/15081|journal=History Research Journal |volume=5|issue=6 |page=210}}</ref>

The socio-religious movements that gained popularity in the previous centuries, such as [[Lingayatism]], provided momentum for flexible social norms that helped the cause of women. By this time [[South India]]n women had crossed most barriers and were actively involved in fields hitherto considered the monopoly of men such as administration, business, trade and the fine arts.{{efn|B.A. Saletore in {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=179}}}} [[Tirumalamba|Tirumalamba Devi]] who wrote ''Varadambika Parinayam'' and [[Gangadevi]] the author of ''Madhuravijayam'' were among the notable women poets of the Sanskrit language.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=162}} Early Telugu women poets such as [[Timmakka|Tallapaka Timmakka]] and [[Molla (poet)|Atukuri Molla]] became popular. Further south the provincial [[Nayaks of Tanjore]] patronised several women poets. The [[Devadasi system]], as well as legalized prostitution, existed and members of this community were relegated to a few streets in each city. The popularity of [[harem]]s among men of the royalty and the existence of [[seraglio]] is well known from records.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=180}}

Well-to-do men wore the ''Petha'' or ''Kulavi'', a tall [[turban]] made of silk and decorated with gold. As in most Indian societies, jewellery was used by men and women and records describe the use of [[anklet]]s, [[Bracelet|bracelets]], finger-rings, necklaces and ear rings of various types. During celebrations men and women adorned themselves with flower garlands and used perfumes made of [[rose water]], [[civetone|civet musk]], [[musk]], or [[sandalwood]].{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=180}} In stark contrast to the commoners whose lives were modest, the lives of royalty were full of ceremonial pomp. Queens and princesses had numerous attendants who were lavishly dressed and adorned with fine jewellery. Their numbers ensured their daily duties were light.{{efn|name="sundry"|From the writings of Portuguese [[Domingo Paes]] {{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=296}}.}}

[[File:Ceiling paintings depicting scenes from Hindu mythology at the Virupaksha temple in Hampi 3.JPG|thumb|right|Painted ceiling from the Virupaksha temple depicting Hindu mythology, 14th century]]
Physical exercises were popular with men and wrestling was an important male preoccupation for sport and entertainment, and women wrestlers are also mentioned in records.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=179}} Gymnasiums have been discovered inside royal quarters and records mention regular physical training for commanders and their armies during peacetime.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=296}} Royal palaces and marketplaces had special arenas where royalty and common people amused themselves by watching sports such as [[cock fight]], [[ram fight]] and female wrestling.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=296}} Excavations within the Vijayanagara city limits have revealed the existence of various community-based gaming activities. Engravings on boulders, rock platforms and temple floors indicate these were popular locations of casual social interaction. Some of these are gaming boards similar to the ones in use today and others are yet to be identified.{{sfn|Mack|2001|p=39}}

[[Dowry]] was in practice and can be seen in both Hindu and Muslim royal families. When a sister of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I|Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah]] of [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]] was married to [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]], the town of [[Sholapur]] was given to the bride by her family.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Babu|first=Dr.M.Bosu|title=Material Background to the Vijayanagara Empire (A Study with Special reference To Southern Āndhradēśa From A.D. 1300 To 1500)|publisher=K.Y. Publications|year=2018|isbn=978-9387769427|page=189}}</ref> Ayyangar notes that when the [[Gajapati dynasty|Gajapati King]] of [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]] gave his daughter in marriage honoring the victorious [[Krishnadevaraya]] he included several villages as dowry.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ayyangar|first=Krishnaswami|title=Sources of Vijayanagar History|publisher=Alpha Editions|year=2019|isbn=978-9353605902|page=116}}</ref> Inscriptions of the 15th and 16th centuries record the practice of dowry among commoners as well. The practice of putting a price on the bride was a possible influence of the Islamic [[Mahr]] system.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dr.B. S. Chandrababu|first=and Dr.L. Thilagavathi|title=Woman, Her History and Her Struggle for Emancipation|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2009|isbn=978-8189909970|page=266}}</ref> To oppose this influence, in the year 1553, the [[Brahmin]] community passed a mandate under royal decree and popularized the ''kanyadana'' within the community. According to this practice money could not be paid or received during marriage and those who did were liable for punishment. There is a mention of ''Streedhana'' ("woman's wealth") in an inscription and that the villagers should not give away land as dowry. These inscriptions reinforce the theory that a system of social mandates within community groups existed and were widely practiced even though these practices did not find justification in the family laws described in the religious texts.<ref>{{harvnb|Mahalingam|1940|p=255-256}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Main|Haridasa}}

[[File:Karnataka Hampi IMG 0730.jpg|thumb |alt=Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|''[[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi]]'']]
[[File:Vijayanagara royal insignia.jpg|thumb|Royal insignia at Varaha Temple]]
The Vijayanagara emperors were [[Religious tolerance|tolerant of all religions and sects]], as writings by foreign visitors show.{{efn|From the notes of Duarte Barbosa in {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=178}}}} The emperors used titles such as ''Gobrahamana Pratipalanacharya'' (''literally'', "protector of cows and Brahmins") that testified to their intention of protecting Hinduism. The [[Nāgarī script]] inscription at [[Hampi]] includes the term ''Hinduraya Suratrana'', which historian [[B. Lewis Rice|Benjamin Lewis Rice]] translates as "the Suratrana of Hindu Rayas". Some scholars have interpreted this to mean "the Sultan among Hindu kings" and state this to be evidence of some Islamic political traditions being adopted by Hindu monarchs,<ref>{{cite book|author=Rajat Kanta Ray|title=The Felt Community: Commonalty and Mentality Before the Emergence of Indian Nationalism| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3UxuAAAAMAAJ| year=2003| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-565863-7|page=30}}</ref>{{sfn|Pollock|1993|pp=284–285}}{{efn|The ''Hinduraya suratrana'' term in inscriptions has been coupled with long brocaded headdress (''kullayi'') and others shown in some royalty-related reliefs found in Hampi as additional support for the hypothesis that 'Islamicization of Hindu culture' in 14th-century.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Wagoner | first=Phillip B. | title="Sultan among Hindu Kings": Dress, Titles, and the Islamicization of Hindu Culture at Vijayanagara | journal=The Journal of Asian Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=55 | issue=4 | year=1996 | issn=0021-9118 | doi=10.2307/2646526 | page=853| jstor=2646526 | s2cid=163090404}}</ref>}} The long headdress are also seen in the royalty-related and secular artwork in [[Pattadakal]] dated from the 7th and 8th century, about 5 centuries before the first Sultanate was formed in South Asia.<ref name="Michell2002p65">{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=Pattadakal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcgYAAAAYAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565651-0|pages=65–68, 54–73}}</ref> Similar conical headdress is seen in other sites such as the [[Ajanta Caves]], [[Ellora Caves]], [[Aihole]] and [[Badami]], variously dated from the 2nd century to 10th century.<ref name="Owen2012p68">{{cite book|author=Lisa Owen|title=Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUszAQAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-20630-4|pages=68–71}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Walter M. Spink|title=Cave by Cave|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPqUHXlwXdcC |year=2005|publisher=Brill Academic|isbn=90-04-15644-5|pages=38–40, 78–79, 225–227}}</ref> as well as that Indian kingdoms recognized their religious identity of being Hindu by the early 14th century.<ref name=Llewellyn74>{{cite book|author=David Lorenzen| editor= J. E. Llewellyn|title=Defining Hinduism: A Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GyEvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT114| year=2017| publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-315-47563-9|pages=73–75}}</ref> Others interpret the term ''Hinduraya Suratrana'' to mean "protectors of the gods of (or among) the Hindu kings".{{sfn|Pollock|1993|pp=284–285}}<ref>{{cite journal | last=Habib | first=Irfan | title=The Envisioning of a Nation: A Defence of the Idea of India | journal=Social Scientist | volume=27 | issue=9/10 | year=1999 | doi=10.2307/3518100 | pages=18–29| jstor=3518100 }}</ref><ref>A.R. Kulkarni (1970), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141073 Social Relations in the Maratha Country in the Medieval Period], Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 32, Issue 1, pp. 231–268, Quote: "Suratrana has been interpreted by some as the 'protector of gods' (...)"</ref> The empire's founders, the Sangama brothers (Harihara I and Bukka Raya I), came from a pastoral cowherd background, possibly the [[Kuruba]] people, that claimed Yadava lineage in an attempt to claim Kshatriya status like the rest of South Indian dynasties who originated from a pastoral background.
{{sfn|Dhere|2011|p=243}}{{sfn|Sewell|2011|pp=22, 23, 420}}{{efn|name="Dhere2011p243"}} The founders of the empire were devout [[Shaiva]]s (worshippers of the [[Hindu god]] [[Shiva]]) but made grants to [[Vishnu]] temples. Their patron saint [[Vidyaranya]] was from the [[Advaita]] order at [[Sringeri]]. The ''[[Varaha]]'' (the boar [[avatar]] of Vishnu) was the [[emblem]] of the empire.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=177}} Over one-fourth of the archaeological dig found an "Islamic Quarter" not far from the "Royal Quarter". Nobles from Central Asia's Timurid kingdoms also came to Vijayanagara. The later [[Saluva]] and [[Tuluva]] kings were [[Vaishnava]] (followers of Vishnu) by faith, but also worshipped [[Venkateshwara]] (Vishnu) at [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupati]] as well as [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha]] (Shiva) at Hampi. A Sanskrit work, ''Jambavati Kalyanam'' by Emperor Krishnadevaraya, refers to Virupaksha as ''Karnata Rajya Raksha Mani'' ("protective jewel of Karnata Empire").{{sfn|Wagoner|2001|p=14}} The kings patronised the saints of the [[dvaita]] order (philosophy of dualism) of [[Madhvacharya]] at [[Udupi]].{{sfn|Kamath|2001|pp=177–178}} Endowments were made to temples in the form of land, cash, produce, jewellery and constructions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Naik |last2=Reddy|first1=K. Krishna |first2=A. Rama njul |title=Impact of endowments on society during the Vijayanagara period: A study of the Rayalaseema region, 1336–1556|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year=2007|volume=68|pages=286–294|jstor=44147838}}</ref>

The [[Bhakti]] (devotional) movement was active during this time, and involved well known [[Haridasa]]s (devotee saints) of that time. Like the [[Virashaiva]] movement of the 12th century, this movement presented another strong current of devotion, pervading the lives of millions. The Haridasas represented two groups, the ''[[Vyasakuta]]'' and ''[[Dasakuta]]'', the former being required to be proficient in the [[Vedas]], [[Upanishads]] and other [[Darshana (Hinduism)|Darshanas]], while the ''Dasakuta'' merely conveyed the message of Madhvacharya through the Kannada language to the people in the form of devotional songs (''Devaranamas'' and ''Kirthanas''). The philosophy of Madhvacharya was spread by eminent disciples such as [[Naraharitirtha]], [[Jayatirtha]], [[Sripadaraya]], [[Vyasatirtha]], [[Vadirajatirtha]] and others.{{sfn|Shiva Prakash|1997|pp=192, 194–196}} Vyasatirtha, the ''guru'' (teacher) of Vadirajatirtha, [[Purandaradasa]] (''Pitamaha'' or "Father of Carnatic music"{{sfn|Iyer|2006|p=93}}{{sfn|Narayan|2010|loc=Introduction, p. 3}}) and [[Kanakadasa]]{{sfn|Shiva Prakash|1997|p=196}} earned the devotion of Emperor Krishnadevaraya.{{sfn|Shiva Prakash|1997|p=195}}{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=178}}{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=324}} The emperor considered the saint his ''[[Kuladevata]]'' (family deity) and honoured him in his writings.<ref>{{cite book |first=Madhubala|last=Sinha|title=Encyclopaedia of South Indian Literature – Volume 2|year=2009|publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8126137404|page=271}}</ref> During this time, another great composer of early carnatic music, [[Annamacharya]] composed hundreds of ''Kirthanas'' in [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] at [[Tirumala - Tirupati|Tirupati]] in present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]].{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=185}}

[[File:Ugranarasimha statue at Hampi.JPG|thumb |upright=0.75 |alt=Narasimha|''Ugra'' ''[[Narasimha]]'' monolith at Hampi]]
The defeat of the [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] by the Cholas in the early 11th century and the rising numbers of followers of Vaishnava Hinduism and Virashaivism in the 12th century was mirrored by a decreased interest in Jainism.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|pp=112, 132}} Two notable locations of Jain worship in the Vijayanagara territory were [[Shravanabelagola]] and [[Kambadahalli]].{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=197}}{{sfn|Bang|Kolodziejczyk|2012|p=D23}}

[[Islamic]] contact with South India began as early as the seventh century, a result of trade between the Southern kingdoms and [[Arab]] lands. [[Jumu'ah|Jumma]] [[Masjid]]s existed in the Rashtrakuta empire by the tenth century{{efn|From the notes of Arab writer Al-Ishtakhri {{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=396}}.}} and many mosques flourished on the [[Malabar coast]] by the early 14th century.{{efn|From the notes of [[Ibn Battuta|Ibn Batuta]] {{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=396}}.}} Muslim settlers married local women; their children were known as [[Mappilla]]s (''Moplahs'') and were actively involved in [[horse trading]] and manning shipping fleets. The interactions between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Bahmani Sultanate to the north increased the presence of Muslims in the south. In the early 15th century, [[Deva Raya]] built a mosque for the Muslims in Vijayanagara and placed a Quran before his throne.{{sfn|Rice|2001|p=479}}

The introduction of Christianity began as early as the eighth century as shown by the finding of [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plates]] inscribed with land grants to Malabar Christians. Christian travelers wrote of the scarcity of [[Christianity in India|Christians in South India]] in the Middle Ages, promoting its attractiveness to missionaries.{{efn|From the notes of Jordanus in 1320–21 {{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=397}}.}} The arrival of the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] in the 15th century and their connections through trade with the empire, the propagation of the faith by [[Francis Xavier]] (1545) and later the presence of [[Dutch colonial empire|Dutch]] settlements fostered the growth of Christianity in the south.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Doss|first=M. Christhu|date=1 November 2018|title=Indian Christians and The Making of Composite Culture in South India|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0262728018798982|journal=South Asia Research|language=en|volume=38|issue=3|pages=247–267|doi=10.1177/0262728018798982|s2cid=149596320|issn=0262-7280|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Epigraphs and monetization===
[[File:Ornate pillared mantapa at the Virupaksha temple in Hampi.jpg|thumb|upright|Ornate pillars, Virupaksha temple [[Hampi]]]]
[[File:Hazara Ramachandra Temple-.JPG|thumb|Wall panel relief in Hazare Rama Temple at [[Hampi]]]]

Stone inscriptions were the most common form of documents used on temple walls, boundary of properties and open places for public display. Another form of documentation was on copper plates that were meant for record keeping. Usually verbose inscriptions included information such as a salutation, a [[panegyric]] of the emperor or local ruler, the name of the donor, nature of the endowment (generally either cash or produce), the manner in which the grant would be used, obligations of the donee, share received by the donor and a concluding statement that officiated the entire donation and its obligations. Some inscriptions record an instance of victory in war or religious festival, and retribution or a curse on those who do not honor the grant.{{sfn|Mack|2002|pp=77–78}}

Most Vijayanagara inscriptions recovered so far are in Kannada, Telugu and Tamil, and a few in Sanskrit.{{sfn|Mack|2002|p=79}} According to [[Suryanath U. Kamath]] about 7000 stone inscriptions, half of which are in Kannada, and about 300 copper plates which are mostly in Sanskrit, have been recovered.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|pp=10, 157}} Bilingual inscriptions had lost favor by the 14th century.{{sfn|Thapar|2003|pp=393–395}} According to Mack, the majority of the inscriptions recovered are from the rule of the Tuluva dynasty (from 1503 to 1565) with the Saluva dynasty (from 1485 to 1503) inscribing the least in its brief control over the empire. The Sangama dynasty (from 1336 to 1485) which ruled the longest produced about one third of all epigraphs inscribed during the Tuluva period.{{sfn|Mack|2002|pp=81–82}} Despite the popularity of Telugu language as a literary medium, the majority of the epigraphs in the language were inscribed in the limited period from 1500 to 1649. Talbot explains this scenario as one of shifting political solidarity. The Vijayanagara Empire was originally founded in Karnataka, with Andhra Pradesh serving as a province of the empire. After its defeat to the Deccan sultanates in 1565 and the sacking of the royal capital Vijayanagara, the diminished empire moved its capital to Southern Andhra Pradesh, creating an enterprise dominated by Telugu language.{{sfn|Talbot|2002|pp=25–28}}

The Persian visitor Abdur Razzak wrote in his travelogues that the empire enjoyed a high level of monetization. This is especially evident from the number of temple cash grants that were made. Coins were minted using gold, silver, copper and brass and their value depended on material weight. Coins were minted by the state, in the provinces and by merchant guilds. Foreign currency was in circulation. The highest denomination was the gold ''Varaha'' (or ''Hun/Honnu'', ''Gadyana'') weighted 50.65 {{endash}} 53 grains. The ''Partab'' or ''Pratapa'' was valued at half a ''Varaha. T''he ''Fanam ( or'' ''Phanam'', ''Hana),'' an alloy of gold and copper was the most common currency valued at a third of the ''Varaha''. A ''Tar'' made of pure silver was a sixth of a ''Phanam'' and a ''Chital'' made of brass was a third of the ''Tar''. ''Haga'', ''Visa'' and ''Kasu'' were also coins of lower denominations.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2003|p=105}}{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=176}}

===Literature===
{{Main|Vijayanagara literature|Vijayanagara literature in Kannada}}

During the rule of the Vijayanagara Empire, poets, scholars and philosophers wrote primarily in Kannada, Telugu and Sanskrit, and also in other regional languages such as Tamil and covered such subjects as religion, biography, ''Prabandha'' (fiction), music, grammar, poetry, medicine and mathematics. The administrative and court language of the empire was Kannada. However, Telugu language gained cultural and literary prominence during the reign of the last Vijayanagara emperors, especially Krishnadevaraya.{{efn|{{harvnb|Nagaraj|2003|p=378}}, {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=74–75}}: Royal patronage was also directed to the support of literature in several languages: Sanskrit (the pan-Indian literary language), Kannada (the language of the Vijayanagara home base in Karnataka), and Telugu (the language of Andhra). Works in all three languages were produced by poets assembled at the courts of the Vijayanagara kings [...] The Telugu language became particularly prominent in the ruling circles by the early 16th century, because of the large number of warrior lords who were either from Andhra or had served the kingdom there.}}

Most [[Sanskrit]] works were commentaries either on the [[Vedas]] or on the [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]] epics, written by well known figures such as [[Sayana]]charya (who wrote a treatise on the Vedas called ''Vedartha Prakasha'' whose English translation by Max Muller appeared in 1856), and [[Vidyaranya]] that extolled the superiority of the [[Advaita]] philosophy over other rival Hindu philosophies.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=321}} Other writers were famous [[Dvaita]] saints of the [[Udupi]] order such as [[Jayatirtha]] (earning the title ''Tikacharya'' for his polemical writings), Vyasatirtha who wrote rebuttals to the Advaita philosophy and of the conclusions of earlier logicians, and [[Vadirajatirtha]] and [[Sripadaraya]] both of whom criticized the beliefs of [[Adi Sankara]].{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=324}} Apart from these saints, noted Sanskrit scholars adorned the courts of the Vijayanagara kings and their feudal chiefs. Some members of the royal family were writers of merit and authored important works such as ''Jambavati Kalyana'' by Emperor Krishnadevaraya,{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2001|p=14}} and ''[[Madura Vijayam]]'' (also known as ''Veerakamparaya Charita'') by Princess [[Gangadevi]], a daughter-in-law of Emperor [[Bukka I]], dwells on the conquest of the [[Madurai Sultanate]] by the Vijayanagara Empire.{{sfn|Devi|1924}}

[[File:Poetic Kannada inscription of Manjaraja dated 1398 CE at Vindyagiri hill in Shravanabelagola.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Poetic inscription in Kannada by Vijayanagara poet Manjaraja (c.1398)]]

The [[Vijayanagara literature in Kannada|Kannada poets and scholars of the empire]] produced important writings supporting the Vaishnava [[Bhakti]] movement heralded by the Haridasas (devotees of Vishnu), [[Brahmin]]ical and Veerashaiva ([[Lingayatism]]) literature. The Haridasa poets celebrated their devotion through songs called ''Devaranama'' (lyrical poems) in the native meters of ''Sangatya'' (quatrain), ''Suladi'' (beat based), ''Ugabhoga'' (melody based) and ''Mundige'' (cryptic).{{efn|Ayyappapanicker in {{harvnb|Shiva Prakash|1997|pp=164, 193–194, 203}}}} Their inspirations were the teachings of [[Madhvacharya]] and [[Vyasatirtha]]. [[Purandaradasa]] and [[Kanakadasa]] are considered the foremost among many ''Dasas'' (devotees) by virtue of their immense contribution.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=365}} [[Kumara Vyasa]], the most notable of Brahmin scholars wrote ''Gadugina Bharata'', a translation of the epic ''Mahabharata''. This work marks a transition of Kannada literature from old Kannada to modern Kannada.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=364}} [[Chamarasa]] was a famous Veerashaiva scholar and poet who had many debates with Vaishnava scholars in the court of Devaraya II. His ''Prabhulinga Leele'', later translated into Telugu and Tamil, was a eulogy of Saint [[Allama Prabhu]] (the saint was considered an incarnation of Lord [[Ganapathi]] while [[Parvati]] took the form of a princess of Banavasi).{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=363}}{{sfn|Rice|2001|p=68}}

At this peak of [[Telugu people|Telugu]] literature, the most famous writing in the ''Prabandha'' style was ''Manucharitamu''. Emperor Krishnadevaraya was an accomplished Telugu scholar and wrote the ''[[Amuktamalyada]]'',{{efn|According to {{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=372}}, during the rule of Krishnadevaraya, encouragement was given to the creation of original ''Prabandhas'' (stories) from [[Puranic]] themes.}} a story of the wedding of the god [[Vishnu]] to [[Andal]], the Tamil [[Alvars|Alvar]] saint poet and the daughter of [[Periyalvar]] at [[Srirangam]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rao|first1=Pappu Venugopala|title=A masterpiece in Telugu literature|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/a-masterpiece-in-telugu-literature/article478881.ece|access-date=9 June 2016|issue=Chennai|work=The Hindu|date=22 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishnadevaraya |date=2010 |editor1-last=Reddy |editor1-first=Srinivas |title=Giver of the Worn Garland: Krishnadevaraya's Amuktamalyada |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-8184753059 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0eTDF3uLVgC&pg=PT1 |access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishnadevaraya |date=1907 |title=Amuktamalyada |publisher=Telugu Collection for the British Library |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/amuktamalyada00krissher |access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> In his court were eight famous scholars regarded as the pillars (''[[Ashtadiggajas]]'') of the literary assembly. The most famous among them were [[Allasani Peddana]] who held the honorific ''Andhrakavitapitamaha'' (''lit'', "father of Telugu poetry") and [[Tenali Ramakrishna]] who authored several notable works.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=372}} The other six poets were [[Nandi Thimmana]] (Mukku Timmana), [[Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu|Ayyalaraju Ramabhadra]], [[Madayyagari Mallana]], [[Ramarajabhushanudu|Bhattu Murthi]] (Ramaraja Bhushana), [[Pingali Surana]], and [[Dhurjati]]. [[Srinatha]], who wrote books such as ''Marutratcharitamu'' and ''Salivahana-sapta-sati'', was patronised by Emperor Devaraya II and enjoyed the same status as important ministers in the court.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=370}}

Most [[Tamil literature]] from this period came from Tamil-speaking regions, which were ruled by the feudatory Pandya who gave particular attention to the cultivation of Tamil literature. Although [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Sanskrit]] dominated the courtly and administrative functions of the empire, [[Tamil literature]] also thrived, especially in the southern regions ruled by the Vijayanagara Empire. Many [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poets and scholars were patronized by both the kings and regional feudatories. Tamil literature during this period was primarily devotional, reflecting the continuing influence of the [[Bhakti]] movement. Both [[Shaiva]] and [[Vaishnava]] traditions were supported, with temples like [[Srirangam]] playing a central role in the propagation of Tamil religious texts. [[Krishnadevaraya]], in particular, was known for his support of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Vaishnava]] literature. The [[Vaishnava]] poet Haridasa composed the Irusamaya Vilakkam, a comparative study of [[Shaivism]] and Vaishnavism, highlighting the preference for Vaishnava philosophy under the king’s patronage.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=347}} Other significant Tamil scholars included [[Svarupananda Desikar]], who wrote the Sivaprakasap-perundirattu, an anthology of verses on [[Advaita]] philosophy, and his pupil [[Tattuvarayar]], who composed Kurundirattu, a shorter anthology of verses.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=347}} Additionally, [[Tamil literature]] during this period included devotional hymns in praise of [[Alvars]] and [[Nayanmars]]. Texts such as the [[Divya Prabandham]] and [[Tevaram]] continued to be revered and performed in temples under the auspices of the empire.<ref>{{cite book |last=Champakalakshmi |first=R. |author-link=R. Champakalakshmi |title=Religion, Tradition, and Ideology: Pre-colonial South India |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807059-7}}</ref>

Notable among secular writings on music and medicine were Vidyaranya's ''Sangitsara'', [[Praudha Raya]]'s ''Ratiratnapradipika'', Sayana's ''Ayurveda Sudhanidhi'' and [[Lakshmana Pandita]]'s ''Vaidyarajavallabham''.{{sfn|Durga Prasad|1988|pp=268–270}} The [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] flourished during this period with scholars such as [[Madhava of Sangamagrama|Madhava]], who made important contributions to trigonometry and calculus, and [[Nilakantha Somayaji]], who postulated on the orbitals of planets.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Science and Philosophy of Science: A Historical Perspective of the Evolution of Ideas in Science |editor-first=Pradip Kumar |editor-last=Sengupta |first=Subhash |last=Kak |year=2010 |page=91 |series=vol. XIII, part 6 |publisher=Pearson Longman |isbn=978-81-317-1930-5}}</ref>

===Architecture===
[[File:செவரப்பூண்டி கிருஷ்ணதேவராயர் கல்வெட்டு.JPG|thumbnail|Tamil inscription of Krishnadevaraya, Severappoondi|left]]
{{See also|Vijayanagara|Hampi|List of Vijayanagara era temples in Karnataka}}[[File:The Stone Chariot,Hampi.jpg|thumb |alt=Temple car|''[[Temple car]]'' at the Vittala temple in Hampi]]
{{Main|Vijayanagara architecture}}

Vijayanagara architecture, according to art critic [[Percy Brown (scholar)|Percy Brown]] is a vibrant combination and blossoming of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]], [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala]], [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya]] and [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] styles, idioms that prospered in previous centuries.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=182}} Its legacy of sculpture, architecture and painting influenced the development of the arts long after the empire came to an end. Its stylistic hallmark is the ornate [[Column|pillared]] ''Kalyanamantapa'' (marriage hall), ''Vasanthamantapa'' (open pillared halls) and the ''Rayagopura'' (tower). Artisans used the locally available hard granite because of its durability since the empire was under constant threat of invasion. An open-air theatre of monuments at its capital at [[Vijayanagara]] is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="heritage">{{cite news|title=Group of Monuments at Hampi-Cultural Sites|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241|work=UNESCO |access-date=27 April 2021|location=World Heritage Centre, Paris|date=1986}}</ref>

In the 14th century, the kings continued to build [[vesara]] or Deccan-style monuments but later incorporated Dravida-style [[gopura]]s to meet their ritualistic needs. The Prasanna Virupaksha temple (underground temple) of [[Bukka]] and the Hazare Rama temple of [[Deva Raya]] are examples of Deccan architecture.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2001|p=9}} The varied and intricate ornamentation of the pillars is a mark of their work.{{efn|name="pillar"|Nilakanta Sastri about the importance of pillars in the Vijayanagara style in {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=183}}}} At [[Hampi (town)|Hampi]], the ''Vitthala'' and ''Hazara Ramaswamy'' temples are examples of their pillared ''Kalyanamantapa'' style.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hampi Travel Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IoXyAst-aRoC |date=2003 |publisher=Eicher Goodearth supported by Department of Tourism, Government of India |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-87780-17-5 |lccn=2003334582 |page=77}}</ref> A visible aspect of their style is their return to the simplistic and serene art developed by the [[Chalukya dynasty]].{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=184}} The ''Vitthala'' temple took several decades to complete during the reign of the [[Tuluva]] kings.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2001|p=9}}

[[File:An aerial view of Madurai city from atop of Meenakshi Amman temple.jpg|thumb |upright=1.35 |alt=Meenakshi Temple, Madurai|Aerial view of the ''[[Meenakshi Temple, Madurai]]''. The temple was rebuilt by the Nayaks rulers under the Vijayanagara Empire]]
Another element of the Vijayanagara style is the carving and consecration of large [[Monolithic architecture|monoliths]] such as the ''Sasivekaalu'' ([[mustard seed|mustard]]) [[Ganesha]] and ''Kadalekaalu'' ([[Peanut|ground nut]]) Ganesha at Hampi, the [[Gommateshwara]] ([[Bahubali]]) monoliths in [[Karkala]] and [[Venur]], and the [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] bull in [[Lepakshi]]. The Vijayanagara temples of [[Someshwara Temple, Kolar|Kolar]], [[Kanakachalapathi Temple, Kanakagiri|Kanakagiri]], [[Sringeri]] and other towns of Karnataka; the temples of [[Tadpatri]], Lepakshi, [[Ahobilam]], [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] and [[Srikalahasti]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]; and the temples of [[Vellore]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Kanchi]] and [[Srirangam]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] are examples of this style. Vijayanagara art includes wall-paintings such as the [[Dashavatara]] and ''Girijakalyana'' (marriage of [[Parvati]], Shiva's consort) in the [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha Temple]] at [[Hampi]], the ''Shivapurana'' murals (tales of Shiva) at the [[Virabhadra]] temple at Lepakshi, and those at the Kamaakshi and Varadaraja temples at Kanchi. This mingling of the South Indian styles resulted in a new idiom of art not seen in earlier centuries, a focus on [[relief]]s in addition to sculpture differing from that previously in India.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=184}}

An aspect of Vijayanagara architecture that shows the cosmopolitanism of the great city is the presence of many secular structures bearing Islamic features. While political history concentrates on the ongoing conflict between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan sultanates, the architectural record reflects a more creative interaction. There are many [[arch]]es, [[dome]]s and [[Vault (architecture)|vaults]] that show these influences. The concentration of structures like [[Chhatri|pavilions]], [[stable]]s and [[tower]]s suggests they were for use by royalty.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2001|p=10}} The decorative details of these structures may have been absorbed into Vijayanagara architecture during the early 15th century, coinciding with the rule of Deva Raya I and Deva Raya II. These kings are known to have employed many Muslims in their army and court, some of whom may have been [[Mughal architecture|Muslim architects]]. This harmonious exchange of architectural ideas must have happened during rare periods of peace between the Hindu and Muslim kingdoms.{{sfn|Philon|2001|p=87}} The "Great Platform" (''Mahanavami Dibba'') has relief carvings in which the figures seem to have the facial features of central Asian Turks who were known to have been employed as royal attendants.{{sfn|Dallapiccola|2001|p=69}}

==Travellers and sources==
[[File:Sultan of Delhi (top) and King of Vijayanagar (bottom) in the Catalan Atlas of 1375.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Tughlaq dynasty|Sultan of Delhi]] (top, flag: [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|15px]]) and Emperor of Vijayanagara (bottom, with "Christian" flag: [[File:Flag of the Kigdom of Colombo, Catalan Atlas 1375.png|15px]]), named as "[[Kollam|King of Colombo]]" after the city of [[Kollam]]. His caption reads: ''Here rules the king of [[Kollam|Colombo]], a Christian.'' He was mistakenly identified as Christian because of the Christian mission established in Kollam by [[Jordan Catala|Jordanus]] since 1329.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liščák |first1=Vladimír |title=Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia |journal=International Cartographic Association |date=2017 |volume=1 |page=5 |doi=10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018 |bibcode=2018PrICA...1...69L |url=https://www.proc-int-cartogr-assoc.net/1/69/2018/ica-proc-1-69-2018.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>Several of the location names too are accurate, in {{cite book |title=Cartography between Christian Europe and the Arabic-Islamic World, 1100–1500: Divergent Traditions |year=2021 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-44603-8 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq0zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |language=en}}</ref> Detail of the [[Catalan Atlas]] of 1375.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Massing |first1=Jean Michel |last2=Albuquerque |first2=Luís de |last3=Brown |first3=Jonathan |last4=González |first4=J. J. Martín |title=Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration |date= 1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05167-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA30 |language=en}}</ref>]]

The sources of Vijayanagara history (its origin, social and political life and eventual defeat) are the accounts of foreign travelers and contemporary literary sources in Sanskrit, Kannada, Persian and Telugu. The Portuguese visitors to the empire were Domingo Paes (1522), [[Fernão Nunes]] (1537),{{sfn|Davison-Jenkins|2001|p=63, 72, 98–99}} [[Duarte Barbosa]] (1516) and Barradas (1616). [[Afanasy Nikitin]] (1470) came from Russia,{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=Introductory pp. ix–x}} while [[Niccolò de' Conti]] (1420),{{sfn|Sattar|Sharma|Pokharia|2010|p=245}} [[Ludovico di Varthema]] (1505), Caesar Fredericci (1567) and Filippo Sassetti (1585){{sfn|Savile|1996|p=858}}{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=304–305}} were travelers from Italy and [[Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī|Abdul Razzaq]] (1443){{sfn|Sinopoli|Morrison|2001|pp=101, 104}} from Persia. Contemporary Muslim writers who were either under the patronage of rival kingdoms (the Deccan sultanates) or were visitors to Vijayanagara and accomplished valuable works are [[Ziauddin Barani]] (''Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi'', 1357), Isamy (''Fatuhat us salatin''), Syed Ali Tabatabai (''Burhan-i-Maisar'', 1596), Nisammuddin Bakshi, [[Firishta]] (''Tarik-i-Firishta'') and Rafiuddin Shirazi (''Tazkirat ul Mulk'', 1611).{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=Introductory ix, part II, p. 9}} Among writings by native authors, the important Sanskrit works that shed light on the empire are ''Vidyaranya Kalajnana'', Dindima's ''Ramabhyudayam'' on the life of Emperor Saluva Narasimha, Dindima II's ''Achyutabhyudayam'' and Tirumalamba's ''Varadambika Parinayam''. Among Kannada literary works, ''Kumara Ramana Kathe'' by Nanjunda Kavi, ''[[Mohanatarangini]]'' by [[Kanakadasa]], ''Keladiripavijayam'' by Linganna and the recently discovered ''Krishnadevarayana Dinachari'' are useful sources, and among Telugu works, Srinatha's ''Kashikanda'', Mallayya and Singayya's ''Varahapuranamu'', Vishvanatha Nayani's ''Rayavachakamu'', Nandi Timmanna's ''Parijathapaharanamu'', Durjati's ''Krishnaraja Vijayamu'', Peddanna's ''Manucharitamu'' and Emperor Krishnadevaraya's ''[[Amuktamalyada]]'' are important sources of information.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|pp=157–158}}{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|loc=Introductory p. ix}}

In the memoirs of Niccolò de' Conti, an Italian merchant and traveller who visited Hampi about 1420, the city had an estimated circumference of {{convert|60|miles|km}} and it enclosed agriculture and settlements in its fortifications. In 1442, Abdul Razzaq described it as a city with seven layers of forts, with outer layers for agriculture, crafts and residence, the inner third to seventh layers very crowded with shops and [[bazaar]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Carla M. Sinopoli|title=The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, c. 1350–1650|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3nHg-eKWuIC&pg=PA146|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-44074-5|pages=146–149}}</ref>

In 1520, [[Domingo Paes]], a Portuguese traveller, visited Vijayanagara as a part of trade contingent from Portuguese Goa. He wrote his memoir as ''Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga'', in which he stated Vijayanagara was "as large as Rome, and very beautiful to the sight ... the best provided city in the world".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Arnold P. Kaminsky|author2=Roger D. Long|title=Nationalism and Imperialism in South and Southeast Asia: Essays Presented to Damodar R.SarDesai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-99743-0|page=66}}</ref>{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|Habib|Kumar|1982|p=122}} According to Paes, "there are many groves within it, in the gardens of the houses, many conduits of water which flow into the midst of it, and in places there are lakes ...".{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|Habib|Kumar|1982|p=122}}

[[Cesare Federici]], an Italian merchant and traveller, visited a few decades after the 1565 defeat and collapse of the Vijayanagara Empire. According to Sinopoli, Johansen, and Morrison, Federici described it as a very different city. He wrote, "the citie of Bezeneger (Hampi-Vijayanagara) is not altogether destroyed, yet the houses stand still, but emptie, and there is dwelling in them nothing, as is reported, but Tygres and other wild beasts".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Carla Sinopoli|author2=Peter Johansen|author3=Kathleen Morrison|editor=Steven E. Falconer and Charles L. Redman|title=Polities and Power: Archaeological Perspectives on the Landscapes of Early States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkYdxK29RHkC&pg=PA37|year=2009|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-2603-1|page=37}}</ref>

The historian [[Will Durant]], in his ''Our Oriental Heritage: The Story of Civilization'' recites the story of [[Vijayanagara]] and calls its conquest and destruction a discouraging tale. He writes, "its evident moral is that civilization is a precarious thing, whose delicate complex of order and liberty, culture and peace" may at any time be overthrown by war and ferocious violence.<ref>{{cite book|author=Will Durant|author-link=Will Durant|title=Our Oriental Heritage: The Story of Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ru4LPyMAxxkC&pg=PT579 |year=2011| publisher=Simon and Schuster| isbn=978-1-4516-4668-9| page=579}}</ref>{{efn|[[Hampi (town)|Hampi]]'s history, ruins and temples made it an early site for offbeat tourism in the 1960s and after. Tourists would gather on its hills and midst its ruins, to hold parties and spiritual retreats, and these have been called "Hampi Hippies" and Hampi as the "lost city" in some publications.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bill Aitken|title=Divining the Deccan: A Motorbike to the Heart of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUJuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564711-2|pages=219–221}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David Hatcher Childress|title=Lost Cities of China, Central Asia, and India: A Traveler's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBAeAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Adventures |isbn=978-0-932813-00-8|pages=186–187}}</ref>}}

== List of rulers ==
{{main|List of Vijayanagara emperors}}

=== Sangama dynasty (1336–1485) ===
{{main|Sangama dynasty}}

{| style="width:50%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;"|Serial no.
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Regnal names
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Reign
|-
|1
|[[Harihara I]]
|1336–1356
|-
|2
|[[Bukka Raya I]]
|1356–1377
|-
|3
|[[Harihara II]]
|1377–1404
|-
|4
|[[Virupaksha Raya]]
|1404–1405
|-
|5
|[[Bukka Raya II]]
|1405–1406
|-
|6
|[[Deva Raya]]
|1406–1422
|-
|7
|[[Ramachandra Raya]]
|1422
|-
|8
|[[Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya]]
|1422–1424
|-
|9
|[[Deva Raya II]]
|1424–1446
|-
|10
|[[Mallikarjuna Raya]]
|1446–1465
|-
|11
|[[Virupaksha Raya II]]
|1465–1485
|-
|12
|[[Praudha Raya]]
|1485
|-
|}

=== Saluva dynasty (1485–1505) ===
{{main|Saluva dynasty}}

{| style="width:50%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;"|Serial no.
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Regnal names
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Reign
|-
|13
|[[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]]
|1485–1491
|-
|14
|[[Thimma Bhupala]]
|1491
|-
|15
|[[Narasimha Raya II]]
|1491–1505
|-
|}

=== Tuluva dynasty (1491–1570) ===
{{main|Tuluva dynasty}}

{| style="width:50%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;"|Serial no.
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Regnal names
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Reign
|-
|16
|[[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]]
|1491–1503
|-
|17
|[[Viranarasimha Raya]]
|1503–1509
|-
|18
|[[Krishnadevaraya]]
|1509–1529
|-
|19
|[[Achyuta Deva Raya]]
|1529–1542
|-
|20
|[[Venkata I]]
|1542
|-
|21
|[[Sadasiva Raya]]
|1542–1570
|-
|}

=== Aravidu dynasty (1542–1646) ===
{{main|Aravidu dynasty}}

{| style="width:50%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;"|Serial no.
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Regnal names
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Reign
|-
|22
|[[Aliya Rama Raya]]
|1542–1565
|-
|23
|[[Tirumala Deva Raya]]
|1565–1572
|-
|24
|[[Sriranga Deva Raya|Sriranga I]]
|1572–1586
|-
|25
|[[Venkatapati Deva Raya|Venkata II]]
|1586–1614
|-
|26
|[[Sriranga II]]
|1614
|-
|27
|[[Rama Deva Raya]]
|1617–1632
|-
|28
|[[Peda Venkata Raya|Venkata III]]
|1632–1642
|-
|29
|[[Sriranga III]]
|1642–1646/1678
|-
|}

== In popular culture ==
* Vijayanagara is a key inspiration for the fictional city and empire of Bisnaga in [[Salman Rushdie]]'s 2023 novel ''[[Victory City]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Salman Rushdie's new novel is an ode to storytelling and freedom |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/culture/2023/02/08/salman-rushdies-new-novel-is-an-ode-to-storytelling-and-freedom |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>
* Vijayanagara during the rule of [[Krishnadevaraya]] is depicted in the 1951 film ''[[Malliswari (1951 film)|Malliswari]]''.<ref name="The Hindu BFP2">{{Cite web |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=16 March 2013 |title='Malleeswari' (1951) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/malleeswari-1951/article4515823.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320174648/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/malleeswari-1951/article4515823.ece |archive-date=20 March 2013 |access-date=26 December 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|History}}
* [[History of India]]
* [[History of South India]]
* [[Political history of medieval Karnataka]]
* [[Vijayanagara military]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|35em|refs=

{{efn|name="Dhere2011p243"|{{harvnb|Dhere|2011|p=243}}: "We can deduce that Sangam must have become a Yadava through his pastoralist, cowherd community."}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|30em}}

* {{cite book | last1 =Asher | first1 =Catherine B. | last2 =Talbot | first2 =Cynthia | year =2006 | chapter =Creation of Pan South Indian Culture | title =India Before Europe | publisher =Cambridge University Press | location =Cambridge | isbn =978-0-521-00539-5 |url =https://archive.org/details/indiabeforeeurop0000ashe}}

* {{cite book | editor1-last =Bang | editor1-first =Peter Fibiger | editor2-last =Kolodziejczyk | editor2-first =Dariusz | year =2012 |chapter =Ideologies of state building in Vijayanagara India | title =Universal Empire: A Comparative Approach to Imperial Culture and Representation in Eurasian History | publisher =Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-02267-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYYhAwAAQBAJ}}

* {{cite book | last1 =Chopra | first1=P. N. | last2 =Ravindran | first2 =T. K. | last3 =Subrahmanian | first3 =N. | year =2003 |chapter =Medieval Period | title =History of South India|publisher=Rajendra Ravindra Printers | location =New Delhi | isbn =81-219-0153-7 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=4eRx-d821rYC}}

* {{cite book | last =Dallapiccola | first =Anna L. | year =2001 | chapter =Relief carvings on the great platform | editor1-first =John M. | editor1-last =Fritz | editor2-first =George | editor2-last =Michell | title =New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara |publisher =MARG | location =Mumbai | isbn =978-81-85026-53-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/newlightonhampir0000unse}}
* {{cite book | last =Davison-Jenkins | first =Dominic J. | year =2001 | chapter =The Greater Metropolitan Region | editor1-first =John M. | editor1-last =Fritz | editor2-first =George | editor2-last =Michell | title =New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara |publisher =MARG | location =Mumbai | isbn =978-81-85026-53-4}}
{{cite book | last1 =Devi | first1 =Ganga | date =1924 | editor1-last =Sastri | editor1-first =G Harihara | editor2-last =Sastri | editor2-first =V. Srinivasa | title =Madhura Vijaya (or Veerakamparaya Charita): An Historical Kavya | publisher =Sridhara Power Press | location =Trivandrum, British India| url=https://archive.org/details/madhura_vijaya | access-date =21 June 2016}}
* {{cite book | last =Dhere | first =Ramchandra | year =2011 | title =Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur South Asia Research | publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =978-0199777648 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last =Durga Prasad | first =J. | year =1988| title =History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D. | publisher =P.G. Publisher | location =Guntur | url=http://202.41.85.234:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf | access-date=27 January 2007 | url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20060422120411/http://202.41.85.234:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf | archive-date =22 April 2006 }}

* {{cite book |author-link=Richard M. Eaton |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |year=2006 |title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives |url=https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofd0000eato |oclc=226973152 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-71627-7}}

* {{cite book|last1=Fritz |first1=John M. |last2=Michell |first2=George |title=New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara|year=2001|publisher=MARG|location=Mumbai|pages=|isbn=978-81-85026-53-4|chapter=Introduction}}

* {{Citation | last =Goodding | first =Robert A. | year =2013 | chapter =A Theologian in a South Indian Kingdom: The Historical Context of the Jivanmuktiviveka of Vidyaranya | editor-last =Lindquist | editor-first =Steven E. | title =Religion and Identity in South Asia and Beyond: Essays in Honor of Patrick Olivelle | publisher =Anthem Press| isbn =978-0-85728-790-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMalBRx5OAcC}}

* {{cite book |last=Iyer |first=Panchapakesa A.S. |year=2006 |title=Karnataka Sangeeta Sastra |publisher=Zion Printers|location=Chennai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-v5FAAAAMAAJ}}

* {{cite book |last=Jackson|first=William |year=2016 |chapter=Reflections on Vidyaranya and the 'Hinduness' of Islamicate Vijayanagara |title=Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature|publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=9780-7546-3950-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNiqCwAAQBAJ}}

* {{cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |orig-year=1980 |year=2001 |title=A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present |publisher=Jupiter books |location=Bangalore |oclc=7796041 |lccn=80905179 |author-link=Suryanath U. Kamath |url=https://archive.org/details/a-concise-history-of-karnataka-from-pre-historic-times-to-the-present}}
* {{cite book |last=Karmarkar |first=A.P. |year=1947 |title=Cultural history of Karnataka: ancient and medieval |publisher=Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha |location=Dharwad |oclc=8221605 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6028}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |year=2004 |title=A History of India |publisher=Routledge |edition=4th |isbn=978-0-415-32919-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C}}

* {{cite book|last=Mack|first=Alexandra|editor=John M. Fritz |editor2=George Michell|title=New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara|year=2001|publisher=MARG|location=Mumbai|pages=|isbn=978-81-85026-53-4|chapter=The temple district of Vitthalapura}}
* {{cite book|last=Mack|first=Alexandra|title=Spiritual Journey, Imperial City: Pilgrimage to the temples of Vijayanagara|year=2002|publisher=Vedams|location=New Delhi|pages=|isbn=81-7936-004-0|chapter=Vijayanagara Inscriptions as History and Archeology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KA7A4R-bA3wC}}

* {{cite book |last=Nagaraj |first=D.R. |editor-first=Sheldon |editor-last=Pollock|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|year=2003|publisher=University of California|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|pages=|isbn=978-0-520-22821-4|chapter=Tensions in Kannada Literary Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC}}
* {{cite book |last=Narayan |first=M.K.V. |year=2010|title=Lyrical Musings on Indian Culture: A Sociological Study of the Songs of Sant Purandaradasa|publisher=Readworthy |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-93-80009-31-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-r7AxJp6NOYC}}
* {{cite book |last=Nilakanta Sastri |first=K. A. |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |year=1955|orig-year=reissued 2002 |title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |publisher=Indian Branch, Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-19-560686-7|title-link=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar}}

* {{cite book | last =Philon | first =Helen | year =2001 |chapter=Plaster decoration on Sultanate-styled courtly buildings |editor1-first=John M. |editor1-last=Fritz |editor2-first=George |editor2-last=Michell |title=New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara | publisher=MARG |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-85026-53-4}}
* {{Cite book | last =Pillai | first =Manu S. | title =Rebel Sultans:The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji|publisher=Juggernaut Books|year =2020 | isbn=978-9353451066|location=New Delhi|pages=116–118}}
* {{cite journal | last =Pollock | first =Sheldon | year =1993 | title =Ramayana and Political Imagination in India | journal =The Journal of Asian Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=52 | issue=2 | pages =261–297 | doi=10.2307/2059648 | jstor=2059648 | s2cid=154215656 }}

* {{cite book | last =Ramaswamy | first=Vijaya | year =2007 | title =Historical Dictionary of the Tamils | publisher =Scarecrow Press |isbn =978-0-8108-6445-0 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&q=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Tamils}}
* {{cite book | last1=Raychaudhuri | first1 =Tapan | last2=Habib | first2 =Irfan | last3 =Kumar | first3 =Dharma | year =1982 | title =The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, c. 1200–c. 1750 | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-0-521-22692-9| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA122}}
* {{cite book | last =Rice | first =B. Lewis | year =2001| orig-year =1897 | author-link =B. Lewis Rice | title =Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government | volume =1 | publisher=Asian Educational Services |location =New Delhi, Madras | isbn =978-81-206-0977-8 |url =https://archive.org/details/mysoregazetteerc01rice/page/n6/mode/2up }}

* {{cite book |last1=Sattar|first1=Mofarahus|last2=Sharma|first2=S.D.|last3=Pokharia|first3=Anil K.|editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=D.S. |year=2010 |title=Rice: Origin, Antiquity and History |publisher=Science Publishers, CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=978-1-4398-4056-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTvNBQAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Savile|first=Charles|editor1-last=Schellinger|editor1-first=Paul E. |editor-last2=Salkin|editor-first2=Robert M.|year=1996 |chapter=vol 5, Asia & Oceania |title=International Dictionary of Historical Places|publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=1-884964-04-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqHPpNaZfNwC}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |pages=103–106}}
* {{cite book |last=Shiva Prakash |first=H.S. |year=1997 |chapter=Kannada |editor=Ayyappapanicker |title=Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9sljAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sewell|first=Robert|title=A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar)|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2011|isbn=978-8120601253|location=New Delhi|language=English|orig-date=First published 1901 |url=https://archive.org/details/forgotten_empire_vijayanagar_-_robert_sewell}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sinopoli |first1=Carla M.|last2=Morrison|first2=Kathleen D.|chapter=Hydraulic works |year=2001 |editor1-first=John M. |editor1-last=Fritz|editor2-first=George |editor2-last=Michell|title=New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara |publisher=MARG|location=Mumbai|pages=|isbn=978-81-85026-53-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinopoli |first=Carla M.|year=2003 |chapter= |title=The Political Economy of Craft Production Crafting Empire in South India, c. 1350–1650|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1139440745 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3nHg-eKWuIC}}
* {{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |year=1989 |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 }}

* {{cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |year=2003 |title=The Penguin History of Early India |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-14-302989-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC}}
* {{cite book |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia|author-link=|year=2002 |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region and Identity in Medieval Andhra|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York |isbn=0-19-513661-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSfoCwAAQBAJ}}

* {{cite book |last=Vanina|first=Eugenia|year=2012 |title=Medieval Indian Mindscapes – Space. Time. Society. Man|publisher=Primus Books |location=Delhi |isbn=978-93-80607-19-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC}}
* {{cite book |last=Verghese |first=Anila |year=2001 |chapter=Memorial stones |editor1-first=John M. |editor1-last=Fritz |editor2-first=George |editor2-last=Michell |title=New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara |publisher=MARG |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-85026-53-4}}

* {{cite book|last=Wagoner|first=Phillip|editor=John M. Fritz |editor2=George Michell|title=New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara|year=2001|publisher=MARG|location=Mumbai|pages=|isbn=978-81-85026-53-4|chapter=Architecture and Royal Authority under the Early Sangamas}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}{{EB1911 poster|Vijayanagar}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Vijayanagara Empire}}

{{India topics}}
{{Empires}}
{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayanagara Empire}}
[[Category:Vijayanagara Empire| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1336]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1646]]
[[Category:Medieval Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hindu states]]
[[Category:Former empires]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]

List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh

2026-03-18T09:25:42Z

JerilynCropper5: expanded content

{{short description|none}}

A '''[[mandal|mandalam]]''' is an administrative area in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].

It is equivalent to Taluk/[[Tehsil]] of other states in India.

Each mandal is administered by a Mandal Revenue Officer (MRO) (''erstwhile known as [[Tehsildar|Tahsildar]]'').

== History ==
The mandal system was introduced as an administrative reform to make governance more efficient by reducing the size of the larger, previously existing taluks. The decentralization aimed at improving revenue administration, record-keeping, and enhancing the reach of the panchayati raj system. As part of the middle tier of the panchayati raj structure, mandals replaced the former panchayat samitis in Andhra Pradesh during the tenure of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] government led by [[N. T. Rama Rao]] on May 25, 1985. The reform was inspired by the recommendations of the [[Asoka Mehta Committee|Ashok Mehta Committee]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rayasam |first1=Raj |title=NTR centenary: A new biography explores facets of the actor-politician and his undying legacy |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/featured/ntr-centenary-a-new-biography-explores-facets-of-the-actor-politician-and-his-undying-legacy/ |website=The South First |language=en |date=28 May 2023}}</ref>

The expectation was that the division of large taluks into smaller mandals would lead to more manageable administrative units and allow closer oversight of the revenue administration by the state government. Each taluk generally comprises four to five mandals, forming more localized sub-units within districts.

== Mandals ==

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

This table lists all the [[mandal]]s in the 28 districts of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The state comprises 688 mandals following district restructuring in 2025.<ref name="districts-20253112">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Socio economic survey 2022-23 |last=DOP |publisher=Government of AP |year=2023 |url=https://apfinance.gov.in/downloads/FINALBOOKSES-2023FINAL.pdf|page=431}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>

''Note: Use the sort option to view mandals in alphabetical order.''

{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"
!Mandal
!Revenue Division
!District
|-
|[[Ananthagiri mandal, Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Ananthagiri mandal]]
| rowspan="11" |[[Paderu revenue division]]
| rowspan="11" |[[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]]
|-
|[[Araku Valley mandal]]
|-
|[[Chintapalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Dumbriguda mandal]]
|-
|[[G. Madugula mandal]]
|-
|[[Gudem Kotha Veedhi mandal]]
|-
|[[Hukumpeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Koyyuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Munchingi Puttu mandal]]
|-
|[[Paderu mandal]]
|-
|[[Peda Bayalu mandal]]
|-
|-
|[[Atchutapuram mandal]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Adduroad Junction revenue division]]
| rowspan="24" |[[Anakapalli district]]
|-
|[[Elamanchili mandal]]
|-
|[[Kotauratla mandal]]
|-
|[[Nakkapalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Payakaraopeta mandal|Payakaraopeta Mandal]]
|-
|[[Rambilli mandal]]
|-
|[[Sarvasiddhi Rayavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Anakapalle mandal]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Anakapalli revenue division]]
|-
|[[Butchayyapeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Cheedikada mandal]]
|-
|[[Chodavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Devarapalle mandal|Devarapalli mandal]]
|-
|[[K.Kotapadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Kasimkota mandal]]
|-
|[[Munagapaka mandal]]
|-
|[[Paravada mandal]]
|-
|[[Sabbavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Golugonda mandal]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Narsipatnam revenue division|Narasipatnam revenue division]]
|-
|[[Madugula mandal]]
|-
|[[Makavarapalem mandal]]
|-
|[[Narsipatnam mandal]]
|-
|[[Nathavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Ravikamatham mandal]]
|-
|[[Rolugunta mandal]]
|-
|[[Anantapur mandal]]
| rowspan="12" |[[Anantapur revenue division]]
| rowspan="31" |[[Anantapur district|Anantapuram district]]
|-
|[[Atmakur mandal, Anantapur district|Atmakur mandal]]
|-
|[[Bukkaraya Samudram mandal]]
|-
|[[Garladinne mandal]]
|-
|[[Kudair mandal]]
|-
|[[Narpala mandal]]
|-
|[[Peddapappur mandal]]
|-
|[[Putlur mandal]]
|-
|[[Raptadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Singanamala mandal]]
|-
|[[Tadipatri mandal]]
|-
|[[Yellanur mandal]]
|-
|[[Gooty mandal]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Guntakal revenue division]]
|-
|[[Guntakal mandal]]
|-
|[[Pamidi mandal]]
|-
|[[Peddavadugur mandal]]
|-
|[[Uravakonda mandal]]
|-
|[[Vajrakarur mandal]]
|-
|[[Vidapanakal mandal]]
|-
|[[Yadiki mandal]]
|-
|[[Beluguppa mandal]]
| rowspan="11" |[[Kalyandurg revenue division|Kalyanadurg revenue division]]
|-
|[[Bommanahal mandal]]
|-
|[[Brahmasamudram mandal]]
|-
|[[D.Hirehal mandal]]
|-
|[[Gummagatta mandal]]
|-
|[[Kalyandurg mandal]]
|-
|[[Kambadur mandal]]
|-
|[[Kanekal mandal]]
|-
|[[Kundurpi mandal]]
|-
|[[Rayadurg mandal]]
|-
|[[Settur mandal]]
|-
|[[Beerangi Kothakota mandal]]
| rowspan="11" |[[Madanapalle revenue division]]
| rowspan="25" |[[Annamayya district]]
|-
|[[Chowdepalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Kurabalakota mandal]]
|-
|[[Madanapalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Mulakalacheruvu mandal]]
|-
|[[Nimmanapalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Peddamandyam mandal]]
|-
|[[Peddathippasamudram mandal]]
|-
|[[Punganur mandal]]
|-
|[[Ramasamudram mandal]]
|-
|[[Thamballapalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Gurramkonda mandal]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Pileru revenue division]]
|-
|[[Kalakada mandal]]
|-
|[[Kalikiri mandal]]
|-
|[[Kambhamvaripalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Pileru mandal]]
|-
|[[Sodam mandal]]
|-
|[[Somala mandal]]
|-
|[[Vayalpad mandal]]
|-
|[[Chinnamandyam mandal]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Rayachoti revenue division]]
|-
|[[Galiveedu mandal]]
|-
|[[Lakkireddipalli mandal]]
|-
|[[Ramapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Rayachoti mandal]]
|-
|[[Sambepalli mandal]]
|-
|[[Bapatla mandal]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Bapatla revenue division]]
| rowspan="20" |[[Bapatla district]]
|-
|[[Karlapalem mandal]]
|-
|[[Martur mandal]]
|-
|[[Parchur mandal]]
|-
|[[Pittalavanipalem mandal]]
|-
|[[Yeddanapudi mandal]]
|-
|[[Chinaganjam mandal]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Chirala revenue division]]
|-
|[[Chirala mandal]]
|-
|[[Inkollu mandal]]
|-
|[[Karamchedu mandal]]
|-
|[[Vetapalem mandal]]
|-
|[[Amruthalur mandal]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Repalle revenue division]]
|-
|[[Bhattiprolu mandal]]
|-
|[[Cherukupalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Kollur mandal|Kolluru mandal]]
|-
|[[Nagaram mandal, Bapatla district|Nagaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Nizampatnam mandal]]
|-
|[[Repalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Tsundur mandal]]
|-
|[[Vemuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Bangarupalem mandal]]
| rowspan="14" |[[Chittoor revenue division]]
| rowspan="28" |[[Chittoor district]]
|-
|[[Chittoor mandal]]
|-
|[[Chittoor Urban mandal]]
|-
|[[Gangadhara Nellore mandal]]
|-
|[[Gudipala mandal]]
|-
|[[Irala mandal]]
|-
|[[Penumuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Pulicherla mandal]]
|-
|[[Puthalapattu mandal]]
|-
|[[Rompicherla mandal]]
|-
|[[Sri Rangaraja Puram mandal]]
|-
|[[Thavanampalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Vedurukuppam mandal]]
|-
|[[Yadamarri mandal]]
|-
|[[Kuppam mandal]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Kuppam revenue division]]
|-
|[[Ramakuppam mandal]]
|-
|[[Santhipuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Gudipalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Nagari mandal]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Nagari revenue division]]
|-
|[[Nindra mandal]]
|-
|[[Palasamudram mandal]]
|-
|[[Vijayapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Karvetinagar mandal]]
|-
|[[Baireddipalle mandal]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Palamaner revenue division]]
|-
|[[Gangavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Palamaner mandal]]
|-
|[[Peddapanjani mandal]]
|-
|[[Venkatagirikota mandal]]
|-
|[[Allavaram mandal]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Amalapuram revenue division]]
| rowspan="19" |[[Konaseema district|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district]]
|-
|[[Amalapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[I. Polavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Katrenikona mandal]]
|-
|[[Malikipuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Mamidikuduru Mandal]]
|-
|[[Mummidivaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Razole mandal]]
|-
|[[Sakhinetipalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Uppalaguptam mandal]]
|-
|[[Ainavilli mandal]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Kothapeta revenue division]]
|-
|[[Alamuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Ambajipeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Atreyapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Kothapeta mandal]]
|-
|[[P. Gannavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Ravulapalem mandal]]
|-
|[[K. Gangavaram mandal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramachandrapuram revenue division]]
|-
|[[Ramachandrapuram mandal, Konaseema district|Ramachandrapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Chagallu mandal]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Kovvur revenue division]]
| rowspan="22" |[[East Godavari district]]
|-
|[[Devarapalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Gopalapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Kovvur mandal]]
|-
|[[Nallajerla mandal]]
|-
|[[Nidadavole mandal]]
|-
|[[Peravali mandal]]
|-
|[[Tallapudi mandal]]
|-
|[[Undrajavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Anaparthi mandal]]
| rowspan="13" |[[Rajahmundry revenue division]]
|-
|[[Biccavolu mandal]]
|-
|[[Gokavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Kadiam mandal]]
|-
|[[Kapileswarapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Korukonda Mandal]]
|-
|[[Mandapeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Rajahmundry Urban mandal]]
|-
|[[Rajahmundry Rural mandal]]
|-
|[[Rajanagaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Rangampeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Rayavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Seethanagaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Bhimadole mandal]]
| rowspan="11" |[[Eluru revenue division]]
| rowspan="27" |[[Eluru district]]
|-
|[[Denduluru mandal]]
|-
|[[Eluru mandal]]
|-
|[[Kaikalur mandal]]
|-
|[[Kalidindi mandal]]
|-
|[[Mandavalli mandal]]
|-
|[[Mudinepalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Nidamarru mandal]]
|-
|[[Pedapadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Pedavegi mandal]]
|-
|[[Unguturu mandal]]
|-
|[[Buttayagudem mandal]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Jangareddygudem revenue division|Jangareddigudem revenue division]]
|-
|[[Dwaraka Tirumala mandal]]
|-
|[[Jangareddygudem mandal]]
|-
|[[Jeelugu Milli mandal]]
|-
|[[Kamavarapukota mandal]]
|-
|[[Koyyalagudem mandal]]
|-
|[[Kukunoor mandal]]
|-
|[[Polavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[T. Narasapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Velairpadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Agiripalli mandal]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Nuzvid revenue division]]
|-
|[[Chatrai mandal]]
|-
|[[Chintalapudi mandal]]
|-
|[[Lingapalem mandal]]
|-
|[[Musunuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Nuzvid mandal]]
|-
|[[Guntur East mandal]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Guntur revenue division]]
| rowspan="18" |[[Guntur district]]
|-
|[[Guntur West mandal]]
|-
|[[Medikonduru mandal]]
|-
|[[Pedakakani mandal]]
|-
|[[Pedanandipadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Phirangipuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Prathipadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Tadikonda mandal]]
|-
|[[Thullur mandal]]
|-
|[[Vatticherukuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Chebrolu mandal]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Tenali revenue division]]
|-
|[[Duggirala mandal]]
|-
|[[Kakumanu mandal]]
|-
|[[Kollipara mandal]]
|-
|[[Mangalagiri mandal]]
|-
|[[Ponnur mandal]]
|-
|[[Tadepalle mandal, Guntur district|Tadepalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Tenali mandal]]
|-
|[[Gollaprolu mandal]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Kakinada revenue division]]
| rowspan="21" |[[Kakinada district]]
|-
|[[Kajuluru mandal]]
|-
|[[Kakinada Rural mandal]]
|-
|[[Kakinada Urban mandal]]
|-
|[[Karapa mandal]]
|-
|[[Kothapalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Pedapudi mandal]]
|-
|[[Pithapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Thallarevu mandal]]
|-
|[[Gandepalle mandal]]
| rowspan="12" |[[Peddapuram revenue division]]
|-
|[[Jaggampeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Kirlampudi mandal]]
|-
|[[Kotananduru mandal]]
|-
|[[Peddapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Prathipadu mandal, Kakinada district|Prathipadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Rowthulapudi mandal]]
|-
|[[Samalkota mandal]]
|-
|[[Sankhavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Thondangi mandal]]
|-
|[[Tuni mandal]]
|-
|[[Yeleswaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Bapulapadu mandal]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Gudivada revenue division]]
| rowspan="25" |[[Krishna district]]
|-
|[[Gannavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Gudivada mandal]]
|-
|[[Gudlavalleru mandal]]
|-
|[[Nandivada mandal]]
|-
|[[Pedaparupudi mandal]]
|-
|[[Unguturu mandal]]
|-
|[[Avanigadda mandal]]
| rowspan="11" |[[Machilipatnam revenue division]]
|-
|[[Bantumilli mandal]]
|-
|[[Challapalli mandal]]
|-
|[[Ghantasala mandal]]
|-
|[[Guduru mandal]]
|-
|[[Koduru mandal]]
|-
|[[Kruthivennu mandal]]
|-
|[[Machilipatnam mandal]]
|-
|[[Mopidevi mandal]]
|-
|[[Nagayalanka mandal]]
|-
|[[Pedana mandal]]
|-
|[[Kankipadu mandal]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Vuyyuru revenue division]]
|-
|[[Movva mandal]]
|-
|[[Pamarru mandal]]
|-
|[[Pamidimukkala mandal]]
|-
|[[Penamaluru mandal]]
|-
|[[Thotlavalluru mandal]]
|-
|[[Vuyyuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Adoni Urban mandal]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Adoni revenue division]]
| rowspan="27" |[[Kurnool district]]
|-
|[[Adoni Rural mandal]]
|-
|[[Gonegandla mandal]]
|-
|[[Holagunda mandal]]
|-
|[[Kosigi mandal]]
|-
|[[Kowthalam mandal]]
|-
|[[Mantralayam mandal]]
|-
|[[Nandavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Pedda Kadubur mandal]]
|-
|[[Yemmiganur mandal]]
|-
|[[C.Belagal mandal]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Kurnool revenue division]]
|-
|[[Gudur mandal, Kurnool district|Gudur mandal]]
|-
|[[Kallur mandal]]
|-
|[[Kodumur mandal]]
|-
|[[Kurnool Urban mandal]]
|-
|[[Kurnool Rural mandal]]
|-
|[[Orvakal mandal]]
|-
|[[Veldurthi mandal]]
|-
|[[Alur mandal, Kurnool district|Alur mandal]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Pattikonda revenue division]]
|-
|[[Aspari mandal]]
|-
|[[Chippagiri mandal]]
|-
|[[Devanakonda mandal]]
|-
|[[Halaharvi mandal]]
|-
|[[Krishnagiri mandal]]
|-
|[[Maddikera East mandal]]
|-
|[[Pattikonda mandal]]
|-
|[[Tuggali mandal]]
|-
|[[Chandra Sekhara Puram mandal]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Kanigiri revenue division]]
| rowspan="21" |[[Markapuram district]]
|-
|[[Hanumanthuni Padu mandal]]
|-
|[[Kanigiri mandal]]
|-
|[[Pamur mandal]]
|-
|[[Pedacherlo Palle mandal]]
|-
|[[Veligandla mandal]]
|-
|[[Ardhaveedu mandal]]
| rowspan="15" |[[Markapur revenue division]]
|-
|[[Bestawaripeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Cumbum mandal]]
|-
|[[Dornala mandal]]
|-
|[[Giddalur mandal]]
|-
|[[Konakanamitla mandal]]
|-
|[[Komarolu mandal]]
|-
|[[Markapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Peda Araveedu mandal]]
|-
|[[Pullalacheruvu mandal]]
|-
|[[Podili mandal]]
|-
|[[Racherla mandal]]
|-
|[[Tarlupadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Tripuranthakam mandal]]
|-
|[[Yerragondapalem mandal]]
|-
|[[Atmakur mandal, Nandyal district|Atmakur mandal]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Atmakur revenue division, Nandyal district|Atmakur revenue division (Nandyal)]]
| rowspan="30" |[[Nandyal district]]
|-
|[[Bandi Atmakur mandal]]
|-
|[[Jupadu Bungalow mandal]]
|-
|[[Kothapalle mandal, Nandyal district|Kothapalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Midthuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Nandikotkur mandal]]
|-
|[[Pagidyala mandal]]
|-
|[[Pamulapadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Srisailam mandal]]
|-
|[[Velgodu mandal]]
|-
|[[Banaganapalle mandal]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Banaganapalle revenue division]]
|-
|[[Koilkuntla mandal]]
|-
|[[Kolimigundla mandal]]
|-
|[[Owk mandal]]
|-
|[[Sanjamala mandal]]
|-
|[[Bethamcherla mandal]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Dhone revenue division]]
|-
|[[Dhone mandal]]
|-
|[[Peapally mandal]]
|-
|[[Allagadda mandal]]
| rowspan="12" |[[Nandyal revenue division]]
|-
|[[Chagalamarri mandal]]
|-
|[[Dornipadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Gadivemula mandal]]
|-
|[[Gospadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Mahanandi mandal]]
|-
|[[Nandyal Rural mandal]]
|-
|[[Nandyal Urban mandal]]
|-
|[[Panyam mandal]]
|-
|[[Rudravaram mandal]]
|-
|Sirivella mandal
|-
|[[Uyyalawada mandal]]
|-
|[[Chandarlapadu mandal]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Nandigama revenue division]]
| rowspan="20" |[[NTR district]]
|-
|[[Jaggayyapeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Kanchikacherla mandal]]
|-
|[[Nandigama mandal]]
|-
|[[Penuganchiprolu mandal]]
|-
|[[Vatsavai mandal]]
|-
|[[Veerullapadu mandal]]
|-
|[[A. Konduru mandal]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Tiruvuru revenue division]]
|-
|[[Gampalagudem mandal]]
|-
|[[Reddigudem mandal]]
|-
|[[Tiruvuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Vissannapeta mandal]]
|-
|[[G.Konduru mandal]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Vijayawada revenue division]]
|-
|[[Ibrahimpatnam mandal]]
|-
|[[Mylavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Vijayawada Rural mandal]]
|-
|[[Vijayawada North mandal]]
|-
|[[Vijayawada Central mandal]]
|-
|[[Vijayawada East mandal]]
|-
|[[Vijayawada West mandal]]
|-
|[[Dachepalle mandal]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Gurazala revenue division]]
| rowspan="28" |[[Palnadu district]]
|-
|[[Durgi mandal]]
|-
|[[Gurazala mandal]]
|-
|[[Karempudi mandal]]
|-
|[[Macherla mandal]]
|-
|[[Machavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Piduguralla mandal]]
|-
|[[Rentachintala mandal]]
|-
|[[Veldurthi mandal]]
|-
|[[Bollapalle mandal]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Narasaraopet revenue division]]
|-
|[[Chilakaluripet mandal]]
|-
|[[Edlapadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Ipuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Nadendla mandal]]
|-
|[[Narasaraopet mandal]]
|-
|[[Nuzendla mandal]]
|-
|[[Rompicherla mandal]]
|-
|[[Savalyapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Vinukonda mandal]]
|-
|[[Amaravathi mandal, Andhra Pradesh|Amaravathi mandal]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Sattenapalli revenue division|Settenapalli revenue division]]
|-
|[[Atchampet mandal]]
|-
|[[Bellamkonda mandal]]
|-
|[[Krosuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Muppalla mandal]]
|-
|[[Nekarikallu mandal]]
|-
|[[Pedakurapadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Rajupalem mandal]]
|-
|[[Sattenapalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Bhamini mandal]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Palakonda revenue division]]
| rowspan="15" |[[Parvathipuram Manyam district]]
|-
|[[Gummalakshmipuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Jiyyammavalasa mandal]]
|-
|[[Kurupam mandal]]
|-
|[[Palakonda mandal]]
|-
|[[Seethampeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Veeraghattam mandal]]
|-
|[[Balijipeta mandal]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Parvathipuram revenue division]]
|-
|[[Garugubilli mandal]]
|-
|[[Komarada mandal]]
|-
|[[Makkuva mandal]]
|-
|[[Pachipenta mandal]]
|-
|[[Parvathipuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Salur mandal]]
|-
|[[Seethanagaram mandal, Parvathipuram district|Seethanagaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Chinturu mandal|Chintur mandal]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Chinturu revenue division]]
| rowspan="12" |[[Polavaram district]]
|-
|[[Etapaka mandal]]
|-
|[[Kunavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Vararamachandrapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Addateegala mandal]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Rampachodavaram revenue division]]
|-
|[[Devipatnam mandal]]
|-
|[[Gangavaram mandal, Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Gangavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Gurthedu mandal]]
|-
|[[Maredumilli mandal]]
|-
|[[Rajavommangi mandal]]
|-
|[[Rampachodavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Y. Ramavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Korisapadu mandal]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Addanki revenue division]]
| rowspan="28" |[[Prakasam district]]
|-
|[[J. Panguluru mandal]]
|-
|[[Addanki mandal]]
|-
|[[Ballikurava mandal]]
|-
|[[Santhamaguluru mandal]]
|-
|[[Mundlamuru Ongole mandal]]
|-
|[[Thallur mandal]]
|-
|[[Darsi mandal]]
|-
|[[Donakonda Kanigiri mandal]]
|-
|[[Kurichedu mandal]]
|-
|[[Gudluru mandal]]
| rowspan="7"|[[Kandukur revenue division]]
|-
|[[Kandukuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Lingasamudram mandal]]
|-
|[[Ulavapadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Marripudi mandal]]
|-
|[[Ponnaluru mandal]]
|-
|[[Voletivaripalem mandal]]
|-
|[[Chimakurthi mandal]]
| rowspan="11" |[[Ongole revenue division]]
|-
|[[Kondapi mandal]]
|-
|[[Kotha Patnam mandal]]
|-
|[[Maddipadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Naguluppalapadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Ongole mandal|Ongole Urban mandal]]
|-
|[[Ongole mandal|Ongole Rural mandal]]
|-
|[[Santhanuthala Padu mandal]]
|-
|[[Singarayakonda mandal]]
|-
|[[Tangutur mandal]]
|-
|[[Zarugumilli mandal]]
|-
|[[Ananthasagaram mandal]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Atmakur revenue division, Nellore district|Atmakur revenue division (Nellore)]]
| rowspan="34" |[[Sri Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore District|Sri Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore district]]
|-
|[[Anumasamudrampeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Atmakur mandal, Nellore district|Atmakur mandal]]
|-
|[[Chejerla mandal]]
|-
|[[Kaluvoya mandal]]
|-
|[[Marripadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Sangam mandal]]
|-
|[[Sitarampuramu mandal]]
|-
|[[Udayagiri mandal]]
|-
|[[Gudur mandal, Tirupati district|Gudur mandal]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Gudur revenue division]]
|-
|[[Chillakur mandal]]
|-
|[[Kota mandal]]
|-
|[[Allur mandal, Nellore district]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Kavali revenue division]]
|-
|[[Bogolu mandal]]
|-
|[[Dagadarthi mandal]]
|-
|[[Duttaluru mandal]]
|-
|[[Jaladanki mandal]]
|-
|[[Kaligiri mandal]]
|-
|[[Kavali mandal]]
|-
|[[Kodavaluru mandal]]
|-
|[[Vidavaluru mandal]]
|-
|[[Vinjamuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Buchireddypalem mandal]]
| rowspan="12" |[[Nellore revenue division]]
|-
|[[Indukurpet mandal]]
|-
|[[Kovur mandal, Nellore district|Kovur mandal]]
|-
|[[Manubolu mandal]]
|-
|[[Muttukuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Nellore Urban mandal]]
|-
|[[Nellore Rural mandal]]
|-
|[[Podalakuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Rapuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Saidapuramu mandal]]
|-
|[[Thotapalligudur mandal]]
|-
|[[Venkatachalam mandal]]
|-
|[[Bathalapalle mandal]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Dharmavaram revenue division]]
| rowspan="32" |[[Sri Sathya Sai district]]
|-
|[[Chennekothapalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Dharmavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Kanaganapalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Mudigubba mandal]]
|-
|[[Ramagiri mandal]]
|-
|[[Tadimarri mandal]]
|-
|[[Gandlapenta mandal]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Kadiri revenue division]]
|-
|[[Kadiri mandal]]
|-
|[[Lepakshi mandal]]
|-
|[[Nallacheruvu mandal]]
|-
|[[Nambulapulakunta mandal]]
|-
|[[Tanakal mandal]]
|-
|[[Agali mandal]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Madakasira revenue division]]
|-
|[[Amarapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Gudibanda mandal]]
|-
|[[Madakasira mandal]]
|-
|[[Rolla mandal]]
|-
|[[Chilamathur mandal]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Penukonda revenue division]]
|-
|[[Gorantla mandal]]
|-
|[[Hindupur mandal]]
|-
|[[Parigi mandal]]
|-
|[[Penukonda mandal]]
|-
|[[Roddam mandal]]
|-
|[[Somandepalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Talupula mandal]]
|-
|[[Amadagur mandal]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Puttaparthi revenue division]]
|-
|[[Bukkapatnam mandal]]
|-
|[[Kothacheruvu mandal]]
|-
|[[Nallamada mandal]]
|-
|[[Obuladevaracheruvu mandal]]
|-
|[[Puttaparthi mandal]]
|-
|[[Ichchapuram mandal]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Palasa revenue division]]
| rowspan="30" |[[Srikakulam district]]
|-
|[[Kanchili mandal]]
|-
|[[Kaviti mandal]]
|-
|[[Mandasa mandal]]
|-
|[[Palasa Mandal]]
|-
|[[Sompeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Vajrapukothuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Amadalavalasa mandal]]
| rowspan="13" |[[Srikakulam revenue division]]
|-
|[[Burja mandal]]
|-
|[[Etcherla mandal]]
|-
|[[Ganguvarisigadam mandal]]
|-
|[[Gara mandal]]
|-
|[[Jalumuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Laveru mandal]]
|-
|[[Narasannapeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Polaki mandal]]
|-
|[[Ponduru mandal]]
|-
|[[Ranastalam mandal]]
|-
|[[Sarubujjili mandal]]
|-
|[[Srikakulam mandal]]
|-
|[[Hiramandalam mandal]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Tekkali revenue division]]
|-
|[[Kotabommali mandal]]
|-
|[[Kothuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Lakshminarsupeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Meliaputti mandal]]
|-
|[[Nandigam mandal]]
|-
|[[Pathapatnam mandal]]
|-
|[[Santhabommali mandal]]
|-
|[[Saravakota mandal]]
|-
|[[Tekkali mandal]]
|-
|[[Balayapalle mandal]]
| rowspan="11" |[[Srikalahasti revenue division]]
| rowspan="36" |[[Tirupati district]]
|-
|[[Dakkili mandal]]
|-
|[[K. V. B. Puram mandal]]
|-
|[[Nagalapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Narayanavanam mandal]]
|-
|[[Pichatur mandal]]
|-
|[[Renigunta mandal]]
|-
|[[Srikalahasti mandal]]
|-
|[[Thottambedu mandal]]
|-
|[[Venkatagiri mandal]]
|-
|[[Yerpedu mandal]]
|-
|[[Buchinaidu Kandriga mandal]]
| rowspan="11" |[[Sullurupeta revenue division|Sullurpeta revenue division]]
|-
|[[Chittamur mandal]]
|-
|[[Doravarisatram mandal]]
|-
|[[Naidupeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Ozili mandal]]
|-
|[[Pellakur mandal,Tirupati district|Pellakuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Satyavedu mandal]]
|-
|[[Sullurpeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Tada mandal]]
|-
|[[Vakadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Varadaiahpalem mandal]]
|-
|[[Chandragiri mandal]]
| rowspan="14" |[[Tirupati revenue division]]
|-
|[[Chinnagottigallu mandal]]
|-
|[[Chitvel mandal]]
|-
|[[Koduru mandal,Tirupati district|Kodur mandal]]
|-
|[[Obulavaripalle mandal,Tirupati district|Obulavaripalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Pakala mandal]]
|-
|[[Penagalur mandal]]
|-
|[[Pullampeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Puttur mandal]]
|-
|[[Ramachandrapuram mandal, Tirupati district|Ramachandrapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Tirupati Rural mandal]]
|-
|[[Tirupati Urban mandal]]
|-
|[[Vadamalapeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Yerravaripalem mandal]]
|-
|[[Anandapuram mandal]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Bheemunipatnam revenue division]]
| rowspan="11" |[[Visakhapatnam district]]
|-
|[[Bheemunipatnam mandal]]
|-
|[[Padmanabham mandal]]
|-
|[[Seethammadhara mandal]]
|-
|[[Visakhapatnam Rural mandal]]
|-
|[[Gajuwaka mandal]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Visakhapatnam revenue division]]
|-
|[[Gopalapatnam mandal]]
|-
|[[Maharanipeta mandal]]
|-
|[[Mulagada mandal]]
|-
|[[Pedagantyada mandal]]
|-
|[[Pendurthi mandal]]
|-
|[[Badangi mandal]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Bobbili revenue division]]
| rowspan="27" |[[Vizianagaram district]]
|-
|[[Bobbili mandal]]
|-
|[[Dattirajeru mandal]]
|-
|[[Gajapathinagaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Mentada mandal]]
|-
|[[Ramabhadrapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Therlam mandal]]
|-
|[[Cheepurupalle mandal]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Cheepurupalli revenue division|Cheepurupalle revenue division]]
|-
|[[Garividi mandal]]
|-
|[[Gurla mandal]]
|-
|[[Merakamudidam mandal]]
|-
|[[Rajam mandal]]
|-
|[[Regidi Amadalavalasa mandal]]
|-
|[[Santhakaviti mandal]]
|-
|[[Vangara mandal]]
|-
|[[Bhogapuram mandal]]
| rowspan="12" |[[Vizianagaram revenue division]]
|-
|[[Bondapalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Denkada mandal]]
|-
|[[Gantyada mandal]]
|-
|[[Jami mandal]]
|-
|[[Kothavalasa mandal]]
|-
|[[Lakkavarapukota mandal]]
|-
|[[Nellimarla mandal]]
|-
|[[Pusapatirega mandal]]
|-
|[[Srungavarapukota mandal]]
|-
|[[Vepada mandal]]
|-
|[[Vizianagaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Akividu mandal]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Bhimavaram revenue division]]
| rowspan="19" |[[West Godavari district]]
|-
|[[Bhimavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Kalla mandal]]
|-
|[[Palacoderu mandal]]
|-
|[[Undi mandal]]
|-
|[[Veeravasaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Achanta mandal]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Narasapuram revenue division]]
|-
|[[Mogalthur mandal]]
|-
|[[Palakollu Mandal]]
|-
|[[Penugonda mandal]]
|-
|[[Penumantra mandal]]
|-
|[[Poduru mandal]]
|-
|[[Yelamanchili mandal]]
|-
|[[Attili mandal]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Tadepalligudem revenue division]]
|-
|[[Ganapavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Iragavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Pentapadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Tadepalligudem mandal]]
|-
|[[Tanuku mandal]]
|-
|[[Atlur mandal]]
| rowspan="12" |[[Badvel revenue division]]
| rowspan="40" |[[YSR Kadapa district]]
|-
|[[B. Kodur mandal]]
|-
|[[Badvel mandal]]
|-
|[[Brahmamgarimattam mandal]]
|-
|[[Chapad mandal]]
|-
|[[Duvvur mandal]]
|-
|[[Gopavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Kalasapadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Khajipet mandal]]
|-
|[[Porumamilla mandal]]
|-
|[[S.Mydukur mandal]]
|-
|[[Sri Avadhutha Kasinayana mandal]]
|-
|[[Jammalamadugu mandal]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Jammalamadugu revenue division]]
|-
|[[Kondapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Muddanur mandal]]
|-
|[[Mylavaram mandal, YSR district|Mylavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Peddamudium mandal]]
|-
|[[Proddatur mandal]]
|-
|[[Rajupalem mandal]]
|-
|[[Chennur mandal]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Kadapa revenue division]]
|-
|[[Chinthakommadinne mandal]]
|-
|[[Kadapa mandal]]
|-
|[[Kamalapuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Pendlimarri mandal]]
|-
|[[Sidhout mandal]]
|-
|[[Vallur mandal]]
|-
|[[Vontimitta mandal]]
|-
|[[Yerraguntla mandal]]
|-
|[[Chakrayapet mandal]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Pulivendula revenue division]]
|-
|[[Lingala mandal]]
|-
|[[Pulivendla mandal]]
|-
|[[Simhadripuram mandal]]
|-
|[[Thondur mandal]]
|-
|[[Veerapunayunipalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Vempalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Vemula mandal]]
|-
|[[Nandalur mandal]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Rajampeta revenue division]]
|-
|[[Rajampet mandal]]
|-
|[[T. Sundupalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Veeraballi mandal]]
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links==

*[https://w.wiki/5Cx8 Wikidata query to get current mandals of Andhra Pradesh with enwiki article link]

{{Andhra Pradesh|state=expanded}}

{{Clear}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandals in Andhra Pradesh, List of}}
[[Category:Mandals in Andhra Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of subdistricts in India|Andhra Pradesh]]

Amma (unreleased film)

2026-03-18T02:01:09Z

JerilynCropper5: put up info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amma
| image = Amma_New_Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Faisal Saif]]
| producer = [[C R Manohar|C. R. Manohar]] C.R.Gopi
| writer = Faisal Saif Ravindra A.R (Kannada Version Dialogues)
| starring = [[Ragini Dwivedi]] [[Prashant Narayanan]] [[Rajpal Yadav]]
| music = [[Sultan Khan (musician)|Ustad Sultan Khan]] [[Sabir Khan (musician)|Sabir Khan]] Nikhil Kamath
| cinematography = Bharat.R.Parthsarthy Vishal Gandhi
| editing = Ashutosh Anand Verma
| studio = Tanvi Films
| released =
| runtime =
| language = Hindi Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Amma''''' is an unreleased [[multilingual film|multilingual]] Indian film written and directed by [[Faisal Saif]], and produced by [[C R Manohar|C. R. Manohar]] under the banner of Tanvi Films. Filmed in [[Hindi]] and [[Kannada]], the film is [[Sandalwood cinema|Sandalwood]] star [[Ragini Dwivedi]]'s second film to be launched on her birthday after ''[[Ragini IPS]]''.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[Ragini Dwivedi]] as Jaya
* [[Prashant Narayanan]] as C.B.I Officer Deven Bharti
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Radhe Krishna Yadav a.k.a. Doosri Radha
* [[Kavita Radheshyam]] as Shweta Khatri
* Pooja Misrra as Aruna Sharma
* Hamsa Prathap
* Gokul
* [[Aanjjan Srivastav]] as Minister Dhanaji Rao
* C.R Gopi as Inspector Raghavan Shastry
* Baby Dattashree as Paree
{{div col end}}

==Production and promotion==
Director [[Faisal Saif]] launched the film at Om Shakti Temple Bengaluru on [[Ragini Dwivedi]]'s birthday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/ragini-dwivedis-amma-launched-083301584.html|title=Ragini Dwivedi's Amma launched! |publisher=in.movies.yahoo.com |access-date=2014-06-02}}</ref> [[Rajpal Yadav]] was signed for the main antagonist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Rajpal-Yadav-turns-baddie-in-Kannada-debut/articleshow/40405975.cms|title=Rajpal Yadav turns baddie in Kannada debut |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-08-20|last1=Joy |first1=Prathibha }}</ref> Actress Roopa Nataraj, who rose to fame with Miss Mallige, was signed for the role of a cop but later replaced by Pooja Misrra.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Roopa-Nataraj-turns-cop-for-Amma/articleshow/40864999.cms|title=Roopa Nataraj turns cop for Amma |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-08-25}}</ref> After filming her portions, Pooja Misrra also walked out of the film, creating controversy regarding her small role in the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Pooja-Misrra-opts-out-of-Amma-stirs-up-controversy/articleshow/45191272.cms|title=Pooja Misrra opts out of Amma; stirs up controversy |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-11-19|last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana }}</ref> Actor [[Prashant Narayanan]], of [[Murder 2]] fame, was signed on to play the male lead in the film; he said: "I've always been picky about my films. What drew me to this was director [[Faisal Saif]]'s script. It touches upon many aspects that are relevant to today's times".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Prashant-Narayanan-debuts-in-Sandalwood-with-Amma/articleshow/45012061.cms|title=Prashant Narayanan debuts in Sandalwood with Amma |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-11-03|last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana }}</ref>

During director [[Faisal Saif]]'s creative sessions with veteran filmmaker [[Rituparno Ghosh]] while he was directing ''[[Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish]]'' in 2012, Saif discussed having a transgender antagonist dealing their gender identity with Ghosh, something which he later incorporated in this film. The character is played by [[Rajpal Yadav]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Whys-Rajpal-Yadav-playing-a-transgender/articleshow/46258524.cms |title=Why's Rajpal Yadav playing a transgender? |work=[[The Times of India]] |date= |access-date=2015-02-16|last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana }}</ref>

===First look===
The first look trailer and poster of the film has been released.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2014/first-look-of-ragini-dwivedi-amma-movie-jayalalithaa-140818.html|title=First Look Of Ragini Dwivedi's Amma|publisher=Oneindia|access-date=2014-05-26|archive-date=26 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526001137/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2014/first-look-of-ragini-dwivedi-amma-movie-jayalalithaa-140818.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A photo shoot was held in Mumbai where [[Ragini Dwivedi]] tested different looks for her character.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/No-comparison-between-Mammootty-and-Mohanlal-Ragini-Dwivedi/articleshow/39551896.cms|title=No comparison between Mammooty and Mohanlal |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-08-04|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Empty section|date=January 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|7877258}}

{{Faisal Saif}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amma}}
[[Category:Unreleased Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian transgender-related films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Faisal Saif]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]

List of pharmacy colleges in India

2026-03-17T07:16:01Z

JerilynCropper5: fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=September 2014}}
{{one source|date=September 2014}}
}}

This is a list of government owned and privately owned pharmacy schools in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of government and private owned pharmacy schools|url=http://www.medindia.net/education/pharma_colleges_delhi.asp|accessdate=11 May 2013}}</ref> The Colleges are Approved by [[Pharmacy Council of India|Pharmacy Council Of India (PCI)]] for conduction of D.Pharma or B.Pharma Course.

==Andhra Pradesh==
* A.S.N Pharmacy College, Guntur DisT
* Adarsha College of Pharmacy
* [[Annamacharya]] College of Pharmacy
* B.V.K. Junior College, Dwarkanagar
* Bapatla College of Pharmacy
* Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guntur
* Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Dr. Samuel George Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thokapally Markapur
* Fathima Institute of Pharmacy, Pulivendula road, Kadapa
* Govt. Junior College, Srikakulam Dist
* Govt. Junior College, Anantpur Dist
* Govt. Junior College, Cuddapah Dist
* Govt. Junior College for Boys
* Govt. Junior College for Girls, Chittoor Dist
* Govt. Polytechnic for Women, East Godavari
* Govt. Polytechnic for Women, Anantpur Dist
* Hindu College of Pharmacy Guntur
* Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology
* KJR College of Pharmacy
* K.D.R. Govt. Polytechnic
* K.V.S.R. Siddharatha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Kakateeya Junior College, Cuddapah Dist
* L.A. Govt, Junior College for Girls
* Malineni Lakshmaiah College of Pharmacy
* Nirmal College or Pharmacy, Buddayapalle (P.O.)
* Nirmala College of Pharmacy Guntur, Mangalagiri (Mdl)
* Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (RIPER), Chiyyedu (PO) Anantapuram (Dt)
* Ramakrishna Junior College
* Rao's College of Pharmacy
* S.V.Govt.Polytechnic, Chittoor Dist
* Sarada College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Sasikanth Reddy College of Pharmacy
* Shir V.C. Memorial Polytechnic, Cuddapah Dist
* Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, West Godavari District
* Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siddhartha Nagar
* Sir C.R.Reddy College, West Godavari Dist
* Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy, A.Rangampet, Chittoor Dist.
* Sri Dwarakanath Junior College, Chittoor Dist
* Sri G.Pulla Reddy Govt. Polytechnic
* Sri P. Rami Reddy Memorial College of Pharmacy, Utukur
* Sri Padmavathi Mahila Visvavidyalaya, Chittoor District
* Sri Padmavathi School of Pharmacy, Bypass Road, Chittoor District
* Sri Padmavathi Women's Polytechnic, Chittoor Dist
* Sri Vasavi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Godavari District
* Sri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy, By the Side of Iron Yard
* [[Sri Venkateswara College]] of Pharmacy, RVS Nagar, Chittoor
* Swathi College of Pharmacy, next to Nellore toll plaza, Venkatachalam Post & Mandal, Nellore
* Vagdevi College of Pharmacy
* Vignan Pharmacy College
* Vignan's Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Vikas College of B.Pharmacy
* Vishwa Bharathi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences

== Arunachal Pradesh ==
* College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, [[Himalayan University]], Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Faculty of Pharmacy - Himalayan University |url=https://www.himalayanuniversity.com/degree-programs/under-graduate/pharmacy-para-medical-sciences/bachelor-of-pharmacy/ |accessdate=13 July 2020 |publisher=}}</ref>

==Assam==
* Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Institute of Pharmacy [[Assam]] Medical College
* Institute of Pharmacy Guwahati Medical College, Guwahati
* Institute of Pharmacy Silchar Medical College, Silchar

==Bihar==
* B.R. Ambedkar Institute of Pharmacy Sciences
* Bihar College of Pharmacy
* Birla Institute of Technology
* Govt.Pharmacy Institute
* Kishanganj Pharmacy College
* Mother Teresa Institute of Pharmacy, P.O. Dhelwanm, Via-Lohia-Nagar
* Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology
* Patliputra College of Pharmacy, New Bailey Road
* R.L.S. Yadav College of Pharmacy, [[Kidwaipuri]]

==Chhattisgarh==
* Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Tekari
* Govt. Women's Polytechnic, Raipur
* Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Raigarh College of Pharmacy, Raigarh

==Dadra and Nagar Haveli==
* [[SSR College of Pharmacy]], Sayli, Silvassa

==Delhi==
* Aditya College of Pharmacy, Vasant Gunj
* Baba Haridas College of Pharmacy, Jarodha Kalan
* Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR)
* School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (SPS, DPSRU)
* Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard
* Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Pharmacy
* Mahatma Gandhi Institute Of Technology and Management (MGITI)
* St. Lawrence Pharmacy College, near Petrol Pump
* Subramaniam [[Bharati College]] of Science & Technology

==Goa==
* Goa College of Pharmacy, Panaji

==Gujarat==
* Kalol Institute of Pharmacy, Kalol, North Gujarat
*KV Virani institute of Pharmacy and Research Centre.
* Institute of Pharmacy, [[Nirma University]], Ahmedabad
* A R College & G H Patel Institute of Pharmacy
* Atmiya Institute of Pharmacy, Rajkot
* B K Mody Government Pharmacy College
* C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy & Research, Kotharia Road
* Dr. Dayaram Patel Pharmacy College
* Faculty of Technology
* Indukaka Ipcowala College of Pharmacy
* Institute of Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irwin Hospital Road
* K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
* L.B. Rao Institute Of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
* [[L.J. Institute of Pharmacy|L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad]]
* [[L. M. College of Pharmacy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lmcp.in|title=L. M. College of Pharmacy - Home|website=www.lmcp.in|language=en|access-date=2018-05-11}}</ref>
* Maliba Pharmacy College
* NIPER Ahmedabad, Thaltej
* Gandhinagar Institute of Pharmacy, Gandhinagar University
* Noble Pharmacy College, Junagadh
* Parul Institute of Pharmacy
* Pharmacy Department
* ROFEL Shri G.M. Bilakhia College of Pharmacy, VAPI-396191. (W) Ta: PARDI
* [[Shantilal Shah]] Pharmacy College, Gaurishankar Lake Road
* Shir B.M. Shah College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
* Shree Maruti Kelavani Mandal Trust Managed Diploma Pharmacy College
* Shree S K Patel College of Pharm Edu & Res, Taluk & Dist. Mehsana
* Shri B.M. Shah College of Pharmacy, P.O. Box No. 12
* Shri G.M. Patel College of Pharmacy, Ramba Kanya Chhatralaya Campus, Highway
* Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College
* Smt. B.N.B. Swaminarayan Pharmacy College, Salvav, Vapi 396191 GJ
* Smt. Rupaben B. Patel Mahila Pharmacy College, Bhavnagar Road, Atkot, Jasdan Taluk
* Tolani Institute of Pharmacy, Nursery Garden, Ward 2/A, Adipur
* Vidyabharti Trust College of Pharmacy
* Bhagwan Mahavir College of Pharmacy, Surat.
* CK Pithawala Pharmacy College, Surat.

==Haryana==
* Puran Murti College of Pharmacy, Sonipat ( Delhi- NCR )
* B.P.S. Mahila Polytechnic, Somepat Dist
* PM College of Pharmacy, Sonipat
* Jhankar Pharmacy College Gurgaon,<ref>Jhankar [http://www.jhankarcolleges.com/d-pharma-diploma-in-pharmacy-admission-process-course-details-and-exams-schedule/ D. Pharma College Gurgaon]</ref> Haryana India.
* Puran Murti Campus, Sonipat ( Delhi-NCR )
* B.S. Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy
* Bharat Institute of Pharmacy
* Dehat Vikas College of Pharmacy, District Faridabad
* Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Doon Valley Institute of Pharmacy & Medicine
* Faculty of Engineering & Technology
* Gandhi College of Pharmacy
* Govt. Polytechnic
* Govt. Polytechnic
* Govt. Polytechnic for Women
* Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy
* GVM College of Pharmacy
* Hindu College of Pharmacy
* Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Memorial College of B. Pharmacy
* Janta College of Pharmacy
* [[Kurukshetra University]] Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Lord Shiva College of Pharmacy
* Maharaja Agarsain Technical Institute
* Maharshi Pharmacy College, Taraori
* P.D.M. College of Pharmacy, Sarai Aurangabad, Bahadurgarh
* Pt.B.D. Sharma Post-Graduate
* R.K.S.D. College of Pharmacy
* Rajendra Institutes of Technology & Sciences
* Ram Gopal College of Pharmacy, Farrukhnagar Tehsil
* SDD Institute of Pharmacy
* Shri Baba Mast Nath Inst of Pharm Sci
* SGT COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SGT UNIVERSITY

==Himachal Pradesh==
* Government College of Pharmacy Rohru, Shimla, H.P
* Government College of Pharmacy Nagrota bagwan, kangra, H.P
* Government College of Pharmacy Rakar, kangra, H.P
* Government College of Pharmacy Seraj, Mandi, H.P
* Abhilashi College of Pharmacy
* Govt. Polytechnic
* Govt. Polytechnic for Women, Solan Dist
* Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy
* IEC School of Pharmacy, Baddi, Solan
* L.R. Institute of Pharmacy, Rajgarh roadhklh

== Jharkhand==
* Bokaro Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, Baradih, Jainamore, Bokaro, ssmt College Koderma

==Karnataka==
* Acharya & B.M Reddy College of Pharmacy, Hesaraghatta Road, Soladevanahalli
* Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research, Yelahanka, Bangalore
* AECS Maaruti College of Pharmacy, Bannerghatta Road
* Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy
* Al-Falah College of Pharmacy
* Anupama College of Pharmacy, Mahalaxmipuram
* B.E.A's School of Pharmacy
* B.L.D.E. Association's College of Pharmacy
* B.L.D.E. Association's School of Pharmacy
* Bapuji Pharmacy College
* Basaveshwar College of Pharmacy
* Basaveshwara College of Pharmacy, Bidar Dist
* BES Institute of Pharmacy, Jayanagar
* Bharathi College of Pharmacy
* Oxbridge college of pharmacy (C.N.K. Reddy College of Pharmacy), mahadeshwar Nagar, herohalli cross, Magadi main road, Bangalore
* Chennigaramaih College of Pharmacy, Tumkur Dist
* CMR College of Pharmacy, HRBR Layout, 2nd Block
* College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* College of Pharmacy, Sangolli Rayanna Nagar
* College of Pharmacy, CMH Road, Second Stage, Indiranagar, near Bata
* College of Pharmacy
* College of Pharmacy, Post Box No. 26
* D.R. Kari Gowda College of Pharmacy, Kuvempunagar
* Dayananda Sagar College of Pharmacy
* Dr H L Thimmegowda College of Pharmacy
* East West College of Pharmacy, 2nd Stage, Rajaji Nagar
* Farooquia College of Pharmacy, Tilak Nagar, Eidgah
* Friends Cultural Educational Society's, Thyagaraja Nagar
* G K M College of Pharmacy
* G.M. College of Pharmacy, Nelamangala, Bypass
* Golden College of Pharmacy
* Goutham College of Pharmacy
* Government College of Pharmacy
* H.K.E.S.'s College of Pharmacy
* Hillside College of Pharmacy and Research Centre
* Pharma Colleges in Karnataka
* Hanagal Shri Kumareshawr College of Pharmacy
* J S S College of Pharmacy
* K.C.T. College of Pharmacy, Qamar-ul Islam Colony, Roza
* K.L.E. Society's College of Pharmacy, Rajaijnagar
* K.L.E. Society's College of Pharmacy, J.N. Medical College Campus
* K.L.E. Society's College of Pharmacy, Gadag Dist
* K.L.E. Society's College of Pharmacy
* K.LE.'s College of Pharmacy
* K.R.E Society's Madam Mohan Harishchandra Goel Institute of Pharmacy, P.B. No. 53
* Karavali College of Pharmacy
* Karnataka College of Pharmacy
* [[Krupanidhi Group of Institutions|Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy]]
* Luqman College of Pharmacy
* [[M.M.U. College of Pharmacy]]
* M S Ramaiah College of Pharmacy
* M.E.S College of Pharmacy, Arabic College Post
* M.M.J.G. College of Pharmacy, Gadag Dist
* Mallige College of Pharmacy, Chikkabanavara Post
* Maratha Mandal College of Pharmacy
* Milind Institute of Pharmacy
* Mohammadi College of Pharmacy
* Nargund College of Pharmacy, 100 ft Ring Road, Banashankari III Stage
* National College of Pharmacy
* NET Pharmacy College
* NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanthoor
* Nitte Gulabi Shetty Memorial Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Niveditha College of Pharmacy, Bangalore road
* [[Noble College of Pharmacy|Noble College of Pharmacy, Karnataka]]
* Noorie College of Pharmacy
* [[The Oxford College of Pharmacy]], Hongasandra, Begur Road
* P E S College of Pharmacy
* Pandey College of Pharmacy, Naubad
* Pavan College of Pharmacy, Pavan Nagar P.C. Halli Extn
* Priyadarshini College of Pharmacy, Hanumanthpura
* R.R.K. Society College of Pharmacy
* Raman College of Pharmacy, Kurubarahalli
* Rani Chennamma College of Pharmacy, Vaibhav Nagar
* RR College of Pharmacy, Chikkabanavara
* Rural College of Pharmacy
* S C S College of Pharmacy
* S J M College of Pharmacy
* S V E T S College of Pharmacy
* S. A. C. College of pharmacy, Hassan Dist
* S. A. C. College of pharmacy, Nagamangala Taluk
* S.B.D. Institute of Pharmacy
* S.E.S. Pharmacy College
* S.J.M.M. College of Pharmacy, P.B.No. 47
* S.J.R.E Society's School of Pharmacy, Race Course Road
* Sardar V.V. Patil School of Pharmacy
* Sardavilas College of Pharmacy
* Seshadripuram College of Pharmacy
* Shivaji School of Pharmacy
* Shree Devi College of Pharmacy, Mangaluru
* Shridevi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tumakuru
* Shuttaria Institute of Pharmacy, Neelamangala, B.H. Road
* Siddalingeshwar College of Pharmacy, SYE Society
* Sonia Education Trust's College of Pharmacy
* Sree Krishna College of Pharmacy, Batawadi
* Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy
* Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy
* Sri K V College of Pharmacy
* Sri Ramakrishna College of Pharmacy
* Sri Subrahmanya Swamy College of Pharmacyll
* Sri Vasavi Pharmacy College
* Sri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy, Banashankari, Iind Stage
* Srinivas College of Pharmacy
* St John's Pharmacy College
* Tipu Sultan College of Pharmacy
* Togari Veeramallappa Memorial College of Pharmacy
* Trident Educational Society's Valley College of Pharmacy, J.C. Nagarpipe Line Road
* V.M.V.V.S. School of Pharmacy
* V.V.S.P.B. College of Pharmacy
* Vasavi Jnana Peeth College of Pharmacy, Vijay Nagar
* VES's Pharmacy College, Dharward Dist
* Vidya Vikas Trust's College of Pharmacy
* Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy
* Visveswarapura Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Vivekananda College of Pharmacy
* Vutkoor Laxmaiah College of Pharmacy

==Kerala==
* A.J. College of Pharmacy
* A.M. College of Pharmacy, Karunagappally
* Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy
* Amrita School of Pharmacy, Ponekkara (P.O)
* Calicut Medical College
* Caritas College of Pharmacy
* Chemists College Of Pharmaceutical Sciences And Research, Ernakulam
* College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gandhinagar, P.O.
* College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* College of Pharmacy
* College of Pharmacy, Ernakulam
* College of Pharmacy
* Crescent B.Pharm. College
* Dale View College of Pharmacy and Research Center
* Devaki Amma Memorial College of Pharmacy, Malappuram
* Fathima College of Pharmacy, Kallumthazham, Kilikollur
* Grace College of Pharmacy
* Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical College P.O.,
* Jamia Salafiya Pharmacy College
* JDT Islam College of Pharmacy, Kozhikode
* John Enoch college of Pharmacy, Karamana
*K.T.N College of Pharmacy, Chalavara, Palakkad
* Maharaja College of Pharmacy
* Malik Deenar College of Pharmacy
* Mar Dioscorus College of Pharmacy, Sreekariyam P O,
* National College of Pharmacy Manassery
* Nehru College of Pharmacy, Thiruvilwamala
* Priyadarsini Institute of Para Medical Science
* Sree Krishna College of Pharmacy & Research Centre
* St. James College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, River Bank, Chalakudy
* St. Joseph's College of Pharmacy, Vadakamcherry
* T.D. Medical College
* West Fort College Of Pharmacy, Pottore, Thrissur

==Madhya Pradesh==
* Adina College of Pharmacy, Sagar
* B R Nahata College of Pharmacy, Mandsaur.
* Bansal Diploma Pharmacy College
* College of Pharmacy, Rajendra Nagar, A.B. Road
* Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Department of Pharmacy
* Devi Ahiya College of Pharmacy, near Jaora Compound
* Dr. Shri R.M.S. Institute of Science & Technology College of Pharmacy
* Govt. Kalaniketan (Polytechnic)
* Gry Institute of Pharmacy, Sarvar Deula Road, Borwan
* Guru Ramdas Khalsa Institute of Science & Technology (Pharmacy)
* Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Opposite Indian Institute of Management Rau
* Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Mahakal Institute of Pharmaceutical Studies, Station Road, Datana
* Malhotra College of Pharmacy, Gandhi Nagar Bypass
* Mittal Institute of Pharmacy, Bhopal
* NRI Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, (NIPS) Opp. Patel Nagar, Raisen Road
* NRI Institute of Pharmacy (NIP), Bhopal
* Oriental Institute of Science & Technology
*Ravi Shankar college of pharmacy, Bhopal
* R.K.D.F. Institute of Science & Technology
* Rishi Raj College of Pharmacy, Indore
* Rajiv Gandhi College of Pharmacy Kolar Road, Bhopal
* S.V.Govt. Polytechnic
* Sagar Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar
* Sagar Institute of Research, Technology & Science-Pharmacy (SIRTS-P)
* Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore
* Shri Ram Nath Singh
* Shriram College of Pharmacy, near Gwalior
* Smriti College of Pharmaceutical Education, near Dewas Naka, Indore
* Sun Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (SIPER)
* Truba Institute of Pharmacy, Bhopal
* Ujjain Institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ujjain
* V.N.S. Institute of Pharmacy, Vidya Vihar, Neelbad, Bhopal

==Maharashtra==
* A.I.T's Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Nagar
* A.S.P.M.'s K.T. Patil College of Pharmacy
* A.S.P.M's Diploma IN Pharmacy Institute, Chaadwad
* Abasaheb Kakade College of Pharmacy
* Adarsh Shikshan Sanstha's College of Pharmacy
* Agnihotri Institute of Pharmacy
* Alard College of Pharmacy, near Rajiv Gandhi Infotek Park
* All India Shri Shivaji Memorial Society's College of Pharmacy, near R.T.O.
* Allana College of Pharmacy, near Poorna College Camp
* Amrutvahini Institute of Pharmacy, Dist. Ahmednagar
* Anand Charitable Sanstha's College of Pharmacy, Tq- Ashti
* Anna Saheb Ajmera College of Pharmacy (Women), Deopur
* Annasaheb Dange College of B.Pharmacy
* Annasaheb Ramesh Ajmera College of Pharmacy (Women)
* Arunamai College of Pharmacy, Mumarabad, Jalgaon
* Anuradha College of Pharmacy
* Appasahib Birnale College of Pharmacy
* Armed Forces Medical College
* Arts Science, Commerce & Pharmacy
* B.V. Institute of Pharmacy
* Bhagawan Pharmacy College
* Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy
* Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy
* Bharati Vidyapeeth's Poona College of Pharmacy
* Bhausaheb Mulak College of D. Pharmacy, Umrer
* Bhinav Education Society's College of Pharmacy
* Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai
* C U Shah College of Pharmacy
* Channabasweshwar Pharmacy College
* Charak College of pharmacy & Research Wagholi, Pune
* College of Pharmacy, Pusad, Yavatmal District
* College of Pharmacy
* College of Pharmacy (Polytechnic), Post. Alore, Talq
* D.S.T.S. Mandal's College of Pharmacy
* Dayanand College of Pharmacy, Dayanand Education Society Campus
* Department of Chemical Technology
* Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Deptt. Of Pharmaceutical Science, Amravathi Road
* Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai College Campus, V.M. Road
* Dr. L. H. Hiranandani College of Pharmacy
* Dr. J.J. Magdum Pharmacy College
* Dwarka Institute of Pharmacy
* Geetadevi Khandelwal Institute of Pharmacy, Dabki Road
* Godavari Shikshan Mandal's Asian Institute of Pharmacy, Survey No.326/2 Pathardi Road
* Gondia Education Society's Manoharbhai Patel Institute of Pharmacy
* Government College of Pharmacy, Amravati
* Government College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad
* Government College of Pharmacy, Karad
* Government College of Pharmacy, Ratnagiri
* Govt. Polytechnic
* Gulabrao Patil College of Pharmacy, near Govt. Milk Scheme, Miraj
* Gurunanak Technical Institute (Diploma in Pharmacy), Foundry & Namagar Nagar
* H K College of Pharmacy, Jogeshwari, Mumbai
* Indira College of Pharmacy, New Pune Mumbai Highway Tathwade
* Institute of Diploma in Pharmacy
* Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
* Institute of Pharmacy
* Institute of Pharmacy
* Institute of Pharmacy, Deopur
* Institute of Pharmacy
* Institute of Pharmacy, Station Road Yavatmal
* J L Chaturvedi College of Pharmacy
* J.B.S.P. Mandar's Institute of Pharmacy
* J.E.S.'s Institute of Pharmacy, Durga Mata Road
* Jijamata Education Society's College of Pharmacy, Nandurbar
* K.D. Pawar College of Pharmacy
* K.D.C.A's Institute of Pharmacy, Ujalaiwadi
* K.E.S's College of Pharmacy, Manwad Road
* Kamala Nehru Polytechnic (pharmacy)
* Kamla Nehru Pharmacy
* Lokmanya Tilak Institute of Pharmaceutical Studies, Laxmi Nagar
* M.A.H. College of Pharmacy
* Maharashtra Shikshan Samiti's 'Maharashtra College of Pharmacy
* Mahatma Basweshwar Education Society's College Pharmacy, MIDC Area, Barshi Road
* MGV Mandal's College of Pharmacy, Panchvati
* Modern College of Pharmacy, Sector 21, Yamunanagar, Nigdi
* Modern College of Pharmacy (Ladies Only), Borhadewadi, A/P Moshi, Taluk. Haveli
* Moze college of Pharmacy, Wagholi, Pune
* Mula Education Society's College of Pharmacy
* Mumbai Educational Trust's Institute of Pharmacy
* N D M V P Samaj's College of Pharmacy
* N.T.V.S. Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule
* N.Y.S. Society's Nagpur College of Pharmacy
* Nagpur College of Pharmacy/Sharad Pawar College of Pharmacy, Nagpur
* Department College of Pharmacy, Nagpur
* Navyug Vidyapeeth Trust's College of Pharmacy
* NCRD's Sterling Institute of Pharmacy
* NSS College of Pharmacy, 94, Tardeo Road, M.P.Mill Compound
* Oriental College of Pharmacy, Sanpada, Navi Mumbai
* P S G V P Mandal's College of Pharmacy
* Padmashree Dr D Y Patil College of Pharmacy
* Padmashri Dr Vithalrao Patil Foundation's
* Pataldhamal Wadhwani College of Pharmacy
* Pravara Rural College of Pharmacy
* Principal K M Kundnani College of Pharmacy
* R C Patel College of Pharmacy
* Rajgad Dnyanpeeth's College of Pharmacy
* Raoji Naik Institute of Pharmacy, Buldana
* Ravi Institute of Diploma in Pharmacy, Sirapeth
* S.A.S. Polytechnic (Pharmacy), Bhiwandi
* S.C.S.MS. Institute of Pharmacy
* S.M.B.T. College of Pharmacy, Igatpuri
* Saraswati Vidya Bhawan's College of Pharmacy
* Satara Polytechnic (Dept of Pharmacy), Mangalwar Peth
* Seth Govind Raghunath Sable College of Pharmacy
* Sharad Pawer College of Pharmacy
* Sharadchandra Pawar College of Pharmacy
* Shikshan Prasark Mandal's College of Pharmacy
* Shivnagar Vidya Prasarak Mandal's College of Pharmacy
* Shree Sant Muktabai Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), P.O.Box 132
* Shree Shahu Chhatrapati Shikshan Sanstha's, Dasara Chowk
* Shri C.S. Shikshan Sanstha's SCSSS College of Pharmacy
* Shri D.F. Lodha Pharmacy College, Chaadwad
* Shri K.R. Pandav Institute of Pharmacy
* Shri Sadashivrao Patil S. Sanstha College of Pharmacy
* Shri Sharda Bhavan Education Society's College of Pharmacy, Seva Kendra
* Shri Shivaji Institute of Pharmacy, Parbhani
* Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Narhe/Ambegaon/Lonavala/Kondhwa
* Smt Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy
* Smt S S Patil College of Pharmacy
* Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Saswad Road Kondhwa (Bk.)
* Smt. Kusumtai Wankhede Institute of Pharmacy
* Sri. Anand College of Pharmacy
* Sudhakarrao Naik Institute of Pharmacy
* Tapi Valley Education Society's College of Pharmacy
* University Deptt. Of Chemical Technology, Matunga Road
* V.J.S.M.'s Institute of Pharmacy, Junnar
* Veer Mata Hiraben P. Shah College of Pharmacy, Kasar-Vadavali, Ghodbunder Road
* Vidarbha Youth Welfare Society's Institute of Pharmacy
* Vidya Bharati College of Pharmacy
* Waghire College of Pharmacy, Saswad District
* Y B Chavan College of Pharmacy
* Yash Institute of Pharmacy
* Yashvantro Chavan College of Pharmacy, near Nagapur Bridge, near Manmad Road

==Odisha==
* Balangi Pharmaceutical
* College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ganjam
* College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marina Drive Road P.O. Baliguali
* The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Via Janla
* Dadhichi College of Pharmacy
* Gayatri College of Pharmacy, Jamadarpali
* Indira Gandhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Indira Gandhi Memorial Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, P.O. Bahugram
* Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology
* Institute of Pharmacy & Technology
* Jeypore College of Pharmacy, Koraput
* Kanak Manjari Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Mayurbhanj Medical Academy, Baripada
* Om Sai College of academy, Ganjam
* Orissa College of Pharmaceutical Science
* Pharmaceutical College, Tingipali
* Pranabandhu Institute of Paramedical Science & Technology
* Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Behampur
* Ronald Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, (Ganjam)
* Royal College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ganjam
* S.C.B. Medical College
* School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sikhya Anusandhan, Khurda
* Seemanta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Siddheswar College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Sri Jayadev College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, BBSR (Govt.)
* V.S.S. Medical College
* Women's Polytechnic
* Govt. Medical College
* Govt Polytechnic for Women
* Govt Polytechnic Institute for Women

==Rajasthan==
*Mahatma Gandhi College of pharmaceutical sciences Jaipur
* Akashdeep College of Pharmacy, Mansarovar
* Alwar Pharmacy College
* Baba Mungipa College of Pharmacy, Jhunjhunun
* Bharti Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hanumangarh Road
* Bhupal Nobels' College of Pharmacy
* Bhupal Nobles' College of Pharmacy
* Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences
* Deepshikha College of Pharmacy
* Department of Pharmacy, University of Technology<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Recognition {{!}} Affiliation and Approval of University of Technology - UGC Approved |url=https://www.universityoftechnology.edu.in/about-us/government-recog/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=www.universityoftechnology.edu.in}}</ref>
* Deptt. Of Pharmaceutical Science
* Deptt.of Pharmaceutical Science S.M.S. Medical College
* Goenka College of Pharmacy, Khuri Bari, Lachhmangarh Road
* Gyan Vihar School of Pharmacy, Mahal Jagatpura
* Jaipur College of Pharmacy, Sitapura, Tonk Road
* Lachoo Memorial College of Science & Technology (Pharmacy)
* Lal Bahadur Shastri College of Pharmacy, Tilak Nagar
* Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Pharmacy
* Maharishi Arvind College of Pharmacy, Ambabari
* Marwar Pharmacy College
* Nehru Memorial College of Pharmacy
* Permanand College of Technology
* [[Regional College of Pharmacy]], [[Jaipur]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional College of Pharmacy – Regional Pharmacy – Best Pharmacy College of Rajasthan |url=https://regionalpharma.com/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Sanjeevan College of Pharmacy
* Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Shri Bajrang College of Pharmacy, Deeg
* Shri U.S.B. College of Pharmacy, Santpur, Abu Road
* Sri Balaji College of Pharmacy
* Sri Ganganagar Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, near RIICO Bus Stand
* Swami Keshvanand Institute of Pharmacy, Jaipur<ref>{{cite web |title=Swami Keshvanand Institute of Pharmacy, Jaipur |url=http://skipjpr.org/ |accessdate=30 April 2020}}</ref>

==Tamil Nadu==
* A J College of Pharmacy
* Aadhi Bhagawan College of Pharmacy
* Adhiparasakthi College of Pharmacy, Chengai M.G.R. District
* Amrita Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Elamakkara Post
* Annai Velakanni's Pharmacy College
* Antarcticaa College of Pharmacy, Palayamkottai
* Arulmigu Kalasalingam College of Pharmacy
* C L Baid Metha College of Pharmacy
* C.S. Jain College of Pharmacy, Srimushnam
* Cherraan's College of Pharmacy
* Coimbatore College of Pharmacy
* Coimbatore Medical College
* College of Allied Medical sciences, Shenoy Nagar
* College of Paramedical Sciences, Thindal Post
* College of Pharmacy
* College of Pharmacy Sri Gokulam Institute of Pharmedical Science, Premier Complex
* Department of Pharmacy, Porur
* Edayathangudy G.S. Pillay College of Pharmacy
* The Erode College of Pharmacy, Valipurathanpalayam (P.O.)
* Fathima College of Pharmacy, Nellai Kattabomman Dt.
* Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology
* [[J.K.K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy]]<ref>[https://pharmacy.jkkn.ac.in J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy Official Website]</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Study on fixed dose combination (Polypill) for CVD prevention | url=http://repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in/2322/1/Syed%20Hussain%20Asaf.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126180811/http://repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in/2322/1/Syed%20Hussain%20Asaf.pdf | archive-date=2018-11-26}}</ref><ref>[http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/PHARMECY/Tamil%20Nadu_Pharmacy.pdf J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy Approved by Government of India, All India Council for Technical Education]</ref>
* J K K Munirajah Medical Research Foundation
* J S S College of Pharmacy
* K M College of Pharmacy
* K. K. College of Pharmacy
* K.M.R. College of Pharmacy, Perundurai
* Kamalakshi Pandurangan College of Pharmacy
* KMCH College of Pharmacy
* KRS Pallavan College of Pharmacy, M.M. Avenue
* Laxmi Narayan College of Pharmacy
* Madras College of Pharmacy, Avadi
* Madras Medical College, Park Town
* Madurai Medical College
* Maharaja College of Pharmacy
* Mayor Radhakrishna Pillai Memorial College of Pharmacy
* Nadar Mahajana Sangam Jayaraj Annapackiam College of Paramedical Sciences
* Nandha College of Pharmacy
* National College of Pharmacy
* Padmavathi College of Pharmacy
* Pallavan Pharmacy College
* Pandyan College of Pharmacy, Virattipathu
* Pearl Peace Medical Mission College of Pharmacy, Nellai Kattabomman Dt.
* Periyar College of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Girls
* PGP College of Pharmaceutical Science & Research Institute
* PSG College of Pharmacy
* R V S College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Royal College of Pharmacy & Paramedical Science, Madukkarai
* S A Raja Pharmacy College
* S Chattanatha Karayalar College of Pharmacy
* S R M College of Pharmacy, Kanchipuram District
* S. B. College of Pharmacy
* Shoba College of Pharmacy, near Railway Station
* Sri Ramachandra College of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU)
* Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Science College, New Sidhapur
* Subbarayalu College of Pharmacy, Industrial Estate P.O.
* SSM College of Pharmacy
* Swamy Vivenkanandha College of Pharmacy.
* T.K. College of Pharmacy, Dharapuram Road.
* Texcity College of Pharmacy, Podanur Main road
* Thanjavur Medical College
* Thanthai Roever College of Pharmacy
* Trichy College of Pharmacy
* Ultra College of Pharmacy
* VEL's College of Pharmacy
* Venkateswara College of Pharmacy, Chennai main road, Anaikkarai, Thanjavur District
* Vinayaka Mission's College of Pharmacy

==Telangana==
* Anwarul Uloom College of Pharmacy, New Mallepally, Hyderabad
* A.S.R. Govt. Junior College
* Balaji Institute of Pharmacy
* Balaji College of Pharmacy
* Bojjam Narasimhulu Pharmacy College for Women
* Care College of Pharmacy
* Deccan School of Pharmacy, Kanchanbagh
* G. Pulla Reddy College of Pharmacy
* Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy
* Govt. Junior College, Warangal Dist
* Govt. Junior College for Boys
* Govt. Junior College for Girls, Malakpet
* Govt. Polytechnic for Women, Siddipet
* J.J. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Jangaon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* KLR Pharmacy College
* Kamala Nehru Polytechnic for Women, Exhibition Grounds
* Krishnaveni Exhibition Society's
* L S Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Mak College of Pharmacy
* Madhira Institute of Technology & Science
* MLR Institute of Pharmacy
* Nalanda College of Pharmacy, Nalgonda
* NIPER Hyderabad
* Pragathi Pharmacy College
* Sarojini Naidu Vanitha Mahavidyalaya, Mukkaramjahi Road
* Shadan College of Pharmacy, Himayat Sagar Road
* Shadan Women's College of Pharmacy, Khairatabad
* Smt. Sarojini Ramulamma College of Pharmacy
* Sri Venkateswara College of Pharmacy, Serilingampally Mandal
* SRR College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* St. Peter's Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Sultan-Ul-Uloom College of Pharmacy, Road No. 3, Banjara Hills
* Talla Padmavathi College of Pharmacy, near 100 ft Flyover Road
* University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences

==Uttar Pradesh==
*Department of Pharmacy, Mohammad Ali Jauhar University, Rampur, U.P.
* A. N. D. College of Pharmacy
* PharmaState.academy, offers easy access to training & up-skilling programs created by experts from Pharma Industry.
* Advanced Institute of Biotech & Paramedical Sciences
* Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus
*Maharana Peatap College of Pharmacy, Kanpur
* Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Noida
* Anand College of Pharmacy, NH-2 Keetham
* Azad Institute of Pharmacy & Research, via Bangla Bazaar Road
* Bhagwant Institute of Pharmacy, Bhagwantpuram, Muzaffarnagar
* BBS Institute of Pharmaceutical & Allied Sciences
* Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology(Indian Institute of Technology- IIT(BHU), Varanasi)
* Department of Pharmacy, Bhojipura Post
* Dr. K.N. Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research
* Faculty of Engineering & Technology (Department of Pharmacy)
* [[Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences]]
* G.S.V.M. Medical College
* Govt. G' Polytechnic
* Govt. G' Polytechnic
* Govt. Polytechnic
* Govt. Polytechnic
* HIMT College of Pharmacy, Knowledge Park, 1 District, Gautam Budh Nagar
* Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki Road
* HR Institute of Pharmacy, Meerut Road, Morta
* I.T.S. Paramedical (Pharmacy) College
* IIMT College of Pharmacy
* IEC college of Engineering & Technology (Department of Pharmacy), Greater Noida
* Innovative College of Pharmacy
* Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research
* Janta Polytechnic, Bhaipur
* K.G.'s Medical College
* Kamla Nehru Institute of Management and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy
* KIET School of Pharmacy
* Krishnarpit Institute of Pharmacy, Allahabad
* L.L.R.M. Medical College
* Lucknow Model College of Pharmacy Ajeetan Khera Road Sadrauna Lucknow
7052180000
* M.L.N. Medical college
* Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology, Bagpat Road-Bypass Crossing
* [[Nandini Nagar Mahavidyalaya|Nandini Nagar Mahavidyalaya College of Pharmacy]]
* NIPER Raibareli
* NKBR College of Pharmacy & Research Centre
* Om Sri Sai College of Pharmacy
* R. V. Northland Institute, Chithera Dadri
* R.K. College of Pharmacy
* Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology
* Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh College of Pharmacy, Amethi
* Rajiv Devi Ram Daya Mahila Polytechnic
* Rajiv Gandhi College of Pharmacy
* Rajiv Memorial Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura-Delhi Bypass Road
* Rakshpal Bahadur College of Pharmacy, Badaun Road
* S.D. College of Pharmacy
* S.N. Medical College
* Sanjay College of Pharmacy
* Saras College of Pharmacy
* Saroj Institute of Technology & Management, Lucknow-Sultanpur Road
* The Shivdan Singh Institute of Technology and Management, Aligarh-Mathura Road
* Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology & Science
* Shri Ram College of Pharmacy, Muzaffarnagar
* Sir Madan Lal Institute of Pharmacy
* Smt Vidyawati College of Pharmacy, Kanpur Road
* Spectrum Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, near Kailash Hospital
* Translam Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
* University Institute of Pharmacy, Kanpur
* Vishveshwarya Institute, G.T. Road, near Dadri
* SR Group of Institutions(College of Pharmacy), Ambabai, Jhansi
* SR College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ambabai, Jhansi
* Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
* Shambhunath Institute of Pharmacy, Prayagraj.
* Sagar Institute of Technology & Management, Lucknow -Faizabad Road [[NH-27|National Highway 27]], Barabanki.

==Uttarakhand==
* Gyani Inder Singh Institute of Professional Studies, [[Dehradun]]
* Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun

==West Bengal==
* Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Durgapur
* BCDA College of Pharmacy & Technology, [[Barasat]]
* [[Brainware University]], [[Barasat]]
* Bengal School Of Technology, Chinsurah
* Burdwan Institute of Pharmacy,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://targetstudy.com/colleges/pharmacy-colleges-in-bardhaman.html|title=Pharmacy Colleges in Bardhaman, West Bengal {{!}} List of Pharmacy Colleges in Bardhaman, West Bengal|website=targetstudy.com|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> [[Purba Bardhaman]]
* Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, [[Jadavpur University]]
* Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, Bidhan Nagar
* Gupta College of Technological Science
* Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, [[Sodepur]]
* Institute of Pharmacy, Jalpaiguri
* Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Institute of Pharmacy
* NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology
* Women's Polytechnic Govt. of [[West Bengal]]
* [[Haldia Institute of Pharmacy]], [[Haldia]]
* [[Bharat Technology]], [[West Bengal]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in India|Pharmacy]]
[[Category:Pharmacy schools in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of pharmacy schools|India]]

Sreenath Sreenivasan

2026-03-13T23:17:16Z

JerilynCropper5: Added initial article more to come - done

{{Short description|American academic (born 1970)}}
{{About|the technology journalist|the United States federal judge|Sri Srinivasan}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sreenath Sreenivasan
| image = Sree Sreenivasan in New York, July 2016. Photo by Lia Chang.jpg{{!}}border
| image_size =
| caption = Sree Sreenivasan in New York, July 2016
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1970|10|28}}
| birth_place = [[Tokyo, Japan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = U.S.A.
| education = [[Columbia University]], [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]]
| occupation =
| employer = [[Stony Brook University]]
| spouse = [[Roopa Unnikrishnan]]
| partner =
| children = 2
| parents = [[T. P. Sreenivasan]], Lekha Sreenivasan
| relatives =
| website = https://www.digimentors.group/
}}
'''Sreenath "Sree" Sreenivasan''' (born October 28, 1970)<ref name="mediabistro2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/details.asp?aID=10841& |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107230240/http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/details.asp?aID=10841& |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 7, 2012 |title=So What Do You Do, Sree Sreenivasan, Columbia Journalism School Dean? |publisher=Mediabistro |date=April 7, 2010 |first=Aliya S. |last=King |accessdate=November 1, 2014 }}</ref> is an academic and practitioner in journalism and communications, serving as the inaugural [[Marshall Loeb|Marshall R. Loeb]] visiting professor at [[Stony Brook University]] School of Journalism in [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://journalism.cc.stonybrook.edu/?p=11763|title=Sree Sreenivasan Named Inaugural Marshall R. Loeb Visiting Professor|date=2019-09-09|website=Stony Brook University – School of Journalism|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref> He was previously [[chief digital officer]] at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] and chief digital officer of [[Columbia University]]. He also served as [[chief digital officer]] of the [[New York City|City of New York]] from October 2016 through May 2017.<ref name="nypost.com">{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2017/05/18/de-blasios-chief-digital-officer-leaves-administration/|title=De Blasio's chief digital officer leaves administration|date=2017-05-18|access-date=2017-06-14}}</ref> He has been a technology journalist based in [[New York City]]<ref name="NY Times">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/arts/artsspecial/so-many-stories-to-tell-for-mets-digital-chief.html?_r=1&|title=So Many Stories to Tell for Met's Digital Chief|last=Preston|first=Jennifer|date=October 25, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=30 October 2013}}</ref> and served as an academic administrator and professor in the [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism]]. In 2015, he was named one of [[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]] magazine's Most Creative People of the year.<ref name="fast_Sree">{{Cite web | title = Most Creative People 2015: Sree Sreenivasan | work = Fast Company | date = June 2015 | accessdate = 2015-06-17 | url = http://www.fastcompany.com/3043932/most-creative-people-2015/sree-sreenivasan }}</ref> He was also identified as the most influential Chief Digital Officer of 2016 by CDO Club.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cdoclub.com/cdo-club-identifies-the-top-ten-most-influential-chief-digital-officers-on-klout/|title=CDO Club Identifies the Top Ten Most Influential Chief Digital Officers on Klout - CDO Club|last=Mathison|first=David|website=CDO Club|date=10 March 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sreenivasan was born in [[Tokyo, Japan]], to [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Malayali people|Malayali]] parents [[T. P. Sreenivasan]], Indian former diplomat, and Lekha Sreenivasan, both hailing from [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name="Rediff.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/an-indian-in-america/20130708.htm |title=An Indian in America - Rediff.com India News |work=Rediff.com |date=2013-07-08 |accessdate=2014-03-03}}</ref> He grew up in [[USSR]], [[United States]], [[Fiji]], and [[India]]. His family often relocated due to his father being a diplomat for the Indian government, he later retired.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nysun.com/business/covering-technology-in-the-morning-teaching/8484/|title=Covering Technology in the Morning, Teaching Journalism During the Day|publisher=New York Sun|author=Simou, Alexandra|date=January 31, 2005}}</ref> He attended kindergarten in [[Moscow]]; [[P.S. 6]], a public elementary school, in [[Manhattan]]; [[Marist Brothers High School, Fiji|Marist Brothers High School]] in [[Suva|Suva, Fiji]]; and [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]] in [[Delhi]], [[India]]. He received a [[Master of Science]] degree in journalism from the [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism]] in 1993.<ref name="mediabistro2010"/>

==Career==
Sreenivasan was on the faculty of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism from 1993 to 2013 as a professor of professional practice. His courses at Columbia focused on new media, web design, and social media in the practice of journalism, as well as media entrepreneurship. As an [[adjunct professor]] in subsequent years, he ran workshops for professional journalists on the advanced use of the Internet and multimedia reporting.

In 2005, Sreenivasan was appointed dean of students at the journalism school,<ref name=ms>{{cite news |title=Gopal Raju, pioneer in Indian ethnic press, dies in NY |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/4/12/apworld/20080412090428&sec=apworld |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005002755/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F4%2F12%2Fapworld%2F20080412090428&sec=apworld |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-05 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[Malaysia Star]] |date=2008-04-12 |access-date=2008-05-03 }}</ref> overseeing student-oriented programs. He is the former advisor to the school's chapter of the [[Society of Professional Journalists]] and won the David Eshelman Award for Outstanding Campus Advisor in 1998.<ref>[http://www.spj.org/a-eshelman.asp SPJ David Eshelman Outstanding Campus Adviser Award]</ref> In 2008, he was named dean of student affairs,<ref>[http://www.journalism.columbia.edu/cs/ContentServer/jrn/1165270051276/JRN_Profile_C/1165270081427/JRNFacultyDetail.htm Sreenivasan faculty page] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20071219042006/http://www.journalism.columbia.edu/cs/ContentServer/jrn/1165270051276/JRN_Profile_C/1165270081427/JRNFacultyDetail.htm |date=2007-12-19 }}</ref> supervising admissions, student services and career services at the school. On July 11, 2012, [[Columbia University]] named Sreenivasan its first chief digital officer.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hesseldahl |first=Arik |date=July 11, 2012 |title=Columbia University Names Sree Sreenivasan Its First Chief Digital Officer |url=https://allthingsd.com/20120711/columbia-university-names-sree-sreenivasan-its-first-chief-digital-officer |work=All Things Digital |location=New York |publisher=Dow Jones |access-date=March 30, 2025}}</ref><ref>[http://www.fastcompany.com/1842674/columbia-university-first-chief-digital-officer-sree-sreenivasan Columbia Amps Online Courses, Appoints Sree Sreenivasan First Chief Digital Officer], Fast Company. By Christina Chaey. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.</ref>

[[File:Sree-Sreenivasan-teaching-times-square.jpg|thumb|Sree Sreenivasan teaching a social media class in Times Square, NYC]]
[[File:Sree-sreenivasan-columbia-alumni-awards.jpg|thumb|Sree Sreenivasan giving address at 2016 Columbia Journalism Alumni Awards]]
[[File:Sree Sreenivasan at Wikipedia Day 2024 (40188).jpg|thumb|Sreenivasan speaking at a Wikipedia event at Columbia University in 2024]]
Sreenivasan was appointed the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Chief Digital Officer in August 2013. In this role he supervised 70 employees throughout the museum.<ref name="NY Times"/>

Sreenivasan helped found SAJA, the [[South Asian Journalists Association]], a group of more than 1,000<ref>[http://www.saja.org/aboutus South Asian Journalists Association information page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221144648/http://saja.org/aboutus |date=2012-02-21 }}</ref> journalists of South Asian origin in the U.S. and Canada. He was the association's first president and continues to sit on its board, while also serving as an editor and writer of SAJAforum, one of the most widely read South Asian news and analysis blogs. He was also named by "UNITY: Journalists of Color" in a seed list of one of the 100 top journalists of the century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unityjournalists.org/news/unity-journalists-seeds-list-of-top-journalists-of-the-past-century/|title=UNITY Journalists seeds list of top journalists of the past century - UNITY: Journalists for Diversity|date=2012-04-03|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref>

For six years, he was [[WABC-TV]]'s "Tech Guru", before moving to [[WNBC-TV]] in January 2007 to become its technology reporter. He appeared twice a week on air and on WNBC.com until January 2009. From 2009 through 2011, Sreenivasan helped launch and develop [[DNAinfo.com]], a hyper-local Manhattan-centric news startup, launched by [[TD Ameritrade]] founder and [[Chicago Cubs]] owner [[Joe Ricketts]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/about-us/our-team/editorial-team/sree-sreenivasan|title=Sree Sreenivasan - Editorial Team|website=DNAinfo New York|access-date=2016-06-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219124733/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/about-us/our-team/editorial-team/sree-sreenivasan|archive-date=2016-02-19}}</ref>

He has contributed more than 50 articles to ''[[The New York Times]]'' on business and technology, and has hosted more than 40 episodes of his own podcast, the @SREE SHOW, for [[CBS Radio]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/sree-show/id951183321?mt=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506134005/https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/sree-show/id951183321?mt=2|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 6, 2016|title=@Sree Show by play.it on iTunes|website=iTunes|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref>

In May 2016, Sreenivasan made news headlines by spearheading an effort to boycott participation in all-male panels, conferences, and events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2016/05/all-male-panels-death-knell.html|title=Death to the All-Male Panel|date=2016-05-09|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-36333700|title=The men who are taking a stand against 'dude fests' - BBC News|work=BBC News |date=22 May 2016 |language=en-GB|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> He would later update this to also pledging not to attend any all-male panels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poynter.org/2016/why-sree-sreenivasan-is-boycotting-all-male-panels/409460/|title=Why Sree Sreenivasan is boycotting all-male panels|date=2016-05-02|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/05/13/boycotting-all-male-panels/|title=These Powerful Men Are Boycotting All-Male Panels|date=2016-05-13|website=Fortune|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref>

In 2016, after three years at the top digital post at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, he announced he was leaving amidst the museum's financial troubles. Although Met president [[Daniel Weiss (art historian)|Daniel Weiss]] called Sreenivasan "a superstar", the museum faced a looming deficit, hovering between $9 million and $10 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/met-museum-to-cut-spending-as-deficit-looms-1461287217|title=Met Museum to Cut Spending as Deficit Looms|last=Smith|first=Jennifer|date=2016-04-22|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> This financial predicament led the Met to part ways with Sreenivasan and other high-profile executives, such as Cynthia Round, its senior vice president for marketing and external relations, and Susan Sellers, head of design.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/20/arts/design/3-leaders-at-the-metropolitan-museum-of-art-step-down.html|title=3 Leaders at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Step Down|last=Chow|first=Andrew R.|date=2016-06-19|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://qz.com/711943/sree-sreenivasan-how-to-spin-getting-fired-from-your-high-profile-job-into-a-delightful-digital-campaign/|title=The Met ousted a top executive, so he used Facebook to show the world how to do unemployment right|last=Avins|first=Jenni|date=23 June 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> At the Met, Sreenivasan led the redesign of their website and the development of a smartphone app.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/three-met-museum-leaders-depart-1466206079|title=Three Met Museum Leaders Depart|last=Smith|first=Jennifer|date=2016-06-18|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref>

On August 1, 2016, Sreenivasan was named chief digital officer of New York City by its mayor, [[Bill de Blasio]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/636-16/mayor-de-blasio-sree-sreenivasan-city-s-new-chief-digital-officer|title=Mayor de Blasio Announces Sree Sreenivasan As City's New Chief Digital Officer|date=2016-08-01|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> He left the role on May 12, 2017.<ref name="nypost.com"/>

== Accolades ==
* In 2004, [[Newsweek]] magazine named him one of the 20 most influential South Asians in the U.S.<ref name="news_POWE">{{Cite web | title = Power and Influence | work = Newsweek | date = 2014-03-21 | accessdate = 2015-06-17 | url = http://www.newsweek.com/power-and-influence-123791 }}</ref>
* In 2007, India Abroad named him<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/us/sreesreenivasan_top50.html|title=India Abroad: The 50 Most Influential Indian Americans |website=rediff.com |access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> one of the 50 most Influential Indian Americans in the U.S.
* In 2009, he was named one of [[Advertising Age|AdAge]]'s 25 media people to follow on Twitter<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://adage.com/article/media/25-media-people-follow-twitter/136967/|title=25 Media People You Should Follow on Twitter|website=adage.com|date=29 May 2009 |access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref>
* In 2010, Quill magazine, published by the Society of Professional Journalists, named him one of 20 journalists to follow on Twitter<ref>[http://www.journalism.columbia.edu/news/26 SPJ names four alumni 'journalists to follow' on Twitter] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120805194909/http://www.journalism.columbia.edu/news/26 |date=2012-08-05 }}</ref>
* In 2010, he was named one of [[Poynter Institute]]'s 35 most influential people in social media<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poynter.org/2010/help-poynter-select-35-influential-people-in-social-media/105306/|title=Help Poynter Select 35 Influential People in Social Media|date=2010-08-30|website=Poynter|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref>
* In 2015, he was named one of [[Fast Company magazine]]'s Most Creative People of the year at number 39.<ref name="fast_Sree" />
* In 2016, he won the Columbia University School of Journalism Alumni Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.journalism.columbia.edu/news/1515|title=Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism 2016 Alumni Awards|website=www.journalism.columbia.edu|access-date=2016-06-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406151502/http://www.journalism.columbia.edu/news/1515|archive-date=2016-04-06}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He became a US Citizen in 2013.<ref name="Rediff.com"/> He is married to [[Roopa Unnikrishnan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130810/news-current-affairs/article/arjuna-award-winner-helps-shoot-consumer-problems|title=Arjuna award winner helps shoot consumer problems|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=2013-10-08|access-date=2014-03-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714040417/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130810/news-current-affairs/article/arjuna-award-winner-helps-shoot-consumer-problems|archive-date=2015-07-14}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan region]]
* [[New Yorkers in journalism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.digimentors.group Digimentors] professional site
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040401090223/http://www.ojr.org/ojr/education/1077755580.php Meet Columbia's New Media Guru] OJR.org
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060831094629/http://www.sree.net/quotes/nysun2006.htm An Evangelist for Technology Who Helped Invent the Game] New York Sun

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreenivasan, Sreenath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American male journalists]]
[[Category:American writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism faculty]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Digital media educators]]
[[Category:Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni]]
[[Category:Chief digital officers]]
[[Category:People educated at Suva Grammar School]]
[[Category:American people of Malayali descent]]

Kaliyugam (2025 film)

2026-03-12T18:42:51Z

JerilynCropper5: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaliyugam
| image = Kaliyugam (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Poster of Tamil version
| director = Pramodh Sundar
| producer = {{ubl
|K. S. Ramakrishna
|K. Ramcharan
}}
| writer = Pramodh Sundar Dialogues (Tamil):{{ubl| Karthik Gunasekaran| Athreya| Karkavi}}Dialogues (Telugu): Sivaram Kondasani
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Shraddha Srinath]]
*[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]
}}
| music = [[Dawn Vincent]]
| cinematography = K. Ramcharan
| editing = Nimz
| studio = {{ubl
|RK International
|Prime Cinemas
}}
| distributor = [[Mythri Movie Makers]] (Telugu)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|5|9}}
| runtime = 111 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil Telugu
}}

'''''Kaliyugam''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|post-apocalyptic]] [[psychological thriller]] film written and directed by Pramodh Sundar in his directorial debut. The film is produced by K. S. Ramakrishna and K. Ramcharan under the banners of RK International and Prime Cinemas respectively. It is simultaneously made in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], with the Telugu version titled '''''Kaliyugam 2064''''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2025 |title=Kaliyugam 2064 trailer: Shraddha Srinath's futuristic film has astonishing visuals, makers lock release date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kaliyugam-2064-trailer-shraddha-srinaths-futuristic-film-has-astonishing-visuals-makers-lock-release-date/75d8d975f7562 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> starring [[Shraddha Srinath]] and [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] in the lead roles, supported by an ensemble cast. The film was released in theatres on 9 May 2025.

== Plot ==
Set in a [[Dystopia|dystopian]] future, Kaliyugam explores themes of [[survival]], [[morality]], and human resilience in a world ravaged by catastrophic events. The story follows a group of individuals confronting both external dangers and internal [[psychological]] turmoil as they struggle to retain their humanity in a decaying society.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shraddha Srinath]] as Pari / Bhoomi
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Sketch / Shakti
* Iniyan Subramani as Thomas
* Mithun Shanker
* David Santhosh
* Asmal
* Harry
* Manikandan
* Moses Rajkumar
* Karthick
* Monish
* Kesavan
* Master Ronith
* Abhineesh
* Lokesh
* Aarya Lakshmi
* Victoria Niveditha
* Akshaya
* Bharathi
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]'' (2019), [[Shraddha Srinath]] joined hands with debutant director Pramodh Sundar, for an [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|post-apocalyptic thriller]] film titled ''Kaliyugam'' set in the 2050s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2020-11-07 |title=Shraddha Srinath's Kaliyugam to be set in 2050 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/Nov/07/shraddha-srinaths-kaliyugam-to-be-set-in-2050-2220340.html |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film is produced by K. S. Ramakrishna and K. Ramcharan under the banners of RK International and Prime Cinemas respectively,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-20 |title='கலியுகம்' வெளியீட்டு தேதி அறிவிப்பு! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1358804-kaliyugam-release-date-announced.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421021636/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1358804-kaliyugam-release-date-announced.html |archive-date=21 April 2025 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> along with Siddharth Swayamboo as the co-producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devan |first=Aswin |date=2023-05-05 |title=Kaliyugam trailer introduces a mysterious apocalyptic world |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/May/05/kaliyugam-trailer-introduces-a-mysterious-apocalyptic-world-43080.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425222504/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/May/05/kaliyugam-trailer-introduces-a-mysterious-apocalyptic-world-43080.html |archive-date=25 April 2025 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film has Tamil dialogues jointly written by the Karthik Gunasekaran, Athreya, and Karkavi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=2025-04-20 |title=Shraddha Srinath and Kishore-starrer Kaliyugam gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/20/shraddha-srinath-and-kishore-starrer-kaliyugam-gets-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420150339/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/20/shraddha-srinath-and-kishore-starrer-kaliyugam-gets-release-date |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Featuring, Shraddha and [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], the first-look poster was released in mid-December 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-12-15 |title=First look of Shraddha Srinath and Kishore's post-apocalyptic thriller Kaliyugam is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-shraddha-srinath-and-kishores-post-apocalyptic-thriller-is-out/articleshow/96256562.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220090615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-shraddha-srinath-and-kishores-post-apocalyptic-thriller-is-out/articleshow/96256562.cms |archive-date=20 December 2022 |access-date=2025-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film also features Iniyan Subramani, Harry, Asmal, Santhosh, Mani, Aarya Lekshmi, Moses and Master Ronith in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shraddha Srinath Fights To Save Her And Kalki's Life In Apocalyptic Drama Kaliyugam |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/shraddha-srinath-fights-to-save-her-and-kalkis-life-in-apocalyptic-drama-kaliyugam-7736521.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517161732/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/shraddha-srinath-fights-to-save-her-and-kalkis-life-in-apocalyptic-drama-kaliyugam-7736521.html |archive-date=17 May 2023 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The technical team consists of editor Nimz, cinematographer K Ramcharan, art director Sakthee Venkatraj M, and action choreographer GN Murugan.<ref name=":0" />

=== Filming and post-production ===
[[Principal photography]] began in Chennai on 20 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-20 |title=Shraddha Srinath's post-apocalyptic thriller Kaliyugam goes on floors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shraddha-srinaths-post-apocalyptic-thriller-kaliyugam-goes-on-floors/articleshow/80373102.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615115043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shraddha-srinaths-post-apocalyptic-thriller-kaliyugam-goes-on-floors/articleshow/80373102.cms |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=2025-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The final schedule began on 27 December 2021 in a high-budget set erected in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-29 |title=Final schedule of the post-apocalyptic movie 'Kaliyugam' begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/final-schedule-of-the-post-apocalyptic-movie-kaliyugam-begins/articleshow/88545174.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006105736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/final-schedule-of-the-post-apocalyptic-movie-kaliyugam-begins/articleshow/88545174.cms |archive-date=6 October 2022 |access-date=2025-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=2022-12-15 |title=First look of Shraddha Srinath's Kaliyugam is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Dec/15/first-look-of-shraddha-srinaths-kaliyugam-is-here-37776.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331002312/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/dec/15/first-look-of-shraddha-srinaths-kaliyugam-is-here-37776.html |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The entire filming was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] and was in post-production stage during the first-look poster release in mid-December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-15 |title=ஷ்ரத்தா ஸ்ரீநாத், கிஷோரின் 'கலியுகம்' பட முதல் பார்வை வெளியீடு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/914776-shraddha-srinaths-starrer-kaliyugam-movie-first-look-poster-released.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104104939/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/914776-shraddha-srinaths-starrer-kaliyugam-movie-first-look-poster-released.html |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> The visual effects and CGI work were completed in [[Norway]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-16 |title=Mani Ratnam unveils first look of Shraddha Srinath's Kaliyugam 2064 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/16/mani-ratnam-unveils-first-look-of-shraddha-srinaths-kaliyugam-2064 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307015407/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/16/mani-ratnam-unveils-first-look-of-shraddha-srinaths-kaliyugam-2064 |archive-date=7 March 2025 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kaliyugam / Kaliyugam 2064
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Dawn Vincent]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil / Telugu
| producer = [[Dawn Vincent]]
| prev_title = Aap Kaise Ho?
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
}}
The film has music and background scored by [[Dawn Vincent]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaliyugam trailer: Shraddha Srinath headlines this dystopian thriller that offers intriguing experience |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kaliyugam-trailer-shraddha-srinath-headlines-this-dystopian-thriller-that-offers-intriguing-experience/47e4028fb7863 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vidiyalin Kural (Soul of Kaliyugam)
| length1 = 2:58
| lyrics1 = Nachi, Karkavi
| extra1 = Bindu Anirudhan
| title2 = Pasiyin Kural (Pain of Kaliyugam)
| length2 = 2:43
| lyrics2 = Ekadasi
| extra2 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Surya Kirana Sokam (Soul of Kaliyugam)
| length1 = 2:59
| lyrics1 = Tummala Mohan Kumar
| extra1 = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| title2 = Aakali Aarthanadham (Pain of Kaliyugam)
| length2 = 2:43
| lyrics2 = Bharathi Babu
| extra2 = J. V. Sudhanshu
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Background score
| title1 = Hope
| length1 = 2:54
| title2 = Never-Ending Search
| length2 = 1:43
| title3 = The Reveal
| length3 = 1:01
| title4 = Trapped
| length4 = 1:18
| title5 = Blessed
| length5 = 1:30
| title6 = Kali Theme
| length6 = 1:53
| title7 = World of Kaliyugam
| length7 = 2:24
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Kaliyugam'' was released theatrically on 9 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaliyugam 2064 trailer: Shraddha Srinath's futuristic film has astonishing visuals, makers lock release date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kaliyugam-2064-trailer-shraddha-srinaths-futuristic-film-has-astonishing-visuals-makers-lock-release-date/75d8d975f7562 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The Telugu version titled ''Kaliyugam 2064'' was distributed by [[Mythri Movie Makers]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-04-25 |title=Kaliyugam 2064 trailer: A slick dystopian thriller tackling themes of survival |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Apr/25/kaliyugam-2064-trailer-a-slick-dystopian-thriller-tackling-themes-of-survival |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425180050/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Apr/25/kaliyugam-2064-trailer-a-slick-dystopian-thriller-tackling-themes-of-survival |archive-date=25 April 2025 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The movie was later given streaming rights to [[Sun NXT]] and it starts stream on 11 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-07-07 |title=Shraddha Srinath's Kaliyugam gets an OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/07/shraddha-srinaths-kaliyugam-gets-an-ott-release-date |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> While [[Lionsgate Play]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] also bagged the streaming rights and it also starts to stream on 1 August 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lionsgate Play to Premiere Sci-Fi Thriller Kaliyugam 2064 on August 1st..|url=https://365telugu.com/lionsgate-play-to-premiere-sci-fi-thriller-kaliyugam-2064-on-august-1st/|work=365telugu.com|accessdate=30 July 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Pramodh Sundar's ambitious dystopian thriller, Kaliyugam, is a film that aims for the sky but abruptly crashes along the way.[...] Kaliyugam 2064 falls under a trap of being a film driven largely by its vision, as the makers falter in pulling off that vision with finesse."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kaliyugam Movie Review : An ambitious dystopian thriller that's too disoriented to entertain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaliyugam/movie-review/121028155.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509141150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaliyugam/movie-review/121028155.cms |archive-date=2025-05-09 |access-date=2025-05-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTT Play]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Kaliyugam is ambitious and had high potential. But when it leaves many of its threads incomplete, the film gets a tad bit stretchy and unexplored. [...] Even with Kishore and Shraddha giving their best, Kaliyugam could have been far better if could have given more thought on paper."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaliyugam movie review: Ambitious dystopian survival thriller left underexplored |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/kaliyugam-movie-review-an-ambitious-dystopian-survival-thriller-left-underexplored/c9fe3ded42365 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=24517610}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:Egalitarianism]]
[[Category:Films about revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian dystopian films]]
[[Category:Indian post-apocalyptic films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Fiction about totalitarianism]]

Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-11T00:35:25Z

JerilynCropper5: Starting details

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Moradabad {{Small|UP-6}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Moradabad.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency
| reservation = None
| established = 1952
| electors = 20,59,686<ref>{{Cite web| title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-25}}</ref>
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| mp =[[Ruchi Vira]]
|alliance =[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|preceded_by = [[S. T. Hasan]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| assembly_cons =[[Barhapur Assembly constituency|Barhapur]] [[Kanth Assembly constituency|Kanth]] [[Thakurdwara Assembly constituency|Thakurdwara]] [[Moradabad Rural Assembly constituency|Moradabad Rural]] [[Moradabad Nagar Assembly constituency|Moradabad Nagar]]
}}
'''Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency''' (constituency number 6; {{IPA|hi|mʊɾaːd̪aːbaːd̪}}) is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in western [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]]. It is located in the northern part of the state at a distance of 167 km from the national capital, [[New Delhi]]. Formed before the 1952 elections, it represents [[Moradabad district]] in the lower house of Indian Parliament.

According to [[Election Commission of India]]'s 2024 data, the number of total electorates in the constituency is 2,056,539, of which 1,092,002 are males, 964,425 are females, and 87 are transgenders.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-18 |title=Today 20.56 lakh voters will elect Moradabad MP |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-today-20-56-lakh-voters-will-elect-moradabad-mp-9795888.html |work=Live Hindustan}}</ref> This results in a gender ratio of 883 women per 1,000 men. There are 2,133 polling booths in the constituency,<ref name=":0" /> and its administrative headquarter is situated in the city of [[Moradabad]]. Hindi is the official language of Moradabad, though Urdu, Punjabi, and English are also widely spoken and understood.

==Assembly segments==
At present, after the implementation of the Presidential notification on delimitation on 19 February 2008, Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. Kanth and Thakurdwara assembly segments before 2008 were in erstwhile [[Amroha Lok Sabha constituency|Amroha]] and [[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur]] Lok Sabha constituencies respectively. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/006_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-6-Moradabad|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 lead
|-
|19
|[[Barhapur Assembly constituency|Barhapur]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|[[Kunwar Sushant Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|25
|[[Kanth Assembly constituency|Kanth]]
|rowspan="4"| [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|[[Kamal Akhtar]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|26
|[[Thakurdwara Assembly constituency|Thakurdwara]]
|[[Nawab Jan]]
|-
|27
|[[Moradabad Rural Assembly constituency|Moradabad Rural]]
|[[Mohd Nasir Qureshi|Mohammed Nasir]]
|-
|28
|[[Moradabad Nagar Assembly constituency|Moradabad Nagar]]
|[[Ritesh Kumar Gupta]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

==List of Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Saran
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Syed Muzaffar Hussain
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|[[Om Prakash Tyagi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|Virendra Agarwal
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ghulam Mohammad Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|[[Hafiz Siddiq|Hafiz Mohd. Siddiq]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ghulam Mohammad Khan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|[[Chandra Vijay Singh (Baby Raja)|Chandra Vijay Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|[[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
|[[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|[[S. T. Hasan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
||[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|[[Ruchi Vira]]
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2024|2024]]|{{party color|Samajwadi Party }}|49.76}}
{{bar percent|[[#2019|2019]]|{{party color|Samajwadi Party }}|50.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#2014|2014]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party }}|43.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#2009|2009]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#2004|2004]]|{{party color|Samajwadi Party }}|33.28}}
{{bar percent|[[#1999|1999]]|{{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress }}|39.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#1998|1998]]|{{party color|Samajwadi Party }}|39.52}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Samajwadi Party }}|38.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Janata Dal }}|41.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Janata Dal }}|50.64}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress }}|29.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Janata Party (Secular) }}|33.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal }}|64.77}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh }}|34.92}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh }}|30.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color| Independent politician}}|29.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress }}|36.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#1951|1951]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress }}|47.58}}
}}

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Moradabad]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Moradabad">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Moradabad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S246.htm# |accessdate=2 October 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002125830/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S246.htm |archivedate=2 October 2024}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Moradabad Lok Sabha Election 2024: Moradabad Election Candidates List, Election Date, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi {{!}} मुरादाबाद लोकसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2024 - AajTak |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-constituency-result-24506 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Moradabad Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/moradabad-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Ruchi Vira]]
|party=Samajwadi Party
|votes= 6,37,363
|percentage= 49.67
|change={{decrease}}0.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh]]
|party=Bharatiya Janta Party
|votes= 531,601
|percentage= 41.43
|change= {{decrease}}1.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Irfan Saifi
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes= 92,313
|percentage=7.19
|change={{increase}}7.19
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[None of the above]]
|votes= 5,824
|percentage= 0.45
|change={{no change}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 1,05,762
|percentage=8.24
|change={{up}}0.60
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=1,283,185
|percentage= 62.30
|change={{Decrease}}3.16}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing = {{increase}}0.98
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Moradabad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[S. T. Hasan]]
|votes=649,416|percentage=50.65|change={{Increase}}15.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh]]|votes=551,538|percentage=43.01|change={{no change}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mohammad Imran Pratapgarhi|Imran Pratapgarhi]]|votes=59,198|percentage=4.62|change={{Increase}}2.87}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=5,757|percentage=0.45|change={{decrease}}0.01|Result=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=98,122|percentage=7.64|change={{decrease}}0.11}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,82,206|percentage=65.45|change={{Increase}}1.79}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Moradabad]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh]]
|votes = 4,85,224
|percentage = 43.01
|change = {{Increase}}9.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[S. T. Hasan]]
|votes = 3,97,720
|percentage = 35.26
|change = {{Increase}}31.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Haji Mohammad Yaqoob
|votes = 1,60,945
|percentage = 14.27
|change = {{Decrease}}5.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Engineer Mohammad Irfan
|votes = 25,840
|percentage = 2.29
|change = {{Increase}}2.29
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Begum Noor Bano]]
|votes = 19,732
|percentage = 1.75
|change = {{Decrease}}37.84
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 5,207
|percentage = 0.46
|change = {{Increase}}0.46
|Result =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 87,504
|percentage = 7.75
|change = {{Increase}}1.30
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,27,965
|percentage = 63.66
|change = {{Increase}}8.86
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{Increase}}3.42
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Moradabad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,01,283
|percentage = 39.59
|change = {{increase}}39.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,52,176
|percentage = 33.14
|change = {{increase}}5.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajiv Channa
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,47,594
|percentage = 19.40
|change = {{decrease}}3.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohammad Rizwan
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 27,982
|percentage = 3.68
|change = {{decrease}}29.60
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Hariom Balmiki
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 5,675
|percentage = 0.75
|change = {{increase}}0.75
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 49,107
|percentage = 6.45
|change = {{increase}}0.98
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,60,944
|percentage = 54.80
|change = {{increase}}6.39
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = {{increase}}6.31
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: [[Moradabad]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIsoA%2BXCXZnG6uydEggnVRZmGUymXljx52Ks9I6%2FE0G%2Bvsy%2FPaobJQQ78Lxwa6Q%2FNsnhE64UeF0L0Zo5BluaLP%2BtUpyGVFqMTjZoK%2FJnG4EEj |title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha Vol-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIrYsA%2BpuHvKgxNfjT4KHcLrioOCuMWiYWp2sCC4uQ448a4WMalyltzz4z0XPEBrX8yHSP9VRu4DKLXu%2Fml6XL6F5CjgA9IkcmLlusqGQ2Nbv|title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha Vol-2}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,18,079
|percentage = 33.28
|change = {{increase}}8.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chandra Vijay Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,82,239
|percentage = 27.81
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Iftakar Mohammad Khan
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,50,616
|percentage = 22.98
|change = {{increase}}3.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Masood Ahmad
|party = National Loktantrik Party
|votes = 42,018
|percentage = 6.41
|change = {{increase}}3.17
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Parmeshwar Lal
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 38,170
|percentage = 5.82
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,840
|percentage = 5.47
|change = {{decrease}}9.59
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,55,175
|percentage = 48.41
|change = {{decrease}}7.64
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}6.28
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Moradabad]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIkUhbtp1jYSDOEh0putYIbkiZnCZWMJAWv5FOo8QaiJzbCrRQmR%2FvdHfl2oiLCgpBOFiQQw1DFUOpqPxvwifJXEZ%2FmEz%2F%2FSc%2FlW4LA3Se2g1 |title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha Vol-1}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chandra Vijay Singh (Baby Raja)|Chandra Vijay Singh]]
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress
|votes = 2,53,321
|percentage = 39.56
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,56,871
|percentage = 24.50
|change = {{decrease}}15.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohammad Akil
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,23,714
|percentage = 19.32
|change = {{increase}}0.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Reena Kumari
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 63762
|percentage = 9.96
|change = {{increase}}5.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Zahid Husain
|party = National Loktantrik Party
|votes = 20729
|percentage = 3.24
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Sudhir Kumar Singh
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 12,391
|percentage = 1.94
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 96,450
|percentage = 15.06
|change = {{increase}}10.08
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,47,988
|percentage = 56.05
|change = {{decrease}}8.45
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = {{increase}}0.04
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Moradabad]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIotDO5N8hbvBFq8kBOnZ7sAHisPYaglbcR%2Bvju5fSVaOXf9Vty0jaav%2F5MHa3IhIjhiXm886AoS1DyVcNFs9r4o2myzOL0Zc4rsnVkw9Ae1D |title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha Vol-1}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 289,484
|percentage = 39.52
|change = {{increase}}1.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vijay Bansal
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|votes = 2,53,003
|percentage = 34.54
|change = {{decrease}}3.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Raja Ram Saini
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,36,081
|percentage = 18.58
|change = {{increase}}0.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hafiz Moh. Siddiqi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 63762
|percentage = 4.85
|change = {{increase}}1.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Wajid Hussain
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 10,132
|percentage = 1.38
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Mobin
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 2,075
|percentage = 0.28
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 36,481
|percentage = 4.98
|change = {{increase}}4.69
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,38,542
|percentage = 64.50
|change = {{increase}}7.12
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing = {{increase}}1.46
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Moradabad]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIuTuCk2PkeBIxFg6I0eU5VPBleY%2F6DYULm%2FuXGBfnzIL0Ossb%2FOZWQZAC46suNmXLGuKAvNGAd8XYdXG8yyL7DmzUC9jIpIidmbrBMwxOPlx |title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha Vol-1}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,42,030
|percentage = 38.06
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sandeep
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|votes = 2,40,145
|percentage = 37.77
|change = {{decrease}}0.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Akbar Husain]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,12,254
|percentage = 17.65
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Indra Mohini
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 19,643
|percentage = 3.09
|change = {{decrease}}6.56
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Haji Kamruddin
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 3,380
|percentage = 0.53
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,885
|percentage = 0.29
|change = {{decrease}}2.56
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,44,081
|percentage = 57.38
|change = {{increase}}4.26
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing = {{decrease}}3.00
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: [[Moradabad]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIkHotteBQ6H2LGDXDgP2%2BqgW4yG8x3Lcuk0yt32gckmDWAecGstrzpYkQa565gViOyb4kYoTEQOCP1SBqhQ%2FL8TLflr7mVWtNWoK3EFC2Y6S |title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha Vol-1}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ghulam Mohammad Khan]]
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 2,01,739
|percentage = 41.06
|change = {{decrease}}9.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = V.P. Singhal
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|votes = 1,87,761
|percentage = 38.21
|change = {{increase}}35.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Onkar Saran Kothiwal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 47,408
|percentage = 9.65
|change = {{decrease}}24.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shamim Ahmed Khan
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 25,933
|percentage = 5.28
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Jiraj Singh
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 9,193
|percentage = 1.87
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,978
|percentage = 2.85
|change = {{decrease}}14.03
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,07,415
|percentage = 53.12
|change = {{decrease}}0.01
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal
|swing = {{decrease}}9.58
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: [[Moradabad]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgInMRAMNg8PaP0CwQDgvm1TfOwdQ7ZrKZOu5S2TOM%2BKJg0H%2FFEltHcGuurSDHpdXYBA3aZmTyznbxm%2BIMcg53UkoRxiJFiG%2FG946CDJF6vuho |title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha Vol-1}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ghulam Mohammad Khan]]
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 2,45,760
|percentage = 50.64
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Indra Mohini
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,63,843
|percentage = 33.76
|change = {{increase}}4.35
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Dinesh Tyagi
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 30,086
|percentage = 6.20
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Chandra Seni
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 19.135
|percentage = 3.94
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Laxman Prasad
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|votes = 11,489
|percentage = 2.37
|change = {{decrease}}18.61
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 81,917
|percentage = 16.88
|change = {{increase}}15.09
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,04,312
|percentage = 53.13
|change = {{decrease}}7.44
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}21.23
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: [[Moradabad]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIioTRtrX9vvkQ8lDf9Brh2QljusDaFYGfpJM9zoHo8J9PwdGGp0XefbaBYdvPF8WFYJhpk%2BW%2Bp89Gy9OKaFe1hlV80Naz6W6EWVdsoeDF0ia |title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1984 to the Eight Lok Sabha Vol-1}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Hafiz Siddiq]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,16,942
|percentage = 29.41
|change = {{decrease}}1.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ghulam Mohammad Khan]]
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|votes = 1,09,829
|percentage = 27.62
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dinesh Chandra
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|votes = 83,440
|percentage = 20.98
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Chandra Vijay Singh
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 44,410
|percentage = 11.17
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Mahendra Singh Yadav
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 30,819
|percentage = 7.75
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,113
|percentage = 1.79
|change = {{decrease}}1.65
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,05,931
|percentage = 60.57
|change = {{increase}}10.89
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Party (Secular)
|swing = {{decrease}}4.54
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: [[Moradabad]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIrkMkhGhMjPeTY%2BPWma%2FwX%2F8Izx%2B1DfxezOkQc0%2F0Y7EbMQ%2BBr8WZalKhiKoh3gBixCS0pvrsXes0IES9wL9GL64n5Cy8g2J0%2FFZUDyYnPFQ |title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha Vol-1}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ghulam Mohammad Khan]]
|party = Janata Party (Secular)
|votes = 1,03,291
|percentage = 33.95
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Naubat Ram
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|votes = 92,824
|percentage = 30.51
|change = {{increase}}11.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Basir Ahmad
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 59,747
|percentage = 19.64
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Humuan Qadir
|party = Indian National Congress (U)
|votes = 24,050
|percentage = 7.90
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Santosh Kumar
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 5,032
|percentage = 1.65
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,467
|percentage = 3.44
|change = {{decrease}}42.29
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,10,575
|percentage = 49.68
|change = {{decrease}}6.33
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Party (Secular)
|loser = Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}}30.82
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: [[Moradabad]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIgdcW08G8jKLiYiSkgBsTJBTvffmA2r1gkWY31UQFIgluWb7a3G4fFGcNZKLAql3AsefuIcxaJxbfgfseaQVlcBsrrXI01wOLXV%2FqpRspv%2Fu |title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha Vol-1}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ghulam Mohammad Khan]]
|party = Bharatiya Lok Dal
|votes = 1,96,648
|percentage = 64.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = D.N.Sinha
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 57,797
|percentage = 19.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Karan Singh
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 19,267
|percentage = 6.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Riasat Hussain
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 12,981
|percentage = 4.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Shamim Ahmad Khan
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 4,340
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Krishan Kant Gupta
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 3,120
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 138,851
|percentage = 45.73
|change = {{increase}}36.72
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,09,125
|percentage = 56.01
|change = {{increase}}9.37
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|swing = {{increase}}29.85
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: [[Moradabad]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIrrxZag0hRAPmr3CmisbGNG8rG1HxhX9METl1rU6R7ngFt1ycISY3MneuzoH%2F9gvVEcgNRIM5SehE5OyoBLXMODKgYYeja9De603q%2FlBgJYf |title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha Vol-1}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Virendra Agrawal
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = 83,077
|percentage = 34.92
|change = {{increase}}4.52
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Shamim Ahmad Khan
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 61,649
|percentage = 25.91
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = D.N.Sinha
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 25,731
|percentage = 10.81
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Khamani Singh
|party = Bharatiya Kranti Dal
|votes = 18,392
|percentage = 7.73
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,428
|percentage = 9.01
|change = {{decrease}}1.57
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,44,812
|percentage = 46.64
|change = {{decrease}}12.71
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|swing = {{increase}}4.52
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election]]: [[Moradabad]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIoseT0ZHlxSqV5yDBw7qZy8BF%2FVqVfUFZB5kPI2dacyxFUsCtgFOtq6nBgIeTuoJZxx9hqrgzh%2Bp%2FKhICKDnqu%2FEPIcjKuQAupJewJECwP16 |title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha Vol-1}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Om Prakash Tyagi]]
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = 78,497
|percentage = 30.40
|change = {{increase}}6.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = M.S. Fakhri
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 51,192
|percentage = 19.82
|change = {{decrease}}3.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = M. Husain
|party = Swatantra Party
|votes = 42,473
|percentage = 16.45
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = K.Singh
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 28,203
|percentage = 10.92
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 27,305
|percentage = 10.58
|change = {{increase}}5.49
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,77,516
|percentage = 59.35
|change = {{decrease}}1,68
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| loser = Independent politician
| swing = {{increase}}1.16
}}
{{election box end}}

===1962===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Indian general election]]: [[Moradabad]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgInSyPC%2FmhOzrKVEE08XTKdHa0gw068e9xwJaWiRnPmZknCDB%2BXbTUuSpFrCsKQ9P9okUoJWy%2BaIrAK1YRBEcNJf5z%2Bq0uVb53tFvbLeIHH5S |title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha Vol-1}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Syed Muzaffar Hussain
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|votes = 69,171
|percentage = 29.24
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Brij Bhushan Saran Bansal
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = 57,138
|percentage = 24.15
|change = {{increase}}7.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Saran
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 55,874
|percentage = 23.62
|change = {{decrease}}13.05
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,033
|percentage = 5.09
|change = {{increase}}2.02
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,50.736
|percentage = 61.03
|change = {{increase}}10.78
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = {{decrease}}7.43
}}
{{election box end}}

===1957===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]: [[Moradabad]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIvqLnwF0GbRTiG1mhWuFAao%2FO08PDvWeSb5efragQtmsq3FhY%2FjFoXkR39D6%2BIKxaRcuxQRfyT%2BuC9oksmsRl%2BYf08rhOhr%2FagaTDiCOeRJ%2F |title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha Vol-1}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Saran
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 75,992
|percentage = 36.67
|change = {{decrease}}10.91
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Khaliq Ahmad
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 69,636
|percentage = 33.60
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Brahma Swarup
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = 34,001
|percentage = 16.41
|change = {{increase}}2.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Saran
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|votes = 27,615
|percentage = 13.32
|change = ''N/A''
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,356
|percentage = 3.07
|change = {{decrease}}18.02
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,07,244
|percentage = 50.25
|change = {{increase}}7.60
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = {{decrease}}10.91
}}
{{election box end}}

===1951===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1951 Indian general election]]: [[Moradabad]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIg5j%2FHYFqSqJgJGr0bST3IUhAF9SfDN8Uuc8gj%2BDh4kAfDOTuR4Nkt0ekULalb4eUwj3FEb6QN6V5bMrpRuFg7z8ZJWF%2F1POgiq%2ByICySNyC |title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1951 to the First Lok Sabha Vol-1}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Saran
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 74,644
|percentage = 47.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Om Prakash
|party = Socialist Party (India, 1948)
|votes = 41,552
|percentage = 26.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kishan Chand
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = 22,088
|percentage = 14.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shanker Datt Sharma
|party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party
|votes = 18,587
|percentage = 11.85
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 33,092
|percentage = 21.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,56,871
|percentage = 42.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Moradabad district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[List of mayors of Moradabad|Moradabad (Mayoral Constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|28.83|78.76|display=title}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/moradabad/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Moradabad lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Moradabad district]]

Nalambalam

2026-03-09T14:10:41Z

JerilynCropper5: adjust formatting also and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Group of four Vishnu temples in Kerala}}{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Nalambalam {{small|''(Four Temple)''}}
| image = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 350
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/2
| image1 = Thriprayar Sree Rama Temple.JPG
| caption1 = [[Thriprayar Temple|Thriprayar Sree Rama Temple]] of [[Rama]]
| image2 = Thirumoozhikkulam.jpg
| caption2 = [[Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple|Lakshmana Perumal Temple]] of [[Lakshmana]]
| image3 = Koothambalam .jpg
| caption3 = [[Koodalmanikyam Temple|Koodalmanikyam Bharata Temple]] of [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]
| image4 = Payammal Shathrugna temple kerala.jpg
| caption4 = [[Payammal Shatrughna Temple]] of [[Shatrughna]]
}}
| alt =
| caption = Four temple of King [[Dasharatha]] sons.
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Nalambalam, [[Kerala]]
| coordinates =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Thrissur District|Thrissur]], [[Ernakulam District|Ernakulam]]
| location = [[Triprayar]], [[Moozhikkulam]], [[Irinjalakuda]], Payammal
| elevation_m = 27.33
| deity = [[Rama]], [[Lakshmana]], [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]], [[Shatrughna]]
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala]]
| temple_quantity = Four
}}

'''Nalambalam''' is a set of four [[Hindu]] temples in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nalambala Dharshanam {{!}} Ramapuram |url=https://nalambalam.org/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Nalambalam |language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Malayalam]], ''Nalu''. The temples are devoted to [[Rama]] and his brothers, and form the Nalambala Dharshan, a four temple pilgrimage.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-01-17 |title=PM Modi visits Thriprayar Sree Ramaswami Temple in Thrissur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pm-modi-visits-thriprayar-sree-ramaswami-temple-in-thrissur/article67747559.ece |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> There are around six sets of Nalambalams in Kerala, the most famous among them being the four temples located in [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] and [[Ernakulam district]]s, namely [[Thriprayar Temple|Thriprayar Sree Rama Temple]], [[Koodalmanikyam Temple|Koodalmanikyam Bharatha Temple]], [[Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple|Moozhikkulam Lakshmana Temple]] and [[Payammal Shatrughna Temple|Payyammal Shathrughna Temple]].

==Nalambalam Yatra==
Nalambalam Yatra begins from the Rama temple in [[Triprayar]] and ends up at [[Shatrughna Temple]] in Payyammal. It is customary to visit the four temples in the order [[Rama]], [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]], [[Lakshmana]] and [[Shatrughna]] respectively. A pilgrimage to these temples on a single day during the holy month of Karkkidakam believed to shower blessings and ensure prosperity. Starting from [[Thriprayar]] reaching Payammel through Koodalmanikyam and Moozhikulam. It is considered difficult to complete the trip before noon in early days on foot.

== Thriprayar Sreerama Temple ==
[[Thriprayar Temple]] houses a 6 ft tall idol of the Lord, holding Shankha, Sudarsanachakra, Stick and Garland, in a very ferocious form facing east. He is seen in standing posture. Vedi Vazhipadu and Meenoottu are the main offerings. The temple is under the control of Cochin Devaswom Board, an autonomous body.

Thriprayar is in the middle of Guruvayoor – Kodungallore route. Those who want to come via Trichur should reach Cherpu and proceed west wards to reach the east nada of the temple. Here is the famous Rama temple. This is the first temple to visit as part of Nalambalam Pilgrimage.

== Koodalmanikyam Temple, Irinjalakuda ==
[[Koodalmanikyam Temple]] is one among the rare temples in India dedicated to the worship of Bharata, the second brother of Rama. [[Koodalmanikyam Temple]] houses another 6 ft tall idol of the Lord, seen in ferocious form, facing east, in standing posture holding the same things as seen at Triprayar. This is one of the rare temples where only one idol is there. The temple has a private devaswom.

This is a unique Vaishnava Temple and the second temple to visit. From Triprayar proceed in the Kodungallore route and divert from Edamuttam or Moonnupeedika. Irinjalakuda is about 20 km away from Triprayar.

== Moozhikkulam Sree Lakshmana Perumal Temple ==
[[Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple]] is the only temple in [[Ernakulam District]], and the only one among the four temples, which belong to the 108 [[Divya Desam]]s, praised by [[Azhwar|Alvar]]s. The temple houses another 6 ft tall idol, similar to the idol at [[Triprayar]], holding [[Shankha]], [[Sudarsana chakra]], [[Ceremonial mace|Mace]] and [[Padma (attribute)|Lotus]], in standing posture, facing east.

Moozhikkulam Temple is the third temple to visit and is dedicated to Lakshmana. This is in Ernakulam District near to famous Annamanada Mahadeva temple proceed alongs Vellankallore in Irinjalakuda route to Kodungallore and reach Mala, Annamanada and then Muzhikkulam . Darshan is possible from 4 to 11.00 and 5 to 8 .

== Payammal Sree Shathruknha Swami Temple ==
[[Payammal Shatrughna Temple|Payammal Sree Shathruknha swaamee Temple]] is the smallest temple, having the smallest idol, also similar to that at Triprayar. This is the last temple to visit. Reach Vellangallore and proceed west wards 4 km to reach Aripalam. Take right turn and reach the temple. Important Vazhipadu is Sudarshanan dedication.

==See also==
In addition to the aforementioned temples, Kerala also has five other sets of Nalambalam.

[[Ramapuram, Kottayam|Ramapuram]] in [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]] is another place where temples of all four brothers are situated. The four temples of central Kerala, thronged by Hindu devotees during the holy month of [[Karkidakam]] are centred round [[Ramapuram, Kottayam|Ramapuram]], within a distance of three kilometres. They are [[Ramapuram Sree Rama Temple|Ramapuram Sree Ramaswamy Temple]], Koodappulam Sree Lakshmanaswamy Temple, Amanakara Sree Bharathaswamy Temple, and Methiri Sree Sathrughnaswamy Temple.

In Kerala's [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] district, the Nalambalam circuit consists of Mammalassery Sreeramaswami Temple, Memmury Sree Bharata Swami Temple(Bharatapilly), Mulakkulam Lakshmana Swami Temple, and Nedungaattu Sree Shatrugna Swami Temple(Mammalassery). Though this set is considered to be the Ernakulam district Nalambalam circuit, the Mulakkulam Sree Lakshmana Swami Temple is situated in the Kottayam-Ernakulam border.

Another set of Nalambalam is located in the [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] district. The circuit consist of [[Ramapuram, Malappuram|Ramapuram]] Sreeramaswami Temple, Karinchapadi-Chirammal Sree Bharatha Swami Temple, Vattallur Chovvana Panangangara Lakshmana Swami Temple, and Naranathu Shatrughna Swami Temple. Here, the entire Nalambala Yatra can be completed within approximately one hour.

The Nalambalam circuit in the [[Kannur district|Kannur]] district is the fifth and final set of Nalambalam. This circuit consists of Neerveli Sree Ramaswamy Temple, Elayavoor Sree Bharatha Swamy Temple, Perinjeri Sri Vishnu (Lakshmana) Temple, and Payam Sri Mahavishu (Shatrughna) Temple.

In [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] district, the nalambalam circuit consists of the [[ Vilwadrinatha Temple|Thiruvilwamala Sree Vilwadrinatha Temple]] on the Thrissur-Palakkad border where Rama and Lakshmana are worshiped, the Kuzhalmannam Pulpuramandham Bharata Temple in Palakkad, and the Sree Shatrughna Swami Temple in Kalkulam, Kuthannur, Palakkad. However since there are only three temples involved in the pilgrimage, it can't technically be considered a ''Nal''ambalam circuit.

==See also==
* [[Temples of Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thrissur district]]

Deool

2026-03-07T15:15:45Z

JerilynCropper5: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|2011 film by Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Deool
| image = Deool.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Movie poster
| director = [[Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni]]
| producer = [[Abhijeet(Abhi)_Gholap|Abhijeet Gholap]]<ref>{{cite news
|title=Marathi films need a change: Abhijeet Gholap
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/marathi-films-need-a-change-abhijeet-gholap/articleshow/12261693.cms
|work=The Times of India
|date=15 March 2012
|access-date=19 March 2026
}}</ref>
| writer = [[Girish Kulkarni|Girish Pandurang Kulkarni]]
| screenplay = [[Girish Pandurang Kulkarni]]
| starring = [[Nana Patekar]] [[Dilip Prabhawalkar]] [[Girish Kulkarni]] [[Sonali Kulkarni]] [[Sharvani Pillai]]
| music = Mangesh Dhakde
| cinematography = [[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti]]
| editing = Abhijit Deshpande
| studio = Devisha Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2011|10|10|at Pusan International Film Festival, South Korea|2011|11|04|in India|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget = {{INR|5.5 crore}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chumbhale |first=Ameya |date=2011-09-24 |title=Mantra of success that Marathi film industry has discovered since 2005 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/mantra-of-success-that-marathi-film-industry-has-discovered-since-2005/articleshow/10099499.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Deool''''' ({{Translation|''The Temple''}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[comedy]] directed by [[Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni]]. The film stars [[Girish Kulkarni]], [[Nana Patekar]], [[Dilip Prabhawalkar]], [[Sharvani Pillai]], and [[Sonali Kulkarni]] in lead roles. The film is about the effect of [[globalization]] on India's small towns and the terrible state of Indian villages, with a political backdrop.

''Deool'' won the 59th [[National Film Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]],<ref name=vidya>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Vidya-Balan-wins-National-Award-for-The-Dirty-Picture/articleshow/12173411.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430015945/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-07/news-interviews/31131831_1_lyrics-award-chillar-party-nitesh-tiwari |url-status=live |archive-date=30 April 2013 |title=Vidya Balan wins National Award for 'The Dirty Picture' |date=7 March 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] ([[Girish Kulkarni]]) and [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Dialogue]] (Girish Kulkarni).<ref name=59th>{{cite web |ref=59th |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5906670 |title=59th National Film Awards: Winners List |publisher=MSN entertainment |access-date=12 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310054510/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5906670 |archive-date=10 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The film also marks the debut of veteran Hindi film actor [[Naseeruddin Shah]] in the Marathi film industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2011-2/ |title=Naseeruddin Shah makes Marathi film debut in Deool |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 November 2011}}</ref>

==Plot==
In the rural areas of Maharashtra lies a peaceful village called Mangrul. Keshya (Girish Kulkarni), a simple village youth, who works for Bhau (Nana Patekar) as a cow stockman, takes one of Bhau's cows named "KARDI", to one of the hills in the village where there is an Audumber ([[Ficus racemosa]]: Indian fig tree) tree present. KARDI scratches her head over that tree and by which Lord [[Dattatreya]] makes a presence and shows his Avtar to Keshya. Keshya, by experiencing God's Avtar, makes a hue and cry in the village saying God Dattatreya made an appearance for him.

Anna (Dillip Prabhavalkar), most respected figure of Mangrul, advises him against announcing such personal matter as it's a question of faith. However, it is too late as a journalist (Kishor Kadam) with the help of a few other village youths who are more involved in politics, sensationalise the news about Lord Dattatrey making an appearance in Mangrul.
There is now a demand for a Dattatrey temple. Bhau doesn't approve it as he wants the funds to be used for better purposes, as Anna also has vision to build a Hospital in the village. But since Bhau, helpless looking at the village so demanding, the temple is built.
And slowly the village becomes a holy place. Mangrul goes through a 360 degree change due to commercialization, but nobody is complaining except Anna. Soon, blinded by the commercial progress, God is forgotten. Every village has a right to progress commercially, but how ethical it is to use a temple and its good to achieve it?

==Cast==
* [[Nana Patekar]] as Bhau Galande
* [[Dilip Prabhawalkar]] as Anna Kulkarni
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]] as Vahini
* [[Girish Kulkarni]] as Keshav Rambhol
* [[Jyoti Subhash]] as Kanta, Keshya's Mother
* Jyoti Malshe as Pinky
* [[Atisha Naik]] as Sarpanch (Village head)
* [[Usha Nadkarni]] as Sarpanch's Mother in Law
* [[Kishor Kadam]] as Mahasangram
* [[Shrikant Yadav]] as Appa Galande
* [[Hrishikesh Joshi]] as Tommya (Jambuwant Rao)
* [[Shashank Shende]] as Ninety (Teacher)
* [[Sharvani Pillai]]
* [[Om Bhutkar]] as Yuvri
* Mayur Khandge as Emdya
* Suhas Shirsat as Poytya
* Abhijit Khaire as Audience
* [[Vibhavari Deshpande]] as Poytya's Sister in Law
* Bhakti Ratnaparakhi as Appa Galande's wife
Guest Appearance
* [[Mohan Agashe]] as Aamdar Saheb
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Dacoit
* [[Neha Shitole]]

==Release==
''Deool'' was shown in [[Busan International Film Festival]], [[New York City|New York]]'s South Asian International Film Festival, the [[Abu Dhabi]] International Film Festival and MAMI in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-19/pune/30175495_1_umesh-kulkarni-indian-panorama-section-sonali-kulkarni |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714081425/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-19/pune/30175495_1_umesh-kulkarni-indian-panorama-section-sonali-kulkarni |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2012 |title='Deool' heads for international fests |access-date=5 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 September 2011}}</ref> ''Deool'' had its theatrical release on 4 November 2011 with 404 shows across Maharashtra. Following its strong reception, the number of screenings was expanded to 464. In its second week, the film was featured in 307 theaters statewide, including 54 screenings in Pune.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Deool's the picture of success |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/cover-story/deools-the-picture-of-success/cid5140878.htm |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Pune Mirror}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
Blessy Chettiar of ''[[DNA India]]'' rated 4 stars out of 5 stars, Chettiar praises ''Deool'' for its insightful and engaging portrayal of religion, politics, and rural life in Maharashtra. With strong performances, thoughtful writing, and effective use of humor and music, the film stands out as a significant contribution to Marathi cinema, despite its length.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chettiar |first=Blessy |title=Review: For god's sake, don't miss 'Deool' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-for-god-s-sake-don-t-miss-deool-1607425 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |language=en}}</ref> Namita Niwas of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated 3 stars out of 5 stars and commends the film for its engaging portrayal of how [[globalization]] and [[materialism]] impact a rural village, despite its familiar storyline. With strong performances and adept direction by Umesh Kulkarni, the film effectively highlights societal issues while keeping the audience engaged.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niwas |first=Namita |date=2011-11-11 |title=Deool |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/deool/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816225144/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/deool/ |archive-date=2023-08-16 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Darcy Paquet of ''[[Screen Daily]]'' praises for its skillful handling of a large ensemble cast and its effective portrayal of a village's rapid transformation. The film balances entertainment with deeper themes of economic development, corruption, and religious belief, allowing viewers to explore these issues without overt direction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paquet |first=Darcy |title=The Temple |url=https://www.screendaily.com/the-temple/5032903.article |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Screen Daily |language=en}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film was collected {{INR|2.5 crore}} in the first week.<ref name=":0" />

==Music==
Music of ''Deool'' was composed by Mangesh Dhakade and lyrics were penned by [[Swanand Kirkire]], Sudhir Moghe.
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Deva Tula Shodhu Kutha
| note1 = Bhajan
| extra1 = Shahir Devanand Mali
| length1 = 02:53
| title2 = Welcome Ho Raya Welcome
| length2 = 04:32
| extra2 = Urmila Dhangar
| title3 = Phoda Datta Naam Taho
| extra3 = Swanand Kirkire
| length3 = 05:19
| title4 = Tu Jhop Tujha Datta Jaga Aahe
| length4 = 02:47
| extra4 = Swanand Kirkire
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2085783}}

{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}


[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Dialogue National Film Award]]
[[Category:2011 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Hinduism in popular culture]]
[[Category:Marathi-language black comedy films]]

List of high commissioners of India to Singapore

2026-03-06T16:15:28Z

JerilynCropper5: Starting a info.

{{short description|Head of mission of India to Singapore}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = High Commissioner of India to Singapore
| body =
| insignia = Emblem of India.svg
| insigniasize = 70
| department = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| image =
| imagesize = 200
| alt =
| incumbent = Shilpak Ambule<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Commissioner |url=https://www.hcisingapore.gov.in/pages?id=eyJpdiI6InpyXC9vZ1ZzTW5hdWYxbFJ0T2NrN2NBPT0iLCJ2YWx1ZSI6IjhKUjMxeEl5RVZlSzFRd2Erd2NcLzBnPT0iLCJtYWMiOiJjMmE3Y2ViNjlmNGY2NTBjNWFjOTA1MDc3MDFlMmMxMWFjMTNlNzAzYzMxOWM1NTBkZTgzNzc0ZWEwY2ExNTM2In0=&subid=eyJpdiI6IlRWUnhIQ3VpK2czR1EwdVdjZVhKZlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTDFyRUtOODNxT0d4a2k4WVFRYitkZz09IiwibWFjIjoiMjQ4Y2JmYjYyNjNlNjBlNTk3ZGYzNjZlNGM0NjUzZTNlMDM5YzAyYzA4YTExNDQ5MWY4MTJjMzRiOGQxMmNiNSJ9 |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=www.hcisingapore.gov.in}}</ref>
| incumbentsince = {{startdate|2023|07|23|df=y}}
| residence =
| seat = [[Singapore]]
| nominator =
| style = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| reports_to = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister for External Affairs]]
| termlength =
| formation =
| inaugural =
| website = [https://www.hcisingapore.gov.in// India High Commission, Singapore]
}}

The '''high commissioner of India to''' '''Singapore''' is the chief diplomatic representative of [[India]] to [[Singapore]]. The High Commission is located at 31, Grange Road, Singapore 239702.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.hcisingapore.gov.in/pages?id=eyJpdiI6IkxjTUhkZjdLeHUwUUh4YTlONkNKTmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTUFwN3lqU1dkT0FtYStOZDFwTXF4QT09IiwibWFjIjoiNjAxZDBkNDc3OWQ3YjMxOTg0NmI4YzA4YmE4ZGI2NTBkZmUzNGU4NWYwMTJjYjMxOGIxOGE2ZDUxMmE1OTdiZSJ9&subid=eyJpdiI6IkFLWjZEK2x3YzZXeUxFZzJzWTF4cEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTWQ4UnUrT3VTakpmY1NCdkNIOW5hQT09IiwibWFjIjoiYmU5ZmQwMjlkMDU5NjQ5ZjQ4MjczZDM0ZTk4MGU1OGZkZjFhOTI2Nzg3NTIzNjcwMGZlY2E0OTM3ZDllNTNhYyJ9 |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=www.hcisingapore.gov.in}}</ref>

As a [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] country, Indian diplomatic missions in the [[capital cities]] of other Commonwealth member states are known as [[High Commission|High Commissions]].

The high commission is headed by the high commissioner.

== List ==
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No.
! width="200" |Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past High Commissioners of India to Singapore |url=https://www.hcisingapore.gov.in/pages?id=eyJpdiI6IkxjTUhkZjdLeHUwUUh4YTlONkNKTmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTUFwN3lqU1dkT0FtYStOZDFwTXF4QT09IiwibWFjIjoiNjAxZDBkNDc3OWQ3YjMxOTg0NmI4YzA4YmE4ZGI2NTBkZmUzNGU4NWYwMTJjYjMxOGIxOGE2ZDUxMmE1OTdiZSJ9&subid=eyJpdiI6Ilc5RitvRURGdFVNMGZyanhlV1dITlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUzZ0V0tQd2VEVTIrU0FZa1wvS0djRGc9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjUzMzc2ZDJlNzM3M2MzOTVkMzA5ZjRlNjY3M2UzNDdhODU1OGM3MjljZmE4ZTQwOGRkOWQ1M2MyMTVhMDE0MWUifQ== |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=www.hcisingapore.gov.in}}</ref>
!Tenure
|-
|1
|S. S. Alirajpur
|June 1966–November 1968
|-
|2
|[[Prem Bhatia (journalist)|Prem Bhatia]]
|March 1969–February 1973
|-
|3
|T. Abraham
|March 1973–August 1975
|-
|4
|V. Siddarthachary
|October 1975–August 1978
|-
|5
|B. M. Oza
|September 1978–July 1981
|-
|6
|[[Chandrashekhar Dasgupta|C. Dasgupta]]
|September 1981–December 1983
|-
|7
|A. N. G. Pillai
|January 1984–December 1985
|-
|8
|[[K. Sankaran Nair]]
|April 1986–April 1988
|-
|9
|[[Yogesh Mohan Tiwari|Y. M. Tiwari]]
|May 1988–July 1993
|-
|10
|B. M. C. Nayar
|August 1993–July 1995
|-
|11
|Prem Singh
|August 1995–July 2000
|-
|12
|P. P. Shukla
|October 2000–January 2004
|-
|13
|Alok Prasad
|March 2004–December 2006
|-
|14
|[[S. Jaishankar]]
|January 2007–August 2009
|-
|15
|[[T. C. A. Raghavan]]
|October 2009–June 2013
|-
|16
|Vijay Thakur Singh
|June 2013–October 2016
|-
|17
|[[Jawed Ashraf]]
|November 2016–July 2020
|-
|18
|[[Periasamy Kumaran|P. Kumaran]]
|July 2020–July 2023
|-
|19
|Shilpak Ambule
|23 July 2023–
|}

== See also ==

* [[India–Singapore relations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|www.hcisingapore.gov.in|name=Official website of the High Commission of India in Singapore}}

{{Ambassadors of India}}

[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to Singapore|India]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of India|Singapore]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Singapore| ]]
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Singapore and the Commonwealth of Nations]]

Rakshana (1993 film)

2026-03-05T02:45:47Z

JerilynCropper5: starting new post.

{{One source|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rakshana
| image = Rakshana telugu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Uppalapati Narayana Rao]]
| producer = Akkineni Venkat
| writer = [[Posani Krishna Murali]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Akkineni Venkat Uppalapati Narayana Rao
| screenplay = Akkineni Venkat Uppalapati Narayana Rao
| starring = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] [[Shobhana]] [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] [[Salim Ghouse]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[Teja (film director)|Teja]]
| editing = Shankar
| studio = [[Annapurna Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|1993|02|18|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Rakshana''''' ({{translation|Indemnity}}) is a 1993 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by [[Uppalapati Narayana Rao]]. It was produced by Venkat Akkineni under [[Annapurna Studios]]. It stars [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] and [[Shobhana]], with music composed [[M. M. Keeravani]]. Upon release, the film received widely positive reviews and remained a box office hit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/starhomes/nagarjuna/100dayscenters-rakshana.html|title=Rakshana 100 days centers|work=[[idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Regarded as one of the top cop movies in Telugu, it was subsequently dubbed in Tamil and released as ''Kaaval Thurai''. The film was remade in Bengali Bangladesh as ''Banglar Hero'' (1998).

==Plot==
[[Assistant commissioner of police]] Bose (Nagarjuna) gets transferred from [[Visakhapatnam]] and takes charge of [[Hyderabad]] in his relentless fight to apprehend [[crime boss|crime lord]] brothers Chinna (Salim Ghouse), and Nalla Seenu (Kota Srinivasa Rao) who is also a prominent politician. Chinna kills Bose's friend through his political influence, when the latter and Bose apprehend Chinna for interrogation. Meanwhile, Padma [[sexual_attraction|falls in love]] with Bose and eventually gets married and [[sexual_intercourse|have a daughter]]. Eventually, Chinna kidnaps Bose's daughter. How Bose saves his daughter and banishes the mafia ring forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as A.C.P. Bose
* [[Shobhana]] as Padma
* [[Salim Ghouse]] as Chinna
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Nalla Sreenu
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Bose's friend
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[M. Balaiah]]
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]
* [[Nirmalamma]]
* [[Chinni Jayanth]]
* [[Chinna (actor)|Chinna]]
* Kadambari Kiran
* [[Ananth Babu|Ananth]]
* [[Teja (film director)|Teja]] in a cameo
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] in a cameo
* [[M. M. Keeravani]] in a cameo
* [[Prabhu Deva]] in a cameo
* [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] special appearance in the song "Ghallumandhi"
* [[Silk Smitha]] special appearance in the song "Neeku Naaku"
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rakshana
| type = film
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1993
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 25:13
| label = Akash Audio
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title = [[Rajeswari Kalyanam]]
| prev_year = 1993
| next_title = [[Allari Priyudu]]
| next_year = 1993
}}

The film songs were composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. Music released on AKASH Audio Company.
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:13
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Guppu Guppu
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length1 = 4:30

| title2 = Kannepapa Anduko
| lyrics2 = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length2 = 5:21

| title3 = Ghallumandhi
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length3 = 4:54

| title4 = Ye Janmadho
| lyrics4 = [[Veturi]]
| extra4 = M. M. Keeravani, Chitra
| length4 = 6:10

| title5 = Neeku Naaku
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra5 = [[Malgudi Subha]]
| length5 = 4:18
}}

==Awards==
*[[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer]] - [[Prabhu Deva]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1579682}}

{{Posani Krishna Murali}}

[[Category:1993 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1990s police procedural films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:1990s political thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:1993 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Journalism adapted into films]]
[[Category:Films about social realism]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1990s crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Films about criminals]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Crime films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about mass media in India]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]

Agra Road (film)

2026-03-04T04:05:31Z

JerilynCropper5: put up article - done

{{short description|1957 Bollywood film directed by Ravindra Dave}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Agra Road
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Ravindra Dave]]
| producer = Ravindra Dave
| writer = Umesh Mathur
| screenplay = Om Dogra
| story = Om Dogra
| based_on =
| starring = [[Shakila (actress)|Shakila]] [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]] [[Bhagwan Dada]]
| music = [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]]
| cinematography = M. W. Mukadam
| editing = Dharamvir
| studio = Nagina Films
| distributor = Nagina Films
| released = {{Film date|1957|||df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Agra Road''''' is a 1957 [[Bollywood]] film directed by [[Ravindra Dave]] starring [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]], [[Shakila (actress)|Shakila]], [[Satish Vyas (actor)|Satish Vyas]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] and [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/920201/tribute-director-ravindra-dave-who-was-ravinbhai-in-hindi-films-and-bapa-for-gujarati-cinema|title=Tribute: Director Ravindra Dave, who was 'Ravinbhai' in Hindi films and 'Bapa' for Gujarati cinema|last=Dave|first=Hiren B.|date=2019-04-16|website=Scroll.in|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]] as Sunil
* [[Shakila (actress)|Shakila]] as Sarita
* [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] as Seema
* [[Satish Vyas (actor)|Satish Vyas]] as Bholu
* [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]] as Ramu
* [[Bhagwan Dada]] as CID Inspector Khanna

==Music==
Lyrics written by [[Bharat Vyas]] and [[Prem Dhawan]]
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Unse Rippi Tippi Ho Gayi, Apni Baat Pakki Ho Gayi"
| [[Geeta Dutt]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Duniya Ki Nazar Hai Buri, Zulfen Na Sawara Karo"
| [[Geeta Dutt]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Gajab Hua Ram, Sitam Hua Ram, Hum Dil Kho Baithi"
| [[Geeta Dutt]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Gunahon Ka Chirag Kabhi Jal Na Sakega, Paapiyon Ka Paap Kabhi Phal Na Sakega"
| [[Geeta Dutt]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
| "O Mister, O Mister, Suno Ek Baat"
| [[Geeta Dutt]], [[Manna Dey]]
|-
| "Yeh Duniya Hai Babu Bada Beimaan"
| [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Suno Sunaye Aaj Tumhe Ek Chhoti Si Kahani" (Part 1)
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Suno Sunaye Aaj Tumhe Ek Chhoti Si Kahani" (Part 2)
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0212745}}

[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Roshan (music director)]]
[[Category:1957 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1957 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravindra Dave]]

{{1950s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Oka Nari Vanda Tupakulu

2026-03-03T21:47:12Z

JerilynCropper5: starting new pg.

{{Short description|1973 Telugu film by K. V. S. Kutumba Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oka Nari – Vanda Tupakulu
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = K. V. S. Kutumba Rao
| story = Smt. Y. Vasantha Rao
| producer = [[Y. V. Rao (producer and journalist)|Y. V. Rao]]
| starring = [[Vijaya Lalitha]] [[Rajanala (actor)|Rajanala]]
| cinematography = P. Devaraj
| editing = Balu
| music = [[Chellapilla Satyam]]
| studio = Ravichitra Films
| distributor = Poorna Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1973|4|11}}
| runtime = 
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Oka Nari Vanda Tupakulu''''' ({{Translation|One woman, hundred rifles}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] directed by K. V. S. Kutumba Rao and produced by [[Y. V. Rao (producer and journalist)|Y. V. Rao]] under the banner of Ravichitra Films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/VISALAANDHRA15031973/page/n1/mode/2up?q=%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF+%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6+%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81 |title="ఒక నారి–వంద తుపాకులు" |date=15 March 1973 |publisher=[[Visalaandhra]] |series=Volume no: 22, Issue no: 355 |page=3 |trans-title="Oka Nari–Vanda Tupakulu"}}</ref> The film stars [[Vijaya Lalitha]] as a courageous revolutionary leader and [[Rajanala (actor)|Rajanala]] as the antagonist, with music composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ANDHRABHOOMI25021973/page/n5/mode/2up?q=%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF+%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6+%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81 |title="ఒక నారి – వంద తుపాకులు" |date=25 February 1973 |publisher=[[Andhra Bhoomi]] |series=Volume no: 13, Issue no: 125 |page=6 |trans-title="Oka Nari – Vanda Tupakulu"}}</ref>

Notable for being the first Telugu film to feature [[CinemaScope]] sequences, ''Oka Nari Vanda Tupakulu'' was primarily shot in black-and-white.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ANDHRAJYOTHI08041973/page/n5/mode/2up?q=%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF+%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6+%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81 |title="ఒక నారి–వంద తుపాకులు" వై. వి. రావు తో ఇంటర్వ్యూ |date=3 April 1973 |publisher=[[Andhra Jyothy]] |series=Volume no: 13, Issue no: 266 |page=6 |trans-title="Oka Nari–Vanda Tupakulu" Interview with Y. V. Rao}}</ref> However, the climactic scenes were filmed in colour and presented in CinemaScope, marking a technical experiment in Telugu cinema.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Vinayakarao |date=10 March 2022 |title=తెలుగులో తొలి సినిమా స్కోప్ చిత్రం ఏదంటే... |trans-title=The first CinemaScope film in Telugu is .... |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2022/oldies/first-telugu-scope-movie-news-avmmrgschitrajyothy-27876.html |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=Chitra Jyothy |publisher=[[Andhra Jyothy]] |language=te}}</ref> The film blends action with a patriotic theme and was released on April 11, 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oka Naari Vandha Thupakulu (1973) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PVL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506183330/https://indiancine.ma/PVL |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> It was inspired by the 1969 American [[Western film]] ''[[100 Rifles]]''.

== Plot ==
Set in a tyrannical princely state, the film follows Bhavani, a young woman whose father and brother are brutally killed by the oppressive rulers. As the despotic regime intensifies its exploitation and repression of the people, Bhavani emerges as the leader of a revolutionary movement. Fueled by grief and anger, she becomes a beacon of hope for the oppressed, rallying the people to rise against their oppressors. Her journey to justice culminates in a dramatic confrontation with the regime.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vijayalalitha|Vijaya Lalitha]] as Bhavani
* [[Rajanala (actor)|Rajanala]] as Diwan
* Tyagaraju as Sardar
* Sivaramakrishnayya as Kotwal Kotilingam
* [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as Avataram
* [[Mandadi Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]]
* Pemmasani Ramakrishna
* Bheemaraju
* G. Ratnam
* Subha
* Vijayabhanu
* Master Ramu
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] (guest appearance)
* Modukuri Satyam
}}

== Production ==
''Oka Nari Vanda Tupakulu'' was directed by K. V. S. Kutumbarao and written by Mrs. Y. Vasantha Rao.<ref name=":1" /> The dialogues were penned by Veetoori. The cinematography was handled by Devaraj, while the film's editing was done by Balu.<ref name=":0" /> The film, made in the style of a [[Western film|cowboy genre]] with a patriotic theme, starred [[Vijaya Lalitha]] as the lead. At the time of its production, crime and cowboy films were popular, and the filmmakers aimed to offer a unique experience to the audience.<ref name=":4" />

The film was primarily shot in [[black-and-white]], but the last two reels were filmed in [[Color photography|colour]] and presented in [[CinemaScope]]. This decision was influenced by the increasing availability of colour film production and the introduction of some CinemaScope-equipped theatres in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":4" /> Special 35mm lenses were used for the film, with the climactic sequences filmed using CinemaScope, creating a dramatic effect as the film transitioned from black-and-white to colour.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Vinayakarao |date=8 July 2009 |title=నిర్మాతగా రాణించిన ఫిలిం జర్నలిస్టు వై. వి. రావు |trans-title=Y. V. Rao, a film journalist who excelled as a producer |url=http://telugucinemacharitra.com/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4-%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88-%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF/ |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=Navya |publisher=[[Andhra Jyothy]] |page=30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310182003/http://telugucinemacharitra.com/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4-%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88-%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF/ |archive-date=10 March 2016 |via=Telugu Cinema Charitra}}</ref>

Although [[Alluri Seetarama Raju (film)|''Alluri Sitarama Raju'']], starring and produced by [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], became the first full [[CinemaScope]] film in Telugu cinema upon its release in May 1974, producer [[Y. V. Rao (producer and journalist)|Y. V. Rao]] had already experimented with CinemaScope a year earlier in ''Oka Nari Vanda Tupakulu''.<ref name=":4" /> Initially, Y. V. Rao had planned to shoot the entire film in CinemaScope. However, upon learning that there were only a few CinemaScope-equipped theatres in Andhra Pradesh at the time, he adjusted his plans. He intended to make the film in CinemaScope and print some copies in 35mm. However, due to the lack of processing facilities for such conversions in India, only the climax was filmed in CinemaScope, while 35mm prints were used for non-CinemaScope theatres, as the climax was shot in both formats.<ref name=":3" />

Parts of the climax were filmed in [[Pulicat]], 40 miles from [[Chennai|Madras]], over the course of a week, with the cast and crew traveling there by boat. Some sequences was also shot in [[Yercaud]], in the [[Salem district]], and one key sequence was filmed in the hills near [[Chengalpattu]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/VISALAANDHRA04041973/page/n3/mode/2up?q=%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF+%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6+%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81 |title=Volume no: 23, Issue no: 9 |date=4 April 1973 |publisher=[[Visalaandhra]] |page=III |language=te}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Chellapilla Satyam]], featuring lyrics by [[Dasarathi]], [[Aarudra|Arudra]], [[Kosaraju]], and Veetoori.<ref name=":0" /> The songs were well-received, with "Amma Narasamma Poolevamma" and "Eera Saamiranga Poora" gaining popularity.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Amma Narasamma Poolevamma
| lyrics1 = [[Dasarathi]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Vasantha
| title2 = Eera Saamiranga Poora
| lyrics2 = Veetoori
| extra2 = [[P. Suseela]] and chorus
| title3 = Chinta Chettu Needa Undira
| lyrics3 = [[Kosaraju]]
| extra3 = [[L. R. Eswari]]
| title4 = Maga Siri Chusthe Hai Bhayamaye
| lyrics4 = [[Aarudra]]
| extra4 = [[S. Janaki]]
| title5 = Aye Kanchi Kamachchamma
| lyrics5 = Veetoori
| extra5 = S. Janaki
}}

== Reception ==
The music by Chellapilla Satyam was praised, but ''Oka Nari Vanda Tupakulu'' did not achieve commercial success. The innovative use of colour and CinemaScope, made the film notable for its technical experimentation.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1973 action films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:1973 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian Western (genre) films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]

Living Together (2011 film)

2026-03-03T20:50:17Z

JerilynCropper5: Starting new stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Living Together
| image = Living Together (2011 film).jpg
| caption = Film poster
| alt =
| director = [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]
| producer = Pilakandy Mohammed Ali
| writer = Fazil
| starring = [[Hemanth Menon]] [[Sshivada]] [[Sreejith Vijay|Sreejith]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
| music = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing = Saajan
| studio = Pilakandy Films International
| distributor = Playhouse
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|02|19}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}'''''Living Together''''' is a 2011 Malayalam supernatural romance film written and directed by [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kerals.com/kerala/living-together-stills/|title=Living Together Stills -|publisher=Kerals.com|accessdate=7 November 2014|archive-date=8 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308073631/http://www.kerals.com/kerala/living-together-stills/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The cast is all new faces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/fazil-starts-living-together-with-newcomers/34317/story.htm|title=Indian Entertainment News, Movie News, Movie Features - Bollywood - Tamil - Telugu - Malayalam - Kannada Movies|publisher=Nowrunning.com|accessdate=7 November 2014|archive-date=6 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006082950/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/fazil-starts-living-together-with-newcomers/34317/story.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The lead roles have been played by [[Hemanth Menon]] and [[Sshivada]]. [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka Suresh]] made her 24-year long comeback through this film in [[Malayalam cinema]] industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/menaka-is-back-in-front-of-the-camera-news-malayalam-kk1lOFfgdha.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030134005/http://sify.com/movies/menaka-is-back-in-front-of-the-camera-news-malayalam-kk1lOFfgdha.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2010|title=Menaka is back in front of the camera|work=Sify|accessdate=7 November 2014}}</ref> The film features a musical score by C. Rajamani and songs by [[M. Jayachandran]].

==Cast==
* [[Hemanth Menon]] as Hemachandran
* [[Sshivada]] as Shyama
* [[Sreejith Vijay]] as Niranjan, Hemachandran's friend
* Jinoop as Bavappan, Hemachandran's friend
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Vasudevan Kartha, Shyama's grandfather
* [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka Suresh Kumar ]] as Valsala, Hemachandran's mother
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Krishnaprasad Kartha, Shyama's uncle.
* [[Bindu Panicker]] as Vasanthi, Krishnaprasad's wife
* [[Anoop Chandran]] as Manikantan, an adopted family member.
* James Pottackal as Neighbor
* Lakshmipriya as Manikantan's wife
* Darshak Sundar as Neighbour
* Irfan Ziraj as Neighbour

==Soundtrack==
The film features a musical score by C. Rajamani and songs by [[M. Jayachandran]]. The lyrics are written by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = Mayangoo Nee | extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| title2 = Samarasa Ranjini | extra2 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
| title3 = Pattinte | extra3 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| title4 = Pattinte | extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title5 = Kuttikurumba | extra5 = [[Sudeep Kumar]]
| title6 = Ragachandran | extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| title7 = Kuttikurumba | extra7 = Anila
| title8 = Ilakoo Naage | extra8 = [[Shweta Mohan]], Janardhanan Puthuserry
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101122150646/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/11/19/stories/2010111951000200.htm "Bold and beautiful"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
* [https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-avoid-living-together/20110222.htm ''Rediff'' review]
{{Fazil (director)}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:Supernatural romantic films]]

Rajkumar College, Raipur

2026-03-03T01:02:45Z

JerilynCropper5:

{{Short description|Building in India}}
{{Infobox College
| name = Rajkumar College
| image = Rajkumar College Raipur.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| motto =
| established = {{Start date and age|1882}}
| type =
| affiliation = [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]]
| Executive Director =
| principal =
| students =
| location = G.E. Road, [[Raipur]]
| campus_size = 125 acre
| city = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| country = India
| website = {{URL|http://www.rajkumarcollege.com}}
}}
'''Rajkumar College''' (or '''RKC''') in [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], is one of the oldest [[K-12]] foundations of [[India]]. It was founded by Sir Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser in the year 1882 at Jabalpur. The School functioned at Jabalpur till 1892 and thereafter, shifted to its present site at Raipur in 1894, with boarding house facilities. Its estate is spread over 125 acres.

It is a co-education, residential cum day boarding public school affiliated to the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, New Delhi and prepares the students for [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) Class X and [[Indian School Certificate]] (ISC) Class XII examinations.

==History==
The school was established in 1882 by the efforts of Sir [[Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser]], KCSI and the British authorities as Rajkumar School at [[Jabalpur]] and was closed due poor facilities and location. A decision to shift it to [[Raipur]] in 1894<ref name=a/> and renamed as Rajkumar College and founded as a Chiefs' College. RKC was created for education of sons and relatives of rulers of [[Princely states|Chhattisgarh Feudatory States]] and local [[zamindar]]s, who donated funds.<ref name="a">[https://archive.org/stream/rajkumarcolleger00oswerich#page/4/mode/2up] Rajkumar College, Raipur Central Provinces, A Sketch by G. D. Oswell (1902)</ref><ref name="b">[https://books.google.com/books?id=rWpMNEF_sT0C&dq=rajkumar+college+raipur+history&pg=PA176] The RoutledgeFalmer reader in history of education By Gary McCulloch</ref>

In 1921, it was declared as Chiefs' College. However, in 1939, on joining as a founding member of the Public School Conference, admission was opened to all boys other than from Princely States.<ref>A handbook of the Indian public schools: Issued on the 25th anniversary of the founding of the Indian Public Schools (Headmasters') Conference.</ref>

In 1947 the Rajkumar College became the place where the short-lived [[Eastern States Union]] was established.<ref>[http://kddfonline.com/2009/12/05/an-essay-on-mugalbandi-vs-gadjat-and-development-vs-underdevelopment/ An essay on Mugalbandi vs Gadjat and Development vs Underdevelopment]</ref>

==Present day==
From 1939 to 1989, RKC was a public boys school with hostel, swimming, playground, hospital, pavilion, library, billiard room, and temple. The medium of education is English with equal emphasis on [[Hindi]].<ref name=d>[http://www.chhattislive.com/Rajkumar-College-Raipur-76.html Rajkumar College, Raipur]</ref>

The college has a day school and several boarding house and buildings. The Rajendra Das Boarding House and the Balram Das Boarding House are named after the donors of the [[Rajnandgaon|State of Nandgaon]] and they constitute the main building. The Tagore House, named after [[Rabindranath Tagore]], was opened by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first prime minister of India in 1963. The college has a big dining hall, which was inaugurated by [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad]], the first president of India. The campus houses the Koriya Museum after the main donor of the museum building, [[Koriya|the princely state of Koriya]].<ref name=z>[http://www.rajkumarcollege.com/facilities.htm Rakjumar College] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715152702/http://www.rajkumarcollege.com/facilities.htm |date=2011-07-15 }}</ref>

===Management===

The school is managed by a board of trustees belonging to original founders, the descendants of [[princely state|feudatory states]] and [[zamindar]]s, who have hired professionals for management and day-to-day affairs.<ref name=z/>

==See also==
*[[Beacon English School]]
*[[Daly College]]
*[[Mayo College]]
*[[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]]
*[[Scindia School]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{coord|21.2405|81.6138|type:edu_region:IN-CG|display=title}}
{{College in Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Private schools in Raipur]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1882]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:1882 establishments in India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]

Alupa dynasty

2026-02-27T12:28:13Z

JerilynCropper5: slightly adjust section additionally and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Ruling dynasty of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Alupa Dynasty
| common_name = Alupa Dynasty
| native_name =
| status = Empire
| government_type = Monarchy
| image_flag =
| year_start = 200
| year_end = 1444
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| p2 =
| p3 =
| p4 =
| p5 =
| s1 = Chowta dynasty (Tulu Nadu)
| s3 =
| s4 =
| s5 =
| s6 =
| s7 =
| flag_s7 =
| s8 =
| image_map = {{South Asia in 600 CE|right|The Alupas and neighbouring South Asian polities {{Circa|600 CE}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=26,146|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063}}</ref>}}
| capital = [[Mangalore]], [[Udyavara]], [[Barkur]]
| common_languages = [[Tulu language|Tulu]]<ref>Prabhu 2018</ref>
[[Kannada]]<ref>Prabhu 2018</ref>
| religion = [[Jain Bunt]]
| currency =
| leader1 =
| leader2 =
| year_leader1 =
| year_leader2 =
| title_leader = [[Monarch|King]]
| image_coat = Alupas. Uncertain ruler. 14th century. Chattopadhyaya Type II.jpg
| coa_size = 300px
| symbol_type = Coinage of the Alupas. Uncertain ruler, Chattopadhyaya Type II. Legend ''śri pa/ndya dhana/jaya'' in Devanagari. 14th century CE
}}

'''The Alupa dynasty''' was an [[India|Indian]] dynasty that ruled from 200 to 1444 A.D. in Southern India.<ref>Ghosh 2003, p. 20-23</ref> They were local feudatories at different times under major dynasties such as the Kadambas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas and later Vijaynagara<ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 40-45</ref> The kingdom they ruled was known as ''Alvakheda Arusasira,'' and its territory spanned the [[Tulunad|coastal districts]] of the modern Indian state known as [[Karnataka]], including [[Kasaragod]] district of present-day Kerala.<ref>Polai's 2003, p. 15-18</ref> The Alupas played a significant role in the political, cultural, and religious history of coastal Karnataka.<ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 43-45</ref>

==Etymology==
The name of the dynasty is variously recorded in inscriptions as '''Alupa''', '''Aluva''', '''Alva''', '''Aluka,''' and '''Alapa'''.<ref>Ghosh 2003, p. 24-26</ref> The origin of Alupas prior to the [[Kadambas]] is unclear, as there is no epigraphical evidence. [[Ptolemy]], the 2nd-century geographer, identifies the Alvakheda as Olokhoira, which is widely believed to be a corruption of the term '''Alva Kheda''', 'the land of the Alvas.<ref>Ghosh 2003, p. 25-28</ref>

In the [[Tulu language]], {{lang|tcy|ಆಳ್ಪು}} ''(Alup)'' means 'to rule', {{lang|tcy|ಆಳ್ಪುನು}} ''(Alupunu)'' means 'ruling', {{lang|tcy|ಆಳುಪೆ}} / {{lang|tcy|ಆಳ್ಪೆ}} / {{lang|tcy|ಆಳ್ಪುನಾಯೆ}} ''(Alupe)'' means 'ruler' (one who rules). According to [[B. A. Saletore]], the name ''Alupa'' may be derived from its variant ''Aluka,'' which is an epithet of the divine serpent [[Shesha]] of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] epics.<ref>saletore 1936, p. 60-65</ref>
Fleet has suggested that the name ''Aluka'' could denote the [[Nāga]] Because it represent Jain Yakshini Padamavti the yakshini of [[Parshwanatha]], who in early times were included in Chalukya dominions.<ref>saletore 1936, p. 63-66</ref> Saletore further adds that the Naga or Jain origin of the Alupas is proved by two facts. The figure of a hooded serpent, which is found in an effaced Alupa stone inscription around Mangalore,<ref>saletore 1936, p. 65-68</ref> Saletore dismisses the idea regarding the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] origin of the name from the [[Kannada language|Kannada]] word ''Alunu,'' meaning 'to rule' or 'govern'.<ref>saletore 1936, p. 66-70</ref>

==History==
The Alupas in their prime were an independent dynasty, centuries after reigning due to the dominance of [[Kadambas]] from Banavasi, they became feudatories to them. Later, they became the vassals of the [[Chalukyas]], [[Rashtrakutas]], and [[Hoysalas]] with the change in the political scenario of Southern India. Their influence over coastal Karnataka lasted for about 1200 years.<ref>Ghosh 2003, p. 25-28</ref><ref>Prasārānga 1972, p. 90-93</ref> It has been pointed out that the Alupas do not appear to have adopted the law of matrilineal inheritance (Appekatt/[[Aliyasantana]]) system at any time during their existence as a royal family where the only instance in the long list of known Alupa rulers is the reign of nephew "Aliya" Kulasekhara Bankideva (son of Alupa princess Krishnayitayi and [[Hoysala]] [[Veera Ballala III]]) succeeding Soyideva - which is considered as only a challenge to those who had succeeded to the throne by the universal law of direct succession.<ref>{{cite book|author=K.V. Ramesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwZDAAAAYAAJ&q=%22alupas+do+not+appear+to+have+adopted%22|title = A History of South Kanara From the Earliest Times to the Fall of Vijayanagara|publisher= Karnatak University|year=1970|language=en|page=139|accessdate= 9 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Miho Ishii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=86y8DwAAQBAJ&dq=alupas+matrilineal&pg=PT152|title = Modernity and Spirit Worship in India - An Anthropology of the Umwelt|publisher= [[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2019| isbn=978-1-000-74091-2 |language=en|accessdate= 9 November 2025}}</ref><ref>Prasārānga 1972, p. 95-96</ref> The last Alupa king to have ruled is Kulasekharadeva Alupendradeva, whose inscription dated 1444 CE has been found in [[Mudabidri]] [[Jain temple|Jain Basadi]].<ref>The Quarterly Journal 2002, p. 22</ref>

===Political history===
The history of the clan emerges from obscurity during the rise of [[Badami]] [[Chalukya]] in the Aihole and Mahakuta inscriptions, which claim the Alupas had accepted Chalukya overlordship and had become their feudatory.<ref name="kula"/> They ruled initially from [[Mangalore]] and at other times from Udyavara in [[Udupi]] and later from [[Barkur]]. Their first regular full-length inscription, the ''Vaddarase'' inscription in Kannada, is dated to the early 7th century. They maintained marital relations with their overlords over the centuries.<ref name="oldest">Kamath (2001), p97</ref>

===Coinage===
The Alupas, as a feudatory of the [[Western Chalukyas]] in coastal Karnataka, issued coins with [[Kannada]] and [[Devanagari|Nagari]] inscriptions on them. Coins with Kannada legends seem to have been minted in Mangalorem and those with Nagari legends at the Udupi mint. [[Kannada]] was their language of administration. The Pagodas and Fanams were the common coinage of all the Alupa kings. The obverse of the coins carried the royal emblem "Two Fishes" and the reverse had the legend "Sri Pandya Dhanamjaya" either in Nagari or old (Hale) Kannada.<ref>The Quarterly Journal 2002, p. 22-24</ref>

==Origin and descendants==
===Origin===
Historian [[P. Gururaja Bhat]] states that the Alupa royal family were possibly of local origin who were followers of [[Jainism]] and are identified as Jain bunts<ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 50-55</ref><ref>Bhatt 1969, p. 51-53</ref> Whereas, B. A. Saletore mentions that the title Alupa (Alva) survives till this day in the Bunt community While [[Alva (surname)|Alva's]] were originally Jains,<ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 54-55</ref> Some sections later adopted Hinduism though title continues to be used.<ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 55-56</ref><ref>saletore 1936, p. 154</ref> Alupa royal family recorded to have maintained matrimonial alliances with The [[Santara dynasty]] and are both adherents of Jainism.<ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 60-65</ref>

The rule over Uttara Kannada region, with Banavasi as its capital was by [[Chutu]] clan followed by the [[Shatavahana]] branch which governed for Siri, Siva, Pulumavi and Yajna Satakarnis, prior to the Kadambas. With the Kadambas rule from Banavasi, Karnataka saw developments in the field of art and culture.<ref>Bhatt 1969, p. 55-56</ref><ref>Kamath (2001), p. 91-93</ref> Land of Karnataka saw more and more epigraphs that recorded the activities of the past, mostly erected in the temple premises. The first clear mention of Alupas comes from the [[Halmidi]] inscription of 450 CE where their possible early ruler Pashupathi of Alapa (Alupa) gana is mentioned. Pashupathi was the contemporary of the Kadambas.<ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 70-72</ref> Hence for historical record, we can safely assume that the dynastic formation of Alupas took place around 5th century CE. Their royal emblem was the double fish and they claimed to belong to the ''Pandyavamsha'' and ''Soma Kula'' ([[lunar dynasty]]).<ref name="kula">Kamath (2001), p94</ref>

===Descendants===
The descendants of this dynasty still survive to this date and have spread in the karavali region and they are widely referred to as the [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]].<ref>Saltore 1936, p. 75-76</ref><ref>Journal of India 1978, p. 5-6</ref> The [[Bunt (community)|Bunts]] follow Matrilineality instead of the common Patrilineality, and are said to be Nagavanshi Jain Kshatriyas by their maternal origin. They can be identified with their surnames such as [[Shetty]], [[Rai (title)|Rai]], [[Hegde]], [[Alva (surname)|Alva]], [[Chowta]] etc. Even though most [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]] are [[Hindus]] by faith now, The sizeable section of the community still follows [[Jainism]] and they are called [[Jain Bunt]]<ref>Thurston 1909, p. 147-172</ref>

==Territories==
Although Alupas controlled part of Uttara Kannada and Shimoga of Karnataka and northern part of Kerala during the zenith, the core region consisted of the Old Dakshina Kannada district which comprises Modern Dakshina Kannada district and Udupi district.<ref>Saltore 1936, p. 76-78</ref> In the ancient times, the region was referred as ''Alvakheda'' and during the later part of the reign, the region between [[Swarna River]] and chandragiri river was referred as ''Tulunadu''. The term Tulunadu is still practised today while referring to the region.<ref>Prasārānga 1972, p. 96-98</ref><ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 72-73</ref>

===Alvakheda===
[[File:Alvakheda map.jpg|left|279x279px]]
The term Alvakheda could be seen in several of ancient inscriptions of the Alupas. The region of Alvakheda encompassed the modern Tulunadu, northern and central part of Udupi district and part of Uttara Kannada up to Ankola on the coastal north and Banavasi on the interior west of Uttara Kannada District. Also, the region of Humcha in the Shimoga district, and the land of Kasaragod in present-day Kerala up to the Payasvini river was the boundary in the south.<ref>Ghosh 2003, p. 28-30</ref> The term Alvakheda is not seen in the inscriptions during the Vijayanagara period, when the region of Barakuru and Mangalore were two separate provinces under the administration of Governors who started controlling the territory without interfering in the autonomy of the Alupas.<ref>Saltore 1936, p. 78-80</ref>

===Tulunadu===
The region stretches from Mangalore in the south all the way to swarna river in the north. On the west is the Arabian sea and on the east is the [[Western Ghats]] that fences the land like a fort that formed a heaven for the ruler. More than it, number of rivers that crisscrossed near Mangalore, Udyavara made this land fertile. The western ghats, the thick forests and the towns along the shoreline of Arabian sea established several sea ports for trade with the Romans and Arabs. Trade routes from with the Romans were well established as early as the 2nd century CE and with the Arabs around 7th century CE. The Netravati in Mangalore and Seethanadi in Barkur are the main rivers that run in the capital cities of Alupas. Other rivers such as Suvarnanadi, Shambhavi in [[Karkala]] and [[Mulki, Karnataka|Mulki]], Gurupura river, [[Pavanje]], Nandini and numerous streams all running from east to west. The region of [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]], [[Sullia]], Belthangady and Puttur, Karkala are the [[Malenadu|Malnad]] region and supported as an agricultural backbone of the kingdom and the region of Mangalore, Udupi and [[Kundapur]] are the coastal regions that supported more of marine activities though agriculture is the other occupation.<ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 73-74</ref><ref>Ghosh 2003, p. 36-38</ref>

An [[Old Malayalam]] inscription ([[Ramanthali inscriptions]]), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, can be found at [[Ezhimala]] (the former headquarters of [[Mushika dynasty]]) near [[Kannur|Cannanore]], Kerala.<ref name="laol"/><ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 73-75</ref>

==Epigraphs==
[[File:M Govinda Pai Regional Research Centre Udupi 001.jpg|thumb|right|357x357px|The Vaddarse Old Kannada inscription (650 AD) of King Aluvarasa I]]
[[File:Tulu inscription mulki 20250821-201045.png|thumb|alt=Alupa dynasty, inscription|Tulu inscription Mulki]]
[[File:Alupas epigraphs 20250819-190418.png|thumb|alt=Alupas monuments|epigraphs of Alupa Dynasty, Varanga]]

The earliest known [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plate inscription]] in Kannada language is attributed to Aluvarasa II, called the Belamannu plates and is dated the early 8th century, according to Dr. Gururaj Bhat.<ref name="oldest"/> This full-length Kannada copper plates in [[Old Kannada|Old Kannada or Halegannada (Kannada: ಹಳೆಗನ್ನಡ)]] script (early 8th century CE) belongs to the Alupa King Aluvarasa II from [[Belmannu]], Karkala Taluk, Udupi District, and displays the double crested fish, the royal emblem of Alupa kings. The records also refers to the king with the title Alupendra.<ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 75-76</ref>

The first known epigraph that talks about the possession of Banavasi Mandala (Banavasi kingdom of Uttara Kannada District) by the Alupas, belongs to the reign of Western Chalukya king Vinayaditya.<ref name="Ist Stone Epigraph">Journal of the Institute of Indian Studies, 1978 May Vol#1</ref> Te epigraph comes from Jambani of Sagar Taluk, discovered by Dr Gururaj Bhat, mentions about Chitravahana Alupendra in possession of Kadamba mandala. This is, in fact, the first stone epigraph that points the ruler as a subordinate to Western Chalukya King (8th century CE). An [[Old Malayalam]] inscription ([[Ramanthali inscriptions]]), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of [[Mangalore]], can be found at [[Ezhimala]] (the former headquarters of [[Mushika dynasty]]) near [[Kannur|Cannanore]], in the [[North Malabar]] region of [[Kerala]].<ref name="laol">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 483.</ref> It is one of the oldest inscriptions available about Alupa dynasty.<ref name="laol"/>[[File:Halmidi OldKannada inscription.JPG|thumb|A replica of the [[Halmidi inscription]] (450 C.E) which mentions Pashupathi, the earliest known Alupa king by name.]]

The inscription at Talangere Kasaragod sheds light on the Alupa ruler Jayasimha and his sister Mochabbarasi.<ref>{{cite book |author=Smt Ratnamma |title= Tulunadina Jaina Raniyaru |date=1997 |publisher=Panditaratna A Shantiraja Shastri Trust |location=Bengaluru |page=119,152 |url=https://jainworld.jainworld.com/JWKannada/jainworld/Kannada%20Nadina%20Veera%20Jain%20Mahileyaru/Part-1.pdf}}</ref>

The oldest Tulu inscription discovered to date in the region is located at Pelattur, the one from the Kulashekhara temple in Mangaluru dated to 1159 A.D. Discovered by Prof.A. Murugeshi, it provides valuable information about the Alupa dynasty and is significant for the study of the Tulu language and culture. The inscription showcases the use of pure Tulu words and demonstrates the existence and sophistication of the Tulu language and script in ancient times.<ref name=:TH01>{{cite web|date=2019 |title=Tulu stone inscription in Veeranarayana temple belongs to 1159 A.D.: Historian |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/tulu-stone-inscription-in-veeranarayana-temple-belongs-to-1159-ad-historian/article26344575.ece}}</ref><ref name=:DC01>{{cite web|date=2019 |title=Oldest Tulu inscription found in Mangaluru temple |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/240219/oldest-tulu-inscription-found-in-mangaluru-temple.html}}</ref><ref name=:DH01>{{cite web|date=2019 |title=Early Tulu inscription discovered in M'luru |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/early-tulu-inscription-720316.html}}</ref>

==Chronology==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ruler's name
! Year of reign
! Relation
|-
| Pashupathi
| 450 CE
|
|-
| To be known
| 500 – 7th century CE
|
|-
| Aluvarasa I
| Early 7th century
| Father-in-law of [[Pulakeshin II]]
|-
| Gunasagara
| 660–630 CE
|
|-
| Chitravahana
| 663–730 CE
| Husband of [[Chalukya]] princess Kumkuma Mahadevi and brother-in-law of Chalukya [[Vijayaditya]]
|-
| Aluvarasa II
|
| Incurred the wrath of the Chalukyas
|-
| Chitravahana II
|
|
|-
| Ranasagara
|
|
|-
| Pritvisagara
|
|
|-
| Marama
|
|
|-
| Vimaladitya
|
|
|-
| Alva Rananjaya
|
|
|-
| Dattalupa
|
|
|-
| Kundavarma
| 960–980 CE
|
|-
| Jayasimha
| 980–1010 CE
|
|-
| Bankideva Alupendra
|
|
|-
| Pattiyodeya
|
|
|-
| Pandya Pattiyodeya
| 1080–1110 CE
|
|-
| Kavi Alupendra CE
|
|
|-
| Pattiyodeya Kulashekara Alupendra
| 1160–1220 CE
|
|-
| Kundana
| 1220–1230 CE
|
|-
| Vallabhadeva Duttalupa
|
|
|-
| Virapandya
| 1250–1275 CE
|
|-
| [[Queen Ballamahadevi]] and Nagadevarasa
| 1275–1285 CE
|
|-
| Bankideva II
|
|
|-
| Soyideva
|
|
|-
| Kulashekara
| 1335–1346 CE
| Son of [[Hoysala]] [[Veera Ballala III]] and Alupa princess Chikkayitayi
|-
| Bankideva III
|
|
|-
| Kulashekara III
| 1355–1390 CE
|
|-
| Virapandya II
|
|
|}

==Art and architecture==
The Alupas built some fine temples in their area of rule. The Panchalingeshwara temple at Barkur, Brahmalingeshwara temple at ''Brahamavar'', Koteshwara temple at Kotinatha and the Sadashiva temple at [[Suratkal]] are attributed to them. They used sculptural styles from their various overlords over the centuries.<ref name="oldest"/>

'''1 The Kattale Basadi, Barkur'''
[[File:Kattale Basadi fb66ca8be6 h~3.jpg|thumb|alt=Kattale basadi, commissioned by Alupa dynasty|Kattale [[Jain]] basadi, commissioned by Alupa dynasty]]
[[File:Varanga Jain Temple 20250819-190219.png|thumb|alt=Alupa dynasty temples|Varanga [[Jain]] Temple commissioned by Alupa dynasty Queen Jakala Devi between (2-15th century)]]
The temple is traditionally attributed to the Alupa dynasty and later received patronage during the Vijayanagara Empire. The temple complex is believed to have originally housed 24 Tirthankara idols, of which only one survives today. Barkur served as an important Jain center under the Alupas and later dynasties, with several basadis (Jain temples) constructed in the region.<ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 76-79</ref>

'''2.''' '''Sri Rajarajeshwari Temple, Polali'''
[[File:Polali Shri Rajarajeshwari.jpg|thumb| [[Murti]] of the Goddess Rajarajeshwari at the temple patronized by the Alupas]]
In modern Mangalore District, [[Polali Rajarajeshwari Temple]] is one of the oldest temple that has the earliest inscription of the Alupa dynasty, written in 8th century Kannada. The temple is dedicated to Sri Rajarashewari, and Alupa kings enriched this temple during throughout their rule.<ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 76-80</ref>

'''3'''. '''Sri Manjunatheshwara Temple, Kadri'''
[[File:Kadri temple.JPG|thumb|The Kadri Manjunath temple was built and patronized by the Alupas]]
In modern Mangalore district, Kadri has the other important and old temple that belonged to the era of Alupas. The temple has several finest bronze statues installed by the King Kundavarma, which bears inscriptions of him dated 968 CE. In the inscription of Lokeshwara statue, king Kundavarma is compared to Arjuna in bravery.<ref>Ghosh 2003, p. 50-53</ref>

4. '''Sri Mahishamardini Temple, Neelavara''' In times, Alupas changed their capital from Mangalore to [[Udyavara]], Udyavara to Mangalore and then again to Barkur depending on the political situation and demand.<ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 80-82</ref> To be in centre to their ruling place, they even shifted their capital to Barakur from where they could look after the vast territory which spread up to [[Ankola]] in the North Kanara (Uttara Kannada District). During this period, they patronised several temples in the surrounding areas of Barakuru (which was their capital). Neelavara Kshetra is one such a holy place where Mahishasuramardini temple has several Alupa inscriptions of later period.<ref>Ghosh 2003, p. 55-56</ref>

5. '''Sri Panchalingeshwara Temple, Vittla''' 
This temple is one of the oldest temple of Alupa territory, built during 7th century CE. The architecture of the temple is in line with that of Sri Ananteshwara temple which is the oldest temple built by the Alupas. The architecture is unique and is an innovation of 7th century. The [[Havyaka Brahmins]] of Uttara Kannada were attracted during 7th century CE by the Alupas and were given Agraharas in Alvakheda. The Alupas thought a Jain built many Hindu temples and allowed these Brahmins to take care of it. The legend says that there were hundreds of temples that every day there is a festival in one or other temple of the region. The temple of Vittla Panchalingeshwara is one of the oldest structure which was renovated by the later local dynasties such as Heggades.<ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 78-80</ref>

6. '''Sri Anantheshwara Temple, Udupi''' 
Diagonally opposite to the main entrance of the Sri Krishna Mutt, and adjacent to the Chandramouleeshwara Temple, stands one of the oldest Alupa temple namely '''''[[Udupi Anantheshwara Temple|Sri Anantheswara Temple]]'''''. An old belief is that lighting a lamp at the ancient Anantheshwara Temple takes away evil and sins. It is one of the biggest temple in Udupi. The main idol is Linga, whose adornment makes it to look like a Face of Lord Siva. From a small window on the left, the site where Madhvacharya disappeared is seen.<ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 80-82</ref>

Both Sri Vittla Panchalingeshwara and Sri Udupi Anantheshwara Temple have Elephant-back type curvilinear structure. Another temple of similar architecture is also seen in Aihole Durga temple, appears to be a structure of 7th century CE. So, tagging it to any architectural style is ruled out unless more detailed study or research is done on this topic. The unique noteworthy feature of the architecture of South Canara temples is their roof. Being in a landscape of high rainfall, the temple roofs evolved from grass, clay tiles and eventually with the copper-plates.<ref>Nagarajaiah 2003, p. 82-84</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Govindraya Prabhu S, Nithyananda Pai M, "The Alupas, Coinage and history", 2006, {{ISBN|81-7525-560-9}} (Paperback), {{ISBN|81-7525-561-7}} (Hardbound), Manipal Printers, Published by SG Prabhu, Sanoor, 2006, 500 copies.
* ⁠{{cite book |last=Nagarajaiah |first=Hampa |title=Jainism in Southern Karnataka |publisher=Sapna Book House |location=Bangalore |year=1999 |oclc=45166444 }}
* {{cite news |date=1 October 2017 |title=Polali's famed shrine echoes the heroics of the Alupa kings |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/011017/polalis-famed-shrine-echoes-the-heroics-of-the-alupa-kings.html |access-date=15 June 2018 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}
* {{cite journal|title= The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore)|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|volume=93|year=2002|publisher=The Mythic Society|location=Bangalore, India|pages=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAFuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|first=Sūryanātha|last=Kāmat|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: South Kanara Gazetteer of India Volume 12 of Karnataka State Gazetteer|year=1973|publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Govt. Press|pages=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrG1AAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book|first=Amitav|last=Ghosh|author-link=Amitav Ghosh|title=The Imam and the Indian: prose pieces|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7530-047-7|pages=189|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQHp9wsWaZcC}}
* {{cite book|last1=Saletore|first1=Bhaskar Anand|title=Ancient Karnāṭaka, Volume 1|date=1936|publisher=Oriental Book Agency|pages= 59–61}}
* {{cite book|title=The Hoysaḷa Dynasty|year=1972|publisher=Prasārānga, University of Mysore|pages=95–96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5o8ZnsSwL0kC}}
* {{cite journal|title= The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore)|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|volume=93|year=2002|publisher=The Mythic Society|location=Bangalore, India|pages=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAFuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bhatt|first1=P. Gururaja|title=Antiquities of South Kanara|date=1969|publisher=Prabhakara Press|page=iii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdMCAAAAMAAJ|access-date=14 February 2018}}
* {{cite book|first1=Edgar|last1=Thurston|author-link=Edgar Thurston|first2=K.|last2=Rangachari|date=1909|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India|volume=1. Madras: Government Press|pages=147–172}}
* {{cite news |last1=Prabhu |first1=Ganesh |title=Tulu pillar inscription found in Kota |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/tulu-pillar-inscription-found-in-kota/article6961571.ece |access-date=15 June 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=5 March 2015}}
* Thulunaadina Shaasnagalu ... By K T Shaila Verma.
* Tjhulunaadina Jaina Arasu Manethanagalu published by Hampi University... under Edition Of Chinnaswamy Sosale.
* Tulunadina Jaina Raniyaru by Smt Ratnamma published by Panditaratna A Shantiraja Shastri Trust, Bengaluru.

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Medieval Karnataka]]
[[Category:South Indian dynasties]]
[[Category:Jain empires and kingdoms]]
[[Category:Medieval Kerala]]
[[Category:Bunt (community)]]

Madvi Hidma

2026-02-11T08:32:49Z

JerilynCropper5: cleaned up content for accuracy and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian Maoist (1981–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madvi Hidma
| image = Madvi Hidma.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1981}}
| birth_place = Purvati, [[Sukma district]], Madhya Pradesh (present–day [[Chhattisgarh]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2025|11|18|44|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| death_cause = [[Gunshot wound]]s
| other_names =
| known_for = Member of [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|CPI (Maoist)]] and [[People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)]]
| organization = [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|CPI (Maoist)]]
| occupation =
| spouse = Raja alias Rajakka
| criminal_charge =
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
}}

'''Madvi Hidma''' (1981 – 18 November 2025) was an Indian [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite]] who at the time of his appointment was the youngest member of the Central Committee of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]. Hidma was responsible for various attacks on the security forces in [[Chhattisgarh]], including the [[April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada]] and [[2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley]]. He was on the [[National Investigation Agency]]'s [[NIA Most Wanted|list of most wanted]] criminals. He had a bounty of more than ₹1 [[crore]] at the time of his death.

==Militant activities ==
Hidma was born in Puvarti village of south [[Sukma]] in the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]], in 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhardwaj|first=Ananya|date=6 April 2021|title=Madvi Hidma, the 'ruthless' Chhattisgarh Maoist 2,000 security personnel went hunting for|url=https://theprint.in/india/madvi-hidma-the-ruthless-chhattisgarh-maoist-2000-security-personnel-went-hunting-for/634729/|access-date=6 April 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Arrested-2016">Hidma WAS listed as 35 in 2016. {{Cite news|title=Seven naxals held in Chhattisgarh |date=23 September 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Seven-naxals-held-in-Chhattisgarh/article14015875.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405184325/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Seven-naxals-held-in-Chhattisgarh/article14015875.ece |archive-date=5 April 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SATP-2">Hidma is listed as 36 in 2017. {{Cite web|title=Maoist Insurgency: Timeline (Terrorist Activities) -2017 |date=9 September 2017 |publisher=The Institute for Conflict Management |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-activity/india-maoistinsurgency-Sep-2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405190815/https://www.satp.org/terrorist-activity/india-maoistinsurgency-Sep-2017 |archive-date=5 April 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was also known as Hidmalu alias Santosh and was the face of the [[Maoism|Maoists]] in [[Bastar district|Bastar]]. After completing his education up to class 10, he joined the Party and became a master strategist of military operations and [[guerrilla warfare]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cpi-maoist-commander-hidma-promoted-to-central-committee/article19653439.ece|title=CPI (Maoist) commander Hidma promoted to Central Committee|website=The Hindu|date=9 September 2017 |access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-ruthless-madvi-hidma-s-promotion-will-change-maoist-dynamics-in-bastar/story-BmCecql2ioWMXcxmBWYSLN.html|title=Why ruthless Madvi Hidma's promotion may change Maoist dynamics in Bastar |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref> He reportedly received guerilla warfare training from a militant group in the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Naxal encounter: Who is Maoist Madvi Hidma? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/chhattisgarh-naxal-encounter-who-is-maoist-madvi-hidma-971049.html |access-date=20 November 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalita |first=Jayanta |date=8 April 2021 |title=How A Philippines-Trained Maoist Commander Laid A Deathtrap For The Indian Security Forces |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/how-a-philippines-trained-indian-maoist-commander-laid-a-deathtrap-for-security-forces/ |access-date=20 November 2025 |website=EURASIAN TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref>

Hidma was arrested in 2016 along with six other alleged [[Naxalite|naxals]]; at the time he was considered a low-level participant.<ref name="Arrested-2016" /> About that time, Hidma became the area commander of People's Liberation Guerrilla Army Battalion No 1<ref name="SATP-2" /> and an active member of the [[Dandakaranya]] Special Zonal Committee of the [[CPI (Maoist)]],<ref name="SATP-1">{{Cite web|title=India Hidma is the new Maoist militia leader in Chhattisgarh |date=12 January 2020 |publisher=The Institute for Conflict Management |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorism-update/hidma-is-the-new-maoist-militia-leader-in-chhattisgarh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405181227/https://www.satp.org/terrorism-update/hidma-is-the-new-maoist-militia-leader-in-chhattisgarh |archive-date=5 April 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> which operates in the Sukma, [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]] and [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]] areas.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Drolia |first=Rashmi |date=16 September 2018 |title=Hidma, the most wanted but least known Maoist leader |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hidma-the-most-wanted-but-least-known-maoist-leader/articleshow/65826025.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916184252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hidma-the-most-wanted-but-least-known-maoist-leader/articleshow/65826025.cms |archive-date=16 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was promoted to the Party's Central Committee as the youngest member.<ref name=":0" /> It is believed that Hidma was one of the masterminds behind a number of attacks on security personnel, including the [[April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada]] and the [[2017 Sukma attack]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/maoist-caution-before-polls-in-chhattisgarh/cid/1671286|title=Maoist caution before polls in Chhattisgarh|access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maoist-commander-hidma-among-other-ultras-booked-for-sukma-attack-4631012/|title=Maoist commander Hidma among other ultras booked for Sukma attack|date=27 April 2017 |access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ranjan |first=Alok |date=25 April 2017 |title=Sukma Naxal attack: Who is Hidma |newspaper=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sukma-naxal-attack-hidma-crpf-jawans-chhattisgarh-973433-2017-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314032624/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sukma-naxal-attack-hidma-crpf-jawans-chhattisgarh-973433-2017-04-25 |archive-date=14 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> All told he is cited as having been responsible for twenty-six separate attacks.<ref name="Drolia">{{Cite news|last=Drolia |first=Rashmi |date=5 April 2021 |title=Maoist threat: Operation aimed at Hidma, but he is a 'bundle of photographs' |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/81904357.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405172636/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/operation-aimed-at-hidma-but-he-is-a-bundle-of-photographs/articleshow/81904357.cms |archive-date=5 April 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> Indian Agencies also declared a ₹45 lakh bounty on his head.<ref name="Drolia" />

===2021 activities===
Hidma was the objective of the security forces' planned 3 April 2021 attack on the Maoists; their intent had been to capture Madvi Hidma along with his associates. The planned attack of approximately 2,000 security forces, consisting of [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]]'s specialised jungle warfare unit [[Commando Battalion for Resolute Action]] (CoBRA) combined with some of its regular battalions, and with units of the District Reserve Guard (DRG) of the [[Chhattisgarh Police]] was in turn ambushed by about 400 guerrillas. In the five-hour battle, there were twenty-three deaths among the security forces as per the police report: eight CRPF, eight from the district reserve group, and six special task force members. Also thirty-three others were listed as casualties, with thirteen being severely injured. In this battle the Maoists lost around fifteen members of the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army including a woman who was killed in the attack as per the police. The ambush occurred in the south [[Bastar District|Bastar]] forest where security intelligence had indicated that a major meeting of militants was to occur.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Drolia |first=Rashmi |date=5 April 2021 |title=23 jawans massacred in Maoist ambush, finds rescue team |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/23-jawans-massacred-in-maoist-ambush-finds-rescue-team/articleshow/81903146.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405164859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/23-jawans-massacred-in-maoist-ambush-finds-rescue-team/articleshow/81903146.cms |archive-date=5 April 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2025 Karregutta encirclement ===
Beginning in April 2025 with [[Operation Black Forest]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Animesh |title=Op Black Forest dealt big blow to Naxals in Bastar: Security forces |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/op-black-forest-dealt-big-blow-to-naxals-in-bastar-security-forces/ |access-date=19 November 2025 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |date=15 May 2025}}</ref> Hidma was the subject of much news attention as he was allegedly at the centre of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] encirclement of over 1000 Maoist guerrillas in the Karregutta hills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karregutta Hills, Madvi Hidma and the Vision of a New Republic |url=https://thewire.in/rights/karregutta-hills-madvi-hidma-and-the-vision-of-a-new-republic |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=31 Maoists killed in 21-day anti-Naxal operations at Karregutta hills; Amit Shah hails 'historic breakthrough' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/31-maoists-killed-in-21-day-anti-naxal-operations-at-karregutta-hills-amit-shah-hails-historic-breakthrough-11747231629503.html |access-date=19 November 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=14 May 2025}}</ref>

==Death==

On 18 November 2025, security forces reportedly killed Madvi Hidma, his wife Madakam Raje (alias Rajakka), and four other Maoists in an [[Encounter killing|encounter]] in the Maredumilli forest area of [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Sreenivas Janyala |author2=Jayprakash S Naidu |author3=Nikhila Henry |title=Madvi Hidma, top surviving Maoist leader behind 26 lethal attacks, killed in encounter |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/madvi-hidma-top-surviving-maoist-leader-lethal-attacks-killed-encounter-10371983/ |access-date=27 November 2025 |agency=The Indian Express |date=19 November 2025 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=TNM Staff |title=Top Maoist leader Madvi Hidma among six killed in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/top-maoist-leader-madvi-hidma-among-six-killed-in-andhra-pradesh |access-date=27 November 2025 |agency=The News Minute |date=18 November 2025}}</ref> According to police authorities, the operation was part of an intelligence-based cordon-and-search after inputs about Maoist movement near the Andhra–Chhattisgarh–Odisha border; a gun battle ensued between roughly 6 am and 7 am, and all rebels, including Hidma, were killed.<ref>{{cite news |author1=U Sudhakar Reddy |title=Top Maoist military strategist Hidma killed in AP forest encounter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/top-maoist-military-strategist-hidma-killed-in-ap-forest-encounter/articleshow/125419959.cms |access-date=27 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=19 November 2025 |language=English}}</ref>

However, the Maoist leadership and associated tribal activists rejected the official account, alleging that Hidma and others had been detained alive earlier and later executed, calling the encounter a "fake".<ref>{{cite news |author1=TNM Staff |title=CPI (Maoist) says top leader Hidma was tortured and killed by cops, seeks probe |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/cpi-maoist-says-top-leader-hidma-was-tortured-and-killed-by-cops-seeks-probe |access-date=27 November 2025 |publisher=The News Minute |date=22 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Express News Service |title=Hidma, others killed in fake encounters: Maoists |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Nov/22/hidma-others-killed-in-fake-encounters-maoists |access-date=27 November 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=22 November 2025}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hidma, Madvi}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian guerrillas]]
[[Category:Indian Marxists]]
[[Category:Naxalites]]
[[Category:Anti-revisionists]]
[[Category:People from Sukma district]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Maoist) politicians]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]

Taran Adarsh

2026-02-10T10:22:25Z

JerilynCropper5:

{{Short description|Indian film critic, trade analyst (born 1965)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Taran Adarsh
| image = Taran Adarsh (cropped).jpg
| caption = Adarsh in 2016
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|6|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{Hlist | Film critic | trade analyst}}
| years_active = 1980–present
| spouse =
| relatives = [[Komal Nahta]] (cousin)
}}
'''Taran Adarsh''' (born 13 June 1965), son of director-producer B K Adarsh and actress Jaymala Adarsh, is an Indian film critic and trade analyst.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Meheli |title=Haunting Bollywood: Gender, Genre, and the Supernatural in Hindi Commercial Cinema |date=1 March 2017 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-1-4773-1160-8 |page=216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cq70DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Devasundaram |first1=Ashvin Immanuel |title=Indian Cinema Beyond Bollywood: The New Independent Cinema Revolution |date=25 October 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-25424-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_l0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT259 |language=en}}</ref> He is best known for giving trade figures and box office updates on social media, as well as his reviews for [[Bollywood Hungama]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rai |first1=Amit S. |title=Untimely Bollywood: Globalization and India's New Media Assemblage |date=27 May 2009 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-9233-0 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uQe_M8W1c4C&pg=PA128 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Taran Adarsh started his journalism career at the age of 15 with ''Trade Guide'', a weekly box office magazine. In 1994, Adarsh produced and wrote the [[Bollywood]] film-based TV serial ''Hello Bollywood'', starring [[Shehzad Khan]] and [[Kashmera Shah]]. He continued his work on ''Trade Guide'' alongside. He is currently an active film critic, journalist and trade analyst on ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'', a Bollywood entertainment website.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Pratik |date=14 March 2008 |title=Films: interview with Taran Adarsh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/films-interview-with-taran-adarsh/story-uuhS84uJpUuDX5o7xdEwZM.html |access-date=2008-03-14 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=2104913}}
*{{official website|https://taranadarsh.in/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adarsh, Taran}}
[[Category:Indian film critics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
{{India-journalist-stub}}
{{Film-critic-stub}}

West Bengal Civil Service

2026-01-31T07:50:42Z

JerilynCropper5:

{{Short description|Service of the state of West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox
| title = West Bengal Civil Service {{small|''পশ্চিমবঙ্গ নাগরিক সেবা''}}
| headerstyle = background:#800080; color:white;
| header1 = Service Overview
| label2 = Formerly known as
| data2 =
| label3 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data3 = {{start date and age|df=yes|1950|01|26}}<ref>[https://psc.wb.gov.in/aboutus.jsp About PSC, West Bengal] psc.wb.gov.in</ref>
| label4 = State
| data4 = [[West Bengal]]
| label5 = Country
| data5 = [[India]]
| label6 = Staff college
| data6 = {{bulleted list|Netaji Subhash Administrative Training Institute, Salt Lake, Sector-III, Kolkata {{small|(Executive and Other Services)}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Situation of country grim, politics of isolation not correct, says Mamata |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/situation-of-country-grim-politics-of-isolation-not-correct-says-mamata-476635?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=www.millenniumpost.in |date=4 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> | Swami Vivekanada State Police Academy, Barrackpore {{small|(Police and Revenue Service)}}}}
| label7 = Cadre controlling authority
| data7 = Personnel & Administrative Reforms Department, [[Government of West Bengal]]
| label8 = Minister responsible
| data8 = [[Mamata Banerjee]], [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] and [[Department of Home and Hill Affairs|Home Minister]]
| label9 = Legal personality
| data9 = [[Civil Services of India#State Civil Services|State Civil Service]]
| label10 = Duties
| data10 =
| label11 = Preceding service
| data11 =
| label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]]
| data12 = {{ubl|1,677 (Gr. A, Exe.)<ref>{{citation|url=https://wbpar.gov.in/writereaddata/WBCSdirectory/WBCS%20141124.pdf|title=WBCS officers list as on 14-11-2024|work=[[Government of West Bengal]]}}</ref> | 551 (Gr. B, WBPS)<ref>{{cite news |title=Gradation List of WBPS Officers (as on 01.05.2024) |url=https://wbpolice.gov.in/writereaddata/Provisional_GradationList_wbps.pdf |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=wbpolice.gov.in}}</ref>}} (2024)
| label13 = Selection
| data13 = [[West Bengal Public Service Commission]] (WBPSC)
| label14 = Association
| data14 =
| label15 = Success Rate
| data15 = 0.5%
| header16 = Head of the Civil Services
| label17 = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]]
| data17 = Manoj Pant, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|label18 = Official website
|data18 = {{URL|psc.wb.gov.in}}
}}

The '''West Bengal Civil Service (Executive)''' ({{transliteration|bn|ISO|Paśchimboṅgo Nāgarik Sēbā}}), commonly known as '''W.B.C.S. (Exe.)''', is the civil service of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The [[West Bengal Public Service Commission|Public Service Commission of West Bengal]] conducts competitive examinations for W.B.C.S. (Exe.) and other similar posts in three phases each year: [[Comprehensive examination|Preliminary]], Mains, and [[Interview|Personality Test]].

==WBCS Exams==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Exam Phase !! Paper !! Time !! Subject !! Question Type !! Total Marks
|-
| Preliminary Exams || 1 paper (qualifying) || 2½ hrs. || General Studies (8 topics including Reasoning), [[English language]], [[History]], [[Geography]], Current Affairs, General Knowledge, [[General Science]] and Indian Polity and [[Indian Economy|Economy]] || MCQ || 200
|-
| rowspan=8| Main Exams || Paper I || rowspan=8| 3 hrs. || Bengali / Hindi / Urdu / Nepali/Santali || rowspan=2| Descriptive || 200
|-
| Paper II || English || 200
|-
| Paper III || General Studies-I : History & Geography || rowspan=4| MCQ || 200
|-
| Paper IV || General Studies-II : Science & Technology, Environment, G.K and Current Affairs || 200
|-
| Paper V || The Constitution of India & Indian Economy || 200
|-
| Paper VI || Arithmetic and Test of Reasoning || 200
|-
| Paper VII || Optional Subject Paper I{{ref label|a|1}} || rowspan=2| Descriptive || 200
|-
| Paper VIII || Optional Subject Paper II || 200
|-
! colspan=5| Total Marks || 1600{{ref label|a|2}}
|-
| colspan=6|
* {{note label|a|1}} Only one optional subject should be chosen from the prescribed list.
* The optional paper is applicable only for candidates who have opted for Group '''A''' and '''B'''.
* {{note label|a|2}} The total marks are 1,200 for Group '''C''' and '''D''' candidates.
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=4| Personality Tests
|-
! Group A !! Group B !! Group C !! Group D
|-
| colspan=2| 200 Marks || 150 Marks || 100 Marks
|}

Prior to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the online application process for the examination used to begin in November, and the preliminary exam was generally held either in the last week of January or the first week of February, across various cities in West Bengal. Although the recruitment process remains the same post pandemic, the usual timings of the examination has undergone drastic changes altogether. It takes at least five months to publish the result of the Preliminary examination. The candidates clearing the cut-off score qualify for the Main examinations, conducted across four days in August–September at selected centres in Kolkata and at the WBPSC office. Candidates who pass the Mains are called for the Personality Test.

A selection list for Group A and Group B is initially issued by the commission, consisting of the names of candidates who have cleared the cutoff scores for the respective groups and qualified for the Personality Test. A few months later, the Personality Test for Group C and Group D are conducted. Once the Personality Tests for the services under respective groups are over, the final merit list of the officers under different services are published in phases. The entire recruitment process for Group A and B officers takes approximately two and a half years, while it takes more than three years for Group C and Group D, respectively.

==Recruitment==
There are different groups in the recruitment for this examination based on choice and merit. These are Group A, Group B (only for the [[West Bengal Police Service]]), Group C,<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.pscwbonline.gov.in/docs/2540304|title=WBCS (Gr-C) new appointee of 2018|work=PSCWB}}</ref> and Group D. The WBCS (Exe) officers belong to Group A. Generally, according to the records of the WBPSC, candidates with higher scores prefer WBCS (Exe), WBPS, and some allied services like the erstwhile WBCTS as their first choice. Since 1988, some top-ranked candidates have chosen an allied service called WB Commercial Tax Service (WBCTS) as their first choice due to its less strenuous nature and the attraction of metro postings. Typically, WBCS (Exe) and WBCTS (now WBRS) cadres, along with the WBA&AS cadre, are promoted to IAS after about 27 years of service, while WBPS officers are promoted to [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] after 13 to 15 years of service in the state police.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcsmadeeasy.in/groups-services-wbcs-exam-group-b-c-d/|title=Groups of Services of WBCS|work=WBCSMadeEasy|access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref>

== Functions ==
The WBCS (Exe) officers are typically appointed as Deputy Magistrates or [[Deputy collector|Deputy Collectors]] on probation. After completing two years of mandatory administrative training at the Administrative Training Institute, they begin their careers as Deputy Magistrates, [[Deputy collector|Deputy Collectors]], and [[Block (district subdivision)|Block Development Officers]] (BDOs). They also issue orders in Executive Magistrate Courts and enforce certain sections of the [[Criminal Procedure Code]]. These officers perform crucial administrative functions at various levels across state departments. The highest position attainable for WBCS (Exe) officers is that of Departmental Secretary, with three posts of [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]] reserved for them in West Bengal. Additionally, WBCS (Exe) officers may be nominated to the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) later in their careers.<ref>{{cite news |title=WB CM announces incentives for WBCS officers |url=http://aitcofficial.org/aitc/wb-cm-announces-incentives-for-wbcs-officers/ |access-date=1 May 2020 |work=All India Trinamool Congress}}</ref>

In 2017, the West Bengal government merged four revenue-related departments to form a single entity, the [[West Bengal Revenue Service]] (WBRS), to improve taxpayer service. The departments included in this merger were the West Bengal Commercial Tax Service, West Bengal Excise Service, West Bengal Agricultural Income Tax Service, and West Bengal Registration and Stamp Revenue Service. The Finance Department manages the cadre of the West Bengal Revenue Service. Officers start as [[Assistant Commissioner]]s of Revenue and can be promoted to [[Deputy Commissioner]], Joint Commissioner, Senior Joint Commissioner, Additional Commissioner, and Special Commissioner of Revenue. Similar to WBCS (Exe) officers, WBRS officers may also be promoted to the IAS cadre later in their careers.

WBRS officers are crucial in revenue collection, administration, and mobilisation in the state. Many aspirants prefer WBRS over WBCS (Exe) and WBPS due to its better work-life balance, urban postings, and reduced political interference, which contributes to a more comfortable work environment. WBRS officers can be posted as Assistant Commissioners in the Commercial Tax Department, Deputy Excise Collectors in the Excise Directorate, or Additional District Sub-Registrars in the Directorate of Registration and Stamp Revenue. Officers recruited at a young age may rise to the Commissioner rank, which is an IAS cadre post.

WBRS officers, as Assistant Commissioners of Revenue, handle the collection of State GST and prevent tax evasion through searches and raids. As Deputy Excise Collectors, they collect excise duty on alcoholic beverages and combat illicit drug sources through regulatory and enforcement actions. As Additional District Sub-Registrars, they oversee the registration and valuation of immovable properties during transactions and collect [[stamp duty]] and registration fees.

* WBCoS officers start as Assistant Registrars of Cooperative Societies (ARCS).
* WBLS officers begin as Assistant Labour Commissioners (ALC).
* WBF&SS officers are initially Sub-Divisional Controllers of Food and Supplies (SCFS).
* WBES officers are appointed as Employment Officers (EO).
* WBPS officers are initially posted as Deputy Superintendents of Police (DySP) or Assistant Commissioners of Police (ACP).

==Services==
Services are categorised into four groups, as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=WBCS Job Profile |url=https://jobs.edufever.com/wbcs-job-profile-salary/ |website=Edufever Jobs |access-date=22 April 2021 |date=24 April 2020}}</ref>

;Group A
* West Bengal Civil Services (Executive) WBCS (Exe)
* [[West Bengal Revenue Service]] (WBRS){{efn|Post GST implementation, the services like ''Commercial Tax Service (CTS)'', ''Agricultural Income Tax Service'', ''Excise Service'' and ''Registration and Stamp Revenue Service'' were merged into one service.}}
* West Bengal Co-operative Service (WBCoS)
* West Bengal Labour Service (WBLS)
* West Bengal Food and Supplies Service (WBF&FS)
* West Bengal Employment Service (Non-Technical) (WBES)

; Group B
* [[West Bengal Police Service]] (WBPS)

; Group C
* West Bengal Correctional Home Services (CSWB)
* Joint Block Development Officer (Jt. BDO)
* Deputy Assistant Director of Consumers and Fair Business Practices
* West Bengal Junior Social Welfare Service (WBJSWS)
* Assistant Canal Revenue Officer (Irrigation) (ACRO–Irrigation)
* West Bengal Sub-ordinate Land Revenue Services, Grade-I (SLRO)
* Assistant Commercial Tax Officer (ACTO)
* Chief Controller of Correctional Service (CCCS)

; Group D
* Inspector of Co-operative Societies (ICoS)
* Panchayat Development Officer (PDO)
* Rehabilitation Officer (RO)

==See also==
* [[Public Service Commission, West Bengal]]
* [[West Bengal Police Service]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.pscwbonline.gov.in/docs/399970 Official Examination Scheme and Syllabus]
* [http://wbcseoa.org/ West Bengal Civil Service (Executive) Officers' Association]
* [http://www.pscwb.org.in/pdf/SCHEME%20&%20SYLLABUS_2016.pdf Latest Official Scheme and Syllabus 2016]
* [http://www.pscwb.org.in/] Official Website

{{West Bengal Public Service Commission}}
{{Civil service}}
{{Public Services of India}}

[[Category:Government of West Bengal]]
[[Category:State civil services of India]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in West Bengal]]

Malani SF Express

2026-01-31T00:11:12Z

JerilynCropper5: Starting new info

{{Short description|Indian train express}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Malani Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Old Delhi}} (DLI)
| stops =
| end = {{stnlnk|Barmer}} (BME)
| distance = {{convert|827|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 16h 21m
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| speed = {{convert|51|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:Malani Express (Delhi - Jaisalmer) route map.png|280px|Malani Express (Delhi–Jaisalmer) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 20487/88 '''Malani Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Old Delhi}} and Barmer in India. It is currently being operated with 14659/14660 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=5447&did=1463051006970320B0A61129CC696101D75519279A0CF.web91 Mega Traffic Block For RRI Commissioning and Remodelling of Jodhpur Yard from 16.05.2016 to 09.06.2016]</ref><ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=4475&id=0,4,268 PERMANENT AUGMENTATION OF TRAINS]</ref>

== Service==

{{Empty section|date=June 2019}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 18 coaches:{{clarify|date=December 2020|reason=This figures total 23 not 18}}

* 1 First AC and Second AC
* 2 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 8 Sleeper coaches
* 5 General
* 4 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by an [[Diesel Loco Shed, Abu Road|Abu Road Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive from Old Delhi to [[Jodhpur]]. From Jodhpur, trains are hauled by an [[Diesel Loco Shed, Abu Road|Abu Road Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive to Jaisalmer, and return.

== Direction reversal==

Train reverses its direction 2 times:

* {{stnlnk|Jodhpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Pokaran}}

==Rake sharing==

Before the introduction of [[Shalimar Malani Express]], the train shares its rake with 14646/14645 [[Shalimar Express (India)|Shalimar Express]] and 14661/14662 [[Delhi–Barmer Link Express]].

The train now shares it's rakes with 20489/90 [[Barmer-Mathura SF Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Jaisalmer railway station]]
* [[Old Delhi railway station]]
* [[Shalimar Express (India)|Shalimar Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://d.indiarailinfo.com/train/malani-express-14659/15108 14659/Malani Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/15107 14660/Malani Express]

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malani Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Jaisalmer]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Barmer, Rajasthan]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Shriraghavakripabhashyam

2026-01-13T15:57:03Z

JerilynCropper5: Added basic post w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Series of Sanskrit commentaries by Rambhadracharya (1988)}}
{{See also|Works of Rambhadracharya#Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthānatrayī}}
{{Infobox book series
| name = Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam
| books = Śrībrahmasūtreṣu Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam Śrīmadbhagavadgītāsu Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam Kaṭhopaniṣadi Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam Kenopaniṣadi Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam Māṇḍūkyopaniṣadi Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam Iśāvāsyopaniṣadi Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam Praśnopaniṣadi Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam Taittirīyopaniṣadi Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam Aitareyopaniṣadi Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam Śvetāsvataropaniṣadi Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam Chāndogyopaniṣadi Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam Bṛhadāraṇyakopaniṣadi Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam Muṇḍakopaniṣadi Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam
| author = [[Rambhadracharya]]
| title_orig = श्रीराघवकृपाभाष्यम्
| country =[[India]]
| language =[[Sanskrit]]
| publisher = Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas
| pub_date = 1998
| number_of_books = 13
}}

'''Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam''' ({{langx|sa|श्रीराघवकृपाभाष्यम्}}) is a series of Sanskrit commentaries on the [[Prasthanatrayi]] (the [[Brahma Sutra]], the [[Bhagavad Gita]], and eleven [[Upanishads]]), authored by [[Rambhadracharya]]. These commentaries were released on 10 April 1998 by the then Prime Minister of India, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref name="dinkarbiblio">Dinkar 2008, pp. 40–43.</ref><ref>Nagar 2002, p. 88.</ref> Rambhadracharya composed a commentary on [[Narada Bhakti Sutra]] in 1991, and thus revived the tradition of Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthanatrayi after five hundred years.<ref name="subedi">{{cite web | last=Correspondent | first=Chitrakuta | publisher=Jagran Yahoo | title = श्री सीता राम विवाह के आनंदित क्षणों मे झूमे भक्त |trans-title=Devotees dance in the blissful moments of the marriage of Sita and Rama | url = http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/local/uttarpradesh/4_1_7168843.html | date = 12 January 2011 | accessdate=12 July 2011 | quote=हरिद्वार से आये आचार्य चंद्र दत्त सुवेदी ने कहा कि प्रस्थानत्रयी पर सबसे पहले भाष्य आचार्य शंकर ने लिखा और अब वल्लभाचार्य के छह सौ [sic] साल बाद जगद्गुरु स्वामी राम भद्राचार्य जी ने लिखा। (Acharya Chandra Dutt Subedi from Haridvar said that the first commentary on Prasthanatrayi was composed by Shankaracahrya, and now Jagadguru Swami Rambhadracahrya composed a commentary six hundred [sic] years after Vallabhacharya.)}}</ref><ref name="dwivedi">{{cite book | title = हज़ारी प्रसाद द्विवेदी ग्रन्थावली ३ |trans-title=The Complete Works of Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Volume 3 | last=Dwivedi | first=Hazari Prasad | editor1-first=Mukund | editor1-last=Dwivedi | publisher=Rajkamal Publication Pvt Ltd | year=2007 | orig-date=August 1981 | edition=3rd corrected and extended | location=New Delhi, India | isbn=9788126713585 | pages=315–317 | language=Hindi}}</ref> This was also the second commentary of the [[Ramanandi sect|Ramananda Sampradaya]] on Prasthanatrayi, the first being the Ānandabhāṣyam, composed by [[Ramananda]] himself.<ref name="subedi"/> These commentaries were published by [[Tulsi Peeth|Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas]].<ref name="dinkarbiblio"/><ref>Nagar 2002, pp. 89–90.</ref> The author won the ''Rajshekhar Samman'' from the Madhya Pradesh Sanskrit Academy, Bhopal, for the commentaries.<ref name="kbs-awards">Chandra 2008, p. 21.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=August 2001 | title = Latest General Knowledge | journal = Competition Science Vision | volume = 4 | issue = 42 | publisher = Pratiyogita Darpan Group | location = Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India | page=572 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TegDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA572 | accessdate=October 12, 2012}}</ref>

==Reviews==
[[File:Rambhadracharya in Anand Mudra while Bhajan.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rambhadracharya|Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Swami Rambhadracharya]]|181x181px]]
Dr. Shivram Sharma, a Sanskrit scholar from [[Varanasi]], wrote in his review of ''Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam'' on the eleven Upanishads that it is replete with novel thoughts and Sanskrit derivations, and that Rambhadracharya has shown Rama as the ''Pratipādya'' of the all Upanishads by the wonderful dexterity of ''Vyutpatti''s of Sanskrit words. Sharma adds that the style of interspersed Sanskrit translations of the works of Tulsidas further enhances the literary merit of the work.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sharma| first=Dr. Shivram| title=ईशावास्याद्येकादशोपनिषत्सु विशिष्टाद्वैतपरकं श्रीराघवकृपाभाष्यम्|trans-title=The Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam commentary as per Viśiṣṭādvaita on Eleven Upanishads |language=Sanskrit|page=Back Cover | publisher=[[Tulsi Peeth|Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas]] | place=Chitrakoot, Satna, India| date= April 5, 1998| quote=श्रीराघवकृपाभाष्यं सर्वत्रैवाभिनवविचारैर्व्युत्पत्तिभिश्चालङ्कृतं विभाति। भाष्येऽस्मिन्नाचार्यचरणैः शब्दव्युत्पत्तिचातुरीचमत्कारेण सर्वोपनिषदां प्रतिपाद्यः भगवान् श्रीराम एवेति सिद्धान्तितम्। मध्ये मध्ये गोस्वामिश्रीतुलसीदासग्रन्थेभ्यः ससंस्कृतरूपान्तरमुदाहृता अंशविशेषाः सुवर्णे सुरभिमातन्वन्ति।}}</ref> Dr. Vishnu Dutt Rakesh, a Hindi professor and author from [[Haridwar]], said that the ''Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam'' on Bhagavad Gita has the broadest coverage of all Sanskrit commentaries on Gita with "convincing discussion, propounding of theories with evidence, contradiction of others, creative genius and an independent style of composition".<ref name="vdr-review">Rakesh, Dr. Vishnu Dutt. ''Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣya – Commentary on Śrīmadbhagavadgītā''. In Nagar (2002), pp. 735–743.</ref> Dr. Brajesh Dikshit, Sanskrit scholar from Jabalpur, said that the ''Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam'' on the Prasthānatrayī is formidable and adorns the Ramananda tradition with greatness. He added that the ''Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam'' on Narada Bhakti Sutra and Śrīrāmastavarājastotram are successful in establishing the five ''Prasthāna''s in place of the three ''Prasthāna''s of Prasthānatrayī.<ref name="bd-review">Dikshit, Dr. Brajendra. "अतुला गीर्जगद्गुरोः [The speech of Jagadguru is incomparable]" (in Sanskrit, Hindi). In Sharma, Sushil and Shrivastav (2011), pp. 719–721.</ref>

==Philosophy==
[[File:JagadguruRamabhadracharya006.jpg|thumb|''Śrībhārgavarāghaviyam'' being released by Atal Bihari Vajpayee (centre) in 2002. Rambhadracharya is to the left.]]
Rakesh said that the works follow the [[Ramananda]] branch of [[Vishishtadvaita]] school. There is a fierce contradiction of [[Advaita]] school of Vedanta, which is characterized with a "bold declaration" by the commentator at the beginning of the commentary on Bhagavad Gita:<ref name="vdr-review"/>
{{center|
<poem>
न कोऽपि जातो जगतीतलेऽस्मिन् प्रपीतवान् स्फीतपयो जनन्याः ।
यो ब्रह्मजीवैक्यमतर्कबुद्ध्या संसाधयेत्तिष्ठति रामभद्रे ॥
na ko'pi jāto jagatītale'smin prapītavān sphītapayo jananyāḥ ।
yo brahmajīvaikyamatarkabuddhyā saṁsādhayettiṣṭhati rāmabhadre ॥
</poem>
{{Quote|There is nobody born in this world and well nourished by the abundant milk of the mother, who can irrationally prove the equality of the [[Brahman]] and the [[Jiva|Jīva]] in the presence of Rāmabhadra (Rambhadracharya).}}
}}

The commentator reiterates the challenge in the Hindi poetic translation of the above verse:<ref name="vdr-review"/>
{{center|
<poem>
संसार में किसने जननि का दूध गाढ़ा है पिया
किसने स्वगुरु के प्रेम से सच्ची लँगोटी है लिया ।
जो कर सके अद्वैत साधन ऋण चुका स्वाचार्य के
वेदान्त बुद्धि विशुद्ध रहते रामभद्राचार्य के ॥
saṁsāra meँ kisane janani kā dūdha gāṛhā hai piyā
kisane svaguru ke prema se saccī laँgoṭī hai liyā ।
jo kara sake advaita sādhana ṛṇa cukā svācārya ke
vedānta buddhi viśuddha rahate rāmabhadrācārya ke ॥
</poem>
{{Quote|Is there anybody in the world having drunk the dense milk of the mother and having taken true [[Sannyasa|Saṁnyāsa]] with the love of the [[Guru]], who can repay the debts of their Guru by proving [the theory of] Advaita in the presence of Rambhadracharya whose [[Vedanta|Vedānta]] intellect is especially pure?}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Works cited==
{{refbegin|2|colwidth=35em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book
| last = Dinkar
| first = Dr. Vagish
| title = श्रीभार्गवराघवीयम् मीमांसा
|trans-title=Investigation into Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam
| publisher = Deshbharti Prakashan
| location = Delhi, India
| year = 2008
| isbn = 9788190827669
| language = Hindi
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Dwivedi
| first=Hazari Prasad
| year=2007
| title = हज़ारी प्रसाद द्विवेदी ग्रन्थावली ३
|trans-title=The Complete Works of Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Volume 3
| language=Hindi
| editor1-first=Mukund
| editor1-last=Dwivedi
| publisher=Rajkamal
| orig-date=August 1981
| edition=3rd corrected and extended
| location=New Delhi
| isbn=9788126713585
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Nagar
| first = Shanti Lal
| title = The Holy Journey of a Divine Saint: Being the English Rendering of Swarnayatra Abhinandan Granth
| editor1-first = Acharya Divakar
| editor1-last = Sharma
| editor2-first = Siva Kumar
| editor2-last = Goyal
| editor3-first = Surendra Sharma
| editor3-last = Sushil
| publisher = B. R. Publishing Corporation
| edition = First, Hardback
| location = New Delhi, India
| year = 2002
| isbn = 8176462888
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Chandra
| first = R.
|date=September 2008
| title = सम्मान और पुरस्कार
|trans-title=Honours and Awards
| language = Hindi
| journal = Kranti Bharat Samachar
| volume = 8
| issue = 11
| publisher = Rajesh Chandra Pandey
| location = Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| id = RNI No. 2000, UPHIN 2638
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{URL|http://www.jagadgururambhadracharya.org/|Official website of Jagadguru Rambhadracharya}}

{{Jagadguru Rambhadracharya}}

[[Category:Works by Rambhadracharya]]

Battle of Ancona

2026-01-08T23:53:31Z

JerilynCropper5: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|1944 battle of World War II}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of Ancona
| image= File:WWII51 Gothic Line.jpg
| image_size = 300
|caption=German defensive positions in Northern Italy 1944. Polish II Corps advance and taking on Ancona showed on the map.
|partof= the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]] of [[World War II]]
|date=16 June–18 July 1944
|place=[[Ancona]], Italy
|coordinates={{coord|43|36|43|N|13|30|52|E|region:IT_type:landmark_source:kolossus-itwiki|display=title,inline}}
|result=Allied victory
|combatant1={{flagdeco|Poland|1928}} [[Polish Armed Forces in the West|Poland]] {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} [[Italian Resistance]]
|combatant2={{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
|commander1={{flagdeco|Poland|1928}} [[Władysław Anders]] {{flagdeco|Poland|1928}} [[Klemens Rudnicki]]
|commander2={{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Harry Hoppe]]
|strength1=~50,000
|strength2=Unknown
|casualties1=496 killed 1,789 wounded 139 missing<ref name=Wawer4/>
|casualties2=800 killed<ref>Olgierd Terlecki, Beryl Arct, ''Poles in the Italian campaign, 1943-1945'', Interpress for the Council for Protection of Monuments of Struggle and Martyrdom, 1972, p. 101</ref> 2,500 captured<ref name="whn">{{cite web|url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2018/12/10/the-polish-ii-corps-in-italy/|title=The Polish II Corps in Italy|work=Warfare History Network|first=James I|last=Marino|date=8 September 2021 }}</ref>
|campaignbox=
{{Campaignbox Italy}}
}}

The '''Battle of Ancona''' was fought between forces from [[Poland]] serving as part of the [[British Army]] and [[Nazi Germany|German]] forces that took place from 16 June–18 July 1944 during the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]] in [[World War II]]. The battle was the result of an [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] plan to capture the city of [[Ancona]] in Italy in order to gain possession of a [[seaport]] closer to the fighting so that they could shorten their [[lines of communication]]. The [[Polish 2nd Corps]], tasked with capture of the city on 16 June 1944, accomplished the objective a month later on 18 July 1944. The Battle of Ancona was the only battle of the Western Front that was carried out entirely by the Polish military.<ref name="whn" />

==Background==
The [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] advance north meant that the logistics line was in need of a port closer to the front lines than the ports of [[Pescara]] and [[Anzio]].<ref name=Wawer4>Zbigniew Wawer, ''Zdobycie Bolonii'', p.4</ref> As such, two new targets were designated: [[Ancona]] on the [[Adriatic]] coast, and [[Livorno]] on the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]].<ref name=Wawer4/> On 16 June, [[II Corps (Poland)|Polish II Corps]] under [[Lieutenant general|Lieutenant-General]] [[Władysław Anders]]—which had been taken into [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]], commanded by [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Oliver Leese|Sir Oliver Leese]], reserve after its efforts in the [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]—was brought forward once more to relieve [[V Corps (United Kingdom)|British V Corps]] and tasked with the capture of Ancona. On 17 June, Anders was given command of the Adriatic sector of the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian theatre]].<ref name=Wawer4/>

==Battle==
[[File:BattleofAnconaEnglish Key.svg|thumb|left|200px|Battle of Ancona (17–18 July 1944)]]

The first obstacle to cross was the [[Chienti]] river. Polish troops reached it on 21 June, and heavy fighting lasted in that region until 30 June.<ref name=Wawer4/> The main offensive on Ancona began on 17 July.<ref name=Wawer4/> Polish armored troops took [[Monte della Crescia]] and outflanked German troops defending Ancona.<ref name=Wawer4/> Next, the [[Italian Co-belligerent Army]]'s [[IX Assault Unit]] secured [[Casenuove]], and neighbouring British and Canadian troops took [[Montecchio]] and [[Croce di San Vincenzo]].<ref name=Wawer4/> By the evening of 17 July, Polish troops were near [[Agugliano]], and the following morning they took [[Offagna]].<ref name=Wawer4/> Later that day, Polish troops took [[Chiaravalle, Italy|Chiaravalle]], and armored troops reached the sea, cutting the German defenders of Ancona from the north-west.<ref name=Wawer4/> The Germans were falling back towards the sea, and Polish troops encountered little resistance entering Ancona at 14:30 on 18 July.<ref name=Wawer4/>

==Aftermath==
Taking Ancona was the only independent operation of the Polish II Corps.<ref name=Wawer4/> Afterward, the Corps took part in the breaking of the [[Gothic Line]] and the Allied [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy|spring 1945 offensive]] which resulted in the surrender of the Axis forces in Italy.

For their action in the battle while seconded to the Polish corps, the British [[7th Queen's Own Hussars]] received the battle honour "Ancona".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.qohmuseum.org.uk/maid.htm |title=Maid of Warsaw |access-date=8 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012215137/http://www.qohmuseum.org.uk/maid.htm |archive-date=12 October 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{in lang|pl}} Zbigniew Wawer, ''Zdobycie Bolonii'' [Capture of Bologna], Chwała Oręża Polskiego 32 (53), Rzeczpospolita, 3 March 2007.
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7fzAwAAQBAJ|language=it|first=Massimo|last=Coltrinari|title=Il Corpo Italiano di Liberazione e Ancona|year=2014|isbn=978-88-6812-322-2|publisher=Edizioni Nuova Cultura|location=Rome}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_ancona.html|first=J.|last=Rickard|title=Battle of Ancona, 17-18 July 1944|date=19 November 2018|website=historyofwar.org}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ancona}}
[[Category:1944 in Italy]]
[[Category:History of Ancona]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of the Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:June 1944 in Europe]]
[[Category:July 1944 in Europe]]

Shri Krishna Janma

2026-01-01T21:24:36Z

JerilynCropper5: minor adjust section for consistency further and fixed typos per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shri Krishna Janma
| image = Shree Krishna Janma, 1918.png

| caption = Neelkanth Mandakini as Krishna in ''Shri Krishna Janma''
| director = [[Dadasaheb Phalke]]
| producer = Hindustan Cinema Films
| writer = Dadasaheb Phalke
| narrator =
| starring = Bhagirathibai, D. D. Dabke, Neelkanth Mandakini Phalke, Purshottam Vaidya
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|1918}}
| runtime = 12 min / 5500 ft
| country = [[British India]]
| language = [[Silent film]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s
| budget =
| gross =
}}
[[File:Shree Krishna Janma (1918).webm|thumb|Full movie]]
'''''Shri Krishna Janma''''' (Birth of Lord Krishna) is a 1918 [[Indian film|Indian]] [[silent film]] directed by [[Dadasaheb Phalke]]. It contain Marathi subtitles.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema]</ref> Only the last episode is still available (576 ft).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Shree Krishna Janma}}
* {{IMDb title|tt0253190}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ir5-td7iLag Full movie on YouTube], also [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fK8cW-Ch0Y]

{{Dadasaheb Phalke}}

[[Category:1918 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian silent films]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:1910s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dadasaheb Phalke]]
[[Category:1918 Indian films]]

{{Marathi-film-stub}}

Vikramaditya Motwane

2025-12-31T07:43:31Z

JerilynCropper5: enhance section as per guidelines and added references after review

{{short description|Indian film director and producer}}
{{Redirect|Motwane|the communications manufacturer|Chicago Radio}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vikramaditya Motwane
| image = Vikramaditya Motwane.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Motwane in 2020
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|12|06}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| years_active = 1999–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Director|producer|screenwriter}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Ishika Mohan Motwane|2005}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Vikramaditya Motwane''' (born 6 December 1976) is an Indian filmmaker who works in [[Hindi]] films and series. His directorial debut ''[[Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]]'' (2010) was selected to compete in the [[Un Certain Regard]] category at the [[2010 Cannes Film Festival]] and also won seven [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|title=Udaan, Dabangg top winners at Fimfare Awards|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-29/news-interviews/28356373_1_udaan-yash-chopra-dabangg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104134729/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-29/news-interviews/28356373_1_udaan-yash-chopra-dabangg|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|access-date=30 January 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/11023221/year/2010.html |title=Udaan |date=11 May 2010 |website=Cannes FilmFestival |access-date=11 May 2010 |archive-date=24 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224132804/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/11023221/year/2010.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Motwane has since directed the period romance ''[[Lootera]]'' (2013), the survival drama ''[[Trapped (2016 Hindi film)|Trapped]]'' (2017), the superhero film ''[[Bhavesh Joshi Superhero]]'' (2018), and the thrillers ''[[AK vs AK]]'' (2020) and ''[[CTRL (film)|CTRL]]'' (2024). He has also produced several films, including ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]'' (2014) and ''[[Udta Punjab]]'' (2016). In addition, Motwane has served as creator and director on the streaming series ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]'' (2018–2019), ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]'' (2023), and ''[[Black Warrant (TV series)|Black Warrant]]'' (2025).

==Early and personal life==
His father is [[Sindhi Hindu]] while his mother is [[Bengali Hindu]].<ref>Priya Gupta (6 July 2013), [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/My-parents-divorce-helped-me-become-a-filmmaker-Vikramaditya/articleshow/20926852.cms "My parents' divorce helped me become a filmmaker: Vikramaditya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717000635/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/My-parents-divorce-helped-me-become-a-filmmaker-Vikramaditya/articleshow/20926852.cms |date=17 July 2018 }}, ''[[The Times of India]]''. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</ref> He is married to photographer Ishika Mohan, who appeared in his debut, ''[[Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]]'', as Rohan's mother.

==Career==
Motwane was a long-time assistant of [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]], and collaborated with Bhansali on the films ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'' (1999) and ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002). He directed the song sequences in [[Anurag Kashyap]]'s unreleased film ''[[Paanch]]'' (2003)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100214232850/http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/author/2672/masandsone-liners.html 15 Apr One Liners] [[Rajeev Masand]], [[CNN-IBN]], 15 April 2010.</ref> and was [[Choreographer]] on [[Deepa Mehta]]'s [[Academy Award]]-nominated film ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]'' (2005).<ref>[http://www.tehelka.com/story_main44.asp?filename=hub150510dont_lie.asp 'Don't Lie To Audiences'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913023230/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main44.asp?filename=hub150510dont_lie.asp |date=13 September 2012 }} [[Tehelka]] Magazine, Vol 7, Issue 19, Dated 15 May 2010.</ref>

Motwane released his debut feature film, entitled ''[[Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]]'' (2010), for Anurag Kashyap's production house, [[Anurag Kashyap Films]], on 16 July 2010,<ref name=cn>[http://www.livemint.com/2010/04/20192443/8216I-feel-very-pressurized.html 'I feel very pressurized right now': Vikramaditya Motwane] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425054921/http://www.livemint.com/2010/04/20192443/8216I-feel-very-pressurized.html |date=25 April 2010 }} [[Mint (newspaper)]], 20 April 2010.</ref> which won seven [[Filmfare awards]] including [[Filmfare critics award for best movie]] and also won him the [[Star Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director Award]] at the 2011 [[Star Screen Award]]s.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref>[http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/06/6996/index.html Winners of 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109144628/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/06/6996/index.html |date=9 January 2011 }} ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'', 6 January 2011</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/entertainment/star-screen-awards-2011-salman-khan-vidya-balan-win-top-honours/articleshow/7236730.cms |title=Star Screen Awards 2011: Salman Khan, Vidya Balan win top honours |date=7 January 2011 |work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110184546/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/entertainment/star-screen-awards-2011-salman-khan-vidya-balan-win-top-honours/articleshow/7236730.cms |archive-date=10 January 2011 }}</ref>

Motwane's second film, a period romance called ''[[Lootera]]'', was released on 5 July 2013.

Motwane's third film was a survival drama called ''[[Trapped (2016 Hindi film)|Trapped]]''. The film had its world premiere at the [[Mumbai Film Festival]] on 26 October 2016, where it was praised and received a [[Standing ovation]]. The film was released theatrically on 17 March 2017 to universal critical acclaim. The movie also won the award for 'Best Asian Film' by [[Neuchâtel International Fantastic Film Festival]] in 2017.

Motwane created American streaming company [[Netflix]]'s first Indian series '[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]', based on the [[Sacred Games (novel)|novel of the same name]] by [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]] and directed it along with [[Anurag Kashyap]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sacred-games-how-india-s-first-netflix-original-came-together/story-qDGceqq9SR4jStYluu1vhM.html|title=Sacred Games: How India's first Netflix original came together|date=6 July 2018|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=15 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715181326/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sacred-games-how-india-s-first-netflix-original-came-together/story-qDGceqq9SR4jStYluu1vhM.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The series was met with critical acclaim and Netflix then commissioned a second season for it later.

Motwane was co-owner of [[Phantom Films]], a film production company, with [[Vikas Bahl]], [[Anurag Kashyap]], and [[Madhu Mantena]] that dissolved in 2018.

In June 2020, it was announced that Motwane will be adapting the 2019 non-fiction book ''[[Black Warrant (novel)|Black Warrant]]'' into a web series.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/vikramaditya-motwane-to-adapt-black-warrant-into-series-to-bring-unheard-tihar-jail-stories-on-screen-1685874-2020-06-05|title=Vikramaditya Motwane to adapt Black Warrant into series, to bring unheard Tihar Jail stories on screen|work=India Today|date=5 June 2020|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> The rights are jointly acquired by his production company Andolan Films and writer-journalist Josy Joseph's Confluence Media.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2020/06/05/ent4-motwane-black-warrant-series.html|title=Vikramaditya Motwane to adapt 'Black Warrant' into series|work=The Week|date=5 June 2020|access-date=6 June 2020|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606052425/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2020/06/05/ent4-motwane-black-warrant-series.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director !! Producer !! Writer !! Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''Undisputed'' || {{Yes}} || || || Short film
|-
| 2007 ||''[[Goal (2007 Hindi film)|Goal]]''|| || ||{{Yes}}||
|-
| 2009 ||''[[Dev.D]]''|| || ||{{Yes}}||
|-
| 2010 ||''[[Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]]''||{{Yes}}|| ||{{Yes}}||
|-
| 2013 ||''[[Lootera]]''||{{Yes}}||{{Yes}}||{{Yes}}||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014 ||''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]''|| ||{{Yes}}|| ||
|-
|''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]''|| ||{{Yes}}|| ||
|-
|''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]''|| ||{{Yes}}|| ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015 ||''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]''|| ||{{Yes}}|| ||
|-
|''[[Masaan]]''|| ||{{Yes}}|| ||
|-
|''[[Hunterrr]]''|| ||{{Yes}}|| ||
|-
|''[[Bombay Velvet]]''|| ||{{Yes}}|| ||
|-
|''[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]]''|| ||{{Yes}}|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016||''[[Wrong Side Raju]]'' || ||{{Yes}}|| ||
|-
|''[[Udta Punjab]]'' || ||{{Yes}}|| ||
|-
|''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]'' || ||{{Yes}} || ||
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Trapped (2016 Hindi film)|Trapped]]'' ||{{Yes}}||{{Yes}} ||||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018 ||''[[Mukkabaaz]]'' || ||{{Yes}}|| ||
|-
|''[[High Jack (film)|High Jack]]'' || ||{{Yes}}|| ||
|-
|''[[Bhavesh Joshi Superhero]]'' ||{{Yes}}||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Manmarziyaan]]'' || ||{{Yes}}|| ||
|-
| 2019 || ''The Booth'' || ||{{Yes}} || ||Short film
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020 ||''Awake'' || ||{{Yes}}|| ||Short film
|-
|''[[Cargo (2019 film)|Cargo]]'' || ||{{Yes}}|| ||Executive producer
|-
|''[[AK vs AK]]'' ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2021||''2024'' || ||{{Yes}}|| ||
|-
| 2023 || ''Indi(r)a's Emergency'' || {{Yes}} || || || Documentary
|-
| 2024 || ''[[CTRL (film)|CTRL]]'' ||{{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}||
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="4" | Functioned as
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! [[Television program creators|Creator]]
! Executive producer
! Director
! Writer
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2018–2019
! scope="row" |''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2018
! scope="row" |''[[Ghoul (miniseries)|Ghoul]]''
| {{no}}
|{{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" |''[[Decoupled]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
| {{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2023
! scope="row" |''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no wrap|Co-created with}} [[Soumik Sen]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2025
! scope="row" |''[[Black Warrant (TV series)|Black Warrant]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no wrap|Co-created with}} Satyanshu Singh
|}

==Awards==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Award || Category || Film
|-
|[[62nd National Film Awards|2014]] ||[[National Film Awards]] || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]] || ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]''
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[56th Filmfare Awards|2011]] ||rowspan="4"|[[Filmfare Awards]]|| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]] || rowspan="3" |''[[Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]]''
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|-
|[[60th Filmfare Awards|2015]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] ||''Queen''
|-
|[[4th IIFA Awards|2003]] || rowspan="2"|[[IIFA Awards]] || [[IIFA Award for Best Sound Recording|Best Sound Recording]] ||''[[Dev.D]]''
|-
|[[16th IIFA Awards|2015]] || [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Picture]] || ''Queen''
|-
|2011 ||rowspan="2"|[[Star Screen Awards]] || [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]] || ''Udaan''
|-
|2015 ||[[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]] || ''Queen''
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards 2011|2011]] || [[Zee Cine Awards]] || Best Director (Critics) || ''Udaan''
|-
|2014 ||[[Stardust Awards]] || [[Stardust Award for Best Film|Best Film]] || ''Queen''
|-
|2023||[[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards]] || Best Director Drama Series || ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0003939}}

{{ScreenAwardBestDirector}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestStory}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestScreenplay}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Motwane, Vikramaditya}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film choreographers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian experimental filmmakers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]

Gora (TV series)

2025-12-25T12:02:08Z

JerilynCropper5: Put Up A Info

{{Short description|Indian Bengali web series}}
{{for|the 1938 film by [[Naresh Mitra]]|Gora (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Gora Promo Poster.jpeg
| caption = Promotional Poster
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Comedy Crime Thriller]]
| creator = Sahana Dutta
| developer =
| based_on =
| writer = Sahana Dutta
| screenplay = Sahana Dutta
| director = {{ubl|[[Sayantan Ghosal]] - Season 1|[[Joydeep Mukherjee (director)|Joydeep Mukherjee]] - Season 2}}
| creative_director = Sahana Dutta
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
* Suhotra Mukhopadhyay
}}
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor = Swarup Sanyal
| location =
| cinematography = Ayan Singha
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 16
| language = Bengali
| company = Missing Screw
| camera =
| runtime = 19-27 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2022|01|07}}
| last_aired = present
| related =
}}

'''''Gora''''' is an Indian Bengali [[Thriller film#Comedy thriller|comedy crime thriller]] web series streaming on the Bengali OTT platform "Hoichoi".<ref>{{cite news |title='Gora is helplessly forgetful,' says director Sayantan Ghosal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/gora-is-helplessly-forgetful/cid/1846487 |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=7 January 2022}}</ref> Produced under the banner Missing Screw, the series stars [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] in the lead role, in his web series debut, while [[Ishaa Saha]] and Suhotra Mukhopadhyay play other pivotal roles. Season 1 of the series has been directed by [[Sayantan Ghosal]] while [[Joydeep Mukherjee (director)|Joydeep Mukherjee]] has directed the Season 2.<ref>{{cite news |title=The second season of Gora on Hoichoi unravels a new mystery filled with humour, twists and turns |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-second-season-of-gora-on-hoichoi-unravels-a-new-mystery-filled-with-humour-twists-and-turns/474470 |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=t2Online |date=26 June 2023}}</ref>

Sahana Dutta served as the creative director for the series, besides being the script and screenplay writer for both the seasons.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Hia |title=Announcement: Hoichoi unveils the first look of Ritwick Chakraborty's series Gora |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/announcement-hoichoi-unveils-the-first-look-of-ritwick-chakrabortys-series-gora/2f082c6655364 |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=OTTplay |date=25 September 2021}}</ref> The music for the series has been composed by Chandril Bhattacharya. The editing has been done by Swarup Sanyal while Ayan Singha handled the cinematography. The film deals with the story of an eccentric detective, who takes on the responsibility to catch a serial killer in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-08 |title=Ritwick Chakraborty makes his web debut as a 'defective' detective in 'Gora' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/ritwick-chakraborty-makes-his-web-debut-as-a-defective-detective-in-gora/cid/1844943 |work=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gora: What makes Ritwick Chakraborty’s upcoming detective web series different from Byomkesh, Eken Babu |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/gora-what-makes-ritwick-chakrabortys-upcoming-detective-web-series-different-from-byomkesh-eken-babu/80f52aea6498 |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=6 June 2022}}</ref>

== Overview ==
A serial killer is targeting the literary greats of [[Kolkata]]. Private detective Gourab Sen, aka Gora, has a reputation of being a serial-killer specialist. Now it falls upon the eccentric detective to catch the killer.

== Cast ==
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] as Gourab Sen, aka Gora
* [[Ishaa Saha]] as Somlata
* Suhotra Mukhopadhyay as Sarathi, Gora's side-kick and sister's fiancée
* Ananya Sen as Konka, Gora's sister
* [[Anuradha Roy (actress)|Anuradha Roy]] as Gora's mother
* [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] as Inspector Tarapada Sarkhel
* Payel De as Supriya
* Debraj Bhattacharya as Supriya's Brother
* Koushik Chattopadhyay as Tanmoy Talukder, a writer

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #000000
| link1 = #Season 1 (2022)
| episodes1 = 8
| released1 = {{Start date|2022|01|07}}
| color2 = #383554
| link2 = #Season 2 (2023)
| released2 = {{Start date|2023|06|30}}
| episodes2 = 8
}}

=== Season 1 (2022) ===
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Daanter Kolom
|DirectedBy = [[Sayantan Ghosal]]
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Maya'r Khela
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Aparichita
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Anadhikar Prabesh
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Kaalmrigaya
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Shesher Ratri
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Shasti
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Samapti
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

=== Season 2 (2023) ===
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Paatri Chai.
|DirectedBy = [[Joydeep Mukherjee (director)|Joydeep Mukherjee]]
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|30}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Paagri Pasand Hua!
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|30}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Too Many Women!
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|30}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Hok Kinara, Mrs. Gora.
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|30}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Payer Tolay Shorshe.
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|30}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Shesher Kobita.
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|30}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Prize Kobe Debe?.
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|30}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Aaloy Kaate Andhokar.
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|30}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
==== Season 1 ====
Madhumanti Pait Chowdhury rated the series 5.5 out of 10 stars and wrote "The film ends being a juxtaposition of a huge number of ''could have been''s." She mentioned that the film is good but could have done better. She applauded Ritwick's performance as Gora, his appearance in the series, Ritwick's camaraderie with Suhotra and the performance of the remaining ensemble cast. But she criticized the weak character development for Ritwick's character, vague subplot, over-lengthy scenes and the poor execution.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=পৈত চৌধুরী |first1=মধুমন্তী |date=2022-05-08 |title=Gora: সিরিজ়ে আগাগোড়াই ঋত্বিক |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-web-series-gora/cid/1323130 |work=[[Anandabazar]] |language=bn}}{{rating|5.5|10}}</ref>

Archi Sengupta of Leisure Byte rated the series 3.5/5 stars and noted "Gora series flows well, the mystery is tight and the interactions between the detective and the sidekick are mostly hilarious, sans some disturbing verbal and physical abuse." She praised the comedy in the series, the rapport between Ritwick and Suhtra's characters, the short runtime, well written murders, Suhotra's performance, the suspense maintained throughout the series and the production quality. But she criticised the over display of eccentricities, the usage of an age-old reason for a revenge and the multiple loopholes in the storyline.<ref>{{Cite new |last1=Sengupta |first1=Archi |date=2022-05-08 |title=Gora (2022) Review: Ritwick Chakraborty Series is Extremely Watchable |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/gora-2022-review-ritwick-chakraborty/ |work=Leisure Byte |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> ''High on Films'' and ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' have also given mixed reviews to the series.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Amartya |title=Gora (Season 1) Review: A by-the-numbers detective series with a standout Ritwick Chakraborty performance |url=https://www.highonfilms.com/gora-season-1-2022-hoichoi-web-series-review/ |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=High on Films |date=15 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gora review: Ritwick Chakraborty's series is entertaining to the core |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/gora-review-ritwick-chakrabortys-series-is-entertaining-to-the-core/a8610b54e7509 |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=OTTplay |date=9 January 2022}}</ref>

==== Season 2 ====
Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and highlighted "Ritwick-Suhotra’s duo is quite naturally magnetic, but the end is quite rushed and could have been explained and formed better." She praised Sahana Dutta for writing the character of Gora in a way that reduces the seriousness and brutality of a situation and the poetic dialogues but bemoaned Gora's over forgetfulness, unnecessary confusion, unaddressed loopholes in the plot, excessive editing, overacting on Ritwick's part, Ushashie Ray's weak performance and the overdone theatrics in certain parts.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Ritwick-Suhotra Pull Off a Rather Gruesome Tale Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/gora/season-2/seasonreview/101463354.cms |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 July 2023}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt15516200}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:2022 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]

Yenamalakuduru

2025-12-23T15:40:20Z

JerilynCropper5: Added first details w/ refs - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Yenamalakuduru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline = Aerial view of Yenamalakuduru 02.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Aerial view of the town
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|28|45|N|80|40|22|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.17
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 34177
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 520007
| registration_plate = AP 16
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[House of Assembly|Assembly]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Penamaluru]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Machilipatnam]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[City]]
| subdivision_type5 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Penamaluru mandal|Penamaluru]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Vijayawada]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]]
}}

'''Yanamalakuduru''' is part of [[Vijayawada]] and a [[census town]] in [[Krishna district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Penamaluru mandal]] of [[Vijayawada revenue division]].<ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Krishna|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=6 February 2016|page=16,394|format=PDF}}</ref> As per the G.O. No. M.S.104 (dated:23-03-2017), Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, it became a part of Vijayawada metropolitan area.<ref name="metropolitan">{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Vijayawada, 19 other contiguous areas notified as Metropolitan Area|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/vijayawada-19-other-contiguous-areas-notified-as-metropolitan-area/article17665839.ece|access-date=27 March 2017|work=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref><ref name="G.O.">{{cite web|title=Welcome to Government Order Issue Register|url=http://goir.ap.gov.in/Reports.aspx|website=goir.ap.gov.in|access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref>

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is provided by government, aid and development groups, and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=7 November 2016|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220545/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|website=www.ap.gov.in|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|url-status=dead}}</ref> English and Telugu are the main languages of instruction.

== See also ==
*[[List of census towns in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vijayawada topics}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Vijayawada}}

[[Category:Census towns in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Vijayawada]]

{{Krishna-geo-stub}}

Cnemaspis graniticola

2025-12-16T04:08:44Z

JerilynCropper5: Put Up Entry - done

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| taxon = Cnemaspis graniticola
| authority = Agarwal, Thackeray, Pal, & Khandekar, 2020
}}

'''''Cnemaspis graniticola''''' is a species of [[Diurnality|diurnal]], rock-dwelling, [[insectivorous]] [[gecko]] endemic to [[India]]. It is distributed in [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Cnemaspis&species=graniticola Cnemaspis graniticola]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q104856011}}

[[Category:Cnemaspis|graniticola]]
[[Category:Lizards of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2020]]

{{Gekkonidae-stub}}

The Bombay Durpun

2025-12-14T06:04:00Z

JerilynCropper5: Added a info first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian bi-lingual newspaper}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The Bombay Durpun
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| type = [[Weekly newspaper]]
| format =
| owner = 
| founder = [[Balshastri Jambhekar]]
| publisher =
| president =
| editor = [[Balshastri Jambhekar]]
| chief_editor =
| deputy_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| general_manager =
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| metro_editor =
| metro_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded = {{start date and age|1832|01|06|df=y}}
| political_position =
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[English language|English]]
| ceased_publication = {{End date and age|1840|06|25|df=y}}
| relaunched =
| headquarters = [[Bombay]]
| publishing_city = [[Mumbai|Bombay]]
| publishing_country = [[British India]]
| circulation =
| circulation_date =
| circulation_ref =
| readership =
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| eISSN =
| oclc =
| RNI =
| website =
| free =
}}
'''''The Bombay Durpun''''', commonly known as '''''Bombay Durpun''''', '''''Durpun''''' or '''''Darpan''''', was a [[bilingual]] language<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ranganathan |first1=Murali |title=How an Anglo-Gujarati newspaper kept publishing through the Bombay plague and into the 1980s |url=https://scroll.in/article/971548/how-an-anglo-gujarati-newspaper-kept-publishing-through-the-bombay-plague-and-into-the-1980s |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=August 28, 2020}}</ref> newspaper published in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] from 1832 to 1840.<ref name=a/> It was founded by [[Balshastri Jambhekar]], a social reformer regarded as the Father of Marathi journalism. It was the first Marathi newspaper and the first issue was published on January 6, 1832. The founding date of the ''Bombay Durpun'', January 6, is celebrated as Marathi Journalist Day in [[Maharashtra]] to commemorate that day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra celebrates Marathi Journalism day |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=Maharashtra-celebrates-Marathi-Journalism-day&id=407418 |publisher=[[All India Radio|News On AIR]] |date=January 6, 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
It was established in January 1832. Initially, the newspaper was published fortnightly, but later it was made weekly. At that time, this issue was published in both Marathi and English. The newspaper used to have two columns, one in English and one in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. The column used to be written and printed in Marathi so that the [[Marathi people]] could understand what was happening in the country. So that the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British]] could understand what was written in the newspaper, the second column was written in English. Despite the constant attention of the British power, the newspaper ''Darpan'' ran for eight and a half years. Its last issue was published in July 1840.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhage |first1=Prajwal |title=पत्रकार दिन : कोण आहेत बाळशास्त्री जांभेकर ज्यांनी महाराष्ट्राला पहिलं वृत्तपत्र दिलं ? जाणून घ्या 'दर्पण' वृत्तपत्राचे वैशिष्ट्य |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/specials/darpandin-patrakar-din-know-about-balshastri-jambhekar-and-darpan-newspaper-609754.html |publisher=TV9 Marathi |date=January 6, 2022 |language=Marathi}}</ref>

As the concept of a newspaper was not rooted in the common people then, ''Darpan'' did not get a large number of subscribers initially.<ref>{{cite news |title='दर्पण'कार बाळशास्त्री जांभेकर |url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/featured/the-newspaper-darpan-was-started-by-balshastri-jambhekar-on-january-6-1832/245129/ |publisher=[[Mahanagar (newspaper)|Mahanagar]] |language=Marathi}}</ref>

''The Bombay Durpun'' was published for eight years in educating and enlightening the public, at the end, the newspaper was converted into the '''''United Service Gazette and Literary Chronicle'''''. While announcing the change, the proprietors thanked their supporters and said with pride that the ''Durpun'' had not lost a single friend during its career. However, later Jambhekar launched ''Dig Durshun'', a monthly Marathi magazine.<ref name=a>{{cite book |last1=Natarajan |first1=J |title=History of Indian Journalism |publisher=[[Publications Division (India)|Publications Division]], Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=9788123026381 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1c-DwAAQBAJ&dq=The+Bombay+Durpun&pg=PT95}}</ref>

The copies of ''The Bombay Durpun'' have been preserved by the Maharashtra State Archives (archival agency of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]) in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patel |first1=Dinyar |title=India's Archives: How Did Things Get This Bad? |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/22/indias-archives-how-did-things-get-this-bad/ |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 22, 2012}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Marathi-language newspapers]]
* [[Media of India]]
* [[History of journalism]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Marathi-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1832 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Weekly newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1832]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in Asia]]
[[Category:Bilingual newspapers]]
[[Category:Defunct weekly newspapers]]

Ho people

2025-12-04T13:03:04Z

JerilynCropper5: stub

{{Short description|Ethnic group of India}}
{{About|the Austroasiatic ethnic group of India|the Tibeto-Burman people also known as Ho of China, Laos, and Vietnam|Hani people}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Ho
| population = {{circa|1.7 million}}
| total_ref = {{efn|The total population of Ho people in India is approximately 1.7 million (1,733,355), comprising 1,033,095 Ho individuals from Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha; 75,251 Kol individuals from Bihar, Jharkhand, and Odisha; and 625,009 Kolha individuals from Odisha.<ref name="Cen2011">{{cite web|title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html|website=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India|access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref>}}
| total_year = 2011
| image = Ho Tribal Lady.jpg
| caption = Ho tribe woman in traditional attire.
| popplace = {{flag|India}}
| region2 = {{spaces|14}}[[Jharkhand]]
| pop2 = 928,289<ref name="Cen2011" />
| region3 = {{spaces|13}} [[Odisha]]
| pop3 = 705,618<ref name="Cen2011" />
| region4 = {{spaces|13}} [[West Bengal]]
| pop4 = 23,483<ref name="Cen2011" />
| region5 = {{spaces|14}}[[Bihar]]
| pop5 = 715<ref
name="Cen2011" />
| languages = [[Ho language]]
| religions = {{hlist|[[Sarnaism]] | [[Hinduism]] | [[Christianity]]}}
| related = {{hlist|[[Munda people|Mundas]] | [[Kharia people|Kharias]] | [[Juang people|Juangs]] | [[Santal people|Santals]] | [[Bhumij people|Bhumijs]] }}
| footnotes = Odisha population figures include '''[[List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha|Kol, Kolah]]''' & '''[[List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha|Larko-Kol]]''' who although listed as a separate Scheduled Tribe, are another name for the Hos.<ref>{{cite book |title= Kolha |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/73843/1/SCST_2018_handbook_0063.pdf |publisher=Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute, Odisha |year=2018 |isbn=978-93-80705-56-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921094725/https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/73843/1/SCST_2018_handbook_0063.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>|
| native_name = Larka kol
| native_name_lang =
| flag =
}}

The '''Ho''' people are an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] [[Munda peoples|Munda]] [[ethnicity|ethnic group]] of India. They are mostly concentrated in the [[Kolhan division|Kolhan region]] of [[Jharkhand]] and northern [[Odisha]] where they constitute around 10.7% and 7.3% of the total [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|Scheduled Tribe]] population respectively, as of 2011.<ref name="CensusST2011">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html|title = Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> With a population of approximately 700,000 in the state in 2001, the Ho are the fourth most numerous [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|Scheduled tribe]] in Jharkhand after the [[Santal people|Santals]], [[Kurukh people|Kurukhs]], and [[Munda people|Munda]]s.<ref name="JharkhandData">{{cite web |url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_jharkhand.pdf |title = Jharkhand: Data Highlights the Scheduled Tribes |access-date= 6 March 2008 |work= Census of India 2001 |publisher= Census Commission of India }}</ref> The Ho also inhabit adjacent areas in the neighbouring states of [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]], bringing the total to 806,921, as of 2001.<ref name="CensusST2011"/><ref name="Tribal">{{cite web |title=Scheduled Tribals |url=https://tribal.nic.in/ST/Tribal%20Profile.pdf |website=tribal.nic.in |access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=High hopes for Ho |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/High-hopes-for-Ho/articleshow/9275704.cms |access-date=23 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=19 July 2011 |language=en}}</ref> They also live in [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mattersindia.com/2015/02/journeying-together-with-ho-tribes-in-odisha/ | title=Journeying together with Ho tribes in Odisha| date=16 February 2015}}</ref>

According to ''[[Ethnologue]]'', the total number of people speaking the [[Ho language]] was 1,040,000 as of 2001.<ref name=ethno>{{cite web |url= https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hoc |title= Ho: A Language of India | access-date= 14 October 2017 |work= Ethnologue | publisher= SIL International }}</ref> Similar to other Austroasiatic groups in the area, the Ho report varying degrees of multilingualism, also using [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]].<ref name="Mohan">{{cite book|last1=Mohan|first1=Shailendra|editor1-last=Hashnain|editor1-first=Imtiaz|editor2-last=Bagga-Gupta|editor2-first=Sangeeta|editor3-last=Mohan|editor3-first=Shailendra|title=Linguistic Identity and Language Preferences Among the Austro-Asiatic Language Speakers of Jharkhand|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781443847162|pages=286–303|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/download/45589677/linguistic_identity_and_language_preference.pdf|access-date=9 October 2017|chapter=20}}</ref>

The majority of the Ho are involved in agriculture, either as land owners or labourers, while others are engaged in mining. Compared to the rest of India, the Ho have a low literacy rate and a low rate of school enrolment. The government of Jharkhand has recently approved measures to help increase enrolment and literacy among children.<ref name = "indiaex" /><ref name = "elib" /><ref name = "ndtv" />

==Etymology==
The term "Ho" originates from the [[Ho language]], where "hō" translates to "human". The name encompasses both their ethnic identity and language, closely linked to [[Mundari language|Mundari]] within the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language]] family. In [[Odisha]], certain [[Segmentary lineage|segments]] of the Ho tribe, such as Kol, Kolha, and Kolah are [[List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha|officially recognized]] as distinct groups. These names are derived from the colonial [[Endonym and exonym|exonym]] Kol, a term widely used for tribal communities across northern India, and from blends of exonyms and [[Endonym and exonym|endonyms]] such as ''Hoo'', ''Hoṛo'', and ''Hoṛoko'', all signifying "human" or "human being" in their language.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Odisha State Tribal Museum {{!}} Kolha|url=https://www.ostm.in/tribes_of_odisha/kolha/|access-date=2 April 2021|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ostm.in/tribes_of_odisha/munda/|title = Odisha State Tribal Museum | Munda}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ostm.in/tribes_of_odisha/mundari/|title=Odisha State Tribal Museum | Mundari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ostm.in/tribes_of_odisha/kolah/|title = Odisha State Tribal Museum | Kolah}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ostm.in/tribes_of_odisha/kol/|title = Odisha State Tribal Museum | Kol}}</ref> They were also historically referred to as Larka Kol, reflecting their rebellious nature, composed of ''Larka'' (meaning "fighter" in the [[Munda languages|Munda language]]) and the exonym Kol.<ref>{{cite book |date=2022 |editor-last=Behera |editor-first=Maguni Charan |title=Tribe, Space and Mobilisation |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-19-0059-4 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-19-0059-4|isbn=978-981-19-0058-7 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==History==
===Prehistory===
Linguistic studies suggest that the Austroasiatic homeland was in Southeast Asia and [[Austroasiatic languages]] arrived on the coast of [[Odisha]] from [[Southeast Asia]] about 4000–3500 years ago.<ref name=Sidwell>Sidwell, Paul, and Roger Blench. 2011. "The Austroasiatic Urheimat: the Southeastern Riverine Hypothesis." Enfield, NJ (ed.) ''Dynamics of Human Diversity'', 317-345. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. http://rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/SR09/Sidwell%20Blench%20offprint.pdf</ref> The Austroasiatic speaker spread from Southeast Asia and mixed extensively with local Indian populations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schliesinger |first1=Joachim |title=Origin of the Tai People 3: Genetic and Archaeological Approaches |date=2016 |publisher=Booksmango |isbn=9781633239623 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=766hDQAAQBAJ&q=munda+people+came+from+south+east+asia&pg=PA71 |access-date=20 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

According to historian [[Ram Sharan Sharma]] in his book India's Ancient Past mentioned that, many [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]], [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], and non-Sanskrit terms occur in the Vedic texts ascribed to 1500-500 BC.<ref name=Sharma>Ancient History by R.S Sharma, pp 1-4</ref> They indicate ideas, institutions, products, and settlements associated with peninsular and non-Vedic India. The people of this area spoke the proto-Munda language. Several terms in the Indo-Aryan languages that signify the use of cotton, navigation, digging, stick, etc. have been traced to the Munda languages by linguists. There are many Munda pockets in [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], in which the remnants of Munda culture are strong. It is held that changes in the phonetics and vocabulary of the Vedic language can be explained as much on the basis of the Dravidian influence as that of the Munda.<ref name=Sharma />

===Mediaeval to modern history===
[[File:Ho people.jpg|thumb|Dalton's painting of Ho man and woman in 1872]]

Starting from the period between the 9th and 12th centuries, copper was smelted in many parts of old Singhbhum district. It is believed that many immigrants entered [[Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]] from [[Manbhum]] in the 14th century or earlier. When the Hos entered old Singhbhum, they overcame the [[Bhuiya]]s by 17th century, who were then inhabitants of the forest country. In the latter half of the eighteenth century, the Hos fought several wars against the Rajas of the [[Chota Nagpur Tributary States|Chota Nagpur States]] and [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]] to retain their independence. Although the area was formally claimed to be a part of the [[Mughal Empire]], neither the Mughals nor the [[Marathas]], who were active in the surrounding areas during the decline of the Mughals, ventured into the area.<ref name = "Prasad">Prasad, Hem Chandra. ''Bihar''. 1983/2003, pp. 36, 67, 159, 162, 184. National Book Trust, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-237-0151-9}}</ref> As far as is known, the Muslims left them alone and the Ho enjoyed their autonomy.<ref name = "Houlton">[[John Wardle Houlton|Sir John Houlton]], ''Bihar: The Heart of India'', 1949, pp. 132, 138–139, 166–169, Orient Longmans, Kolkata.</ref>

In 1765, Chota Nagpur was ceded to the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] as part of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Bihar Province|Bihar]], and [[Orissa Province]]s. The Raja of Singhbhum (''de facto'' Porahat estate) asked the British Resident at [[Midnapore]] for protection in 1767, but it was not until 1820 that he acknowledged himself as a feudatory of the British. The restless Hos broke the agreement soon and took part in a fierce rebellion of 1831–33, called the [[Kol uprising]], along with the [[Munda people|Mundas]].<ref name = "Prasad"/><ref>The Ho Tribe of Singhbhum by C.P.Singh</ref> The immediate cause of the Kol uprising was the disposition of Mankis and extraction of taxes by ''thikadars'' (literally meaning contractors) or farmers of rent. The Hos and Mundas were joined by the [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]] and the houses of many thikedars, landlords were burnt and a number of people were killed. They also plundered, killed and destroyed villages Hindus.<ref name = "Houlton"/> It compelled the British to recognise the need for a thorough subjugation of the Hos.<ref name = "Prasad"/> The uprising was suppressed with a good deal of trouble by several hundred British troops.<ref name = "Houlton"/> While local troops quelled the uprising, another group under Colonel Richards entered Singhbhum in November 1836. Within three months all the ringleaders surrendered. Subsequently the "Kolhan Government Estate" was formed by Wilkinson in 1937, composing Ho concentrated areas. In 1857, the Raja of [[Porahat]] rose in rebellion and a sizeable section of the Hos joined in the revolt. Troops were sent who put an end to the disturbances by 1859.<ref name = "Prasad"/>

==Language==
{{main|Ho language}}
Ho people speak the [[Ho language]], an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language]] closely related to [[Mundari language|Mundari]] and more distantly related to languages of Southeast Asia such as [[Khmer language|Khmer]] and [[Mon language|Mon]]. The Austroasiatic languages of India, including Ho, are inflected [[fusional language]]s unlike their distant relatives in Southeast Asia which are [[analytic languages]]. This difference in [[linguistic typology|typology]] is due to extensive language contact with the unrelated Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages. The phonology of Ho has also been influenced by the nearby unrelated languages.<ref name=Sidwell /> There are at least three dialects of Ho: Lohara, [[Chaibasa]] and [[Thakurmunda]]. All dialects are mutually intelligible with approximately 92% of all Ho speakers able to understand a narrative discourse in both Chaibasa and Thakurmunda dialects.<ref name=ethno /> The most divergent dialects are in the extreme south and east of Ho territory.

While fewer than five per cent of Ho speakers are literate in the language, Ho is typically written in [[Devanagari]], [[Latin script|Latin]], scripts. A native alphabet, called [[Warang Citi]] and invented by [[Lako Bodra]] in the 20th century, also exists.<ref name=ethno /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hoffman|first1=Paul|title=(Re)inventing writing: stories and histories|page=5|url=http://www.hoffmancommapaul.com/papers/lis470/re-inventing-writing.pdf|website=hoffmancommapaul.com|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:OpenSpeaks-Hoc-Ruum Sakam-Mangal Singhku-Guan Bunga.webm|thumb|Gõan Bonga (Cattle Pen Sacrifice) performed by ''desauli'', the family head in Keshpada, [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]], India]]
[[File:OpenSpeaks-Hoc-Ruum Sakam-Ramai Singh-Lalit Singh Banra-Dama and Dumang.webm|thumb|Two ''Dama'' and ''Dumaṅ'' players playing a tune from [[Mage Porob]] and explaining making of the instruments in [[Ho language]]]]
Ho village life revolves around five main ''porob'' or festivals. The most important festival, ''[[Mage Parab]]'', takes place in the late winter month of [[Magha (month)|Magha]] and marks the completion of the agricultural cycle.<ref name="Hebbar">{{cite journal|last1=Hebbar|first1=Ritambhara|title=Homecoming: Ho Women, Work, and Land Rights in Jharkhand|journal=Sociological Bulletin|date=January 2005|volume=54|issue=1|pages=18–39|doi=10.1177/0038022920050102|s2cid=156749590|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268684531|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> It is a week-long celebration held to honour Singbonga, the creator god. Other lesser ''bonga'' (spirits) are also honoured throughout the week. ''Baa Porob'', the festival of flowers held in mid-spring, celebrates the yearly blossoming of the sacred Sal trees. ''[[Sohrai]]'' or ''Gaumára'' is the most important agricultural festival, the date of which usually coincides with the nationwide festivities in the fall. It is a village wide celebration with music and dancing held in honour of the cattle used in cultivation. During the ceremonies, the cows are painted with a flour and dye mix, anointed with oil and prayed over after a black chicken is sacrificed to an image of the cattle bonga. ''Baba Hermúṭu'' is the ceremonial first sowing. The date is set each year in the early spring by the ''diuri'' or priest, who also officiates the three-day ceremony by praying and commencing his first sowing of the year. ''Jomnama Porob'' is held in late fall before the first harvest is eaten to thank the spirits for a trouble-free harvest.''<ref name="Hebbar" /><ref name="Duary">{{cite book|last1=Duary|first1=Nabakumar|editor1-last=Behera|editor1-first=M.C.|title=Tribal Religion : Change and Continuity|date=2000|publisher=Vedams Ltd.|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-8171696192|chapter=12. Change and continuity in Ho religion--an impact study in South Bihar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Sohrai|url=http://keraientertainment.com/the-sohrai/|website=Ho Cultural Preservation Website|publisher=keraientertainment|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>''

Dance is important to Adivasi culture in general and for the Ho, it is more than simply a means of entertainment. Their songs are generally accompanied by dances which change with the seasons. Songs and distinctively choreographed dance are integral parts of Ho culture and art,<ref name = "Houlton"/><ref name = "Prasad2">Prasad, Hem Chandra, ''Bihar'', pp. 13, 34, 179, 194.</ref> as well as important parts of their traditional festivals, especially Mage Parab. Most villages have a dedicated dancing ground, called ''akhra'', usually consisting of a cleared space of hard ground under a spreading tree. Dances are organised on a staggered basis in the villages so that other villagers can participate. Traditional Ho music incorporates native instruments including a ''Dama'' (drum), ''Dumaṅ'' (barrel drum), and the ''Rutu'' (flute).<ref name = "Houlton"/>

The Ho people brew [[rice wine]], called ''Ḍiaṅ''.

==Religion==
{{See also|Sarnaism}}
{{Pie chart
|caption=Religion among 1.7 million Ho people of Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal (2011 census)<ref>{{cite web |title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416233826/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html |archive-date=16 April 2016}} {{cite web |title=ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table (For Each Tribe Separately) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920222100/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |archive-date=20 September 2016}}</ref>
|thumb=right
|value1=52.8
|label1=[[Sarnaism]]
|color1=maroon
|value2=44.5
|label2=[[Hinduism]]
|color2=orange
|value3=1.9
|label3=[[Christianity]]
|color3=dodgerblue
|value4=0.1
|label4=[[Islam]]
|color4=green
|value5=0.2
|label5=''not stated''
|color5=pink
|other=yes
}}
In the 2001 national census, 91% of the Hos of Jharkhand declared that they professed "other religions and persuations", meaning that they do not consider themselves to belong to any of the major religious groups and follow their indigenous religious systems called "Sarna" or [[Sarnaism]].<ref name = "JharkhandData"/> Also known as ''sarna dhorom'' ("religion of the holy woods"), this religion plays an important part in the life of adivasi.<ref name="Pal">{{cite journal|last1=Pal|first1=T|title=Sacred Grove in Jharkhand|journal=Indian International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Science Research|date=December 2016|volume=I|issue=I|url=http://www.iijhassr.com/Published%20Paper/Vol-I/Issue-I/Vol-I_Issue-I_P5.pdf|access-date=10 October 2017|issn=2456-4389|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010110107/http://www.iijhassr.com/Published%20Paper/Vol-I/Issue-I/Vol-I_Issue-I_P5.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Their beliefs in gods, goddesses and spirits are ingrained in them from childhood. The religion of the Hos resembles, to a great extent that of [[Santhal people|Santhals]], [[Kurukh people|Oraons]], [[Munda people|Mundas]], and other tribal people in the region. All religious rituals are performed by a village priest known as a ''deuri''. However, he is not required to propitiate malevolent spirits or deities. The spirit doctor ''deowa'' takes care of this.<ref name = "Prasad"/>

===Position of women===
Houlton writes, "I do not want to give the impression, by mentioning occasional divergences from the straight and narrow path, that aboriginals are immoral. On the contrary, their standards of post-marital morality and fidelity are probably a good deal higher than in some races that claim to be more civilised. The status of women is high. Wives are partners and companions to their husbands. It is even whispered that hen-pecked husbands are not uncommon among the tribesmen."<ref name = "Houlton"/>

There is a system of payment of bride-price amongst the Hos. The bride-price is often a status symbol and in modern times it remains not more than 101-1001 rupees. As a result, many Ho girls remain unmarried till advanced age.<ref name = "Houlton"/> Among the total Ho population, females outnumber the males.<ref name="JharkhandData"/>

==Economy==
[[File:OpenSpeaks-Hoc-Ruum Sakam-Sunaram Singh Tiyu-Cultivation.webm|thumb|A Ho farmer sharing his farming experience]]

Almost half the population is engaged in cultivation and another one third also work as land-less agricultural labourers.<ref name = "JharkhandData"/> The Hos, along with Santals, Oraons and Mundas, are comparatively more advanced, and have taken to settled cultivation as their mode of life.<ref name = "Prasad2"/>

The discovery of [[iron ore]] in Ho territory opened the way for the first iron ore mine in India at Pansira Buru in 1901.<ref>Srinivasan, N.R., ''History of The Indian Iron and Steel Company'', 1983, p. 137</ref> Over the years iron ore mining spread out in the area. Many Hos are engaged in mining work but that does not add up to any sizeable percentage. However, small, well planned mining towns dotting the territory have brought the Ho people in close touch with the good and bad aspects of urbanisation. Some of the prominent mining towns in the area are [[Chiria]], [[Gua, Jharkhand|Gua]], [[Noamundi]] and [[Kiriburu]].

==Forests==
[[File:Shorea robusta in Chhattisgarh.jpg|thumbnail|Sal tree]]
[[Sal tree|Sal]] (Shorea robusta) is the most important tree in the area and it seems to have a preference for the rocky soil there. Although sal is a deciduous tree and sheds its leaves in early summer, the forest undergrowth is generally evergreen, which has such trees as [[mango]]es, [[Jambul|jamun]], [[jackfruit]], and [[Guava|piar]]. Other important trees are [[Madhuca longifolia|mahua]], kusum, [[Wendlandia|tilai]], harin hara (Armossa rohitulea), gular (Fiscus glomerata), [[Terminalia elliptica|asan]]. The Singhbhum forests are best in the Kolhan area in the south-west of the district.<ref name = "Prasad2"/> The lives of Ho people have long been intertwined with sal forests and there is a strong resentment against the efforts of timber merchants to replace sal forests with teak plantations.

The reserved forests are the haunt of many animals. Wild [[elephant]]s are common in [[Saranda forest|Saranda]] (literally meaning seven hundred hills) and Porahat forests. Herds of [[Sambar Deer|sambar]] and [[chital]] roam about the forests. [[Bison]] is still found (locally extinct when a study was undertaken in 2005 by Kisor Chaudhuri FRGS). [[Tiger]]s were never numerous but they are there (locally extinct when a study was undertaken in 2005 by Kisor Chaudhuri FRGS). [[Leopard]]s are more common. The Hos are keen hunters and have practically exterminated game in Kolhan. They organise great ''battues'', in which thousands of people join. They beat their drums in a huge circle, and gradually close in over hills and across forests, driving the wild animals on to a central point, on to which lines of hunters converge until the animals are surrounded and slaughtered.<ref name = "Houlton"/>

==Literacy==
As per the 2011 census, the literacy rate for the Ho population was around 44.7% for all and 33.1% for women, much lower than the Jharkhand averages of 66.4% for all and 55.4% for women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=4 July 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Ho language Adiwasi community by D. Naresh.webm|thumb|317x317px|Ho community Updates up to 2025]]
In order to help increase the literacy rates, the government announced in 2016 that it had designed text books to teach Hindi and mathematics in Ho.<ref name="indiaex">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/cm-raghubar-das-talks-about-new-jharkhand-governor-underlines-several-projects-in-santhal-pargana-region-4798328/ | title=CM Raghubar das talks about 'New Jharkhand', Governor underlines several projects in Santhal Pargana region| date=15 August 2017}}</ref> In 2017 those textbooks were made available on the central government's e-library platform.<ref name="elib">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/jharkhand-central-e-library-to-have-textbooks-in-tribal-languages/story-d4zqHbHg2ynY6VSIJWc10I.html | title=Jharkhand: Central e-library to have textbooks in tribal languages| date=7 June 2016}}</ref> In a 2016 effort to help promote tribal languages Tata Steel, a private company, began teaching the Ho language on weekends to drop-out schoolgirls at a "camp school" in Naomundi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jharkhand: School dropout girls to get lessons in Ho language |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/jharkhand-school-dropout-girls-to-get-lessons-in-ho-language/ |access-date=12 April 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref> As of November 2016, 100 girls were enrolled in the camp school. The company has also run private Ho language centres in East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum and Seraikela-Kharsawan districts since 2011. Approximately 6000 people have undergone Ho language and Warang Chiti script training in these centres.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.avenuemail.in/region/ho-classes-launched-noamundi-camp-school/99322/ | title=Ho classes launched at Noamundi Camp School| work=Avenue Mail| date=14 October 2016}}</ref> In 2017 the government of Jharkhand announced it would soon begin teaching five- and six-year-old primary school students in their local language in order to help reduce the high drop-out rate.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/jharkhand-government-to-introduce-kg-education-in-25-000-primary-schools-1729487 | title=Jharkhand Government to Introduce KG Education in 25,000 Primary Schools| work=NDTV}}</ref> Among the Hos, 19.7% have completed schooling and 3.1% are graduates.<ref name="JharkhandData" /> The percentage of school-going children in the age group 5 –14 years was 37.6.<ref name="JharkhandData" />

==Notable people==


*[[Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu]] - Indian politician and a former member of the 14th Lok Sabha<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Balmuchu |first1=Pradeep Kumar |date=31 May 2018 |url=http://rsdebate.nic.in/rsdebate56/handle/123456789/683309?viewItem=browse |title=Demand to include the language 'Ho' spoken in Jharkhand, in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution |journal=Parliament of India |access-date=Jan 13, 2025}}</ref>
*[[Debendranath Champia]] - Indian politician and a former member of the Bihar constituency assembly
* [[Lipika Singh Darai]] - Indian filmmaker and film director<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/130417/tribal-girl-lipika-singh-darai-from-odisha-wins-4-national-awards-in-7-years.html|title=Tribal girl Lipika Singh Darai from Odisha wins 4 National Awards in 7 years|date=13 April 2017|publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
*[[Laxman Giluwa]] - Indian politician and the president of the Jharkhand unit of Bhartiya Janta Party<ref>{{cite news |title=''हो'' भाषा को संविधान की आठवीं अनुसूची में शामिल करने की मांग के साथ जंतर मंतर पर प्रदर्शन |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/saraikela-kharsawan/1229312 |access-date=12 April 2021 |work=Prabhat Khabar |date=3 December 2018 |language=hi}}</ref>
*[[Geeta Koda]] - Indian politician and member of Indian National Congress<ref name="Thaker">{{cite news|last1=Thaker|first1=Jayesh|title=Poll Power Trips Geeta Koda means business|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141128/jsp/jharkhand/story_19097253.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128004020/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141128/jsp/jharkhand/story_19097253.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2014|access-date=11 November 2017|work=The Telegraph India|date=28 November 2014}}</ref>
*[[Madhu Koda]] - former [[List of Chief Ministers of Jharkhand|Chief Minister of Jharkhand]]<ref name="Thaker" />
*[[Chitrasen Sinku]] - Indian politician and a member of the Eleventh Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhary |first1=Manoj |date=12 Apr 2014 |title=Madhu Koda, Bagun Sumbrui still call the shots in Singhbhum |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-ranchi/20140412/281706907663747 |work=PressReader |access-date=Jan 13, 2025}}</ref>
*[[Janum Singh Soy]] - Indian scholar and [[Padma Shri]] awardee<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamare Padma: Dr Janum Singh Soy gets Padma Shri Award for preserving Ho language |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBiOG0DT74A |website=YouTube | date=7 May 2023 |publisher=[[DD News]] |access-date=18 September 2023 |quote=Ethnicity mentioned between 2:10 to 2:15 |language=hi}}</ref>
*[[Bagun Sumbrai]] - Indian politician and a former member of the 14th Lok Sabha<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jun/29/ranchi-diary-1835300.html | title=Ranchi diary| date=29 June 2018}}</ref>



==See also==

* [[Tribes of Jharkhand]]

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{notelist}}

===Sources===
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/langhotspots/Ho/ Ho Language webpage, by K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College]
* [http://www.sinlung.com Sinlung Sinlung - Indian tribes]
* [http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI | Projekt] RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
* http://holanguageodishaedu.in/
* [[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AC-8@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AC-8@view{{Dead link|date=April 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}]] Ho language in RWAAI Digital Archive

{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Tribes of Jharkhand}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tribes of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]

Press Information Bureau

2025-11-11T06:22:21Z

JerilynCropper5: added info

{{Short description|Indian government agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| type =
| nativename = पत्र सूचना कार्यालय
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Press Information Bureau, Government of India.jpg
| picture_width = 150px
| picture_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|1919|06||df=yes}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding1 =
| superseding2 = 
| agency_type =
| jurisdiction =
| headquarters = [[National Media Centre, New Delhi]]
| coordinates = 
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]
| minister1_pfo = I&B Minister
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name = Anupama Bhatnagar, [[Indian Information Service|IIS]]
| chief1_position = Director General
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| public_protector =
| deputy =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|https://pib.gov.in/}}
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| embed =
}}

The '''Press Information Bureau''', commonly abbreviated as '''PIB''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mainpage.aspx|title=PIB Home Page|publisher=PIB official Portal|access-date=27 October 2012|archive-date=2 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102165309/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mainpage.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> is a nodal agency of the [[Government of India]] under the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]. Based in [[National Media Centre, New Delhi]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/sonia-pm-to-launch-rs-60-cr-media-centre/story-26tAhidq7cC9SkJG8VeuHP.html|title=Sonia, PM to launch Rs 60 cr media centre|date=24 August 2013|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824204551/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Sonia-PM-to-launch-Rs-60-cr-media-centre/Article1-1112100.aspx|archive-date=24 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Press Information Bureau disseminates information to [[print media|print]], [[electronic media|electronic]] and [[new media|web media]] on government plans, policies, programme initiatives and achievements.
It is available in 14 [[Languages of India|Indian official languages]], which are [[Dogri language|Dogri]], Punjabi, Bengali, Odia, Gujarati, [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and [[Urdu]], in addition to Hindi and English, out of the [[22 official languages of the Indian Republic|22 official languages of the Republic of India]].{{efn|The [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]) versions of the press releases are presently available in Bengali script, but there is plan of changing the script into [[Meitei script]] ([[Manipuri script]]) in due course of time.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=PIB press releases in Manipuri : 25th nov15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..251115.nov15 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=e-pao.net |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123175804/http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..251115.nov15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Imphal Free Press |title=PIB website has news in regional languages now |website=KanglaOnline |date=24 November 2015 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2015/11/pib-website-has-news-in-regional-languages-now/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123180217/http://kanglaonline.com/2015/11/pib-website-has-news-in-regional-languages-now/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The head of PIB is also the Official Spokesperson of the Government of India and holds the rank of Principal Director General (Special Secretary equivalent).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Satyendra Prakash named new PIB DG|work=PIB|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1846982|access-date=8 October 2022|archive-date=8 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008195001/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1846982|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
The Press Information Bureau was established in June 1919 as a small cell under Home Ministry under the British government. Its main task was to prepare a report on India to be placed before the British Parliament. It was then located in Shimla.

The first head of the publicity cell was Dr. L.F. Rushbrook Williams of Allahabad University who was designated as Officer on Special Duty. Prof. Williams had earlier worked with Sir Stanley Reed on the Central Publicity Board.

In 1941, J. Natrajan became the first Indian to be head the bureau as Principal Information Officer.

The organisation's name was changed to the Press Information Bureau in 1946.

The bureau has been reconstituted many times since independence of India in 1947.

== Structure and function==
Administratively, the Press Information Bureau is one of the media units working under the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India. It is the nodal agency for public communication and media relations for the entire Union Government of India (though some organizations have their own outfits to look after their specialized media and publicity functions, e.g. Ministry of External Affairs and the armed forces).

With headquarters in New Delhi, it now has a nation-wide network of eight regional offices and 34 branch offices.<ref>{{cite web|title=About PIB|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/static.asp?releaseID=E0000US1|publisher=PIB Mumbai official Portal|access-date=27 October 2012|archive-date=23 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923005643/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/static.asp?releaseID=E0000US1|url-status=live}}</ref> Over 60 information officers are presently in position in the bureau. The bureau has information officers attached to different ministries, constitutional bodies and autonomous organizations of the government of India. They are responsible for information dissemination and unpaid publicity for those organizations.

The bureau issues press releases, features, photographs, infographics and videos for giving information to electronic, print and web media on the following matters:

* Government planning
* Government policies
* Programme initiatives
* Achievements of the government

The bureau has a Press Facilitation unit for press accreditation and facilitation during press conferences and events that are open for the media. At present, about 2500 editors, correspondents, camerapersons and technicians from print, radio, television and web media are accredited.<ref>[http://pibaccreditation.nic.in/acrindexallphoto.aspx]</ref>

Its website contains archives of press releases issued by it since 1947. It has also launched the mobile version of its [[website]]<ref>{{cite news|date=31 August 2012|title=PIB launches mobile version of its website|work=[[The Economic Times]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/press-information-bureau-launches-mobile-version-of-its-website/articleshow/16080463.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922063118/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-31/news/33521528_1_website-mobile-version-press-information-bureau|archive-date=22 September 2013}}</ref> and a mobile app.

In November 2019, the PIB set up a [[fact-checking]] unit<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Information Bureau |url=https://pib.gov.in/aboutfactchecke.aspx |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=pib.gov.in |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423233710/https://pib.gov.in/aboutfactchecke.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> to check government related news.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2019-11-29|title=Press Information Bureau sets up unit to combat fake news related to government|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/press-information-bureau-sets-up-unit-to-combat-fake-news-related-to-government/article30116077.ece|access-date=2019-11-30|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=30 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130132650/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/press-information-bureau-sets-up-unit-to-combat-fake-news-related-to-government/article30116077.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-11-28|title=PIB establishes checking unit to combat fake news against government on social media|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/pib-establishes-checking-unit-to-combat-fake-news-against-government-on-social-media/articleshow/72279066.cms|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=4 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204102552/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/pib-establishes-checking-unit-to-combat-fake-news-against-government-on-social-media/articleshow/72279066.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Heads/government spokespersons ==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
!No.
!Principal information officers
!From
!To
|-
|1.
|Mr. J. Hennessy
|April 1938
|December 1941
|-
|2.
|Shri J. Natrajan
|January 1942
|July 1945
|-
|3.
|Mr. Pothan Joseph
|July 1945
|December 1946
|-
|4.
|Shri A. S. Iyenger
|October 1946
|December 1948
|-
|5.
|Shri B. L. Sharma
|February 1949
|March 1954
|-
|6.
|Shri M. L. Bhardwaj
|March 1954
|October 1955
|-
|7.
|Shri T. R. V. Chari
|October 1955
|July 1961
|-
|8.
|Shri M. L. Bhardwaj
|July 1961
|May 1963
|-
|9.
|Shri L. R. Nair
|May 1963
|January 1966
|-
|10.
|Shri M. L. Bhardwaj
|January 1966
|July 1971
|-
|11.
|Shri H. J. D'Penha
|July 1971
|June 1974
|-
|12.
|Dr. A. R. Baji
|December 1974
|August 1976
|-
|13.
|Shri L. Dayal
|August 1976
|September 1977
|-
|14.
|Shri G. S. Bhargava
|June 1978
|April 1980
|-
|15.
|Shri Wilfred Lazarus
|April 1980
|April 1982
|-
|16.
|Shri U. C. Tiwari
|April 1982
|May 1985
|-
|17.
|Shri [[Inna Rammohan Rao]]
|June 1985
|January 1992
|-
|18.
|Shri S. Narendra
|February 1992
|December 1998
|-
|19.
|Smt N. J. Krishna
|December 1998
|October 2002
|-
|20.
|Shri Sahab Singh
|November 2002
|February 2004
|-
|21.
|Dr. Shakuntala Mahawal
|March 2004
|July 2005
|-
|22.
|Smt Deepak Sandhu
|August 2005
|January 2006
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Principal Directors General
(Media & Communication)
!From
!To
|-
|1.
|Smt Deepak Sandhu
|February 2006
|December 2008
|-
|2.
|Dr. Umakant Mishra
|December 2008
|March 2009
|-
|3.
|Smt Neelam Kapur
|April 2009
|August 2014
|-
|4.
|Shri Frank Noronha
|August 2014
|April 2018
|-
|5.
|Shri Sitanshu Kar
|May 2018
|September 2019
|-
|6.
|Shri K. S. Dhatwalia
|October 2019
|February 2021
|-
|7.
|Shri Jaideep Bhatnagar
|March 2021
|July 2022
|-
|8.
|Shri Satyendra Prakash
|August 2022
|28 February 2023
|-
|9.
|Shri Rajesh Malhotra
|March 2023
|August 2023
|-
|10.
|Shri Manish Desai
|September 2023
|March 2024
|-
|11.
|Smt Sheyphali B. Sharan
|April 2024
|June 2024
|-
|12.
|Dhirendra K. Ojha
|July 2024
|July 2025
|-
|13.
|Anupama Bhatnagar
|August 2025
|[[Incumbent]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
*[[Prasar Bharati]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://pib.gov.in/}}
* [https://pib.gov.in/Content/31_5_evolutionofPIB.aspx History of PIB]

{{MIBI}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]]
[[Category:Mass media in India]]
[[Category:News agencies based in India]]
[[Category:1919 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1919]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]

Metro Brands

2025-10-21T09:28:59Z

JerilynCropper5: Starting a stub.

{{Short description|Indian footwear company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Metro Brands
| logo = Metro Brands.svg
| image = Cafe Mondegar.JPG
| image_caption = Metro House building in [[Colaba]], Mumbai, where the first store was opened in 1955
| founder = Malik Tejani<ref>{{cite news |title=Metro Brands: Big Shoes To Fill |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/family-business/metro-brands-big-shoes-to-fill/52597/1 |access-date=7 December 2021 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>
| area_served = India
| industry = [[Retail]]
| products = [[Footwear]] [[Fashion accessory|Fashion accessories]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NSE|METROBRAND}} {{BSE|543426}}
| ISIN = INE317I01021
| founded = {{start date and age|1977}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Metro Brands Limited Company Information |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/metro-brands-limited/U19200MH1977PLC019449 |publisher=Economic Times |language=English}}</ref>
| brands = Metro Shoes Mochi Shoes Walkway FitFlop Da Vinchi Cheemo<ref>{{cite news |title=Metro Brands eyes greater online presence |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/metro-brands-eyes-greater-online-presence/article30704777.ece |access-date=21 January 2023 |work=The Hindu Business Line|language=en}}</ref>
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| key_people = Rafique Malik (Chairman) Farah Malik Bhanji (MD) Nissan Joseph (CEO)
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|2181|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23"/>
| profit = {{up}} {{INRconvert|361|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news |title=Metro Brands Ltd posts Q4 net profit of Rs 68 crore|url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/-metro-brands-ltd-posts-q4-net-profit-of-rs-68-crore,1519229.html |access-date=7 November 2023 |work=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|https://metrobrands.com/}}
}}

'''Metro Brands''', previously known as '''Metro Shoes''', is an Indian [[Footwear|footwear company]], based in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Metro Shoes to open hundred stores by 2014, reach a turnover of Rs 859 cr |url=http://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/footwear/metro-shoes-to-open-hundred-stores-by-2014-reach-a-turnover-of-rs-859-cr/22369256|publisher=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] |access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, Metro Brands operates 598 Metro showrooms across 136 cities in India,<ref name="IPO"/><ref name="Nair 2023 s490">{{cite web | last=Nair | first=Prashant | title=Metro Brands says it's on track to add 200 new stores in next 2 years, demand continues to soar | website=cnbctv18.com | date=August 2, 2023 | url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/earnings/metro-brands-q1-earnings-on-track-to-open-200-stores-in-next-2-years-17408071.htm | access-date=September 20, 2023}}</ref> under brands like Metro, Mochi, and Walkway. The company also retails third-party brands such as Crocs and Skechers.

==History==
Metro started as a standalone shoe store in 1955 in [[Colaba]], Mumbai. It was named after the [[Metro INOX Cinemas|Metro Cinema]], which was located nearby.<ref>{{cite news |title=Homegrown footwear maker Metro Brands aims for Bata's shoes |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/homegrown-footwear-maker-metro-brands-aims-for-batas-shoes/106285 |access-date=11 December 2021 |work=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The company was incorporated in January 1977 as Metro Shoes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Varadarajan |first1=Prathiksha |title=From one shop to IPO, here's the journey of Metro Brands |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/from-one-shop-to-ipo-heres-the-journey-of-metro-brands/article37924098.ece |access-date=11 December 2021 |work=Business Line |date=10 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2013, the company announced it was able to expand the number of its retail stores due to low rental rates, particularly in [[Classification of Indian cities|tier II cities]].<ref name=livemint>{{cite web |title=Metro Shoes steps up store expansion |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/TIUAMO99wyFeb6SJ5Dg8EL/Metro-Shoes-steps-up-store-expansion.html|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|LiveMint]] |access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>

In 2015, Metro signed an agreement with [[Crocs]] to open exclusive Crocs stores in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Metro Shoes to open exclusive outlets for Crocs |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fashion-/-cosmetics-/-jewellery/metro-shoes-to-open-exclusive-outlets-for-crocs/articleshow/48361443.cms |access-date=21 January 2023|work=The Economic Times |date=5 August 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2021, the company launched its {{INRconvert|1367.5|c}} [[initial public offering]] (IPO).<ref name="IPO">{{cite news |title=Metro Brands IPO: Everything you need to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/market/metro-brands-ipo-everything-you-need-to-know-7665884/ |access-date=11 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2023, Metro Brands Limited reappointed Vikas Vijaykumar Khemani as an independent director.<ref name="Free Press Journal 2023 u505">{{cite web | title=Metro Brands Re-appoints Vikas Vijaykumar Khemani As Independent Director | website=Free Press Journal | date=September 15, 2023 | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/metro-brands-re-appoints-vikas-vijaykumar-khemani-as-independent-director | access-date=September 20, 2023}}</ref>

==Controversy==
In December 1996, Managing Director Rafique Malik, was among several businessmen and politicians arrested by [[Mumbai Police]] on charges of misappropriation of concessionary funds allocated to cobblers and artisans.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Subramaniam |first1=Arun |title=Cobbler scam: Shoe firms charged with misappropriating concessionary funds |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19961231-cobbler-scam-shoe-firms-charged-with-misappropriating-concessionary-funds-834263-1996-12-31 |access-date=7 December 2021 |work=India Today |date=31 December 1996 |language=en}}</ref> The case is ''[[sub judice]]'' as of 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hakim |first1=Sharmeen |title=Discharge plea of ex-sherif rejected |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/crime/discharge-plea-of-ex-sherif-rejected/articleshow/63260969.cms |access-date=7 December 2021 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=12 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://metroshoes.com/ Metro Shoes]
*[https://www.mochishoes.com/ Mochi Shoes]
*[https://walkwayshoes.com/ Walkway Shoes]
*[https://fitflop.in/ FitFlop]

[[Category:Retail companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1947]]
[[Category:Shoe companies of India]]
[[Category:Footwear retailers]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1947]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1977]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:2021 initial public offerings]]

Tsangkui

2025-10-13T04:11:39Z

JerilynCropper5: Added first info initial version - done

{{Short description|Village in Nagaland, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tsangkui
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kix
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.107424|94.935089|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Noklak district|Noklak]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 213
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Patsho Khiamniungan]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = NL
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tsangkui,''' also known as Tsangkoi, is a village is located in [[Patsho|Panso]] circle of [[Tuensang district]] in [[Nagaland]], [[India]].

== Location ==
It is situated 2km away from sub-district headquarter Panso (tehsildar office) and 79km away from district headquarter Tuensang.<ref>[INDIAN VILLAGE DIRECTORY/village info] {{publisher missing}}</ref><ref>[https://censusindia /villages/tsangkoi-population-tuensang-nagaland-267991/Tsangkoi Population, Caste, Working Data Tuensang, Nagaland - Census 2011]</ref>

== Language ==
The language most widely spoken is [[Patsho Khiamniungan]], that of the [[Patsho|Patsho people]] there.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Tsangkui Village
| population = 213 (2011),
| image =
| image_caption =
| languages =[[Patsho Khiamniungan]]
| religions = Christianity
| related = [[Patsho|Patsho people]]
| footnotes =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Noklak district]]

Welthy Honsinger Fisher

2025-10-03T21:21:44Z

JerilynCropper5: Added the details added tags - done

{{Short description|American activist}}
[[File:WelthyBHonsinger1918.tif|thumb|Welthy B. Honsinger, from a 1918 publication.]]
'''Welthy Honsinger Fisher''' (September 18, 1879 – December 16, 1980)<ref name = "WHF WEI">[http://www.worlded.org/WEIInternet/aboutus/founder.cfm Our Founder: Welthy Honsinger Fisher]</ref> was the American founder of World Education and World Literacy Canada.<ref name="Canada">{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldlit.ca/welthy.html |title=World Literacy of Canada | Our Founder: Welthy Fisher |access-date=2010-07-29 |archive-date=2009-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531173807/http://www.worldlit.ca/welthy.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was married to [[Frederick Bohn Fisher]], a bishop of the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]], missionary, author, and official in Methodist missionary and men's movements. She was an intellectual, and activist requested by her friend [[Mohandas Gandhi]] to begin Literacy House outside of [[Lucknow]], India, at the age of 73.

==Birth and family==
Welthy Blakesley Honsinger was born in [[Rome, New York]], on September 18, 1879.<ref name="WHF WEI"/><ref name = "Obit">"Welthy Fisher, Missionary and Educator, Dies at 101," New York Times, Dec 17, 1980</ref><ref name = "WHF Book 1">Swenson, Sally. ''Welthy Honsinger Fisher: Signals of a Century - The Life and Learning of an American Educator, Literacy Pioneer and Independent Reformer in China and India 1879 - 1980''. Ontario, Canada, 1988.</ref>

==Education and early work==
After graduating from [[Syracuse University]] in 1900,<ref>[http://sumagazine.syr.edu/archive/spring05/features/feature3/index.html Syracuse University Magazine]</ref><ref name = "Mission">Johnson, Sharon. "Welthy Fisher: Woman With a Mission," ''New York Times'', April 2, 1978</ref> Honsinger became a teacher at Rosebud College, a one-room school in [[Haverstraw, New York]], where she was in charge of 15 students.<ref name = OISE>[http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/research/edu20/moments/1955welthy.html History of Education: Selected Moments of the 20th Century]</ref> In 1906, Honsinger become the headmistress of the [[Stephen Livingstone Baldwin|Baldwin]] Memorial School in [[Nanchang]].<ref name = "Mission"/> While there, she encouraged her girls to develop into new, modern Chinese women, often against the wishes of their traditional parents. She was committed to the idea of women's independence, however, and knew that if she could give them the tools they needed through education, they could change the face of China.<ref name="WHF WEI"/>

==Personal life==
In 1924 she married [[Frederick Bohn Fisher]].<ref name="WHF WEI"/><ref name="Bio Dict">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/f/fisher-welthy-honsinger.php |title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity: Welthy Honsinger Fisher |access-date=2010-07-29 |archive-date=2011-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503035432/http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/f/fisher-welthy-honsinger.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Fishers were well-acquainted with and respected by Gandhi and other prominent leaders of the Indian Independence movement. Following her husband's death in 1938, she wrote her husband's biography<ref name="Bio Dict"/> and traveled widely, returning to China and then to India.<ref name="OISE"/>

==Literacy work==
[[File:Welthy Fisher with Kedar Nath Srivastava.jpg|thumb|Founder of [[Literacy House]] Welthy Fisher with [[Kedar Nath Srivastava]] Director in [[Udaipur]] 1967-68]]
During the 1940s, Fisher spent "semesters" studying the educational systems of [[Mexico]], [[Peru]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[India]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref name="OISE"/> During this time she studied women and educational systems, and lectured throughout the U.S. on women of the world and Chinese Industrial Cooperatives.<ref name="WHF WEI"/> In December, 1947, six weeks before his death, Gandhi urged Fisher to return to his country to continue her work in education in India's villages.<ref name="WHF WEI"/><ref name="OISE"/><ref name="Bio Dict"/>

In 1952, at the age of 73, Fisher returned to India to work with [[Frank Laubach]], the Christian Evangelical missionary and literacy pioneer. Deciding that literacy training linked with agricultural and industrial development was a key strategy to eradicate poverty, Fisher broke with Laubach.<ref name="Bio Dict"/> In 1953, she founded [[Literacy House]] at [[Allahabad]],<ref name="WHF WEI"/><ref name="Bio Dict"/> a small, non-formal school that combined literacy with vocational training.<ref name="OISE"/> In 1956, [[Literacy House]] moved to Lucknow, [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref name="WHF WEI"/> where it became famous for its effectiveness.<ref name="OISE"/>

Realizing the need for literacy programs linked with social and economic development throughout the world, Fisher and her fellow literacy pioneers started two non-profit organizations, [[World Education, Inc.|World Education]] (in 1951, which started as World Literacy) and the World Literacy of Canada (in 1955).<ref name="WHF WEI"/><ref name="Canada"/> Fisher was closely involved in both organizations for many years, either as President or an advisor. Throughout her nineties, she traveled throughout the world. Fisher made her final trip to India as a government guest in 1980, shortly before her death at the age of 101 in [[Southbury, Connecticut]].<ref name="WHF WEI"/><ref name="OISE"/>

Fisher was honored by the Indian government, which based its village literacy programs on her ideas, and issued a stamp in her likeness.<ref name="Bio Dict"/>

==Awards and honors==
* 1964 [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] for International Understanding.<ref name = "Award">[http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/BiographyFisherWel.htm 1964 Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding BIOGRAPHY of Welthy Honsinger Fisher]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* On March 18, 1980, the government of India issued a Welthy Honsinger Fisher [[List of postage stamps of India|commemorative postage stamp]]. She is the only American to be so honored.<ref name="OISE"/>
*She became the first recipient of the Nehru Literacy Award, India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worlded.org/WEIInternet/aboutus/founder.cfm|title=Our Founder - About Us - World Education, Inc.|website=www.worlded.org|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref>

==In the media==
Welthy's work in India was highlighted in the 1966 [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] article "Education Abroad: India's Literacy Lady".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080220192420/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836169,00.html "Education Abroad: India's Literacy Lady." ]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fisher, Welthy Honsinger}}
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American women in World War I]]
[[Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Rome, New York]]
[[Category:Syracuse University alumni]]