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Culture of Bengal

2026-05-06T07:05:47Z

JennyRoyster668: typo fix

{{short description|Overview of the Bengali culture}}
{{Further|Culture of Bangladesh|Culture of West Bengal}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=October 2016}}
{{Original research|date=August 2023}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=August 2023}}
{{Lead extra info|date=May 2025}}
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{{EngvarB|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Culture of Bengal}}
{{Bengalis}}

The '''culture of Bengal''' defines the cultural heritage of the [[Bengalis|Bengali]] people native to eastern regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]], mainly what is today [[Bangladesh]] and the [[India]]n states of [[West Bengal]], Assam's [[Barak Valley]], [[Tripura]], parts of [[Jharkhand]], where they form the dominant ethnolinguistic group and the [[Bengali language]] is the official and primary language. Bengal has a recorded history of 1,400 years.

The [[Bengalis]] are the dominant ethnolinguistic group. The [[Bengal]] region has been a historical melting point, blending indigenous traditions with cosmopolitan influences from pan-[[Indian subcontinent]]al empires. [[Dhaka]] ([[Dhaka|Dacca]]) became the capital of [[Mughal Bengal]] ([[Mughal Bengal|Bengal Subah]]) and the commercial (financial) capital (1610-1757) of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]. [[Dhaka]] is the largest and richest [[Bengalis|Bengali]] ([[Bengalis|Bangali]]) mega city in the world and also the 3rd largest and richest mega city in ([[Indian sub continent]]) after [[Mumbai]] ([[Mumbai|Bombay]] or [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region|MMR]]) and [[Delhi]] ([[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]]). [[Dhaka]] is a [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|Beta (β) Global City (Moderate Economic Centre)]]. As a part of the [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Bengal]] also hosted the region's most advanced political and cultural centers during [[British India|British rule]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James B. |date=2012 |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC |publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598846607 }}</ref>

==Fine arts==
===Performing arts===
{{See also|Performing arts of Bangladesh}}
====Music====
{{See also|Music of Bengal|Music of Bangladesh|Music of West Bengal}}
Bengal has produced leading figures of [[Indian classical music]], including [[Alauddin Khan]], [[Ravi Shankar]] and [[Ali Akbar Khan]]. Common musical instruments include the [[sitar]], [[tabla]] and [[sarod]]. The [[Baul]] tradition is a unique regional folk heritage. The most prominent practitioner was [[Lalon Shah]]. Other folk music forms include [[Gombhira]], [[Bhatiali]] and [[Bhawaiya]] (Jhumur). Folk music in Bengal is often accompanied by the [[ektara]], a one-stringed instrument. Other instruments include the [[dotara]], [[dhol]], [[bamboo flute]], and [[tabla]]. Songs written by Rabindranath Tagore ([[Rabindra Sangeet]]) and [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] ([[Nazrul geeti]]) are highly popular. Bangladesh is the center of [[Bangladeshi rock|Bangla rock]], as well as [[indie rock|indie]], [[Sufi rock]] and fusion folk music.
<gallery class="center">
File:Baul_performance_at_Baul_Fakiri_Mela.jpg|The mystic [[Baul]] song
Nazrul teaching Nazrul Sangeet.jpg|[[Kazi Nazrul Islam|Nazrul]] teaching [[Nazrul Sangeet]]
Ravi Shankar.jpg|[[Ravi Shankar]]
Powersurge (4039205917).jpg|A [[Bangladeshi rock]] band
</gallery>

====Theatre====
{{See also|Bengali theatre|Theatre of Bangladesh|Theatre of India}}
[[Bengali theatre]] traces its roots to [[Indian classical drama]] under the [[Gupta Empire]] in the 4th century CE. It includes narrative forms, song and dance forms, supra-personae forms, performance with scroll paintings, puppet theatre and the processional forms like the [[Jatra (theatre)|Jatra]].

====Dance====
{{see also|Gaudiya Nritya|Chhau dance|Kathak}}
[[File:Nabanno_festival_in_folk_area.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bengalis|Bengali]] girls performing folk dance in the occasion of [[Nabanna]]]]
Bengal has an extremely rich heritage of dancing dating back to antiquity. It includes classical, folk and martial dance traditions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Sheikh Mehedi |year=2012 |chapter=Dance |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dance |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=30 July 2016 |archive-date=1 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801145459/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dance |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Wakil |year=2012 |chapter=Folk Dances |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Folk_Dances |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=30 July 2016 |archive-date=1 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801034916/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Folk_Dances |url-status=live }}</ref> Dances in Bengal includes-
* [[Gaudiya Nritya]] (Classical dance)
* [[Rabindra Sangeet|Rabindra Nritya]]
* [[Nazrul Sangeet|Nazrul Nritya]]
* [[Dhunuchi Nritya]]
* [[Rajbongshi]] [[Nritya]]
* [[Baul]] dance
* [[Sankirtana]] of Nadia/Gaudiya Vaishnavism
*[[Chhau dance|Chhau]] dance
* [[Jhumair]] dance
* Chhokra dance
* [[Fakir]] dance
* [[Dhamail]] dance
* [[Gombhira]] dance
* [[Raibenshe]] dance
* [[Chittagonian]] dance
* [[Alkap]] dance
* [[Jari gan|Jari]] dance
* [[Lathi Khela|Lathi]] dance
* [[Puppetry]] (''Putul naach'') <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Folk_Dances |title=Folk Dances |website=Banglapedia |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829223630/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Folk_Dances |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Visual arts===
====Painting====
{{See also|List of Bangladeshi painters|List of Indian painters}}
[[File:Pir Gazi and his tiger in Sundarbans.jpg|thumb|The Gazi scrolls ''(Gazir pat)'' narrate the story of [[Gazi Pir]], who was thought to have lived in the [[Sundarbans]] some time between the 12th to 13th century.]]
[[File:Manasa_Mangal.jpg|thumb|A [[Kalighat painting]] describing a scene from Manasamangal Kavya]]

[[Mughal miniature|Miniature]] and scroll painting flourished in [[Mughal Bengal]]. [[Rickshaw painting of Bangladesh|Rickshaw Painting]] adorns colorful hoods featuring intricate designs like minarets and floral patterns with the word "[[God in Islam|Allah]]" and other islamic motifs,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361106657 |title=Devotion in Motion: The Image of Islam in Rickshaw Art of Bangladesh |access-date=23 September 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923123541/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361106657_Devotion_in_Motion_The_Image_of_Islam_in_Rickshaw_Art_of_Bangladesh |url-status=live }}</ref> are recognized as UNESCO-listed intangible heritage. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rickshaws-and-rickshaw-painting-in-dhaka-01589 |title=Rickshaws and rickshaw painting in Dhaka - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage |access-date=23 September 2024 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208020946/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rickshaws-and-rickshaw-painting-in-dhaka-01589 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Patua]] community specializes "[[Patta Chitra|Patachitra]]", with the Gazir Pata being their renowned artwork, depicting [[Gazi Pir]]. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Gazir_Pat | title=Gazir Pat - Banglapedia }}</ref>

[[Kalighat painting]] or Kalighat Pat originated in 19th-century Calcutta, in the vicinity of Kalighat Kali Temple of [[Kolkata]], and from being items of souvenir taken by the visitors to the Kali temple, the paintings over a period of time developed as a distinct school of Indian painting. From the depiction of [[Hindu deities|Hindu gods]] other mythological characters, the Kalighat paintings developed to reflect a variety of themes.

Modern painting emerged in Calcutta with the [[Bengal school]]. [[East Pakistan]] developed its own contemporary painting tradition under [[Zainul Abedin]]. Modern [[Bangladeshi art]] has produced many of South Asia's leading painters, including [[SM Sultan]], [[Mohammad Kibria]], [[Shahabuddin Ahmed (artist)|Shahabuddin Ahmed]], [[Kanak Chanpa Chakma]], [[Kafil Ahmed]], [[Saifuddin Ahmed]], [[Qayyum Chowdhury]], [[Rashid Choudhury]], [[Quamrul Hassan]], [[Rafiqun Nabi]] and [[Syed Jahangir]] among others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Bengal_Art |title=Bengal Art |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

====Architecture====
{{main|Architecture of Bengal}}
{{see also|Architecture of Bangladesh|Architecture of Dhaka|Architecture of India}}
The earliest fortified cities in the region include [[Wari-Bateshwar]], [[Chandraketugarh]] and [[Mahasthangarh]]. Bengal has a glorious legacy of [[terracotta]] architecture from the ancient and medieval periods. The architecture of the [[Bengal Sultanate]] saw a distinct style of domed mosques with complex niche pillars that had no minarets. [[Ivory]], [[pottery]] and [[brass]] were also widely used in Bengali art. The style includes many mosques, temples, palaces, forts, monasteries and [[caravanserai]]s. Mughal Dhaka was known as the ''City of Mosques'' and the ''Venice of the East''. [[Indo-Saracenic]] architecture flourished during the British period, particularly among the [[zamindar|landed gentry]]. British Calcutta was known as the ''City of Palaces''. Modernist terracotta architecture in South Asia by architects like [[Muzharul Islam]] and [[Louis Kahn]].

Bengali village housing is noted as the origin of the [[bungalow]].

====Sculpture====
{{See also|Sculpture of Bangladesh|Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent}}
[[File:Royal Peacock Barge LACMA M.82.154.jpg|thumb|A sculpture of the [[Nawab of Bengal]]'s ''Royal Peacock Barge'' in [[Murshidabad]].]]
[[Ancient Bengal]] was home to the [[Pala-sena|Pala-Sena]] school of sculptural art.<ref name="auto1"/> [[Ivory]] sculptural art flourished across the region under the [[Nawabs of Bengal]]. Notable modernist sculptors include [[Novera Ahmed]] and [[Nitun Kundu]].

==Lifestyle==
===Textiles===
{{See also|Textile arts of Bangladesh|Textile industry in India}}
[[File:Kantha (Quilt) LACMA AC1994.131.1.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Kantha]], a Bengali cotton textile]]
[[File:Making of Jamdani-9.jpg|thumb|left|Traditional way of weaving [[Jamdani]].]]

[[Muslin]] production in Bengal dates back to the 4th century BCE. The region exported the fabric to [[Ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |date=2015 |title=World Clothing and Fashion: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gO9nBwAAQBAJ |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317451679 }}</ref>

Bengali [[silk]] was known as Ganges Silk in the 13th century [[Republic of Venice]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Van Schendel |first=Willem |year=2012 |chapter=Silk |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Silk |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195226/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Silk |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mughal Bengal]] was a major silk exporter. The Bengali silk industry declined after the growth of Japanese silk production. [[Rajshahi silk]] continues to be produced in northern Bangladesh. [[Murshidabad]] and [[English Bazar|Malda]] are the centers of the silk industry in West Bengal.

After the reopening of European trade with medieval India, Mughal Bengal became the world's foremost muslin exporter in the 17th century. Mughal-era Dhaka was a center of the worldwide muslin trade.

[[Mughal Bengal]]'s most celebrated artistic tradition was the weaving of [[Jamdani]] [[Motif (textile arts)|motifs]] on fine muslin, which is now classified by UNESCO as an [[intangible cultural heritage]]. Jamdani motifs were similar to Iranian textile art (buta motifs) and Western textile art ([[Paisley (design)|paisley]]). The Jamdani weavers in Dhaka received imperial patronage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/bangladeshi-islamic-art|title=In Search of Bangladeshi Islamic Art|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum|date=12 November 2015 |access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812083629/http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/bangladeshi-islamic-art|archive-date=12 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Modern Bangladesh is one of the world's [[Bangladesh textile industry|largest textile producers]], with a large cotton based [[Bangladeshi RMG Sector|ready made garments industry]].

===Clothing===
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[[File:Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg|thumb|A Bengali woman in [[Dhaka]] clad in fine [[Muslin trade in Bengal|Bengali muslin]], 18th century.]]
In rural areas, older women wear the ''[[sari|shari]]'' with ''[[hijab]]'' while the younger generation wear the {{lang|bn-Latn|[[salwar kameez|selwar kamiz]]}} with hijab, both with simple designs. In urban areas, the ''{{lang|bn-Latn|selwar kamiz}}'' and the combination of ''[[niqab]]-[[burqa]]-[[chador]]'' is more popular, and has distinct fashionable designs. [[Islamic clothing]] is really common among [[Bengali Muslims]]. [[World Hijab Day]] is an annual event founded by a [[Bengali-American]], Nazma Khan in 2013, taking place on 1 February each year. Traditionally urban Bengali men wore the ''[[jama (coat)|jama]]'', though costumes such as the ''panjabi''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/spotlight/the-panjabi-story-1238983 |title=The panjabi story |work=The Daily Star |date=14 June 2016 |access-date=30 August 2023 |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830112000/https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/spotlight/the-panjabi-story-1238983 |url-status=live }}</ref> with ''{{lang|bn-Latn|[[sirwal|selwar]]}}'' or ''[[pyjama]]'' have become more popular within the past three centuries. The popularity of the ''{{lang|bn-Latn|fotua}}'', a shorter upper garment, is undeniable among Bengalis in casual environments. The {{lang|bn-Latn|[[lungi]]}} and {{lang|bn-Latn|[[gamucha|gamcha]]}} are a common combination for rural Bengali men. During special occasions, Bengali women commonly wear either ''shari''s, {{lang|bn-Latn|selwar kamizes}}, covering their hair with [[hijab]] or {{lang|bn-Latn|[[dupatta|orna]]}}; and men wear a ''panjabi'', also covering their hair with a [[kufi|tupi]], {{lang|bn-Latn|[[Taqiyah (cap)|toqi]]}}, {{lang|bn-Latn|[[Turban|pagri]]}} or {{lang|bn-Latn|[[Hejazi turban|rumal]]}}.

''Jama'' is the long, loose fitting, stitched garment of Bengali Women. Jama was originally worn by Bengali Women in the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court as a symbol of status and wealth. Over time, it has now been more widely adopted by women in other parts of [[Bengal]], including [[Bangladesh]]. Jama may also fulfill some interpretations of [[Islamic rules]]. Jama is similar to [[dress]].
{{multiple image
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| image1 = In a Bengali Village IB1733.jpg
| caption1 = A Bengali men in [[dhoti]], between 1939 and 1945.
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| image2 = Aarti-dance-bangalore-2009.jpg
| caption2 = Bengali Hindu woman wearing traditional [[Garad saree|garad]] saree during the [[Dhunuchi Nritya]].
| width2 = 250
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At Jorashanko ([[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s home in [[Kolkata]]) different drapes of sari were improvised on so that women could step out of the andarmahal (inner house) where they were relegated. This had Tagore's sister-in-law, [[Jnanadanandini Devi]], bringing the [[Parsi]] way of draping the sari from [[Mumbai]] to Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/just-before-monday/report-have-you-heard-of-rabindra-vastra-2614376|title=Have you heard of Rabindra Vastra? {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2018-05-13|work=dna|access-date=2018-05-19|language=en-US|archive-date=19 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519121936/http://www.dnaindia.com/just-before-monday/report-have-you-heard-of-rabindra-vastra-2614376|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chitra Deb]], in her book 'Thakurbarir Andarmahal', describes the entire process of how the Parsi sari was adapted into Bengali culture.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ṭhākurabārira andaramahala|last=Deba|first= Citrā|date=2006|publisher=Ānanda|isbn=8177565966|edition=3. paribardita o parimārjita saṃskaraṇa|location=Kalakātā|oclc=225391789}}</ref> Before Devi's invention, Bengali women used to wear sari without a blouse underneath and stay in "Andarmahal" to follow "[[purdah]]", a concept of modesty bought by [[Bengali Muslims|Muslims native to Bengal]] and was followed by both Hindus and [[Bengali Muslims]]. [[Dhakai]] is another attire of women unique to [[Bengal]]. There are several variations of ''Shari'' (Bengali [[Sari]]) such as [[Jamdani]], [[Tant sari|Tant]], [[Muslin]], [[Tangail Saree|Tangail]], [[Kantha]], [[Rajshahi Silk]], Dhakai reshom, [[Baluchari sari|Baluchari]] etc. Bengali women also wear ''Fotua'', ''Bengali Kurti'' and ''Kapor'' which are also unique to [[Bangladesh]]. Men wear [[Gamucha]], Panjabi, [[Lungi]], [[Mujib Coat]], Genji and Kaabli which are unique to the men of [[Bangladesh]].

Bengal has produced several of South Asia's leading fashion designers, including [[Sabyasachi Mukherjee]], [[Bibi Russell]], Rukhsana Esrar Runi and Rina Latif.

===Cuisine===
{{See also|Bengali cuisine|Bangladeshi cuisine|West Bengal Cuisine|List of Bangladeshi spices|List of Indian spices}}
[[File:Panta_Ilish_-_a_traditional_platter_in_Pohela_Boishakh_2016_(02).jpg|thumb|right|A very traditional meal of [[Bengal]]]]
Rice is the staple food of Bengal. [[Bhurta|Bhortas]] (lit-"mashed") are a really common type of food used as an additive too rice. there are several types of [[Bhurta|Bhortas]] such as Ilish bhorta shutki bhorta, begoon bhorta and more. Fish and other seafood are also important because Bengal is a reverrine region.

Some fishes like puti (Puntius species) are fermented. Fish curry is prepared with fish alone or in combination with vegetables.Shutki maach is made using the age-old method of preservation where the food item is dried in the sun and air, thus removing the water content. This allows for preservation that can make the fish last for months, even years in Bangladesh.<ref>Food Product - Banglapedia https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Food_Product {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102224707/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Food_Product |date=2 November 2022 }}</ref>

[[South Asian Pickles|Bengali pickles]] are an integral part of Bengali cuisine, adding a burst of flavors to meals. These pickles are made by preserving various fruits, vegetables, and even fish or meat in a mixture of spices, oil, and vinegar or lemon juice, which is why pickles of Bangladesh are unique to the country.
[[File:Kacchi_Biryani.jpg|thumb|right|Kacchi [[Biryani]], one of the most famous food in Bengali culture]]
Side Dishes or (Torkari) are commonly eaten with meals in Bengal which are cooked with special [[List of Bangladeshi spices|Bengali spices]]. The main dish is almost always served with side dishes. Some typical Bengali dishes are [[Shorshe Ilish]], [[Machher Jhol]], [[Kala bhuna]], [[Shutki Shira]], [[Bhurta|Bhorta]], [[Chingri Malaikari]], [[Daab Chingri]], Katlar kaliya, Dal, Padar jhal, Ilish Pulao, Chingri Pulao, Rui Pulao, [[Haji biryani]], etc. [[List of Bangladeshi sweets and desserts|Bengali sweets]] like [[Chomchom]], [[Rasmalai]], [[Mishti Doi]], [[Curd of Bogra]], Muktagachhar monda, [[Sandesh (confectionery)|Sandesh]], [[Roshogolla]], [[Chhanamukhi]] and [[Pitha]]s are even popular outside of [[Bangladesh]]. [[Shemai]] originally came from the [[Bengali Muslim]] community, but most other Bengali sweets were invented by Hindu and Jain sweetmakers of Bengal.

Shutki maach is made using the age-old method of preservation where the food item is dried in the sun and air, thus removing the water content. This allows for preservation that can make the fish last for months, even years in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/the-shutki-trade-bangladesh-3248486 |title=The shutki trade in Bangladesh |work=The Daily Star |date=15 February 2023 |access-date=3 September 2023 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903113713/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/the-shutki-trade-bangladesh-3248486 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Bangladeshi_cuisine.png|thumb|right|Montage of [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bengal's culinary delights]] [[Shorshe Ilish]] (top left), [[Biryani]] of [[Culture of Dhaka|Dhaka]] (top right), [[Pitha]] (bottom)]]
[[File:Bangladeshi_Beef_curry.jpg|thumb|right|A Bangladeshi version of traditional Bengali mutton curry called Kosha Mangsho ({{ill|কষা মাংস|bn}}) substituted with Beef, popular during [[Eid Al Adha]]]]

===Transport===
{{unsourced section|date=September 2023}}
[[Kolkata]] is the only city in India to have a tram network. The trams are claimed to slow down other traffic, leading to groups who currently voice abolishing the trams, though the environment-friendliness and the old charm of the trams attract many people.

Kolkata was also the first city in South Asia to have an [[Kolkata metro|underground railway system]] that started operating from 1984. It is considered to have the status of a zonal railway. The metered-cabs are mostly of the brand "[[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador]]" manufactured by [[Hindustan Motors]] (now out of production). These taxis are painted with yellow colour, symbolising the transport tradition of Kolkata.

Bangladesh has the world's largest number of [[cycle rickshaws]]. Its capital city Dhaka is known as the ''Rickshaw Capital of the World''. The country's rickshaws display colorful [[rickshaw art]], with each city and region have their own distinct style. Rickshaw driving provides employment for nearly a million Bangladeshis. Historically, [[Kolkata]] has been home to the hand-[[pulled rickshaw]]. Attempts to ban its use have largely failed.

There are 150 different types of [[boats]] and [[canoe]]s in Bengal. The region was renowned for [[Shipbuilding in Bangladesh|shipbuilding]] in the medieval period, when its shipyards catered to major powers in Eurasia, including the Mughals and [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]]. The types of timber used in boat making are from local woods Jarul (dipterocarpus turbinatus), sal (shorea robusta), sundari (heritiera fomes) and Burma teak (tectons grandis).

===Weddings===
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| caption1 = [[Bengali Muslim]] bride and groom
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{{main|Bengali Hindu wedding|Bengali Muslim wedding}}

Bengali weddings includes many rituals and ceremonies that can span several days. Although [[Islam|Muslim]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] marriages have their distinctive religious rituals, there are many common secular rituals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hinduism.about.com/od/matrimonial1/a/bengaliwedding.htm|title=Bengali Wedding Rituals – A Traditional Bengali Marriage Ceremony|publisher=[[about.com]]|access-date=2008-11-21|archive-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126101606/http://hinduism.about.com/od/matrimonial1/a/bengaliwedding.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weddingsinindia.com/bengaliwedding.html|title=Weddings In India – Wedding in Exotic Indian Locations|publisher=www.weddingsinindia.com|access-date=2008-11-21|archive-date=7 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107043138/http://www.weddingsinindia.com/bengaliwedding.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Gaye Holud]] ceremony is held in Bengali weddings of all faiths.

==Cultural institutions, organisations and events==
Major organisations responsible for funding and promoting Bengali culture are:
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[National Art Gallery (Bangladesh)]]
* [[Shilpakala Academy]]
* [[Bangladesh Folk Arts and Crafts Foundation]]
* [[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Cultural Affairs]] (Republic of Bangladesh)
* [[Ministry of Information & Cultural Affairs (West Bengal)|Ministry of Information & Cultural Affairs]] (West Bengal)
{{div col end}}

;List of institutions and organisations
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Chhayanaut]]
* [[Bulbul Lalitakala Academy]]
* [[Nazrul Institute]]
* [[Samdani Art Foundation]]
* [[Bangladesh Shishu Academy]]
* [[Bangladesh Short Film Forum]]
* [[Bishwo Shahitto Kendro]]
* [[Bangladeshi Photographers]]
* [[Bangladesh National Philatelic Association]]
* [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]]
* [[Moviyana Film Society]]
* [[Theatre Institute Chattagram]]
* [[Bangladesh Film Development Corporation]]
* [[Bangladesh Film Archive]]
* [[Biswa Bangla]]
* [[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi]]
* [[Paschim Banga Natya Akademi]]
* [[Bangiya Sahitya Parishad]]
{{div col end}}

;Festivals
{{main|List of festivals in Bangladesh|List of festivals in West Bengal}}

Both Bangladesh and West Bengal have many festivals and fairs throughout the year.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Muslim !! Hindu !! Buddhist || Christian || Secular
|-
| [[Eid al-Fitr]] || [[Durga Puja]] || [[Buddha Purnima]] || [[Christmas]] || [[Pohela Boishakh]] (New Year/ Summer); Wearing colour:{{colorbox|white|border=silver}} {{colorbox|red|border=silver}}
|-
| [[Eid al-Adha]] || [[Kali Puja]] || [[Madhu Purnima]] || [[Easter]] || [[Pohela Falgun]] (Spring Festival); Wearing colour:{{colorbox|yellow|border=silver}} {{colorbox|red|border=silver}}
|-
| [[Muharram]] || [[Saraswati puja|Saraswati Puja]] || [[Kathin Chibardan]] || || [[Barsha Utsab|Barsha Mangal]] (Monsoon salutation); Wearing colour:{{colorbox|White|border=silver}} {{colorbox|blue|border=silver}}
|-
| [[Milad un Nabi]] || [[Lakshmi Puja]] || || || [[Nabanna]] (Harvest Festival); Wearing colour:{{colorbox|yellow|border=silver}} {{colorbox|green|border=silver}}
|-
| [[Shab-e-Barat]] || [[Dolyatra]] ([[Holi]]) || || ||[[Poush Sangkranti]] (Winter Festival)
|-
| [[Laylat al-Qadr]] || [[Janmashtami]] || || ||
|-
| [[Chaand Raat]] || [[Jagaddhatri|Jagaddhatri Puja]] || || ||
|}

;Events
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Ekushey Book Fair]]
* [[Bishwa Ijtema]]
* [[Sagar Island|Ganga Sagar Mela]]
* [[Rath Yatra]]
* [[Ramadan]]
* [[International Mother Language Day]]
* [[Kolkata Film Festival]]
* [[Dhaka Art Summit]]
* [[Kolkata Book Fair]]
{{div col end}}

<gallery class="center">
Eid Prayers at Barashalghar, Debidwar, Comilla.jpg|Congregation of [[Muslim holidays|Eid]] in [[Comilla]]
Bijoya Dashami.jpg|Shindur khela in [[Durga Puja]] at [[Kolkata]]
Colors of Celebration!-4.JPG|Celebration of [[Pohela Boishakh]] in [[Dhaka]]
Basanto Utsav.jpg|Bashanto Utsav festival
Bishwa Ijtema 2023 by Nayem Yahya 07.jpg|[[Bishwa Ijtema]], one of the world's largest congregations

</gallery>

==Pastimes==
{{see also|Bengali traditional games}}

===Cinema===
{{main|Cinema of Bangladesh|Cinema of West Bengal}}

Kolkata and Dhaka are the centers of [[Bengali cinema (disambiguation)|Bengali cinema]]. The region's film industry is notable for the history of [[art films]] in South Asia, including the works of [[Academy Award]] winning director [[Satyajit Ray]] and the [[Cannes Film Festival]] award-winning director [[Tareque Masud]].

===Sports===
[[File:Lathi khela, Ancient Festival - Shamim Tirmizi.jpg|thumb|A ''[[lathi khela]]'' event taking place in [[Tangail District|Tangail]].]]
[[File:Rowing on Canal.jpg|thumb|left|A ''[[Nouka Baich]]'' competition taking place in the monsoon season.]]
[[Bengali traditional games|Traditional Bengali sports]] consisted of various [[martial arts]] and various [[racing]] sports, though the British-introduced sports of [[cricket]] and [[association football|football]] are now most popular amongst Bengalis.

[[Lathi khela]] (stick-fighting) was historically a method of duelling as a way to protect or take land and others' possessions. The [[Zamindars of Bengal]] would hire ''lathial''s (trained stick-fighters) as a form of security and a means to forcefully collect tax from tenants.<ref name="prothom-alo">''[http://www.prothom-alo.com/art_and_literature/article/33350/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82 ঈদ উৎসবের নানা রং] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103042311/http://www.prothom-alo.com/art_and_literature/article/33350/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82 |date=3 November 2013 }}'',সাইমন জাকারিয়া, দৈনিক প্রথম আলো। ঢাকা থেকে প্রকাশের তারিখ: আগস্ট ০২, ২০১৩</ref> Nationwide ''lathi khela'' competitions used to take place annually in [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] up until 1989, though its practice is now diminishing and being restricted to certain festivals and celebrations.<ref name=dhakamirror.com>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhakamirror.com/nation/lathi-khela-to-celebrate-tangail-free-day/|title=Lathi Khela to celebrate Tangail Free Day|publisher=dhakamirror.com|date=13 December 2011|access-date=9 June 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191316/http://www.dhakamirror.com/nation/lathi-khela-to-celebrate-tangail-free-day/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Chamdi'' is a variant of ''lathi khela'' popular in [[North Bengal]] during festivities such as [[Islamic holidays|Eid]] and [[Mid-Sha'ban|Shab e Barat]]. [[Bangladeshi martial arts|Kushti]] (wrestling) is also another popular fighting sport and it has developed regional forms such as ''[[Boli Khela|Jobbarer boli khela]]'' (wrestling of [[Jabbar (disambiguation)|Jobbar]]/the great) and ''[[Mokkar Boli Khela]]'' (wrestling of [[Mecca]]) which was introduced in 1889 by Zamindar Qadir Bakhsh of [[Chittagong District|Chittagong]]. A merchant known as Abdul Jabbar Saodagar adapted the sport in 1907 with the intention of cultivating a sport that would prepare Bengalis in fighting against British colonials.<ref name=independent>{{cite news |last=Zaman |first=Jaki |title=Jabbarer Boli Khela: Better Than WWE |url=http://theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=168299:jabbarer-boli-khela-better-than-wwe&catid=175:weekend-independent&Itemid=213 |newspaper=The Independent |location=Dhaka |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=8 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104225255/http://theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=168299%3Ajabbarer-boli-khela-better-than-wwe&catid=175%3Aweekend-independent&Itemid=213 |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name=thedailystar.net>{{cite news |title=Jabbarer Boli Khela tomorrow |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/jabbarer-boli-khela-tomorrow/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=24 April 2013 |access-date=8 June 2013 |archive-date=26 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526151448/http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/jabbarer-boli-khela-tomorrow/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1972, a popular [[Contact sport|contact]] [[team sport]] called [[Kabaddi|Kabadi]] was made the [[national sport]] of [[Bangladesh]]. It is a regulated version of the rural [[Hadudu]] sport which had no fixed rules. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of Bangladesh was formed in 1973.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Faroqi, Gofran|article=Kabadi}}</ref> [[Butthan]], a 20th-century Bengali martial arts invented by Grandmaster [[Mak Yuree]], is now practiced in different parts of the world under the International Butthan Federation.<ref name=unb>{{cite news |url=https://unb.com.bd/category/Sports/seminar-on-butthan-combat-sports-co-competition-system-held/30629 |date=13 October 2019 |title=Seminar on Butthan Combat Sports & Co-competition system held |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=[[United News of Bangladesh]] |archive-date=29 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229153506/http://unb.com.bd/category/Sports/seminar-on-butthan-combat-sports-co-competition-system-held/30629 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Mohammed Salim (Indian footballer) having feet bandaged at Celtic FC, 1936 photograph.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mohammed Salim (footballer)|Mohammed Salim]], the first South Asian footballer to play for a foreign club. Due to playing in bare feet, he is having them bandaged by [[Jimmy McMenemy]] in 1936.]]

The [[Nouka Baich]] is a Bengali boat racing competition which takes place during and after the rainy season when much of the land goes under water. The long canoes were referred to as ''khel nao'' (meaning playing boats) and the use of [[cymbal]]s to accompany the singing was common. Different types of boats are used in different parts of Bengal.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |author=S M Mahfuzur Rahman |article=Boat Race}}</ref> [[Horse racing]] was patronised most notably by the [[Dighapatia Raj]]as in [[Natore District|Natore]], and their [[Chalanbeel Horse Race]]s have continued to take place annually for centuries.

[[File:Shakib Al Hasan (7).jpg|thumb|Cricketer [[Shakib Al Hasan]] is currently crowned the world's best [[all-rounder]] in all formats for [[One Day International|ODI cricket]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladeshi Player Shakib Al Hasan named best all-rounder in all formats by ICC: Some interesting facts about the cricketer|location=New Delhi, India|date=27 June 2015|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and one of the greatest of all times.<ref name="shakib">{{Cite news|title=Why Shakib Al Hasan is one of cricket's greatest allrounders|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/stats-analysis-why-shakib-al-hasan-is-one-of-cricket-s-greatest-allrounders-1219732|date=23 March 2020|access-date=23 March 2021|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422042511/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/stats-analysis-why-shakib-al-hasan-is-one-of-cricket-s-greatest-allrounders-1219732|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=15 July 2020|title=Where does Shakib rank among the greatest all-rounders?|url=http://www.tbsnews.net/sports/where-does-shakib-rank-among-greatest-all-rounders-106672|access-date=23 March 2021|work=The Business Standard|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420105626/https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/where-does-shakib-rank-among-greatest-all-rounders-106672|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Z. Ahmed|title="I don't play to be the best all-rounder of all time": Shakib Al Hasan|url=https://www.cricfrenzy.com/en/article/127412/%E2%80%9CI-don%E2%80%99t-play-to-be-the-best-all-rounder-of-all-time%E2%80%9D--Shakib-Al-Hasan-|date=1 August 2020|access-date=23 March 2021|website=cricfrenzy.com|language=en-US|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513213819/https://www.cricfrenzy.com/en/article/127412/%E2%80%9CI-don%E2%80%99t-play-to-be-the-best-all-rounder-of-all-time%E2%80%9D--Shakib-Al-Hasan-|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 March 2020|title=Why Shakib Al Hasan is one of cricket's greatest allrounders|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28945972/why-shakib-al-hasan-one-cricket-greatest-allrounders|access-date=23 March 2021|website=[[ESPN]]|language=en|archive-date=27 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327024900/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28945972/why-shakib-al-hasan-one-cricket-greatest-allrounders|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Parida|first=Bastab K.|date=5 July 2019|title=Greatest all-rounder of 21st century debate – where does Shakib Al Hasan stand?|url=https://sportscafe.in/cricket/articles/2019/jul/05/greatest-all-rounder-of-21-st-century-debate-where-does-shakib-al-hasan-stand|access-date=23 March 2021|website=SportsCafe.in|language=en|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420055956/https://sportscafe.in/cricket/articles/2019/jul/05/greatest-all-rounder-of-21-st-century-debate-where-does-shakib-al-hasan-stand|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Best All-Rounders in Cricket History|url=https://www.thetoptens.com/cricket/all-rounders-cricket/|access-date=23 March 2021|website=TheTopTens|language=en|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415110350/https://www.thetoptens.com/cricket/all-rounders-cricket/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Is Shakib Al Hasan a greater allrounder than Garry Sobers?|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/anantha-narayanan-is-shakib-al-hasan-a-greater-allrounder-than-garry-sobers-1257937|access-date=25 April 2021|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424182703/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/anantha-narayanan-is-shakib-al-hasan-a-greater-allrounder-than-garry-sobers-1257937|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

The oldest native football clubs of Bengal was [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]], which was founded in 1889, and [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]], founded in 1891. Mohun Bagan's first major victory was in 1911, when the team defeated an English club known as the Yorkshire Regiment to win the [[IFA Shield]]. Since then, more and more clubs emerged in [[West Bengal]], such as Mohun Bagan's main rival [[East Bengal FC]], a team of East Bengali Hindus who had migrated to West Bengal following the 1947 [[Partition of India]]. The rivalry also portrayed the societal problems at that time as many of the Mohun Bagan fans were [[Ghotis]] who hated the East Bengali immigrants, though Hindu. [[Mohammed Salim (footballer)|Mohammed Salim]] of [[Calcutta]] became the first [[South Asian]] to play for a European football club in 1936.<ref name="Breck">Breck, A. ''Alan Breck's Book of Scottish Football''. Scottish Daily Express, 1937, cited in {{cite web |url = http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/Salim%2C+Mohammed |title = ''Salim, Mohammed'' |publisher = thecelticwiki.org |date = 29 May 2006 |work = All time A to Z of Celtic players |access-date = 15 April 2013 |archive-date = 29 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130529055952/http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/Salim%2C+Mohammed |url-status = live }} See also, {{cite web |url = http://www.scotsman.com/sport/barefooted-indian-who-left-calcutta-to-join-celtic-1-1151472 |title = ''Barefooted Indian who left Calcutta to join Celtic'' |publisher = The Scotsman |date = 12 December 2008 |access-date = 15 April 2013 |archive-date = 30 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235208/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/barefooted-indian-who-left-calcutta-to-join-celtic-1-1151472 |url-status = live }}</ref> In his two appearances for [[Celtic F.C.]], he played the entire matches barefoot and scored several goals.<ref>''Scottish Daily Express'', 29 August 1936, cited in Majumdar, B. and Bandyopadhyay, K. [https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA68 ''A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051543/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA68 |date=18 November 2022 }}. Routledge, 2006, p. 68.</ref> In 2015, [[Hamza Choudhury]] became the first Bengali to play in the [[Premier League]] and is predicted to be the first [[British Asian]] to play for the [[England national football team]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/11796199/hamza-choudhury-can-be-first-british-south-asian-to-play-for-england-says-michael-chopra |last=Trehan |first=Dev |publisher=[[Sky Sports]] |date=2 September 2019 |title=Hamza Choudhury can be first British South Asian to play for England, says Michael Chopra |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523150804/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/11796199/hamza-choudhury-can-be-first-british-south-asian-to-play-for-england-says-michael-chopra |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bengalis are very competitive when it comes to board and home games such as [[Pachisi]] and its modern counterpart [[Ludo (board game)|Ludo]], as well as [[Latim]], [[Carrom Board]], Chor-Pulish, [[Kanamachi]] and [[Chess]]. [[Rani Hamid]] is one of the most successful chess players in the world, winning championships in Asia and Europe multiple times. [[Ramnath Biswas]] was a revolutionary soldier who embarked on three world tours on a bicycle in the 19th century. [[Shakib Al Hasan]], [[Mushfiqur Rahim]], [[Mashrafe Bin Mortaza]], [[Tamim Iqbal]], [[Soumya Sarkar]], [[Liton Das]] from Bangladesh and [[Pankaj Roy]], [[Sourav Ganguly]], [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]], [[Wriddhiman Saha]], [[Mohammed Shami]] from West Bengal are internationally known cricketers .<ref name=soccercenter>{{cite web
|url=http://www.longlivesoccer.com/indiafootball.htm
|title=Football in India – A Fact File
|access-date=2006-10-26
|last=Prabhakaran
|first=Shaji
|date=18 January 2003
|publisher=LongLiveSoccer.com
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023135720/http://www.longlivesoccer.com/indiafootball.htm
|archive-date=23 October 2006
|df=dmy
}}</ref> [[Traditional games of Bangladesh|Local games]] include sports such as [[Kho Kho]] and [[Kabaddi]], the latter being the national sport of Bangladesh.

===Media===
Bangladesh's ''[[Prothom Alo]]'' is the largest circulated Bengali newspaper in the world. It is followed by ''[[Ananda Bazar Patrika]]'', which has the largest circulation for a single-edition, regional language newspaper in India. Other prominent Bengali newspapers include the ''[[The Daily Ittefaq|Ittefaq]]'', ''[[Jugantor]]'', ''[[Samakal]]'', ''[[Janakantha]]'' and ''[[Bartaman]]''. Major English-language newspapers in Bangladesh include ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'', ''[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]'', and the weekly ''[[Holiday (newspaper)|Holiday]]''. ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', published from Kolkata, is the region's oldest English-language publication.

==Literature==
{{Main|Bengali literature|Bengali poetry}}

Bengal has one of the most developed literary traditions in Asia. A descent of ancient [[Sanskrit]] and [[Magadhi Prakrit]], the Bengali language evolved circa 1000–1200 CE under the [[Pala Empire]] and the [[Sena dynasty]]. It became an official court language of the [[Sultanate of Bengal]] and absorbed influences from [[Arabic literature|Arabic]] and [[Persian literature|Persian]]. Middle Bengali developed secular literature in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was also spoken in [[Kingdom of Arakan|Arakan]]. The [[Bengali Renaissance]] in [[Calcutta]] developed the modern standardized form of the language in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] became the first Bengali writer to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 1913, and was also the first non-European Nobel laureate. [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] became known as the ''Rebel Poet of British India''. After the partition of Bengal, a distinct literary culture developed in [[East Bengal]], which later became [[East Pakistan]] and Bangladesh.
<gallery class="center">
File:Kazi Nazrul Islam 01.png|[[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] (''Bidrohi Kabi''; 'the rebel poet')
File:Praha, Dejvice - Thakurova busta v Thakurove ulici.jpg|[[Rabindranath Tagore]] (''Biswa Kabi''; 'the poet of world')
File:Ishwarchandra_Vidyasagar.jpg|[[Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar]] (''Father of modern Bengali alphabets and modern Bengali Prose'')
File:Bankim Chattapadhyay.jpg|[[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] (''Sahityo Samrat''; 'the emperor of literature')
File:Jasimuddin Lomax 1951 (2).jpg|[[Jasimuddin]] (''Polli Kabi''; 'the rural poet')
File:Fakir Lalon Shah.jpg|[[Lalon|Lalon Fakir]] (''[[Baul]] shamrat''; 'the emperor of [[Baul|Bauls]]')
</gallery>

==Philosophy==
The works of ancient philosophers from Bengal have been preserved at libraries in [[Tibet]], [[China]] and [[Central Asia]]. These include the works of [[Atisa]] and [[Tilopa]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Aminul |year=2012 |chapter=Philosophy |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Philosophy |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-date=8 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808193321/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Philosophy |url-status=live }}</ref> Medieval Hindu philosophy featured the works of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]].

[[Sufi]] philosophy was highly influential in Islamic Bengal. Prominent Sufi practitioners were disciples of [[Jalaluddin Rumi]], [[Abdul-Qadir Gilani]] and [[Moinuddin Chishti]]. One of the most revered [[Sufism in Bangladesh|Sufi saints of Bengal]] is [[Shah Jalal]].

==See also==
* [[Arts of West Bengal]]
* [[Performing arts of Bangladesh]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{West Bengal topics}}

[[Category:Culture of Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Heritage of Bengal]]

Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan

2026-05-05T08:00:11Z

JennyRoyster668: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Regional Bengali cultural-political organisation in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=July 2025}}
{{citation style|date=July 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan
| native_name = জাতীয় বাংলা সম্মেলন
| logo = Logo of Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan.jpg
| image = Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan flag banner.jpg
| formation = 9 December 2019
| founders = Siddhabrata Das, Anirban Bandyopadhyay
| location = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| type = Socio-political organisation
| language = Bengali
| leader_title = Working President
| leader_name = Anirban Bandyopadhyay
| website = 
}}

'''Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan''' ({{langx|bn|জাতীয় বাংলা সম্মেলন}}; lit. ''National Bengali Conference'') is a socio-cultural and linguistic organisation based in [[West Bengal]], India. It was founded in December 2019 by dissident members of the Bengali rights group [[Bangla Pokkho]], with a vision to promote linguistic democracy, secular civic nationalism, and cultural inclusivity.

==History==
Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan was launched on 9 December 2019 at the Kolkata Press Club.<ref name="ABP2019"/> Former Bangla Pokkho leaders including Siddhabrata Das and Anirban Bandyopadhyay established the group after being expelled from the parent organisation. The founders cited ideological differences, especially related to sectarian influences in Bangla Pokkho's approach.

According to Anirban Bandyopadhyay, the Sammelan seeks to resist the growth of "Hindutvavadi Bònggali" politics and focus on inclusive, people-centric campaigns grounded in Bengali linguistic rights.<ref name="EiSamay2020"/>

==Ideology==
The group's founding charter includes 40 key points advocating:
* Use of Bengali as the primary language in banks, railways, courts, and postal services in West Bengal.
* Bengali-medium education and compulsory use of Bengali in signage.
* Resistance to CAA-NRC policies.
* Unity among linguistic and cultural minorities in the eastern region of India.

==Leadership==
The initial leadership included:
* '''Anirban Bandyopadhyay''' – Working President
* '''Tanny Das''' – Working Vice President
* '''Siddhabrata Das''' – Working General Secretary

==Activities==
Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan has undertaken:
* Deputations to the Postal Department and nationalised banks for enforcing Bengali signage and service.<ref name="Shubhabori2020"/>
* District and rural conferences raising awareness about linguistic rights and environmental justice.
* Protests and social campaigns against NRC and CAA.<ref name="Outlook2020"/>
* Participation in civil society meetings, cultural events, and solidarity programs with other marginalised language communities.<ref name="EiSamay2021"/>

==Logo and Flag==
The organisation uses a blue-and-white logo featuring the Bengali letter '''"Ja" (জ)''' stylised as a cultural symbol. The flag typically displays:
* A white background
* The logo at the centre
* A blue border representing peace and regional unity

==Position in Bengali Language Movement==
Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan aligns itself with:
* The legacy of the 1952 Bengali Language Movement in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
* The 1961 Barak Valley movement in Assam
* Contemporary Bengali rights advocacy in West Bengal and Tripura

==Relationship with Bangla Pokkho==
The split was seen as both ideological and structural. While [[Bangla Pokkho]] was known for aggressive campaigns, the Sammelan framed itself as a civic-focused, secular alternative. Media reports highlighted this internal split as indicative of broader ideological fissures in Bengali subnationalism.<ref name="EiSamay2020"/>

==Reception==
The formation of Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan was reported in multiple Bengali and English-language media outlets. Commentators have noted its efforts to create a softer, civil-society-driven form of Bengali activism.<ref name="ABP2019"/><ref name="ET2020"/><ref name="EiSamay2021"/>

==See also==
* [[Bangla Pokkho]]
* [[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi]]

==References==

<ref name="ET2020">
{{cite news
|title=Bengal sees rise of subnationalism ahead of assembly elections
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bengal-sees-rise-of-subnationalism-ahead-of-assembly-polls/articleshow/77572893.cms
|work=The Economic Times
|date=17 August 2020
|access-date=7 July 2025
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Outlook2020">
{{cite news
|title=TMC stokes Bengali pride, calls BJP "outsiders", BJP hits back
|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/tmc-stokes-bengali-pride-calls-bjp-outsiders-bjp-hits-back/1979547
|work=Outlook India
|date=20 November 2020
|access-date=7 July 2025
}}
</ref>


<ref name="ABP2019">
{{cite news
|title=বাঙাল পক্ষে বড় ধাক্কা, জন্ম নিল নতুন সংগঠন
|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/huge-blow-to-bangla-pokkho-a-new-organization-comes-out-now-dgtl-1.1080575
|work=Anandabazar Patrika
|language=bn
|date=10 December 2019
|access-date=7 July 2025
}}
</ref>

<ref name="EiSamay2020">
{{cite news
|title='বাঙালির নাম করে হিন্দুত্ববাদ' — নতুন সংগঠনের বার্তা
|url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/new-organization-formed-after-bangla-pokkho-split/articleshow/72483814.cms
|work=Ei Samay
|language=bn
|date=11 December 2019
|access-date=7 July 2025
}}
</ref>

<ref name="EiSamay2021">
{{cite news
|title=জাতীয় বাংলা সম্মেলনের নতুন কর্মসূচিতে ভাষা-পরিচয়-পরিবেশ নিয়ে সচেতনতা
|url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/statewide-awareness-drive-by-jatiyo-bangla-sammelan/articleshow/80458299.cms
|work=Ei Samay
|language=bn
|date=24 January 2021
|access-date=7 July 2025
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Shubhabori2020">
{{cite news
|title=জাতীয় বাংলা সম্মেলনের তরফে ডাকবিভাগে স্মারকলিপি
|url=https://shubhabori.co.in/nation/?p=7410
|work=Shubhabori
|language=bn
|date=January 2020
|access-date=7 July 2025
}}
</ref>
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Organisations based in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Political organisations based in India]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Bengali language movement]]

Neel Kashkari

2026-05-02T12:54:53Z

JennyRoyster668: Started New Article - done

{{Short description|President/CEO Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Neel Kashkari
| image = Neel-kashkari.jpg
| office = 13th President of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]]
| term_start = January 1, 2016
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Narayana Kocherlakota]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability]]
| president1 = [[George W. Bush]] [[Barack Obama]]
| term_label1 = Acting
| term_start1 = October 6, 2008
| term_end1 = May 1, 2009
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = [[Herbert M. Allison|Herbert Allison]]
| office2 = [[Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Markets|Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs]]
| president2 = [[George W. Bush]] [[Barack Obama]]
| term_start2 = July 2008
| term_end2 = May 1, 2009
| predecessor2 = ''Position established''
| successor2 = [[Marisa Lago]]
| birth_name = Neel Tushar Kashkari<ref name="white house fellows" />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|7|30}}
| birth_place = [[Akron, Ohio]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Minal Jeshanke|||end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Christine Ong|2015}}
}}
| children = 2
| education = [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]], [[Master of Science|MS]]) [[University of Pennsylvania]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
}}

'''Neel Tushar Kashkari'''<ref name="white house fellows">[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/02/20060227-2.html The White House announces regional finalists for the 2006–2007 White House Fellowships]. [[George W. Bush administration]] archives, February 27, 2006. Hosted at [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/ Archives.gov]. Accessed January 19, 2014.</ref> (born July 30, 1973) is an American banker, economist, and politician who is the president of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]]. As interim [[Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability]] from October 2008 to May 2009, he oversaw the [[Troubled Asset Relief Program]] (TARP) that was a major component of the U.S. government's response to the [[2008 financial crisis]]. A [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], he unsuccessfully ran for [[governor of California]] in the [[2014 California gubernatorial election|2014 election]].

Born and raised in Ohio, and educated at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]], Kashkari worked initially as an aerospace engineer. After attending business school at the [[Wharton School]] of the [[University of Pennsylvania]], he became an [[investment banker]], covering the information technology security sector for [[Goldman Sachs]].

[[Henry Paulson]], the former head of Goldman, and then [[Secretary of the Treasury]], hired Kashkari as an aide. Kashkari was eventually named [[Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Markets|Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Economics and Development]]. At Treasury, he played a number of roles in the response to the [[2008 financial crisis]] and the [[subprime mortgage crisis]] that preceded it, most notably administering the TARP.

Kashkari left government and began working for [[Pimco]] in 2009, leading that company's push into the [[Equity (finance)|equities]] market. He resigned from Pimco in January 2013 to explore a run for public office. One year later, he announced his candidacy for [[Governor of California]]. He came in second in California's [[nonpartisan blanket primary]] but lost the [[2014 California gubernatorial election|general election]] to incumbent governor [[Jerry Brown]].

He was named president of the Minneapolis Federal Reserve November 10, 2015, succeeding [[Narayana Kocherlakota]] who announced his resignation in June.

==Early life and education==
[[File:Engineering Hall.jpg|thumb|right|Engineering Hall at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]]. Kashkari earned two degrees in mechanical engineering from UIUC.]]
Neel Tushar Kashkari was born on July 30, 1973,<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-10-06-kashkari-rescue-bailout_N.htm | title=$700B man: Former adviser to Paulson takes bailout post | first=Theresa | last=Howard | work=[[USA Today]] | date=October 7, 2008}}</ref> in [[Akron, Ohio]], to Indian parents. Kashkari's mother Sheila Kashkari, was a [[pathologist]] at [[Akron City Hospital]], and father Chaman Kashkari, worked as a professor of [[electrical engineering]] at the [[University of Akron]].<ref name=topple>{{Cite news | url=https://www.cleveland.com/open/2014/02/browns_fan_neel_kashkari_hopes.html | title=Browns fan Neel Kashkari hopes to topple California Gov. Jerry Brown | first=Sabrina | last=Eaton | work=[[The Plain Dealer]] | date=February 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name=ap/>

Kashkari's parents are [[Kashmiri Pandits]], who were both born and raised in [[Srinagar]] in the [[Kashmir Valley]], within the [[Indian state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref>{{cite news | title=The Kashmiri Pandit who wants to be California's governor |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/the-kashmiri-pandit-who-wants-to-be-californias-governor/20140122.htm | first=Aziz |last=Haniffa |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=January 22, 2014}}</ref> and immigrated to the [[United States]] in 1964. They settled in [[Stow, Ohio|Stow]],<ref name=topple/> a suburb of Akron, where Neel Kashkari grew up.<ref name=ap>[[Associated Press]]. [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-10-11-bailout-czar_N.htm Kashkari faces major task as 'bailout czar']. ''[[USA Today]]'', October 11, 2008. Accessed December 30, 2013.</ref> His parents were well known within the local community of [[Hinduism in the United States|Hindu Americans]].<ref name="moore wsj">Heidi N. Moore. [https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2008/10/10/neel-kashkari-a-portrait-of-the-700-billion-man-as-a-young-banker/ Neel Kashkari: a portrait of the $700 billion man as a young banker]. ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', October 10, 2008. Accessed December 30, 2013.</ref> His older sister, Meera Kashkari Kelley,<ref name="savage white nyt">[[Charlie Savage (author)|Charlie Savage]] and Ben White. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/09/business/09kashkari.html Bailout role elevates U.S. official]. ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 8, 2008. Accessed December 30, 2013.</ref> is a [[physician]] specializing in [[infectious diseases]].<ref name="cruz time">{{Cite news | url=https://time.com/archive/6904635/neel-kashkari-the-700-billion-man/ | title=Neel Kashkari, the $700 billion man | first=Gilbert | last=Cruz | work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=October 8, 2008}}</ref> Growing up, Neel's parents and sister were [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]], but his [[Free market|free-market]] views led him to identify more with the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref name="savage white nyt"/>

Kashkari attended [[Stow-Munroe Falls City School District|Stow–Munroe Falls High School]] before transferring to the [[Western Reserve Academy]].<ref>Colin McEwen. Stow man nominated for U.S. Treasury position. ''Hudson Hub-Times'', November 28, 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306075725/http://www.hudsonhubtimes.com/news/printer_friendly/2909192 Archived] from the original at the Internet Archive on March 6, 2012. Accessed December 30, 2013.</ref> He graduated in 1991 with honors in mathematics and was elected graduation speaker.<ref name=ap/> In 2009, he described his high school grades as not good enough to apply to top-tier universities.<ref name="lin-fisher"/>

Kashkari earned bachelor's (1995) and master's (1998) degrees in [[mechanical engineering]] from the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mechse.illinois.edu/news/distinguished-alumnus-kashkari-offers-students-career-advice | title=Distinguished Alumnus Kashkari offers students career advice | work=[[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] | date=July 18, 2012}}</ref> He was the team leader for the mechanical engineering component of the school's entry in the 1997 [[Sunrayce]], a solar-powered vehicle race.<ref name=ap/>

== Career ==

===Private sector===
After completing his master's degree, Kashkari moved to [[Redondo Beach, California|Redondo Beach]] in [[California]], and worked as an engineer for [[TRW Inc.]], a contractor for [[NASA]]. There he worked on a stabilizing component for the [[James Webb Space Telescope]].<ref name=ap/>

Kashkari left TRW to enter the [[Wharton School]] of the [[University of Pennsylvania]],<ref name=ap/> earning an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] in 2002. At Wharton he was president of the Finance Club<ref>Jane M. Von Bergen. Wharton grad's new job: clean up credit mess. ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'', October 8, 2008. Accessed January 2, 2014.</ref> and was part of the student organizing team for the annual Wharton Finance Conference.<ref>Justin Fox. [https://business.time.com/2008/11/07/neel-kashkari-tries-to-get-through-to-january-20/ Neel Kashkari tries to get through to January 20]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', November 7, 2008. Accessed January 15, 2014.</ref>

Kashkari interned at the investment bank [[Goldman Sachs]] during the summer between his two academic years at Wharton.<ref name="moore wsj"/> After graduation from Wharton in 2002, he joined Goldman's [[San Francisco]] office as an associate<ref name="wong trib">Wailin Wong. [https://www.chicagotribune.com/2008/10/13/the-rapid-rise-of-bailout-czar/ The rapid rise of bailout czar]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', October 13, 2008. Accessed December 30, 2013.</ref> covering software companies in the investment banking division.<ref name="moore wsj"/> In this role, he was part of the team that advised clients on mergers and acquisitions, as well as other financial matters, until leaving the firm in 2006.<ref name="treasury bio">[[U.S. Department of the Treasury]]. Biography of Neel Kashkari, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Economics. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090118212610/http://www.treasury.gov/organization/bios/kashkari-e.html Archived] from the original at the Internet Archive on January 18, 2009. Accessed December 30, 2013.</ref>

He was a regional finalist for the [[White House Fellows]] program.<ref name="white house fellows"/><ref name="savage white nyt"/><ref name="lin-fisher">Betty Lin-Fisher. [http://www.ohio.com/news/top-stories/bailout-czar-gives-local-alma-mater-lesson-on-recovery-1.122998 Bailout czar gives local alma mater lesson on recovery]. ''[[Akron Beacon Journal]]'', April 11, 2009. Accessed January 6, 2014.</ref>

===Treasury Department===
[[File:Treasury departement.jpg|thumb|right|Kashkari left the private sector to work at the [[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Department of the Treasury]].]]
In May 2006 [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] announced his intention to appoint [[Henry Paulson]] as [[Secretary of the Treasury]].<ref>[[Jim Rutenberg]] and [[Edmund L. Andrews]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/30/washington/30cnd-snow.html Bush selects Goldman chief to take over Treasury Dept.] ''The New York Times'', May 30, 2006. Accessed December 30, 2013.</ref> Kashkari contacted Paulson and asked to join him at Treasury. Despite not knowing Kashkari well,<ref name="cho wapo"/> Paulson agreed to meet with him, and much later offered him a job as a policy generalist. Kashkari accepted, and then Paulson remembered to confirm that Kashkari was a Republican.<ref>Sorkin, pp. 84–5.</ref> After the U.S. Senate [[Advice and consent|confirmed]] Paulson, he and Kashkari started at Treasury on the same day.<ref name="cho wapo"/> Kashkari was one of several Goldman employees who followed Paulson to Treasury.<ref>Francesco Guerrera, Henny Sender, Ben White, James Politi. [https://www.ft.com/content/af360d88-4e16-11dd-820e-000077b07658 Wachovia appoints Steel as new chief]{{registration required}}. ''[[Financial Times]]'', July 10, 2008. Accessed January 2, 2014.</ref>

Kashkari began as a special assistant to Paulson working on [[energy policy]]. He and [[Allan B. Hubbard]] developed Bush's "[[Twenty in Ten]]" plan to promote [[energy conservation]].<ref name="rosenwald wapo">Michael S. Rosenwald. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/08/AR2008100803536.html The $700 billion man with an engineer's mind]. ''Washington Post'', October 9, 2008. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref> He also worked on issues related to [[India]], particularly infrastructure development.<ref name="treasury bio"/> In November 2007, Bush nominated Kashkari to be Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Economics and Development. The [[U.S. Senate]] confirmed the nomination in June 2008, and Kashkari was sworn in the following month.<ref name="yglesias tp">[[Matthew Yglesias]]. [http://thinkprogress.org/yglesias/2008/10/06/189878/all_your_financial_system_are_belong_to_neel_kashkari/ All your financial system are belong to Neel Kashkari]. [[ThinkProgress]], October 6, 2008. Accessed January 2, 2014.</ref>

====2008 financial crisis====
By the summer of 2007, concerns over the credit quality of private-label securitizations, underwriting standards and institutional solvency accelerated. The value of [[mortgage-backed securities]] backed by U.S. [[subprime mortgages]] declined sharply as it became clear that many of the borrowers would continue to [[Default (finance)|default]] on the mortgages. This caused a housing glut and the [[subprime mortgage crisis]] as the banks holding the mortgages rushed to [[foreclose]] the loans. This ultimately intensified into the [[2008 financial crisis]] with broad implications.

Kashkari played important roles in several episodes of the crisis. He led Treasury's participation in the [[Hope Now Alliance]], a mortgage industry initiative coordinated by the federal government that aimed to reduce foreclosures by modifying loan terms on a loan-by-loan basis.<ref name="rosenwald wapo"/><ref>Jeanne Sahadi. [https://money.cnn.com/2007/10/12/real_estate/mortgage_alliance/index.htm Subprime: 'HopeNow' may help only so much]. [[CNNMoney.com]], October 12, 2007. Accessed January 2, 2014.</ref> In March 2008 he represented Treasury at negotiations that led ultimately to the federally sponsored takeover and rescue of the investment bank [[Bear Stearns]] by [[JPMorgan Chase]].<ref>Julie Creswell, Ben White. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/19/business/19gold.html The guys from 'Government Sachs']. ''The New York Times'', October 17, 2008. Accessed January 3, 2014.</ref> He was in charge of Treasury's (ultimately unsuccessful) efforts to create a market in the U.S. for [[covered bonds]], whose value would continue to be guaranteed by the issuing bank after the bank had sold them.<ref name="yglesias tp"/><ref>Jim Zarroli. [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93018393 Paulson pushes 'covered bonds' in housing fix]. [[NPR]], July 29, 2008. Accessed January 2, 2014.</ref><ref>Maya Jackson Randall. [https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303970604576402350724592040 Lawmakers back covered bonds]{{subscription required}}. ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', June 22, 2011. Accessed June 18, 2014.</ref> He also worked closely with Paulson on Treasury's [[Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac|takeover]] of the [[government-sponsored enterprise]]s [[Fannie Mae]] and [[Freddie Mac]] on September 6, 2008, and the federal [[bailout]] of [[American International Group]] on September 16.<ref name="savage white nyt"/>

====TARP====
In early 2008, Paulson directed Kashkari and fellow Treasury aide [[Phillip Swagel]] to write a plan to recapitalize the banking system in case the crisis worsened.<ref>Sorkin, pp. 83–4.</ref> The plan called for Congress to authorize Treasury to spend $500 billion to buy mortgage-backed securities from troubled banks, replacing them on banks' balance sheets with safe, [[Market liquidity|liquid]] [[Treasury bill]]s. This would prevent [[Bank run|runs on the banks]] and encourage them to lend. The plan was conceived as an alternative to proposals from the staff of the [[House Financial Services Committee]], then led by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] Representative [[Barney Frank]].<ref>[[David Wessel]]. ''In Fed We Trust''. [[Crown Business]], 2010, pp. 176–7.</ref>

Following the [[Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers|collapse]] of the investment bank [[Lehman Brothers]] on September 15, 2008, the [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008]] (EESA) was enacted on October 3. Both Democrats and Republicans in Congress voted for the law. Kashkari was one of several Paulson aides who was heavily involved in the crafting the legislation.<ref>[[Mark Landler]], [[Edmund L. Andrews]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/04/business/economy/04plan.html For Treasury Dept., now comes hard part of bailout]. ''The New York Times'', October 4, 2008. Accessed January 2, 2014.</ref> Based in large part on Kashkari and Swagel's recapitalization plan, the EESA created the [[Troubled Asset Relief Program]] (TARP), a $700 billion bailout fund for financial institutions threatened with collapse.<ref name="blumenfeld wapo"/> Kashkari initially proposed a $1 trillion fund, but Paulson vetoed that number as too large. Kashkari came up with the lesser figure of $700 billion by taking 5% of the $14 trillion in then-outstanding mortgages in the United States.<ref>Sorkin, p. 450</ref>

To administer TARP, the EESA created within the Treasury Department a new Office of Financial Stability to be headed by an [[Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability]], who would be nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. However, it also specified that the Treasury Secretary could designate an interim Assistant Secretary to run the office. Kashkari first came to widespread public attention on October 6, 2008, when Paulson named him to this position.<ref name="rucker reuters">Patrick Rucker. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-financial-bailout-kashkari-idUSTRE4956DL20081006 Treasury names rescue program chief]. [[Reuters]], October 6, 2008. Accessed January 3, 2014.</ref> During his time running TARP he retained his title as Assistant Secretary for International Economics and Development, but his international affairs responsibilities were delegated to another Treasury official.<ref name="treasury bio"/>

Noticing a lack of necessary expertise in investment within Treasury, Kashkari recruited new staff for the program, some from government and others from industry, ultimately hiring about 100 people by January 2009.<ref name="cho wapo"/><ref>Silla Brush. [https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/3910-kashkari-defends-bailout-from-assertions-of-critics/ Kashkari defends bailout from assertions of critics]. ''[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]'', January 8, 2009. Accessed January 6, 2014.</ref><ref>[[Edmund L. Andrews]], Stephen Labaton. [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/09/business/economy/09treasury.html Geithner, with few aides, is scrambling]. ''The New York Times'', March 8, 2009. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref> Kashkari also chaired the five-member investment committee within Treasury that decided which banks would receive TARP money.<ref>[[Mark Landler]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/04/business/economy/04bailout.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 New terrain for panel on bailout]. ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 4, 2008. Accessed January 9, 2014.</ref>

With Bush scheduled to leave office on January 20, 2009, following the November 2008 election, Kashkari's appointment was initially viewed as temporary. There were even plans to replace him before Bush left office.<ref>Edwin Chen. [https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=washingtonstory&sid=a_CHID8jaqbM Bush praised by both parties for transition planning]. [[Bloomberg News]], November 3, 2003. Accessed January 3, 2014.</ref> However, after Obama won the election, his [[Presidential transition of Barack Obama|transition]] team asked Kashkari to remain at Treasury after the [[First inauguration of Barack Obama|inauguration]] for a limited period.<ref>Deborah Solomon. [https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB123153947458869401 Kashkari, Lambright to stay with TARP]{{subscription required}}. ''The Wall Street Journal'', January 9, 2009. Accessed March 7, 2010.</ref> He left the Treasury Department on May 1, 2009, replaced at the helm of TARP by [[Herbert M. Allison]].<ref name="leonard nyt">Devin Leonard. [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/01/business/economy/01kashkari.html Neel Kashkari's quiet path to Pimco]. ''The New York Times'', December 31, 2009. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref>

During his time heading TARP, Kashkari was frequently called to testify before Congressional oversight panels. The House members would often question him hostilely over the politically unpopular program, but at least one, Representative [[Dennis Kucinich]], assured Kashkari privately that he thought Kashkari was doing a great job.<ref name="cho wapo"/> Another public critic, Representative [[Gregory Meeks]], later thanked Kashkari for his service.<ref name="blumenfeld wapo"/> Kashkari also won praise from Paulson and [[Timothy Geithner]], Paulson's successor as Treasury Secretary and Kashkari's boss under the Obama administration.<ref name="cho wapo">[[David Cho (journalist)|David Cho]]. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/28/AR2009042803715.html After months on the hot seat, bailout director nears exit]. ''Washington Post'', April 29, 2009. Accessed January 6, 2014.</ref> [[Neil Barofsky]], who oversaw TARP within Treasury as a special inspector general, commended Kashkari's commitment to the job but criticized his actions.<ref>David Siders. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140212013902/http://www.sacbee.com/2014/02/08/6138773/neel-kashkaris-run-for-governor.html Neel Kashkari's run for governor tied up in the federal bank bailout]. ''[[Sacramento Bee]]'', February 8, 2014. Accessed February 10, 2014.</ref> [[Elizabeth Warren]], who headed TARP's [[Congressional Oversight Panel]], later criticized Kashkari for allegedly promising to focus on smaller banks shortly before Treasury announced additional measures to bail out [[Citigroup]].<ref name=Warren>{{cite book|last=Warren|first=Elizabeth|title=A Fighting Chance|date=2014|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9781627790529|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IS5nAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89}}</ref> Kashkari later said that Bush not running for reelection allowed the government to "do things that were deeply unpopular but we knew were the right thing."<ref>Quoted in Zachary A. Goldfarb, Neil Irwin. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/geithner-bernanke-have-little-in-arsenal-to-fight-new-crisis/2011/08/12/gIQAFuFvFJ_story.html Geithner, Bernanke have little in arsenal to fight new crisis]. ''Washington Post'', August 14, 2011. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref>

===Return to California===
One week after his resignation, he and his wife moved to a cabin in rural [[Northern California]] near [[Lake Tahoe]] as part of what he called a "[[Detoxification (alternative medicine)|detox]]" from Washington. He worked on home improvement projects and helped Paulson write a memoir.<ref name="blumenfeld wapo">Laura Blumenfeld. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/04/AR2009120402016.html The $700 billion man]. ''Washington Post'', December 6, 2009. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref>

In December 2009 Kashkari was named a managing director at the investment firm [[Pimco]], in charge of new investment initiatives.<ref>[[DealBook]]. [https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2009/12/07/pimco-hires-3-executives-including-ex-treasury-aide/ Pimco hires ex-Treasury official who led bailout]. ''The New York Times'', December 7, 2009. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref> Pimco, which had traditionally focused on [[Bond (finance)|bonds]], hired him to broaden its focus into [[Equity (finance)|equities]];<ref>Anousha Sakoui, David Oakley. [https://www.ft.com/content/32156158-7814-11df-a6b4-00144feabdc0 Pimco's move into equities reflects diversification trend]{{registration required}}. ''[[Financial Times]]'', June 15, 2010. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref> Pimco later named him global head of equities.<ref>Randy Diamond. [https://www.pionline.com/article/20120625/PRINT/306259996/neel-kashkari-is-planning-for-the-future Neel Kashkari is planning for the future]. ''Pensions & Investments'', June 25, 2012. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref> Kashkari had met [[Bill H. Gross|Bill Gross]], Pimco's co-founder, in December 2007 as part of his work at Treasury. Kashkari's move to Pimco attracted attention because Pimco benefited from the government takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, though it did not receive TARP funds.<ref name="leonard nyt"/> The six equity [[mutual funds]] Pimco launched under Kashkari all underperformed benchmarks in 2012. Kashkari attributed this to the funds [[Hedge (finance)|hedging]] risk, which decreases returns when stock prices increase.<ref name="wessel grind wsj">David Wessel, Kirsten Grind. [https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323854904578260072208446486 TARP czar to take shot in politics]{{subscription required}}. ''The Wall Street Journal'', January 23, 2013. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref>

Kashkari resigned from Pimco in January 2013, citing a desire to return to public service. He was expected to announce a campaign for elected office.<ref name="wessel grind wsj"/><ref>Michael J. de la Merced. [https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/01/23/kashkari-treasurys-onetime-700-billion-man-considers-political-office/ Kashkari, onetime $700 billion man at Treasury, weighs political bid]. ''The New York Times'', January 23, 2013. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref>

In 2015, the Wall Street ''Journal'' said that "the performance of [Pimco equity] funds Mr. Kashkari launched was spotty [and] the firm has since closed some of" them.<ref name=wsj1115/>

== Politics ==
===2014 California gubernatorial campaign===
{{main|2014 California gubernatorial election}}
Kashkari has said he first considered running for [[Governor of California]] after Republican nominee [[Mitt Romney]] lost the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 presidential election]] to Obama.<ref name="bi interview">Julia La Roche. [https://www.businessinsider.com/neel-kashkari-running-for-governor-2014-2 Goldman Sachs, bank bailouts, no experience: Why these stigmas won't stop Neel Kashkari from running for governor]. [[Business Insider]], February 15, 2014. Retrieved on February 16, 2014.</ref> He spent the year after his resignation from Pimco preparing to campaign in the 2014 gubernatorial election, touring the state, hiring a staff, and meeting with potential donors. He announced his candidacy on January 21, 2014, citing jobs and education as his top priorities. It was his first run for elected office.<ref>Seema Mehta, Chris Megerian. [https://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-pc-kashkari-running-governor-20140121-story.html Neel Kashkari, ex-Treasury official, running for California governor]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', January 21, 2014. Retrieved on January 21, 2014.</ref><ref>David Siders. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140124000444/http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2014/01/neel-kashkari-announces-he-will-run-for-california-governor.html Neel Kashkari announces he will run for California governor]. ''[[Sacramento Bee]]'', January 21, 2014. Retrieved on January 21, 2014.</ref> He finished second to incumbent governor [[Jerry Brown]] in the [[nonpartisan blanket primary]] and lost to Brown in the November general election.<ref name=onishi>{{Cite news|title=G.O.P. nominee for governor faces an uphill climb in California|last=Onishi|first=Norimitsu|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 4, 2014|access-date=June 14, 2014|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/05/us/politics/kashkari-beats-tea-party-foe-in-california-governor-race.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://graphics.latimes.com/2014-election-results-nationwide/ |title=Election results |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=November 5, 2014}}</ref> After the campaign, Kashkari published "Lessons from the Trail", a firsthand account of what he learned from his gubernatorial campaign to help future candidates.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Kashkari | first1=Neel | title=Lessons from the Trail | url=https://www.scribd.com/document/245649290/Lessons-from-the-trail#scribd | website=scribd.com | access-date=December 27, 2016}}</ref>

==== Primary election ====

Brown was widely expected to finish first in the primary, so Kashkari's principal opponent at this stage was his main rival for second place, Republican [[California State Assembly|state assemblyman]] [[Tim Donnelly (politician)|Tim Donnelly]]. Kashkari was seen as a [[Fiscal conservatism|fiscal conservative]] and social moderate, while Donnelly identified with the right-wing [[Tea Party movement]].<ref name=lazo>{{cite news |first=Alejandro |last=Lazo |title=Neel Kashkari, Tim Donnelly make their pitch in California |newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/neel-kashkari-tim-donnelly-make-their-pitch-in-california-1401668774 |date=June 1, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

Kashkari enjoyed a significant funding advantage over Donnelly. He raised $1 million within two weeks of announcing his candidacy<ref>William Bradley. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/william-bradley/california-elections_b_4757149.html California elections: The fights to lose to Jerry Brown and succeed Henry Waxman come into more focus]. [[Huffington Post]], February 10, 2014. Accessed February 10, 2014.</ref> and went on to raise a total of US$4.1 million, including $2 million of his own money.<ref>{{cite news |first=Seema |last=Mehta |title=Gov. Jerry Brown takes easy lead, will face Neel Kashkari in November |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-pol-california-elections-20140604-story.html |date=June 4, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref> Republican donors [[Charles Munger Jr.]] and [[Robert Addison Day]] also spent $400,000 supporting Kashkari through an independent expenditure committee.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Siders |title=Governor: Tim Donnelly congratulates Neel Kashkari |newspaper=[[Sacramento Bee]] |url=http://www.sacbee.com/2014/06/03/6455696/governor-neel-kashkari-leads-tim.html |date=June 4, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604225558/http://www.sacbee.com/2014/06/03/6455696/governor-neel-kashkari-leads-tim.html |archive-date=June 4, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Donnelly raised only $447,000 (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=447000|start_year=2014}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |first=Elizabeth |last=Titus |title=GOP relieved as Tim Donnelly concedes in California |newspaper=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/06/2014-california-election-results-neel-kashkari-tim-donnelly-107408.html |date=June 4, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref>

For most of the race, Kashkari trailed Donnelly in public opinion polls. Kashkari's moderate views on social issues, involvement with TARP, and vote for Obama in 2008 were unpopular with many Republican voters,<ref name=low-dollar>{{cite news |first=David |last=Siders |title=In a low-dollar California governor's race, advertising pushes Neel Kashkari ahead of Tim Donnelly |newspaper=[[Sacramento Bee]] |url=http://www.sacbee.com/2014/06/04/6458820/in-a-low-dollar-california-governors.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621144242/http://www.sacbee.com/2014/06/04/6458820/in-a-low-dollar-california-governors.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 21, 2014 |date=June 4, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref> who were more enthusiastic about Donnelly.<ref>Michael Finnegan, Seema Mehta. [https://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-tim-donnelly-gets-unofficial-endorsement-at-gop-convention-20140316-story.html Tim Donnelly gets 'unofficial' endorsement at GOP convention]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', March 16, 2014. Retrieved on March 17, 2014.</ref> Other Republicans feared that if Donnelly advanced to the general election he would not only lose to Brown but also hurt other Republicans running for office because of his narrow appeal to white conservatives, staunch right-wing views, inflammatory rhetoric, and criminal record. The perceived threat from Donnelly attracted endorsements for Kashkari from national Republicans including Romney, [[Jeb Bush]], [[Condoleezza Rice]], and [[Karl Rove]], as well as California Republicans including [[Pete Wilson]] and [[Darrell Issa]].<ref name=onishi/><ref name=marinucci-gutierrez-kane/><ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Wildermuth |title=New Kashkari endorsements say plenty about Donnelly |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |url=http://blog.sfgate.com/nov05election/2014/04/29/new-kashkari-endorsements-say-plenty-about-donnelly/ |date=April 29, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref><ref name=long-road/><ref>{{cite news |first=Carla |last=Marinucci |title=Rove: CA Republicans would be stupid not to pick Kashkari |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |url=http://blog.sfgate.com/nov05election/2014/04/07/rove-says-ca-republicans-would-be-stupid-not-to-pick-kashkari/ |date=April 7, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref> These advantages allowed Kashkari not to campaign farther right than he wanted to.<ref name=long-road>{{cite news |first1=Carla |last1=Marinucci |first2=Melody |last2=Gutierrez |title=Kashkari has long road to overtake Jerry Brown |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |url=https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Kashkari-has-long-road-to-overtake-Jerry-Brown-5529450.php |date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref>

Kashkari's fundraising advantage allowed him pay for more advertising in the last weeks of the race.<ref name=low-dollar/><ref name=marinucci-gutierrez-kane>{{cite news |first1=Carla |last1=Marinucci |first2=Melody |last2=Gutierrez |first3=Will |last3=Kane |title=Jerry Brown to face off with Neel Kashkari in November |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Jerry-Brown-to-face-off-with-Neel-Kashkari-in-5526962.php |date=June 4, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref> The first poll showing him ahead of Donnelly came out days before the election.<ref name=lazo/> In the June 3 primary, Kashkari came in second with 19% of the vote, and Donnelly came in third with 15%. Brown beat them both, with 55%.<ref name=onishi/>

==== General election ====
[[File:2014 California gubernatorial election results map by county.svg|thumb|right|General election results by county. Incumbent governor [[Jerry Brown]] won, 60%–40%. '''Brown:''' {{legend0|#7996e2|50–60%}} {{legend0|#6674de|60–70%}} {{legend0|#584cde|70–80%}} {{legend0|#3933e5|80–90%}} '''Kashkari:''' {{legend0|#e27f7f|50–60%}} {{legend0|#d75d5d|60–70%}} {{legend0|#d72f30|70–80%}}]]

Brown, a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], was long considered the favorite to win the general election. His approval ratings were high, and as of the end of the primary his campaign had US$21 million.<ref name=onishi/> Kashkari, by contrast, spent almost all his campaign money to beat Donnelly,<ref>{{cite news |first1=Maeve |last1=Reston |first2=Jack |last2=Leonard |title=Donnelly concedes loss to Kashkari in gubernatorial primary |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=June 4, 2014 }}</ref> and additional financial support from the national or state Republican Parties was unlikely.<ref name=long-road/> Kashkari cited George W. Bush's upset victory over [[Ann Richards]] in the [[Texas gubernatorial election, 1994|1994 election]] for [[Governor of Texas]] as a model for an upset against a popular Democratic governor.<ref>Hunter Schwarz. [https://www.buzzfeed.com/hunterschwarz/the-man-who-oversaw-700-billion-in-bailout-funds-wants-to-be The man who ran the $700 billion bailout wants to be California's next governor]. [[BuzzFeed]], January 30, 2014. Retrieved on February 1, 2014.</ref>

Kashkari lost the November 4, 2014 general election to Governor Jerry Brown by approximately 1.4 million votes, with Brown winning 60% of the vote.<ref>Marinucci, Carla, and Melody Gutierrez, [https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Brown-cruises-to-victory-over-Kashkari-5871053.php "Brown cruises to victory over Kashkari"], ''sfgate.com'', November 4, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2015.</ref> Brown won the largest gubernatorial victory since [[1986 California gubernatorial election|1986]] despite running a low-key campaign.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerry Brown Coasts To Re-Election With Nonexistent Campaign|date=November 4, 2014|publisher=Huffington Post|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/04/california-governor-election-results_n_5819772.html|access-date=November 30, 2014|quote="despite running a virtually nonexistent campaign."}}</ref>

=== Record of voting ===

The ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' reported in January 2014 that, since 1998, Kashkari had been eligible to vote in 23 elections in California and [[Pennsylvania]] but had only voted in 13 (i.e., 57%) of them. His campaign disputed some aspects of the reporting and said that Kashkari's Treasury Department service proves his commitment to civic life.<ref>[[Carla Marinucci]]. [https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Neel-Kashkari-s-voting-record-spotty-since-1998-5160397.php Neel Kashkari's voting record spotty since 1998]. ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', January 20, 2014. Retrieved on January 20, 2014.</ref> Kashkari later acknowledged his imperfect voting record.<ref>Seema Mehta. [https://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-pc-kashkari-vote-20140123-story.html Kashkari acknowledges that he did not always vote]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', January 23, 2014. Retrieved on January 24, 2014.</ref>

===Political positions===
[[File:Neel Kashkari marching in the 2014 San Diego LGBT Pride Parade.jpg|thumbnail|right|Neel Kashkari marching in the 2014 San Diego LGBT Pride Parade]]Kashkari has been a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] his whole life.<ref name="savage white nyt"/><ref name="marinucci interview">[[Carla Marinucci]]. [http://blog.sfgate.com/nov05election/2013/11/14/excloo-republican-neel-kashkari-edging-closer-to-2014-gov-run-on-the-issues/ Excloo! Republican Neel Kashkari — edging closer to 2014 gov run — on the issues]. ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', November 14, 2013. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref> In a 2008 speech to the [[American Enterprise Institute]], Kashkari described himself as "a [[Free market|free-market]] Republican".<ref name=ap/><ref name="cruz time"/> In 2013, he described himself as a "pro-growth Republican".<ref name="marinucci interview"/> He opposes most of Obama's economic agenda<ref name="marinucci interview"/> and supports cutting business regulations.<ref name="mehta lat">Seema Mehta. [https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-kashkari-20131119-story.html Ex-Treasury official considers challenging Jerry Brown in 2014]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', November 18, 2013. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref> He has called for cutting [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] and [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]<ref>Robert Steyer. [https://www.pionline.com/article/20111114/PRINT/311149928/congressional-gridlock-keeps-dc-industry-off-the-legislative-agenda Congressional gridlock keeps DC industry off the legislative agenda]. ''Pensions & Investments'', November 14, 2011. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref><ref>Neel Kashkari. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/25/AR2010072502755.html No more 'me first' mentality on entitlements]. ''Washington Post'', July 26, 2010. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref> and replacing the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/video/kashkari-obamacare-a-jobs-destroyer-FN2Fv2EiTECCixZyOks0ow.html |title=Kashkari: Obamacare a jobs "destroyer" |publisher=[[Bloomberg TV]] |date=April 2, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref> In 2012, he voted against California's [[California Proposition 30 (2012)|Proposition 30]], which raised taxes in the state, and for [[California Proposition 32 (2012)|Proposition 32]], which would have weakened [[labor unions]]' political influence.<ref name="siders bee">David Siders. [https://archive.today/20140106163740/http://www.sacbee.com/2013/12/09/5982897/neel-kashkari-seeks-to-build-image.html Kashkari seeks to build image as Republican 'fighting for the poor']. ''[[Sacramento Bee]]'', December 9, 2013. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref> In a March 2014 interview, he praised [[Wisconsin]] governor [[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]]'s controversial [[2011 Wisconsin Act 10|policies]] limiting [[collective bargaining]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Shane |last=Goldmacher |title=Why the man who ran the hated Wall Street bailout thinks he can win election |journal=[[National Journal]] |date=March 31, 2014 |url=https://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/why-the-man-who-ran-the-hated-wall-street-bailout-thinks-he-can-win-election-20140330 |access-date=March 31, 2014}}</ref>

On social issues, he has described himself as [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarian]]<ref>[[Associated Press]]. [https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2013/12/04/former-bailout-boss-weighs-run-for-california-governor/ Former bailout boss weighs run for California governor]. CBS San Francisco, December 4, 2013. Accessed January 10, 2014.</ref> and "a different kind of Republican",<ref name="mehta lat"/> supporting [[Pro-choice|abortion rights]], [[same-sex marriage]], and a path to legal status for illegal immigrants.<ref name="mehta lat"/> He voted against [[California Proposition 8 (2008)|California's Proposition 8]], which banned same-sex marriage in 2008.<ref name="marinucci interview"/> In 2013, he was one of 131 Republicans who signed a pro-marriage equality ''[[amicus curiae]]'' brief submitted to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] as part of ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'',<ref>John Avlon. [https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/the-pro-freedom-republicans-are-coming-131-sign-gay-marriage-brief.html The pro-freedom Republicans are coming: 131 sign gay-marriage brief]. [[The Daily Beast]], February 28, 2013. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref> the case in which the final appeal against the previously-found unconstitutionality of Proposition 8 was rejected for lack of standing.<ref>Bill Mears. [https://www.cnn.com/2013/06/26/politics/scotus-prop-8/ Supreme Court dismisses California's Proposition 8 appeal]. [[CNN]], June 27, 2013. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref> Kashkari owns four guns and considers waiting periods and background checks before purchasing a firearm to be reasonable.<ref>David Siders. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140223094927/http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2014/02/gun-owner-kashkari-says-hes-not-running-on-second-amendment-agenda.html Gun owner Kashkari says he's not running on Second Amendment agenda]. ''Sacramento Bee'', February 20, 2014. Accessed February 20, 2014.</ref>

On environmental issues, he voted against California's [[California Proposition 23 (2010)|Proposition 23]], which would have suspended the [[Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006|state law]] that limits greenhouse gas emissions.<ref name="siders bee"/> He believes climate change is real and man-made. He has spoken positively of [[fracking]] and offshore oil drilling<ref name="marinucci interview"/> and negatively of [[Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006|California's cap-and-trade program]].<ref>Josh Richman. [https://www.mercurynews.com/california/ci_25196290/neel-kashkari-calls-bigger-gop-tent Neel Kashkari calls for bigger GOP tent]. ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'', February 20, 2014. Accessed February 21, 2014.</ref>

Kashkari cites Paulson, [[Mitch Daniels]], and [[Jeb Bush]] as political mentors.<ref name="bi interview"/> He voted for Obama in the 2008 presidential election and Romney in the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 election]].<ref name="marinucci interview"/>

In March 2014, Kashkari proposed waiving state income taxes for 10 years for businesses that move to California with at least 100 jobs; waiving state income taxes for California companies that build new manufacturing plants in the state; expanding [[hydraulic fracturing]] (fracking) of oil deposits; reducing environmental regulation; and increasing water storage in response to the state's [[2012–14 North American drought|ongoing drought]]. Economists and political experts interviewed by the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' were skeptical of the plan's chances in the Democratic-dominated [[California Legislature]] and of its potential effectiveness were it to be passed.<ref>Seema Mehta. [https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-kashkari-jobs-20140326-story.html Kashkari unveils jobs plan he says would 'unleash' the private sector]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', March 25, 2014. Accessed March 26, 2014.</ref>

[[File:ASSA 2026 - William Rodgers, Neel Kashkari, Lawrence Mishel 02 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[William Rodgers (economist)|William Rodgers]], Kashkari, [[Lawrence Mishel]] at AEA 2026 lunch honoring Bill Spriggs]]

In January 2020, Kashkari and [[Alan Page]] proposed amending a portion of the [[Minnesota Constitution|Minnesota State Constitution]] to read, "All children have a fundamental right to a quality public education that fully prepares them."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/01/08/minneapolis-fed-calls-for-constitutional-amendment-to-tackle-education-disparities|title=Minneapolis Fed calls for constitutional amendment to tackle education disparities|website=MPR News|date=January 8, 2020 |access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref>

At a January 2021 Minneapolis Federal Reserve event on racism and the economy, Kashkari commented on the contrast between how the [[2021 storming of the United States Capitol|rioters at the U.S. Capitol]] were treated compared to black Americans, saying, "If those were Black militants, armed militants, storming the U.S. Capitol, I think they'd all be dead right now [ . . .] That is the most stark example of racism and disparities in our society."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guida|first=Victoria|title=Fed official calls treatment of Capitol rioters 'most stark example of racism'|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/12/federal-reserve-official-capitol-riots-racism-458349|access-date=2021-01-27|website=POLITICO|date=January 12, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis==
[[File:Fed-Minneapolis-Mississippi-20081006.JPG|thumb|right|Kashkari has been president of the Minneapolis Fed since January 1, 2016.]]

In early November 2015 Kashkari was named president and [[CEO]] of the Minneapolis Fed. He was chosen by the Minneapolis bank board (excepting representatives from the financial industry), approved 5–0 by the [[Federal Reserve Board]] in Washington and assumed the Minneapolis position on January 1, 2016. With the presidents of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of New York|New York]] ([[William C. Dudley]]), [[Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas|Dallas]] ([[Robert Steven Kaplan]]) and [[Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia|Philadelphia]] ([[Patrick T. Harker]]) regional Fed banks, Kashkari will become the fourth sitting regional Fed chief to have Goldman Sachs on his resume. Kaplan and Harker both assumed their positions in 2015.<ref name=wsj1115>Derby, Michael S., [https://www.wsj.com/articles/neel-kashkari-to-be-named-new-minneapolis-fed-president-1447170684 "Neel Kashkari Named New Minneapolis Fed President"], Wall Street ''Journal'', November 10, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2015.</ref>

On February 16, 2016 while giving a speech at the Brookings Institution, Kashkari recommended that in order to stave off another potential financial meltdown, the big banks should be broken up, saying, "I believe the biggest banks are still too big to fail and continue to pose a significant, ongoing risk to our economy."<ref name=brookings>Appelbaum, Binyamin, [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/17/business/dealbook/federal-reserves-kashkari-says-banks-still-too-big-to-fail.html "Fed’s Neel Kashkari Says Banks Are ‘Still Too Big to Fail’"], The New York Times, February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.</ref>

==Personal life==
Kashkari is a practicing [[Hindu]].<ref name="marinucci profile">[[Carla Marinucci]]. [https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Neel-Kashkari-explores-GOP-bid-for-governor-4984033.php Neel Kashkari explores GOP bid for governor]. ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', November 15, 2013. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref> He said in 2009 that he began praying while working on TARP, having been especially affected when a colleague had a [[heart attack]] at work.<ref name="blumenfeld wapo"/>

Kashkari met his ex-wife Minal Jeshanker (now Kotterman) in college at the University of Illinois. They married in a traditional [[Hindu wedding|Hindu ceremony]] in [[Chicago]], and she supported him through his time at Wharton while working as an engineer at [[Northrop Grumman]].<ref name="moore wsj"/> Kashkari filed for divorce in November 2011<ref name="nash marois bloomberg">James Nash, Michael B. Marois. [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-02/kashkari-bets-on-u-s-rescue-to-fuel-challenge-of-brown.html Kashkari bets on U.S. rescue to fuel challenge of Brown]. [[Bloomberg News]], December 2, 2013. Accessed January 5, 2014.</ref> and later described the split as amicable.<ref>Seema Mehta. [https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-kashkari-20140125-story.html California gubernatorial candidate Kashkari putting himself out there]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', January 24, 2014. Accessed January 25, 2014.</ref> They have no children.<ref name="marinucci profile"/>

Kashkari married Christine Ong in California's [[Sugar Pine Point State Park]] in August 2015. In February 2019, Kashkari and Ong welcomed their first child, a girl named Ulysses Sabine Kashkari.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1092501095899910146|user=neelkashkari|title=Ok one more. She's a fighter 👊🏼|date=February 4, 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian Americans]]
* [[List of U.S. executive branch czars]]
* [[List of Wharton School alumni]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Works cited==
* [[Andrew Ross Sorkin]]. ''[[Too Big to Fail (book)|Too Big to Fail]]''. [[Penguin Books]], 2009, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-14-311824-4}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20131212145717/http://www.neelkashkari.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|nm6320880}}
* [https://www.rose-hulman.edu/SolarPhantom/sunrayce97.html Sunrayce 97 results]
*{{C-SPAN|1030255}}

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{{s-bef|before=[[Narayana Kocherlakota]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=President of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]]|years=2016–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{BGFRS |state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashkari, Neel}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in aerospace]]
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[[Category:American Hindus]]
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[[Category:American people of Kashmiri descent]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Akron, Ohio]]
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[[Category:Economy of Minneapolis]]
[[Category:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis presidents]]
[[Category:George W. Bush administration personnel]]
[[Category:Goldman Sachs people]]
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[[Category:Obama administration personnel]]
[[Category:Ohio Republicans]]
[[Category:Politicians from Akron, Ohio]]
[[Category:People from Akron, Ohio]]
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[[Category:People from Redondo Beach, California]]
[[Category:People from Stow, Ohio]]
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[[Category:Troubled Asset Relief Program]]
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[[Category:Grainger College of Engineering alumni]]
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[[Category:Asian-American people in Ohio politics]]
[[Category:California politicians of Indian descent]]
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[[Category:Academics from Laguna Beach, California]]
[[Category:Politicians from Laguna Beach, California]]

Khurja Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T05:47:51Z

JennyRoyster668: creating a article basic info

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khurja
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| union_territory =
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Khurja''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khurja Lok Sabha Election 2024: Get Latest News Updates of Khurja Lok Sabha Constituency for General Election 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/khurja-lok-sabha-election-results/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>{{fv|date=March 2026}}

==Assembly segments==

===1961-1976===
# Jewar
# Khurja<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=Gautam Buddh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency: Candidates for 2019 LS poll, past results, all updates |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gautam-buddh-nagar-lok-sabha-constituency-candidates-for-2019-ls-poll-past-results-all-updates-2736806 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
# Chhatari
# Sikandrabad
# Dadri

===1976-2008===
# [[Jewar Assembly constituency|Jewar]]
# [[Khurja Assembly constituency|Khurja]]
# [[Debai Assembly constituency|Debai]]
# [[Sikandrabad Assembly constituency|Sikandrabad]]
# [[Dadri (Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Dadri]] (Noida area)

==Members of Parliament==
===1962-2008===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!Party
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[K.L. Balmiki]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Ram Charan
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Hari Singh
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Mohan Lal Pipil
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Trilok Chand]]
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Vir Sen]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|Bhagwan Dass Rathore
|rowspan=2|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|Roshan Lal
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|rowspan=4|[[Ashok Kumar Pradhan]]
|rowspan=4|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="3" |Constituency abolished in 2008.
|}

===2008-Present===
See [[Gautam Buddha Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gautam Buddha Nagar]] Lok Sabha and [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]] Lok Sabha seats.

== References ==
<references />

==See also==
* [[Khurja]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{coord|28.3|77.9|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khurja Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

Saluva Mangu

2026-04-23T04:33:15Z

JennyRoyster668: created initial info w/ infobox

{{Short description|General in the Vijayanagara army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Saluva Mangu
| image =
| caption =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| parents = Gunda
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| issue =
| children =
| monarch = [[Bukka Raya I]]
| monarch2 =
| monarch1 =
| office3 =
| monarch3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| honorific_prefix = Gandarguli<ref name="gps">{{Cite book|last =mula|first=thiruvenkatachari|url=https://archive.org/details/madhuravijaya-of-gangadevi-thiruvenkatachari-mula-and-translation/page/n69/mode/1up?view=theater|title=madhuravijaya-of-gangadevi-thiruvenkatachari-mula-and-translation|page=62|language=en}}</ref> Dakshina Suratrana Tribhuvanaraya Sthapanacarya Sambuvarayasthapanacarya'<ref name="gps"/> Saluvendra<ref name="gps"/>
| battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|{{tree list}}
* [[Kampana's invasion of Madurai]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}
| resting_place =
| relations =
| successor =
| death_place =
| term_end =
| term_start =
| allegiance = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| occupation = [[Commander]]
| service_years = 1350–1370
| branch = [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara Army]]
| unit = [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara Infantry]]
| office = [[General]] of The [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| rank = [[General]]
| birth_place = [[Basavakalyan]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Bidar district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]])}}
}}

'''Saluva Mangu''' the son of Gunda, was a distinguished general in the [[Vijayanagara army]], serving under the command of [[Kumara Kampana]] during the 14th century. He played a pivotal role in the campaigns to conquer [[Madurai]] and [[Tondaimandalam]].<ref name="ops">{{Cite book |last=G S Dikshit |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.219808/page/n40/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Early Vijayanagara|page=31}}</ref> Mangu's military expertise was instrumental in decisive victories, including the defeat of the Sambuvaraya ruler in [[Tondaimandalam]] and the fall of the [[Madurai Sultanate]].<ref name="cps"/><ref name="hps">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Yaqub Ali Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24YvEQAAQBAJ&dq=kumara+kampana&pg=PA379 |title=Regional History of Medieval India: Society, Culture and Economy |date=2024-11-12 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-83765-136-8 |language=en|page=379}}</ref> Notably, he earned the title "Sambuvarayasthapanacharya" for reinstating the Sambuvaraya as a vassal of [[Vijayanagara]]. His contributions extended beyond the battlefield, as he made significant religious endowments, including donations to the temples of [[Srirangam]] and [[Tirupati]].<ref name="aps"/>

==Genealogy==
The Saluvabhyudayam of Rajanatha Dindima and the Ramabhyudayam of [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]] provide insights into the lineage of Mangu, son of Gunda, the illustrious chief of Kalyana. While three earlier members of the [[Saluva dynasty]] Mallideva, Mangideva, and Mangatha are mentioned, it was Gunda who rose to prominence through his exceptional valor and leadership. Under Gunda’s rule, [[Kalyana]] flourished, surpassing even Amaravati in its splendor. He earned renown by leading a successful expedition into Ramadurga, where he defeated the unruly ruler of the Sabharas and annexed his territories.<ref name="aps">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/madhuravijaya-of-gangadevi-thiruvenkatachari-mula-and-translation/page/n34/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Madhuravijaya Of Gangadevi Thiruvenkatachari MUla And Translation |language=English|pages=27–62}}</ref>

==Military career==
===First Campaign In Tondaimandalam===
Savanna Odeyar, son of Kampana I and brother of Hari Hara Raya I, succeeded his father as the Viceroy of [[Udayagiri, Andhra Pradesh#History|Udayagiri]] adopting the grand title "Lord of the Eastern Ocean." Inspired by Kampana’s fervor for conquest and restoration, Savanna embarked on a campaign in the south, echoing his father’s mission to end Muslim rule and defeat the ruler of Tundira. Historical inscriptions suggest that Savanna and [[Kumara Kampana]] coordinated their efforts, launching simultaneous campaigns Kumara Kampana advancing eastward and Savanna southward from their respective capitals.<ref name="aps"/>

Vira Savanna played a pivotal role in the preliminary campaign against the Sambuvaraya dynasty around 1350-51. Leading this crucial expedition Supporting him was his trusted general, Saluva Mangu, who earned distinction for his remarkable contributions to the campaign. Saluva Mangu’s title, Sambuvarayasthapanacharya (the subjugator of the Sambuvarayas), reflects his instrumental role in defeating the Sambuvaraya rulers and consolidating [[Vijayanagar]]’s power in the region.<ref name="aps"/>

[[Kumara Kampana]]’s involvement in the initial campaign against the Sambuvaraya dynasty around 1350-51 remains uncertain, though it is likely he provided reinforcements. Following the successful subjugation of the Sambuvaraya territory, Kampana is believed to have temporarily stayed in [[Tiruvannamalai]], which served as the provisional capital of the Hoysala ruler [[Veera Ballala III]]. Meanwhile, Vira Savanna led the campaign to victory and reinstated the Sambuvaraya ruler to his position under the condition of recognizing [[Vijayanagar]]’s overlordship.<ref name="aps"/>

The absence of [[Kumara Kampana]]’s inscriptions in the Tamil country for several years after 1352, coupled with the presence of Vira Savanna’s inscriptions during this period, suggests that Kampana likely returned to [[Mulbagal]] following the conclusion of the first campaign. In his absence, the administration and control of the [[Tamils|Tamil]] territories were entrusted to Vira Savanna.<ref name="aps"/>

Literary sources and inscriptions provide clear evidence that the [[Vijayanagar]] prince reinstated the Sambuvaraya ruler after his defeat, under the condition of recognizing Vijayanagar’s sovereignty. The Jaimini Bharatam explicitly praises the general Saluva Mangu for this act, stating that he reestablished the Sambuvaraya in his kingdom, earning him the honorific title Sambuvarayasthapanacharya or "the establisher of Champa." Similarly, the Saluvabhyudayam recounts that Saluva Mangu defeated the Sambuvaraya in battle and restored him to his throne. This event is further corroborated by an inscription from Villiyanallur, which references the title assumed by the general following the victory.<ref name="aps"/>

Savanna Udaiyar established his rule over the [[Tondaimandalam]] region, possibly as the overlord of Rajanarayana, following the Vijayanagar conquest. However, his governance faced resistance from the local populace. An inscription from [[Tiruvottiyur]] dated 1354-55 records an incident where forty-eight Agambadiyars, traditionally responsible for maintaining law and order, neglected their duties, leading to a rise in crime. This act of negligence, possibly a protest against [[Vijayanagar]]’s foreign rule, marked a period of unrest despite their previous satisfactory service. Another inscription further highlights the turbulence of this era, noting the desecration of [[Nayanmar]] images in the Tirukkariswara temple, which were later reconsecrated in 1367 by [[Kumara Kampana]]. These events reflect the challenges faced by [[Vijayanagar]] rulers in consolidating control over newly subjugated territories, as local discontent persisted despite the formal acceptance of their overlordship by leaders like Rajanarayana.<ref name="aps"/>

===Second Campaign In Tondaimandalam===
After completing his campaign in the Tamil country in 1352, [[Kumara Kampana]] returned to [[Mulbagal]], his seat of Viceroyalty, where he remained between 1353 and 1359. This is supported by the absence of his inscriptions in the Tamil region during this period and a reference in the [[Madhura Vijayam]], which states that [[Kumara Kampana]] spent time with his father, received counsel, and then stayed at [[Mulbagal]], awaiting the right moment to act. During this time, Savanna Udaiyar, acting as the overlord of [[Tondaimandalam]], closely monitored developments in the region. It was likely Savanna who communicated the news of Rajanarayana’s death and the subsequent political unrest in the Tamil country to [[Kumara Kampana]].<ref name="aps"/>

The exact date of Kampana's campaign against the Sambuvaraya dynasty is uncertain, but it likely commenced shortly after the death of Rajanarayana around 1362. [[Kumara Kampana]] led a formidable army comprising over a hundred war elephants, swift cavalry, and well-equipped infantry. Entrusting Maraya Nayaka with command, Kampana departed from the [[Vijayanagar]] capital and, within five or six days, reached Kantakanana (Mulbagal). There, he paused briefly to plan his next move before advancing into Sambuvaraya territory.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="jps">{{Cite book |last=GOPAL |first=M. H. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385/page/n50/mode/1up?view=theater |title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1 |date=1956 |page=31|publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN,BOMBAY}}</ref>

Marching in stages, Kampana first halted at Virinchipuram to strategize before launching a decisive attack on the Sambuvaraya capital, [[Kanchi]]. The Vijayanagar forces laid siege to the city, engaging in a fierce battle with the Sambuvaraya army, referred to as the "Dramila" forces. The superior strength and strategy of the Vijayanagar army overwhelmed their opponents, forcing many Tamil soldiers to abandon their weapons and flee. The Sambuvaraya ruler, unable to withstand the onslaught, retreated to his stronghold at [[Padaiveedu]]. Kampana’s forces occupied [[Kanchi]] and paused there to regroup and prepare for their final assault on the Sambuvaraya fortress.<ref name="aps"/>

Following their occupation of Kanchi, [[Kumara Kampana]] and his forces launched an assault on the seemingly impregnable fortress of Rajagambhiranmalai. Demonstrating exceptional strategy and determination, the [[Vijayanagar]] troops successfully scaled the fort’s walls and reached the summit. The Sambuvaraya forces stationed on the hill were surrounded and faced heavy losses at the hands of the [[Vijayanagar]] army. Inscriptions praise Maraya Nayaka for his pivotal role in the campaign, crediting him with the destruction of the formidable enemy, referred to as Aliya Aran. Meanwhile, the [[Madhura Vijayam]] recounts a dramatic duel between [[Kumara Kampana]] and the Sambuvaraya ruler, during which the latter was slain.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="jps"/>

After the defeat of the Sambuvaraya, the entire [[Tondaimandalam]] region was annexed to the [[Mulbagal]] Viceroyalty under [[Vijayanagar]]’s control. [[Kanchi]], the stronghold of the Sambuvaraya, was subsequently established as a secondary capital for the Mulbagal governor.<ref name="cps">{{Cite book |last=Krishnaswami Aiyangar |first=Sakkottai |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofvijayan00krisrich/page/2/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Sources of Vijayanagar history |date=1919 |page=2|publisher=[Madras] : The University of Madras |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref> The [[Madhura Vijayam]] provides a poetic conclusion to Kampana's campaign, stating that after his victory, he took control of [[Kanchi]] and ensured the region’s stability, preventing any further anarchy. From this strategic city, known as Maratakanagara, [[Kumara Kampana]] governed the land peacefully and effectively. This account is corroborated by an inscription which notes that Kampana Udaiyar firmly established his rule after capturing Rajagambhirarajya, solidifying his authority over the newly annexed territories and securing [[Vijayanagar]]’s influence in the region.<ref name="aps"/>

===Kampana Invasion of Madurai===
[[Kumara Kampana]]’s campaign against [[Madurai]] likely began before 1371, as he led a vast and formidable army, including a significant contingent of well-trained war elephants. This large and powerful force is attested to by both Muslim and Hindu sources, The ensuing battle between the Hindu forces of [[Vijayanagar]] and the Muslim defenders of [[Madurai]] was fiercely contested, with neither side gaining a clear advantage for a considerable time.<ref name="aps"/>

During [[Kumara Kampana]]’s decisive campaign against the Muslim forces in [[Madurai]], the turning point came when the "crow banner" of the Yavana (Muslim) king was destroyed by Kampana. This banner, symbolic of the power of the [[Madurai]] Sultan, had served as a rallying point for their hopes of victory. With the destruction of this banner, the morale of the Muslim forces crumbled. Determined to finish off the Yavana king, [[Kumara Kampana]] wielded a sword that was said to be as fearsome as the god of death, [[Yama]]. Mounted on his swift horse, Kampana skillfully dodged the blows from his enemies and struck down the Sultan. The head of the Sultan fell to the ground, a symbol of the end of the Turushka (Muslim) rule in the region. Remarkably, even after the Sultan’s head had fallen, [[Kumara Kampana]] noticed that one of the enemy's hands still gripped the reins of his horse, while the other seemed to strike back, a testament to the tenacity and defiance of the fallen ruler, even in death.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps">{{Cite book |last=R. C. Majumdar |first=General Editor |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/278/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate |date=1967 |pages=279|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource}}</ref><ref name="jps"/>

The death of the Sultan did not immediately lead to the capitulation of the Muslim forces in [[Madurai]]. Following their leader's demise in the battle between Kampana and Qurbat outside the gates, the Muslim defenders retreated into the fort, bolting the gates against the advancing [[Vijayanagar]] troops. Undeterred, the Hindu forces continued their assault. According to the Jaimini Bharatam, Saluva Mangu played a pivotal role in breaking through the fort's gate, forcing the Muslims to surrender. The incomplete final stanza of the Madhuravijayam mentions [[Kumara Kampana]]’s magnanimity, stating that he granted safety to the defeated warriors, though contrasting accounts like that of Shams-Siraj Afif claim that the Hindu victors committed acts of violence, particularly against women. Despite these differing narratives, [[Kumara Kampana]]'s victory marked the end of Muslim rule in [[Madurai]].<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/>

==Cultural Activities==
After his victory over the Sultan, Saluva Mangu turned his attention to honoring his gods and religion. His first destination was the sacred temple of [[Srirangam]], beautifully situated along the banks of the [[Kaveri River]], which seemed to flow in devotion to [[Lord Ranganatha]]. At Srirangam, Mangu performed a ritual bath in the [[Kaveri]] and made significant offerings. He donated a thousand sacred Salagramas and performed all sixteen prescribed acts of charity. In addition, Mangu presented eight well-maintained agraharas to the temple, symbolizing his conquest of the eight directions. To further express his devotion, he endowed the temple with a generous donation of sixty-thousand madas of gold.<ref name="aps"/>

Saluva Mangu's devotion extended to the revered [[Venkateswara Temple]] at [[Tirupati]], which also benefitted greatly from his generosity. As a mark of his faith and gratitude, Mangu commissioned the crafting of a golden kalasam (ornamental finial) and installed it atop the vimanam (tower) of the sanctum sanctorum of Sri [[Venkateswara]]'s shrine.<ref name="aps"/>

==See also==
* [[Gopana]]
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
* [[Kumara Kampana]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangu, Saluva}}
[[Category:Vijayanagara generals]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel]]

Madugula Nagaphani Sarma

2026-04-21T11:14:44Z

JennyRoyster668: Started Details

{{Short description|Telugu literary performer}}
{{family name hatnote|Madugula|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madugula Nagaphani Sarma
| honorific_prefix = Dr. Brahmasri
| image = Madugula Nagaphani Sarma.jpg
| caption = Madugula Nagaphani Sarma
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|6|8}}
| birth_place = Kadavakollu, [[Anantapur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Sanskrit scholar, poet, avadhāni
| known_for = Revival and popularisation of [[Avadhanam]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2025)
}}

'''Madugula Nagaphani Sarma''' (born 8 June 1959) is an Indian Sanskrit and Telugu scholar, poet and avadhāni, widely known for reviving and popularising the classical literary performance art of [[Avadhanam]].<ref name="BS2025">{{cite news |title=Dr Madugula Nagaphani Sarma honoured with Padma Shri |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/content/dr-madugula-nagaphani-sarma-honored-with-padma-shri-the-le-125021101279_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=11 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="PadmaCite2025">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 – Citations |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2025/202583.pdf |publisher=Government of India |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>
Over a career spanning more than five decades, he has performed over 2,000 avadhanams in India and abroad and authored numerous works in Sanskrit and Telugu.<ref name="Tribune2025">{{cite news |title=Brahmasri Madugula Nagaphani Sarma honoured with Padma Shri for reviving the art of Avadhanam |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/brahmasri-madugula-nagaphani-sarma-honored-with-padma-shri-for-reviving-the-art-of-avadhanam/ |work=The Tribune |date=11 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Madugula Nagaphani Sarma was born on 8 June 1959 in Kadavakollu village in [[Anantapur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], into a family of Vedic scholars.<ref name="Zee2025">{{cite news |title=Honoured with Padma Shri: Dr Madugula Nagaphani Sarma, the scholar who revived Avadhanam |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/honoured-with-padma-shri-dr-madugula-nagaphani-sarma-the-scholar-who-revived-avadhanam-2857412.html |work=Zee News |date=11 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>
He was introduced to Sanskrit, Telugu literature and Vedic studies at an early age and performed his first avadhanam at the age of fourteen, gaining recognition as one of the youngest avadhānis in India.<ref name="Zee2025"/>

He pursued higher education in Sanskrit and classical literature, obtaining Sahitya Shiromani from [[Sri Venkateswara University]], [[Tirupati]], followed by postgraduate studies and a doctorate (Ph.D.) in Sanskrit from [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth]].<ref name="PTI2025">{{cite news |title=Dr Brahmasri Madugula Nagaphani Sarma honoured with Padma Shri for his contributions to Sanskrit and Telugu literature |url=https://www.ptinews.com/press-release/dr-brahmasri-madugula-nagaphani-sarma-honored-with-padma-shri-for-his-contributions-to-sanskrit-and-telugu-literature/2284399 |work=PTI |date=11 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>

==Career==
===Avadhanam===
[[Avadhanam]] is a demanding literary performance art requiring simultaneous poetic composition, mastery of prosody, memory, logic and improvisation.<ref name="Tribune2025"/> Sarma played a significant role in revitalising the tradition by presenting avadhanams beyond conventional scholarly settings and introducing them to wider audiences across India and internationally.<ref name="Outlook2025">{{cite web |title=Dr Brahmasri Madugula Nagaphani Sarma honoured with Padma Shri |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/hub4business/dr-brahmasri-madugula-nagaphani-sarma-honored-with-padma-shri-for-his-contributions-to-sanskrit-and-telugu-literature |publisher=Outlook India |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>

He has performed more than 2,000 avadhanams and conducted rare large-scale performances such as ''Sahasravadhanam'' and ''Dwi-Sahasravadhanam'', involving over a thousand scholars simultaneously, in both Sanskrit and Telugu.<ref name="BS2025"/>

===Literary works and teaching===
Sarma has authored more than forty books and composed tens of thousands of poems, devotional songs and verses in Sanskrit and Telugu.<ref name="PTI2025"/> His works span poetry, philosophy, devotional literature and cultural commentary, including the Sanskrit mahākāvya ''Vishwabharatam''.<ref name="PTI2025"/>

He has delivered extensive lectures and discourses on Sanātana Dharma, Indian philosophy and classical literature and has mentored students in Sanskrit and avadhanam traditions.<ref name="Hindu2025">{{cite news |title=Padma Shri awardee Madugula Nagaphani Sarma felicitated at NSU in Tirupati |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/padma-shri-awardee-madugula-nagaphani-sarma-felicitated-at-nsu-in-tirupati/article69413345.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>

===Institutions and service===
Sarma founded the ''Avadhana Saraswathi Peetham'', an institution dedicated to the preservation and promotion of avadhanam and classical learning.<ref name="TheWeek2025">{{cite news |title=Dr Brahmasri Madugula Nagaphani Sarma honoured with Padma Shri |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2025/02/11/dcm22-dr.-brahmasri-madugula.html |work=The Week |date=11 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>
The Peetham functions as a cultural and educational centre conducting workshops, performances and research activities.<ref name="TheWeek2025"/>

==Awards and honours==
In 2025, Madugula Nagaphani Sarma was conferred the [[Padma Shri]] by the Government of [[India]] for his contribution to literature and education, particularly for reviving the art of avadhanam.<ref name="PadmaCite2025"/><ref name="KnowIndia2025">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 |url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/assets/doc/PadmaAwards2025.pdf |publisher=Government of India |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Sarma is regarded as a leading contemporary figure in avadhanam and is credited with inspiring renewed interest in the tradition among younger generations, contributing to the preservation of India’s intangible literary heritage.<ref name="Zee2025"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Commons}}

==External links==
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarma, Madugula Nagaphani}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara University alumni]]

Bhergaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:45Z

JennyRoyster668: adding a post

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhergaon
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 45
| map_image = Bhergaon Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]]
| established = 2023
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
| reservation = None
}}

'''Bhergaon Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of India. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhergaon}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Maheswar Baro]]|party=Bodoland People's Front|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Anchula Gwara Daimary|party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Udalguri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T08:55:46Z

JennyRoyster668: created basic info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Surendranagar
| type = LS
| map_image = સુરેન્દ્રનગર – Surendranagar.svg
| map_caption = Surendranagar Lok Sabha Constituency સુરેન્દ્નગર લોક સભા મતદાર વિભાગ
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Chandubhai Shihora.jpg
| established = 1962
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Chandubhai Shihora|Chandubhai Chhaganbhaiji Shihora]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| assembly_cons = [[Viramgam Assembly constituency|Viramgam]] [[Dhandhuka Assembly constituency|Dhandhuka]] [[Dasada Assembly constituency|Dasada]] [[Limbdi Assembly constituency|Limbdi]] [[Wadhwan Assembly constituency|Wadhwan]] [[Chotila Assembly constituency|Chotila]] [[Dhrangadhra Assembly constituency|Dhrangadhra]]
}}

'''Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{langx|gu|સુરેન્દ્રનગર લોકસભા મતવિસ્તાર}}) is one of the 26 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Gujarat]] state in western [[India]].

== Assembly segments ==
Presently, Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf|title=Parliament Constituency wise Electors Detail, Polling Stations & EPIC - Loksabha Election 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Gujarat website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416162919/http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf|archive-date=2009-04-16}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="120px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|39
|[[Viramgam Assembly constituency|Viramgam]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|59
|[[Dhandhuka Assembly constituency|Dhandhuka]]
|None
|-
|60
|[[Dasada Assembly constituency|Dasada]]
|SC
| rowspan="5" |[[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
|-
|61
|[[Limbdi Assembly constituency|Limbdi]]
|None
|-
|62
|[[Wadhwan Assembly constituency|Wadhwan]]
|None
|-
|63
|[[Chotila Assembly constituency|Chotila]]
|None
|-
|64
|[[Dhrangadhra Assembly constituency|Dhrangadhra]]
|None
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Ghanshyambhai Chhotalal Oza]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Meghrajji III|Meghrajji]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Rasiklal Parikh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Amin Ramdas Kishordas
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Digvijaysinh Jhala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Somabhai Gandalal Koli Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Sanat Mehta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Bhavna Dave]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|Savshibhai Makwana
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Somabhai Gandalal Koli Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Devjibhai Govindbhai Fatepara]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Mahendra Munjapara]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Chandubhai Shihora]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== General election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Surendranagar]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Surendranagar">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Surendranagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S069.htm |access-date=31 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731125601/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S069.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate=[[Chandubhai Chhaganbhai Shihora]] |votes=669749 |percentage=59.20|change={{increase}} }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Rutvikbhai Lavjibhai Makwana |votes=4,08,132 |percentage=36.07 |change={{increase}} }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dabhi Ashokbhai Sukhabhai |votes=12,036 |percentage=1.06 |change={{decrease}} }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above |votes = 13,299 |percentage=1.18 |change={{increase}} }}

{{Election box majority||votes= 2,61,617|percentage= 23.08|change= }}
{{Election box turnout ||votes = 11,33,390 |percentage =55.69 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link ||winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Surendranagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Mahendra Munjapara|Dr. Mahendra Munjapara]]|votes=6,31,844|percentage=58.63|change=+2.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Somabhai Gandalal Koli Patel]]|votes=3,54,407|percentage=32.88|change=-1.64|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Shailesh N. Solanki|votes=12,860|percentage=1.19|change=+0.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Dost Mer|votes=11,103|percentage=1.03|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=8,787|percentage=0.82|change=-0.35|Result=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,77,437|percentage=25.75|change=+4.27}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,80,199|percentage=58.41|change=+1.34}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Surendranagar]]<ref>CEO Gujarat. ''[http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF Contesting Candidates LS2014]''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Devajibhai Fatepara|votes=5,29,003|percentage=56.00|change=+13.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Somabhai Gandalal Koli Patel]]|votes=3,26,096|percentage=34.52|change=-6.90|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Vipulbhai Sapara|votes=14,524|percentage=1.54|change=N/A|Result=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Jethabhai Manjibhai Patel|votes=13,375|percentage=1.42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=11,024|percentage=1.17|change=N/A|Result=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,02,907|percentage=21.48|change=+20.65}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,45,439|percentage=57.07|change=+9.05}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +10.3
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2009 ===
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2014-05-17 |archive-date=2013-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Surendranagar]]<ref>CEO Gujarat. ''[http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF Contesting Candidates LS2014]''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Somabhai Gandalal Koli Patel]]|votes=2,47,705|percentage=42.25|change=|Result=Win}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Laljibhai Mer|votes=2,42,868|percentage=41.42|change=|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mohanbhai Patel|votes=31,971|percentage=5.45|change=|Result=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=4,831|percentage=0.83|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=5,86,317|percentage=39.73|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2004===
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2017-06-28 |archive-date=2014-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Surendranagar]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Somabhai Gandalal Koli Patel]]|votes=2,19,872|percentage=48.15|change=|Result=Win}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Savshibhai Makwana]]|votes=1,85,928|percentage=40.71|change=|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ratilal Jinjariya|votes=15,499|percentage=3.39|change=|Result=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=33,944|percentage=7.45|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=4,55,632|percentage=41.06|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Surendranagar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|22.7|71.6|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surendranagar district]]

Mehrauli Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:45Z

JennyRoyster668: Started Details - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mehrauli
| mla = [[Gajender Yadav|Gajendra Singh Yadav]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| established = 1993
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[South Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 45
}}
'''Mehrauli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the [[National Capital Territory]] in northern India.

==Overview==
Present geographical structure of Mehrauli constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002.<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=549}}</ref>
Mehrauli is part of [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]] Lok Sabha constituency along with nine other Assembly segments, namely, [[Bijwasan (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bijwasan]], [[Sangam Vihar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sangam Vihar]], [[Ambedkar Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]], [[Chhatarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Chhatarpur]], [[Deoli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Deoli]], [[Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kalkaji]], [[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]], [[Palam (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Palam]] and [[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Assembly Election 2020 - State Wise and Party Wise Results |url=https://www.elections.in/delhi/assembly-constituencies/mehrauli.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Brahm Singh Tanwar]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Balram Tanwar
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Yoganand Shastri]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Parvesh Verma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Naresh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Gajender Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: [[Mehrauli]]<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Mehrauli">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Mehrauli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0545.htm |access-date=19 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319100937/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0545.htm |archive-date=19 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Mehrauli Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Mehrauli Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/mehrauli |access-date=19 March 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319101031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/mehrauli |archive-date=19 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Gajender Yadav]]
| votes = 48,349
| percentage = 41.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=A. A. Mahender Chaudhary|votes=46,567|percentage=40.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Balyogi Balaknath Ji Maharaj|votes=9,731|percentage=8.38|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pushpa Singh|votes=9,338|percentage=8.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=846|percentage=0.72|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,782|percentage=1.53|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,16,072|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = BJP
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2025"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: [[Mehrauli]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Naresh Yadav
| votes = 62,417
| percentage = 54.27
| change = +3.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kusum Khatri
| votes = 44,256
| percentage = 38.48
| change = +2.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = A. A. Mahender Chaudhary
| votes = 6,952
| percentage = 6.04
| change = -4.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 593
| percentage = 0.52
| change = +0.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Kamal Singh
| votes = 470
| percentage = 0.41
| change = -0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = All India Forward Bloc
| candidate = D K Chopra
| votes = 163
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 18,161
| percentage = 15.79
| change = +0.90
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,15,008
| percentage =56.68
| change =-6.08
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +3.21
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Mehrauli]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Naresh Yadav
| votes = 58,125
| percentage = 51.06
| change = +17.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Sarita Chaudhary
| votes = 41,174
| percentage = 36.17
| change = -2.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Satbir Singh
| votes = 12,065
| percentage = 10.59
| change = -11.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Saroj Verma
| votes = 550
| percentage = 0.48
| change = -2.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 553
| percentage = 0.48
| change = -0.20
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 16,951
| percentage = 14.89
| change = +10.16
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,13,838
| percentage =62.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +15.78
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Mehrauli]]<ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=45 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Parvesh Sahib Singh Verma
| votes = 37,481
| percentage = 38.72
| change = +7.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Narinder Singh Sejwal|votes=32,917|percentage=34.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dr Yoganand Shastri|votes=21,494|percentage=22.21|change=-10.62}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Surender Kumar|votes=3,170|percentage=3.27|change=-5.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None|votes=657|percentage=0.68|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=4,564|percentage=4.72|change=+3.04}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=96,838|percentage=62.06|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +7.57
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Mehrauli<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Dr. Yoganand Shastri
| votes = 21,740
| percentage = 32.83
| change = -23.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Sher Singh Dagar
| votes = 20,632
| percentage = 31.15
| change = -9.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Satbir Singh
| votes = 14,954
| percentage = 22.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ved Prakash
| votes = 5,697
| percentage = 8.60
| change = +7.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Jagdish Singh Lohia
| votes = 1,892
| percentage = 2.86
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,108
| percentage = 1.68
| change = -14.54
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 66,224
| percentage = 45.9
| change = -10.47
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -23.65
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Mehrauli<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Balram Tanwar
| votes = 40,595
| percentage = 56.48
| change = +22.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Brahm Singh Tanwar
| votes = 28,939
| percentage = 40.26
| change = +2.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = INDEPENDENT
| candidate = Raghvinder Bakshi (NETA JI)

| votes = 6410
| percentage = 9.10
| change = +9.10
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 11,656
| percentage = 16.22
| change = +12.31
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 75,994
| percentage = 56.37
| change = +4.49
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +22.95
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003" />

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Mehrauli<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Brahm Singh Tanwar
| votes = 24,996
| percentage = 37.44
| change = -8.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Balram Tanwar
| votes = 22,389
| percentage = 33.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Vijay Deep
| votes = 17,427
| percentage = 26.10
| change = -6.85
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,607
| percentage = 3.91
| change = -9.41
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 66,765
| percentage = 51.88
| change = -9.70
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = -8.83
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998" />

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Mehrauli<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Brahm Singh Tanwar
| votes = 24,396
| percentage = 46.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Balram Tanwar
| votes = 17,375
| percentage = 32.95
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Nathu Singh
| votes = 8,889
| percentage = 16.86
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Sri Chand
| votes = 1,355
| percentage = 2.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,021
| percentage = 13.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 52,725
| percentage = 61.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993" />

==See also==
[[Mehrauli]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.520|77.180|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Noufal PN

2026-04-18T11:49:13Z

JennyRoyster668:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Noufal PN
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|10|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvambady]], [[Kerala]], India
| height = 1.71 m
| currentclub = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| clubnumber = 92
| position = [[Midfielder#Winger|Winger]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = Cosmos FC<ref>{{Cite web |first=Akhil |last=Rawat |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/quick-feet-and-a-fine-moustache-gokulam-keralas-rising-star-noufal-pn-hopes-to-end-season-on-a-high |title=Quick feet and a fine moustache: Gokulam Kerala's rising star Noufal PN hopes to end season on a high |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| years1 = 2021−2022
| clubs1 = BASCO FC
| caps1 = 11
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2022−2024
| clubs2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps2 = 43
| goals2 = 5
| years3 = 2024−
| clubs3 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| caps3 = 21
| goals3 = 3
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| pcupdate = 19:00, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Noufal Puthenveettil Noushad''' (born 30 October 2000), known as '''Noufal PN''', is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Winger (association football)|winger]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISL: Mumbai City FC confirm signing of Noufal P.N |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-mumbai-city-fc-confirm-signing-noufal-p-n-202406 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Noufal was born in Thiruvambady, a small hill town near Kozhikode.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |date=2023-04-20 |title=Gokulam Kerala FC’s rising star Noufal PN hopes to end season on a high! |url=https://www.arunfoot.com/gokulam-kerala-fcs-rising-star-noufal-pn-hopes-to-end-season-on-a-high/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Arunava about Football |language=en-GB}}</ref> He started playing football at the age of eight and first played for the local club Cosmos Football Club. Later, he played for BASCO FC in the [[Kerala Premier League]] 2021-2022. His good performances saw him picked up for the Kerala state team for the Santosh Trophy. And he did will in the right wing and was picked up by [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Noufal was the part of [[Kerala football team]] they won [[2021–22 Santosh Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/news/kerala-team-for-santosh-trophy-announced-1.7431155 |title=Kerala team for Santosh Trophy final round announced, Kerala team for Santosh Trophy announced, kerala news, football news |publisher=English.mathrubhumi.com |date= |accessdate=2023-01-22}}</ref><ref>[https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/santosh-trophy-national-football-championship-kerala-bengal-result-goals-news/article38476473.ece Santosh Trophy: Kerala beats Bengal, Meghalaya trumps Rajasthan] Sportstar 18 April 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-om/news/live/santosh-trophy-2022-kerala-vs-west-bengal-follow-live/blt6ddb90770b6de800|title=Santosh Trophy 2022: Kerala beat West Bengal 5-4 (1-1) to win the title | Goal.com|website=www.goal.com|access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref>

==Club career==
===Gokulam Kerala===
Noufal signed by his hometown club Gokulam Kerala FC On 15 September 2022. He played his first match against Mohammedan Sporting <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/i-league-gokulam-win-mohammedan-boumsomlaga-i-league-scores-indian-football/article66129236.ece|title=I-League: Defending champion Gokulam opens campaign with narrow win against Mohammedan|first=P. K. Ajith|last=Kumar|date=12 November 2022|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|accessdate=22 January 2023}}</ref> against [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] on 25 February 2023 where he assisted two goals and was named Man of the Match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14439|title=Match Details | I-League}}</ref>

On 28 October 2023, Noufal scored his first league goal against [[Inter Kashi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=I-League: Inter Kashi rally to hold Gokulam Kerala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2023/10/28/i-league-gokulam-kerala-versus-inter-kashi.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

On 2 December 2023, he scored the second goal in a 2-2 Draw against [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2023-12-02 |title=Gokulam Kerala manages a draw with Namdhari |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/gokulam-kerala-manages-a-draw-with-namdhari/article67598845.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Mumbai City===
On 15 June 2024, [[Indian Super League]] club [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] announced the signing of Noufal on a three-year contract.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-fc-confirms-the-signing-of-noufal-pn|title=Mumbai City FC Confirms The Signing Of Noufal P.N|date=15 June 2024|website=mumbaicityfc.com|accessdate=16 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-17 |title=Mumbai City FC Secures Noufal PN in a lucrative three-year contract |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/football/mumbai-city-fc-secures-noufal-pn-in-a-lucrative-three-year-contract-84517 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Mumbai Live |language=en}}</ref> He made his debut for the club as a substitute in their first game of the season on 13 September 2024, away against [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/719919/mumbai-city-fc-mohun-bagan-super-giant|title=Mohun Bagan 2-2 Mumbai City (13 Sep, 2024) Final Score - ESPN (IN)|website=ESPN}}</ref> Coming in with Mumbai 2-0 down, he played a crucial role in both of Mumbai's goals, giving the cross that led to a goal-mouth scramble for the first goal, and directly assisting the second goal, as they fought back to draw the match 2-2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mohun-bagan-vs-mumbai-city-live-score-updates-isl-2024-25-mbsg-v-mcfc-highlights-goals-streaming-info-news/article68638303.ece|title=MBSG 2-2 MCFC, Highlights, ISL 2024-25: Krouma scores in stoppage time to help Mumbai City FC hold Mohun Bagan SG to 2-2 draw|first=Team|last=Sportstar|date=13 September 2024|website=Sportstar}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|10 April 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|-noufal/880975}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[AIFF Super Cup]]}}
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Others
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goal!!Apps!!Goal
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|{{nowrap|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]}}
|[[I-League]]
|20||0||3||0||0||0||1{{efn|name=play–offs for AFC Cup|Appearance in [[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions#Playoff for the AFC Cup group stage|play–offs for AFC Cup]]}}||0||24||0
|-
|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
|I-League
|23||5||3||0|| colspan="2" |—||4{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearances in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0||30||5
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!43!!5!!6!!0!!0!!0!!5!!0!!54!!5
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|14||0||3||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||17||0
|-
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]]
|Indian Super League
|7||3||1||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||8||3
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!21!!3!!4!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!25!!3
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!64!!8!!10!!0!!4!!0!!5!!0!!79!!8
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==
'''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]'''
* [[2021–22 Santosh Trophy]]:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/santosh-trophy-2021-22-kerala-beat-west-bengal-5-4-on-penalties-to-lift-seventh-title-news-194607|date=3 May 2022|title=Santosh Trophy 2021-22: Kerala Beat West Bengal 5-4 On Penalties To Lift Seventh Title|access-date=22 January 2023|work=Outlook}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:PN, Noufal}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Men's association football wingers]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]

== External links ==

* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/55770?type=club AIFF profile]
{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Vetagadu

2026-04-18T00:55:49Z

JennyRoyster668: created new details basic info

{{Short description|1979 Telugu film by K. Raghavendra Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vetagadu
| image = Vetagaadu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| producer = M. Arjuna Raju K. Sivarama Raju
| director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| writer = [[Jandhyala]] {{small|(story / dialogues)}}
| screenplay =
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Sridevi]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = K. S. Prakash
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = Roja Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1979|7|5}}
| runtime = 149 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Vetagadu''''' ({{translation|Hunter}}) is a 1979 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Sridevi]], with music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. The film was remade in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] as ''[[Nishana (1980 film)|Nishana]]'' (1980). Both films were made under the same banner and by the same director.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-10|title='Durgamati': 4 reasons why remake culture is a boon for Bollywood|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/durgamati-4-reasons-why-remake-culture-is-a-boon-for-bollywood-925675.html|access-date=2020-12-25|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins in a forest, ''Abhayaranyam,'' where Ananda Bhupathi belongs to a royal family and constructs a palace. Bhupathi dynasty possesses an antique heritage charm, the ''Raj Kamal Necklace,'' which his wife, Gayatri Devi, always wears. It allures their malice Diwanji Sivanandam, who purports to be trustworthy. So, he abducts Gayatri Devi. In that chaos, Kalyana Gajapati, a friend of Bhupathi, seeks to save her but is brutally killed. In between, Gayatri Devi hands over the necklace to a tribal, asks him to decorate it for their goddess, and maintains secrecy until her return. Diwanji misplaces Gayatri Devi and incriminates Gajapati as he requests the necklace. Thereby, rivalry arises. Bhupathi attributes the misfortune to the new building, orders to ruin it, and quits. Years roll by, and Raja, a valiant son of Gajapati, is fascinated by hunting and moves to the forest. On the way, a charming Roja, the daughter of Bhupathi, acquaints him, which initiates a squabble that turns into a crush. Besides, at "Abhayaranyam," Diwanji conducts several crimes with his son Hari undercover in the screwed palace, rumored as a demonic house. Every night, Raja listens to a sad song from the castle, which is supposed to be Gayatri Devi's voice. So, twice, he enters the house and encounters the evil deeds of the black guards. Meanwhile, Raja & Roja come back and meet Bhupathi. Whereat, Diwanji arrives and reveals Raja's identity when enraged Bhupathi knocks him out. Being cognizant of the past, Raja pledges to prove his father guiltless. Hence, he returns to the forest after rescuing a tribal girl whose father honors him. At that point, Raja identifies the "Raj Kamal Necklace" on their deity's neck and solicits for reality; then, he divulges the entire story. Hera, Raja gamely breaks out the mystery of Gayatri Devi's existence under seizing in the palace. At last, Raja ceases Diwanji and proves his father's innocence when Bhupathi pleads pardon and fairly submits the necklace to the goddess. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Raja & Roja.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Raja
*[[Sridevi]] as Roja
*[[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Sivanandam
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Hari
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Kanda
*[[Jaggayya]] as Ananda Bhupati
*[[Kanta Rao]] as Kalyana Gajapati
*[[Nagesh]] as Ponnu Swamy
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as Tribal leader
*Chidatala Appa Rao as Godugu
*[[Pandari Bai]] as Ayah
*Pushpalata as Gayatri Devi
*Mamata as Dhillu
*[[Jayamalini]] in [[item number]]
}}

== Production ==
The producers were not convinced with [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]'s choice of the female lead being Sridevi because she was "very young". After Rao convinced [[N. T. Rama Rao]], Sridevi was cast.<ref>{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=2018-02-26|title=Colleagues remember Sridevi's 'astounding talent'|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/260218/colleagues-remember-sridevis-astounding-talent.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vetagadu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1979
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| length = 28:41
| label = SAREGAMA Music
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = [[Driver Ramudu]]
| prev_year = 1979
| next_title = Burripallem Bullodu
| next_year = 1979
}}

The music was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vetagadu (1979)-Song_Booklet|url=https://indiancine.ma/|access-date=2020-12-25|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The song "Aaku Chaatu" became hugely popular and was remixed in ''[[Allari Ramudu]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tollywood-stars-dance-to-daddys-tunes/articleshow/17599269.cms|title=Tollywood stars dance to daddy's tunes|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|work=The Times of India|date=13 December 2012|access-date=8 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118144945/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tollywood-stars-dance-to-daddys-tunes/articleshow/17599269.cms|archive-date=18 November 2014}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. no!!Song !!Singers !!Length
|-
|1
|"Aaku Chaatu Pinde Tadise"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|3:50
|-
|2
|"Bangaru Baathuguddu"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:27
|-
|3
|"Puttintollu Tharimesaaru"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:32
|-
|4
|"Jaablitho Cheppanaa"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:28
|-
|5
|"Konda Meedha Chandamaama"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|6:31
|-
|6
|"Ososi Pillakodipetta"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:29
|-
|7
|"Idhi Puvullu Pooyani"
|[[S. Janaki]]
|3:24
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0187581}}
{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}
{{Jandhyala Subramanya Sastry}}

[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:1979 action films]]
[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s masala films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]

Rori Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:45Z

JennyRoyster668: Put Up Stub!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rori Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1967
|abolished = 2005
|electors = 1,28,819
|mla = Om Prakash Chautala
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Lok Dal}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Rori Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || P. S. Dass || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || rowspan=2 | Harkishan Lal
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Sukhdev Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Jagdish Nehra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || [[Ranjit Singh Chautala]] || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Jagdish Nehra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || rowspan=3 |[[Om Prakash Chautala]] || {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rori<ref name=results2005>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash Chautala |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=67,996 |percentage=60.00% |change={{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Nehra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,418 |percentage=36.55% |change={{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Renu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,229 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash |party=Independent politician |votes=785 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhoora Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=753 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balkaran Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=706 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,578 |percentage=23.45% |change= {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,13,321 |percentage=87.97% |change= {{increase}}4.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,28,819 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rori<ref name=results2000>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|title= STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2000 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HARYANA|publisher=eci.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127204615/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash Chautala |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=57,397 |percentage=60.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ranjit Singh Chautala]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,791 |percentage=36.43% |change={{increase}}0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vindraban |party=Communist Party of India |votes=981 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheoram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=978 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakshmi Narain |party=Independent politician |votes=789 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,606 |percentage=23.67% |change= {{increase}}14.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,509 |percentage=83.04% |change= {{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,042 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Samata Party |swing= {{increase}}14.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rori}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Om Prakash Chautala]] |party=Samata Party |votes=41,867 |percentage=45.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Nehra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,485 |percentage=36.22% |change={{decrease}}9.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhdev Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=12,087 |percentage=13.07% |change={{increase}}3.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aad Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=514 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhura Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=497 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Buta Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=488 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurmail Singh |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=476 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,382 |percentage=9.07% |change= {{decrease}}3.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,460 |percentage=86.34% |change= {{increase}}10.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,10,028 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rori<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf |title= Statistical Report of General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040556/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Mehra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,902 |percentage=45.44% |change={{increase}}11.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=25,602 |percentage=33.34% |change={{increase}}32.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardam Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=7,166 |percentage=9.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,187 |percentage=5.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalu Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,282 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Luxmi Narain |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,083 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=724 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deep Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=694 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,300 |percentage=12.11% |change= {{decrease}}11.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,802 |percentage=74.81% |change= {{decrease}}7.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,137 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}12.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rori<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf |title=Statistical Report of General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate= [[Ranjit Singh Chautala]]
|party=Lokdal |votes=43,588 |percentage=57.67% |change={{increase}}21.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Nehra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,444 |percentage=33.66% |change={{decrease}}23.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Natha Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,797 |percentage=5.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhdev Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=860 |percentage=1.14% |change={{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash Chautala |party=Independent politician |votes=671 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,144 |percentage=24.01% |change= {{increase}}3.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,583 |percentage=81.25% |change= {{increase}}6.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,110 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rori}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Mehra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,921 |percentage=56.83% |change={{increase}}32.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=21,101 |percentage=36.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,089 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahipat |party=Janata Party |votes=630 |percentage=1.09% |change={{decrease}}28.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazer Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=587 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hakam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=515 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=434 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurdev Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=387 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,820 |percentage=20.40% |change= {{increase}}14.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,934 |percentage=74.93% |change= {{increase}}7.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,838 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}26.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rori}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhdev Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=13,368 |percentage=30.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Nehra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,962 |percentage=24.66% |change={{decrease}}27.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dara Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=9,196 |percentage=20.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,160 |percentage=18.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh Sidhu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,193 |percentage=2.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hakim Jarnail Singh Sidhu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,109 |percentage=2.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaja Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=469 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,406 |percentage=5.41% |change= {{decrease}}23.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,457 |percentage=66.91% |change= {{decrease}}5.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,123 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}21.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rori<ref>{{Cite web|title=🗳️ Haryana Assembly Election 1972: LIVE Election Results, Election Dates, Schedule, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News Updates, Exit Polls, Analysis & Statistics on Assembly Election|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=LatestLY|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723231520/https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|archive-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Harkishan Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,581 |percentage=51.82% |change={{increase}}13.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sahib Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=11,774 |percentage=22.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dara Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=11,255 |percentage=21.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amir Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,201 |percentage=2.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardev Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=484 |percentage=0.94% |change={{decrease}}37.82 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,807 |percentage=28.87% |change= {{increase}}27.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,295 |percentage=73.49% |change= {{increase}}10.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,470 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rori<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1968 |archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420012759/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Harkishan Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,662 |percentage=38.76% |change={{decrease}}4.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dara Singh |party=Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group |votes=15,055 |percentage=37.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachhman Das |party=Independent politician |votes=7,336 |percentage=18.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Ram |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=1,434 |percentage=3.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=508 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chamba Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=414 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=607 |percentage=1.50% |change= {{decrease}}5.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,409 |percentage=63.30% |change= {{decrease}}5.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,571 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rori}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,432 |percentage=43.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=15,260 |percentage=36.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=8,669 |percentage=20.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,172 |percentage=7.49% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,361 |percentage=70.17% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,735 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Haryana}}
{{coords|29.74|75.21|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Shekhar Govindrao Nikam

2026-04-12T11:53:12Z

JennyRoyster668: created first biography added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shekhar Govindrao Nikam
| native_name =
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Sadanand Chavan]]
| successor =
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children =
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| constituency1 = [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun]]
| profession =
| spouse =
| sibling =
| website =
}}

'''Shekhar Govindrao Nikam''' is a leader of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] and a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elected from [[Chiplun Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Chiplun Election Results 2019 Live Updates (चिपळूण): Shekhar Govindrao Nikam of NCP Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/chiplun-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359151.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101191125/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/chiplun-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359151.html |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |website= [[News18 India]] |language=English
}}</ref> in [[Ratnagiri]] city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2022 |title=Shekhar Govindrao Nikam(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency - CHIPLUN (RATNAGIRI) Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7604 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101190659/https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7604 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |website= [[Association for Democratic Reforms|myneta.info]] |language=English
}}</ref> He is the son of former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] [[Govindrao Nikam]], who represented [[Ratnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri Loksabha Constituency]] from 1989 to 1996.

==Positions held==
* 2019: Elected to [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=राज्यातील विजयी उमेदवारांची यादी येथे पाहा|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/articleshow/71749478.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026162142/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/amp_articleshow/71749478.cms |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra Election 2019 Winners Full List: Check full list of winning candidates in Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha Chunav 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026205732/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=English
}}</ref>
* 2024: Elected to [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Chiplun2">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Chiplun |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13265.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201182858/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13265.htm |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Chiplun Constituency Election Results">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |title=Chiplun Constituency Election Results |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/chiplun |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201182922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/chiplun |archivedate=1 December 2024 |accessdate=1 December 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nikam, Shekhar Govindrao}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Ratnagiri]]

{{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}

Phiroja Bibi

2026-04-11T19:26:45Z

JennyRoyster668: Put Up Info!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| name = Phiroja Bibi
| constituency = [[Panskura Paschim Assembly constituency|Panskura Paschim]]
| term_start = 25 May 2016
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1951}}
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| predecessor = [[Sk. Omar Ali]]
| birth_place = [[Nandigram]], West Bengal
}}

'''Phiroja Bibi''' (born 1951)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Phiroja Bibi(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- PANSKURA PASCHIM(PURBO MEDINIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=264 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. She is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Panskura Paschim Assembly constituency]] in [[Purba Medinipur district]]. She won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=TimesNow |title=Panskura Paschim Assembly Election Results 2021 - Panskura Paschim Vidhan Sabha Election Results |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/panskura-paschim-west-bengal-election-result-2021 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Panskura-paschim Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Panskura-paschim Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-panskura-paschim-constituency-205.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-26 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Panskura Paschim profile: TMC's Phiroja Bibi won seat in 2016 polls |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-panskura-paschim-profile-tmcs-phiroja-bibi-won-seat-in-2016-polls-9410411.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bibi is from [[Nandigram]], West Bengal. She is the wife of Manirul. She passed Class 8 and later discontinued studies after Class 9 at Khejuri Adarsha Bidyapith.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Bibi won from Panskura Paschim Assembly constituency representing [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. She polled 111,705 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Sintu Senapati of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by 8,889 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=West Bengal Election Results 2021: Full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/west-bengal-election-results-2021-full-list-of-winners-1798010-2021-05-02 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, she won the 2016 Assembly election, also from the Panskura Paschim constituency.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bibi, Phiroja}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Phulpakharu (TV series)

2026-04-11T09:15:00Z

JennyRoyster668: Put Up New Stub

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company =
| executive_producer =
| network = [[Zee Yuva]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|04|24|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2019|10|26|df=y}}
| image_alt =
| num_seasons =
| producer = Mandar Devsthali
| writer =
| num_episodes = 774
| language = Marathi
| country = India
| composer =
| opentheme = ''Phulpakharu'' by Kirti Killedar and Anurag Godbole
| theme_music_composer = Vishal-Jagdish
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| director = Mandar Devsthali
Amol Pathare
| image = Phulpakharu.jpeg
| image_size =
| developer =
| based_on =
| creator =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]]
| alt_name =
| caption =
| list_episodes =
}}

'''''Phulpakharu''''' ({{translation|Butterfly}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Zee Yuva]]. The series premiered from 24 April 2017 and ended on 26 October 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-30|title=आणि अतिशय लोकप्रिय असलेल्या फुलपाखरू मालिकेने घेतला प्रेक्षकांचा निरोप|url=https://www.timesnowmarathi.com/entertainment/television-news/article/famous-marathi-serial-phulphakaru-bids-goodbye-after-running-successfully-for-more-than-2-years-hruta-durgule-yashoman-apte/266017|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Times Now Marathi|language=mr}}</ref> but was renewed during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|title='Phulpakharu' is set for a rerun|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/phulpakharu-is-set-for-a-rerun-actors-hruta-durgule-and-yashoman-apte-share-their-excitement/articleshow/74909719.cms|access-date=2022-07-05|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='फुलपाखरू' मालिकेचे ६०० भाग पूर्ण, कलाकारांनी सेटवर असे केले सेलिब्रेशन|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/phulpakahru-tv-series-completed-600-episodes/|access-date=2020-12-24|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=18 April 2019 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-18|title=आणि फुलपाखरू मालिकेतील वैदेही आणि मानसचं लग्न ठरलं!|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/zee-yuvas-phulpakhru-wedding-track-wherein-the-wedding-shopping-is-going-on/438851|access-date=2020-12-24|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Phulpakharu completes 2 years of journey - The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/phulpakharu-completes-2-years-of-journey/articleshow/69025488.cms|access-date=2020-12-24|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 April 2019 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Manas and Vaidehi are in their college days. Manas is in love with Vaidehi, and he sends her poems. Vaidehi soon falls in love with these poems, and through a common friend, she meets her secret admirer. Due to an inter college drama competition, Vaidehi and Manas grow close, and Vaidehi falls in love with Manas. They begin dating soon after. Vaidehi’s best friend, Sameer Nawathe is in love with her, but she clears their misunderstandings and remains friends with him. Sameer’s father, a businessman sets a trap for Manas and Vaidehi’s families, but the truth comes out later, and at a New Year’s party, the families reconcile.

This marks the entry of Maya, who falls in love with Manas. She sweet talks Vaidehi, and becomes her friend. She troubles Manas, by visiting his home often, by trapping her and Manas in a classroom in college and paying a guy to click intimate pictures of them, blackmailing Manas indirectly. Maya tells Vaidehi one sided stories about Manas cheating on Vaidehi. Angry and hurt, Vaidehi breaks up with Manas. Sameer finds out about Maya’s plan and makes his own plan to fool her. Manas and Vaidehi reconcile. They reveal their relationship to their respective homes, getting acceptance in both homes.

Soon, Rocky, a completely egoistic musician, Maya’s friend, enters their lives, and insults their gang. Vaidehi challenges Rocky for a competition. Maya, meanwhile sweet talks Vaidehi’s friend, Tanya, and she helps Maya by influencing Varsha, Vaidehi’s best friend, against Vaidehi. Tanya also creates problems for the group, by stealing and hiding their equipment. On [[Holi]], Maya mixes bhaang in the thandai, leading to Manas and Vaidehi having an intercourse. Their gang wins the competition and Vaidehi is revealed pregnant, after their college ends. Meanwhile, Sameer and Tanya fall in love with each other and start dating.

After they tell their families, Manas’s father tells him to earn a certain amount of money in order to come back home. Soon after, Manas starts working at a travel company. Manas and Vaidehi get married. Manas’ boss’ wife, Shalmali is a woman with no child of her own. She starts becoming protective about pregnant Vaidehi and starts disliking Manas. She creates many troubles in Manas and Vaidehi's lives, by influencing Vaidehi against Manas and kidnapping Vaidehi. She is revealed with a psychological problem, and later Manas and Vaidehi forgive her.

Meanwhile, Manas’ uncle, Kuldeep, has an eye on the property owned by Sadanand Rege. He pushes the family into troubles, causing Manas’ accident, where he goes into coma for a long time. Finally, Kuldeep is arrested. Soon after, a baby girl is born to Manas and Vaidehi, and they name her Mahi. They think of donating their child to childless Shalmali, but Shalmali refuses. They soon shift to a new house, gifted to them by Vaidehi’s father. Manas and Vaidehi join her father’s company.

Manas later starts working for RBK (Revati Bhargav Kotibhaskar), as a musician and singer, a job of his dreams. Sameer too, joins the same company, a few days later. Revati, Manas and Sameer’s boss, hates Manas and Sameer’s friendship, and plans to sabotage it. She accuses Manas of molestation. Vaidehi, aspiring to be a lawyer that time, takes up Manas’s case. Sameer supports Revati. This brings a lot of problems in Sameer and Tanya’s relationship. They break up soon after.

Vaidehi proves Manas not guilty, and Sameer and Manas reconcile. Revati is revealed to be jealous of Manas, who has everything. Sameer apologises to Tanya, and they get back together. Kuldeep (Manas’s uncle) asks for divorce from Kusum, Manas’s aunt. Kusum soon falls in love with Subu, Tanya’s relative, and they decide to marry each other. The show ends on Mahi’s first birthday, on a positive note.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
*[[Hruta Durgule]] as Vaidehi Inamdar-Rege: A young, confident, outgoing college girl, Manas' wife, daughter of Raosaheb Inamdar, sister of Vikrant and Mahi's mother
*Yashoman Apte<ref>{{Cite web|title='हा' अभिनेता महिन्यातले २५ दिवस सेटवरच|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/entertainment-gossips/yashoman-apte-7-days-a-month-on-set/articleshow/70343325.cms|access-date=2020-12-24|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref> as Manas Rege: A simple, shy college boy, Vaidehi's husband, son of Sadanand and Pratibha Rege and Mahi's father.

=== Recurring ===
*[[Manoj Kolhatkar]] as Sadanand Rege: A strict, moral, loving man who is Pratibha's husband, Manas' father, Vaidehi's father-in-law.
*Pratiba Bhagat as Manas' mother, Pratibha Rege: A simple, sweet woman, Sadanand's wife, Vaidehi's mother-in-law.
*Nilay Ghaisas as Vikrant (Vicky): A fun, loyal character often teased for his long hair, Raosaheb Inamdar's son, Vaidehi's younger brother.
*Deepak Karanjikar as Raosaheb Inamdar: Vaidehi's and Vikram's single father.
*Ashish Joshi as Sameer Nawathe: A boy from a very rich family, but hungry for love. Vaidehi's best friend, Tanya's love interest. He loved Vaidehi at first, but sacrificed after know about ManDehi and moved on. But, he keeps flirting with her often.
*Trushna Chandratre as Tanya: Sameer's girlfriend. She always loved sameer. She teamed up with Maya due to her manipulation, but later apologized and returned to dosti gang.
*Priyanka Tendolkar as Varsha: Amit's love interest, best friend of Vaidehi. She too teamed up with Maya due to her manipulation, but she too apologized and returned.
*Advait Kadne as Amit: Manas' best friend, Varsha's love interest. Initially, he helped Manas in delivering poems to Vaidehi.
*Chetan Vadnere as Chetan: Single, always ready-to-mingle.
*Gaurav Malvankar as Gaurav: Single, always ready-to-mingle.
*Nupur Chitale as Radha: The daughter of Sadanand's friend, Manas' friend.
*Senjali Thakur as a college teacher.
*Rupal Nand<ref>{{Cite news|title=Phulpakharu: Here's what actress Rupal Nand has to say about her character Revati - The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/phulpakharu-heres-what-actress-rupal-nand-has-to-say-about-her-character-revati/articleshow/68903959.cms|access-date=2021-01-18|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 April 2019 }}</ref> as Revati
*Rujuta Dharap as Maya: A girl obsessed with Manas. She manipulated Tanya and Varsha and made them betray Dosti gang in order to win the music competition, but Dosti gang won eventually.
*[[Hemangi Kavi]] as Shalmali: The wife of Manas' boss, Vaidehi's friend. She creates many problems due to her psychological problem.
*Abhijeet Kelkar as Sheetal: Manas' boss, Shalmali's husband.
*[[Prasad Oak]] as Anil: Manas' neighbour and Raosaheb's employee.
*[[Poorva Gokhale]] as Archana: Manas' neighbour, Anil's wife. She is childless, so she conducts baby-sitting in her home.
*Pournima Talwalkar as Kusum Aatya: Manas' aunt, Kuldeep's wife. She disliked Vaidhehi at first, but later Vaidehi won her heart.
*Mandar Devsthali as Subu: Tanya's uncle, Kusum's love interest.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Phulpakharu to see a surprise entry in the show; read to know more - The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/phulpakharu-to-see-a-surprise-entry-in-the-show-read-to-know-more/articleshow/70786105.cms|access-date=2021-01-18|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 August 2019 }}</ref>
*[[Onkar Raut]] as Rocky: student of Mansi's college.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telly world:'फुलपाखरू' मालिकेमध्ये ओंकार राऊतची एन्ट्री, वैदेही देणार खुलेआम चॅलेंज |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-iftm-onkar-raut-in-serial-phulpakhru-5831404-pho.html |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=[[Divya Marathi]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Phulpakharu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Vishal-Jagdish
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2017
| recorded = 2017–2019
| studio =
| genre = Marathi film soundtrack
| length =
| label = [[Zee Yuva]]
| producer = Vishal-Jagdish
}}

The series' music was composed by Vishal-Jagdish, with lyrics by Vishal Rane and Ashwini Shende.<ref>{{Cite news|title=TV show Phulpakharu to feature 12 songs, a unique feat on Marathi TV - The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/tv-show-phulpakharu-to-feature-12-songs-a-unique-feat-on-marathi-tv/articleshow/64885061.cms|access-date=2021-01-18|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 July 2018 }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Phulpakharu Title song
| extra1 = Kirti Killedar, Anurag Godbole
| lyrics1 = Vishal Rane
| length1 = 1:30
| title2 = Tujhe Prem Majla Kalu Lagle
| extra2 = Siddharth Bhavsar
| lyrics2 = Vishal-Jagdish
| length2 = 3:46
| title3 = Algad Haluvar Manamadhe
| extra3 =
| lyrics3 = Vishal Rane
| length3 = 3:04
| title4 = Odh Tuzi
| extra4 = Kirti Killedar, Yashoman Apte
| lyrics4 = Vishal-Jagdish
| length4 = 2:54
| title5 = Mi Tujha Mi Tujhi
| extra5 = Aboli Girhe, Chinmay Hulyalkar
| lyrics5 = Vishal-Jagdish
| length5 = 3:32
| title6 = Don't Know If This Is Love
| extra6 =
| lyrics6 = Vishal-Jagdish
| length6 = 3:15
| title7 = Yaariyan
| extra7 = Yashoman Apte, Ashish Joshi
| lyrics7 = Vishal Rane, Mandar Devsthali
| length7 = 3:39
| title8 = Houni Phulpakharu
| extra8 = [[Bela Shende]], [[Savani Ravindra]], Mangesh Borgaonkar, Kirti Killedar, Aboli Girhe, Yashoman Apte, Ashish Joshi
| lyrics8 = Ashwini Shende
| length8 = 3:13
| title9 = Aaj Mein Behka Hoon
| extra9 = Kirti Killedar, Yashoman Apte
| lyrics9 = Vishal-Jagdish
| length9 = 2:21
| title10 = Hi Survaat
| extra10 =
| lyrics10 = Vishal-Jagdish
| length10 =
| title11 = Nande Sukhachi Savali
| extra11 =
| lyrics11 = Vishal Rane
| length11 = 3:51
| title12 = Sakhi Mhanu Priya Mhanu
| extra12 = Vishal Rane
| lyrics12 = Vishal Rane
| length12 = 3:12
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/phulpakhru/0-6-336 ''Phulpakharu''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt9760192}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Yuva original programming]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]

Taruni Sachdev

2026-04-09T05:54:32Z

JennyRoyster668: created some stub needs work

{{Short description|Indian child actress (1998–2012)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Taruni Sachdev
| image =
| alt = 
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2012|05|14|1998|05|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Jomsom]], Nepal
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1998|05|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Model|actress}}
| years_active = 2004–2012
}}
'''Taruni Sachdev''' (14 May 1998 – 14 May 2012) was an Indian child actress. She made her film debut in 2004 with ''[[Vellinakshatram (2004 film)|Vellinakshatram]]'', which endeared her to [[Malayalam]] audiences. The same year, she appeared in ''[[Sathyam (2004 film)|Sathyam]]'' and she act the lead role in 2009. She also appeared in over 50 advertisements for various companies. Her last film was a Tamil film ''[[Vetri Selvan]]'' (2014), which was released two years after her death. She died in the [[2012 Agni Air Dornier 228 crash]] near [[Jomsom Airport]] in Nepal. Her mother also died in the crash.

== Early life and education ==
Taruni Sachdev was born on 14 May 1998 in [[Mumbai]], India, to industrialist Haresh Sachdev and Geeta Sachdev.<ref name="indiatoday14">{{cite news |date=16 May 2012 |title=Taruni Sachdev died on her 14th birthday |newspaper=India Today |place=New Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/taruni-sachdev-child-actor-death-plane-crash-102327-2012-05-15 |url-status=live |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517143534/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/taruni-sachdev-child-actor-death-plane-crash/1/188971.html |archive-date=17 May 2012 |issn=0254-8399}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Child Artist Among Victims |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2012/may/15/child-artist-among-victims-368127.html |date=15 May 2012 |website=The New Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501143032/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2012/may/15/child-artist-among-victims-368127.html |archive-date=1 May 2020 |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nepal plane crash: Rasna girl Taruni Sachdeva dreamt to become heroine |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Nepal-plane-crash-Rasna-girl-Taruni-Sachdeva-dreamt-to-become-heroine/articleshow/13157461.cms |last=Dubey |first=Bharati |date=16 May 2012 |website=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501141136/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Nepal-plane-crash-Rasna-girl-Taruni-Sachdeva-dreamt-to-become-heroine/articleshow/13157461.cms |archive-date=1 May 2020}}</ref> She studied to class nine at Bai Avabai Framji Petit Girls' High School.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
In 2004, she made her debut in [[Vinayan]]'s comedy-horror ''[[Vellinakshatram (2004 film)|Vellinakshatram]]''.<ref name=":1" /> Vinayan said ''Vellinakshatram'' endeared Sachdev to Malayalam audiences.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=15 May 2012 |title=Film industry shocked at Taruni's death |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/film-industry-shocked-at-tarunis-death/article3420834.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2020 |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501144935/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/film-industry-shocked-at-tarunis-death/article3420834.ece |archive-date=1 May 2020}}</ref> The same year, she appeared in the [[action thriller]] [[Sathyam (2004 film)|''Sathyam'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amitabh Bachchan's 'Paa' child co-star dies in Nepal air crash |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/amitabh-bachchans-paa-child-co-star-dies-in-nepal-air-crash-309485.html |date=15 May 2012 |website=Firstpost |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501144328/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/amitabh-bachchans-paa-child-co-star-dies-in-nepal-air-crash-309485.html |archive-date=1 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> He recalls: "We were all amazed by the manner in which she performed. She was just five then and could render Malayalam dialogues after listening to it for a couple of times. I still remember the intensity with which she performed in the climax of the film, where even senior actors found it difficult to work against high-speed propellers".<ref name=":2" />

In 2009, Sachdev appeared in [[R. Balki]]'s [[Comedy-drama film|comedy-drama]] [[Paa (film)|''Paa'']], where she starred as Somi, Amitabh Bachchan's classmate.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Rasna girl among victims |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/rasna-girl-among-victims/cid/419761 |date=16 May 2012 |website=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501135727/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/rasna-girl-among-victims/cid/419761 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' said she "shot to fame" after appearing in the film.<ref name="indiatoday14" />

Besides acting, Sachdev appeared in more than fifty commercials, including television advertisements for [[Colgate (toothpaste)|Colgate]], [[ICICI Bank]], Parachute, Saffola oil, and Kesar Badam Milk.<ref name="indiatoday14" /> She is best remembered for doing [[Rasna (drink)|Rasna]] commercials with the actress [[Karisma Kapoor]], and was nicknamed the "Rasna girl".<ref name="indiatoday14" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=15 May 2012 |title=Child actor Taruni Sachdev among victims of Dornier crash |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/child-actor-taruni-sachdev-among-victims-of-dornier-crash/article3423012.ece |access-date=1 May 2020 |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501132351/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/child-actor-taruni-sachdev-among-victims-of-dornier-crash/article3423012.ece |archive-date=1 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> She also appeared on the television game show ''[[Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain?]]''.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Child artiste Taruni Sachdev dies in Nepal plane crash - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/child-artiste-taruni-sachdev-dies-in-nepal-plane-crash/949572/ |date=15 May 2012 |website=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501155438/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/child-artiste-taruni-sachdev-dies-in-nepal-plane-crash/949572/ |archive-date=1 May 2020 |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>

Her last film was the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] drama-thriller ''[[Vetri Selvan]]'', which was released in 2014.<ref name=":0" /> Sachdev had completed most of her part; director Rudhran stated that her footage would be retained "as a remembrance of the prodigy" and that the rest of her role would be patched up during the [[post-production]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=We Will Keep Taruni's Scenes As Remembrance |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-03/taruni-sachdev-vetri-selvan-21-06-12.html |date=21 June 2012 |website=Behindwoods |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501182907/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-03/taruni-sachdev-vetri-selvan-21-06-12.html |archive-date=1 May 2020 |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>

==Death==
Sachdev died in the Agni Air Dornier 228 crash near Jomsom Airport in Nepal on 14 May 2012, on her 14th birthday. Sachdev's mother Geetha Sachdev, who accompanied her on the flight, also died.<ref name="indiatoday14" /> Their bodies were brought to Mumbai and cremated on 16 May 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tears and chants mark Nepal crash victims' last rites |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Tears-and-chants-mark-Nepal-crash-victims-last-rites/articleshow/13182898.cms |last=Valthaty |first=Nathaniel |last2=Fleury |first2=Johan |date=17 May 2004
|website=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501154904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Tears-and-chants-mark-Nepal-crash-victims-last-rites/articleshow/13182898.cms |archive-date=1 May 2020 |access-date=1 May 2020 |last3=Rakshit |first3=Pratik}}</ref> After losing both his wife and daughter, Haresh Sachdev switched totally into a spiritual life.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col"|Language
! scope="col"|Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
!scope="row"|''[[Vellinakshatram (2004 film)|Vellinakshatram]]''
|Ammukutty
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam
|
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":5" />
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Sathyam (2004 film)|Sathyam]]''
|Chinnukutty
|
|-
|2009
!scope="row"|''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]''
|Soumini "Somi"
|Hindi
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 2012 |title=Bachchan co-star dies in crash |work=BBC News |issn=2421-3667 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-18068761 |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501133308/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-18068761 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2014
!scope="row"|''[[Vetri Selvan]]''
|Abhi
|Tamil
|Posthumous release
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Radhika Apte and Ajmal Ameer fights on sets |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140615/entertainment-kollywood/article/radhika-apte-and-ajmal-ameer-fights-sets |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=16 June 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501133401/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140615/entertainment-kollywood/article/radhika-apte-and-ajmal-ameer-fights-sets |archive-date=1 May 2020 |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* {{IMDb name|4072464}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sachdev, Taruni}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Child models]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Nepal]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 2012]]
[[Category:Accidental child deaths]]

Tulsi (Sikh clan)

2026-04-08T21:00:24Z

JennyRoyster668: created basic data needs work

{{Short description|Indian clan}}
{{Infobox Surname|name=Tulsi|pronunciation=Tul_See|language=[[Sanskrit]]|origin=[[India]]|meaning=related with "Tulsi" (a plant sacred in Hinduism)|region=[[South Asia]]|alternative spelling=Toolsi|shortform=|see also=[[Ahluwalia (caste)]]
[[Ahluwalia (misl)]]}}
'''Tulsi''' is an Indian clan of the Sikh [[Ahluwalia (surname)|Ahluwalias]]. People from this clan are either natives of or related to [[Punjab|Punjab region]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&dq=sikand+ahluwalia&pg=PA1060 |title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles |date=1996 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-0-19-563357-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dogra |first1=R. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upLXAAAAMAAJ&q=Bamral,+Bhukai |title=Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture |last2=Mansukhani |first2=Gobind Singh |date=1995 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-8368-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FigAAAAMAAJ&q=tulsi,+sad,+segat,+phul |title=Chandigarh |last2=Bhalla |first2=V. |last3=Singh |first3=Swaran |date=1997 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-119-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people ==


* [[K. T. S. Tulsi]], Indian politician, [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] and [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] advocate
* [[Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi]], Indian poet, lyricist and musical artist

== See also ==

* [[Ahluwalia (surname)]]
* [[Paintal]]
* [[Neb (surname)]]
* [[Judge (subcaste)]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ahluwalia]]
[[Category:Sikh names]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Kashmiri names]]
[[Category:South Asian clans]]

Vaishali Dinakaran

2026-03-28T13:13:03Z

JennyRoyster668: created initial biography w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian motorsport journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
'''Vaishali Dinakaran''' (born 11 October 1987) is an Indian motor [[Sports journalism|sport journalist]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Author: Vaishali Dinakaran |url=https://www.overdrive.in/author/vaishali-dinakaran-31/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref> and writer. She graduated from a sub-editor to a motor sports editor in an Indian automotive publication, Overdrive. Now based in [[Berlin|Berlin, Germany]] she continues to write on motor sports but uses a new medium. She is currently doing video news for [[Deutsche Welle]]. She is one of the few motor sports journalists who drove a [[Formula One car|Formula 1 car]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Vaishali Dinakaran {{!}} Muck Rack |url=https://muckrack.com/vaishali-dinakaran-1/interview |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=muckrack.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=F1nal Fantasy: Driving a Lotus-Renault E20 Formula 1 car at Paul Ricard |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/features/f1nal-fantasy-driving-a-lotus-renault-e20-formula-1-car-at-paul-ricard/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.overdrive.in}}</ref>

==Early life==

Vaishali Dinakaran was born on 11 October 1987 in [[Bangalore]] to Thinakaran and Poornima Thinakaran. She's spent her early childhood in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] along with her sister Shoruba. After finishing her schooling in Sishu Griha, she studied communicative English at [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore|Mount Carmel College]] in Bengaluru. She finished her Bachelor of Arts in Media and Mass Communication in 2008. Before that in 2006, she did a couple of months internship with [[Overdrive (magazine)|Overdrive]] magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KP |first=Mallika |date=2023-03-13 |title=My Life With Books: Vaishali Dinakaran |url=https://booksfirst.in/2023/03/13/my-life-with-books-vaishali-dinakaran/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=BooksFirst |language=en-GB |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401171221/https://booksfirst.in/2023/03/13/my-life-with-books-vaishali-dinakaran/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She joined as a Copy Editor at [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] India in June 2008.

==Motorsports journalism==

After working for a year and five months at Autocar in [[Mumbai]], Dinakaran moved to [[Business Standard]] Motoring as Principal Correspondent. In 2011, when [[Formula One|Formula 1]] came to India she became one of the few Indian Journalists who managed a one-on-one interview with Formula One legend [[Michael Schumacher]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Schumacher Story |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/features/a-schumacher-story/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BSMtalksMichaelSchumacher-Schuperhero |url=https://www.bsmotoring.com/news/bsm-talks-michael-schumacher-schuperhero/4835 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Business Standard Motoring |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510175047/https://www.bsmotoring.com/news/bsm-talks-michael-schumacher-schuperhero/4835 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She covered many rallies alongside veteran motorsports photographer and journalist [[George Francis (motorsports photographer)|George Francis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering George Francis |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/opinions/remembering-george-francis/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref>

From April 2013 to July 2020, she took care of the motor sports news in Overdrive as Motorsports Editor. Though she moved to Germany in 2015, she continued to edit the motor sports section of the reputed magazine run by [[Network18 Group]]. In 2020, she joined [[Deutsche Welle]] and has been exploring the digital media through video news features.

==Awards==

Vaishali Dinakaran won the prestigious ‘ProDrive Motorsports Award’ for the years 2018, 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our motorsport editor Vaishali Dinakaran wins second consecutive Peugeot Motorsport Cup awarded by the Guild of Motoring Writers |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/our-motorsport-editor-vaishali-dinakaran-wins-second-consecutive-peugeot-motorsport-cup-awarded-by-the-guild-of-motoring-writers/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=www.overdrive.in}}</ref> and 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aucock |first=Richard |date=2024-12-06 |title=2024 Guild Awards winners celebrated in London |url=https://www.gomw.co.uk/news/2024/12/06/2024-guild-awards-winners-celebrated-in-london/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=The Guild of Motoring Writers |language=en-GB}}</ref> presented by The Guild of Motoring Writers for her motorsports writing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prodrive Motorsport Award |url=https://www.gomw.co.uk/awards/prodrive-motorsport/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=The Guild of Motoring Writers |language=en-GB}}</ref> One of the articles that was cited for the award was an Opinion piece, ‘Pacenotes’, the column in Overdrive which she started writing from August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On the joys and hardships of motorsport writing... |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/opinions/on-the-joys-and-hardships-of-motorsport-writing/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dinakaran, Vaishali}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian sports journalists]]
[[Category:Indian sportswriters]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Motoring writers]]
[[Category:Indian motorsport people]]
[[Category:Tamil journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women sports journalists]]

Yukti Thareja

2026-03-25T18:36:17Z

JennyRoyster668: created basic info w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yukti Thareja
| image = Yukti-Thareja-celebrates-Emraan-Hashmi-birthday-with-the-team-of-Lut-Gaye.jpg
| caption = Thareja in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|01|05|df=y}}<ref name="dob">{{cite web |last=Shanigarapu |first=Chandu |title=తెలుగు, మలయాళంలో సినిమాలు-1 బిలియన్ వ్యూస్ మ్యూజిక్ వీడియో-కె ర్యాంప్‌లో మెరిసిన హ‌రియాణా బ్యూటీ ఎవ‌రంటే? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telugu/photos/who-is-yukti-thareja-heroine-in-latest-romantic-comedy-k-ramp-yukti-thareja-hot-photos-telugu-malayalam-movies-261760936561148.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=te |date=20 October 2025}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| alma mater = [[Sri Guru Gobind Singh College of Commerce]]
| occupation = {{Hlist|Model|Actress}}
| years_active = 2019–present
}}
'''Yukti Thareja''' (born 5 January 2002) is an Indian model and actress. In 2019, she participated in the reality shows ''[[MTV Supermodel of the Year]]''.<ref name=":1" >{{cite web |title=Supermodel Of The Year: Malaika Arora and Masaba Gupta school models for not getting the brief in a task |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/supermodel-of-the-year-malaika-arora-and-masaba-gupta-school-models-for-not-getting-the-brief-in-a-task/articleshow/74472973.cms |website=The Times of India |date=4 March 2020}}</ref> She also appeared in the films ''[[Rangabali (film)|Rangabali]]'' (2023) and ''[[Marco (2024 film)|Marco]]'' (2024).<ref>{{cite web |title=Rangabali Trailer: Naga Shaurya Clashes With Shine Tom Chacko In A Bitter Turf War |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/rangabali-trailer-naga-shaurya-clashes-with-shine-tom-chacko-in-a-bitter-turf-war |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en |date=28 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Unni Mukundan has no mercy in Marco teaser |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/unni-mukundan-has-no-mercy-in-marco-teaser-807340 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en |date=13 October 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
Thareja was born on 5 January 2002. She began her modeling career with "Oppo Delhi Times Fresh Face 2017",<ref>{{cite web |title=Rain no pain for fuchchas at Guru Gobind Singh college |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/rain-no-pain-for-fuchchas-at-guru-gobind-singh-college/articleshow/60362506.cms |website=The Times of India |date=5 September 2017 |access-date=3 January 2025 |archive-date=3 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103044511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/rain-no-pain-for-fuchchas-at-guru-gobind-singh-college/articleshow/60362506.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> while pursuing her graduation from [[Sri Guru Gobind Singh College of Commerce]], [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fresh Face auditions @ SGGSCC |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/delhi/fresh-face-auditions-sggscc/articleshow/60406019.cms |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921151211/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/delhi/fresh-face-auditions-sggscc/articleshow/60406019.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Photos-Emraan-Hashmi-celebrates-his-birthday-with-the-team-of-Lut-Gaye-5.jpg|thumb|left|Thareja with [[Emraan Hashmi]] in ''Lut Gaye'']]
In 2019, she participated in [[MTV Supermodel of the Year]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shrivastava |first1=Nivi |title=Toxic shows and hosts |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/260120/toxic-shows-and-hosts.html |website=www.asianage.com |language=en |date=26 January 2020 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528173528/https://asianage.com/life/more-features/260120/toxic-shows-and-hosts.html |url-status=live }}</ref> where she was evicted at the 4th position.<ref name=":1" /> In 2020, she participated in [[MTV Ace of Space|MTV Ace The Quarantine]].<ref name=":ATQ" >{{cite web |last1=Bhasin |first1=Shriya |title=This unlock, 'Ace the Quarantine' with Varun Sood and Divya Agarwal. Know how |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/this-unlock-ace-the-quarantine-varun-sood-divya-agarwal-mtv-know-how-631311 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en |date=3 July 2020 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813031606/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/this-unlock-ace-the-quarantine-varun-sood-divya-agarwal-mtv-know-how-631311 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, Thareja appeared opposite [[Emraan Hashmi]] in [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] music video "Lut Gaye", sung by [[Jubin Nautiyal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lut Gaye song: Emraan Hashmi plays a cop in this corny, romantic ballad by Tanishk Bagchi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/lut-gaye-music-video-emraan-hashmi-tanishk-bagchi-7192533/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=18 February 2021 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925061533/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/lut-gaye-music-video-emraan-hashmi-tanishk-bagchi-7192533/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It has received more than 1.1 billion views on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ten most stunningly popular songs of singing star Jubin Nautiyal on YouTube {{!}} EasternEye |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/ten-most-stunningly-popular-songs-of-singing-star-jubin-nautiyal-on-youtube/ |website=www.easterneye.biz |language=en |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130034638/https://www.easterneye.biz/ten-most-stunningly-popular-songs-of-singing-star-jubin-nautiyal-on-youtube/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2023, she made her [[Tollywood (Telugu cinema)|Tollywood]] film debut with ''[[Rangabali (film)|Rangabali]]'', opposite [[Naga Shaurya]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sundar |first1=Anusha |title=Naga Shaurya's next titled Rangabali |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Mar/22/naga-shauryas-next-titled-rangabali-41380.html |website=Cinema Express |language=en |date=22 March 2023}}</ref> The same year, she was chosen as the female lead for ''[[Devil: The British Secret Agent]]'' starring alongside [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]]. Later, she was replaced with [[Samyuktha (actress, born 1995)|Samyukhta Menon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Samyuktha Menon replaces Yukti Thareja in Devil |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/Oct/26/samyuktha-menon-replaces-yukti-thareja-in-devil-35994.html |website=Cinema Express |language=en |date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416204812/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/oct/26/samyuktha-menon-replaces-yukti-thareja-in-devil-35994.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, she joined [[Unni Mukundan]]'s ''[[Marco (2024 film)|Marco]]'' making her debut in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title=Marco – The Unni Mukundan-starrer will have THIS Telugu actress as a female lead |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/unni-mukundan-starrer-marco-female-lead-details/a43f041dc0535 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625012032/https://www.ottplay.com/news/unni-mukundan-starrer-marco-female-lead-details/a43f041dc0535 |url-status=live }}</ref> It became her highest grossing film.<ref>{{cite web |title=‘Marco’ box office collections day 15: Action thriller surges past Rs 45 crore mark! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/marco-box-office-collections-day-15-action-thriller-surges-past-rs-45-crore-mark/articleshow/116930420.cms |website=The Times of India |date=4 January 2025 |access-date=6 January 2025 |archive-date=4 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104144448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/marco-box-office-collections-day-15-action-thriller-surges-past-rs-45-crore-mark/articleshow/116930420.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2025, she was seen in [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]'s musical drama series ''[[Hai Junoon!|Hai Junoon! Dream. Dare. Dominate.]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hai Junoon: Neil Nitin Mukesh and Jacqueline Fernandez bring musical drama! |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/hai-junoon-neil-nitin-mukesh-and-jacqueline-fernandez-bring-musical-drama-1503421793.html |website=The Statesman |date=18 April 2025}}</ref> The same year, she appeared in a romantic comedy film opposite [[Kiran Abbavaram]], titled ''[[K-Ramp]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |title=‘K Ramp’ movie review: Kiran Abbavaram film milks a worn-out formula with crude humour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/k-ramp-movie-review-kiran-abbavaram-yukti-tharejas-telugu-film-directed-by-jains-nani-rides-on-crude-humour/article70178696.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=18 October 2025 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Thareja is slated to appear in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films ''King Jackie Queen''<ref>{{cite web |title=Yukti Thareja signs her second Telugu film, the project has a major 'Nani's Dasara' connection, details inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/yukti-thareja-signs-her-second-telugu-film-the-project-has-a-major-nanis-dasara-connection-details-inside/638a43b3d3506 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> opposite [[Dheekshith Shetty]] and in an untitled film opposite [[Nikhil Kumaraswamy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nikhil Kumaraswamy’s next to be bankrolled by Lyca Productions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nikhil-kumaraswamys-next-to-be-bankrolled-by-lyca-productions/article67231231.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 August 2023 |language=en-IN |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=6 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826141024/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nikhil-kumaraswamys-next-to-be-bankrolled-by-lyca-productions/article67231231.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Ref.
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Rangabali (film)|Rangabali]]''
| Dr. Sahaja Reddy
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Rangabali teaser: Naga Shaurya plays a funny, aggressive youngster in this action-romance |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rangabali-teaser-naga-shaurya-plays-a-funny-aggressive-youngster-in-this-action-romance/eddbfb4957438 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608112428/https://www.ottplay.com/news/rangabali-teaser-naga-shaurya-plays-a-funny-aggressive-youngster-in-this-action-romance/eddbfb4957438 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Marco (2024 film)|Marco]]''
| Maria Anna Paul
| [[Malayalam]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Unni Mukundan’s Marco locks a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/unni-mukundans-marco-locks-a-release-date/article68863205.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=13 November 2024 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-date=14 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114033711/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/unni-mukundans-marco-locks-a-release-date/article68863205.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[K-Ramp]]''
|Mercy Joy
|Telugu
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Kiran Abbavaram announces K-Ramp: Cast, director, genre, and release date - all you need to know |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kiran-abbavaram-announces-k-ramp-cast-director-genre-and-release-date-details/c017f165a6470 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | TBA
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''Untitled [[Nikhil Kumaraswamy]] film''{{dagger|apt=Films Which have not yet been released}}
|rowspan="2" | {{TableTBA}}
| [[Kannada]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Confirmed: Lyca Productions to make Kannada debut with Nikhil Kumaraswamy, deets inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/confirmed-lyca-productions-to-make-kannada-debut-with-nikhil-kumaraswamy-deets-inside/1c7a421044599 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''King Jackie Queen''{{dagger|apt=Films Which have not yet been released}}
|Telugu
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Dheekshith Shetty's next titled King Jackie Queen |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Feb/20/dheekshith-shettys-next-titled-king-jackie-queen-52227.html |website=Cinema Express |language=en |date=20 February 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''[[MTV Supermodel of the Year]]''
|rowspan="2" | Contestant
|rowspan="2" | 4th place
| <ref name=":1" />
|-
| 2020
| ''[[MTV Ace of Space|MTV Ace The Quarantine]]''
| <ref name=":ATQ" />
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Suma Adda]]''
|rowspan="2" | Herself
| Episode 26
| <ref>{{cite web |title='రంగబలి' దర్శకుడి జోకులకు భయపడిన సుమ |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/suma-kanakala-asked-to-edit-her-reactions-for-pawan-basamsetti-jokes-in-suma-adda-deets-inside-103317 |website=ABP Desam |language=te |date=9 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 9|Bigg Boss Telugu 9]]''
| Dasara Special
| <ref>{{cite web |last=V |first=Latha |title=బిగ్‌బాస్9 దసరా ఎపిసోడ్... కిరణ్ అబ్బవరానికి స్వీట్ పనిష్మెంట్... లేడీ డైరెక్టర్‌కు నాగ్ ఆఫర్ |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-telugu-9-dussehra-2025-special-episode-written-update-siddu-jonnalagadda-telusu-kada-kiran-abbavaram-k-ramp-movie-celebs-attend-221811 |website=ABP Desam |language=te |date=29 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan='2' | 2025
| ''[[Hai Junoon!|Hai Junoon! Dream. Dare. Dominate.]]''
| Swati
|rowspan='2' | [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Sunanda |title=Hai Junoon On OTT: When And Where To Watch Jacqueline Fernandez & Neil Nitin Mukesh's Musical Drama Series |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/hai-junoon-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-jacqueline-fernandez-neil-nitin-mukeshs-musical-drama-series |website=Free Press Journal |date=2 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Delhi Crime| Delhi Crime]] (Season 3)''
| Simran
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Crime 3 review: Shefali-Huma's show is gripping, gutting but lacks thrill |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/delhi-crime-3-review-human-trafficking-social-apathy-shefali-shah-huma-qureshi-2818708-2025-11-13 |website=India Today |date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Music videos ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
!Co-actor
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| 2020
| ''Ik Supna''
| colspan="2" | Prabh Gill
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ik Supna by Prabh Gill on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/ik-supna/1574165170?i=1574165176 |date=16 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan='2' | 2021
| ''Sasarvadi''
| colspan="2" | Rajneesh Patel
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Watch The Latest Marathi Music Video For Sasarvadi By Rajneesh Patel And Sonali Sonawane |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/watch-the-latest-marathi-music-video-for-sasarvadi-by-rajneesh-patel-and-sonali-sonawane/videoshow/105291500.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=3 January 2025 |archive-date=3 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103100537/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/watch-the-latest-marathi-music-video-for-sasarvadi-by-rajneesh-patel-and-sonali-sonawane/videoshow/105291500.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Lut Gaye''
| [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|[[Emraan Hashmi]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Watch: T-series' Lut Gaye features Emraan Hashmi and Yukti Thareja in a star-crossed love story |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/watch-t-series-lut-gaye-features-emraan-hashmi-and-yukti-thareja-in-a-star-crossed-love-story-9315601.html |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |date=17 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''Galti''
| [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|[[Aayush Sharma]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=આયુષ શર્માનું નવુ સોંગ Galti ના લિરિક્સ ગુજરાતીમાં વાંચો, જુઓ વીડિયો |url=https://tv9gujarati.com/entertainment/read-aayush-sharma-galti-song-lyrics-in-gujarati-979170.html |website=TV9 Gujarati |language=gu |date=29 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]
|rowspan="2" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Debut Actress]]
| [[Rangabali (film)|''Rangabali'']]
|rowspan="2" {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Gayatri Bhardwaj gets nominated for Best Debutant Actress at SIIMA 2024 |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/gayatri-bhardwaj-gets-nominated-for-best-debutant-actress-at-siima-2024/articleshow/112199952.cms |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Malayalam|Best Debut Actress]]
| [[Marco (2024 film)|''Marco'']]
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm12321538}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama|yukti-thareja}}

{{authority control}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|d = yes
|portal1 = India
|portal2 = Biography
|portal3 = Television
|portal4 = Films
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thareja, Yukti}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Karnal]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Haryana]]
[[Category:Actresses from Haryana]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]

Titta Pretto

2026-03-15T05:26:59Z

JennyRoyster668: created first entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian comedian and singer (born 1933)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Titta Pretto
| image = Titta Pretto.jpg
| caption = Preto in 2023
| birth_name = Tito Matias Estefânio Preto
| birth_place = [[Aldona]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1933|1|4|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Comedian|singer|composer|playwright}}
| years_active = {{circa|1949}}–present
| notable_works = {{ubl|
* ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Nirmon]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Love in Goa]]'' (1983)}}
}}

'''Tito Matias Estefânio Preto''' (born 4 January 1933), known professionally as '''Titta Pretto''', is an Indian comedian, singer, composer, and playwright known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
During his formative years, Preto developed a deep appreciation for ''[[tiatrs]]'', a traditional form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]]. Among the ''[[tiatrist]]s'', he admired the Konkani ''tiatrist'' [[Minguel Rod]] for his singing prowess and skill in composing ''tiatrs''. Inspired by his idol, Preto often imitated Minguel Rod's style, nurturing his ambition to become a ''tiatrist'' of similar stature. Gradually, Preto began crafting his own compositions, predominantly in the realm of comedic ''tiatrs''.<ref name=":1" />

At the age of 16, Preto relocated to [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) and established permanent residence there. His father served in the [[Goa Police]] and later assumed the role of a ''Rejidor'' (now referred to as ''[[Sarpanch]]'') in Goa. Preto also fostered a close association with [[J. P. Souzalin]], a prominent ''tiatrist''. In Bombay, Preto undertook various employments, including positions at establishments like the [[Royal Bombay Yacht Club]] and [[The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company|Ritz Hotel]]. Accumulating savings from his endeavors, he resolved to pursue his lifelong passion for ''tiatrs'' and aspire to become a distinguished ''tiatrist'' in his own right.<ref name=":2" />

==Career==
Preto embarked in the realm of [[Tiatr|Konkani theatre]] with his debut performance in 1949. His inaugural appearance took place in the ''[[tiatr]]'' production ''Chikott Pakott'' by A. M. Bengalu, where he portrayed the role of a comedian. This marked the beginning of a career that spanned over seven decades. Throughout his extensive tenure, Preto's commitment and artistic pursuits propelled him forward. His stage presence extended beyond conventional boundaries, as he embraced diverse roles, including those of [[Cross-gender acting|female characters]]. Additionally, he demonstrated his musical prowess by composing and performing [[Goan music|Konkani songs]], earning acclaim for his solo works such as "Mogan Poddon," "Santak Korta Rozar," "Don't Worry Be Happy," and "Goa Amcho Ganv." His duets, including "Ragdda Pettis" and "Passport," further underscored his versatility as an artist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dantas |first=Isidore Alexander |author-link=Isidore Dantas |date=6 January 2024 |title=TITTA PRETTO- Tiatrantlo Famad Fokanner |url=https://www.nizgoenkar.com/newsDetails.php?id=562 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Niz Goenkar |archive-date=2024-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126183040/https://www.nizgoenkar.com/newsDetails.php?id=562 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Preto's contributions to the Konkani theater scene extended beyond his individual performances. He played a pivotal role in staging ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatrs]]'', a traditional form of folk theater, in [[Bombay]]. Together with his troupe, he traversed various regions, showcasing their ''tiatrs'' in cities such as [[Belgaum]], [[Sawantwadi]], [[Calcutta]], [[Poona]], Bombay, [[Nashik]], and [[Ahmedabad]]. Preto's artistic endeavors were not confined solely to the stage. He ventured into the realm of cinema, leaving a mark with his appearances in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] like ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'', ''[[Nirmonn]]'', ''Boglantt'', ''Kortubancho Sonvsar'', and ''Girestkai''. Furthermore, he made a foray into the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] industry, featuring in the film ''[[Love in Goa]]'' in 1983. Additionally, Preto showcased his entrepreneurial spirit by producing three audio cassettes: ''Retired Tarvotti'', ''Don't Worry Be Happy'', and ''Goa Amcho Ganv''. Moreover, he released a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] [[video CD]] titled ''Toxench Guneanvkari Konn?'', which garnered attention in the market. Preto's contributions to the Konkani stage were duly recognized. Konkani playwright [[John Claro]] bestowed upon him the honorary title of the "[[Vasco da Gama]] of the Konkani stage." This accolade acknowledged Preto's extensive national presence and his ability to stage ''tiatrs'' in diverse locations throughout the country.<ref name=":0" />

[[Wilson Mazarello]], a historian and singer in the Konkani community, has provided insights into the early career of Preto. According to Mazarello's scholarly work, Preto initially made his mark on the Konkani stage during a ''tiatr'' performance by Frank de Santacruz. It was during this ''tiatr'' that Preto was given the opportunity to showcase his singing talent, as his physical resemblance to the Konkani comedian, Anthony Mendes, led to him being dressed as Mendes. The striking resemblance between the two made it challenging to differentiate between them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=169–170 |language=en |access-date=2024-01-26 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Preto, during his leisure time, engaged in writing ''tiatrs'', but he hesitated to share them with others. However, he eventually mustered the courage to stage his own ''tiatr'', ''Disgrass'', at Cama Hall, Bombay. To ensure the success of his production, Preto enlisted the participation of accomplished actors from [[Goa]], including [[Minguel Rod]], Kid-Young-Rod ([[Kid Boxer]], Young Menezes and Minguel Rod), Diago Cardozo, and Andrew Fernandes. Minguel Rod was entrusted with the responsibility of directing the ''tiatr''. ''Disgrass'' was performed at multiple venues, including Cama Hall, [[Warden Road]], [[Kalyan Junction railway station|Kalyan Railway]] Hall, and [[Juhu|Juhu Koliwada]]. The positive response to these shows encouraged Preto to pursue acting opportunities in ''tiatrs'' directed by others.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |date=10 March 2018 |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=51–52}}</ref>

In 1952, Preto achieved a significant milestone in his career when he acted in his own written and Minguel Rod-directed ''tiatr'', ''Disgrass'', which was staged thirteen times.<ref name=":0" /> This production catapulted Preto into the ranks of professional ''[[tiatrist]]s''. Subsequently, he became a sought-after actor for Konkani directors such as [[J. P. Souzalin]], [[Jacinto Vaz]], [[Saib Rocha]], [[C. Alvares]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Remmie Colaço]], [[M. Boyer]], [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], Kid Boxer, Minguel Rod, Rico Rod, [[Ophelia (actress)|Ophelia]], and Bab Peter. Preto's contributions extended beyond acting, as he showcased his vocal abilities by performing solo as well as duet songs in numerous ''tiatrs''.<ref name=":1" />

In January 1961, Preto made history by organizing the first-ever tiatr called Mogak Lagon (Because of Love) in [[Delhi]].<ref name=":0" /> He further expanded his organizing skills by staging another ''tiatr'', ''Bomboikarachi Bail'' (The Woman from Bombay), in [[Belgaum]]. This experience propelled Preto into becoming a contractor for other directors, independently as well as in collaboration with groups like the Syndicate. He played a pivotal role in contracting a substantial number of ''khell tiatrs'' and non-stop shows in Bombay, which were produced by writers and directors from Goa.<ref name=":2" /> Preto's comedic prowess endeared him to audiences, leading to a multitude of comedy roles being offered to him by directors. However, he also demonstrated his versatility by portraying [[character role]]s in numerous ''tiatrs''. Preto's creative talents extended beyond acting and singing, as he also wrote and directed his own ''tiatrs''. Some examples of his work include ''Soitanachi Tainni'' (The Temptation of Truth), ''Mogak Lagon'', ''Xevott Kirmidoracho'' (The End of Criminals), ''Disgrass'', and ''Atanchim Kazaram'' (The Marriages of Today).<ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
Preto was a nearby resident of [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]]<ref name=":0" /> and, as documented in the book ''100 Years of Konkani Tiatro'' published in 2000, he and his family made their home in [[Mahim, Mumbai]].<ref name=":1" />

===Abu Dhabi incident===
During his career, Preto encountered several incidents while participating in tiatr performances. One such incident took place in [[Abu Dhabi]] during [[C. Alvares]]' ''tiatr'' production titled ''Honrad Goenkar''. As the show was about to commence, Preto received an urgent call and rushed towards the source, inadvertently entering a concealed hole on the darkened stage. Falling a considerable distance, he found himself trapped below the stage, unable to be heard by the audience above. Despite Preto's pleas for help, the spectators grew impatient and urged the performers to proceed with the show. Unbeknownst to them, another individual, drawn by the sound of Preto's clapping, also fell into the same hole while attempting to locate him. A third person who joined the search suffered a similar fate. Eventually, all three were rescued from the depths of the hole, but not without sustaining physical injuries and damaging their wristwatches during the fall. The incident prompted the organizers to cancel the ''tiatr'' performance and conduct a thorough inspection. As a gesture of goodwill, new watches were presented to all the ''tiatr'' artists involved.<ref name=":0" />

===Petromax lamp incident===
In another incident, [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]] staged his ''tiatr'' production called ''Dotor Advogad'' (Doctor Advocate) in the village of [[Raia, Goa]], near the Church. This particular performance stood out as it marked the transition from a traditional wooden stage to a modern metal stage. Given the absence of electricity during those early years, the ''tiatr'' relied on [[petromax lamp]]s for stage lighting. However, an incident occurred during the show when one of the petromax lamps exploded. Swift reflexes allowed Preto to avoid the flames by quickly evading them. However, his fellow troupe member, Rico Rod, was not as fortunate and suffered burns, prompting him to vigorously attempt to extinguish the fire on his person. [[Aristides Dias]], a Konkani playwright, displayed bravery and resourcefulness by swiftly intervening and smothering the flames with his own shirt, effectively preventing further harm.<ref name=":0" />

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|
|Untitled ''tiatr''
|Singer
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1949
|''Chikott Pakott''
|Comedian
|Professional debut
|rowspan="4"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1950
|''Atanchim Kazaram''
|Director
|Debut as director
|-
|1952
|''Disgrass''
|Actor/writer
|Debut as writer
|-
|1961
|''Mogak Lagon''
|Director
|
|-
|
|''Bomboikarachi Bail''
|Director
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|1950s
|''Soitanachi Tainnim''
|Director
|
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''Kirmidoracho Xevott''
|Director
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Imdb name|id=4486839}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pretto, Titta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Comedians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]

Mohana Rao Patibandla

2026-03-15T02:28:30Z

JennyRoyster668: Started A Bio

{{Short description|Indian neurosurgeon}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohana Rao Patibandla
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = [[Neurosurgeon]], [[Entrepreneur]]
| known_for = Founder of Dr. Rao’s Hospital<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr Mohana Rao Patibandla: A journey of vision and resilience that led to foundation of ₹100 crore hospital |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-dr-mohana-rao-patibandla-a-journey-of-vision-and-resilience-that-led-to-foundation-of-rs-100-crore-hospital-3369820/ |work=The Financial Express |date=March 2024 |access-date=31 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| website = https://www.drraoshospitals.com/
}}

'''Mohana Rao Patibandla''' is an Indian [[neurosurgeon]], academic and founder of Rao Hospitals.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr Mohana Rao Patibandla success story: From small town in Andhra Pradesh to CMD of Dr Rao's Hospital |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-dr-mohana-rao-patibandla-success-story-from-small-town-in-andhra-pradesh-to-cmd-of-dr-rao-s-hospital-3058204 |work=DNA India |date=29 August 2023 |access-date=31 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr Mohana Rao Patibandla: A journey of transformative healthcare |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/dr-mohana-rao-patibandla-a-journey-of-transformative-healthcare/articleshow/107253067.cms |work=The Times of India |date=May 2024 |access-date=29 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He is known for performing India's first minimally [[Minimally invasive surgery|invasive brain surgery]] using the BrainPath system.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Guntur doctors perform minimally invasive surgery using BrainPath technology |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/guntur-doctors-perform-minimally-invasive-surgery-using-brainpath-technology/article67991176.ece |work=The Hindu |date=15 July 2024 |access-date=29 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr. Mohana Rao Patibandla leads Dr Rao's Hospital in pioneering minimally invasive brain surgery with BrainPath system, a first in Guntur and India |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hospitals/dr-mohana-rao-patibandla-leads-dr-raos-hospital-in-pioneering-minimally-invasive-brain-surgery-with-brainpath-system-a-first-in-guntur-and-india/108948375 |work=ET HealthWorld |publisher=The Economic Times |date=6 April 2024 |access-date=29 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr Rao's Hospital innovates neurosurgery with minimally invasive techniques: Discover how |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/dr-raos-hospital-innovates-neurosurgery-with-minimally-invasive-techniques-discover-how-2513801-2024-03-12 |work=India Today |date=12 March 2024 |access-date=31 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Patibandla has introduced the BrainPath technology system for performing [[Minimally invasive surgery|invasive brain surgery]] making Dr. Rao's Hospital the first in India to adopt this system.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr. Mohana Rao Patibandla leads Dr. Rao's Hospital in pioneering minimally invasive brain surgery |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hospitals/dr-mohana-rao-patibandla-leads-dr-raos-hospital-in-pioneering-minimally-invasive-brain-surgery-with-brainpath-system-a-first-in-guntur-and-india/108948375 |work=ET HealthWorld |publisher=The Economic Times |date=6 April 2024 |access-date=1 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr Mohana Rao Patibandla leads Dr Rao's Hospital in pioneering minimally invasive brain surgery with BrainPath system, a first in Guntur and India |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/dr-mohana-rao-patibandla-leads-dr-raos-hospital-in-pioneering-minimally-invasive-brain-surgery-with-brainpath-system-a-first-in-guntur-and-india/2023334/?amp |website=ThePrint |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mohana Rao Patibandla – Google Scholar Citations |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=hLNfgc4AAAAJ&hl=en |website=Google Scholar |access-date=31 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India's first-of-its-kind rare brain surgery performed by Guntur doctor Mohan Rao Patibandla |url=https://tv9telugu.com/andhra-pradesh/indias-first-of-its-kind-rare-brain-surgery-performed-by-guntur-doctor-mohan-rao-patibandla-1211358.html |work=TV9 Telugu |date=2024 |access-date=1 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* The brain lab [[neurosurgery]] award by [[Congress of Neurological Surgeons|CNS]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brainlab Neurosurgery Award Recipients |url=https://tumorsection.org/awards/brainlab-neurosurgery-award-recipients/ |website=Tumor Section |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>
* ''India’s Best Minimally Invasive Neurosurgeon'' at the Sardar Patel Unity Summit Awards 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr Mohana Rao Patibandla honored as India's Best Minimally Invasive Neurosurgeon at Sardar Patel Unity Summit Awards 2025 |url=https://ciso.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/dr-mohana-rao-patibandla-honored-as-indias-best-minimally-invasive-neurosurgeon-at-sardar-patel-unity-summit-awards-2025/120663916 |work=ET CISO |publisher=The Economic Times |date=26 January 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* Atal Achievement Awards 2023 for contributions to healthcare.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr. Mohana Rao Patibandla and Dr. Rao's Hospital honoured at Atal Achievement Awards 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/dr-mohana-rao-patibandla-and-dr-raos-hospital-honoured-at-atal-achievement-awards-2023/articleshow/106382556.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 January 2024 |access-date=1 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[The Economic Times]] Honours For Neurosurgical Excellence 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Mohana Rao Patibandla Receives Dual ET Honours For Neurosurgical Excellence In 2025 |url=https://news24online.com/information/dr-mohana-rao-patibandla-receives-dual-et-honours-for-neurosurgical-excellence-in-2025/614056/ |website=News24 |author=Priyanka Negi |date=13 August 2025 |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=hLNfgc4AAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patibandla, Mohana Rao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian neurosurgeons]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century surgeons]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Balirajpur

2026-03-13T23:01:46Z

JennyRoyster668: adding new bio

{{Short description|Village in Madhubani district}}
{{For|Archaeological site|Baliraajgadh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Balirajpur
| official_name = Balirajpur
| native_name = बलीराजपुर
| native_name_lang = mai
| settlement_type = Village
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|27|39|N|86|18|55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Bihar
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila region]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = Madhubani district
| subdivision_type4 = Block
| subdivision_name4 = Babu Barhi
| subdivision_type5 = Gram panchayat
| subdivision_name5 = Bhupatti
| named_for = King Bali
| population_demonym = [[Maithil]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
*Mother language
| demographics2_info1 = *Hindi
*[[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| footnotes = The village believed to be the Kingdom of Asura king Bali.
}}
'''Balirajpur''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: बलीराजपुर) is a village believed to be the kingdom of mythological [[Asura]] [[Mahabali|king Bali]]. It is located in the [[Babubarhi Assembly constituency|Babubarhi]] block of the [[Madhubani district]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is the part of Bhupatti Panchayat in the Babubarhi block.<ref>{{Cite news |title=प्रदर्शन:बलीराजपुर में 10 लाख रुपए के जेवरात व नकद की चाेरी, विराेध में सड़क जाम कर किया प्रदर्शन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/madhubani/news/jewelery-and-cash-worth-rs-10-lakh-in-balirajpur-protested-by-blocking-the-road-in-protest-130368154.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> According to the local residents of the village, Balirajpur was the capital city of the kingdom of Asura king Bali in ancient times. The Asura king Bali is mentioned in the text [[Vishnu Purana]]. In the village of Balirajpur, there is an ancient archeological site known as ''Raja Bali Ka Garh'' or [[Baliraajgadh|Balirajgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-04 |title=Madhubani News: आज भी अपने किले की रक्षा करते हैं बलि महाराज, घुसपैठ पर मिलती है मौत |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/madhubani-bali-maharaj-protects-his-fort-even-today-5743601.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=मंत्री को वस्तुस्थिति से कराया अवगत |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-local-leaders-report-misconduct-at-balirajpur-residential-school-to-state-sc-st-minister-201728925574410.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Places of Interest |url=https://madhubani.nic.in/places-of-interest/ |website=Madhubani district}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word ''Balirajpur'' is the combination of three Indic words ''Bali'', ''Raj'' and ''Pur''. Bali was the grandson of the popular [[Vishnu]] devotee [[Prahlada]] and he was the king of Asura. The term Raj means kingdom. Similarly the term Pur is used to denote city or town. Thus the literal meaning of Balirajpur is the city of the kingdom of the King Bali.

== Temples ==
There are several temples in the village. One of the major temple is ''Ram Janaki Mandir'' near a pond in the village.<ref>{{Cite news |title=हादसा:तालाब में डूबने के कारण 5 वर्षीय बालक की मौत |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/madhubani/news/5-year-old-boy-dies-due-to-drowning-in-pond-129006731.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]

{{Madhubani-geo-stub}}

Radha Govind University

2026-03-08T16:39:26Z

JennyRoyster668:

{{Short description|University in Jharkhand, India}}{{No significant coverage|date=March 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| image = Radha Govind University logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| caption = University Logo
| other_name = RGU
| mottoeng = wealth of knowledge Is the most precious wealth
| name = Radha Govind University
| established = {{start date and age|2018}}
| type = [[Private university (India)|Private]]
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| endowment =
| chairman = Baijnath Sah
| chancellor = Baijnath Sah
| vice_chancellor = M. Raziuddin
| president =
| city = Lalki Ghati, [[Ramgarh district]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| coordinates = {{coord|23.579425|N|85.540534|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| pushpin_map =
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| publictransit =
| academic_staff = 50+
| administrative_staff = 120
| students = 3,000+
| undergrad = 2,600+
| postgrad = 1,000+
| staff =
| website = {{url|http://rguniversity.org/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Radha Govind University''' is a [[Private university (India)|private university]] located in Lalki Ghati, [[Ramgarh district]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=11&Unitype=3 | title=Private University Jharkhand | publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] | accessdate= 17 February 2019}}</ref>

==Academics==
Radha Govind University offers all types of undergraduate as well as post graduate courses in many streams like Engineering, Diploma, Management, Science, Arts and Commerce

The campus is spread over 33 acres of land. Its facilities include transportation, play ground, library, and internet facility.

==History==
{{Fanpov|date=September 2022}}
Radha Govind Shiksha Swasthava Trust was established on 19 August 2013 at Ramgarh Cantt by Sri Baijnath Sah in the memory of his father late Sri Govind Sah and mother late Smt. Radha Devi.{{promotion inline|date=September 2022}}

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of private universities in India]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://rguniversity.org/}}
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}
{{Universities in Jharkhand}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Ramgarh district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Jharkhand]]

{{Jharkhand-university-stub}}

Anantana Avantara

2026-03-08T07:12:12Z

JennyRoyster668:

{{short description|1989 film by Kashinath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anantana Avantara
| image = Anantana Avantara.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]]
| producer = Kashinath
| screenplay = Kashinath
| story = Gayathri Cine Creations
| starring = [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] [[Anjali Sudhakar|Anjali]] Aravind Dinesh
| narrator =
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = G. V. Umapathy
| editing = A. Subrahmanyam
| studio = Sri Gayathri Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1989|01|05|df=yes}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = ₹15 lakh<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19890430-kannada-films-takes-a-candid-look-at-sex-816009-1989-04-29|title=Kannada films takes a candid look at sex|date=30 April 1989|work=[[India Today]]|first=Chidanand|last=Rajghatta}}</ref>
| gross = ₹1 crore<ref name="I"/>
}}

'''''Anantana Avantara''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಅನಂತನ ಅವಾಂತರ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{Translation|Anantha's urgencies}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[adult comedy film]] directed by and starring [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]]. It was the debut movie of the actress [[Anjali Sudhakar|Anjali]] in a full-fledged lead role. The movie is a light–hearted comedy about the ordeals of a newly married man. It set a trend in the comic films in Kannada and established Kashinath as a comic story teller. However, at the time of release, the movie met with several controversies primarily for the [[taboo]] subject on which the story was built. Some even considered the movie to have made a negative impact on the youngsters of that time. The movie also introduced [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as the lyrics writer and assistant director who also appeared as ''Kamadeva'' in one of the songs. The movie was dubbed in Telugu in the same year as ''Vintha Sobhanam'' and in Hindi as ''Namkeen Honeymoon'' in 1991.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=7GYMJpKXu4o | title=- YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-india-today-archives-1991-plunging-necklines-rising-temperatures-hindi-cinemas-sexy-turn-2357660-2023-04-09|title=From the India Today archives (1991): Plunging necklines, rising temperatures: Hindi cinema's 'sexy' turn|first=Madhu|last=Jain|date=9 April 2023|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The movie was remade in Telugu in 2006 as ''Please Sorry Thanks''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gt7yNwhnciM | title=- YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

==Plot==
Ananth has a small business and runs a small office. He is an [[introvert]] and is awkward around women. His secretary, Deepa, is a young lady who wants to marry him but has never expressed her feelings verbally. Ananth acts as if he is not interested in her but is attracted to her as well.

He meets Menaka (Anjali) in a road accident where he nurses her and drops her home. They are neighbors and after a few awkward meetings, they fall in love. They get married soon after as both of their parents are happy about their relationship.

Deepa, though, is jealous of her Boss' married life and plans to ruin it. She used to procure tablets for his sexual wellness before and plans to mess with the tablets. She instead gets the tablet which does away with sexual desire in men and hands it over to Ananth as he leaves for his [[honeymoon]]. The honeymoon is botched as the tablets take effect. They also meet another couple on honeymoon where the husband is over enthusiastic about sex which makes the wife take regressive measures. A few days of confusion and chaos follows and Anjali's mother is now convinced that they should get a [[divorce]].

As a last attempt, Ananth is sent to a lady [[psychiatrist]] who examines and gives him confidence that he is all right. The second couple's wife tries to escape from her husband and sleeps in Ananth's room. Ananth rushes into his room and to the sleeping lady thinking it is his wife. Anjali arrives to her room to see her husband with another woman and she decides to divorce now, supported by her mother and granny. After his failed attempts to explain the situation Ananth lifts and carries Anjali into her room to show her he is a man and woos her with his romance. She accepts him finally.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] as Ananthu
* [[Anjali Sudhakar]] as Menake
* Prathibha as Personal Assistant of Ananthu
* [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]] as Rambe - Menake's grandmother who gives Ajji Lehya
* [[Dinesh]] as neighbouring room guy in the hotel with high testosterone
* Kavitha as Dinesh's wife
* ''Shankhanaada'' Aravind as Menake's Father
* Ramachandra
* Saroja Srishailan as Ananthu's Mother
* Pundalika Shet as doctor who gives special tablets
* Om Ganesh as a bell boy at the hotel
* [[Sihi Kahi Geetha]] as Psychiatrist
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Lord Kamdev in song "Come on Kamanna"
}}

==Soundtrack==
Music scored and lyrics written by [[Hamsalekha]], [[V. Manohar]] and [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]].

* "Chaligalavu Banthu" - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Lata Hamsalekha
* "Come on Come on Kamanna" - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
* "Navaratriyolage" - [[Latha Hamsalekha]], Shivaraj
* "Neeniruve Saniha" - Latha Hamsalekha

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Kashinath}}
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1980s sex comedy films]]
[[Category:1989 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Indian sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kashinath]]

Bulgaria–India relations

2026-03-07T15:47:52Z

JennyRoyster668:

{{Infobox bilateral relations|Bulgarian-Indian|Bulgaria|India|mission1=Embassy of India, Sofia|mission2=Embassy of Bulgaria, New Delhi|envoytitle1=Ambassador|envoytitle2=Ambassador|envoy1=Arun Kumar Sahu|envoy2=Nikolay Yankov}}
[[File:A Still of Agreed Minutes at the conclusion of 15th session of the Indo - Bulgarian Joint Commission on Economic, Scientific, Technological Cooperation (IRIGC) in New Delhi on November 19, 2004.jpg|thumb|A Still of Agreed Minutes at the conclusion of 15th session of the Indo - Bulgarian Joint Commission on Economic, Scientific, Technological Cooperation (IRIGC) in New Delhi on November 19, 2004]]
'''Bulgaria–India relations''', also known as the '''Indo–Bulgarian relations''', are the international relations that exist between the [[Republic of Bulgaria]] and the [[Republic of India]].

Bulgaria has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] and honorary consulates in [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Bulgarian honorary consuls in the countries of accreditation|url=http://www.mfa.bg/embassies/india/en/3231/index.html|website=www.mfa.bg|access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> The embassy is jointly accredited to [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]], the [[Maldives]], and [[Bhutan]], and also observes the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC).<ref>{{cite web|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs - About us|url=http://www.mfa.bg/embassies/india/en/756/index.html|website=www.mfa.bg|access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> India has an embassy in [[Sofia]] that is also jointly accredited to [[North Macedonia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indembsofia.org/ |title=Indian embassy in Sofia |access-date=2009-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719032901/http://www.indembsofia.org/ |archive-date=2009-07-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1954, preliminary negotiations were held between Bulgaria and India in [[Moscow]], and diplomatic relations were established in December 1954.<ref name="Indian Embassy">{{cite web|title=Bilateral - Embassy of India, Sofia (Bulgaria)|url=https://www.indembsofia.org/en/bilateral-relations/bulgaria/india-bulgaria-bilateral-relations/|website=www.indembsofia.org|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019152719/https://www.indembsofia.org/en/bilateral-relations/bulgaria/india-bulgaria-bilateral-relations/|archive-date=19 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Indian Foreign Ministry">{{cite web |title=India – Bulgaria Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Bulgaria_December_2014.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401103040/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Bulgaria_December_2014.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2015 |access-date=19 October 2016 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref>

Bulgaria opened a diplomatic mission (Legation) in New Delhi in April 1955. The mission was re-organised into an embassy in March 1961. India's diplomatic representatives to Bulgaria resided in [[Belgrade]] and [[Bucharest]] from July 1955 to April 1970. India opened its embassy in Sofia in May 1970.<ref name="Baev"/>

[[Indira Gandhi]] was the first [[Indian Prime Minister]] to visit Bulgaria in October 1967; [[Todor Zhivkov]] was the first [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria|Bulgarian Prime Minister]] to visit India in January 1969.<ref name="Baev"/> Gandhi visited Bulgaria again in 1981. Presidents [[V. V. Giri]] visited Bulgaria in 1976, [[Sanjiva Reddy]] in 1980, [[S. D. Sharma]] in 1994, and [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] in 2003. Zhivkov visited India again in 1976 and 1983. [[Bulgarian President]] [[Peter Stoyanov]] visited in 1998, Prime Minister [[Stanko Todorov]] visited India in 1974 and 1980, and Prime Minister [[Sergei Stanishev]] visited in 2007.<ref name="Indian Embassy"/><ref name="Indian Foreign Ministry"/>

The first bilateral protocol for trade exchange was signed between the two countries in New Delhi on 16 September 1956, and the first agreement for economic, scientific and technical cooperation was signed in Sofia on 2 May 1967. A Joint Commission for Economic, Scientific & Technical Cooperation (with sub-branches for machine-building, electronics, agriculture, chemistry, defense industry, food industry, etc.) was established in November 1973. In 1975, the first cultural agreement between Bulgaria and India was signed.<ref name="Baev">{{cite web |last1=Baev |first1=Jordan |date=19 September 2016 |title=Accompanying Note on Indian-Bulgarian Relations |url=http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/collections/coll_india/IndianBulgarian-Introduction55fb.html?navinfo=113290 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019153816/http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/collections/coll_india/IndianBulgarian-Introduction55fb.html?navinfo=113290 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |access-date=19 October 2016 |website=www.php.isn.ethz.ch}}</ref>

In 2020, Bulgarian PM [[Boyko Borissov]] recorded a video message to Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] on the occasion of [[International Yoga Day]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Бербатов се подготвя за Индия с посещение в посолството (СНИМКИ)|trans-title=Borissov congratulates Indian Prime Minister on Yoga Day (VIDEO) |url=https://btvnovinite.bg/sport/berbatov-se-podgotvja-za-indija-s-poseshtenie-v-posolstvoto-snimki.html|access-date=2021-10-21|website=bTV Новините}}</ref>

Bilateral trade between Bulgaria and India totaled $338.09 million between 2018 and 2019.<ref name="IB">{{Cite web|title=Embassy of India, Sofia, Bulgaria : India - Bulgaria Bilateral Relations|url=https://www.indembsofia.gov.in/page/india-bulgaria-bilateral-relation/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=www.indembsofia.gov.in}}</ref>

In March 2024, the [[Indian Navy]] rescued the Bulgarian-owned [[bulk carrier]] MV Ruen and its crew including 7 Bulgarian nationals, who had been captured by [[Piracy off the coast of Somalia|Somali pirates]] 3 months earlier.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=17 March 2024|title=Indian navy recaptures Somali pirate ship and frees crew|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/17/india-recaptures-somali-pirate-ship-and-frees-crew|newspaper=Guardian|access-date= 19 March 2024}}</ref> Bulgaria's deputy prime minister [[Mariya Gabriel]] thanked India for the action.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=17 March 2024|title=Thats what friends are for: Jaishankar after Bulgaria thanks India for rescuing its nationals from hijacked ship MV Ruen|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/thats-what-friends-are-for-jaishankar-after-bulgaria-thanks-india-for-rescuing-its-nationals-from-hijacked-ship-mv-ruen/articleshow/108567139.cms|newspaper=Times of India|access-date= 19 March 2024}}</ref>

==Bilateral Commercial and Economic Relations==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!India's Exports to Bulgaria (in US$ millions)
!India's Imports from Bulgaria (in US$ millions)
!Total Bilateral Trade (in US$ million)
|-
|2013-2014
|168.10
|93.65
|261.75
|-
|2014-2015
|266.45
|103.66
|370.11
|-
|2015-2016
|145.53
|93.72
|239.26
|-
|2016-2017
|239.53
|182.22
|421.75
|-
|2017-2018
|173.24
|141.94
|315.18
|-
|2018-2019
|212.43
|125.66
|338.09
|-
|2019-2020 (Up to November)
|110.04
|100.86
|210.90
|-
|}
<ref name="IB"/>

==Bilateral Treaties and Agreements==
India and Bulgaria together signed agreements on Tourism, Avoidance of Double Taxation, Combating Organized Crime, International Terrorism and Illicit Trafficking in Narcotics and Psychotropic substances, Protocol on Foreign Office Consultations, Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement, Air Services Agreement, Defence Cooperation, Science and Technology, Extradition, Cooperation in Youth Affairs and Sports, Information Technologies, Economic Cooperation, Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters, Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters, Treaty on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons, Protocol for Amending the Agreement for the Promotion and Protection of Investment, Protocol of Intent on Labour Relations, Employment and Social Security, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Development, abolition of visa requirement for holders of Diplomatic and Official Passports, Programme of Cooperation in the field of Science & Technology, Programme of Cooperation in the field of Health and Medicine and Programme for Cooperation in the Fields of Science, Education and Culture, Civil Nuclear Cooperation etc.<ref name="IB"/>

== Cultural relations ==
Until 2020, the two countries had signed 17 cultural exchange programmes and the last one was signed in [[New Delhi]] in March 2018 for the period 2018–20.<ref name="IB"/> The important milestone in developing literary relationship between India and Bulgaria was [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] winner [[Rabindranath Tagore]]’s visit to Bulgaria in 1926.<ref name="IB"/>
Indian classics like [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], [[Vedas]], [[Upanishads]], [[Bhagavat Gita]] and [[Panchatantra]] stories and modern authors like [[Prem Chand]], [[Mulk Raj Anand]], [[Amrita Pritam]] etc. are very popular among Bulgarians.<ref name="IB"/> Similarly, literary works of Bulgarian poets like [[Hristo Botev]], [[Hristo Smirnenski]], [[Nikola Vaptsarov]] are widely translated to Indian languages.<ref name="IB"/> Katya Tosheva, a Bulgarian practices [[Yoga]], an ancient Indian exercise and mastered the Indian classical dances of [[Bharatnatyam]], [[Kathak]] and Odissi.

As a part of the Centre for Eastern Languages and Cultures, [[Sofia University]] has an Indology Department. To promote the implementation of Indology in diverse ways and at different levels, East-West Indological Foundation was established in 1997.<ref name="IB"/> Indian embassy in Bulgaria actively organizes a number of high-profile cultural events.<ref name="IB"/>
== Resident diplomatic missions ==
* Bulgaria has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].
* India has an embassy in [[Sofia]].
==See also==
*[[Foreign relations of Bulgaria]]
*[[Foreign relations of India]]
*[[Embassy of India, Sofia]]
*[[India–European Union relations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of Bulgaria}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|Bulgaria|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bulgaria-India relations}}
[[Category:Bulgaria–India relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Bulgaria|India]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]

Nathan Jones (wrestler)

2026-03-06T23:34:56Z

JennyRoyster668: rework article as per guidelines

{{short description|Australian professional wrestler, actor, and powerlifter (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Australian English|date=April 2011}}
{{Infobox professional wrestler
|name = Nathan Jones
|image = Nathanjones.jpg
|caption = Jones at [[WrestleMania XIX]] in 2003
|names = Nathan Jones Nathaniel Stathom
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|08|21}}<ref name=OWOW/>
|birth_place = [[Gold Coast, Queensland]], Australia<ref name="Cage">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=361|title=Nathan Jones « Wrestlers Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|website=www.cagematch.net|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref>
|height = 6 ft 11 in<ref name="Cage"/>
|weight = 345 lb<ref name="Cage"/>
|billed =
|trainer = [[Ultimate Pro Wrestling]]<ref name=OWOW/> Mike Bell<ref name="Cage"/> [[Tom Howard (wrestler)|Tom Howard]]<ref name="Cage"/>
|debut = 1998
|retired = 2005
|spouse = {{marriage|Fawn Tran|2016}}
| children = 1
| module ={{Infobox Martial Artist|child=yes
| image =
| nationality =
| height = 6 ft 11 in
| weight = 345 lb
| weight_class =
| reach =
| martial_art = [[MMA]]
| style = [[Kickboxing]], [[Muay thai]]
| stance =
| fighting_out_of =
| team =
| trainer =
| years_active =
| mma_kowin =
| mma_subwin =
| mma_decwin =
| mma_koloss =
| mma_subloss =
| mma_decloss =
| mma_draw =
| mma_nc =
| sherdog =
| footnotes =
| module =
{{Infobox sportsperson|child=yes
| embed-header = Strongman career
| other_names =
| title =
| term =
| relations =
| website =
| footnotes =
| employer =
| height =
| weight = 207 kg
| medaltemplates =
{{CompetitionRecordSport| [[Strongman (strength athlete)|Strongman]]}}
{{CompetitionRecordCountry| {{AUS}} }}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|[[World's Strongest Man]] }}
{{CompetitionRecordQualifier| [[1995 World's Strongest Man]]| }}
{{CompetitionRecordQualifier| [[1996 World's Strongest Man]]| }}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|[[World Strongman Challenge]] }}
{{CompetitionRecord|1st| 1996| }}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|World Strength Championship }}
{{CompetitionRecord|1st| 1995| }}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|[[World Muscle Power Classic]] }}
{{CompetitionRecord|5th| 1995| }}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|[[Australia's Strongest Man]] }}
{{CompetitionRecord|1st| 1995| }}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|Callender Grand Prix }}
{{CompetitionRecord|1st| 1994| }}
}}
}}
}}

'''Nathan Jones''' (born 21 August 1970) is an Australian actor, [[strongman]], [[powerlifter]], and former [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]]. He is best known for his time in [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] (WWE) and [[World Wrestling All-Stars]] (WWA).

A delinquent in his youth who served a prison sentence for armed robbery, Jones began his athletic career as a powerlifter and strongman, representing Australia in the [[World's Strongest Man]] competitions of 1995 and 1996. He made his acting career debut that same year in ''[[First Strike (1996 film)|Police Story IV: First Strike]]'' (1996), opposite [[Jackie Chan]]. He began his wrestling career for Australian promotion WWA, followed by a stint in WWE, where he was billed in "The Colossus of [[Boggo Road Gaol|Boggo Road]]" in reference to his criminal convictions.

Jones retired from wrestling in the late 2000s, and has since focused on acting. He portrayed supporting villain [[Rictus Erectus]] in ''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]'' (2015) and its 2024 prequel ''[[Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga]].'' He also appeared in films such as [[Troy (2004 film)|''Troy'']] (2004), ''[[Tom-Yum-Goong]]'' (2005), [[Fearless (2006 film)|''Fearless'']] (2006), [[Conan the Barbarian (2011 film)|''Conan the Barbarian'']] (2011), ''[[Hobbs & Shaw]]'' (2019), and [[Mortal Kombat (2021 film)|''Mortal Kombat'']] (2021), usually playing [[antagonist]]s.

==Early life==
Jones was born in [[Gold Coast, Queensland]] in 1970.

=== Legal issues ===
Before his career as a wrestler, Jones was sentenced to 16 years in 1987 at the age of 17 to [[Boggo Road Gaol]] for eight armed robberies between 1985 and 1987, two of which occurred in [[Tasmania]]. During the robberies, he became one of Australia's most wanted and ended up serving seven years in a maximum-security prison. In 1994, Jones was given one-year work release before being discharged at the age of 24.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shns.com/shns/g_index2.cfm?action=detail&pk=PROWRESTLING21-09-21-06|author=Marvez, Alex|title=Alex Marvez's weekly look at professional wrestling|publisher=Shns.com|access-date=23 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018050206/http://www.shns.com/shns/g_index2.cfm?action=detail&pk=PROWRESTLING21-09-21-06|archive-date=18 October 2006}}</ref> While in prison, he was introduced to the sport of [[powerlifting]]. He is also alleged to have begun taking steroids during this time.<ref name=lists>{{cite book|title=The Wrestlecrap Book of Lists!|author=Reynolds, R.D.|page=22|publisher=ECW Press|year=2007}}</ref> Within a short space of time, he became the National Powerlifting Champion of Australia.

==Strongman career==

Upon his release, Jones also began competing in [[Strongman (strength athlete)|strongman]] contests and during this time, he was dubbed "Megaman". As the reigning Australia's Strongest Man, he entered the World Strength Championship at [[Callander]], [[Scotland]], on 29–30 July 1995. He took first place, topping a field that included 1993 [[World's Strongest Man]] [[Gary Taylor (strongman)|Gary Taylor]]. The following weekend, he competed in the [[World Muscle Power Classic]] held at Mintlaw, [[Aberdeenshire (historic)|Aberdeenshire]], Scotland. That contest was won by [[Magnús Ver Magnússon]], with Nathan finishing fifth in a field of twelve competitors.<ref>''Milo'', October 1995, pp. 37–42</ref>

Jones next took part in the 1995 [[World's Strongest Man]] contest. After quickly defeating [[Phil Martin (highland games)|Phil Martin]] twice in the [[arm wrestling]] event in the qualifying heat, Jones was then matched against [[Magnus Samuelsson]], who had been [[Europe]]'s arm wrestling champion for several years and who would become the World's Strongest Man in 1998. Samuelsson won the first round. In the second round Jones refused to go down and pulled with his opposite arm, twisting his body. This resulted in breaking the arm he was using to wrestle (a spiral fracture of the [[humerus]]),<ref>''Milo'' January 1996, pp. 41–46</ref> and he subsequently was out of the competition. Jones returned to Strongman competition in 1996, winning the [[World Strongman Challenge]], and placed third in a World's Strongest Man qualifying heat behind [[Magnús Ver Magnússon]] and [[Jorma Ojanaho]]. During the heat, Jones opted to retire from the penultimate event, confidently assuming he would win the last event to get the necessary points to get through to the final, however he placed fourth in the last event and angrily left the playing area, refusing to speak to any competitors or media.<ref>[http://strongestman.billhenderson.org/results/1996/96heat1.html World's Strongest Man competition page]. Strongestman.billhenderson.org. Retrieved on 23 October 2011.</ref>

==Mixed martial arts career==
He also participated in a [[mixed martial arts]] match at [[Pride Fighting Championships]]'s debut event [[Pride 1]] in October 1997, facing Japanese [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] and former [[sumo|grand sumo champion]] [[Koji Kitao]]. Jones was submitted after being caught in an armlock.

==Professional wrestling career==

===World Wrestling All-Stars (2001–2002)===
After working as a [[bodyguard]] for [[Millionaire|multimillionaire]] [[Rene Rivkin]], Jones began a career in wrestling during this time working for [[Ultimate Pro Wrestling]]. Jones first gained fame working in [[World Wrestling All-Stars]], making a large impression at the first WWA [[pay-per-view]] "[[WWA Inception|Inception]]", where he was accompanied to the ring by [[Rove McManus]]. However, he was defeated after Rove was smashed with [[Jeff Jarrett]]'s guitar and Jones was hit with the [[The Stroke (wrestling maneuver)|Stroke]].<ref name="CageMatches">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=361&view=matches|title=Nathan Jones « Wrestlers Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|website=www.cagematch.net|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref>

During his time in the WWA, Nathan won the [[WWA World Heavyweight Championship]] on 7 April 2002 before losing the belt to [[Scott Steiner]] only 5 days later.<ref name="CageMatches"/>

===Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max (2002)===
After the title loss, Jones began performing for [[Pro Wrestling Zero1|Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max]] in June.<ref name="CageMatches2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=361&view=matches&gimmick=&jahr=&liga=&region=&art=&artmatches=&suchbegriff=Suchbegriff&Start=51|title=Nathan Jones « Wrestlers Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|website=www.cagematch.net|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref> On 20 October, Jones and [[Jon Heidenreich]] defeated [[Masato Tanaka]] and [[Shinjiro Otani]] to win the [[NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship]].<ref name="CageMatches2" /> On 25 October, Jones and Heidenreich successfully retained the title against [[Deuce (wrestler)|Jimmy Snuka Jr.]] For the 2nd time. and [[Sylvester Terkay|The Predator]] before losing the title the next day to [[Naoya Ogawa]] and [[Shinya Hashimoto]].<ref name="CageMatches2" />

===World Wrestling Entertainment (2002–2003)===
After Jones initially signed his contract with [[WWE|World Wrestling Entertainment]] (WWE), he was unable to work in the United States because of [[visa (document)|visa]] issues stemming from his criminal history.<ref name=ceiling>{{cite book|title=Wrestling's Made Men: Breaking the WWE's Glass Ceiling|author=Keith, Scott|page=44|year=2006|publisher=Citadel Press}}</ref> In late 2002 and early 2003, Jones began performing in [[glossary of professional wrestling terms#Dark match|dark matches]] for [[World Wrestling Entertainment]].<ref name="OWOW">{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profile/nathan-jones/|title=Nathan Jones - OWW|access-date=12 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="CageMatches"/><ref name="CageMatches2" /> He was originally promoted as a "[[Hannibal Lecter]]" type character.<ref name=ceiling/> On 10 April 2003 episode of ''[[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown!]]'', Jones made his televised WWE in-ring debut and defeated [[Bill DeMott]].<ref name="OWOW" /><ref name="CageMatches"/>

Upon debuting, Jones' original character was mixed, and he was put into a storyline with [[The Undertaker]] as his protégé and helper during The Undertaker's feud with [[Matt Bloom|A-Train]] and [[Paul Wight|Big Show]].<ref name=ceiling/> At [[WrestleMania XIX]], Jones and The Undertaker were scheduled to face Big Show and A-Train in a tag team match, but at the last minute, the match was made a handicap match instead.<ref name=ceiling/> On screen, Jones was attacked pre-match and left injured.<ref name="OWOW" /> Near the closing moments of the match, Jones reappeared and attacked Big Show, enabling The Undertaker to pin A-Train for the victory.<ref name="OWOW" /> Jones was then sent to [[Ohio Valley Wrestling]] (OVW) to improve his skills.<ref name=ceiling/>

Jones was then absent from television for several months until returning in the fall of 2003 as a [[Heel (professional wrestling)|villain]] known by the nickname "The Colossus of Boggo Road", a title referring to his time spent in [[Boggo Road Gaol]]. He was paired with [[Paul Heyman]] on-screen, with Heyman taking on the role of SmackDown! General Manager.<ref name=ceiling/> He was also immediately placed into [[Brock Lesnar]]'s [[Survivor Series (2003)|Survivor Series]] team, which also included A-Train, Big Show, and [[Matt Morgan (wrestler)|Matt Morgan]] in order to compete against Lesnar's rival [[Kurt Angle]] and his team. At Survivor Series, Jones was eliminated by Angle after he submitted to the [[Professional wrestling holds#Ankle lock|ankle lock]]. Team Lesnar was defeated by Team Angle and Jones was then relegated to [[glossary of professional wrestling terms#run-in|interfere]] in Lesnar's matches along with the other members of Team Lesnar. He was also placed in matches by either Lesnar or Heyman to aid them. On 6 December 2003, Jones quit the company due to the rigor of WWE's heavy travel schedules while on tour in [[Perth]], [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2003/12/13/286307.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718111942/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2003/12/13/286307.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 July 2012|title=TJ Ain't Bob Hope|date=13 December 2003|last=Madigan|first=TJ|access-date=29 November 2008|publisher=SLAM! Sports}}</ref>

===Post-WWE and retirement===
After leaving WWE, Jones was scheduled to make his pro wrestling return in 2004 at the Australian Wrestling Supershow III, booked against [[Mark Mercedes]]. Jones [[No-show (professional wrestling)|did not appear]] as advertised and a [[battle royal]] was held following an angry [[Shoot (professional wrestling)|shoot]] promo on Jones by Mercedes and promoter [[Andy Raymond]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Scott|last=Beeby|date=26 July 2020|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/224344-australian-wrestling-chronicles-part-two|title=Australian Wrestling Chronicles (Part Two)|work=Bleacher Report|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>

In 2005, he wrestled three matches for [[World Series Wrestling]]. On 5 October, he defeated Lee Star and on 7 and 8 October, he defeated Mark Hilton.<ref name="CageMatches"/> After his last match with Hilton, Jones immediately retired from wrestling.<ref name="Cage"/>

In 2008, Jones signed with [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]], but nerve damage caused by a cement truck hitting his left arm kept him sidelined for the first three months.<ref name=market>{{cite web|url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/giant-actor-wrestler-nathan-jones-hit-by-truck-in-bangkok-897526.htm|title=Giant Actor/Wrestler Nathan Jones Hit by Truck in Bangkok|author=Murray Weissman & Associates|publisher=Market Wired|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328065734/http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/giant-actor-wrestler-nathan-jones-hit-by-truck-in-bangkok-897526.htm |archive-date=28 March 2019|access-date=15 July 2019|date=8 September 2008}}</ref> He never wrestled for the promotion.

==Acting career==
Following a segment on ''[[Good Morning Australia (1992 TV program)|Good Morning Australia]]'' in which he lifted and pushed a [[Ute (vehicle)|Ute]] down a street, Jones was contacted by [[Jackie Chan]] to be in the film ''[[First Strike (1996 film)|First Strike]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Griffiths |first1=Dave |title=OZ COMIC-CON – Nathan Jones Interview |url=https://heavymag.com.au/oz-comic-con-nathan-jones-interview/ |website=HEAVY Mag |access-date=5 September 2024}}</ref> Eight years later, Jones featured alongside [[Brad Pitt]] in the 2004 film ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ryan |first1=Mark |title=Nathan Jones: Too Much, Too Soon |url=https://www.thesignaturespot.com/articles/nathan-jones-too-much-too-soon |website=The Signature Spot |access-date=5 September 2024}}</ref>

Although he had acted in movies as early as 1996, Jones pursued acting full time following his retirement from wrestling in 2005. In 2015, Jones had a featured role in the film ''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]'' as Rictus Erectus.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Skyjoker |title=Interview: Nathan Jones Talks 'Mad Max Fury Road' |url=https://spotlightreport.net/on-the-spot-2/interview-nathan-jones-talks-mad-max-fury-road |website=Spotlight Report |access-date=5 September 2024}}</ref> He portrayed the character of [[List of Mortal Kombat characters#Reiko|Reiko]] in the [[Mortal Kombat (2021 film)|2021 film adaptation]] of the video game ''[[Mortal Kombat]]''. In 2016, he portrayed a negative role in a Bollywood film, [[A Flying Jatt]]. In 2024, Jones would reprise the role of Rictus Erectus in the prequel film ''[[Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga]]''.

==Personal life==
Jones has been married to his wife Fawn Tran since 2016, together they have a son.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Foster |first=Tom|date=November 8, 2021|title=Nathan Jones: From WWE Wrestler to Hollywood Villain|url= https://tvovermind.com/whatever-happened-to-nathan-jones/|access-date=June 8, 2025|website=Tvovermind}}</ref>

==Championships and accomplishments==
* '''''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''''
** PWI ranked him #'''137''' of the Top 500 singles wrestlers in the [[PWI 500]] in 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/pwi-500/2003.html|title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) 500 for 2003 - The Internet Wrestling Database|website=www.profightdb.com|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
* '''[[Pro Wrestling Zero1|Pro Wrestling ZERO1-MAX]]'''
** [[NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship]] ([[NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship#Title history|1 time]]) – with [[Jon Heidenreich]]<ref name="OWOW" /><ref name="CageTitle">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=361&view=erfolge|title=Nathan Jones « Wrestlers Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|website=www.cagematch.net|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref>
* '''[[World Wrestling All-Stars]]'''
** [[WWA World Heavyweight Championship]] ([[WWA World Heavyweight Championship#Title history|1 time]])<ref name=market/>
* '''''[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards|Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]'''''
** [[Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Most Embarrassing Wrestler|Most Embarrassing Wrestler]] (2003)
** [[Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Worst Wrestler|Worst Wrestler]] (2003)

==Mixed martial arts record==
{{MMArecordbox
|ko-wins=0
|ko-losses=
|dec-losses=
|sub-wins=
|sub-losses=1
|dec-wins=
|nc=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|0–1
|[[Koji Kitao]]
|Submission ([[armlock#Keylocks|keylock]])
|[[PRIDE 1]]
|{{dts|1997|October|11|format=dmy}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:14
|[[Tokyo]], Japan
|
{{end}}

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 1996
| ''[[First Strike (1996 film)|First Strike]]''
| Hitman
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]''
| Boagrius
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Tom-Yum-Goong]]''
| T.K.
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Fearless (2006 film)|Fearless]]''
| Hercules O'Brien
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[The Condemned]]''
| Petr
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| ''[[Somtum (film)|Somtum]]''
| Barney Emerald
|
|-
| ''[[Asterix at the Olympic Games (film)|Asterix at the Olympic Games]]''
| Humungus
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Conan the Barbarian (2011 film)|Conan the Barbarian]]''
| Akhun
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Charlie's Farm]]''
| Charlie Wilson
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]''
| Rictus Erectus
|
|-
| ''[[Bhooloham]]''
| Steven George
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''[[Never Back Down: No Surrender]]''
| Caesar Braga
| Direct-to-video
|-
| ''[[A Flying Jatt]]''
| Raka
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Boar (film)|Boar]]''
| Bernie
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''[[In Like Flynn (film)|In Like Flynn]]''
| The Mountain
|
|-
| ''[[The Scorpion King: Book of Souls]]''
| Enkidu
| Direct-to-video
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Hobbs & Shaw]]''
| Russian Fighter Pilot
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Mortal Kombat (2021 film)|Mortal Kombat]]''
| [[List of Mortal Kombat characters#Reiko|Reiko]]
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Spiderhead]]''
| Rogan
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2024
| ''Rippy''
| Reuben Williams
|
|-
| ''[[Ricky Stanicky]]''
| Big Ben
|
|-
| ''[[Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga]]''
| Rictus Erectus
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Glynn |first=Jennifer |date=October 28, 2022 |title=Anya Taylor-Joy Wraps Filming on 'Mad Max: Fury Road' Prequel 'Furiosa' |url=https://collider.com/anya-taylor-joy-furiousa-wraps-filming-mad-max-prequel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107204110/https://collider.com/anya-taylor-joy-furiousa-wraps-filming-mad-max-prequel/ |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |access-date=November 21, 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Martin (2024 film)|Martin]]''
| Jail fighter
|
|-
| 2027
| {{pending film|[[Voltron (film)|Voltron]]}}
| {{TBA}}
| ''Post-production''
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Doom Runners]]''
| Vike
| Television film
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*{{Twitter|minmelol}}
*{{IMDb name|0428923|Nathan Jones}}
*{{Sherdog}}

{{s-start}}
{{Succession box
|before=[[Bill Lyndon]]
|title=[[Australia's Strongest Man]]
|after=[[Bill Lyndon]]
|years=1995
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (Zero1)}}
{{World Wrestling All-Stars World Heavyweight Championship}}
{{World Strongman Challenge Champions}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Nathan}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian criminals]]
[[Category:20th-century male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:21st-century male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Australian male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Australian male mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Australian powerlifters]]
[[Category:Australian rugby league players]]
[[Category:Australian strength athletes]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists utilizing wrestling]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists from the Gold Coast, Queensland]]
[[Category:Norths Devils players]]
[[Category:Professional wrestlers who competed in MMA]]
[[Category:Rugby league players from the Gold Coast, Queensland]]
[[Category:Super heavyweight mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Male actors from the Gold Coast, Queensland]]
[[Category:Male powerlifters]]
[[Category:Zero1 Intercontinental Tag Team Champions]]
[[Category:Professional wrestlers from the Gold Coast, Queensland]]

Yugi Sethu

2026-03-05T02:00:49Z

JennyRoyster668: Revised content for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian actor}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yugi Sethu
| image = Actor Yugi Sethu (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Sethuraman
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1964|01|09}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Film actor, screenwriter, director, producer, talk show host
| website =
| footnotes =
| othername = Yuhi Sethu, Yuki Sethu
| years active = 1984–present
| spouse = Amritha Kalyani
| children = 2
}}

'''Yugi Sethu'''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2015-sep-16/cinema-news/110234.art |title=Yugi Sethu has the success formula for cinema - Ananda Vikatan &#124; "என்கிட்ட இருக்கு ஹிட் ஃபார்முலா !" &#124; ஆனந்த விகடன் - 2015-09-16 |access-date=27 March 2016 |archive-date=11 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411054523/http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2015-sep-16/cinema-news/110234.art |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an Indian actor, filmmaker, writer, and television presenter who has worked in the Tamil film industry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2074751.ece|title='Rasigan Express' bus flagged off|date=4 June 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=14 July 2011}}</ref> He has been conferred doctorate (PhD) in cinema by the Madras University in July 2015, for his thesis 'Development of a new box office predictability model'.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://entertainment.chennaipatrika.com/post/2015/08/13/Madras-University-confers-doctorate-on-Yuhi-Sethu.aspx|title=Error 404 - Chennai Patrika - Tamil Cinema News &#124; Kollywood News &#124; Latest Tamil Movie News &#124; Tamil Film News &#124; Breaking News &#124; India News &#124; Sports News|website=entertainment.chennaipatrika.com}}</ref> He has appeared in a few films in main and supporting roles and has contributed to films as a screenwriter. He has hosted the TV talk shows ''Nayyandi Darbar,''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-04 |title=Happy Birthday Trisha: When Mani Ratnam's Kundhavai said 'cinema is not my cup of tea'. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/happy-birthday-trisha-mani-ratnams-kundhavai-once-said-cinema-is-not-my-cup-of-tea-watch-8590197/ |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''Sethuvudan Darbar'' and''Yugiyudan Yugiyungal''. He has been a jury since inception for popular [[Vijay Awards|Star Vijay TV Movie Awards]].

==Early life==
He is a native of [[Oothukadu]], Tamil Nadu, India. He completed a [[bachelor of commerce]] degree and finished post-graduate studies in political science.<ref name=ys>{{cite web|url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/interviews/yuhisethu.asp|work=Chennai Online|title=Atho Paaru Naiyandi Durbar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129155044/http://archives.chennaionline.com/interviews/yuhisethu.asp|archive-date=29 January 2010|access-date=29 April 2024}}</ref> He earned his moniker Yugi from college after being inspired by the character from the Sanskrit play ''[[Vasavadatta]]''.<ref name="sheer"/>

He was awarded a gold medal during his time at the [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute|Film and Television Institute of Tamil Nadu]] for his student project film, ''The Rhetoric of the Continuity'', which had the distinction of being the only Indian film selected among 45 other international entries at the 1984 [[International Film Festival of India]] in New Delhi and Music, courtesy of [[Satyajit Ray]].<ref name=ys /><ref name="sheer">{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=10 July 2002 |title=Sheer will to succeed |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/10/stories/2002071000050200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030730091056/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/10/stories/2002071000050200.htm |archive-date=30 July 2003}}</ref>

== Career ==
He directed two films, ''[[Kavithai Paada Neramillai]]'' and ''[[Maathangal Ezhu]]''.<ref name=ys /><ref name="sheer" /> He acted in the lead in the Italian English short film ''[[Pidgin (film)|Pidgin]]'' (1994).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2018-05-27 |title=Actor-writer Yugi Sethu has acted in a Italian-English telefilm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/actor-writer-yugi-sethu-has-acted-in-a-italian-english-telefilm/articleshow/64494476.cms |access-date=2024-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He distributed [[Shekar Kapur]]'s ''[[Bandit Queen]]'' in Tamil Nadu. He attempted to import the film ''[[Tales of Erotica|Erotic Tales]]'' to India, but was stopped by the censor board.<ref name="sheer"/>

He played one of the leads in the comedy film ''[[Panchatanthiram]]'' (2002) and played an important role of a constable in ''[[Ramanaa (film)|Ramanaa]]'' (2002). Despite the success of ''Panchatanthiram'', Yugi Sethu cited a lack of interest in comedy films.<ref name="sheer"/> He wrote the story for [[K. S. Ravikumar]]'s Tamil film ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'', starring [[Ajith Kumar]].<ref name=":0" />

==Filmography==
===As an actor===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col"| Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Title
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | Role
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Kavithai Paada Neramillai]]'' || Guna || || <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Yugi Sethu returns to direction after 27 years; Ganesh Venkataraman to star in the project |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/08/yugi-sethu-returns-to-direction-after-27-years-ganesh-venkataraman-to-star-in-the-project-14149.html |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Maathangal Ezhu]]'' || Raja ||
| <ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002|| ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]''|| Yugi Sethu || ||
|-
| ''[[Panchathantiram]]''||Vedham || || <ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Harshini S. |date=2023-06-30 |title=Panchathanthiram Was Like A Paid Picnic: Yugi Sethu Revisits The Tamil Classic Comedy |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/panchathanthiram-was-like-a-paid-picnic-yugi-sethu-revisits-the-tamil-classic-comedy-movie-kamal-haasan-simran-zee-5-sun-nxt |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ramanaa (film)|Ramanaa]]''|| Saravanan || || <ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' || Utthaman || ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Scream of the Ants]]''|| Taxi driver ||Persian film (Credited as Yuhi Sethu)|| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scream of the Ants |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/scream-of-the-ants/cast/2000341823/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Asal (film)|Aasal]]''|| Don Samsa || || <ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Haridas (2013 film)|Haridas]]''|| Ravi || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015 || ''[[Trisha Illana Nayanthara]]''|| Vikram || ||
|-
| ''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]''|| rowspan="2" |Mani || || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-04 |title=When Trisha said she was not interested in acting, preferred modelling. Watch old video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/when-trisha-said-she-was-not-interested-in-acting-preferred-modelling-watch-old-video-101683180999693.html |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Cheekati Rajyam''|| Telugu film ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Naal Iravil]]''|| Sethu Barathi || || <ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-20 |title=Oru Naal Iravil: A mature story that treats the audience like infants |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/oru-naal-iravil-a-mature-story-that-treats-the-audience-like-infants/article7900430.ece |access-date=2024-01-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Kasada Thapara]]'' || Krishna || Streaming release ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Sardar (2022 film)|Sardar]]'' || Agent [[Cockroach|Karapanpoochi]]|| || <ref>{{Cite web |title=The accidental editor: In conversation with Ruben |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/nov/08/editor-ruben-sardar-jawan-36386.html |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Padai Thalaivan]]''
|Saravanan
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''Vowels - An Atlas of Love''
|[[Eros]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvAzQ4AW8XI |title=VOWELS - An Atlas of Love {{!}} Official Trailer Tamil {{!}} Riddhi Siddhi Films |date=2026-03-02 |last=New Music India |access-date=2026-03-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| ''Train'' |''Train''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-13 |title=Opening to climax; Mysskin reveals the full story of Vijay Sethupathi's 'Train' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/opening-to-climax-mysskin-reveals-the-full-story-of-vijay-sethupathis-train/articleshow/121131059.cms |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== As a director, writer, and producer ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col"| Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Title
! colspan="3" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! Director
! Writer
! Producer
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Kavithai Paada Neramillai]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{partial|Screenplay}} || {{Yes}} || || <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Yugi Sethu returns to direction after 27 years; Ganesh Venkataraman to star in the project |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/08/yugi-sethu-returns-to-direction-after-27-years-ganesh-venkataraman-to-star-in-the-project-14149.html |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Maathangal Ezhu]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || ||
| <ref name=":0" />
|-
| 1997 || ''Kalaiyur, le village des chefs'' || || || {{partial|Line producer}} || French documentary || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/bretagne/port-louis-56290/expo-conferences-degustation-la-fete-des-epices-6007174|title=Expo, conférences, dégustation... à la Fête des épices|date=5 October 2018|website=Ouest-France.fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Cuisine et gastronomie dans les fonds de l'Ina Theque | language=fr | trans-title=Cuisine and gastronomy in the collections of the Ina Theque | url=https://www.inatheque.fr/medias/inatheque_fr/fonds_audiovisuels/guides_thematiques/Cuisine_et_gastronomie_dans_les_fonds_de_l_Ina.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229191343/http://www.inatheque.fr/medias/inatheque_fr/fonds_audiovisuels/guides_thematiques/Cuisine_et_gastronomie_dans_les_fonds_de_l_Ina.pdf | archive-date=2016-12-29}}</ref>
|-
|2002
| ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'' || || {{partial|Story}} || || || <ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Asal (film)|Aasal]]'' || || {{Yes}} || || || <ref name=":0" />
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
| 1989 || ''Jana'' || Jana || ||Television film
|-
| 1999{{endash}}2002 || ''Nayyandi Darbar'' || Host || [[Vijay TV]] ||
|}

===Short films===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes !! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1984 || ''The Rhetoric of the Continuity''
|
|As director
|<ref name=ys />
|-
| 1989 || ''Water Flourosis''
|
|
|{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
| 1989 || ''Indra Avaz Yojana''
|
|
|{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Pidgin (film)|Pidgin]]'' || Ram || Italian film (Credited as Yuhi Sethu) || <ref name=":1" />
|-
|}

== Awards ==

* Special Honorary Award - [[Vijay Television Awards]] (2013)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-26 |title=Vijay Television awards launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vijay-television-awards-launched/articleshow/35617411.cms |access-date=2024-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|1429474}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethu, Yugi}}
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Actors from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare

2026-03-04T05:00:25Z

JennyRoyster668: Added Page!

{{short description|Indian fantasy television series}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare.jpeg
| image_size =
| caption =
| alt_name = Dhruv Tara
| genre = [[Sci-fi]] [[Drama]] [[Fantasy]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = {{ubl|[[Shashi Mittal]]|[[Sumeet Mittal]]|}}
| based_on = 
| developer =
| story = {{ubl|Vikram Khurana|Pankhuri Gangawal|Timir Kireet Bakshi}}
| screenplay = Amit Senchoudhary
| director = {{ubl|Vaibhav Singh|Pushkar Pandit}}
| creative_director = Aseem Kalra
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]

| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = "Dhruv Tara"
| endtheme =
| composer = {{ubl|Lalit Sen|Souvyk Chakraborty}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 456
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|[[Shashi Mittal]]|[[Sumeet Mittal]]|Jitendra Singla}}
| cinematography = Mangesh Mahadik
| editor = Prashant Rai
| camera = Multi-camera 
| runtime = 19-25 minutes
| company = [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]
| network = [[Sony SAB]] [[Sony LIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|2|27}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2024|8|10}}
}}
'''''Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare''''' ({{translation|''Pole Star – Beyond Time and Centuries''}}) is an Indian [[Sci-fi]] [[Fantasy]] [[Romance film|Romantic]] [[Drama]] television series that aired from 27 February 2023 to 10 August 2024 on [[Sony SAB]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/royal-touch-464659 | title=Riya Sharma to play a 17th century princess in 'Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi se Pare' }}</ref> Produced by Shashi Mittal and Sumeet Mittal under [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]], it starred [[Ishaan Dhawan]] and [[Riya Sharma]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ishaan-dhawan-will-now-be-seen-as-the-male-lead-in-dhruv-tara/articleshow/96478255.cms | title=Ishaan Dhawan will now be seen as the male lead in 'Dhruv Tara' - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-pic-riya-sharma-plays-a-17th-century-princess-in-the-new-show-dhruv-tara/articleshow/96460259.cms | title=Exclusive Pic! Riya Sharma plays a 17th century princess in the new show Dhruv Tara - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Trivedi | first1=Tanvi }}</ref>

== Plot ==

Tarapriya, a princess of 17th century time travels to 21st century to find cure for her brother's brain clot and she cross path with Dr. Dhruv. After struggling a lot, she finally becomes successful to convince Dhruv to help her. Meanwhile, Dhruv and Tara fakes their marriage on Preeti's request and Dhruv develops feelings for Tara. Later, they overcomes all the hurdles created by Tarun and time travels to 17th century.
After reaching Vallabhghar, Dhruv successfully completes Mahaveer's operation with the help of Tara amidst all the hurdles created by Samrat. Afterwards, Dhruv confesses his love for Tara and she reciprocates. Although Samrat creates problems for them but eventually they exposes him and Udaybhan announces their marriage.
As a result, Dhruv and Tara gets cursed by the time portal. Because of which, Dhruv's existence from 21st century gets erased and Tara's father gets killed by Samrat. Then Dhruv is accused of Udaybhan's murder and he gets death penalty but Anusiya saves him. Meanwhile, [[Lord Krishna]] appears as Ranchod to guide Dhruv and Tara. Dhruv leaves for 21st century on his suggestion.

===1 month later===

Tara announces her [[Swayamvara]] to catch Dhruv and he comes back from 21st century but in disguise of Nayak and proves his innocence to Tara with the help of Ranchod and defeats Samrat and Tilotma. Afterwards, Mahaveer gets them married and they leave for the 21st century.

===1 year later===

Dhruv and Tara time travels to 17th century on the occasion of Raksha Bandhan but earthquake occurs and destroys Vallabhghar. As a result, Dhruv and Tara gets separated. Later, Tara finds out that she's pregnant with Dhruv's child. Afterwards, she's attacked by a group of goons but Devgarh's king Suryapratap arrives and saves her life and takes her with him in his kingdom. But there, she slips into coma.

===9 months later===

Dhruv is trying to find the time portal to bring back Tara meanwhile Tara gives birth to a baby boy in the state of coma and Suryapratap names him Shaurya. After few days, she wakes up from coma and decides to leave but seeing Shaurya's attachment with Suryapratap, she stays back.

===5 years later===

Tara is living with the name of Antara in Devgarh with her and Dhruv's son, Shaurya. Meanwhile, Dhruv is living with Saraswati in 21st century and has established a hospital after the name of Tara. After a lot of events, Dhruv and Tara comes face to face and he learns about Shaurya being his son. Suryapratap also learns about the relationship of Dhruv and Tara. So he conspiracies against Dhruv but Tara learns the truth of Suryapratap and saves Dhruv but he gets into a fight with Suryapratap and while stopping them, Tara falls down from a cliff.

===6 months later===

Dhruv finally finds out Tara but she has lost her memory and assumes herself as Bijli, a dancer. Dhruv takes her in Devgarh but there the royal family doesn't believe that she's Tara and humiliates her a lot so she leaves. Meanwhile, Bijli goes back to the palace as a hostage of Kapali to kill Suryapratap but Dhruv manages to stop her. Then Suryapratap lies to her being his wife to separate Dhruv and Bijli but eventually she learns the truth and decides to run away with Dhruv. Suryapratap learns about it and makes Dhruv mentally unstable. Mahaveer killed Suryapratap. Later, there is a dispute between Mahaveer and Tara.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Riya Sharma]] as
** Tarapriya "Tara" Singh Saxena: Princess of Vallabhgarh and an aspiring ayurvedic doctor; Saraswati and Udaybhan's daughter; Mahaveer's sister; Dhruv's wife; Shaurya's mother (2023–2024)
** Tara Shastri: Chandra's adoptive sister; Dhruv’s wife; Hariom's adoptive daughter (2024)
* [[Ishaan Dhawan]] as
** Dr. Dhruv Saxena: [[Neurosurgery|Neurosurgeon]]; Lalita and Sanjay's son; Jay, Khatti and Meethi's brother; Tara's husband; Shaurya's father (2023–2024)
** Dhruv Seth: [[Musician]]; Indrani and Giriraj's son; Rishi's brother; Tara's husband (2024)

===Recurring===
* [[Narayani Shastri]] as Saraswati Singh: Former Queen and Royal Mother of Vallabhgarh; Udaybhan's widow; Mahaveer and Tara's mother; Dhruv's mother-in law; Shaurya's maternal grandmother (2023–2024)
* [[Krishna Bharadwaj (actor)|Krishna Bharadwaj]] as Mahaveer Singh: King of Vallabhgarh; Saraswati and Udaybhan's son; Tara's elder brother; Dhruv's brother-in law; Anusuya's ex–fiancé and love-interest; Tilottama's widower and murderer; Shaurya's maternal uncle; Meenakshi's husband (2023; 2024)
* [[Yash Tonk]] as Udaybhan Singh: Former King of Vallabhgarh; Saraswati's husband; Mahaveer and Tara's father (2023)
* [[Vineet Kumar Chaudhary]] as Samrat Singh: Former Senapati of Vallabhgarh; Tara and Dhruv's rival; Tara's former one-sided obsessive lover and fiancé; Tilottama's lover (2023)
* Krutika Desai as Anusuya: Nagarseth's daughter; Mahaveer's ex–fiancée and love-interest; Tara's best friend (2023)
**Benazir Shaikh replaced Desai as Anusuya. (2023)
* Neelima Singh as Susheela Saxena: Vidya's daughter; Ravi's estranged wife; Dhruv's aunt and adoptive mother; Tara's mother-in law; Shaurya's paternal grandaunt (2023)
* Harsh Vashisht as Ravi Saxena: Sanjay's younger brother; Susheela's estranged husband; Dhruv's uncle and adoptive father (2023)
* [[Abha Parmar]] as Vidya: Susheela's mother; Dhruv's adoptive grandmother; Shaurya's adoptive great-grandmother (2023)
* [[Gulfam Khan]] as Lalita Saxena: Sanjay's wife; Dhruv, Jay, Khatti and Meethi's mother (2023)
* Vijay Kalvani as Sanjay Saxena: Ravi's elder brother; Lalita's husband; Dhruv, Jay, Khatti and Meethi's father (2023)
* [[Susheel Parashar]] as Mr. Saxena: Sanjay and Ravi's father; Dhruv, Jay, Khatti and Meethi's grandfather (2023)
* Tanay Aul as Dr. Jay Saxena: Lalita and Sanjay's younger son; Dhruv's younger brother; Khatti and Meethi's elder brother; Ayesha's husband (2023)
* [[Swati Kapoor]] as Ayesha Malhotra Saxena: Jay's wife; Dhruv's former one-sided-lover (2023)
* [[Ashish Kaul]] as Mr. Malhotra: Ayesha's father (2023)
* Drisha Kalyani as Khatti Saxena: Lalita and Sanjay's elder daughter; Dhruv and Jay's younger sister; Meethi's elder sister (2023)
* Milky Srivastav as Mithi Saxena: Lalita and Sanjay's younger daughter; Dhruv, Jay and Khatti's younger sister (2023)
* Het Makwana as Prince: Informally adopted son of the Saxena family (2023)
* [[Amit Pachori]] as Tarun Shukla: An archaeologist; Preeti's elder brother; Tara and Dhruv's rival (2023)
* Akshita Singh Rajput as Preeti Shukla: Tarun's younger sister; Tara and Dhruv's friend (2023)
* Jiya Solanki as Sukanya: A girl from Vallabhgarh who idolise Tara; Tara and Dhruv's friend (2023–2024)
**Ayesha Vindhara as young Sukanya (2023)
* [[Vinod Kapoor]] as Maharishi (2023)
* Neha Harsora as Tilottama: A former maid at Vallabhgarh; Mahaveer's ex-wife; Former Queen of Vallabhgarh; Samrat's lover (2023)
* V S Prince Ratan as Royal [[Soldier]]: A Close Informant of Rajkumari Tarapriya (2023)
* [[Ulka Gupta]]<ref name="Tribune">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/ulka-gupta-manish-khanna-join-dhruv-tara-cast-534642|title=Ulka Gupta, Manish Khanna join Dhruv Tara cast|access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref> as Rajkumari Shyammohini Singh: Rajkumari of Vikramgarh; Vikramjeet's daughter; Dhruv's former one sided obsessive lover (2023)
* [[Manish Khanna]]<ref name="Tribune"/> as Vikramjeet Singh: King of Vikramgarh; Rajkumari Shyammohini's father (2023)
* [[Siddharth Arora]] as [[Krishna]] / Ranchod (2023)
* [[Karan Grover]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Tanvi |date=17 October 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/this-is-my-first-experience-with-a-costume-drama-and-i-am-excited-says-karan-v-grover-who-will-make-an-entry-in-dhruv-tara/articleshow/104498953.cms |title=This is my first experience with a costume drama and I am excited |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref> as Suryapratap Singh: King of Devgarh; Durgavati's nephew; Maan and Meenakshi's elder cousin; Shaurya's foster father; Tara's ex-one sided obsessive lover (2023–2024)
* [[Indira Krishnan]] as Durgavati aka Bhabhosa: Rajmata of Devgarh; Suryapratap's aunt; Maan and Meenakshi's mother (2023–2024)
* Kajol Srivastav as Meenakshi Singh: Princess of Devgarh; Durgavati's daughter; Suryapratap's younger cousin; Maan's younger sister; Dhruv’s ex-one sided lover and friend; Mahaveer's second wife (2023–2024)
* [[Anuj Sachdeva]] as Maan Singh: Prince of Devgarh; Durgavati's son; Suryapratap's younger cousin; Meenakshi's elder brother; Sona and Chandi's husband (2023–2024)
* [[Neha Kaul]] as Sona Maan Singh: Maan's first wife (2023–2024)
* Simran Simmi as Chandi Maan Singh: Maan's second wife (2023–2024)
* Evan Dixit as Shaurya Saxena: Dhruv and Tara's son; Prince of Devgarh; Suryapratap's adopted son (2023–2024)
* Shreya Patel as Dolly: Dhruv and Tara's friend (2024)
* [[Pankaj Dheer]] as Giriraj Seth: Rajrani and Indrani's husband; Dhruv and Rishi's father (2024)
* [[Neelu Vaghela]] as Rajrani Seth: Giriraj's second wife; Dhruv and Rishi's step-mother (2024)
* [[Ravi Gossain]] as Raviraj Seth: Dhruv's uncle (2024)
* [[Monica Khanna]] as Urvashi Seth: Dhruv's sister in law; Rishi's wife(2024)
* Rashmi Gupta as Chandra: Tara's adoptive sister; Dhruv's ex-fiancé (2024)
* Worship Khanna as Birju: Dhruv's friend (2024)
* Manraj Singh Sarma as Rishiraj Seth: Giriraj and Indrani's elder son; Dhruv's brother; Urvashi's husband (2024)

==Production==
The series was announced on [[Sony SAB]] by [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/sony-sab-builds-on-family-brand-11667542645444.html | title=Sony SAB builds on family brand | date=4 November 2022 }}</ref> [[Ishaan Dhawan]] as Dhruv and [[Riya Sharma]] as Tarapriya were signed as the leads.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/ishaan-dhawan-will-now-be-seen-as-the-male-lead-in-dhruv-tara-23261969 | title=Ishaan Dhawan will now be seen as the male lead in 'Dhruv Tara' | date=23 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/riya-sharmas-track-in-banni-chow-wraps-up-in-two-months-she-signs-another-tv-show/articleshow/96151826.cms | title=Riya Sharma's track in Banni Chow wraps up in two months, she signs another TV show - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Trivedi | first1=Tanvi }}</ref> Set in [[Agra]], shooting of the series started in December 2022, with [[Narayani Shastri]] and [[Yash Tonk]] joining the cast as the parallel leads.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ishaan-dhawan-riya-sharma-make-memories-while-shooting-in-agra-for-dhruv-tara/articleshow/97276449.cms | title=Ishaan Dhawan, Riya Sharma make memories while shooting in Agra for 'Dhruv Tara' - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/narayani-shastri-and-yash-tonk-to-play-queen-and-king-in-dhruv-tara/articleshow/96194719.cms | title=Narayani Shastri and Yash Tonk to play queen and king in Dhruv Tara - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Maheshwri | first1=Neha }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yash-tonk-joins-the-ensemble-cast-of-dhruv-tara-samay-sadi-se-pare/articleshow/97315995.cms | title=Yash Tonk joins the ensemble cast of Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> It was Yash and Narayani were first appearance together, previously both were seen with their partners in the dance reality show [[Nach Baliye#Season 2|Nach Baliye - Season 2]]. The promo featuring the leads was released on 23 December 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhruv Tara - Samay Sadi se Pare {{!}} Coming Soon {{!}} Sony SAB |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQZdC07tiuk |website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

In January 2023, [[Swati Kapoor]] was cast to portray a negative role and was joined by [[Vineet Kumar Chaudhary]] and [[Krishna Bharadwaj (actor)|Krishna Bharadwaj]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-dont-understand-why-im-only-offered-obsessive-lover-roles-these-days-says-kundali-bhagya-actress-swati-kapoor-who-will-now-be-seen-in-dhruv-tara/articleshow/96712848.cms|title=I don't understand why I'm offered only obsessive lover roles these days, says Kundali Bhagya actress Swati Kapoor, who will now be seen in Dhruv Tara - Times of India|website=The Times of India|last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=It was magical to see my son grow, but now I am back to work: Vineet Kumar Chaudhary - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/it-was-magical-to-see-my-son-grow-but-now-i-am-back-to-work-vineet-kumar-chaudhary/articleshow/96845105.cms?from=mdr |website=The Times of India |language=en| last1=Shukla | first1=Richa }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/krishna-bharadwaj-to-play-a-17th-century-prince-in-upcoming-family-romance-drama-dhruv-tara-samay-sadi-se-pare/articleshow/97091002.cms|title=Krishna Bharadwaj to play a 17th century prince in upcoming family romance drama Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Sony SAB]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/dhruv-tara-samay-sadi-se-pare-1700001108 ''Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare'']{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} on [[SonyLIV]]

{{Sony SAB Programmes}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhruv Tara - Samay Sadi Se Pare}}
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Annadata (2002 film)

2026-03-04T03:42:35Z

JennyRoyster668: slightly cleanup section as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{for|1972 Hindi film|Annadata (1972 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Annadaata
| image = annadaata.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = Annadaata
| director = [[Ravi Kinagi]]
| producer = Kusum Dhanuka
| writer = [[N. K. Salil]] (Dialogues)
| screenplay = [[Ravi Kinagi]]
| story = [[Ravi Kinagi]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Jog Biyog]]''|[[Ashapurna Devi]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Sreelekha Mitra]]
| music = Babul Bose
| cinematography = Dilip Roy
| editing = [[Biswanath Roy]]
| studio =
| distributor = [[Eskay Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|04|12}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Annadaata''''' ([[English language|English]]: My Father) is a 2002 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali-language]] [[action drama film]] directed by [[Ravi Kinagi]]. It was produced by [[Ashok Dhanuka]] under the banner of [[Eskay Movies]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=|title=ফেরদৌসের সঙ্গে কথা বলায় শ্রীলেখাকে ফোন করেন প্রসেনজিৎ!|url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/home/printnews/225970/2020-06-19|url-status=live|access-date=12 November 2020|website=www.deshrupantor.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116111348/https://www.deshrupantor.com/home/printnews/225970/2020-06-19 |archive-date=16 November 2020 }}</ref> The film stars [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Abdur Razzak (actor)|Abdur Razzak]] and [[Sreelekha Mitra]] in the lead roles. Music of the film was composed by Babul Bose.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annadata (2002)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/annadata-movie/15203|website=Gomolo.com|url-status=dead|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=3 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203020759/http://www.gomolo.com/annadata-movie/15203}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Tamil cinema's bong connection|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/tamil-cinemas-bong-connection/|website=The Times of India|url-status=live|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228093357/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/tamil-cinemas-bong-connection/ |archive-date=28 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Prosenjit didn't interfere with casting: 'Annadata' producer Ashok Dhanuka responds to Sreelekha's casting allegation - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/prosenjit-didnt-interfere-with-casting-annadata-producer-ashok-dhanuka-responds-to-sreelekhas-casting-allegation/articleshow/76509267.cms|access-date=2022-02-13|website=The Times of India|date=22 June 2020 }}</ref> The film was a remake of 1990 Hindi film ''[[Swarg]]'' which was a loosely based on 1967 film ''[[Mehrban]]'' which itself was a remake of the 1960 Tamil movie ''[[Padikkadha Medhai]]'' which in turn was a remake of 1953 Bengali film ''Jog Biyog'' based on the novel of [[Jog Biyog (novel)|same name]] by [[Ashapoorna Devi]].

== Cast ==
* [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]] as Shankar
* [[Sreelekha Mitra]] as Barsha
* [[Abdur Razzak (actor)|Abdur Razzak]] as Amar Chowdhury
* [[Anuradha Ray]] as Shanti Dev
* [[Dulal Lahiri]] as Rudraprasad Sen
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Vikram
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Film Director
* [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] as Special appearance in an item song named "Dhekhi joto soundoro"

== Production ==
Initially [[Rituparna Sengupta]] was offered to play the role of Barsha. After she refused, [[Mouli Ganguly]] and then [[Rachna Banerjee]] were considered for the role. After both of them eschewed the role, it went to [[Sreelekha Mitra]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=শ্রীলেখার পাল্টা জবাবে সরব টলিপাড়া|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/on-the-reverse-side-of-the-debate-on-nepotism-1.1166195|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623145218/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/on-the-reverse-side-of-the-debate-on-nepotism-1.1166195 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=16 July 2020|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Annadata
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Babul Bose
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:51
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = [[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
| producer = [[Ashok Dhanuka]]
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
| {{YouTube|-3BjVK9OKyE|Annadata - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music of the film has been composed by Babul Bose.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Song
!Singer
!Length
|-
|1
|"Din Aase Din Jaye"
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|5:10
|-
|2
|"Hate Chabi Niye Bose"
|Babul Supriyo
|4:38
|-
|3
|"Aaj Ami Eka"
|[[Kumar Sanu]]
|6:01
|-
|4
|"Dekhi Jodi Sundari"
|[[Udit Narayan]]
|4:06
|-
|5
|"Amader Katha Sudhu Mane Rekho"
|[[Babul Supriyo]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], Deepa Narayan
|5:38
|-
|6
|"Cinemaye Ache Jato Hero"
|[[Vinod Rathod]]
|5:08
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=4248920}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Ashapurna Devi]]
[[Category:Eskay Movies films]]
{{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Borpatragohain

2026-03-03T22:27:23Z

JennyRoyster668: Added New Entry!

{{Short description|Great Noble of the Ahom Dynasty}}
'''Borpatragohain''' ([[Ahom language|Ahom]]: ''Chao Sheng Lung'') was the third of the three great ''Gohains'' (counsellors) in the [[Ahom kingdom]]. This position was created by [[Suhungmung]] Dihingia Raja in the year 1527 when Konsheng was appointed the first Borpatrogohain.<ref>{{harvcol|Barua|1939|p=61}} "Thaomung-mungteu Konsheng was made Chao-sheng-lung (Borpatrogohain) in Lakni Rungrao 1527."</ref> The designation was borrowed from ''Vrihat-patra'', the [[Habung]] dependent of the [[Chutiya kingdom|Chutia]] king.<ref>{{harvcol|Guha|1983|p=20}} "It appears that the novel designation of Barpatragohain was borrowed from the civil list of Habung where the local ruler, a dependent of the Chutiya king, had the title of ''Vrhat-Patra''." </ref> The Buranji chronicles mention the Chutia official as ''Pator-Lung'' (''Lung'' meaning “Great” in [[Ahom language|Ahom]]) who fought alongside ''Kasitara Barua'' against ''Phrasenmung [[Borgohain]]'' and ''Klinglun [[Burhagohain]]'' in the Ahom-Sutia battle at Dibrugarh.<ref>Barua, Gopal Chandra, ''Ahom Buranji'', p. 55</ref><ref>Bhuyan, S.K., ''Deodhai Asam Buranji'', Chapter 31</ref>. The Chutia Borpatra official appears to have been retained until the later part of the reign of [[Suklenmung|Suklenmung]]. He was killed following a rebellion led by a Brahmin official against the king; the rebel Brahmin, however, escaped and fled to [[Koch Bihar]].<ref>Mahanta, Sukumar, Assam Buranji, p.25, "At that time, the king said, 'By subduing the Sutias and suppressing the Bhuyans, my father and I have taken their kingdom. Why, then, is a Brahmin seeking to become king—why have I appointed the Sutia Borpatro for?'
Saying this, the Borpatra was executed. The king then attempted to execute the Brahmin as well, but he fled and escaped to Koch Bihar."</ref>

The other two counselors of the Ahom kingdom, the ''[[Burhagohain]]'' and the ''[[Borgohain]]'', strongly opposed the creation of this office. However, the king successfully instituted this by claiming that three ministers are now required to stabilize the kingdom. [[Suhungmung]] claimed that Konsheng, a formidable warrior was his half-brother who had grown up in a [[Naga people|Naga]] chieftain's house.<ref>{{harvcol|Guha|1983|p=20}} "The third counsellor so appointed, was publicly claimed by the king to be his own half-brother, posthumously born to a banished queen in a Naga chief's house."</ref> Since the other two counselors refused to transfer part of the militia (''hatimur'') they commanded to the new office, Suhungmung transferred non-Ahom militia under his command to the Borpatragohain and part of the Ahom militia from the other two counselors to himself. To placate the aggrieved two counselors, Suhungmung created two additional frontier Gohain positions that were exclusive to the two lineages, and ruled that the Borpatragohain's family could not have any marital relationship with the king's lineage.<ref>{{harvcol|Guha|1983|p=20}}</ref>

In later times, people from non-Ahoms families, like those of Garhgayan Patar and [[Moran people|Maran]] Patar were also made Borpatragohain in later times.<ref>{{harvcol|Barua|1993|p=26}}</ref> The Borpatrogohains administered the region from the [[Daphla Hills]] to the [[Brahmaputra]], and between the Gerelua and Pichalua rivers.

==List of Borpatragohains==
* Kon-Sheng/Kan-Seng
* Klan-Jang
* Ban Jangi
* Laku Borpatragohain
* Banchangia Borpatragohain
* Lai Borpatragohain
* Chereli Borpatragohain
* Bhaga Borpatragohain
* Achuk Borpatragohain
* Kenduguria Sengkong Borpatragohain
* Paramananda Borpatragohain
* Kalugayan Harinath Borpatragohain
* Kenduguria Mrittunjay Borpatragohain
* Redeshwar Borpatragohain
* Maran Borpatragohain
* Kenduguria Rudresvar Borpatragohain

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* Gait, Edward (1905) ''History of Assam'', Calcutta
* {{cite book |last1=Barua |first1=Swarna Lata |title=Last Days of Ahom Monarchy: A History of Assam from 1769-1826 |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-215-0462-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFFuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{Citation| last = Guha| first = Amalendu| title = The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228-1714)| journal = Social Scientist| volume = 11 |pages = 3–34| date = December 1983| doi = 10.2307/3516963| issue = 12| jstor = 3516963 | url = http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3259}}
*{{Cite book|last=Barua|first=G.C.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.450867/mode/1up|title=Ahom Buranji|date=1939|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bhuyan|first=Surya Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAuhRwAACAAJ|title=Deodhai Asam Buranji: with several shorter chronicles of Assam (compiled from old Assamese buranjis)|date=1962|language=as}}
{{refend}}
[[Category: Assamese-language surnames]]

Khaali Peeli

2026-03-02T05:39:50Z

JennyRoyster668: update article further and updated info per sources

{{short description|Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khaali Peeli
| image = Khaali Peeli film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| director = Maqbool Khan
| producer = [[Ali Abbas Zafar]] Himanshu Kishan Mehra Abhishek Vyas
| writer = Yash Keswani Sima Agarwal
| starring = [[Ishaan Khatter]] [[Ananya Panday]] [[Jaideep Ahlawat]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Vishal–Shekhar]] '''Score:''' [[Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara]]
| cinematography = Adil Afsar
| editing = Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| studio = [[Zee Studios]] Offside Entertainment
| distributor = [[Zee Plex]] [[ZEE5]]
| runtime = 120 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/khaali-peeli-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00otk2mje |title=Khaali Peeli (2020) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708125453/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/khaali-peeli-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00otk2mje |url-status=live}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2020|10|2}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Khaali Peeli''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[masala film]] directed by Maqbool Khan, written by Yash Keswani & Sima Agarwal and produced by [[Ali Abbas Zafar]], [[Zee Studios]] and Offside Entertainment. The film stars [[Ishaan Khatter]], [[Ananya Panday]], and [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |title=Migsun Group's MD Yash Miglani co-produces Ali Abbas Zafar and Himanshu Mehra's 'Khaali Peeli' |url=http://businessworld.in/article/Migsun-Group-s-MD-Yash-Miglani-co-produces-Ali-Abbas-Zafar-and-Himanshu-Mehra-s-Khaali-Peeli-/10-09-2020-318980 |access-date=12 September 2020 |website=BW Businessworld |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922225802/https://www.businessworld.in/article/Migsun-Group-s-MD-Yash-Miglani-co-produces-Ali-Abbas-Zafar-and-Himanshu-Mehra-s-Khaali-Peeli-/10-09-2020-318980/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ishaan-khatter-and-ananya-panday-kick-start-the-shoot-for-khaali-peeli/articleshow/71080472.cms |title=Ishaan Khatter and Ananya Panday kick-start the shoot for 'Khaali Peeli' |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 September 2019 |access-date=11 September 2019 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108011919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ishaan-khatter-and-ananya-panday-kick-start-the-shoot-for-khaali-peeli/articleshow/71080472.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Taxiwaala Bollywood remake: Vijay Deverakonda's film titled as Khaali Peeli - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/taxiwaala-bollywood-remake-vijay-deverakondas-film-titled-as-khaali-peeli/articleshow/71737935.cms |access-date=8 September 2020 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110180007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/taxiwaala-bollywood-remake-vijay-deverakondas-film-titled-as-khaali-peeli/articleshow/71737935.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] began on 11 September 2019 and shooting wrapped up in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/taxiwaala-bollywood-remake-vijay-deverakondas-film-titled-as-khaali-peeli/articleshow/71737935.cms |title=Taxiwaala Bollywood remake: Vijay Deverakonda's film titled as Khaali Peeli |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=4 January 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110180007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/taxiwaala-bollywood-remake-vijay-deverakondas-film-titled-as-khaali-peeli/articleshow/71737935.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film's initial release on 12 June 2020 was postponed due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

''Khaali Peeli'' was released digitally on [[Zee Plex]] with [[pay-per-view]] model on 2 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishaan Khatter, Ananya Panday's 'Khaali Peeli' to release on VOD service 'Zee Plex' in October |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/sep/07/ishaan-khatter-ananya-pandays-khaali-peeli-to-release-on-vod-service-zee-plex-in-october-2193575.html |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |date=7 September 2020 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025181806/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/sep/07/ishaan-khatter-ananya-pandays-khaali-peeli-to-release-on-vod-service-zee-plex-in-october-2193575.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set in 2007, the story is about two childhood sweethearts, Pooja (Ananya Panday) and Blackie (Ishaan Khatter), who get separated due to certain circumstances when they were kids. Blackie, born Vijay, has had a criminal mind since childhood when he planned a jewellery heist with his father, but was caught by the police. Blackie is able to escape and has constantly been on the run.

Blackie is a taxi driver who has agreed to drop a pregnant lady off at the hospital (for [[Indian rupee|INR]] 5000) during the city-wide taxi strike. He is confronted by the union leader and 2 other drivers, and in the melee, he stabs one of the drivers in the stomach. Pooja, who is a prostitute (& is to be married to a long-term client of hers, Choksi Seth (Swanand Kirkire), who has fallen in love with her), decides to escape the brothel on turning 18, with a bag full of stolen money. She bumps into Blackie, who is on the run from the police, and his taxi accidentally collides.

He agrees to "drive" her to freedom (as she is being pursued by goons), in exchange for a hefty amount (Rs 15,000). When he finds out that she is running with a bag full of money, he raises his fee to Rs 25,000. Khala (Vaishali Thakkar) is Pooja's madam and is in a soup with don Yusuf Chikna (Jaideep Ahlawat), who owns the brothel. Yusuf kills Khala.

Ten years ago, Yusuf had taken Blackie under his wing, and he first met Pooja (when she was still a child) at the brothel. He was named Blackie as he used to sell cinema tickets in black for Yusuf as his start in the criminal underworld. Choksi saw Pooja at the cinema and fell in love with her. He promised Yusuf to bear all expenses for Pooja, with the intention of having her when she turns 18.

Inspector Tawde (Zakir Hussain) gets suspicious of Blackie in a taxi during the strike, with a customer. When his and Pooja's story won't match, he asks Blackie to drop him off at home on his way to the station. In the car, he gets info on a taxi driver who stabbed a union leader and a girl who robbed a jewellery store. Tawde asks Pooja to open the bag, and she draws a gun on him. Tawde is forced out of the cab without his gun. Tawde reaches a police station and orders a search for the cab and learns that the cab is registered to Vijay Chauhan. This info reaches Yusuf, who now knows that Blackie is driving Pooja out of Mumbai. Blackie has had a crush on Pooja since childhood, which Yusuf crushed as Yusuf had promised her to Choksi. Blackie defies Yusuf and continues to meet Pooja, and when Yusuf finds out, he beats up Blackie badly, and Pooja is sent to boarding school.

Meanwhile, Blackie wants a 50% cut from Pooja. Blackie wants to run away with the money, but gets a call from Yusuf's goon, who offers to double the money in the bag in exchange for Pooja. Blackie doesn't know that the offer was from Yusuf. Blackie takes Pooja for a fair and calls the goon to the location to take delivery of Pooja. Meanwhile, Tawde tracks Blackie and reaches the same fair. This is when Pooja realises that Blackie is her friend Blackie from childhood and tells him that she is Pooja. Blackie understands but still does the deal and hands over Pooja to Yusuf's goons. Pooja escapes from the goons and hitches a bus ride on her way out of Mumbai. Blackie has a change of heart and goes after Pooja, but realises at the fair that she has escaped. He tracks her, and so do Yusuf's goons.

Blackie gets himself arrested by Inspector Bhim Singh (Satish Kaushik), and Bhim informs Tawde that he has captured the taxi driver, but the girl is missing. Meanwhile, the bus stops at a [[dhaba]] where Yusuf's goons are having dinner. Pooja runs into them and hides while a customer calls the police, which goes to the station where Bhim Singh is in charge. Blackie kidnaps and tries to bribe Bhim Singh. Yusuf, with 2 bags of money, to help him save Pooja. As Blackie tricks Bhim Singh as he escapes with his car and the money, Yusuf's men capture Pooja and take her to Yusuf. Blackie attacks the goons before they reach Yusuf and rescues Pooja. Blackie challenges Yusuf on the phone for Pooja. Pooja and Blackie kiss.

Yusuf captures Blackie's dad and calls Blackie a corrupt cop, and takes him to his location with Pooja for an exchange. Blackie knows he is dead in every scenario, so he calls Tawde for a meeting and agrees to get Yusuf in exchange for his and Pooja's freedom. Blackie decides to lure Yusuf. Out and Tawde and his force arrest him. Yusuf's gang counterattacks, and Yusuf escapes with Pooja. The enraged Blackie follows and intercepts them. A fight ensues, and Yusuf gains the upper hand. He is about to shoot Blackie, when Tawde intervenes and kills Yusuf. Tawde is awarded a medal, and Blackie is sentenced to two years in jail. Pooja meets him outside the jail when his imprisonment ends.

== Cast ==
* [[Ishaan Khatter]] as Vijay "Blackie" Chauhan
** Vedant Desaai as Young Vijay a.k.a. Blackie
* [[Ananya Panday]] as Pooja Gaur
** Deshna Duggad as Young Pooja
* [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] as Yusuf Chikna<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/khaali-peeli-trailer-ishaan-khatter-ananya-panday-promise-a-typical-bollywood-masala-entertainer-6605782/ |title=Khaali Peeli trailer: Ishaan, Ananya promise a typical masala entertainer |date=22 September 2020 |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922165651/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/khaali-peeli-trailer-ishaan-khatter-ananya-panday-promise-a-typical-bollywood-masala-entertainer-6605782/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Inspector Tawde
* [[Satish Kaushik]] as Inspector Bhim Singh
* [[Swanand Kirkire]] as Choksi Seth
* [[Suyash Tilak]] as Mangesh
* [[Anup Soni]] as Ravi / Babuji
* [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] as Goon
* Bhushan Vikas as Mahesh
* Vinod Nahardih as Mannu
* Purnanand Wandekar as Jaidev
* Vaishali Thakkar as Khala

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Khaali Peeli
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 15 September 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/khaali-peeli/2DijcCKLqfw_ |title=Khaali Peeli – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=7 September 2020 |publisher=Jiosaavn |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=14 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914203956/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/khaali-peeli/2DijcCKLqfw_ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 10:25
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Baaghi 3]]
| prev_year = 2020
| next_title = [[Chehre]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc =
{{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|4DJDOshGNs4|Khaali Peeli - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The film's music was composed by [[Vishal–Shekhar]], while lyrics were written by [[Kumaar]] and [[Raj Shekhar]].

The song "Beyonce Sharma Jaayegi" was criticised online for lyrics that some found racist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2020 |title=Khaali Peeli song Beyonce Sharma Jayegi: Twitter says sorry to Beyonce for the 'racist' Ananya Panday-Ishaan Khatter song |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/khaali-peeli-song-beyonce-sharma-jayegi-twitter-says-sorry-to-beyonce-for-the-racist-ananya-panday-ishaan-khatter-song/story-yxBXUl9ZMcRKoJbudL3aFN.html |access-date=8 September 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=8 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908152511/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/khaali-peeli-song-beyonce-sharma-jayegi-twitter-says-sorry-to-beyonce-for-the-racist-ananya-panday-ishaan-khatter-song/story-yxBXUl9ZMcRKoJbudL3aFN.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Krishna Priya Pallavi |date=7 September 2020 |title=Beyonce Sharma Jayegi trends online, Internet apologises to singer for Ananya-Ishaan's new song |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/beyonce-sharma-jayegi-trends-online-internet-apologises-to-singer-for-ananya-ishaan-s-new-song-1719483-2020-09-07 |access-date=8 September 2020 |magazine=India Today |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907202314/https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/beyonce-sharma-jayegi-trends-online-internet-apologises-to-singer-for-ananya-ishaan-s-new-song-1719483-2020-09-07 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='Beyonce Sharma Jayegi' Song from 'Khaali Peeli' Gets 1.5 Lakh 'Dislikes' on YouTube for Racist Lyrics |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/beyonce-sharma-jayegi-song-from-khaali-peeli-gets-1-5-lakh-dislikes-on-youtube-for-racist-lyrics-2858041.html |access-date=8 September 2020 |website=News18 |date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114052135/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/beyonce-sharma-jayegi-song-from-khaali-peeli-gets-1-5-lakh-dislikes-on-youtube-for-racist-lyrics-2858041.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The song has been contrasted with [[Beyoncé]]'s "[[Brown Skin Girl]]", as ''[[Rolling Stone]] India'' pointed out how on one hand, Beyoncé is working towards the racial empowerment through her song, but the Bollywood song, names her, and says she will be "embarrassed of fairskined [[Ananya Panday]]'s dancing skills".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2020 |title='Beyonce Sharma Jayegi' Is Bollywood's Latest Racist Offering - |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/beyonce-sharma-jayegi-is-bollywoods-latest-racist-offering/ |access-date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020142435/https://rollingstoneindia.com/beyonce-sharma-jayegi-is-bollywoods-latest-racist-offering/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[HuffPost]] India'' wrote "What's a bit of racism sprinkled over the regular dose of sexism".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2020 |title=Indian Fans Are Apologising To Beyonce For This Racist 'Khali Peeli' Song |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/beyonce-sharma-jayegi-khali-peeli-song-twitter-fans-react_in_5f55fef0c5b62b3add436e58 |access-date=8 September 2020 |website=HuffPost India |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908015415/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/beyonce-sharma-jayegi-khali-peeli-song-twitter-fans-react_in_5f55fef0c5b62b3add436e58 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[News18 India]] said "It seems despite the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement, the hashtags and the social media outrage, [[Bollywood]] hasn't learned much about [[racism]]".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Khaali Peeli's New Song 'Beyonce Sharma Jaayegi' is Making Indians Apologise to American Singer |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/khaali-peelis-song-beyonce-sharma-jaayegi-is-making-embarrassed-indians-apologise-to-american-singer-2856479.html |access-date=8 September 2020 |website=News18 |date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=8 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908011736/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/khaali-peelis-song-beyonce-sharma-jaayegi-is-making-embarrassed-indians-apologise-to-american-singer-2856479.html |url-status=live}}</ref> After receiving heavy backlash online, the director Maqbool Khan apologised. On 13 September, the producers changed the spelling of the title, from "[[Beyoncé]]" to "Beyonse".<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=13 September 2020 |title=Beyonse Sharma Jayegi: Khaali Peeli makers change Beyonce's spelling after receiving flak for 'racist' song |url=https://ww.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/beyonse-sharma-jayegi-khaali-peeli-makers-change-beyonce-s-spelling-after-receiving-flak-for-racist-song/story-HwU9GFhy5KoWGchFOJrEPP.html |access-date=14 September 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[News18 India]] reported that [[Jay-Z]] trademarked and protected the name "Beyoncé" and it therefore cannot be used without their permission.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Beyonce, Beyonse or Duniya Sharma Jayegi? Multiple Song Name Changes Bring 'Khaali Peeli' Confusion |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/beyonce-beyonse-or-duniya-sharma-jayegi-khaali-peeli-song-name-change-leaves-indians-confused-2875703.html |access-date=14 September 2020 |website=News18 |date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915013632/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/beyonce-beyonse-or-duniya-sharma-jayegi-khaali-peeli-song-name-change-leaves-indians-confused-2875703.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The title was subsequently changed again, to "Duniya Sharma Jayegi".<ref name=":6">{{cite web |url=https://www.indianspice.co.za/2020/09/14/racist-beyonce-lyrics-changed-in-khaali-peeli-bollywood-song/ |title=Racist Beyoncé Lyrics Changed in 'Khaali Peeli' Song |work=Indian Spice |date=14 September 2020 |access-date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924040339/https://www.indianspice.co.za/2020/09/14/racist-beyonce-lyrics-changed-in-khaali-peeli-bollywood-song/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, despite the name change, the video received 1 million dislikes within its first week on YouTube.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title='Khaali Peeli' Song 'Beyonce Sharma Jayegi' Gets 1 Million Dislikes on Youtube Despite Name Change |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/beyonce-to-duniya-sharma-jayegi-khaali-peeli-song-gets-1-million-dislikes-on-youtube-despite-name-change-2875535.html |access-date=14 September 2020 |website=News18 |date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915010954/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/beyonce-to-duniya-sharma-jayegi-khaali-peeli-song-gets-1-million-dislikes-on-youtube-despite-name-change-2875535.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 10:25
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Duniya Sharma Jaayegi
| extra1 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]], [[Raj Shekhar]]
| length1 = 3:32
| title2 = Tehas Nehas
| extra2 = [[Shekhar Ravjiani]], [[Prakriti Kakar]]
| lyrics2 = Kumaar
| length2 = 3:55
| title3 = Shana Dil
| extra3 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
| lyrics3 = Raj Shekhar
| length3 = 2:58
| note1 = {{small|previously "Beyonce Sharma Jaayegi" and "Beyonse Sharma Jaayegi"}}
| all_music = [[Vishal–Shekhar]].
}}

== Release ==
''Khaali Peeli'' was originally scheduled to be released worldwide on 11 June 2020 in cinemas, before the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] led to its postponement owing to cinemas shutdown.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Ananya Panday: Khaali Peeli is an intense romantic film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ananya-panday-khaali-peeli-is-an-intense-romantic-film-1624512-2019-12-02 |access-date=26 March 2020 |website=India Today |date=28 August 2019 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326162652/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ananya-panday-khaali-peeli-is-an-intense-romantic-film-1624512-2019-12-02 |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2020, the makers sold its rights to new [[Video on demand#Premium|PVOD]] platform [[Zee Plex]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Ishaan Khatter and Ananya Panday's Khaali Peeli to premiere on ZEE5 |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/ishaan-khatter-and-ananya-pandays-khaali-peeli-to-premiere-on-zee5/ |website=easterneye.biz |date=18 August 2020 |access-date=20 August 2020 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708125454/https://www.easterneye.biz/ishaan-khatter-and-ananya-pandays-khaali-peeli-to-premiere-on-zee5/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Khaali Peeli'' was released there on 2 October 2020, coinciding with [[Gandhi Jayanti]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishaan Khatter-Ananya Panday's 'Khaali Peeli' gets a digital release; streaming date out |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ishaan-khatter-ananya-panday-s-khaali-peeli-gets-a-digital-release-streaming-date-out-2841543 |access-date=7 September 2020 |website=DNA |date=7 September 2020 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907062801/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ishaan-khatter-ananya-panday-s-khaali-peeli-gets-a-digital-release-streaming-date-out-2841543 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was simultaneously released in [[drive-in]] theatres of [[Gurugram]] and [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Mohar |title=Khaali Peeli makers to have drive-in premieres in Gurugram, Bengaluru |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/khaali-peeli-makers-to-have-drive-in-premieres-in-gurugram-bengaluru/23004247 |access-date=23 September 2020 |website=Mid-Day |date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924065544/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/khaali-peeli-makers-to-have-drive-in-premieres-in-gurugram-bengaluru/23004247 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Devansh Sharma from ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote, "After Beyond The Clouds and Dhadak, Khatter puts on display yet another side of his multifaceted personality. Khaali Peeli is his most 'commercial' film yet, a la Ranveer Singh in Rohit Shetty's [[Simmba]]. But rather than mimicking his idols, Khatter invents his style in conformity with a Mumbai taxi driver on a steady diet of Bollywood films for years — and makes a meal of it."<ref>{{cite web |title=Khaali Peeli movie review: Ananya Panday, Ishaan Khatter film celebrates the aimless grandiose of all things Bollywood |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/khaali-peeli-movie-review-ananya-panday-ishaan-khatter-film-celebrates-the-aimless-grandiose-of-all-things-bollywood-8875691.html |website=Firstpost |date=3 October 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007180254/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/khaali-peeli-movie-review-ananya-panday-ishaan-khatter-film-celebrates-the-aimless-grandiose-of-all-things-bollywood-8875691.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Soumya Srivastava from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated, "Khaali Peeli is a concoction that can only be brewed in the belly of Bollywood. With one chase sequence following on the tails of another, director Maqbool Khan ensures not a single moment is without its adrenaline dialled up to an 11. But it’s quite shocking how easily one can grow bored of craziness as well."<ref>{{cite web |title=Khaali Peeli movie review: Ishaan Khatter, Ananya Panday take you back to Bollywood's mindless masala years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/khaali-peeli-movie-review-ishaan-khatter-ananya-panday-take-you-back-to-bollywood-s-mindless-masala-years/story-jUmYIYtt5bRu4hXpupehkK.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=2 October 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514071105/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/khaali-peeli-movie-review-ishaan-khatter-ananya-panday-take-you-back-to-bollywood-s-mindless-masala-years/story-jUmYIYtt5bRu4hXpupehkK.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said, "Khaali Peeli knows that it needs to refresh the tropes it is up against, and manages to do so only some of the time in its two-hour duration."<ref>{{cite web |title=Khaali Peeli review: A timepass movie |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/khaali-peeli-review-a-timepass-film-6664780/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Uma Ramasubramanian from ''[[Mid-Day]]'' wrote, "Khaali Peeli is the perfect package for Khatter, who gets to showcase his dancing skills, action, drama, romance, comedy and biceps. Known for his love for offbeat films — Majid Majidi's Beyond the Clouds (2017) and forthcoming A Suitable Boy (2020) — the wonder boy is equally crackling in a typical Bollywood entertainer. Panday, though she carries the role efficiently, doesn't deliver authenticity to the character."<ref>{{cite web |title=Khaali Peeli Movie Review: Off for a bumpy ride |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/khaali-peeli-movie-review-off-for-a-bumpy-ride/23022313 |website=mid-day |language=en |date=3 October 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011024103/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/khaali-peeli-movie-review-off-for-a-bumpy-ride/23022313 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Controversy ==

The song "Beyonce Sharma Jaayegi" was criticised online for lyrics that some found racist.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The song has been contrasted with [[Beyoncé]]'s "[[Brown Skin Girl]]", as ''[[Rolling Stone]] India'' pointed out how on one hand, Beyoncé is working towards the racial empowerment through her song, but the Bollywood song names her, and says she will be "embarrassed of fairskinned [[Ananya Panday]]'s dancing skills".<ref name=":3" /> ''[[HuffPost]] India'' wrote "What's a bit of racism sprinkled over the regular dose of sexism".<ref name=":4" /> [[News18 India]] said, "It seems despite the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement, the hashtags and the social media outrage, [[Bollywood]] hasn't learned much about [[racism]]".<ref name=":5" /> After receiving heavy backlash online, the film's director Maqbool Khan apologised. On 13 September, the producers changed the spelling of the title, from "[[Beyoncé]]" to "Beyonse".<ref name=":6" /> News18 India reported that [[Jay-Z]] trademarked and protected the name "Beyoncé" and it therefore cannot be used without their permission.<ref name=":7" /> The title was subsequently changed, again, to "Duniya Sharma Jayegi".<ref name=":8" /> However, despite the name change, the video received 1 million dislikes within its first week on YouTube.<ref name=":9" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|10885444}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|khaali-peeli}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/khaali-peeli/0-0-238336 Khaali Peeli] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2020 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:Race-related controversies in film]]
[[Category:2020 controversies]]
[[Category:Films about taxis]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Films about theft]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Taxis of India]]

George Varghese (director)

2026-02-28T08:33:52Z

JennyRoyster668: Added A Info!

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = George Varghese
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| birth_date =
| occupation = Film Director
}}
'''George Varghese''' is an Indian film director working in the [[Malayalam film industry]].

==Career==
Varghese started his career working as an [[assistant director]] to filmmakers like [[Joshiy]], [[M. Padmakumar]], Anil C Menon etc. He made his directorial debut in 2010 with the [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] starrer ''[[Thanthonni]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Rebel-without-a-pause/article16576674.ece | title= Rebel without a pause | first=Vijay | last=George | date=18 March 2010 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=18 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/The-brat-turns-a-new-leaf/article15940622.ece | title= The brat turns a new leaf | first=Vijay | last=George | date=20 November 2009 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=18 September 2019 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
*i.c.u (2013)
*''[[Thanthonni]]'' (2010)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varghese, George}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Babita Sharma

2026-02-28T02:53:29Z

JennyRoyster668: Improved structure and clarity

{{Short description|British television newsreader (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Babita Sharma
| image = babita sharma 2021 1.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sharma in 2021
| birth_name = Babita Sharma
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1977|4}}
| birth_place = [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]], [[Berkshire]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[University of Wales]] (BA)
| occupation = [[Journalist]], [[News presenter]]
| employer = [[BBC]]
| alias =
| title =
| family =
| spouse = Adam Patterson
| children = 1
| relatives =
| networth =
| credits = {{plainlist|
*[[BBC Radio Wales]]
*[[Thames Valley Television]]
*[[Channel 4 FM]]
*[[Ajman|Ajman TV]]
*[[BBC Radio Berkshire]]
*[[Spotlight Channel Islands]]
*[[BBC News (British TV channel)|BBC News]]
*[[BBC World News]]
*[[Newsday (programme)|Newsday]]
*[[World News Today]]
*''[[GMT (programme)|GMT]]''
*''[[Impact (TV programme)|Impact with Yalda Hakim]]''
*[[Asia Business Report]]
}}
| agent =
| URL = {{twitter | id=BabitaTV}}
}}

'''Babita Sharma''' (born April 1977)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/2MQC9HuX6giNQPBf0gOncxDc2Iw/appointments/ |title=Babita SHARMA |website=companieshouse.gov.uk/ |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizdb.co.uk/company/corner-shop-media-ltd-10501138/|title = Corner Shop Media Ltd in London, W1W 7LT}}</ref> is a British television [[news presenter|newsreader]] who worked on the domestic BBC News Channel and [[BBC World News]], presenting the [[Newsday (programme)|Newsday]] strand each Monday to Wednesday from London with [[Rico Hizon]] in Singapore. Sharma stopped presenting on BBC News during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-12852033|title=BBC News – Newsday|work=bbc.co.uk|date=6 April 2011|accessdate=17 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://travel.asiaone.com/article/destinations/travel-black-book-cross-the-channel-to-jersey|title=Travel Black Book: Cross the Channel to Jersey|first=Jennani|last=Durai|date=4 February 2014|work=The Straits Times|access-date=8 October 2015|via=Travel Asia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211070242/http://travel.asiaone.com/article/destinations/travel-black-book-cross-the-channel-to-jersey|archive-date=11 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sharma is of [[India]]n descent<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dstv.com/en-za/news/newsdays-babita-sharma-20150806|title=Newsday's Babita Sharma|date=6 August 2015|work=DSTV|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> and was born in 1977 at the [[Royal Berkshire Hospital]] in [[Reading, Berkshire]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://x.com/babitatv/status/63117328551915520?s=46&t=fHvncVy4KqmaJFSOgyhlKg}}</ref> She has two older sisters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Babita |date=2019-05-19 |title=Counter culture: my life growing up in a corner shop |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/may/19/counter-culture-my-life-growing-up-in-a-corner-shop-babita-sharma |access-date=2025-05-02 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> She lived above a number of corner shops around Reading and [[Caversham, Reading|Caversham]] owned by her mother Prem and her father Ved.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hodder.co.uk/books/detail.page?isbn=9781473673243|title=The Corner Shop| access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.renewableuk.com/en/news/renewableuk-news.cfm/bbc-world-news-presenter-to-faciliate-panel-discussions-at-wave-tidal-2014|title=BBC World News Presenter to Facilitate Panel Discussions at Wave and Tidal 2014|date=4 February 2014|work=Renewable UK|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110703/http://www.renewableuk.com/en/news/renewableuk-news.cfm/bbc-world-news-presenter-to-faciliate-panel-discussions-at-wave-tidal-2014|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Babita |title=Babita Sharma: pop to the corner shop to take the pulse of modern Britain |newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/asia/article/babita-sharma-pop-to-the-corner-shop-to-take-the-pulse-of-modern-britain-lmgh35r20 |access-date=2022-04-18 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> Her parents came from the [[Punjab]] in [[India]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Babita |date=2019-04-13 |title=Babita Sharma: pop to the corner shop to take the pulse of modern Britain |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/asia/article/babita-sharma-pop-to-the-corner-shop-to-take-the-pulse-of-modern-britain-lmgh35r20 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref> her father was born in what is now the [[Pakistan]] side of the Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How dangerous is the Indian-Pakistan border? 2 presenters reveal what life is really like on the partition line for BBC's Dangerous Borders: a Journey across India and Pakistan {{!}} Radio Times |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/documentaries/divided-nations-a-snapshot-of-life-on-either-side-of-the-india-pakistan-border/ |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=www.radiotimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

She attended the [[University of Wales]] and graduated with a degree in journalism, film and broadcasting.

==Career==
After completing her education, Sharma began working with [[BBC Radio Wales]] and [[Thames Valley Television]].<ref name=Bio>{{Cite web|url = https://tvnewsroom.org/babita-sharma/|title = Babita Sharma – Biography and Images|accessdate = 8 October 2015|website = TV Newsroom|date = 13 June 2011|archive-date = 19 October 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201019160003/https://www.tvnewsroom.org/babita-sharma/|url-status = dead}}</ref> She moved to [[Dubai]],<ref name=":0" /> working on radio for [[Channel 4 FM]] and for [[Ajman TV]] where she presented a weekly music programme. She returned to the UK in 2003 and began her BBC career at [[BBC Radio Berkshire]] as a travel presenter and producer. She then moved to the newsroom in Southampton, reporting and producing for [[BBC South Today]]. In 2007 she moved on to BBC [[Spotlight Channel Islands]] working as a video journalist and regular presenter of the evening bulletin.

Sharma transferred to the BBC News Channel in 2008, initially as presenter of the ''Your Money'' programme.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://cablecongress.com/speaker/babita-sharma/|title = Babita Sharma|accessdate = 8 October 2015|website = Cable Congress}}</ref> In early 2009, she assumed the main business role and then moved to the BBC News Channel, BBC One and BBC World News in her current full-time presenting role.<ref name=Bio/> For the BBC World News programme Newsday, which began airing from its new studios on 31 July 2015, Sharma has served as live anchor from the main Broadcasting Centre in London, while Rico Hizon was assigned the main broadcasting role from Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://audioboom.com/boos/3046958-the-uk-general-election-2015-interview-with-babita-sharma| title=BBC preparing new Singapore studio|date=31 July 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015|publisher= NewscastStudio}}</ref> The "World Travel Market global trends report 2013", which was prepared for the World Travel Market and the Euromonitor International was the subject of a panel debate in which Sharma participated. She observed: "The global economy in 2013 has stabilized compared to 2012 with a 3.1% (gross-domestic-product) growth expected for the year. The [[International Monetary Fund]] predicts a further 3.8% increase during 2014".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotelnewsnow.com/Article/12604/6-trends-shaping-global-travel|title=6 trends shaping global travel |date=5 November 2013|access-date=20 April 2018|publisher=Hotel News Now}}</ref>

She appeared on series 3 episode 7 of "Celebrity Eggheads"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08pqjdg |title=Celebrity Eggheads |publisher=BBC |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> and presented the first two series of Supermarket Secrets with Gregg Wallace.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b036q93n |title=Supermarket Secrets |publisher=BBC |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>

Sharma also hosts various ceremonies, such as the Angel Film Awards at the [[Monaco International Film Festival]] from 2011 to 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.angelfilmawards.com|title=Angel Film Awards 2014|date=7 December 2014|accessdate=8 October 2015|website=Angel Film Awards}}</ref> and the 2012 Wings of Hope Achievement Award ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewingsofhope.org/2012/04/20/wings-of-hope-achievement-award-ceremony-2012-heroes-heroines-wembley-stadium-19th-of-april-2012|title=Wings of Hope Achievement Award Ceremony 2012|date=19 April 2012|accessdate=8 October 2015|website=WOHAA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114034/http://www.thewingsofhope.org/2012/04/20/wings-of-hope-achievement-award-ceremony-2012-heroes-heroines-wembley-stadium-19th-of-april-2012/|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> She also moderates panel discussions<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hotelnewsnow.com/Article/12604/6-trends-shaping-global-travel|title=6 Trends Shaping Global Travel|last=Mayock|first=Patrick|date=5 November 2013|work=Hotel News Now|accessdate=8 October 2015}}</ref> and speaks at conferences, such as the [[World Travel Market]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hotelnewsnow.com/article/9341/report-highlights-key-hotel-trends-by-region|title=Report Highlights Key Hotel Trends by Region|last=Nand|first=Lisa Francesca|date=9 November 2012|work=Hotel News Now|accessdate=8 October 2015}}</ref> In 2017 made the three part series ''Dangerous Borders: A Journey across Indian & Pakistan'' for [[BBC2]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/modern/the-legacy-of-partition-an-interview-with-babita-sharma/|title=The legacy of partition: an interview with Babita Sharma |accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref> In December 2016 her documentary ''Booze, Beans & Bhajis: The Story of the Corner Shop'' was shown on the [[BBC4]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0864zn9|title=Booze, Beans & Bhajis: The Story of the Corner Shop |accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref>

Sharma co-hosted the Asian Curry Awards 2018 at the Grosvenor House in London on Sunday 18 November 2018.

Since 2022, Sharma has provided the voice over for the opening of [[Loose Women]], introducing the panellists at the start of each show.

==Personal life==
Sharma is married<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hodder.co.uk/books/detail.page?isbn=9781473673243|title=The Corner Shop |accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref> to Adam Patterson.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thefoldlondon.com/fold-woman-babita-sharma/?doing_wp_cron=1558104980.1854319572448730468750|title=The Fold Woman: Babita Sharma|accessdate=17 May 2019}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |last=Sharma |first=Babita |author-link=Babita Sharma |user=BabitaTV |number=1271050716371718144 |date=11 June 2020 |title=Incredibly proud of my hubby #AdamPatterson & @DecLawn who wrote & exec produced #TheSalisburyPoisonings. A compelling, emotionally charged drama. On-air from Sunday 14/15/16 June 9pm @BBCOne https://t.co/Juu2DUOKsH |language=en |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418134228/https://twitter.com/babitatv/status/1271050716371718144 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> She gave birth to a daughter in May 2019.<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Sharma |first=Babita |author-link=Babita Sharma |user=BabitaTV |number=1485729442366431236 |date=24 January 2022 |title=May 2020. We celebrated my daughter's first birthday in a lockdown on a zoom to elderly grandparents, extended family & friends because those were the rules. She won't remember it but we will. https://t.co/YhHvKvn8L0 |language=en |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504101728/https://twitter.com/babitatv/status/1485729442366431236 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> They moved to [[Belfast]] in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.essentialsurrey.co.uk/lifestyle/celebrity-interview/babita-sharma-corner-shops/|title=Babita Sharma on why corner shops are the best of British|accessdate=17 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |last=Sharma |first=Babita |author-link=Babita Sharma |user=BabitaTV |number=1493203384907747328 |date=14 February 2022 |title=And just like that. #MovingDay #BelfastReady https://t.co/Wj5OraIKSr |language=en |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306220454/https://twitter.com/babitatv/status/1493203384907747328 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Publications==
*''The Corner Shop: Shopkeepers, the Sharmas and the making of modern Britain'' (18 April 2019)<ref>{{cite book
| title = The Corner Shop: Shopkeepers, the Sharmas and the making of modern Britain
| publisher = [[Two Roads]]
| id = {{ASIN|1473673224|country=uk}}
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4647246}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Babita}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Wales]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:English women television presenters]]
[[Category:Mass media people from Reading, Berkshire]]
[[Category:People from Caversham, Reading]]
[[Category:BBC newsreaders and journalists]]
[[Category:BBC World News]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]

Maya Krishna Rao

2026-02-27T01:47:31Z

JennyRoyster668: Started New Bio

{{Short description|Indian theatre artist (Born:1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maya Krishna Rao
| image = Pressegespräch zum Festival Ramayana in Performance im Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum-9077.jpg
| caption = Rao in 2012
| birth_date = 1953
| birth_place = [[New York City]], US
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Theatre artist, teacher
}}

'''Maya Krishna Rao''' (born 1953) is a solo [[Indian people|Indian]] theatre artist, [[Stand-up comedy|stand-up comedian]] and social activist. Her well-known shows include ''Khol Do', 'A Deep Fried Jam','Ravanama'' and ''Heads Are Meant for Walking Into''. Her performances cover many genres - dance theatre, comedy, multi-media, and theatre in education. She is a recipient of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2010), which she returned five years later citing growth of intolerance in India.

==Biography==
Born in 1953 in [[New York City]],<ref name="IT">{{cite web |title=Theatre artist Maya Krishna Rao returns Sangeet Natak Akademi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/theatre-artist-maya-krishna-rao-returns-sangeet-natak-akademi-493337-2015-10-12 |website=[[India Today]] |accessdate=17 September 2018}}</ref> Rao moved to India at a young age.<ref name=ITF>{{cite web |title=No other art that is as close to life as theatre |url=http://theatreforum.in/m/e-rang/?tab=issues&object_id=98 |publisher=India Theatre Forum |accessdate=17 September 2018 |date=15 April 2014 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108221423/http://theatreforum.in/m/e-rang/?tab=issues&object_id=98 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rao studied at [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School]], New Delhi. She completed her bachelor's degree from [[Miranda House, Delhi]] and received a Master's degree in political science from the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[Delhi]].<ref name=ITF /> She also has a degree in [[Theatre Art|theatre arts]] from the [[University of Leeds]]. During her stay in the United Kingdom, she was briefly associated with the "Perspectives Theatre Company" in [[Nottingham]] and the "Leeds Playhouse Theatre-in-Education Company".<ref>{{cite news |title=ITFoK turns spotlight on women's issues |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/itfok-turns-spotlight-on-womens-issues/article5637533.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 January 2014 |accessdate=17 September 2018}}</ref> She was inspired by her mother [[Bhanumati Rao|Bhanumathi Rao]], who was associated with Malayalam theatre in the 1960s

Rao is a trained [[Kathakali]] artist; she received her training from Mampuzha Madhava Panicker and [[Sadanam Balakrishnan]].<ref name=SNA>{{cite web |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi: All Awardees |url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php?section=all |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref>

She is a co-founder of "Theatre Union", a street theatre group. She was Associate Professor in the department of Acting at the [[National School of Drama]], [[New Delhi]], between 1985 and 1990.<ref name=SNA /> and continued as visiting faculty thereafter. In 2013 she was appointed professor at the [[Shiv Nadar University]], Delhi where she designed and taught a post graduate Diploma programme, TEST (Theatre for Education and Social Transformation), a first-of-its-kind in any institute of higher education in India.
Rao's plays are characterised by [[Political sociology|sociopolitical]] themes.<ref name="IT" /> Her earliest plays include, ''Om Swaha'', a critique of [[dowry]], and ''Dafa No. 180'', a take on the Indian rape law.<ref name="IT" /> Her 2012 play ''Walk'' was based on the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=Maya Krishna Rao |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/maya-krishna-rao/article5642705.ece |work=The Hindu |date=1 February 2014 |accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref>

].<ref name=IE>{{cite news |last=Nath |first=Dipanita |title=Rage, in her name: Maya Krishna Rao, the face of protest theatre also wants to make audience laugh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/actor-maya-krishna-rao-the-face-of-protest-theatre-also-wants-to-make-audience-laugh-4762861/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=23 July 2017 |accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Minister solution: approach Modiji |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1151013/jsp/nation/story_47746.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017033624/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151013/jsp/nation/story_47746.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2015 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |date=13 October 2015 |accessdate=17 September 2018}}</ref><ref name = "Sen" />/ref>

She resides with her family in [[Bangalore]].<ref name = "Sen">{{cite news |last=Sen |first=Shekhar |title=Misguided anger not solution to problems: Sangeet Natak Akademi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151013/nation-current-affairs/article/misguided-anger-not-solution-problems-sangeet-natak-akademi |work=Deccan Chronicle |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=13 October 2015 |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref>

==Plays==
* ''Loose Woman''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiaartfair.in/programme/maya-krishna-rao-loose-woman#:~:text=Loose%20Woman%20%E2%80%93%20directed%20and%20performed,her%20skin%2C%20as%20it%20were. | title=Maya Krishna Rao: Loose Woman }}</ref>
* ''Om Swaha''
* ''Dafa No. 180''
* ''Khol Do''<ref name="Hindu" />
* ''A Deep Fried Jam''<ref name="Hindu" />
* ''Heads Are Meant for Walking Into''<ref name="Hindu" />
* ''Quality Street''<ref name="Hindu" />
* ''The Non-Stop Feel Good Show''<ref name="Hindu" />
* ''Hand Over Fist – perspectives on masculinities''<ref name="Hindu" />
* ''Lady Macbeth Revisited''<ref name="Hindu" />
* ''Ravanama''<ref name="Hindu" />
* ''Walk''<ref name="Hindu" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Maya Krishna}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Comedians from New York City]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian film choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Indian women comedians]]
[[Category:Indian women humorists]]
[[Category:Indian humorists]]

Hathibada Ghosundi inscriptions

2026-02-26T14:00:46Z

JennyRoyster668: creating the post nd citations

{{Short description|1st-century BCE Sanskrit inscriptions}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox artifact
|image = Hathibada Brahmi Inscription at Nagari, Hinduism Sanskrit India.jpg
|name = Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions
|image_caption = Fragment C of the Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions, in [[Sanskrit]]. 2nd-1st century BCE.
|material = Stone
|size =
|writing = Sanskrit
|created = 2nd-1st Century BCE
|period =
|place = Nagari (Chittorgarh), Rajasthan
|discovered =
|discovered_coords ={{Coord|24.967|74.683}}
|location = Government Museum, Udaipur
| map =
{{Location map
| India
| float = center
| relief = yes
| label = [[Nagari, Rajasthan|Nagari]]
| lat_deg = 24.967
| lon_deg = 74.683
}}
|id =
|registration =
}}
The '''Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions''', sometimes referred simply as the '''Ghosundi Inscription''' or the '''Hathibada Inscription''', are the oldest [[Sanskrit]] inscriptions in the [[Brahmi script]], and dated to the 2nd-1st century BCE. The Hathibada inscription were found near [[Nagari, Rajasthan|Nagari village]], about {{convert|8|mi}} north of [[Chittorgarh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]], while the Ghosundi inscription was found in the village of Ghosundi, about {{convert|3|mi}} southwest of [[Chittorgarh]].

==Description==
Dated to the 2nd or 1st-century BCE, the Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions ("HGI") are among the oldest known [[Sanskrit]] inscriptions in [[Brahmi script]] from an early [[Vaishnavism]] tradition of ancient India.<ref name=salomon239>{{cite book|author=Richard Salomon|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509984-3|pages=239–240|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415161550/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Damsteegt1978p209">{{cite book|author=Theo Damsteegt|title=Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA209|year=1978|publisher=Brill Academic|pages=209–211|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228141655/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA209|url-status=live |quote= p.205: "Three more Hinduist inscriptions in Sanskrit, with identical text, have been found at Ghosundf and Hathibada in Rajasthan, thus, outside the Aryavarta." p.210: "The three Sanskrit inscriptions from Ghosundf (Hathibada) refer to the erection of a stone wall in connection with puja (pujasilaprakara-) by a king; the gods Samkarsana and Vasudeva are mentioned."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jan Gonda|authorlink=Jan Gonda|title=Visnuism and Sivaism: A Comparison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khrmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4742-8082-2|pages=166 note 243|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819135041/https://books.google.com/books?id=khrmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James Hegarty|title=Religion, Narrative and Public Imagination in South Asia: Past and Place in the Sanskrit Mahabharata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMSoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-64589-1|pages=46 note 118|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819202602/https://books.google.com/books?id=qMSoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|url-status=live}}</ref>

The HGI were found as incomplete fragments in three different locations. One fragment was discovered inside an ancient water well in Ghosundi, another at the boundary wall between Ghosundi and Bassi, and the third on a stone slab in the inner wall of Hathibada. They may have been displaced during the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]'s [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|siege of Chittorgarh]]. He camped at Nagari and built some facilities by breaking and reusing old structures, a legacy that gave the location its name "Hathi-bada" or "elephant stable". The fragment discovered in the Hathibada wall has the same style, [[Brahmi]] script and partly same text as the Ghosundi fragment, thereby suggesting a link. The three fragments are often studied together.<ref name= Bhandarkar>[[D. R. Bhandarkar]], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13301/page/n255/mode/2up Hathi-bada Brahmi Inscription at Nagari], Epigraphia Indica Vol. XXII, Archaeological Survey of India, pages 198-205</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dilip K. Chakrabarti|title=A History of Indian Archaeology from the Beginning to 1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iyJuAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=978-81-215-0079-1|pages=137–138|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415161548/https://books.google.com/books?id=iyJuAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Religious significance===
The HGI are significant not only for their antiquity but as a source of information about ancient Indian scripts, society, history and religious beliefs.<ref name= Bhandarkar/> The inscriptions seem to provide evidence for an early reverence of [[Vrishni]] hero-deities [[Samkarshana]] and [[Vāsudeva]] (later known as [[Balarama]] and [[Krishna]]), the existence of a stone temple dedicated to them in 1st-century BCE, the puja tradition, and a king who had completed the Vedic Asvamedha sacrifice.<ref name=salomon239/><ref name="Flood2008p230">{{cite book|author=Gerard Colas|editor=Gavin Flood|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C&pg=PA230|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-99868-7|pages=230–232|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415161549/https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C&pg=PA230|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rajendra Chandra Hazra|title=Studies in the Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jar4V3piCeQC&pg=PA200|year=1987|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0422-7|pages=200–201|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415161548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jar4V3piCeQC&pg=PA200|url-status=live}}</ref> The inscription seems to associate Samkarshana and Vāsudeva with [[Narayana]] ([[Vishnu]]), possibly a step in their later incorporation as [[avatars]] into the Vaishnavite [[Pantheon (religion)|pantheon]].<ref name="DS51">{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms |journal=Archives of Asian Art |date=1979 |volume=32 |pages=50–51 |issn=0066-6637|jstor=20111096 }}</ref>

Taken together with evidence such as the Besnagar inscription found on the [[Heliodorus pillar]], the Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions suggest that devotional [[Bhagavatism]] was developing in ancient India between the 2nd and 1st century BCE.<ref name="Flood2008p230"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Lavanya Vemsani|title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-211-3|pages=37–38|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415161548/https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|url-status=live}}</ref> The HGI are not the oldest known inscriptions; others such as the [[Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana|Ayodhya Inscription]] and [[Naneghat|Nanaghat Cave Inscription]] are generally accepted as old or older.<ref name="Damsteegt1978p209"/><ref name="Shaw2013p264">{{cite book|author=Julia Shaw|title=Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA264|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-61132-344-3|pages=264 note 14|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415161547/https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA264|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Inscriptions==
The inscriptions are incomplete, though an attempt at restoration (see below) has been based on [[Sanskrit prosody]] rules. The fragments read:<ref name= Bhandarkar/>

<blockquote style="background-color:none;margin-right:5em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 6px #FFE0BB;padding:1.0em">
<poem>
Fragment A [[File:Ghosundi stone inscription.jpg|thumb|Fragment A (Ghosundi stone inscription).]]
1 .....𑀢𑀸𑀦 𑀕𑀚𑀬𑀦𑁂𑀦 𑀧𑀭𑀰𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁂𑀡 𑀲..
2.....𑀚𑀺𑀦𑀸 𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀪𑁆𑀬𑀁 [[Saṃkarṣaṇa|𑀲𑀁𑀓𑀭𑁆𑀱𑀡]] [[Vāsudeva|𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀼𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀪𑁆𑀬𑀁]]
3.....𑀪𑁆𑀬𑀁 𑀧𑀽𑀚𑀰𑀺𑀮𑀸 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 [[Narayana|𑀦𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀬𑀡]] 𑀯𑀸𑀝𑀺𑀓𑀸

1 ..... tēna Gājāyanēna P(ā)rāśarlputrāṇa Sa-
2 ..... [j]i[nā] bhagavabhyāṁ Saṁkarshaṇa-V[ā]sudēvābhyā(ṁ)
3 ......bhyāṁ pūjāśilā-prākārō Nārāyaṇa-vāṭ(i)kā.

Fragment B

1 .....𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁂𑀡 [[Sarvatata|𑀲𑀭𑁆𑀯𑀢𑀸𑀢𑁂𑀦]] [[Ashvamedha|𑀅𑀰𑁆𑀯𑀫𑁂𑀥𑀸]]...
2.... 𑀲𑀭𑁆𑀯𑁂𑀲𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀭𑀪𑁆𑀬𑀁

1. ....[tr](ē)(ṇa) Sarvatātēna As[v]amēdha....
2 .....sarvēśvarābh(yāṁ).

Fragment C
[[File:Fragment C of Hathibada Brahmi Inscription at Nagari.jpg|thumb|300px|Fragment C (Hathibada stone inscription)]]
1....𑀯𑀸𑀢𑀸𑀦 𑀕𑀚𑀬𑀦𑁂𑀦 𑀧𑀭𑀰𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁂𑀡 [[Sarvatata|𑀲𑀭𑁆𑀯𑀢𑀸𑀢𑁂𑀦]] [[Ashvamedha|𑀅𑀰𑁆𑀯𑀫𑁂𑀥𑀸]] 𑀬𑀚𑀺𑀦
2....𑀡 [[Vāsudeva|𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀼𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀪𑁆𑀬𑀁]] 𑀅𑀦𑀺𑀳𑀸𑀢𑁂𑀪𑁆𑀬𑀁 𑀲𑀭𑁆𑀯𑁂𑀲𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀭𑀪𑁆𑀬𑀁 𑀧𑀽𑀚𑀰𑀺𑀮𑀸 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 [[Narayana|𑀦𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀬𑀡]] 𑀯𑀸𑀝𑀺𑀓𑀸

1 ....vat(ēna) [Gā]j(ā)yan[ē]na P(ā)r(āśarīpu)t(rē)ṇa [Sa](r)[vatā]tēna Aś(vamē)[dha](yā)- [j](inā)
2 ....(ṇa)-V(ā)sudēvābh[y]ā(ṁ) anihatā(bhyāṁ) sa(r)v(ē)[ś]va[r](ā)bh(yāṁ) p(ū)[j](ā)- [ś](i)l(ā)-p[r]ā[k]ārō Nār[ā]yaṇa-vāṭ(i)[k](ā).<ref name= Bhandarkar/>
</poem></blockquote>

'''Restoration'''
[[File:Hathiwada enclosure.jpg|thumb|350px|The Hathibada/Hathiwada enclosure in which was found one of the inscriptions.<ref>ASI Jaipur circle [http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/hathiwada%20enclo.html Hathiwada enclosure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415161549/http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/hathiwada%20enclo.html |date=15 April 2021 }}</ref>]]

[[Bhandarkar]] proposed that the three fragments suggest what the complete reading of fragment A might have been. His proposal was:
<blockquote style="background-color:none;margin-right:5em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 6px #FFE0BB;padding:1.0em">
<poem> Fragment A (extrapolated)
1. '''(Karito=yam rajna Bhagava)'''tena Gajayanena Parasariputrena Sa-
2. '''(rvatatena Asvamedha-ya)'''jina bhagava[d*]bhyaih Samkarshana-Vasudevabhyam
3. '''(anihatabhyarh sarvesvara)'''bhyam pujasila-prakaro Narayana-vatika.
</poem>
– [[D. R. Bhandarkar]]<ref name= Bhandarkar/>
</blockquote>

===Translations===
Bhandarkar – an archaeologist, translates Fragment A as,
{{quote|
<poem>
(This) enclosing wall round the stone (object) of worship, called [[Narayana]]-vatika (Compound) for the divinities [[Samkarshana]]-[[Vāsudeva-Krishna|Vāsudeva]] who are unconquered and are lords of all (has been caused to be made) by (the king) [[Sarvatata]], a Gajayana and son of (a lady) of the Parasaragotra, who is a devotee of Bhagavat ([[Vishnu]] or [[Samkarshana]]/[[Vāsudeva]]) and has performed an Asvamedha sacrifice.
</poem>
– Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions, 1st-century BCE<ref name= Bhandarkar/>
}}

Harry Falk – an Indologist, states that the king does not mention his father by name, only his mother, and in his dedicatory verse does not call himself ''raja'' (king).<ref name="Olivelle2006p149">{{cite book|author=Harry Falk|editor=Patrick Olivelle|title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977507-1|pages=149–150|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927000257/https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC|url-status=live |quote=The dynasty after the Śuṅgas is believed to be the Kaṇvas, to which the first inscription in real Sanskrit is attributed. It was found in Ghosūṇdī, Rajasthan, and near to it in three exemplars on a stone wall. The king calls himself: bhāgavatena gājāyanena pārāśarīputreṇa sarvatātena aśvamedhayājinā, adherent of the Lord (bhagavat), belonging to the gotra of the Gājāyanas, son of a mother from the Pārāśara gotra, performer of an Aśvamedha. He does not mention his father by name; his mother occurs with reference to her brahmanical (Vasiṣṭha) gotra; even as a performer of the most-praised royal ritual he does not use the title rājā.}}</ref> The king belonged to a Brahmin dynasty of Kanvas, that followed the Sungas dynasty. He translates one of the fragments as:
{{quote|
adherent of the Lord (''bhagavat''), belonging to the gotra of the Gajayanas, son of a mother from the Parasara gotra, performer of an Asvamedha.<ref name="Olivelle2006p149"/>
}}

Benjamín Preciado-Solís – an Indologist, translates it as:
{{quote|
[This] stone enclosure, called the Narayana Vatika, for the worship of Bhagavan Samkarsana and Bhagavan Vāsudeva, the invincible lords of all, [was erected] by [the Bhaga]vata king of the line of Gaja, Sarvatata, the victorious, who has performed an asvamedha, son of a Parasari.<ref>{{cite book|author=Benjamín Preciado-Solís|title=The Kṛṣṇa Cycle in the Purāṇas: Themes and Motifs in a Heroic Saga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JvCaWvjGDVEC&pg=PA23|year=1984|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-0-89581-226-1|page=23|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415161548/https://books.google.com/books?id=JvCaWvjGDVEC&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==Sarvatata==
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sarvatata
| image =
| caption =
| succession = [[Nagari, Rajasthan|King of Madhyamika]]
| reign = 3rd century BC
| regnal name = 𑀲𑀭𑁆𑀯𑀢𑀸𑀢𑁂𑀦
| mother =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
Within the inscriptions, a local king of Madhyamika (modern day [[Nagari, Rajasthan]]) named Sarvatata is mentioned.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5V_7_zUQ80C&q=king+Sarvatata|title=Epigraphia Indica|date=1984|publisher=Manager of Publications|language=en|access-date=27 August 2022|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827195713/https://books.google.com/books?id=l5V_7_zUQ80C&q=king+Sarvatata|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riUmBAAAQBAJ&q=king+Sarvatata|title=Indian History|year=1960|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica (India)|isbn=978-0-07-132923-1|language=en|access-date=27 August 2022|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827195713/https://books.google.com/books?id=riUmBAAAQBAJ&q=king+Sarvatata|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ranade|first=P. V.|date=1964|title=THE ORIGIN OF THE SATAVAHANAS—A NEW INTERPRETATION|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133087|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=26|pages=60–68|jstor=44133087|issn=2249-1937|access-date=27 August 2022|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717195730/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133087|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sant |first=Urmila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nT_WAAAAMAAJ&q=seals+were+found+at+sambhar |title=Terracotta Art of Rajasthan: From Pre-Harappan and Harappan Times to the Gupta Period |date=1997 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=978-81-7305-115-9 |language=en |access-date=27 August 2022 |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827195713/https://books.google.com/books?id=nT_WAAAAMAAJ&q=seals+were+found+at+sambhar |url-status=live }}</ref> According to inscriptions, he performed the [[Ashvamedha]] ''[[yajna]]'' and also constructed a Narayana-vatika (''vatika'' may mean "garden") compound dedicated to [[Saṃkarṣaṇa]] and [[Vāsudeva]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ph.D|first=Lavanya Vemsani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&dq=king+Sarvatata&pg=PA37|title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names|date=2016-06-13|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-211-3|language=en|access-date=27 August 2022|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827195714/https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&dq=king+Sarvatata&pg=PA37|url-status=live}}</ref> The inscription also names ''Gajayana'' as Sarvatata's ''[[gotra]]'' or dynasty name, though this also is unclear. The same inscription names his mother's ''[[gotra]]'' as ''Parasari'' or ''[[Parāśara#Genealogy|Parāśara]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC |title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |date=2006-07-13 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977507-1 |language=en |access-date=13 December 2017 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927000257/https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Chandramani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-jVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Sarvatata%22+-wikipedia |title=Protected Monuments of Rajasthan |date=2002 |publisher=Jawahar Kala Kendra |isbn=978-81-86782-60-6 |language=en |access-date=27 August 2022 |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827195714/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-jVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Sarvatata%22+-wikipedia |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:2nd-century BC inscriptions]]
[[Category:1st-century BC inscriptions]]
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]
[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:Chittorgarh district]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]

Rohini Bhate

2026-02-10T03:07:13Z

JennyRoyster668: Put Up A Pg

{{short description|Indian dancer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Guru]]
| name = Rohini Bhate
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Rohini bhate
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1924|11|14}}
| birth_place = [[Patna, Bihar]], India<ref name=Hindu081011/>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2008|10|10|1924|11|14}}
| death_place = [[Pune, Maharashtra]]<ref name=Hindu081011/>
| resting_place =
| citizenship =
| education = [[Indian classical dance]], [[Hindustani classical music]]
| alma_mater = [[Fergusson College]]
| occupation = [[Dancer|Classical dancer]], choreographer, writer, researcher
| years_active =
| organization = Nrityabharati Kathak Dance Academy
| style = [[Kathak]]
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] ([[#Awards|see all]])
}}
'''Rohini Bhate''' (14 November 1924 – 10 October 2008)<ref name=imdb-bio>{{cite web |title=Rohini Bhate |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1231579 |website=IMDb |access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> was among the senior most [[Kathak]] dance exponents in India, who developed as a performer, teacher, writer, researcher and critic this [[Indian classical dance]].<ref name=Times081011/> During her career, she was awarded with several recognitions, such as the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], and the [[Kalidas Samman]].<ref name=Hindu081011>{{cite web |title=Rohini Bhate passes away |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Rohini-Bhate-passes-away/article15319751.ece |website=The Hindu |date=11 October 2008 |access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref>

Rohini studied Kathak from [[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana|Jaipur]] and [[Lucknow gharana (tabla)|Lucknow gharanas]].<ref name=Nad/> She created a large corpus of dance compositions, where she applied an analytical and innovative approach to ''[[abhinaya]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jafa, Navina |title=Dissolving the dissonance |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Dissolving-the-dissonance/article14550909.ece |website=The Hindu |date=4 August 2016 |access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> Due to her knowledge in [[Hindustani classical music]], she often composed the music for her dance creations.<ref name=Hindu081011/> According to the critic [[Sunil Kothari]], her choreography for ''[[Shakuntala]]'', directed by [[Vijaya Mehta]], is noteworthy. Her choreography of [[Kālidāsa]]'s ''[[Ṛtusaṃhāra]]'' and ''Usba Sukta'' from [[Rigveda]] was also well acclaimed.<ref name=Kot89/>

==Studies==
Born in [[Patna]], Bihar, Bhate completed her school and college in [[Pune]].<ref name=Times081011/> She came from a middle-class Karhade Brahmin family.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Rohini was initially trained in [[Bharatanatyam]] under Guru Parvati Kumar.<ref name=Kot89/> She obtained her degree in arts of the [[Fergusson College]] in 1946.<ref name=Times081011/> The same year she started learning [[Kathak]] with Sohanlal of [[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana|Jaipur Gharana]].<ref name=Nad>{{cite web |title=Biographies of Kathak Gurus |url=http://www.nadsadhna.com/pages/IndianMusic/Dance.asp?About=Biographs |website=Nad Sadhna: Institute for Indian Music & Research Center |access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref>

Shortly after,<ref name=Wal16>{{cite book |last=Walker |first=Margaret E. |date=2016 |title=India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective |location=London |publisher=Routledge |page=126 |isbn=9781315588322 |oclc=952729440}}</ref> she specialised in Kathak under the guidance of [[Pandit]] [[Lachhu Maharaj]], for more than twelve years, and of Pandit [[Mohanrao Kallianpurkar]],<ref name=Hindu081011/> from the [[Lucknow gharana (tabla)|Lucknow gharana]],<ref name=Nad/> for more than fifteen years.<ref name=Hindu081011/>

She also learnt Hindustani music from the musicians [[Keshavrao Bhole]] and [[Vasantrao Deshpande]],<ref name=Hindu081011/> and obtained a doctorate in Kathak.<ref name=Times081011/>

==Career==
Due to different circumstances of her learning, geographical, intellectual, temporary, among others, Rohini could experiment freely in Kathak, applying her musical and intellectual interests.<ref name=Wal16/> Bhate founded the Nrityabharati Kathak Dance Academy at [[Pune]] in 1947.<ref name=Hindu081011/> Over the last six decades she trained hundred of dancers from her academy.<ref name=Times081011/> She popularized kathak dance among the middle-class families of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=Kot89>{{cite book |last=Kothari |first=Sunil |author-link=Sunil Kothari |date=1989 |title=Kathak: Indian Classical Dance Art |location=New Delhi |publisher=Abhinav Publications |page=191 |isbn=9788170172239 |oclc=22002000}}</ref>

In 1952, she visited China as a member of Indian cultural delegation. This travel was an opportunity to her to study old scriptures relating to Indian dances and drama, and thus refined her technique.<ref name=Nad/>

She served on the committee of [[Khairagarh]] University and guided the preparation of syllabi for Kathak courses at Lalit Kala Kendra, [[University of Pune]], where she served as Visiting Lecturer and [[Guru]].<ref name=Hindu081011/> Rohini also served as an examiner for students in the [[National Institute of Kathak Dance|Delhi Kathak Kendra]], although she never adopted its curriculum.<ref name=Wal16/>

Rohini Bhate authored several books in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], including her autobiography, ''Majhi Nrityasadhana'', a translation of the autobiography of [[Isadora Duncan]], ''Mi Isadora'', and an edited version of the [[Sanskrit]] manual of music and dance, ''Abhinaya Darpana'', called ''Kathak Darpana Deepika''.<ref name=Hindu081011/> Rohini based several of her choreographies and creative projects in this ancient book.<ref name=Wal16/> She also wrote numerous papers on Kathak.<ref name=Nad/>

In 2002, she participate as herself in a German documentary movie called ''Time and Space''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Time and Space |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0330991 |website=IMDb |access-date=20 January 2017}} {{unreliable source?|date=March 2018}}</ref>

Regarding collaborations with other artists, Rohini known the [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] [[tabla]] player [[Chandrakant Kamat]] when he came to Pune in 1952. The musical association of both artists lasted for 15 long years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tabla maestro Chandrakant Kamat passes away, leaves a void in city music scene |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/pune/tabla-maestro-chandrakant-kamat-passes-away-leaves-a-void-in-city-music-scene/ |website=The Indian Express |date=29 June 2010 |access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> Rohini also made a comparative study of ''[[abhinaya]]'' in Kathak and [[Bharatanatyam]] with [[Kalanidhi Narayanan]].<ref name=Kot89/> She was a close friend of Reba Vidyarthi, another important Kathak exponent.<ref name=Wal16/>

==Death==
Bhate died on 10 October 2008 at the age of 83, in Pune, Maharashtra, India. According to her daughter-in-law and disciple [[Shama Bhate]], Rohini Bhate had been suffering from [[Parkinson's disease]] for her last five years and died from complications arising from the ailment.<ref name=Times081011>{{cite web |title=Noted Kathak exponent Rohini Bhate no more |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Noted-Kathak-exponent-Rohini-Bhate-no-more/articleshow/3582657.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 October 2008 |access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Rohini Bhate performed extensively for five decades,<ref name=Hindu081011/> and trained a large number of disciples who became important exponents of Kathak,<ref name=GS/> such as [[Shama Bhate]],<ref name=gs>{{cite web |url=http://kathakbeat.com/ |title=Kathak |archive-date=5 Dec 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205010054/http://kathakbeat.com/}}</ref> Neelima Adhye, [[Prabha Marathe]],<ref name=Kot89/> and [[Prerana Deshpande]],<ref name=GS>{{cite web |url=http://thegoldensparrow.com/lifestyle/they-have-danced-their-way-to-glory/ |title=They have danced their way to glory |last=Grover |first=Heena |website=The Golden Sparrow |date=26 February 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 }}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> among several others, who continued to perform posthumously events in her honor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/artistes-to-honour-rohini-bhates-legacy/articleshow/56486530.cms |title=Artistes to honour Rohini Bhate's legacy |website=The Times of India |date=12 January 2017 |access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref>

The academy has its head office in Pune's Shivaji Nagar, seven branches in the [[Pune]] city, one each in [[Indore]], [[United States]] and Germany,{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} and another in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=Kot89/>

Documentary films have been made on her work.<ref name=Hindu081011/>

==Awards==
* 1977: State government's Maharashtra Rajya Puraskar<ref name=Times081011/>
* 1979: [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<ref name=Hindu081011/>
* 1990: Maharashtra Gaurav Puraskar<ref name=Times081011/>
* 2001: [[Kalidas Samman]]<ref name=Hindu081011/>
* 2006: [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]<ref name=Hindu081011/>
* 2007: Akademi Ratna award from the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], New Delhi<ref name=Times081011/>

==See also==
* [[List of Kathak exponents]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship|state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhate, Rohini}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Artists from Patna]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Women educators from Bihar]]
[[Category:Educators from Bihar]]
[[Category:Dancers from Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Bihar]]

Mehul Kajaria

2026-02-08T17:40:42Z

JennyRoyster668: Started Post - done

{{short description|Indian television actor (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mehul Kajaria
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| othername =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|01|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| years_active = 2001–present
| occupation = Television actor
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''|''[[Doree (TV series)|Doree]]''}}
}}

'''Mehul Kajaria'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/are-you-satisfied-mehul/articleshow/2779463.cms|title=Are you satisfied Mehul?|date=2008-02-13|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/mehul-kajaria-become-dad-121212|title=Mehul Kajaria become a dad on 12/12/12…says it wasn't planned|date=2012-12-15|website=Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/exclusive-mehul-kajaria-feature-luv-ranjans-next-shraddha-kapoor-and-ranbir-kapoor|title=EXCLUSIVE! Mehul Kajaria to feature in Luv Ranjan's NEXT with Shraddha Kapoor and Ranbir Kapoor|date=2022-02-17|website=Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/exclusive-mehul-kajaria-joins-karishma-tanna-in-hansal-mehtas-scoop-for-netflix/2022/02/17|title=Exclusive: Mehul Kajaria joins Karishma Tanna in Hansal Mehta's Scoop for Netflix|date=2022-02-17}}</ref> (born 28 January 1977) is an Indian television actor.

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2001–2002
| ''[[Kohi Apna Sa]]''
| Nachiket
| [[Zee TV]]
| rowspan = "3" | Supporting Role
|
|-
| 2002–2003
| ''[[Kehta Hai Dil]]''
| Kunal Singh
| rowspan = "2" | [[Star Plus]]
|
|-
| 2002–2006
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| Harsh Bhasin / Harsh Virani
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/harsh-virani-walks-out-of-kyunki|title=Harsh Virani walks out of Kyunki....|date=2006-08-22|website=Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]'' – ''Lift'': Part 1 to Part 4
| Episode 213 to Episode 216
| [[Sahara One]]
| Episodic Role
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Teen Bahuraaniyaan]]''
| Rohit Gheewala
| [[Zee TV]]
| Lead Role
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/interviews/teen-bahuraniya-very-realistic-show-mehul-kajaria|title="Teen Bahuraniya is a very realistic show" – Mehul Kajaria|date=2007-05-19|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2008
| ''[[Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na]]''
| Vinay Joshi
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| Supporting Role
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/mehul-kajaria-plays-villain-the-first-time|title=Mehul Kajaria plays villain for the first time|date=2008-02-11|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Naaginn (2007 TV series)|Naaginn]]''
| Vishesh
| [[Zee TV]]
| Cameo Role
|
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[Jeet Jayenge Hum]]''
| Mannu
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| Negative Role
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/releases/while-mehul-throws-his-experience-around-others-the-set-poke-fun-him|title=While Mehul throws his "experience" around, others on the set poke fun at him|date=2010-03-08|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref>
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]''
| Gyanchatur Desai
| [[Star Plus]]
| Supporting Role
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mehul-kajaria-in-bhansalis-saraswati-chandra/articleshow/17364245.cms|title=Mehul Kajaria in Bhansali's Saraswati Chandra|date=2012-11-25|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2014
| ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''
| Episode dated 1 February 2014
| rowspan = "2" | [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| Episodic Role
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/nitin-vakharia-mehul-kajaria-and-kirti-sualy-act-upcoming-episode-of-sony-tvs-crime|title=Nitin Vakharia, Mehul Kajaria and Kirti Sualy to act in an upcoming episode of Sony TV's Crime Patrol|date=2014-01-30|website=Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
| Advocate Ramesh Menon
| Supporting Role
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mehul-kajaria-in-adaalat/articleshow/28709561.cms|title=Mehul Kajaria in Adaalat|date=2014-01-12|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Doli Armaano Ki]]''
| Sundar Sinha
| [[Zee TV]]
| Negative Role
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Bhakton Ki Bhakti Mein Shakti]]''
| Anil (Episode 24)
| [[Life OK]]
| rowspan = "2" | Episodic Role
|
|-
| 2018
| ''Zindagi Ke Crossroads''
|
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/vinita-mahesh-joshi-and-mehul-kajaria-sony-tv-s-zindagi-ke-crossroads-180620|title=Vinita Mahesh Joshi and Mehul Kajaria in Sony TV's Zindagi Ke Crossroads|date=2018-06-20|website=Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref>
|-
| 2019–2021
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| Vikram Kohli
| [[Zee TV]]
| Supporting Role
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/mehul-kajaria-his-role-kumkum-bhagya-my-character-has-all-the-colours-of-being-great|title=Mehul Kajaria on his role in Kumkum Bhagya: My character has all the colours of being a great father to my son Ranbir|date=2021-01-25|website=Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/khyati-keswani-kiran-bhargava-mehul-kajaria-ashlesha-sawant-enter-kumkum-bhagya/2019/03/15|title=Khyati Keswani, Kiran Bhargava, Mehul Kajaria and Ashlesha Sawant to enter Kumkum Bhagya|date=2019-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]''
| Rajneesh Wadhwa
| [[Sony SAB]]
| Cameo Role
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mehul-kajaria-enters-wagle-ki-duniya-nayi-peedhi-naye-kissey/articleshow/88524291.cms|title=Mehul Kajaria enters Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey|date=2021-12-27|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/wagle-ki-duniya-vandana-participates-in-super-chef-competition/articleshow/88540437.cms|title=Wagle Ki Duniya: Vandana participates in Super Chef competition|date=2021-12-28|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2022
| ''[[Ishq Ki Dastaan – Naagmani]]''
|
| rowspan = "2" | [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]
| Supporting Role
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-mehul-kajaria-and-garima-verma-roped-ved-rajs-upcoming-show-titled-naagmani|title=EXCLUSIVE! Mehul Kajaria and Garima Verma roped in for Ved Raj's upcoming show titled Naagmani|date=2022-04-26|website=Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shubh Shagun]]''
| Dr. Ajay Khurana
| Negative Role
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-mehul-kajaria-to-enter-dangal-show-shubh-shagun/2022/07/18|title=Exclusive: Mehul Kajaria to enter Dangal show Shubh Shagun|date=2022-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-mehul-kajaria-enters-dangal-tvs-shubh-shagun-220718|title=EXCLUSIVE! Mehul Kajaria ENTERS Dangal Tv's Shubh Shagun|date=2022-07-18}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Na Umra Ki Seema Ho]]''
| Kaushik Pandey
| [[Star Bharat]]
| rowspan = "2" | Supporting Role
|
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Doree (TV series)|Doree]]''
| Yash Thakur
| [[Colors TV]]
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Pushpa Impossible]]''
| Dr. Jay Kamat
| [[Sony SAB]]
| Cameo Role
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Kabhi Neem Neem Kabhi Shahad Shahad]]''
| Harshvardhan Jindal
| [[Star Plus]]
| Supporting Role
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kajaria, Mehul}}
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

National Common Mobility Card

2026-02-07T04:43:05Z

JennyRoyster668:

{{Short description|Public transit smart card used in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}{{Infobox electronic payment
| name = National Common Mobility Card
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| location = {{flag|India}}
| launched = {{Start date and age|2019|03|04|df=yes}}
| technology_1 = [[Contactless smart card]]
| technology_2 = [[EMV]]
| technology_3 =
| operator = [[National Payments Corporation of India]] (NPCI)
| manager = [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] (MoHUA)
| currency = [[Indian rupee|INR]]
| maximum_credit =
| minimum_credit =
| stored_value =
| credit_expiry =
| automatic_recharge =
| unlimited_use =
| service_1 = Some public transport systems
| service_2 = [[Toll roads]]
| service_3 = [[Automated teller machine|ATMs]]
| service_4 = [[RuPay]] [[points of sale]]
| sales_location1 = Banks
| variant_1 = [[Stored-value card|Prepaid card]]
| variant_2 = [[RuPay]] debit card
| variant_3 = [[RuPay]] credit card
| homepage = {{URL|http://mohua.gov.in/}}
| Country = [[India]]
}}
'''National Common Mobility Card''' ('''NCMC''') is a [[contactless smart card]] conceived by the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] under [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]'s ‘One Nation, One Card' vision.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Somani |first=Deeksha |date=2024-02-14 |title=National Common Mobility Card (NCMC): What is it, key features, NCMC application process, and related queries |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/national-common-mobility-card-ncmc-what-is-it-key-features-ncmc-application-process-and-related-queries/articleshow/107680769.cms |access-date=2024-09-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was launched on 4 March 2019. The transit card enables the user to pay for travel, [[Toll road|tolls]], retail shopping and withdraw money.

It is enabled through the [[RuPay]] card mechanism.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-launches-one-nation-one-card/article26433523.ece|title=PM launches 'One Nation One Card'|date=2019-03-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-05|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The NCMC card is issuable as a prepaid, debit, or credit RuPay card from partnered banks such as the [[State Bank of India]], [[Canara Bank]], [[Bank of India]], [[Punjab National Bank]], and others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/slideshows/one-nation-one-card-launched-how-to-get-it-what-you-can-do-and-more/The-RuPay-Contactless-Card-with-National-Common-Mobility-Card-NCMC-support-will-be-available-with-over-25-banks-including-SBI-PNB-and-others/photolist/68260367.cms|title=The RuPay Contactless Card with National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) support will be available with over 25 banks including Canara Bank, SBI, PNB and others {{!}} Gadgets Now|website=Gadget Now|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref>

== History ==
In late 2010, the [[Government of India]] envisioned a scheme wherein seamless access could be granted to public transport networks. The system, which later came to be known as Interoperable Fare Management System (IFMS), aimed to let passengers pay across different public transport platforms using one system. This was created as an effort to bring together the public transport system of the country under one umbrella. By making it accessible to every individual in every city, the government aimed to increase ease of access for public transport. The project is also structured in such a way so as to include customers across a wide variety of socioeconomic strata. An additional focus was also put on reducing the transaction time to the minimum, so as to make the payment experience as seamless as possible. It is also structured in such a way so as to reduce the [[financial risk]] to the stakeholders involved in the effort. It is designated as an EMV-based Open Loop Payments system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://curiousdose.com/2019/05/behind-the-tech-npci-and-rupays-common-mobility-card-explained/|title=Behind The Tech: NPCI And RuPay's Common Mobility Card Explained|last=VK|first=Anirudh|date=21 May 2019|website=Curious Dose|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821173524/https://curiousdose.com/2019/05/behind-the-tech-npci-and-rupays-common-mobility-card-explained/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The NCMC is indigenously developed and is part of [[Make in India|Make In India]] project. It was first conceptualized in 2006 as part of the National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pan-india-mobility-card-that-can-be-used-for-transport-across-country-launched/story-k6SJrc4fmXGzdPfVHfuf8I.html|title=Pan-India mobility card that can be used for transport across country launched|date=2019-03-04|newspaper=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> A previous attempt to develop a similar national mobility card led to the development of the [[More Card]]. Given its lack of seamless functioning across the nation, [[Venkaiah Naidu]], the then Minister of Urban Development, set up a committee to recommend a card which is inter-operable across different transport systems in the country.

The urban development ministry brought in the [[National Payments Corporation of India]] (NPCI) with the task of management, clearing and settlement of payments, simulating cards and terminals and maintenance of network.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UD-issues-Smart-National-Common-Mobility-Card-model/articleshow/48811197.cms|title=UD issues Smart National Common Mobility Card model - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 September 2015 |access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] (BEL) has created the reader prototype.<ref name=":0" />

On 8 April 2019, ''[[The Economic Times]]'' reported that [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] was seeking to issue National Common Mobility Cards.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhakta |first1=Pratik |title=Visa set to board govt's mobility card |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/visa-set-to-board-govts-mobility-card/articleshow/68770771.cms |website=The Economic Times |accessdate=26 April 2019 |date=8 April 2019}}</ref> Visa announced that it had launched specifications to support the NCMC on 13 May 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nandi |first1=Shreya |title=Visa launches government's National Common Mobility Card |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/visa-launches-government-s-national-common-mobility-card-1557758670699.html |website=Mint |accessdate=16 May 2019 |language=en |date=13 May 2019}}</ref> Visa is ready with the specifications to start issuing cards on the NCMC network and has started discussions with banks to issue their cards on NCMC as well, but it will take some time for the cards to start getting rolled out in the market.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/internet/govt-to-push-all-on-the-go-payments-to-visa/68767235|title=Visa set to board govt's mobility card - ETtech|last=www.ETtech.com|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=8 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref> [[Mastercard]] stated on 22 May 2019 that 15 Indian banks were at "various stages of signing up" for its NCMC.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhakta |first1=Pratik |title=Mastercard may soon put mobility card in its wallet |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/mastercard-may-soon-put-mobility-card-in-its-wallet/articleshow/69437796.cms |website=The Economic Times |accessdate=22 May 2019 |date=22 May 2019}}</ref> Mastercard is all set to join the National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) scheme, just weeks after its biggest competitor Visa said it planned to enter the programme as per Vikas Varma, senior vice-president, account management for South Asia at Mastercard.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/internet/mastercard-set-to-join-govts-one-nation-one-card-project/69436412|title=Mastercard set to join govt's One Nation One Card project - ETtech|last=www.ETtech.com|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=22 May 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref>

== Technical details ==

The NCMC terminal works in a [[Contactless payment|contactless]] manner using [[Near-field communication|Near Field Communication]] (NFC). It is an open-loop system i.e. it works with compatible cards from any bank or issuer and does not need a user to buy a specific card. The transaction is fully offline i.e. the terminal does not communicate with bank servers to fetch the balance nor is the PIN required.<ref name="rupay_faqs">{{cite web |last1=RuPay |first1=NPCI |title=RuPay FAQs |url=https://www.rupay.co.in/faqs}}</ref>

Normally, a debit/ATM card with a chip is usable at ATMs or [[Point of sale|Pos Machines]] by inserting it into the machine and entering the PIN. Recent versions of such cards support contactless transactions using NFC. This method allows transactions up to a [[Contactless payment#CVM limit|certain limit]] (usually ₹5000 in India) without entering the PIN and up to the same limit as insert-chip method after entering the PIN. This process is online and is initiated by the machine the card is put near to, i.e., the machine communicates with the bank server to fetch the balance and the amount is deducted from the bank account.<ref name="rupay_faqs" />

[[File:RuPay Contactless indicator.svg|thumb|The official contactless indicator from RuPay, used to indicate contactless capability on a contactless payment device using Near Field Communication (NFC).|199x199px]]

Recent versions of such cards have an [[digital wallet|offline wallet]] feature as well which leverages NFC to make transactions fully offline without the need of PIN. The transaction limit is lower usually ₹200 per transaction and the wallet can store up to ₹2000.<ref name="canara_ncmc_faq">{{cite web |last1=Canara |first1=Bank |title=NCMC RUPAY CONTACTLESS/OFFLINE DEBIT CARDS |url=https://canarabank.com/UploadedFiles/Pdf/NCMC%20RUPAY%20CONTACTLESS_FAQs%2003052023.pdf}}</ref> The wallet can be recharged by regular banking channels (Debit Card/Credit Card/ Net Banking), [[Bharat Bill Payment System]] or approaching the public transport counter with cash. It can also be topped up using the same card's chip feature which will deduct the amount from the same card's linked bank account.<ref name="rupay_faqs" /> After the transfer is done, the offline wallet needs to perform Balance Update transaction to sync the balance. This is a one time activity and can be done at the designated Transport Operator/Terminal.<ref name="sbi_ncmc_faq">{{cite web |last1=NCMC |first1=SBI |title=SBI NCMC FAQs |url=https://www.sbi.co.in/web/personal-banking/faq-on-offline-wallet-ncmc-debit-card}}</ref>

This means that the same card can be used at:

* ATMs with insert method which will debit the money from the linked bank account.
* IF NFC transactions are enabled on the card:
** PoS machines in shops, banks, cafes without PIN for smaller transactions, and with PIN for larger transactions.
** IF the user has activated the offline wallet for the card, has done the card topup and has performed the balance update transaction:
*** Metro gates, public transport buses, parking, etc., without PIN for small transactions.

Since enabling NFC for offline NCMC wallet also enabled NFC for online PoS machines, there is a risk of unauthorized transaction on a stolen card. Thus the limit of online NFC transactions should be kept low to prevent transactions without PIN. And the card should be blocked promptly. However, the amount on a stolen NCMC wallet cannot be blocked since the transaction is fully offline.<ref name="boi_ncmc_faq">{{cite web |last1=Bank |first1=of India |title=FAQ's - RUPAY NCMC DEBIT CARD |url=https://bankofindia.co.in/ncmc-faqs}}</ref>

On 1 August 2024, [[RBL Bank]] announced integration of National Common Mobility Card and [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI]] capabilities with [[RuPay]] credit cards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Ayush |date=1 August 2024 |title=RBL Bank launches RuPay credit cards with UPI and NCMC functionalities |url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/personal-finance/rbl-bank-launches-rupay-credit-cards-with-upi-and-ncmc-functionalities-124080100990_1.html |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Implementation ==
[[Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation]] (MRVC) is planning to implement the ambitious scheme in Mumbai suburban railway network in a step towards an integrated ticketing system (ITS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai local trains likely to get Centre's 'One Nation, One Card' ticket system first |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-local-trains-likely-to-get-centres-one-nation-one-card-ticket-system-first |access-date=2019-08-21 |website=Latest Indian news, Top Breaking headlines, Today Headlines, Top Stories {{!}} Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

In certain cities such as Bengaluru and Chennai, adoption of NCMC by users of transport systems was slow due to a lack of integration across different modes of transport and parking payments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2023 |title=Few takers for Metro's common mobility cards |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/few-takers-for-metros-common-mobility-cards/articleshow/103941710.cms |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-07-15 |title=Three months on, commuters still can't use common mobility cards at Chennai Metro parking lot |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/three-months-on-commuters-still-cant-use-common-mobility-cards-at-chennai-metro-parking-lot/article67084059.ece |access-date=2023-09-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=B.P |first=Darshan Devaiah |date=2023-08-22 |title=Only 5,000 National Common Mobility Cards sold in Bengaluru in 6 months |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/5000-national-common-mobility-cards-sold-in-six-months-since-launch-namma-metro-encouraging-passengers-to-use-ncmc-in-bengaluru/article67222715.ece |access-date=2023-09-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> At the end of 2022, Kolkata had still not seen NCMC deployment in any of its transport modes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-02 |title=Smart mobility card in West Bengal soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/smart-mobility-card-in-west-bengal-soon/articleshow/95926443.cms |access-date=2023-09-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Rajya Sabha]] was informed on 4 December 2023 that [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC) will introduce Open Loop National Common Mobility Cards (NCMC) in a phased manner which will replace the current Closed Loop Delhi Metro Smart Cards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2023 |title=DMRC to replace Smart Card with Open Loop National Common Mobility Cards: Centre informs Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/dmrc-to-replace-smart-card-with-open-loop-national-common-mobility-cards-centre-informs-rajya-sabha20231204204848/ |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=ANI}}</ref> In July 2023, Government of India directed banks to issue NCMC-compliant cards by default to customers.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 July 2023 |title=Centre directs banks to issue cards with NCMC as default option |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/centre-directs-banks-to-issue-cards-with-ncmc-as-default-option-1238582.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

On January 2, 2024, [[Bank of Baroda]] announced the introduction of the NCMC RuPay Reloadable Prepaid Card.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubey |first=Navneet |date=2024-01-02 |title=One nation, one card: Bank of Baroda introduces NCMC RuPay prepaid card for seamless payments |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/top-story/story/one-nation-one-card-bank-of-baroda-introduces-ncmc-rupay-prepaid-card-for-seamless-payments-411603-2024-01-02 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> On February 5, 2024, [[Federal Bank]] introduced dual-interface RuPay Debit cards with NCMC integration. For NCMC usage, the maximum top-up limit for the card balance is ₹2,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubey |first=Navneet |date=2024-02-05 |title=Federal Bank introduces new RuPay-enabled NCMC wallet debit cards. Here is how to activate it |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/top-story/story/federal-bank-introduces-new-rupay-enabled-ncmc-wallet-debit-cards-here-is-how-to-activate-it-416252-2024-02-05 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

[[Namma Metro|Bangaluru Metro Rail Corporation]] intends to gradually replace its closed-loop contactless smartcards with the National Common Mobility Card. Due to the easing of the RBI KYC mandate, AGS Transact Technologies, which is in charge of implementing the NCMC project in [[Bengaluru]], anticipates that the backend process will be prepared for the rollout of NCMCs without KYC verification by the first week of March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Shakshi |date=27 February 2024 |title=Bengaluru likely to see KYC-less national common mobility cards in early March |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-likely-to-see-kyc-less-national-common-mobility-cards-in-early-march-2910980 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The NCMC and [[FASTag]] will be incorporated into the e-mandate framework by the RBI from June 2024 to facilitate and ease the process for users to top off their accounts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhukalya |first=Anwesha |date=2024-06-07 |title=Hassle-free FASTag, Metro card payments from now on; RBI puts them under e-mandate list |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/banking/story/hassle-free-fastag-metro-card-payments-from-now-on-rbi-puts-them-under-e-mandate-list-432480-2024-06-07 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

The NCMC service is about to be introduced in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The [[State Bank of India]] (SBI) and the [[Himachal Road Transport Corporation]] (HRTC) will work together to launch this service on September 5, 2024. Passengers will be able to use the NCMC card to pay for fare on HRTC buses as well as metro services in places like [[Bangalore]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Rahul |date=2024-09-02 |title=Himachal Pradesh to Launch India's First National Common Mobility Card Service on September 5 |url=https://thenewshimachal.com/2024/09/himachal-pradesh-to-launch-indias-first-national-common-mobility-card-service-on-september-5/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=The News Himachal |language=en-US}}</ref> From August 16, 2024, [[Srinagar Smart City Limited]] (SSCL) will offer NCMC service with five percent reduction on the base passenger fare to promote cashless travel. The [[Chalo App]] will help users recharge the card balance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Mubashir Aalam |date=2024 |title=Travel in e-buses goes smarter; SSCL introduces NCMC service for commuters {{!}} KNO |url=https://www.kashmirnewsobserver.com/top-stories/travel-in-e-buses-goes-smarter-sscl-introduces-ncmc-service-for-commuters-kno-187753 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Kashmir News Observer}}</ref>

In July 2025, [[Maha Metro|Mahametro]] floated a tender to convert its closed loop Maha Card based fare collection system at [[Nagpur Metro]] into an open loop system compatible with NCMC services countrywide.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-16 |title=Nagpur Metro to shift to open-loop NCMC cards for seamless travel, invest ₹154.3 Cr |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/nagpur-metro-to-shift-to-open-loop-ncmc-cards-for-seamless-travel-invest-154-3-cr/articleshow/122528994.cms |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2025-07-09 |title=Maha-Metro Floats Tender For AFC Contract Of Nagpur Metro Phase 2 |url=https://metrorailnews.in/afc-contract-of-nagpur-metro-phase-2/ |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=metrorailnews.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Bharat Bill Payment System integration ===
The National Common Mobility Card has been integrated into the [[Bharat Bill Payment System]] (BBPS) through a partnership between NPCI and SBI. The SBI NCMC for [[Noida Metro]], [[Nagpur Metro]], [[MMRDA]] [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Line 2A]] and [[Line 7 (Mumbai Metro)|Line 7]], [[Chennai Metro]], [[Kanpur Metro]], and Parliament Canteen is operational on BBPS. Customers can top up their cards with up to ₹10,000 online with the addition of NCMC Recharge in the biller category. To update the balance after the recharge, users need to tap their NCMC on the terminal.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-04-18 |title=NPCI arm, SBI introduce NCMC recharge on Bharat BillPay |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/npci-arm-sbi-introduce-ncmc-recharge-on-bharat-billpay/article68080387.ece |access-date=2024-09-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== NCMC Smartwatch ===
At the '''Global Fintech Fest 2024''', [[Airtel Payments Bank]], in collaboration with Noise and the NPCI, launched a smartwatch that incorporates RuPay chip embedded in the dial, enabling direct payments. Tap-and-pay transactions are made easier by the smartwatch's support for National Common Mobility Card technology. Users can pay at a variety of retail sites and public transportation hubs, including as bus stops, metro stations, and parking lots. Users may choose between contactless purchases and monthly passes on the device, as well as handle transportation concessions. A PIN is required to conduct transactions over ₹5,000, whereas transactions under this amount can be performed without one.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=MD Ijaj |date=2024-08-29 |title=Airtel Payments Bank in collaboration with Noise and NPCI launches RuPay smartwatch in India- All details |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/wearables/news/airtel-payments-bank-in-collaboration-with-noise-and-npci-launches-rupay-smartwatch-in-india-all-details-71724918702603.html |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=HT Tech |language=en}}</ref> According to the revised RBI guidelines, Ongo Ride prepaid card does not require complete KYC in order to make transit payments.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-08-13 |title=Ongo to issue ready-to-use National Common Mobility Card for Chennai Metro commuters |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/ongo-to-issue-ready-to-use-national-common-mobility-card-for-chennai-metro-commuters/article68517297.ece |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Offline support ===
In order to provide a smooth, offline payment option for all NCMC-enabled transit projects, such as metro rails, buses, ferries, tolls, and parking throughout India, the [[State Bank of India]] released the MTS RuPay NCMC prepaid card on August 30, 2024. Travelers can now easily make payments, even in places with spotty internet access.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Abhijeet |date=2 September 2024 |title=SBI Introduces Innovative Solutions To Enhance Commuter Experience |url=https://www.mobilityoutlook.com/news/sbi-introduces-innovative-solutions-to-enhance-commuter-experience/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Mobility Outlook}}</ref>

=== Concerns ===
In [[Guwahati]], the NCMC was introduced on January 1, 2024. However, before the card can be made publicly available, there are issues with its rollout that need to be resolved. Initially it is available at limited locations such as the [[Assam State Transport Corporation]] (ASTC) counter at [[Paltan Bazaar|Paltan Bazar]], ASTC counter at the Inter State Bus Terminal, the [[Rupnagar, Guwahati|Rupnagar]] ASTC Yard, and the ASTC Kiosk at [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport]]. Essential documents like an [[Aadhaar]], an Aadhaar-linked phone number, and an OTP verification are also needed for the card's issuance as part of the [[Know your customer|Know Your Customer]] (KYC) requirement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Tina |date=6 January 2024 |title=ASTC's Mobility Card Not Digital-Friendly |url=https://guwahatiplus.com/exclusive-news/astcs-mobility-card-not-digital-friendly |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=guwahatiplus.com |language=en}}</ref>

Due to poor adoption rate, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) removed KYC requirement for NCMC with a ₹3,000 limit as of February 23, 2024. This should make it possible for more of these cards to be issued and used.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bhakta |first1=Pratik |last2=Mishra |first2=Twesh |date=2024-03-18 |title=RBI eases rules for centre's mobility card after limited success |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/centres-mobility-card-to-go-places-as-rbi-eases-rules/articleshow/108568824.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Acceptance==
According to [[Mumbai Metro]], as of December 14, 2023, all fare collection gates on the stations along the [[Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)|Line 1]], [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Line 2]], and [[Line 7 (Mumbai Metro)|Line 7]] have been upgraded to be NCMC compliant.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Manthan K |date=2023-12-14 |title=Use common mobility card on all Metro corridors now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/use-common-mobility-card-on-all-metro-corridors-now/articleshow/105999846.cms |access-date=2024-09-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Commencing in June 2024, commuters of [[Chennai Metro]] and other NCMC holders are also able to pay for and ride on [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] (MTC) buses. According to the [[Chennai Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority]], discussions are already taking place with the [[Southern Railway zone]] authorities on implementing the NCMC in trains as well in the near future.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sekar |first=Sunitha |date=2024-05-24 |title=Chennai Metro Rail commuters using National Common Mobility Cards can soon use them for MTC bus rides |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-commuters-using-national-common-mobility-cards-can-soon-use-them-for-mtc-bus-rides/article68210589.ece |access-date=2024-09-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Ongo, the digital payments platform of [https://www.agsindia.com/ AGS Transact Technologies] has introduced an instant National Common Mobility Card 'Ongo Ride' in conjunction with the [[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]] (CMRL) on 14 August 2024. At 12 CMRL metro stations in Chennai, Ongo has installed special card dispensers with the [[Unified Payments Interface]] (UPI) feature to enable these ready-to-use Ongo Ride cards. By integrating payments at parking lots and toll booths with multiple modes of transportation, such as metros, buses, and water ferries, Ongo Ride provides commuters with a single, integrated payment solution.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2024 |title=Payment app Ongo launches instant National Common Mobility Card 'Ongo Ride' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/payment-app-ongo-launches-instant-national-common-mobility-card-ongo-ride-124081401610_1.html |access-date=2 September 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

The following public transport systems in the country currently accept fare payments via the National Common Mobility Card, with many more public transport operators across the country in various stages of planning/implementation to accept NCMC as a mode of payment over the next few years.
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Transport Systems Accepting National Common Mobility Card<ref>{{cite web |title=RuPay On-the-Go |url=https://www.rupay.co.in/rupay-otg |website=RuPay |publisher=National Payments Corporation of India |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Live Members – RuPay Contactless |url=https://www.npci.org.in/what-we-do/rupay-contactless/live-members |website=NPCI |publisher=National Payments Corporation of India |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref>
! State / Region
! City
! Operator
! Transport system
! Acceptance
! Card Name
! Issuing Bank
! Commissioned
! Comments
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Delhi NCR]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Delhi]]
| [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
| [[Delhi Metro]]
| Complete Network
| Paytm Transit Card
| [[Paytm]]
| 28 December 2020<ref name="financialexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-28|title=Delhi Metro: National Common Mobility Card facility introduced on Airport Express Line; see features|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/delhi-metro-national-common-mobility-card-facility-introduced-on-airport-express-line-see-features/2159052/|access-date=2021-10-09|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>
| All stations have been retrofitted with NCMC readers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Common Mobility Card {{!}} Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/national-common-mobility-card |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Delhi Transport Corporation|Delhi Transport Corporation/Delhi Transit]]
|Delhi Bus System
|N.A.
|N.A.
|N.A.
|N.A.
|Procurement of ETMs underway.
|-
| [[Noida]] - [[Greater Noida]]
| [[Noida Metro Rail Corporation]]
| [[Noida Metro]]
| Complete Network
|
|[[State Bank of India]]
| 28 December 2021<ref name="financialexpress.com"/>
|
|-
|[[Delhi]] - [[Meerut]]
| rowspan="3" |[[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|National Capital Region Transport Corporation Limited]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Namo Bharat]]
|Complete Network
|[[Airtel Payments Bank|Airtel Rupay NCMC Card]]
|[[Airtel Payments Bank]]
|21 October 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=PM Modi flags off 'Namo Bharat', India's first regional rapid rail service; all you need to know |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/pm-modi-flags-off-namo-bharat-indias-first-regional-rapid-train-service-402728-2023-10-20 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Airtel Payments Bank]] was chosen after [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]] banned operations of [[Paytm Payments Bank|Paytm payments bank]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/english/scripts/FAQs.aspx?Id=3573 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.rbi.org.in}}</ref> 3 October 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCRTC and Airtel Payments Bank introduce NCMC cards for RRTS corridor – Rail Analysis India |url=https://news.railanalysis.com/ncrtc-and-airtel-payments-bank-introduce-ncmc-cards-for-rrts-corridor/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Delhi]] - [[Panipat]] - [[Karnal]]
| -
| -
| -
| -
|Under Construction. NCMC will be accepted after the system opens.
|-
|[[Delhi]] - [[Alwar]]
| -
| -
| -
| -
|Under Construction. NCMC will be accepted after the system opens.
|-
| [[Goa]]
| Statewide
| [[Kadamba Transport Corporation]]
| Goa Statewide Bus system
| Complete Network
| One Goa One Card
| [[Paytm Payments Bank|Paytm]]
| 21 December 2021<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Dec 22, 2021 |title=Goa: Soon, pay for KTC bus ticket in digital mode {{!}} Goa News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/soon-pay-for-ktc-bus-ticket-in-digital-mode/articleshow/88420567.cms |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan = "3" |[[Gujarat]]
| rowspan = "2" |[[Ahmedabad]]
| Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited
| [[Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System|Ahmedabad BRTS]]
| rowspan = "2" | Complete Network
| [https://www.icicibank.com/personal-banking/cards/prepaid-card/janmitra-card Janmitra card]
| [[ICICI Bank]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" |[[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| [[Ahmedabad Metro]]
| Airtel Rupay NCMC Card
| Airtel Payments Bank
| 4 March 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Launches National Common Mobility Card In Ahmedabad |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-launches-national-common-mobility-card-in-ahmedabad-2003017 |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paytm launches transit card via payments bank arm |url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/fintech/paytm-launches-transit-card-via-payments-bank-arm/87976147 |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=ETBFSI.com |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Surat]]
| [[Surat Metro]]
| N.A.
|
|
| N.A.
| Under Construction. NCMC will be accepted after the system opens
|-
|[[Haryana]]
|Statewide
|[[Haryana Roadways]]
|
|Partial
|
|[[AU Small Finance Bank]]
|13 December 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=National Common Mobility Card facility launched in Faridabad |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/national-common-mobility-card-facility-launched-in-faridabad-571711 |website=The Tribune |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Statewide
|[[Himachal Road Transport Corporation]]
|
|Complete Network
|
|[[State Bank of India]]
|5 September 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Himachal Pradesh launches first-of-its-kind common mobility card, allows cashless access to Delhi Metro, BEST and more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure/himachal-pradesh-launches-first-of-its-kind-common-mobilitycard-allows-cashless-access-to-delhi-metro-best-and-more/3602977/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Karnataka]]
| [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]
| [[BMRCL|Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| [[Namma Metro]]
| Complete Network
| [https://nammametro.ongo.co.in/Banks/BMRC/BMRCLogin.aspx One Nation One Card]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
| [[RBL Bank]]
| 21 October 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=National mobility card for Bangalore Metro from Oct 21|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/oct/09/national-mobility-card-for-bangalore-metro-from-oct-21-2369459.html|access-date=2021-10-09|website=The New Indian Express|date=9 October 2021 }}</ref>
| All Phase 1 stations have been retrofitted with NCMC readers. All Phase 2 and onwards stations have NCMC readers from day one.
|-
| [[Kerala]]
| [[Kochi]]
| [[Kochi Metro Rail Limited]]
| [[Kochi Metro]]
|
| [https://kochimetro.org/kochi-1-card/ Kochi 1 Card]
| [[Axis Bank]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]
| [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]]
| Mumbai City Bus Transit system
| Complete Network
| [https://chalo.com/mumbai/chalo-card Chalo Card]
| [[Yes Bank|YES Bank]]
| 25 April 2022<ref>{{Cite web |author=Somit Sen|date=Apr 23, 2022 |title=Pan-India BEST card to roll out on Monday {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/pan-india-best-card-to-roll-out-on-monday/articleshow/91015325.cms |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
| Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Limited
| rowspan="3" |[[Mumbai Metro]]
| rowspan="3" |Complete Network
| [https://www.mmmocl.co.in/card-reload.html Mumbai 1 Metro Card]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
| [[State Bank of India]]
| 19 January 2023
|
|-
| [[Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)#Operations|Mumbai Metro One Private Limited]]
| [https://www.axisbank.com/about-us/press-releases/mumbai-metro-one-axis-bank-and-rupay-launch-one-mumbai-smart-card One Mumbai Card]
| [[Axis Bank]]
| 28 June 2021
|-
| [[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)|Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]]
| [https://mmrcl.com/ncmc-on-mumbai-metro-line-3 Mumbai Metro-3 card]
| State Bank of India
| 10 June 2025
|-
| [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport]]
| Navi Mumbai City Bus Transit system
| Partial - 25% of routes
|
|
| March 2019<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mahale |first1=Ajeet |title=NMMT unveils 'Navi Card' for bus tickets, other payments |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/nmmt-unveils-navi-card-for-bus-tickets-other-payments/article26515500.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=3 September 2022 |language=en-IN |date=12 March 2019}}</ref>
| NMMT began rolling out NCMC across all routes in August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Now, Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport commuters can swipe debit, credit cards to buy bus tickets |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/now-navi-mumbai-municipal-transport-commuters-can-swipe-debit-credit-cards-to-buy-bus-tickets-101660233729495.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 September 2022 |language=en |date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

|-
| [[Nagpur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| [[Nagpur Metro]]
|
| [https://sbi.co.in/web/personal-banking/nagpur-metro-maha-card Nagpur Metro Maha Card]
| [[State Bank of India]]
|
|
|-
| [[Pune]]
| [[Pune Metro]]
|
| One Pune Card
| [[HDFC Bank]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Bhopal]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Madhya Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| [[Bhopal Metro]]
| N.A.
|
|
| N.A.
| Under Construction. NCMC will be accepted after the system opens.<ref>{{cite web |title=MPMRCL to adopt National Common Mobility Card for Bhopal & Indore Metro Ticketing {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/mpmrcl-to-adopt-national-common-mobility-card-for-bhopal-indore-metro-ticketing |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry |access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indore]]
| [[Indore Metro]]
| N.A.
|
|
| N.A.
| Under Construction. NCMC will be accepted after the system opens.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indore: With just one National Common Mobility Card, you can ride in any of the country's Metros |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-with-just-one-national-common-mobility-card-you-can-ride-in-any-of-the-countrys-metros |website=Free Press Journal |access-date=3 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Chennai]]
| [[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]
| [[Chennai Metro]]
| Complete Network
| [https://transit.sbi/swift/customerportal?pagename=cmrl Singara Chennai Card]
| [[State Bank of India]]
| 14 April 2023<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=14 April 2023 |title=Chennai Metro launches National Common Mobility Card, 1.8% charges will apply on recharge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-launches-national-common-mobility-card-18-charges-will-apply-on-recharge/article66737588.ece |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|
|-
|Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)
|MTC Chennai
|Complete
Network
|Singara
Chennai
Card
|[[State Bank of India|State]]
[[State Bank of India|Bank of India]]
|6 January 2025
|
|-
|Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System
|Southern Railway
|N.A
|Singara
Chennai Card
|[[State Bank of India|State]]
[[State Bank of India|Bank of India]]
|N.A
|Under
Implementation
|-
|Chennai Suburban Railway
|Southern Railway
|N.A
|Singara
Chennai Card
|[[State Bank of India|State]]
[[State Bank of India|Bank of India]]
|N.A
|Under
Implementation
|-
| [[Telangana]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
| Hyderabad Metro Rail Limited
| [[Hyderabad Metro]]
| Complete Network
| [https://www.paytmbank.com/cards Paytm Wallet Transit Card]
| [[Paytm Payments Bank]]
| {{Start date|2023|08|24|df=yes}}<ref>
*{{Cite web |last=Network |first=N. D. M. |title=Paytm Payment Bank Brings Paytm Transit Card, Know All Details |date=23 December 2021 |url=https://www.telecomtoday.in/trending/paytm-payment-bank-brings-paytm-transit-card-know-all-details.html/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |language=en-US}}
*{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2021-11-29 |title=Paytm Payments Bank launches Paytm Transit Card |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/paytm-payments-bank-launches-paytm-transit-card-11638164069977.html |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=mint |language=en}}
*{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/navigating-hyderabad-with-ease-a-new-card-for-seamless-travel/articleshow/103015576.cms?from=mdr |title=Navigating Hyderabad with ease: A new card for seamless travel {{!}} Hyderabad News – Times of India |last=Jose |first=Donita |date=24 August 2023 |place=Hyderabad |quote=L&T Metro selects Paytm as partner bank for transactions |access-date=7 October 2023|website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Jaipur]]
|[[Jaipur Metro|Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
|[[Jaipur Metro]]
|N.A.
|
|
|N.A.
|System is being upgraded to be NCMC compliant
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Noida]]
|[[Noida Metro Rail Corporation]]
|[[Noida Metro]]
|
|[https://sbi.co.in/web/personal-banking/sbi-nmrc-city1-card#show NMRC City1 Card]
|[[State Bank of India]]
|
|
|-
|[[Lucknow]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation]]
|[[Lucknow Metro]]
|N.A.
|
|
|N.A.
|System is being upgraded to be NCMC compliant

|-
|[[Agra]]
|[[Agra Metro]]
|N.A.
|
|
|N.A.
|Under Construction. NCMC will be accepted after the system opens.

|-
|[[Kanpur]]
|[[Kanpur Metro]]
|Complete network
|[https://transit.sbi/swift/customerportal?pagename=kanpur Kanpur Metro]
|[[State Bank of India]]
| 4 April 2023<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-28|title=Travel to become smarter as CS inaugurates Kanpur Metro NCMC; see features|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/travel-to-become-smarter-as-csinaugurates-kanpur-metro-ncmc/articleshow/99255239.cms}}</ref>
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Contactless smart cards]]
[[Category:Fare collection systems]]
[[Category:Public transport in India]]
[[Category:Debit cards]]
[[Category:Credit cards in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Ministry of Urban Development]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in India]]

Samarendra Nath Roy

2026-01-25T23:49:58Z

JennyRoyster668: created first page w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian-born American mathematician}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = S.N. Roy
| native_name = সমরেন্দ্রনাথ রায়
| image = SamarendraNathRoy.jpg
| image_size = 225px
| caption = Samarendra Nath Roy
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1906|12|11}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1964|07|23|1906|12|11}}
| death_place = [[Jasper, Alberta]], Canada
| citizenship = United States
| nationality =
| parents = [[Kali Nath Roy]] (Father), Suniti Bala Devi (Mother)
| alma_mater = [[Rajabazar Science College]] ([[Calcutta University]])
| doctoral_advisor = [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis|P. C. Mahalanobis]] N. R. Sen
| doctoral_students = [[Ingram Olkin]]
| known_for = [[Multivariate analysis]]
| footnotes =
| field = Mathematician and Statistician
| work_institution = [[Rajabazar Science College]] [[Calcutta University]] [[Indian Statistical Institute]] [[University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill]]
}}
'''Samarendra Nath Roy''' (11 December 1906 – 23 July 1964) was an Indian-born American mathematician and an applied statistician.

==Early life==
Roy was the first of three children of [[Kali Nath Roy]] and Suniti Bala Roy.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1080/00031305.1964.10482640 | last1 = Bose | first1 = R. C. | year = 1964 | title = Samarendra Nath Roy, December 11, 1906 – July 23, 1964 | journal = The American Statistician | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 26–27 | jstor = 2682467}}</ref> His father, was a freedom fighter and the Chief Editor of the newspaper [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], then publishing from [[Lahore]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/tribune.htm | title = Tribuneindia...119 Years of Trust | work = [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | accessdate = 21 January 2013 | archive-date = 7 September 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120907191419/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/tribune.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Roy and The Tribune published [https://kalinathroy.wordpress.com/kali-nath-roys-seditious-articles-1919/ seven allegedly seditious articles from April 3, 1919 through April 11, 1919], leading up to the April 13th massacre of the Indians at the hands of the British in the infamous [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]. For this "offence" Kali Nath Roy was sentenced to imprisonment of two years along with a fine of one thousand rupees.<ref>{{cite news | author1 = Varinder Walia | author2 = Neeraj Bagga | title = Jallianwala Bagh revisited | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060413/aplus.htm | accessdate = 21 January 2013 | newspaper = The Tribune | date = 13 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author = Gobind Thukral | title = EDITORIAL PAGE; LOOKING BACK; How 1919 Punjab rebellion was suppressed|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010725/edit.htm|accessdate = 5 August 2013 | newspaper = The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Viscount Cave, J. | url = http://indiankanoon.org/doc/50741/ | title = Kali Nath Roy vs The King-Emperor on 9 December, 1920 | publisher = Indian Kanoon – Search engine for Indian Law | accessdate = 24 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="st-andrews1">{{cite web | url = http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Roy.html | author1 = J J O'Connor | author2 = E F Robertson | authorlink2 = Edmund F. Robertson | title = Roy Biography | publisher = [[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]] | accessdate = 21 January 2013}}</ref>

Roy secured first division in the Matriculation Examination in 1923 from the [[Khulna Zilla School|Khulna District School]].<ref name="st-andrews1"/> He was the topper in the Intermediate Science (Higher Secondary) Examinations in 1925 from the [[Brajalal College|Daulatpur Hindu Academy]].<ref name="st-andrews1"/> He obtained first class and was the topper in both the BSc Mathematics (Honours) from [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] of the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1928 and the MSc in Mixed Mathematics - which later was renamed to Applied Mathematics - (with The Theory of Relativity as the elective) from the renowned [[Rajabazar Science College]], [[University of Calcutta]] in 1931.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name="st-andrews1"/>

==Academic career==
In 1931, when Roy joined the Department of Applied Mathematics of [[Rajabazar Science College]] at the University of Calcutta as a research associate, he used computing facilities at the newly established [[Indian Statistical Institute]],<ref name="st-andrews1"/> which was founded by Professor [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis|P. C. Mahalanobis]]. Roy along with several talented young scholars including [[J. M. Sengupta]], [[H. C. Sinha]], [[Raj Chandra Bose]], K. R. Nair, [[K. Kishen]] and [[C. R. Rao]], joined to form an active group of statisticians under Mahalanobis. Roy was one of the very early students of Mahalanobis, who initiated some of the early works in Statistics.<ref name="mudholkar">{{cite journal | title = Life and legacy of Samarendra Nath Roy 1906–1964 | journal = Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference | volume = 137 | issue = 11 | pages = 3208–3212 | author1 = Govind S. Mudholkar | author2 = Alan D. Hutsonb | author3 = Michael P. McDermotta | doi = 10.1016/j.jspi.2007.03.003 | year = 2007 }}</ref> He was well known for his pioneering contribution to multivariate statistical analysis, mainly that of the Jacobians of complicated transformations for various exact distributions, rectangular coordinates and the Bartlett decomposition.<ref>{{cite web | last = V. Mardia | first = Kanti | title = On S.N. Roy's Legacy to Multivariate Analysis | url = http://www.maths.leeds.ac.uk/statistics/research/reports/2007/STAT07-07.pdf | work = Presented as a plenary talk to S. N. Roy Multivariate Conference, Kolkata (December 2006) | accessdate = 26 October 2012 | date = 23 January 2008 | archive-date = 29 July 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120729141026/http://www1.maths.leeds.ac.uk/statistics/research/reports/2007/STAT07-07.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> His dissertation included the Post master's work at the Indian Statistical Institute where he worked under Mahalanobis.<ref name="snr-mgenealogy1">{{MathGenealogy|id=29412}}</ref>

It was Bose who first went to the United States as a visiting professor at [[Columbia University]] and then joined the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] in 1947. Roy followed suit by later joining him at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] in the spring of 1950, after initially travelling to the United States to take up a Visiting Professorship of Statistics at [[Columbia University in New York]] in the spring of 1949. In between this Roy returned to India and became Head of the Department of Statistics at the [[University of Calcutta]] during the academic year 1949–50.<ref name="st-andrews1"/> Roy joined Bose as full Professor of Statistics in the Statistics Department at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]. S. N. Roy had 15 doctorate students there from 1950 till 1963.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.stat.unc.edu/phds.html#1950 | title = PhDs Awarded | publisher = Department of Statistics and Operations Research, [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] | accessdate = 21 January 2013 | archive-date = 24 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180124015030/http://www.stat.unc.edu/phds.html#1950 | url-status = dead }}</ref> To commemorate his Birth Centenary an International Conference on "Multivariate Statistical Methods in the 21st Century: The Legacy of Prof. S.N. Roy" was held at Kolkata, India during 28–29 December 2006.<ref>{{cite web | title = Multivariate Statistical Methods in the 21st Century: The Legacy of Prof. S.N. Roy | url = http://www.isical.ac.in/~multstatconf/ | year = 2006 | publisher = Indian Statistical Institute | accessdate = 18 February 2013}}</ref> The Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference published a special issue for celebrating the Centennial of Birth of S. N. Roy.<ref name="mudholkar"/>

==Personal life==
Roy was married to [[Bani Roy]] and had four children, Prabir, Subir, Tapon and Sunanda. He died while on holiday in Jasper, Canada.

==Selected publications==
* Potthoff, R. F. and Roy, S. N. (1964), "A generalized multivariate analysis of variance model useful especially for growth curve problems", Biometrika, vol. 51, pp. 313–326.
* Roy, S. N. (1957), "Some Aspects of Multivariate Analysis", New York: Wiley.
* Roy, S. N. and Sarhan, A. E. (1956), "On inverting a class of patterned matrices", Biometrika, 43, 227–231.

==Selected Ph.D. dissertations under Roy's guidance==
* [[Ingram Olkin|Olkin, Ingram]] (1951). "On distribution problems in [[multivariate analysis]]".
* Pachares, James (1953). "On the distribution of [[quadratic forms]]".
* Pillai, K.C. Sreedharan (1954). "On some distribution problems in [[multivariate analysis]]".
* Mitra, Sujit Kumar (1956).<ref>{{ cite journal | journal = Current Science | volume = 87 | issue = 3 | year = 2004 | page = 395 | url = http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/aug102004/395.pdf | first = P | last = Bhimasankaram | title = Sujit Kumar Mitra (1932–2004)}}</ref> "Contributions to the statistical analysis of [[categorical data]]".
* Gnanadesikan, Ramanathan (1957). "Contributions to [[multivariate analysis]] including [[univariate]] and multivariate [[variance]] [[components analysis]] and [[factor analysis]]".
* Potthoff, Richard F. (1958). "Multi-dimensional incomplete block designs".
* Diadmond, Earl L. (1958). "Asymptotic power and independence of certain classes of tests on categorical data".
* Bargman, Rolf (1958). "A study of independence and dependence in multivariate normal analysis".
* Cobb, Whitfield (1959). "Studies in univariate and multivariate variance components analysis connected with sampling from a finite population".
* Bhapkar, Vasant P. (1959). "Contributions to the statistical analysis of experiments with one or more responses".
* Sathe, Yashawande S. (1962). "Studies in certain types of nonparametric inference".
* Das Gupta, Somesh (1963). "Some problems in classification".
* Mudholkar, Govind S. (1963). "Some contributions to the theory of univariate and multivariate statistical analysis".
Sources:<ref name="mudholkar"/><ref name="snr-mgenealogy1"/><ref>{{cite web | publisher = The Department of Statistics and Operations Research at UNC | title = PhDs awarded | url = http://www.stat.unc.edu/phds.html | access-date = 7 November 2006 | archive-date = 24 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180124015030/http://www.stat.unc.edu/phds.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Recognition==
* Fellow of the [[Institute of Mathematical Statistics]]
* Fellow of the [[International Statistical Institute]] in 1951
* President of the Statistical Section of the [[Indian Science Congress]] in 1948
* Fellow of The National Institute of Sciences (FNASc), India (now known as the [[Indian National Science Academy]]) in 1946

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.isical.ac.in/ Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) ]
* [http://www.isical.ac.in/~multstatconf/abs.pdf International Conference on Multivariate Statistical Methods in the 21st Century: The Legacy of Prof. S.N. Roy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090525055151/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V0M-4NCR962-1&_user=1245113&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000048300&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1245113&md5=4e471361fc52c9a84519d1a16c2a469f Samarendra Nath Roy: An Appreciation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607140405/http://www.gap-system.org/~history/References/Roy.html References for Samarendra Nath Roy]
{{Indian mathematics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, S. N.}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian statisticians]]
[[Category:Bengali mathematicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Statistical Institute]]
[[Category:Binghamton University faculty]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American people of Bengali descent]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:20th-century American statisticians]]

Rajouri Garden metro station

2026-01-18T22:10:28Z

JennyRoyster668: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Rajouri Garden राजौरी गार्डन
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue|line2=Pink}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Delhi Metro Rajouri Garden station.jpg
| address = Najafgarh Rd, Shivaji Place, Vishal Enclave, Rajouri Garden, New Delhi, Delhi, 110027
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Elevated
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=branch}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}}|Platform-3 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|R}}|Platform-4 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 4
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle =
| opened = {{ubl|{{start date and age|2005|12|31|df=y}} (Blue Line)|{{start date and age|2018|3|14|df=y}} (Pink Line)}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Tagore Garden|right1=Ramesh Nagar
|line2=Pink|left2=ESI - Basaidarapur|right2=Mayapuri}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Blue Line Route}}{{Delhi Metro Pink Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
The '''Rajouri Garden''' metro station is an interchange station between the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] and [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|title=Station Information|access-date=2010-06-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The station is used by many to easily access the City Square Mall, locally known as "Lifestyle", located between [[Rajouri Garden]] and Tagore Garden.

==Station Layout==
'''Station layout''' {{Rail color box|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 3''' '''Northeast bound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Shiv Vihar metro station|Shiv Vihar]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Mayapuri}}
|-
|'''Platform 4''' '''Northwest bound'''
|Towards ← [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|ESI - Basaidarapur}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}
'''Station Layout''' {{Rail color box|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=branch}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Ramesh Nagar}}
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Tagore Garden}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|pink line=yes|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2005]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in West Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

List of national fruits

2025-12-30T16:41:52Z

JennyRoyster668: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|none}}
{{incomplete list|date=August 2021}}
This is a '''list of national fruits''' alphabetically arranged by country. Some national fruits are officially designated, some are unofficial.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Country
! Common name
! Scientific name
! Image
! Ref.
!Notes
|-
|[[Antigua and Barbuda]]
|[[Pineapple]]
|''[[Ananas comosus]]''
|[[File:Pineapples.JPG|frameless|126x126px]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Intelligence|first=fDi|title=Antigua and Barbuda looks to cash in on fruit appeal|url=https://www.fdiintelligence.com/article/44162|access-date=2021-10-26|website=www.fdiintelligence.com|language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| [[Apricot]]
| ''[[Apricot|Prunus armeniaca]]''
| [[File:Apricots.jpg|120px]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foodprint.org/real-food/apricots/|title=Apricot|website=FoodPrint|access-date=5 August 2025}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| [[Pomegranate]]
| ''[[Punica granatum]]''
| [[File:Granatäpfel.JPG|120px]]
| <ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Pearls of Baku|url=http://www.everyonesanoriginal.com/food-drink/mixology/cbb59fba-add0-4aba-a7b4-1489558542e4|website=www.everyonesanoriginal.com|access-date=9 November 2014|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226023716/http://www.fairmontmoments.com//food-drink/mixology/cbb59fba-add0-4aba-a7b4-1489558542e4|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| [[Jackfruit]]
| ''[[jackfruit|Artocarpus heterophyllus]]''
| [[File:Jackfruit hanging.JPG|120px]]
| <ref>[http://www.bangladesh.com/blog/jackfruit-national-fruit-of-bangladesh Jackfruit – National Fruit of Bangladesh.] bangladesh.com</ref>
|Jack Fruit is the national fruit of Bangladesh and is widely cultivated in tropical regions of Bangladesh.
|-
| [[Cambodia]]
| [[Chicken egg banana]] (''chek pong moan'' in Khmer)
| ''[[Musa aromatica]]''
| [[File:Bananas dsc07803.jpg|120px]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forestry.gov.kh/Documents/ROYAL-DECREE-ENG.pdf |title=Royal Decree on Designation of Animals and Plants as National Symbols of the Kingdom of Cambodia |website=www.forestry.gov.kh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630215053/http://www.forestry.gov.kh/Documents/ROYAL-DECREE-ENG.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-30}}</ref>
|The Royal Decree states the ''chicken egg banana'' is known as ''Musa aromatica'' but this is an outdated taxonomic name still used in Cambodia. This cultivar is also known as ''kluai khai'' in Thailand which has a similar meaning, that being "Egg Banana." It is known as ''pisang mas'' in Malaysia in which they can be found to be synonyms for the Lady's Finger Banana.
|-
| [[China]]
| [[Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa|Fuzzy kiwifruit]]
| [[Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa|''Actinidia chinensis'' var. ''deliciosa'']]
| [[File:Kiwi aka.jpg|120px]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123independenceday.com/china/national-symbols.html |title=National Symbols of China |publisher=123independenceday.com |date= |access-date=2009-12-06 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031032442/http://www.123independenceday.com/china/national-symbols.html}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Cuba]]
| [[Mamey sapote|Mamey]]
| ''[[Pouteria sapota]]''
| [[File:ARS- Pouteria sapota.jpg|120px]]
| <ref>{{cite book |last= Bader |first= Myles |title= The Wizard of Food's Encyclopedia of Kitchen & Cooking Secrets |date= February 2010 |publisher= Strategic Book Publishing |isbn= 978-1-60911-017-8 |page= 430 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5FVn9EjHH0C&q=mamey+national+fruit+cuba&pg=PA430}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Germany]]
| [[Apple]]
| ''[[apple|Malus domestica]]''
| [[File:Red Apple.jpg|120px]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title= German National Fruit, the Little Fleiner Apple|url=http://www.stimme.de/heilbronn/nachrichten/schozach-bottwar/sonstige-Einst-deutsche-Nationalfrucht;art1909,1695199 |date=18 November 2009}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Greece]]
| [[Olive]]
| ''[[Olea]]''
| [[File:Olive.jpg|120px]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abea.gr/en/history-of-olive-in-crete/|title=Olive oil. The Ancient Greek gold. History of olive tree|date=2015}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=that specifies a national fruit|date=August 2025}}
|
|-
| [[India]]
| [[Mango]]
| ''[[Mangifera indica]]''
| [[File:GntMango2.jpg|120px]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=National Fruit |url=https://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=13 |date= |publisher=[[Govt. of India]] Official website |page= |access-date=2018-01-29 |archive-date=2018-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172848/https://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Israel]]
| [[Opuntia|Sabra]]/[[Opuntia ficus-indica|Prickly pear]]
|''[[Opuntia]]''
|[[File:PikiWiki Israel 56968 sabra fruit (plural).jpg|frameless|120x120px]]
|<ref name="UPI">{{cite news |title=Israel's national fruit gets a shave |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/08/02/Israels-national-fruit-gets-a-shave/6122775800000/ |access-date=12 April 2022 |agency=UPI |publisher=United Press International}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Jamaica]]
| [[Ackee]]
| ''[[ackee|Blighia sapida]] ''
| [[File:Ackee 001.jpg|120px]]
| <ref name="jis">{{cite web|title=This is Jamaica |work=National Symbols of Jamaica |url=http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/This%20Is%20Jamaica/symbols.html |access-date=2006-06-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619153047/http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/This%20Is%20Jamaica/symbols.html |archive-date=2006-06-19 }}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Japan]]
| [[Diospyros kaki|Japanese persimmon]]
| ''[[Diospyros kaki]]''
| [[File:Threekakifruit-cutopen.jpg|120px]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fruitipedia.com/Persimmon.htm|title=Persimmon|website=www.fruitipedia.com|access-date=2012-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216022535/http://www.fruitipedia.com/Persimmon.htm|archive-date=2014-12-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| [[Mandarin orange]]
| [[Mandarin orange|''Citrus'' × ''Reticulata'']]
| [[File:Citrus reticulata April 2013 Nordbaden.JPG|120px]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Orange declared as Nepal's national fruit |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/orange-declared-as-nepal-s-national-fruit/ |date=12 April 2024 |work=[[Republica (newspaper)|myRepública]] |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref>
| Varieties widely cultivated in Nepal include Nepali Mandarin, Owari Satsuma and Unshiu Satsuma. Major areas in [[Sindhuli]], [[Ramechhap]] and [[Gorkha]].
|-
| [[Pakistan]]
| [[Mango]]
| ''[[Mangifera indica]]''
| [[File:GntMango2.jpg|120px]]
| <ref name="officialsymbols">{{citation|last=|first=|title=National Symbols of Pakistan|url=http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/national_symbols.html|volume=|pages=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128073024/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/national_symbols.html|publisher=Official Gateway to the Government of Pakistan|access-date=28 July 2016|archive-date=28 November 2016}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| [[Plum]]
| ''[[Prunus domestica]]''
| [[File:Slivka.JPG|120px]]
| <ref name="Mennell-383">{{cite book |author=Stephen Mennell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Dz0srxxDFoC |title=Culinary Cultures of Europe: Identity, Diversity and Dialogue |publisher=Council of Europe |year=2005 |isbn=9789287157447 |page=383}}</ref>
|The plum and its products are of great importance to Serbs and part of numerous customs.<ref name="Mennell-3833">{{cite book |author=Stephen Mennell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Dz0srxxDFoC |title=Culinary Cultures of Europe: Identity, Diversity and Dialogue |publisher=Council of Europe |year=2005 |isbn=9789287157447 |page=383}}</ref> A Serbian saying says that the best place to build a house is where a plum tree grows best.<ref name="Mennell-3833" /> The region of [[Šumadija]] in central Serbia is particularly known for its plums and [[Šljivovica]], the national drink.<ref>{{cite book |author=Grolier Incorporated |title=The encyclopedia Americana |publisher=Grolier |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7172-0133-4 |page=715}}</ref>
|-
| [[Spain]]
| [[Grape]]
| ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''
| [[File:Cabernet Sauvignon Gaillac.jpg|120px]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=What is the national fruit of Spain? |url=https://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/702260/what-is-the-national-fruit-of-spain |website=proprofs.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704111252/https://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/702260/what-is-the-national-fruit-of-spain |archive-date=2019-07-04}}</ref>
|There are over 400 varietals of grapes that are grown in Spain for wine production.
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| [[Jackfruit]]
| ''[[jackfruit|Artocarpus heterophyllus]]''
| [[File:Jackfruit hanging.JPG|120px]]
| <ref>[http://www.srilanka.com/blog/jackfruit-national-fruit-of-sri-lanka-Jackfruit – National Fruit of Sri Lanka.] bangladesh.com{{dead link|date=August 2025}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[United Arab Emirates]]
|[[Date palm|Dates]]
|''[[Phoenix dactylifera]]''
|[[File:Phoenix (botanical) финики.jpg|frameless|115x115px]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Symbols of the UAE You Didn't Know About|url=https://www.bayut.com/mybayut/national-symbols-uae/|access-date=2021-10-26|website=A blog about homes, trends, tips & life in the UAE {{!}} MyBayut|date=9 November 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Ukraine]]
|[[Viburnum opulus|Water Elder]]
|''[[Viburnum opulus]]''
|[[File:Guelder Rose Viburnum opulus (51922038259).jpg|frameless|120x120px]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battles |first=Matthew |date=2022-10-27 |title=Plants, Identity, and War in Ukraine |url=https://arboretum.harvard.edu/stories/plants-identity-and-war-in-ukraine/ |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Arnold Arboretum |language=en-us}}</ref>
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{National symbols}}

[[Category:Edible fruits| ]]
[[Category:Lists of foods|Fruit]]
[[Category:Lists of national symbols|Fruits]]
[[Category:Lists of plants|Fruit]]

Mallika Yunis

2025-12-01T01:48:32Z

JennyRoyster668: fixed content based on references

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Mallika Yunis''' is an Indian writer who writes [[novel]]s in [[Malayalam language]]. She is probably best known for her 1981 novel ''Upasana'' which won her the Maman Mappila literary award in 1982. The novel was made into a critically acclaimed film, titled ''[[Ente Upasana]]'', by noted director [[Bharathan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Master Leaves a Void|newspaper=[[The Gulf Today]]|date=27 July 2011|author=K K Moidu}}</ref> The 2012 film ''Karpoora Deepam'' is also based on her novel. The film, which commenced production in 1998 was in a [[development hell]] for 14 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.com/malayalamcinema/news_-karpoora-deepam-released-after-14-years.htm|title='Karpoora Deepam' released after 14 years|publisher=Kerala9.com|date=17 October 2012|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref> In 2025, she received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്‌കാരം; മനസ്സുനിറയെ സന്തോഷം-മല്ലികാ യൂനിസ് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/mallika-yunis-kerala-sahitya-akademi-award-e95521de |access-date=1 December 2025 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |date=27 June 2025 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Novels===
* ''Upasana''
* ''Varshameghangale Kaathirunnavar''
* ''Nizhalchithrangal''
* ''Vayalppoovu''
* ''Anupallavi''
* ''Nirabhedangal''
* ''Ninakkai Mathram''
* ''Pooppanthal''
* ''Bhadrachitta''
* ''Swapnangale Vida''
* ''Idanaazhiyude Avasaanam''
* ''Akale Neelaakasham''
* ''Vazhithaarakal''
* ''Nirabhedangal''
* ''Swapnakku Sugamaanu''
* ''Randamathoraal''
* ''Sooryakireedom''
* ''Safar''
* ''Karpoora Deepam''
* ''Samarpanam''

==References==
<references />

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yunis, Mallika}}
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Mubarak Manzil (Agra)

2025-11-25T18:49:50Z

JennyRoyster668: Started New Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Mubarak Manzil
| image =
| caption =
| location = Belanganj, Agra, Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates =
| built = 17th century
| built_for = Emperor Aurangzeb
| architect =
| architecture = Mughal architecture
| area = 20,000 square feet
| governing_body =
| owner =
| height =
| embedded =
}}
'''Mubarak Manzil''' (also known as '''Aurangzeb's Haveli''') was a 17th-century [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] heritage building located in [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. Built by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] following his victory at the [[Battle of Samugarh]], it served as a residence for several prominent Mughal figures before being repurposed during the [[British Raj]]. The structure, which occupied 20,000 square feet of historic land near Ghat Road in the Belanganj area, was largely demolished in early 2025, despite being listed for protection by the state archaeological department.<ref name="wire2025">{{cite web |title=Agra: 17th-Century Mubarak Manzil, Built by Aurangzeb, Reduced to Rubble |url=https://thewire.in/history/agra-17th-century-mubarak-manzil-built-by-aurangzeb-reduced-to-rubble |website=The Wire |date=2025-01-03 |access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref><ref name="news18">{{cite web |title=Aurangzeb Latest Flash Point in UP Politics After Agra's Mubarak Manzil Reduced To Rubble |url=https://www.news18.com/india/aurangzeb-latest-flash-point-in-up-politics-after-agras-mubarak-manzil-reduced-to-rubble-9179600.html|author=Oliver Fredrick |website=News18 |date=2025-01-06 |access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref>

== History ==
Mubarak Manzil was part of Agra's rich Mughal heritage, which once included 197 Mughal-era structures, 17 gardens, and 28 havelis adorning the Yamuna riverfront.<ref name="toi2025"/>

=== Mughal Period ===
The Mubarak Manzil was constructed in the 17th century under the direction of Emperor Aurangzeb during his reign (1618-1707). Historical records, including [[A. C. L. Carlleyle|Archibald Campbell Carlyle]]'s 1871 report and a marble plaque at the site, indicate it was built at the location where Aurangzeb rested after his decisive victory over [[Dara Shikoh]] in the Battle of Samugarh near Fatehabad. According to historian Rajkishore Raje, the building was originally his brother [[Dara Shikoh]]'s palace, which Aurangzeb renamed after his victory.<ref name="toi2025"/><ref name="news18"/> The building served as a residence for notable Mughal figures including [[Shah Jahan]], [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]], and Aurangzeb himself.<ref name="wire2025"/>

The history of Mubarak Manzil reflects broader patterns in Mughal architecture and property rights, as discussed by historian [[Ebba Koch]]. Mughal nobles often held temporary ownership of grand residences, like havelis, under the emperor's authority. These structures were often repurposed or reassigned, which aligns with the documented changes in ownership of Mubarak Manzil. Koch identifies a similar example in the haveli of ‘Alamgir (Aurangzeb) in Agra, which went through multiple hands before becoming part of the imperial holdings. This fluidity in ownership was a distinctive feature of Mughal administrative and architectural culture.<ref name=koch2019>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Palaces, Gardens and Property Rights under Shah Jahan: Architecture as a Window into Mughal Legal Custom and Practice|author=Ebba Koch|encyclopedia=The Mughal Empire from Jahangir to Shah Jahan: Art, Architecture, Politics, Law and Literature |date=2019|publisher=Marg Foundation|isbn=978-9383243266|url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59000603/Ebba_Koch_Architecture20190423-82781-hyzv3w-libre.pdf?1556236606=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DPalaces_Gardens_and_Property_Rights_unde.pdf&Expires=1736199874&Signature=Poib5glW7fny-MeKgtXyyg9vk06DArc~pEMwevrWruaNY4ksc6SHW5NkHTH5iOgz3xB9f0enJJAjtJdLJJnZWRGOdGZ6AEqv088jR2fXpNV1mWkfU7jAvOnk6WJ6nnkCKSTjbUJ9UFlScbUSkLm7HVNBm0GYIIp7rbydYqSyMCP42q4EwjcqVV3XG7vMvhHHT-q5g5rBiG6x6frwNxHCbjZVMCspTb-I5Nl8L2-Suj1eXbrifzNPb7jn-kSvi966O39veQd9J60K6JyW1X0I7HWWpyM-hL~u6ICF6eBZZRDEqaeb2JSrpplqq05p8zGC2YZIRFw4tUXhrH1auxgFJA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA}}</ref>

=== British Period ===
During the British colonial period, the building underwent significant modifications and served various administrative functions. An 1868 map of Agra placed the structure near the pontoon bridge, where the current iron bridge stands. The [[East India Railway]] used it as a goods depot during British rule.<ref name="toi2025"/> It was subsequently converted into:
* A customs house
* A salt office
* Tara Niwas (by 1902)<ref name="wire2025"/>

The building's treatment during this period reflected broader colonial attitudes toward Indian architectural heritage. While some British officials advocated for preservation of such structures, many historic buildings were repurposed for administrative use with little regard for their historical or cultural significance.<ref name="lahiri1">{{cite journal |last=Lahiri |first=Nayanjot |year=2000 |title=Archaeology and Identity in Colonial India |journal=Antiquity |volume=74 |issue=285 |pages=687–692|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00060075 }}</ref>

In 1904, members of Agra's Muslim community petitioned the British government for the restitution of Mubarak Manzil, reflecting growing local resistance to colonial appropriation of historic Islamic architecture. This appeal was one of several similar requests made by Indian communities seeking to reclaim control of their architectural heritage during this period.<ref name="lahiri1"/>

The Jaisingh map of 1720s created for [[Sawai Jai Singh]] of [[Jaipur]] shows the location of the Aurangzeb (or Alamgir) haveli, marked with two courtyards. A railway line built by the British between 1893 and 1911 bisected the property, likely along the demarcation of the courtyards.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kuili Suganya|author2= M. B. Rajani|year=2020|title=Riverfront Gardens and City Walls of Mughal Agra: A Study of Their Locations, Extent and Subsequent Transformations Using Remote Sensing and GIS|journal=South Asian Studies|volume= 36|issue= 2|pages= 139–165|doi=10.1080/02666030.2020.1721119}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The Mubarak Manzil was a rectangular, oblong-shaped building measuring 171 feet in length and 84 feet in breadth, excluding its corner towers. Key architectural features included:<ref name="news18"/>

* Four octagonal corner towers, each crowned by a pillared cupola
* Three-story structure with intricate detailing
* Eastern colonnade with fluted pillars and engraved arches
* West wall featuring 15 openings
* South side with three doorways
* Second story featuring a covered verandah with plain outward-facing arches
* Interior compartment believed to have served as a [[mosque]]
* Red sandstone base
* Construction materials including lakhauri bricks, surkhi, and lime<ref name="wire2025"/><ref name="toi2025">{{cite web |title=Agra's 17th C Mubarak Manzil razed by 'builder'|author=Deepak Lavania |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/agras-17th-c-mubarak-manzil-razed-by-builder/articleshow/116900061.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2025-01-03 |access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref><ref name="news18"/>

Ebba Koch highlights the architectural nuances of Mughal-era havelis: they often integrated practical and ceremonial spaces, including mosques or audience halls. Although named a {{Transliteration|ar|masjid}} (mosque), the "Masjid Mubarak Manzil" was more akin to an audience hall, reminiscent of the Divan-i-Am in the [[Agra Fort]]. The architectural elements of Mubarak Manzil, such as its corner towers and engraved arches, exemplify the blending of functionality and ornamentation that characterized Mughal design.<ref name=koch2019/>

== Demolition ==
In September 2024, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) issued a notification proposing protection status for Mubarak Manzil. Despite no objections being raised during the review period and a recent visit by officials to initiate preservation efforts, the structure was largely demolished in January 2025. Over 100 tractors of debris were removed from the site during the demolition drive.<ref name="toi2025"/> Local residents alleged collusion between a builder and officials, claiming that approximately 70% of the structure was destroyed despite the presence of a nearby police outpost.<ref name="wire2025"/>

The demolition sparked political controversy in Uttar Pradesh. [[Samajwadi Party]] chief [[Akhilesh Yadav]] criticized the "bulldozer action" on the heritage structure.<ref name="news18"/> Following the political uproar, Agra's district magistrate ordered authorities to maintain status quo at the site and initiated a detailed investigation, particularly focusing on land records. A team led by Sub-Divisional Magistrate Sachin Rajput, along with officials from ASI and the state archaeology department, conducted an on-site inspection.<ref name="news18"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Mughal palaces]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agra]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:17th-century architecture in Asia]]

M. K. Arjunan

2025-11-24T04:04:40Z

JennyRoyster668: enhance lead

{{Short description|Indian composer (1936–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Indian name|Arjunan|Maliyekkal Kochukunju}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = M. K. Arjunan
| image = Arjunan master.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
|background = non_performing_personnel
|birth_date = {{birth date|1936|3|1|df=y}}
|birth_place = Chirattapalam, [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|4|6|1936|3|2|df=y}}
|death_place = Kochi, Kerala, India
|origin =
|instrument = [[Pump organ|Harmonium]]
|genre = Film music, theatre music
|occupation = [[Theatre music|Theatre composer]], [[film composer]], [[music director]]
|years_active = 1950-2020
|spouse = Bharathi (m. 1964)
|label =
|website =
}}

'''Maliyekkal Kochukunju Arjunan''' (1 March 1936 – 6 April 2020) was an Indian film and theatre composer, known for his works in [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam cinema]] and the theatre of Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/maestro-m-k-arjunan-rewinds-to-his-long-and-illustrious-career-as-a-music-director-in-malayalam-cinema/article23311613.ece|title='You need to be lucky in the world of films': M. K. Arjunan|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He was fondly referred to as ''Arjunan Master''.

==Early life==
Arjunan was born at Chirattapalam in [[Fort Kochi]] (now part of India) on 1 March 1936 as the youngest of 14 children born to Kochukunju and Paru, among whom only four survived childhood. He lost his father at a young age and his mother (Parvathi), unable to provide for all her children, sent Arjunan and his brother, Prabhakaran, to Jeevakarunyananda Ashram at [[Palani]] where Arjunan got his first lessons in music. After school, the students would sing [[bhajans]]; his singing led the head of the ashram to give him music lessons. For the next few years Arjunan learned music Kumarayya Pillai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/the-original-master-of-melody/article8302523.ece|title=The Original Master of Melody|work=The Hindu}}</ref> He later learnt music under K.N Vijayarajan Master.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/half-a-century-not-out/article3186932.ece|title=Half a century, not out|date=2006-02-06|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-16|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Career and death==
After composing music for amateur plays, he became a professional and worked with Changanassery Geedha, People's Theatre, Kalidasa Kalakendram, Desabhimani Theatres, Alleppey Theatres and KPAC. Arjunan went on to compose around 800 songs for 300 plays.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/mar/09/kerala-state-awards-the-master-composer-is-rewarded-after-50-years-1784224.html|title=Kerala State Awards: The master composer is rewarded after 50 years | publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Arjunan's first movie as a composer was ''Karuthapurnami'', released in 1968. His association with the leading lyricist [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] in almost 50 films was one of the most prolific composer-lyricist partnerships in Malayalam film industry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/090318/sweet-end-to-a-long-wait.html|title=Sweet end to a long wait|publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

During a career spanning 50 years in cinema, Arjunan scored music for more than 500 songs in over 218 Malayalam films.<ref name="hindu_apr06a">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/28/stories/2006042800300300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913154759/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/28/stories/2006042800300300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2008 |title=A long musical journey |date=28 April 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 January 2010}}</ref>

He is also credited with giving [[A. R. Rahman]] his first musical break by giving him a chance to play keyboards in a film.<ref name="ARR">{{cite web |title=Film fraternity hails Rahman, Pookutty for win |work=The Indian Express |location=India |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/film-fraternity-hails-rahman-pookutty-for-win/427046/0 |date=23 February 2009 |access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2019/05/07/exclussive-interview-with-mk-arjunan-master-about-ar-rahman.html|title=Exclusive Interview with M K Arjunan master about A R Rahman|publisher=Malayala Manorama}}</ref>

His last film was ''Vellaram Kunnile Vellimeenukal'', with songs written by [[Rajeev Alunkal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2020/04/06/last-song-of-arjunan-master.html|title=അവസാന അർജുന സംഗീതം രാജീവ് ആലുങ്കലിന്റെ വരികൾക്ക്|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> His last music composition was in December 2019 for Sreek Music's three love songs written by lyricist Sreekanth M Girinath.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/news/08apr2020-1.4674425|title=അർജുനൻ മാഷിന്റെ അവസാന ഈണങ്ങൾ നെഞ്ചോടു ചേർത്ത് ശ്രീകാന്ത്|website=mathrubhumi|language=ml|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411181158/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/news/08apr2020-1.4674425|url-status=dead}}</ref> He died at his home at 3:30 AM IST on 6 April 2020, aged 84, and was cremated with full state honours at Palluruthy crematorium on the same day. Due to [[COVID-19]], his funeral was conducted under strict protocols.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Veteran music composer MK Arjunan is no more - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/veteran-music-composer-mk-arjunan-is-no-more/articleshow/75000949.cms|access-date=2021-08-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=P. k Ajith|date=2020-04-06|title=Music composer M.K. Arjunan no more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/music-composer-mk-arjunan-no-more/article31266402.ece|access-date=2021-08-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is survived by his sons Ashokan and Anil, and daughters Rekha, Nimmi and Sreekala. Bharathi Arjunan, his wife of 56 years, died in July 2021 due to COVID-19.

==Discography==
{{Main|M. K. Arjunan filmography}}

==Awards==
*[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] - 1992<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/light-music/467 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Light Music |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
*[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] - 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/classical-music/456|title=Classical Music|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>
*[[48th Kerala State Film Awards]] for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director ]] - 2017-Bhayanakam<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala State Film Awards: Debut films steal the show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kerala-state-film-awards-debut-films-steal-the-show/articleshow/63226786.cms|access-date=2021-08-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] 2018 - Chalachitra Rathna award<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-20 |title=Film critics awards announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-critics-awards-announced/article23621153.ece |access-date=2021-08-15 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*Mazhavil Mango Music Awards - 2018-Lifetime achievement<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abrid Shine's Poomaram wins big at Mazhavil Mango Music awards|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2018/08/07/mazhavil-mango-music-awards-winners.html|access-date=2021-08-15|website=OnManorama}}</ref>
*Thudi cultural forum K Raghavan puraskaram - 2019<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-04-06|title=Veteran Malayalam Music Composer MK Arjunan Passes Away at 84|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/veteran-malayalam-music-composer-mk-arjunan-passes-away-at-84-3991784/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=India.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb name|0035021|name=M. K. Arjunan}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arjunan, M. K.}}
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Bommukutty Ammavukku

2025-11-07T11:40:00Z

JennyRoyster668: Added Entry

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bommukutty Ammavukku serial.jpg
| caption =
| genre = Soap opera
| channel = [[Star Vijay]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| writer =
| producer =
| director = Praveen Benatt<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/daily-soap-bommukutty-ammavukku-to-premiere-today/articleshow/73898409.cms|title=Daily soap Bommukutty Ammavukku to premiere today|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 February 2020 }}</ref>
| creative_director =
| editor =
| cinematography =
| company =
| starring = Rethva Rashmitha Kiran [[Sridevi Ashok]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 156
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|02|03|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|12|05|df=yes}}
| image_alt =
| creator =
| list_episodes =
| related = ''[[Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena]]''
}}

'''''Bommukutty Ammavukku''''' ({{Translation}}''For Bommukutty'') is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language drama that aired on [[Star Vijay]]. It began on 3 February 2020 and ended on 5 December 2020 with 156 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onenov.in/bommukutty-ammavukku-serial-cast/|title=Bommukutty Ammavukku|date=1 February 2020|website=Onenov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theclashofnews.com/bommukutty-ammavukku-tv-serial/|title=Bommukutty Ammavukku TV Serial (Star Vijay) Cast | Crew | Trailer | Release Date | Episode|date=15 January 2020}}</ref> It is a remake of the [[Bengali language]] series ''[[Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena]]'', which aired on [[Star Jalsha]]. The show stars Rethva,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/videos/bommukutti-ammavukku-serial-vijay-tv-rethva-jayasri-iswar-99978.html|title=சீரியலில் களமிறங்கும் ஜெயஸ்ரீ ஈஸ்வர் மகள் ரித்வாwebsite=tamil.filmibeat.com|date = 14 January 2020}}</ref> Rashmitha and Kiran.

==Plot==
It is the story of a mother, Meera and her daughter, Aarthi. When young, Aarthi gets kidnapped which leads to Meera getting separated from her. For years, Aarthi is raised as "Bommi" by a female-kidnapper. Circumstances soon lead to Bommi and Meera once again meeting after several years. From then, the story is completely based on how Bommi once again accepts Meera in her life.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Rethva Isvar as Aarthi "Bommi" Prakash
* Roja Rashmita as Meera Prakash
* Kiran Konda as Prakash Laxman
* [[Sridevi Ashok]] as Rathna

=== Recurring ===
* [[Shabnam]] as Anu
* Surendar KPY as Srini
* Shruthi Shanmugapriya as Prabha Deva <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-sruthi-shanmuga-priya-to-play-a-negative-role-in-bommukutty-ammavukku/articleshow/73930542.cms|title=Actress Sruthi Shanmuga Priya to play a negative role in Bommukutty Ammavukku|newspaper=The Times of India|date=4 February 2020 |access-date=}}</ref>
* Padmini Chandrasekaran as Pratima Laxman
* Raj kumar Manohaaran as Deva
* Praveen Nandagopal as Gowtham
* Neepa as Veni
* N.P Aadiv as Aadhi
* Vaishali Thaniga as Swapna

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Purple; "| Language
! style="background:Purple; "| Title
! style="background:Purple; "| Original release
! style="background:Purple; "| Network(s)
! style="background:Purple; "| Last aired
! style="background:Purple; "| Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena]]'' মা....তোমায় চারা ঘুম আশেনা
| 19 October 2009
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 3 August 2014
| Original
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Meri Maa (Indian TV series)|Meri Maa]]'' मेरी माँ
| 18 December 2011
| [[Life OK]]
| 22 April 2012
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Amma'' അമ്മ
| 2 January 2012
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 4 July 2015
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Bommukutty Ammavukku'' பொம்முக்குட்டி அம்மாவுக்கு
| 3 February 2020
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 5 December 2020
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Paape Maa Jeevanajyothi]]'' పాపే మా జీవనజ్యోతి
| 26 April 2021
| [[Star Maa]]
| Ongoing
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Chikoo - Yeh Ishq Nachaye]]'' चिकू - ये इश्क नचाए
| 6 September 2021
| [[StarPlus]]
| 19 March 2022
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt12403820}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language children's television series]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Bengali-languages television series]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

College of Engineering and Management, Kolaghat

2025-10-18T11:51:12Z

JennyRoyster668: minor edit

{{Short description|College in West Bengal, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Org|date=February 2023}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2013}}
{{Advert|date=August 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = College of Engineering & Management Kolaghat
| other_name = CEMK
| image = logo cemk.jpg
| image_size = 100px
| image_alt = Compass, Book, Plant...
| caption = Logo of C.E.M.K
| established = 1998 (25 years ago)
| type = Govt. Aided
| chairman = Sri Aroop Biswas, Minister In Charge, Dept. of Power , Govt. of WB
| administrative_staff = 40 (approx)
| students = 1680 (approx)
| address = {{ubl|K.T.P.P Township,|Kolaghat,|Purba Medinipur - 721171|West Bengal| India.}}
| campus = Urban
| website = {{URL|www.cemkolaghat.in}}
| coor = {{Coord|22.4166|87.8708|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| academic_affiliations = {{ubl|
[[The Institution of Engineers (India)|IEI]]|[[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]]|[[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]|[[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology|MAKAUT]]}}
| footnotes = This is a college under [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology|MAKAUT]]
| faculty = 130 (approx)
}}

'''College of Engineering and Management, Kolaghat''' (CEMK) is a government aided engineering college offering B.Tech. courses located in Kolaghat Thermal Power Plant Township of West Bengal Power Development Corporation, Kolaghat, West Bengal. The college was established in the year of 1998 with the support from [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited]] (WBPDCL). Courses are accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA) and approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE), New Delhi.

The college was financed by the [[World Bank]] under TEQIP II programme as a government aided engineering college for modernizing it's laboratories and improving overall infrastructure. The college is sponsored by Vidyasagar Society for Integrated Learning, Kolkata and chaired by Minister-In-Charge, Power, Government of West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEM Kolaghat Society |url=https://cemkolaghat.org/CEM_Kolaghat_Society.pdf |website=cemkolaghat.org}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It has a campus area of 32 acres (130,000 m2) and is fully residential for faculty and staffs. The college offers full-time engineering programs leading to four-year B.Tech. degree from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT) formerly known as
[[West Bengal University of Technology]] (WBUT).

== Courses offered ==
College of Engineering and Management, Kolaghat offers full-time (four-year) [[B.Tech]] degrees to the following departments:<ref>{{cite web |title=INSTITUTE PROFILE AT A GLANCE|url=https://wbjeeb.in/assets/ALPG/PVTENGG/CETKOL.pdf |website=wbjeeb.in |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[Computer Science & Engineering]] (CSE) - NBA Accredited
|-
|[[Computer Science & Engineering (Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning)]] (CSE - AI & ML)
|-
|[[Information Technology]](IT)
|-
|[[Electronics & Communication Engineering]] (ECE)
|-
|[[Electrical Engineering]] (EE)
|-
|[[Mechanical Engineering]] (ME)
|-
|}
----
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Courses !! [[WBJEE]] Intake !! [[JEE Main]] Intake !! Total !! TFW Intake
|-
| Computer Science & Engineering || 162 || 18 || 180 || 09
|-
| Computer Science & Engineering (Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning) || 54 || 06 || 60 || 03
|-
| Information Technology || 54 || 06 || 60 || 03
|-
| Electronics & Communication Engineering || 81 || 09 || 90 || 05
|-
| Electrical Engineering || 54 || 06 || 60 || 00
|-
| Mechanical Engineering || 27 || 03 || 30 || 00
|-
|}

== Infrastructure ==
{{Unsourced|section|date=February 2025}}
The institute is spread over {{cvt|32|acre}} of land and located within integrated campus of Kolaghat Thermal Power Plant Township of WBPDCL. Facilities includes the administrative building, library, workshops, boys and girls hostels, play grounds, and staff quarters. The college has an ATM,a hospital,a bank and a market place near the campus. The college provides 350 Mbit/s high speed internet connectivity to each hostel for each student.

== Awards and recognitions ==
{{Unsourced|section|date=February 2025}}
* The Institute received INR 15 crore grants from the World Bank under TEQIP II programme as a government aided engineering college.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{West Bengal University of Technology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with Vidyasagar University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1998]]

Sixteenth Finance Commission

2025-10-10T21:25:24Z

JennyRoyster668: created new data w/ refs

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Sixteenth{{nbsp}}Finance Commission
| coordinates =
| nativename = 16वां वित्त आयोग
| type = Commission
| logo = Fincom.jpg
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal = Emblem of India.svg
| seal_width =
| seal_caption = [[State Emblem of India]]
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| formed = 
| preceding1 = {{nowrap|[[Fifteenth Finance Commission]]}}
| dissolved =
| superseding = Seventeenth Finance Commission
| jurisdiction = Whole of India
| headquarters = 16th{{nbsp}}Finance Commission, [[Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan]], [[Tolstoy Marg]], [[New Delhi]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| chief1_name = [[Arvind Panagariya]]
| chief1_position = Chairman
| chief2_name = [[Ajay Narayan Jha]]
| chief2_position = Member
| chief3_name = Annie George Mathew
| chief3_position = Member
| chief4_name = Manoj panda
| chief4_position = Member
| chief5_name = Soumya Kanti Ghosh
| chief5_position = Part-Time Member
| chief6_name = Ritvik Ranjanam Pandey
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = {{URL|fincomindia.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| chief6_position = Secretary
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department = [[Department of Economic Affairs (India)|Department of Economic Affairs]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]
| keydocument1 = {{URL|http://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/Constitution-of-India_0.pdf|The Constitution of India (Article 280)}}
| keydocument2 = {{URL|http://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1941/1/195133.pdf|The Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951 (Act {{abbr|no.|number}} 33 of 1951)}}
| keydocument3 = {{URL|http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/180483.pdf|S.O. 3755(E) (notification of formation of the commission)}}
}}

'''Sixteenth Finance Commission''' is the [[Finance Commission]] constituted by the [[Government of India]] under Article 280 of [[Constitution]]. [[Arvind Panagariya]] has been appointed as the Chief of the Commission with the main task of determining revenue sharing between Central Government and State Government for a period of five years from April 1, 2026.<ref name="SF2" />

== History and objective ==

Sixteenth Finance Commission was formed under Article 280 of the constitution<ref name="SF5">{{cite news |title=Centre approves 16th Finance Commission's Terms of Reference. Details here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/centre-approves-16th-finance-commission-terms-of-reference-know-about-transfer-of-funds-process-other-key-details-2469435-2023-11-30 |access-date=31 December 2023 |publisher=India Today |date=30 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> for determining the sharing of tax revenues between [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] and States for five year period starting from 1 April 2026,<ref name="SF4">{{cite news |title=Cabinet clears terms of reference for 16th Finance Commission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-approves-terms-of-reference-for-16th-finance-commission/article67586753.ece |access-date=31 December 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=29 November 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="SF3">{{cite news |title=16th Finance Commission's terms are short, but all-encompassing: Somanathan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/16th-finance-commissions-terms-are-short-but-all-encompassing-somanathan-9049328/ |access-date=31 December 2023 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=1 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> determining the principles for granting of the aid from the Consolidated Fund of India to states and implementation of various measures for augmenting the resources of Consolidated Fund to meet the requirements of [[Panchayati raj|Panchayats]] and [[Municipality|Municipalities]] of states.<ref name="SF1">{{cite news |title=The upcoming 16th Finance Commission has a highly critical task at hand |url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/the-upcoming-16th-finance-commission-has-a-highly-critical-task-at-hand-11701690593532.html |access-date=31 December 2023 |publisher=mint |date=5 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SF2">{{cite news |title=16th finance panel chairperson, members to be appointed over next few days |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/16th-finance-panel-chairperson-members-to-be-appointed-over-next-few-days-407889-2023-12-01 |access-date=31 December 2023 |publisher=Business Today |date=1 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Members ==

The Sixteenth Finance Commission comprises a chairman and various members that are appointed by the [[president of India]]. It also consists of one secretary post. The composition is as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government appoints members of the Sixteenth Finance Commission |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=2000720 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
*Chairman - [[Arvind Panagariya]], former [[vice-chairman]] of [[NITI Aayog]]<ref name="SF6">{{cite news |title=Government appoints Arvind Panagariya as sixteenth Finance Commission chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-appoints-arvind-panagariya-as-sixteenth-finance-commission-chief/article67692524.ece |access-date=31 December 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=31 December 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="SF8">{{cite news |title=Arvind Panagariya to chair 16th Finance Commission |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/arvind-panagariya-to-chair-16th-finance-commission/articleshow/106418390.cms |access-date=31 December 2023 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=31 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="SF9">{{cite news |title=Former NITI Aayog VC Arvind Panagariya to lead 16th Finance Commission |url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/news/former-niti-aayog-vc-arvind-panagariya-to-lead-16th-finance-commission-123123100393_1.html |access-date=31 December 2023 |publisher=business-standard.com |date=31 December 2023}}</ref>
* Member - [[Ajay Narayan Jha]], former member, 15th Finance Commission; former [[Finance Secretary (India)|finance secretary]], Government of India <ref name="fortuneindia.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=Centre appoints Ajay Narayan Jha, Annie Mathew, Soumya Kanti Ghosh as finance commission members |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/macro/centre-appoints-ajay-narayan-jha-annie-mathew-soumya-kanti-ghosh-as-finance-commission-members/115543 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Member - Annie George Mathew, former special [[Secretary to the Government of India|secretary]], Department of Expenditure, [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], Government of India <ref name="fortuneindia.com"/>
* Member - Manoj Panda, former director, [[Institute of Economic Growth]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-09 |title=Government appoints Manoj Panda as 16th Finance Commission member |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/government-appoints-manoj-panda-as-16th-finance-commission-member/articleshow/109165849.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* Part-time member - Soumya Kanti Ghosh, group chief economic advisor, [[State Bank of India]]<ref name="fortuneindia.com"/>
* Secretary - Ritvik Ranjanam Pandey, [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]], Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, Government of India <ref name="fortuneindia.com"/>

== Tenure ==

The tenure of each finance commission is five years.<ref name="SF7">{{cite news |title=Cabinet suggests setting up of 16th finance commission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/nod-to-setting-up-16th-financial-panel/articleshow/105604086.cms?from=mdr |access-date=31 December 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=30 November 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Fifteenth Finance Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|fincomindia.nic.in}}

{{Ministry of Finance (India)}}
{{Finance Commission of India}}

[[Category:Finance Commission of India]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in the 2020s]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian politics]]

Bhatapara railway station

2025-10-05T10:43:12Z

JennyRoyster668: further corrected layout based on references further and fixed typos based on references

{{short description|Railway station in Chhattisgarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bhatapara
| type = [[Express train]] and [[Passenger train]] station
| style =
| image = Bhatapara railway station.png
| image_size =
| caption = Bhatapara Railway Station
| address = Sadar Bazar, [[Bhatapara]], [[Baloda Bazar district]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|21.73|N|81.93|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|273|m|ft}}
| line = [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]]
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 5
| tracks = 6
| parking = Yes
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BYT
| zone = [[South East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Raipur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India Chhattisgarh#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_size =
}}

'''Bhatapara Railway Station''' (station code:- BYT) is a station that is located in [[Bhatapara]], [[Baloda Bazar - Bhatapara district|Baloda Bazar district]], [[Chhattisgarh]]. It falls under [[South East Central Railway zone]]'s [[Raipur railway division]]. It is connected by rail to the nearby stations of Hathband, Tilda, Nipania, Dagori, and Bilha. Bilaspur City is {{Convert|17|km|mi|abbr=}} away and can also be reached by regular transport.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/Bhatapara-byt/1976| title=BYT/Bhatapara| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2003]]
[[Category:Raipur railway division| ]]
[[Category:Divisions of Indian Railways]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:South East Central Railway zone|*]]
[[Category:Transport in Raipur, Chhattisgarh]]

{{Chhattisgarh-railstation-stub}}

Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu

2025-10-02T05:29:56Z

JennyRoyster668:

{{Hatnote|This is a [[Telugu language|Telugu name]]; the family name is ''Kinjarapu''.}}
{{Short description|Indian politician (1957–2012)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2013}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu
| image = Yerram Naidu Kinjarapu.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1957|2|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nimmada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|11|2|1957|2|23|df=y}}
| death_place = Ranasthalam, [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)| Union Minister of Rural Areas and Employment]]
| termstart1 = 1 June 1996
| termend1 = 19 March 1998
| primeminister1 = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] [[I. K. Gujral]]
| predecessor1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| successor1 = [[Babagouda Patil]]
| constituency2 = [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| termstart2 = 10 May 1996
| termend2 = 17 May 2009
| predecessor2 = [[Kanithi Viswanatham]]
| successor2 = [[Killi Krupa Rani]]
| office3 = [[First N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|State Cabinet Minister, Andhra Pradesh]]
| termstart3 = 8 October 1995
| termend3 = 11 October 1995
| governor3 = [[Krishan Kant]] [[C. Rangarajan]]
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| 1namedata3 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| office4 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly| Member of Legislative Assembly, Andhra Pradesh]]
| termstart4 = 1983
| termend4 = 1996
| predecessor4 = Kannipally Appla Narasimha Bhuktha
| successor4 = [[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]
| constituency4 = [[Harishchandrapuram Assembly constituency|Harishchandrapuram]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| parents = K. Dali Naidu, K. Kalavathamma
| spouse = Kinjarapu Vijaya Kumari
| children = [[Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu]] (son) [[Adireddy Bhavani]] (daughter)
| relations = [[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]] (brother)
| website = http://www.kinjarapu.com
}}

'''Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu''' (23 February 1957 – 2 November 2012) was an Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh. He served as the Union Minister in [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[I. K. Gujral]] Cabinets. Formerly, he was the Legislator of Andhra Pradesh, won four times from the [[Harishchandrapuram Assembly constituency|Harishchandrapuram]]. Further, he contested successfully from [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]] Parliament four times.

==Early life==
Yerran Naidu was born on 23 February 1957, in a [[Velama]] family<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2012 |title=Yerran Naidu: A mass leader |url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/yerran-naidu-a-mass-leader-503428 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=A Srinivasa Rao |date=2 November 2012 |title=Senior TDP leader and former Union minister Yerran Naidu dies in a road accident in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/tdp-leader-yerran-naidu-dies-in-road-accident-120329-2012-11-01 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-04-12 |title=Srikakulam loves you, Yem brother |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/srikakulam-loves-you-yem-brother/articleshow/611391.cms |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> in Nimmada, a remote village in the [[Srikakulam]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/yerran-naidu-a-mass-leader-503428 | title=Yerran Naidu: A mass leader | publisher=NDTV | date=2 November 2012 | agency=Indo-Asian News Service| accessdate=25 March 2019}}</ref> He has a brother, [[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]], who is also a politician.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=G|first=Siva|date=19 October 2020|title=Kinjarapu Atchannaidu appointed as new chief of TDP in Andhra Pradesh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/kinjarapu-atchannaidu-appointed-as-new-chief-of-tdp-in-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/78754290.cms|access-date=24 December 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He has a son [[Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu]], who is also a politician.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 November 2012|title=Rammohan Naidu named successor of Yerran Naidu|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/rammohan-naidu-named-successor-of-yerran-naidu/article4129457.ece|access-date=24 December 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Career==
Naidu obtained a law degree with first division from the [[Andhra University]] in [[Visakhapatnam]], and joined the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) in 1982 when it was formed by popular [[Telugu cinema]] actor [[N. T. Rama Rao]].

In 1983, Naidu was elected to the state assembly from [[Harishchandrapuram]] in his native district at the age of 25, becoming one of the youngest [[Members of the Legislative Assembly]](MLA). He was re-elected in 1985. Denied a TDP ticket in 1989, he fought as an independent and was re-elected to the assembly. He later returned to the party fold and was elected for the fourth consecutive term in 1994.

He backed [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] when the latter led a revolt against N.T. Rama Rao and became a minister in 1995. He was the [[Government Chief Whip]] from 1995 to 1996.

Popularly known as Yeranna among TDP circles, Naidu was fielded by the party in the [[1996 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh]]. Elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Srikakulam]] constituency, he emerged as a key TDP leader in national politics. With the TDP joining the [[Third Front (India)#United Front (1996–1998)|United Front Government]], Naidu became a minister at the centre, holding the portfolio of Rural Development and Employment.

He retained the Lok Sabha seat in the 1998 and 1999 elections. Two days before polling in the 2004 elections, he survived an assassination bid by [[Naxalites]] ([[Maoist]] Communists) who attempted to bomb his vehicle in [[Singupuram]] town in Srikakulam district.<ref name="timesofindia-Naxal-naxal">{{cite news |last1=Seetharamaiah |first1=K. V. |title=Yerran Naidu hurt in Naxal attack {{!}} India News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Yerran-Naidu-hurt-in-Naxal-attack/articleshow/624802.cms |accessdate=17 March 2020 |work=The Times of India|date=19 April 2004 |language=en}}</ref> Re-elected to parliament, he was made the party leader in the Lok Sabha.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

In the 2009 elections, Naidu was defeated by the Congress party's [[Killi Krupa Rani]], who was inducted into the Union ministry on 28 October 2012.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

==Death==
Naidu died from a heart attack after a car accident in his native district Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh around 2:00 am of 2 November 2012 while returning from a marriage ceremony at Visakhapatnam.The incident took place when a car in which he was travelling was hit by an oil tanker from behind near Ranasthalam in Srikakulam district in north coastal Andhra, about 25 km from [[Srikakulam]]. A severely-injured Naidu was transported to Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS) in Srikakulam town, where the doctors' efforts to resuscitate him failed. He was declared dead around 3:30 am.<ref>[http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34-more/36430-tdps-yerran-naidu-dies-in-road-accident TDP's Yerran Naidu dies in road accident] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108130905/http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34-more/36430-tdps-yerran-naidu-dies-in-road-accident |date=8 November 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060619230307/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=533 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yerran Naidu, Kinjarapu}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]
[[Category:People from Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Union ministers from United Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in India]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]

Secunderabad–Manuguru Express

2025-09-28T02:53:34Z

JennyRoyster668:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Secunderabad–Manuguru Superfast Express
| logo =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|01|26}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Secunderabad}} (SC)
| stops = 9
| end = [[Manuguru]] (MUGR)
| distance = {{convert|330|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 6 hours approx.
| frequency = Daily.{{refn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12745 / 12746
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
}}

The 12745 / 12746 '''Secunderabad-Manuguru Superfast Express''' is a superfast express train operated between Secunderabad and Manuguru. It belongs to [[South Central Railway]] of [[Indian Railways]].that daily runs between [[Secunderabad railway station|Secunderabad]], Telangana and [[Manuguru]] town in [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]] District of [[Telangana]]. This is the Longest, fastest and the only OverNight running Intra-State Train of [[Telangana]]

==History==

This train was initially started as a slip and link service between Secunderabad Jn and Dornakal Jn with [[Bidar–Machilipatnam Express|Secunderabad-Machilipatnam Superfast Express]] and the slip coaches used to get separated at [[Dornakal]] and used to run with Dornakal Manuguru Passenger till Manuguru, This process continued till 2010 and the [[Railway Board]] Decided to Cancel the Link service permanently, and proposed to launch a triweekly train between Secunderabad and Manuguru.

In the Year 2011 the train was introduced as a daily Superfast Express with only 4 stops, as the train was not receiving good occupancy and daily running with an average delay of 2hours the railway board degraded its category from Superfast Express to Express by giving additional Halts. In year 2020 the Railways Upgraded its category from Express to Superfast Express.

==Route & Halts==

Stops of these train are [[Secunderabad railway station|Secunderabad]], [[Jangaon railway station|Janagaon]], [[Kazipet Junction railway station|Kazipet]], [[Warangal railway station|Warangal]], [[Mahabubabad]], [[Garla]], [[Dornakal Junction railway station|Dornakal]], [[Karepalli]], [[Bhadrachalam Road]] and [[Manuguru]]

==Traction==
Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda]] based [[WAP-7]] locomotive from end to end.

==Coach composition==

The train usually consists of 22 standard ICF coach:
* 1 AC Two Tier
* 1 AC Three Tier
* 11 Sleeper classes
* 7 General (unreserved)
* 2 SLR
As is customary with most other train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways, depending on demand.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 22
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||SLR||GEN||GEN||GEN||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||S7||S8||S9||S10||S11||B1||A1||GEN||GEN||GEN||GEN||SLR
|}

==Timetable==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2"| '''12745 Secunderabad Jn.-Manuguru. '''
| colspan="3"| '''Manuguru Express timetable '''
| colspan="2"| '''12746 Manuguru-Secunderabad Jn. '''
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Distance (km)
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| --:-- || 23:45 ||Secunderabad Jn || SC || 0 || 03:45||--:--
|-
| 00:49 || 00:50 ||Jangaon|| ZN|| 83.6|| 01:42 ||01:43
|-
| 01:39 || 00:40 ||Kazipet Jn|| KZJ || 131.7|| 01:04 ||01:05
|-
| 01:52 || 01:55 ||Warangal ||WL ||141.9 ||00:54 ||00:55
|-
| 02:41 || 02:43 ||Mahbubabad || MABD || 202 || 00:09 ||00:10
|-
| 02:54 || 02:55 ||Garla|| GLA|| 222.7||23:44 ||23:45
|-
| 03:04 || 03:05 ||Dornakal Jn|| DKJ ||226.5 || 23:34 ||23:35
|-
| 03:39|| 03:40 ||Karepalli Jn || KRA || 242 || 23:19||22:20
|-
| 04:15 || 04:30 ||Bhadrachalam Road||BDCR|| 280.9 || 22:30 ||21:45
|-
| 05:45 || --:-- ||Manuguru|| MUGR || 330.2 || --:-- ||21:40
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manuguru - Secunderabad Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]