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Muhammad Ali Beg

2026-05-08T14:18:55Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Nawab Muhammad Ali Beg نواب محمد علی بیگ
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1852
| death_date = {{death-date and age|1930|1852}}
| burial_label =
| burial_place =
| birth_place = [[Aurangabad]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], Hyderabad State
| burial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flagicon|Hyderabad State}} [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]
| branch = [[Image:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|23px]] [[British Indian Army]]
| service_years =
| rank = Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel
| unit =
| commands = Commander-In-Chief, Regular Forces of Hyderabad
| battles =
| awards = [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] [[Member of The Royal Victorian Order]]
| relations =
| other_work =
}}
Nawab '''Muhammad Ali Beg''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCIE|MVO}} (1852–1930) was an Indian military leader from [[Hyderabad State]], serving there and in the [[British Indian Army]].

==Life==

He was born [[Aurangabad]] (Deccan) in 1852<ref>{{cite book|last=Addison|first=Robert|title=Who's Who, Volume 51|year=1901|pages=89|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=WFooAAAAYAAJ|page=120}}}}</ref> He was the son of the late Mirza Vilayet Ali Beg, Ressaldar of the 3rd Lancers, Hyderabad Contingent. From 1897 he commanded the Nizam's regular forces, and from 1884 he was aide-de-camp to the Nizam of Hyderabad, in the [[Risaldar|Ressaldar]] Hyderabad Contingent. He was Commander of the Golconda Brigade since 1885, in the [[Hyderabad]] Imperial Service Troops since 1893, and Commander of Regular Troops since 1897, [[Jagirdar]], Hyderabad State.

== Career ==

* Commander of the 1st and 2nd Lancers, [[Hyderabad]] Imperial Service Troops
* Hon. Colonel 20th Deccan Horse<ref name=Gribble>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4SUL5ajo44C&dq=afsur+jung&pg=PA270|title=History of the Decan|last=Gribble|first=JD E|year=1990|pages=270}}</ref>
* 1879–80 – Afghan War, 1879–1880, medal and clasp
* 1888 – [[Hazara Expedition of 1888|Black Mountain Expedition]], medal and clasp. Mentioned in dispatches.
* 1900 – [[Seymour Expedition, China 1900|China Expedition]], (medal). Sir Afsar was on staff of Count Von Waldersee during the Boxer Rebellion in 1901.<ref name=Gribble/>
* 1902 – A.D.C for the Nizam, Sir Afsur represented Hyderabad at the coronation of King [[Edward VII]].
* 1911 – A.D.C to Lord Hardinge, Viceroy of India
* 1915 – Staff of [[Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade]], [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force|Indian Expeditionary Force, Egypt]], 1915
* 1915–16 – Staff Indian Cavalry Corp and A.D.C to Sir [[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|John French]]
* 1917 – Commander-In-Chief, His Exalted Highness the Nizam's Regular Forces

== Titles ==

* 1884 – Received title of Khan Bahadur and Afsur Jung
* 1888 – Appointed Honorary Major
{{blockquote
|Muhammad Ali Beg Nawab, Afsar-i-Jang Bahadur, Aide-de-Camp to His Highness the Nizam of
Hyderabad, is grandted the honorary rank of Major. Dated 16th May 1888
|THE LONDON GAZETTE, MAY 15, 1888}}
* 1895 – Received title of Afsur Dowla<ref>{{cite book|last=Gribble|first=J D E|title=History of the Decan|year=1990|page=271|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=a4SUL5ajo44C|page=270}}}}</ref>
* 1897 – Decorated with [[C.I.E.]] on 22 June 1897 in the Jubilee Honours' Gazette
{{blockquote
|THE Queen has been graciously pleased on the occasion of the celebration of the completion of the Sixtieth Year of Her Majesty's Reign, to make the following promotions in, and appointments to, the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire:
To be Companions:
Major Nawab Muhammad Ali Beg, Afsar-i-Jang, Bahadur, Commandant of the Hyderabad Imperial Service Lancers.
|India Office, June 22, 1897.}}
* 1902 – Appointed Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel
{{quote|Honorary Major Muhammad Ali Beg, Nawab, Afsar-i-jung, Afsar-ud-Daula Bahadur, C.I.E. to be Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel. Dated 9th. August, 1902.|THE LONDON GAZETTE, OCTOBER 7, 1902<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27480 |page=6347 |date=7 October 1902}}</ref>}}
* 1903 – Received title of Afur-ul-Mulk after [[Delhi Durbar]]
* 1906 – [[Royal Victorian Order|Member of the Royal Victorian Order (M.V.O)]]
{{quote|Chancery of the Royal Victorian Order, St. James's Palace, May 15, 1906.
The KING has been graciously pleased, on the occasion of the visit of Their Royal Highnesses The Prince and Princess of Wales to India, to make the following promotion in, and appointments to the Royal Victorian Order, to take effect from the dates noted:
To be Members of the Fourth Class:
15th February, 1906. Nawab Afsur-i-Jung, Afsar-ud-Daula Bahadur, Honorary Lieutenant- Colonel Muhammad Ali Beg, C.I.E., 20th Deccan Horse, and Commandant, Hyderabad Imperial Service Lancers.}}
* [[1908 Birthday Honours|1908]] – Decorated with [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire|K.C.I.E]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beg, Muhammad Ali}}
[[Category:1852 births]]
[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Indian Members of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Hazara Expedition of 1888]]
[[Category:Lieutenant colonels]]

Elathur Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T18:16:32Z

JeffryAlfaro75: started some entry w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Elathur
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 26
| map_image = File:Elattur.Korappuzha.jpg
| map_caption = Korappuzha Bridge name board in Elathur Assembly constituency
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,03,267 (2021)
| mla = [[Vidya Balakrishnan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
}}
'''Elathur State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Kozhikode district, Kerala.
|access-date = 7 September 2019
|archive-date = 8 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908212832/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly election]], the current MLA is [[A. K. Saseendran]] of [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Elathur Assembly constituency is composed of the following six wards of the [[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]] ([[Elathur, Kozhikode|Elathur]]) in [[Kozhikode]] [[Tehsil|Taluk]], and 6 [[Gram Panchayat]]s in the same [[Tehsil|Taluk]]:<ref name="kkd">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kozhikode District
|access-date = 7 September 2019
|archive-date = 8 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908212832/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|+ '''Wards of [[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]] in Elathur Constituency'''
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
|-
|1
|[[Elathur, Kozhikode|Elathur]]
|2
|Chettikulam
|3
|Eranjikkal
|-
|4
|Puthur
|5
|Mokavur
|75
|Puthiyappa
|}
{{srn}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
|+Other Local Bodies in Elathur Constituency
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
!width="100px" | Name
!width="130px" | Local Body Type
!width="100px" | [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
| [[Chelannur]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
|-
| [[Kakkodi]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
|-
| [[Kakkur]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
|-
| [[Parambil Bazar|Kuruvattur]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
|-
| [[Nanmanda]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
|-
| [[Thalakkulathur]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

'''Key'''
{{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party }}
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama
Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
| rowspan="3" |[[A. K. Saseendran]]
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|2016 - 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|2021-2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|[[Vidya Balakrishnan|Adv Vidya Balakrishnan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|2026-
|}

== Election results ==

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Elathur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Vidya Balakrishnan]]|votes=77,662|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=[[A. K. Saseendran]]|votes=65,500|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=T. Devadas|votes=31,510|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=P. K. Saseendran|votes=692|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Abdul Basith Atholi|votes=348|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=729|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 12,162
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,03,267 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2021|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Elathur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=[[A. K. Saseendran]]|votes=83,639|percentage=50.89|change={{increase}}2.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Democratic Congress Kerala
|candidate=Sulfikar Mayoori|votes=45,137|percentage=27.46|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=T. P. Jayachandran Master|votes=32,010|percentage=19.48|change={{increase}}0.96}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Tahir Mokandi|votes=2,000|percentage=0.73|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=986|percentage=0.48|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=P. K. Radhakrishnan|votes=580|percentage=0.35|change=-}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=38,502|percentage=23.43|change={{increase}}4.93}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,64,350|percentage=80.85|change={{decrease}}2.43}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|swing={{increase}}2.24}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,88,528 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Elathur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=A. K. Saseendran|votes=76,387|percentage=48.65|change={{decrease}}1.49}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=Kishen Chand|votes=47,450|percentage=30.15|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rajan Nair|votes=29,070|percentage=18.52|change={{increase}}9.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Krishnan|votes=1,724|percentage=1.10|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Raghu|votes=1,142|percentage=0.73|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=986|percentage=0.63|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Useffali P. M.|votes=367|percentage=0.23|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=29,057|percentage=18.50|change={{increase}}7.56}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,57,006|percentage=83.28|change={{increase}}1.04}}{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|swing={{decrease}}1.49}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,62,830 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Elathur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=A. K. Saseendran|votes=67,143|percentage=50.14|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Janata (Democratic)|candidate=Shaikh P. Harriz|votes=52,489|percentage=39.20|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=V. V. Rajan|votes=11,901|percentage=8.89|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=A. Sasindran|votes=1,402|percentage=1.05|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ramesh Nanmanda|votes=971|percentage=0.73|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=14,654|percentage=10.94|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,57,006|percentage=82.24|change=}}{{Election box new seat win|winner=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}{{Election box end}}{{notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[Elathur, Kozhikode|Elathur]]
* [[Kozhikode district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Horlicks

2026-05-07T10:21:55Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Adding a data

{{Short description|Sweet malted milk hot drink powder}}
{{about|the company and drink|other uses|Horlick (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox drink
| name = Horlicks
| image = File:Mug of Horlicks.jpg
| caption = A mug of Horlicks
| type = Sweet malted drink
| manufacturer = [[Aimia Foods]] (United Kingdom) [[Unilever]] (worldwide)
| origin = [[United Kingdom]]
| introduced = {{Start date and age|1873}}
| related = {{hlist|[[Milo (drink)|Milo]]|[[Ovaltine]]}}
| website = {{url|horlicks.co.uk}}
}}

'''Horlicks''' is a British sweet [[malted milk]] hot [[Malt drink|drink]] powder developed by founders [[Sir James Horlick, 1st Baronet|James]] and [[William Horlick]]. It was first sold as "Horlick's Infant and Invalids Food", soon adding "aged and travellers" to their label.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Howell |first1=Madeleine |title=The surprising story of Horlicks, the original nutritional supplement, which is now on sale for $3bn |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/food-and-drink/features/surprising-story-horlicks-original-nutritional-supplement-now/ |work=The Telegraph |date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619012310/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/food-and-drink/features/surprising-story-horlicks-original-nutritional-supplement-now/ |archive-date=19 June 2018}}</ref> In the early 20th century, it was sold as a powdered [[meal replacement]] drink mix.

'Night starvation' was a fictitious condition invented by Horlicks as an advertising gimmick that was supposedly relieved if a mug of the malt drink was consumed before bedtime. In the comedy song "Goodness Gracious Me!", the doctor (Peter Sellers) humorously suggests "night starvation" as a possible ailment, though the real issue is that both characters are lovesick.

It was then marketed as a nutritional supplement and manufactured by [[GlaxoSmithKline]] (Consumer Healthcare) in [[Australia]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Hong Kong]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], [[Thailand]], [[Singapore]], [[Jamaica]], [[Malaysia]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]], [[Sri Lanka]], and the [[United Kingdom]]. It is now produced by the Anglo-Dutch company [[Unilever]] through its [[Hindustan Unilever|Indian division]]. Horlicks in the UK is currently owned by Aimia Foods.

On 3 December 2018, Unilever announced they were buying Horlicks Indian business for US$3.8 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gsk-m-a-unilever-idUSKBN1O20S7|title=Unilever swallows GSK's Indian Horlicks business for $3.8 billion|date=2018-12-03|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-04-06|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206234950/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gsk-m-a-unilever-idUSKBN1O20S7|url-status=live}}</ref> The Horlicks UK business had already been sold in 2017 to Aimia Foods,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.insider.co.uk/news/horlicks-unilever-gsk-india-acquisition-13680707|title=Unilever to acquire Horlicks business from GSK for £3.3bn|date=2018-12-03|work=Insider.co.uk|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927111154/https://www.insider.co.uk/news/horlicks-unilever-gsk-india-acquisition-13680707|url-status=live}}</ref> a UK-based subsidiary of [[Primo Water]] (formerly known as Cott Corporation).<ref>{{cite web |title=Aimia Foods Limited - Cott Corporation |url=https://www.cott.com/our-companies/aimia-foods-limited/ |access-date=29 November 2019 |archive-date=18 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118053114/http://www.cott.com/our-companies/aimia-foods-limited/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In Britain, Horlicks is commonly consumed before bedtime and marketed as an evening drink. In contrast, it is promoted as a breakfast drink in India, where it enjoys far greater popularity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hope |first1=Katie |title=The drink Brits go to bed with and Indians wake up with |work=BBC News |date=4 April 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-39448013 |access-date=12 February 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208190129/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-39448013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Ingredients==
The main ingredient in the United Kingdom formulation is a mixture of wheat flour, malted wheat (46%), followed by malted barley (26%). As of 2019, the other ingredients include dried whey, calcium carbonate, dried skimmed milk, sugar, [[palm oil]], salt, Anti-Caking Agent (E551), and a mixture of vitamins and minerals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.horlicks.co.uk/products.html|title=Horlicks Nutritional Malt Milk Products|work=horlicks.co.uk|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005055/http://www.horlicks.co.uk/products.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The palm oil used is non-hydrogenated and certified by the [[Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil]].<ref>{{cite web |title=FAQ | Horlicks |url=https://www.horlicks.co.uk/faqs/ |access-date=29 November 2019 |archive-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223142034/https://www.horlicks.co.uk/faqs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The formulation may vary slightly depending upon the country. For instance, the Indian formulation does not contain oil, but does contain soy protein isolate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/How-healthy-is-your-health-drink/articleshow/15802243.cms |title=How healthy is your health drink? ''Mumbai Mirror'', 14 April 2008 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622010843/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/How-healthy-is-your-health-drink/articleshow/15802243.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Advertising==

Horlicks was the sponsor of the ''[[Lum and Abner]]'' Show from 1934 to 1937.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Randal |title=Lum and Abner: Rural America and the Golden Age of Radio |date=September 7, 2007 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=978-0813124698 |series=New Directions in Southern History |location=Lexington, Kentucky |page=16 |language=en }}</ref>

[[File:dandare.jpg|right|thumb|March 1952 ad for Horlicks in ''208'', the magazine of Radio Luxembourg]]
[[Dan Dare|''Dan Dare, Pilot of the Future'']] serial was a 1950s show sponsored by Horlicks and was aired Monday to Friday at 7:15 p.m. over [[Radio Luxembourg (English)|Radio Luxembourg]].{{Cn|date=September 2021}}
{{Listen|filename=1935_Horlicks_Commercial_2.ogg|title=A commercial for Horlicks from 1935|description= |format=[[Ogg]]}}

In 1961, Horlicks ran a television advertising campaign that featured Scottish entertainer [[Billy Raymond]] and an actress. The theme of the advert was "Horlicks – the food drink of the night."{{Cn|date=September 2021}}

==Around the world==
{{Multiple Issues|section=yes|
{{More citations needed|section|date=September 2021}}
{{Update section|date=January 2026}}
}}

[[File:Leffingwell USGS lek00253.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Explorer [[Ernest de Koven Leffingwell]] poses with cases of Horlick's Malted Milk on [[Leffingwell Camp Site|Flaxman Island, Alaska]], c. 1910.]]

===India===
Horlicks came to India with the [[British Army]]; the end of [[World War I]] saw Indian soldiers of British Indian Army bringing it back with them as a dietary supplement. Punjab, Bengal and Madras Presidencies became early adopters of Horlicks and many well-to-do Indians took to drinking Horlicks as a [[family drink]] in early 1940s and 1950s. It became a sort of status symbol in upper middle class Indians and rich classes. The first flavour available in India, as in [[United Kingdom|Britain]], was [[malt]].

India, where it has traditionally been marketed as ''The Great Family Nourisher'', is the largest market for Horlicks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pinto|first=Viveat|title=GSK plays catch-up in foods & beverages|url=http://business-standard.com/india/news/gsk-plays-catch-up-in-foodsbeverages/414370/|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=20 June 2012|quote="Leading the charge is Horlicks, GSK's Rs 1,500-crore brand – easily the largest in its portfolio contributing 70 per cent to the brand's revenues globally."|archive-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118142442/http://business-standard.com/india/news/gsk-plays-catch-up-in-foodsbeverages/414370/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian formulation for Horlicks is slightly different from that used in most other countries, as there it is manufactured from buffalo milk rather than cows milk.<ref name="Kitchen Lore">{{cite web |url=http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |title=The History of Malted Milk Powder | Culinary history, recipes, stories from behind the scenes, and general geekdom |publisher=Kitchen Lore |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205150626/http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|certain=y|reason=self published blog.|date=December 2015}} In 2003, the brand underwent a revamp which led to the introduction of new flavours such as vanilla, toffee, chocolate, honey, and [[Green cardamom|elaichi]] ([[cardamom]]).<ref name="Tejas-IIMB">{{cite web|title=Revitalising Women's Horlicks in India |url=http://tejas-iimb.org/articles/29.php |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]] |access-date=20 June 2012 |author=Moutusi Maity |author2=Arunava Saha Dalal |author3=Giridhar Rao B.G. |author4=Navneet Chahal |author5=Rohini Ramachandran |author6=Suraj Holla Byndoor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525092904/http://tejas-iimb.org/articles/29.php |archive-date=25 May 2012 }}</ref> The current line-up of flavours include original (malt), chocolate and elaichi.<ref name="HorlicksWebsite-Horlicks">{{cite web|title=Horlicks Products {{!}} Horlicks |url=http://www.horlicksnutritionacademy.com/product1.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125113341/http://www.horlicksnutritionacademy.com/product1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |publisher=GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare India Limited |access-date=20 June 2012 }}</ref> with the latest offering Horlicks Kesar Badaam added recently to the portfolio, providing a more specialized taste offering to the consumers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-17/news/46301399_1_portfolio-new-variant-glaxosmithkline-consumer-healthcare/on |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140219081216/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-17/news/46301399_1_portfolio-new-variant-glaxosmithkline-consumer-healthcare/on |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2014 |title=GlaxoSmithKline Consumer expands Horlicks portfolio |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=2 November 2015}}</ref>

In recent years, there has been an increase in the scope of the brand in India. By pushing it to newer segments of the market, Horlicks has become an umbrella brand for a wide variety of products ranging from the flagship malt drink to [[instant noodles]], confectionery and [[breakfast cereal]].<ref name=EconomicTimes>{{cite news|title=GSK Consumer: Will pushing Horlicks into new categories destroy the brand?|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-02-03/news/28428186_1_horlicks-brand-gsk-consumer-healthcare-breakfast-and-mid-day-meals|access-date=20 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=3 February 2011|author=Bhanu Pande|author2=Ratna Bhushan|archive-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615162005/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-02-03/news/28428186_1_horlicks-brand-gsk-consumer-healthcare-breakfast-and-mid-day-meals|url-status=dead}}</ref> Special formulations of the malted drink for young children (''Junior Horlicks''), breast-feeding mothers (''Mother's Horlicks''), women (''Women's Horlicks'') and adults (''Lite Horlicks'') exist.<ref name="HorlicksWebsite-Products">{{cite web|title=Horlicks Products {{!}} HFDs |url=http://www.horlicksnutritionacademy.com/products.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125204630/http://www.horlicksnutritionacademy.com/products.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |publisher=GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare India Limited |access-date=20 June 2012 }}</ref> Horlicks biscuits were first launched in 1993,<ref>{{cite web|title=GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare India – Products – Horlicks Biscuits|url=http://gsk-ch.in/HorlicksBiscuits.aspx|publisher=GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare India Limited|access-date=20 June 2012|archive-date=11 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511042939/http://gsk-ch.in/HorlicksBiscuits.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> and an [[energy bar]] was launched in 2009, named ''Horlicks NutriBar''. Also in late 2009, ''Foodles'', a brand of instant noodles, was launched under the Horlicks umbrella. This was followed in 2011 by launches of ''Horlicks Gold'', a premium variant of the malt drink (dubbed ''The Best Horlicks Ever''), and ''Horlicks Oats'', the first breakfast cereal product under the Horlicks brand.<ref>{{cite web|last=Khicha|first=Preeti|title=Stretching the Horlicks core|date=11 November 2011 |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/32146_Stretching-the-Horlicks-core|publisher=afaqs!|access-date=20 June 2012|archive-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616060414/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/32146_Stretching-the-Horlicks-core|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2010, Horlicks accounted for 85% of the {{INRConvert|23.06|b}} revenue of GlaxoSmithKline in India.<ref name=EconomicTimes /> In 2012 it was the most widely consumed packaged beverage in India, after [[bottled water]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kitamura|first=Makiko|title=Glaxo's Horlicks Health Drink Outsells Pepsi in India: Retail|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-25/glaxo-s-horlicks-health-drink-outsells-pepsi-in-india-retail.html|access-date=20 June 2012|newspaper=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530034123/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-25/glaxo-s-horlicks-health-drink-outsells-pepsi-in-india-retail.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The biggest branding event is Horlicks Wizkids.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Horlicks-Wizkids-Two-Coimbatore-students-elected-to-attend-South-East-Asia-competition/articleshow/25524984.cms/ Horlicks Wizkids: Two Coimbatore students elected to attend South-East Asia competition] Nov 10, 2013, timesofindia.indiatimes.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111074301/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Horlicks-Wizkids-Two-Coimbatore-students-elected-to-attend-South-East-Asia-competition/articleshow/25524984.cms/|date=11 November 2013}}</ref> This event started its way in 2003 and till now has reached approximately 25 million children in all India as well as in Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh.

Ahaar Abhiyan<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/marketing/glaxosmithkline-launches-horlicks-aahar-abhiyan/article3418056.ece/ marketing] www.thehindubusinessline.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206115535/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/marketing/glaxosmithkline-launches-horlicks-aahar-abhiyan/article3418056.ece/|date=6 February 2014}}</ref> is a Horlicks initiative to increase malnutrition-related awareness amongst mothers, families and communities. With the sale of every bottle of Horlicks, the company contributes ₹1 towards the initiative. The campaign attempts to raise awareness about proper nutrition amongst mothers of children aged between 3 and 6 years.

Horlicks Wizkids is an interschool cultural and literary competition for children from class 1 to 12. The competition attracts students from India, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh. With more than 30 events in the field of arts, literature, painting and extra-curricular activities, Horlicks Wizkids is South Asia's largest interschool fiesta giving children an opportunity to showcase their talent on a global platform.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sakshi Mathur |url=http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/health-care/20131231279408.htm |title=Horlicks Wizkids launches an online campaign now students get opportunity to participate in 2013 South Asia Finals |publisher=Indiaprwire.com |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042406/http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/health-care/20131231279408.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 2013 Edition of Horlicks Wizkids South Asia was held in Bangalore. It consisted of five days of rigorous training sessions, talent rounds, project presentations and other fun, learning and recreational activities. More than 100,000 students from over 1,200 schools participated. Five students from Vizag, Jaipur, Delhi, Hyderabad and Bhubaneshwar earned the title of the Horlicks WizTeam 2013. The winners got an opportunity to go for a learning program to Germany and a cash award of ₹100,000 each.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sakshi Mathur |url=http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/health-care/20131230279256.htm |title=Winners all the way: WizTeam 2013 wows the jury at the South Asia finals of Horlicks Wizkids 2013 in Bangalore |publisher=Indiaprwire.com |date=30 December 2013 |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-date=20 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120063440/http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/health-care/20131230279256.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Hong Kong===
In [[Hong Kong]], Horlicks is known better as a café drink than as a sleeping aid. It is served at [[cha chaan teng]]s as well as fast-food shops such as [[Café de Coral]], [[Fairwood (restaurant)|Fairwood]] and [[Maxim's Catering|Maxim's Express]]. It can be served hot or cold, and is usually sweetened with sugar. It is made with warm milk, and ice is added to it if a cold drink is desired.

===Southeast Asia===
In some [[Southeast Asian]] countries, such as the Philippines and Malaysia, Horlicks was also sold as milky-chocolate-flavoured discs in paper packets, which were then eaten as candy. Horlicks remains popular in Malaysia and Singapore where it packed under licence from SmithKline Beecham and sold in large glass and tin containers. It is also available in 1.5 kg refill packs. "Taller, stronger, sharper" is its slogan.
[[File:Horlicks drink in Indonesia - 6 September 2018.jpg|thumb|upright|Horlicks in Indonesia]]

===South Africa===
Besides its use as a hot drink prepared with hot milk, Horlicks is also a popular ingredient in "honey and Horlicks" milkshakes in South Africa.

===United Kingdom===
[[File:St Nicholas-32-1-407.jpg|alt=An advertisement for Horlicks from 1904|thumb|An advertisement for Horlicks from 1904.]]
In the United Kingdom, Horlicks is produced by Aimia Foods. It is available in original (prepared with hot milk), instant (prepared with hot water), chocolate (prepared with hot water), and vegan. A 'pudding range' is also available in [[bakewell tart|cherry bakewell]], [[banoffee pie]] and [[apple pie]] flavours. In addition, a 'nourishing shakes' range (requiring milk) includes products claiming to help with a healthy body, healthy gut, or healthy sleep.<ref>{{cite web |title=Collections |url=https://www.horlicks.co.uk/collections |publisher=Horlicks |date=6 June 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024 |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605230301/https://www.horlicks.co.uk/collections |url-status=live }}</ref>

GlaxoSmithKline attempted a rebrand of the product in 2004 for younger consumers by redesigning the packaging and publicising its consumption at a number of trendy London venues such as the [[Groucho Club]].{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

The company also owned Horlicks Farms and Dairies, a cheese, dairy and cattle breeding station at "Hort Bridge", Ilminster, Somerset. (The cattle breeding centre provided an [[artificial insemination]] service to farmers). In 1958 it took over the Cheddar Valley Dairy, and by the early 1960s had retail rounds, depots, and shops at Burnham, Cheddar, Clevedon, Glastonbury, Nailsea, Taunton, and Weston-super-Mare.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

==Company timeline==
[[File:William Horlick Portrait.JPG|thumb|right|[[William Horlick]]]]
{{More citations needed|section|date=November 2015}}
[[File:Slough - Horlicks factory.jpg|thumb|right|The Horlicks factory in [[Slough]] is a local landmark. This building has since been renovated and restored for residential use in the "Horlicks Quarter" housing development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Horlicks Quarter {{!}} New Apartments in Berkshire {{!}} Berkeley|url=https://www.berkeleygroup.co.uk/developments/berkshire/slough/horlicks-quarter|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Berkeley Group|language=en|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214526/https://www.berkeleygroup.co.uk/developments/berkshire/slough/horlicks-quarter|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Home buyers can have sneak peek of the new flats at iconic Horlicks factory|url=https://www.sloughobserver.co.uk/news/19093836.slough-sneak-peek-new-homes-built-iconic-horlicks-factory/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Slough Observer|date=16 February 2021 |language=en|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216213828/https://www.sloughobserver.co.uk/news/19093836.slough-sneak-peek-new-homes-built-iconic-horlicks-factory/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
* 1869: [[William Horlick]] from [[Ruardean]], [[Gloucestershire]], emigrated to the United States.
* 1873: James Horlick, a [[pharmacist]], joined his brother, William, in the US and together they founded the company J & W Horlicks in [[Chicago]] to manufacture a patented malted milk drink as an [[infant formula|artificial infant food]].
* 1875: Business moved to larger premises at [[Racine, Wisconsin]], with an abundant supply of spring water.
* 1883: US patent 278,967 granted to William for first malted milk drink mixing powder with hot water.
* 1890: James returned to [[London]] to set up an office importing US-made product.
* 1906: [[Slough]] selected as site for new factory (see picture).
* 1908: Factory construction completed at a cost of £28,000.
* 1909–1910: Horlicks became popular as a provision for [[North Pole]] and [[South Pole]] [[Exploration|expeditions]] by [[Robert Peary]], [[Roald Amundsen]], and [[Robert Falcon Scott]].
* 1914: James made a [[baronet]]. [[World War I]] saw extensive use of Horlicks drink at home and at the front.
* 1921: Death of James led company to split, with William having responsibility for the [[Americas]] and the sons of James for the rest of the world.
* 1928: [[William Horlick High School]] founded just north of Horlicks' headquarters in Racine, Wisconsin.
* 1931: "Night Starvation" story developed to promote Horlicks as a bedtime drink.
* 1935: [[Richard E. Byrd]] named the [[Horlick Mountains]] on the edge of the [[Ross Ice Shelf]] after William, in appreciation of his support. A small factory opened in Australia for the local market, including New Zealand. Horlicks milky-chocolate-flavoured disks in paper packets, which were eaten as candy, were marketed in the USA ''via'' radio commercials touting the ease with which they could be taken to school by children. In the US, Horlicks Tablets were sold as a candy, offered in a glass bottle resembling an aspirin jar. In [[World War II]] the tablets were supplied to US, UK and other troops as an energy boosting treat, and included in [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboat]] and [[Lifeboat (shipboard)#Liferaft versus lifeboat|liferaft]] rations, and aircrew escape kits. Today they are packaged in foil pouches, manufactured in [[Malaysia]] as Horlicks Malties.
* 1936: William Horlick died, aged 90.
* 1945: The US company was acquired by the UK Horlicks business.
* 1952: Horlicks was linked to the successful treatment of [[peptic ulcer|gastric ulcers]] and some forms of [[diabetes]].{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
* 1960: Factory built in [[Punjab, India]], to make Horlicks from [[Bubalus|buffalo]] milk.
* 1968: Factory built in West [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], to supply local demand (including present-day [[Bangladesh]]).
* 1969: Horlicks acquired by the [[Beecham Group]].
* 1975–78: Factory construction and expansion in [[Rajahmundry]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].
* 1989: Beecham Group became SmithKline Beecham.
* 2000: SmithKline Beecham became [[GlaxoSmithKline]].
*2017: Horlicks in the UK acquired by Aimia Foods<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/uk-world/unilever-buys-gsks-indian-horlicks-business-for-3-3-billion-euros-37588720.html|title=Unilever buys GSK's Indian Horlicks business for 3.3 billion euros|work=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk|access-date=6 December 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235009/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/uk-world/unilever-buys-gsks-indian-horlicks-business-for-3-3-billion-euros-37588720.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2019: Horlicks outside of the UK acquired by Unilever<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gsk-m-a-unilever-idUSKBN1O20S7|title=Unilever swallows GSK's Indian Horlicks business for $3.8 billion|date=3 December 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=6 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206234950/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gsk-m-a-unilever-idUSKBN1O20S7|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Drink}}
* [[List of hot beverages]]
* [[Malted milk]]
* [[Milo (drink)]]
* [[Ovaltine]]
* [[Panjiri]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Horlicks}}
*{{Commonscatinline}}
*[http://www.horlicks.in/ Horlicks India website]
*[https://www.maltwin.com/maltwin-chocolate-bourbon-malt-based-health-drink-for-kids-and-adults-2-x-250-gm-jars.html/ Chocolate Bourbon ]
*[http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/what_do_brits_mean_by_horlicks.html What Do Brits Mean by "Horlicks"?] by Brendan I. Koerner
*[https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/exhibits/horlicks/ Wisconsin's Malted Milk Story]

{{Unilever}}

[[Category:Unilever brands]]
[[Category:Drink brands]]
[[Category:English drinks]]
[[Category:Jamaican drinks]]
[[Category:Barley-based drinks]]
[[Category:Malt-based drinks]]
[[Category:Wheat-based drinks]]
[[Category:Non-alcoholic drinks]]
[[Category:2017 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:2019 mergers and acquisitions]]

Ramayana Part 2

2026-05-06T16:32:36Z

JeffryAlfaro75: New

{{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#invoke:RfD|||month = May
|day = 6
|year = 2026
|time = 16:32
|timestamp = 20260506163236

|content=
#REDIRECT [[Ranbir Kapoor]]
{{R from upcoming film}}
{{R to section}}
{{R printworthy}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]

}}

They Call Him OG

2026-05-05T19:25:05Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Done

{{short description|2025 Indian film by Sujeeth}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = They Call Him OG
| image = OG Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sujeeth]]
| writer = Sujeeth
| producer = [[D. V. V. Danayya]] Kalyan Dasari
| starring = {{ubl|[[Pawan Kalyan]]|[[Emraan Hashmi]]|[[Prakash Raj]]|[[Priyanka Mohan]]|[[Arjun Das]]|[[Sudev Nair]]|[[Sriya Reddy]]}}
| narrator = Arjun Das
| cinematography = [[Ravi K. Chandran]] [[Manoj Paramahamsa]]
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| music = [[Thaman S]]
| studio = [[DVV Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[#Distribution|see below]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|09|25}}
| runtime = 154 minutes<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=EXCLUSIVE: They Call Him OG is Pawan Kalyan's FIRST 'A' rated film in 14 years; CBFC removes close-up visuals of hand amputations, beheadings; 115 seconds of excessive violence axed |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/exclusive-call-og-pawan-kalyans-first-rated-film-14-years-cbfc-removes-close-visuals-hand-amputations-beheadings-115-seconds-excessive-violence |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=22 September 2025 }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|200–250 crore}}<ref>{{cite web |title=They Call Him OG box office collection day 1: Pawan Kalyan-starrer thunders past Rs 150 cr mark, shatters Power Star's record |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/they-call-him-og-box-office-collection-day-1-pawan-kalyan-starrer-thunders-past-rs-150-cr-mark-shatters-power-stars-record-10271979/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=27 September 2025 |language=en-us |date=26 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rs 250 cr for Pawan Kalyan's OG, highest in his career |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/260623/rs-250-cr-for-pawan-kalyans-og-highest-in-his-career.html |website=[[Deccan chronicle]] |access-date=27 September 2025 |language=en-us |date=26 June 2023}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|293.65–300 crore}}{{efn|name="bo"|''They Call Him OG'' grossed ₹293.65 crore (''[[News18]]'';<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2025 |title=Pawan Kalyan's They Call Him OG Ends Theatrical Run With Rs 293.65 Crore Worldwide Collection |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/pawan-kalyans-they-call-him-og-ends-theatrical-run-with-rs-293-65-crore-worldwide-collection-aa-ws-l-9653596.html |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=News18}}</ref> ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]''<ref>{{cite web |title='They Call Him OG' OTT release: When and where to watch Pawan Kalyan-starrer action drama |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/when-and-where-to-watch-pawan-kalyan-starrer-action-drama/cid/2128421 |website=The Telegraph (India) |access-date=23 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) {{ndash}} ₹294 crore (''[[Daily News and Analysis]] ''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wadhwa |first1=Aman |title=They Call Him OG OTT release date: When, where to watch Pawan Kalyan-starrer action blockbuster |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-they-call-him-og-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-pawan-kalyan-starrer-action-blockbuster-netflix-3184851 |website=DNA India |access-date=23 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) {{ndash}} ₹300 crore (''[[The Economic Times]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=They Call Him OG OTT release update: When and where to watch Pawan Kalyan's Telugu blockbuster movie after theatrical run |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/they-call-him-og-ott-release-update-when-and-where-to-watch-pawan-kalyans-telugu-blockbuster-movie-after-theatrical-run/articleshow/124350947.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=23 October 2025 |date=7 October 2025}}</ref>)}}
}}

'''''They Call Him OG''''' (simply known as '''''OG''''') is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Period drama|period]] [[gangster film|gangster]] [[action film]] written and directed by [[Sujeeth]], and produced by [[D. V. V. Danayya]] and Kalyan Dasari. It is the second installment in the Sujeeth Cinematic Universe, following ''[[Saaho]]'' (2019), starring [[Pawan Kalyan]] in the titular role, alongside [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Priyanka Mohan]], [[Arjun Das]], [[Sudev Nair]] and [[Sriya Reddy]]. The film follows Ojas Gambheera, a retired gangster who returns to [[Bombay]] in 1993 after a decade to face a powerful crime-lord Omi Bhau.

A few months after it was officially announced in December 2022, [[principal photography]] of ''They Call Him OG'' began in April 2023 and march 2024 in Mumbai. Filming experienced several delays due to Kalyan's political commitments, and concluded in July 2025. The film has music composed by [[Thaman S]], cinematography jointly handled by [[Ravi K. Chandran]] and [[Manoj Paramahamsa]] and editing by [[Naveen Nooli]].

''They Call Him OG'' was released worldwide in theatres on 25 September 2025, to mixed reviews but setting the biggest opening day in India in 2025 by grossing {{INR|155 crores}} worldwide on its opening day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OG Review: Pawan Kalyan's movie receives mixed reactions, but fans applaud star's aura |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/og-review-pawan-kalyan-movie-receives-mixed-reactions-but-fans-applaud-star-aura-19688582.htm/amp |website=CNBC TV18 |date=25 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> It emerged as the [[List of Indian films of 2025|ninth-highest grossing Indian film of 2025]] and the [[List of Telugu films of 2025|highest grossing Telugu film of 2025]].

== Plot ==
In 1970s [[Japan]], the [[Yakuza]] raid a [[Samurai|Samurai dojo]], massacring all but one student. The sole survivor, a young Ojas Gambheera 'OG', escapes and boards a ship on its way to [[Bombay]]. Also via that ship, Telugu and Marathi businessmen Satyanarayana 'Satya Dada' and Vardhaman Mirajkar are transporting a large cache of gold bars, with which they intend to build a private port in [[Colaba|Colaba, Bombay]]. Onboard, Gambheera rescues Satya Dada and Mirajkar from a violent gang of thieves, killing them all with his [[katana]]. Later, Gambheera, impressed by Satya Dada's intentions to help people with his port, pledges fealty to him. Over the next few years, Satya Dada's port is established and thrives, in part thanks to the protection Gambheera offers. However, Mirajkar breaks his partnership with Satya Dada and intends to take over the port by any means necessary, becoming his fierce rival in the process.

In 1993, the gangster Jimmy, Vardhaman Mirajkar's son, insists on smuggling a container of [[RDX]] explosives via the Colaba port, even though he is warned that Satya Dada will not tolerate it. When Satya Dada's younger son, Pardhu arrives to inspect the container, he and his team are all killed in a gunfight by Jimmy's gang. The next morning, Vardhaman Mirajkar, now a minister, is distraught to learn that his son has killed Pardhu. After the funeral, Mirajkar explains his anxiety to the unrepentant Jimmy. Back in 1978, when Mirajkar was a crime-lord, his gang stormed Colaba port and tried to extricate its ownership from Satya Dada at gunpoint. However, his plan was thwarted by Gambheera, who massacred dozens of Mirajkar's men. Mirajkar is now terrified that the ''[[bogeyman|Baagul Bua]]'' might be unleashed upon Jimmy for killing Satya Dada's son.

As tensions arise, the act creates a power vacuum which draws the attention of the ruthless crime lord, Omi Bhau. As Omi Bhau attempts to consolidate power over the Bombay ports once held by Satyadada, he learns of Ojas’s survival. The battle turns tragic when Omi Bhau’s men launch a targeted attack in a hospital, where Satya Dada is present. However, it results in the death of Ojas’s wife, Kanmani. The loss of his wife forces the "OG" to resurface — whom is known for his merciless combat style, blending Indian street grit with ancient Japanese martial arts. Gambheera saves Satya Dada and kills Jimmy. After Kanmani's funeral, he returns to Bombay and confronts Omi, as well as revealing his past where he attacked [[Saaho|Satya Dada's brother in Waaji City]].

As the conflict intensifies, Arjun, a young man seeking answers, learns the truth regarding his own father's death. It is revealed that Ojas was not the killer Arjun believed him to be, but was actually the one who tried to save him. This event led him to his 15 years exile. The final confrontation takes place after Omi has Ojas's daughter at hostage. Omi Bhau arrives with a massive army of mercenaries, believing he has Ojas outnumbered. However, the tide turns when a legion of disciplined Samurai warriors arrives to defend Ojas. It is revealed that during his years in exile, Ojas had been secretly training a new generation of warriors in the traditional arts of his Japanese heritage. In a high-octane climax involving traditional swordsmanship and modern warfare, Ojas engages Omi Bhau in a final duel. Ojas emerges victorious, ending Omi’s reign of terror.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Pawan Kalyan]] as Ojas Gambheera / Master Orochi Genshin "OG"
** Aakash Srinivas as young OG
* [[Emraan Hashmi]] as Omkar Vardhaman Mirajkar "Omi Bhau"
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Satyanarayana Roy Nandan "Satya Dada"
* [[Priyanka Mohan]] as Dr. Kanmani, Ojas' wife
* [[Arjun Das]] as Arjun, Chakri’s son
* [[Sriya Reddy]] as Geetha, Chakri’s wife and Arjun's mother
* [[Sudev Nair]] as Jimmy Vardhaman Mirajkar, Mirajkar's younger son and Omi's brother
* [[Vincent Asokan]] as David Abraham, a crime syndicate leader and Omi's boss (loosely based on [[Dawood Ibrahim]])
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Dharani
* [[Rahul Ravindran]] as Bhadra
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] as [[Police Inspector|Inspector]] Tawde
* [[Tej Sapru]] as Vardhaman Mirajkar, Omi and Jimmy's father
* [[Harish Uthaman]] as Dheenanath "Dheena"
* [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] as Pathan, Mirajkar's henchman
* [[Kazuki Kitamura]] as Kazao, [[Yakuza]] leader
* Sayesha Shah as Tara, Ojas and Kanmani’s daughter
*[[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] as Chakravarthy "Chakri" Roy Nandan, Satya Dada's elder son
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Satya Dada’s port worker
* [[Venkat (actor)|Venkat]] as Parthasarathi "Pardhu" Roy Nandan, Satya Dada's younger son
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as Gossiper
* [[Rajendran]] as Gossiper
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Gossiper
* [[Salim Baig]] as Omi's henchman
* [[Saurav Lokesh]] as Shabra, David’s assistant
* [[Upendra Limaye]] as [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
'''Cameo appearances'''
* [[Vithaya Pansringarm]] as Sensei, Gambheera's master and father-figure
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as [[Saaho|Narantak Roy Nandan]], Satyanarayana's younger brother
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Ibrahim, Narantak's bodyguard and righthand man
* [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]] as Arms Supplier
* Keiichi Ando as Toshiro, Kazao’s henchmen
* [[Neha Shetty]] as a dancer in the song "Kiss Kiss Bang Bang"}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
During the filming of ''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu]]'' in late 2022, it was reported that [[Sujeeth]] had met [[Pawan Kalyan]] and narrated a script which impressed the actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-23 |title=Pawan Kalyan Teams Up With Director Sujeeth For His Next, Fans Disappointed |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pawan-kalyan-teams-up-with-director-sujeeth-for-his-next-fans-disappointed-6450793.html |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> That December, Sujeeth officially announced that he would collaborate with Kalyan for his venture titled ''They Call Him OG'' after ''Hari Hara Veera Mallu''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2022 |title=Pawan Kalyan's next film with director Sujeeth announced: They call him the #OG, write makers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-next-film-with-director-sujeeth-announced-they-call-him-the-og-write-makers/articleshow/95974300.cms?from=mdr |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703113945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-next-film-with-director-sujeeth-announced-they-call-him-the-og-write-makers/articleshow/95974300.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> The project was funded by [[D. V. V. Danayya]]'s DVV Entertainment with a reported production budget of {{INR}}250 crore. Kalyan was reported to receive {{INR}}100 crore for remuneration.<ref name="budget">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/260623/rs-250-cr-for-pawan-kalyans-og-highest-in-his-career.html |title=Rs 250 cr for Pawan Kalyan's OG, highest in his career |date=26 June 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703103415/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/260623/rs-250-cr-for-pawan-kalyans-og-highest-in-his-career.html|url-status=live |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/is-pawan-kalyan-joining-the-league-of-top-indian-actors-with-his-massive-remuneration-for-sujeeths-og/articleshow/100670977.cms |title=Is Pawan Kalyan joining the league of top Indian actors with his massive remuneration for Sujeeth's 'OG'? |date=1 June 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703103414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/is-pawan-kalyan-joining-the-league-of-top-indian-actors-with-his-massive-remuneration-for-sujeeths-og/articleshow/100670977.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Cinematographer [[Ravi K. Chandran]], music composer [[Thaman S]] and production designer [[A.S. Prakash]] were chosen as a part of the crew.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/pawan-kalyan-sujeeths-action-entertainer-og-finishes-50-of-its-shoot |title=Pawan Kalyan-Sujeeth's action entertainer 'OG' finishes 50% of its shoot |first=Telangana |last=Today |date=26 June 2023 |website=[[Telangana Today]]|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703110311/https://telanganatoday.com/pawan-kalyan-sujeeths-action-entertainer-og-finishes-50-of-its-shoot|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Muhurat shot|muhuratam]] puja ceremony was held on 30 January 2023 at a studio in [[Hyderabad]] with the presence of the film's cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2023 |title=Pawan Kalyan's next with 'Saaho' director Sujeeth launched; see pics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-next-with-saaho-director-sujeeth-launched-see-pics/articleshow/97437363.cms?from=mdr |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201032837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-next-with-saaho-director-sujeeth-launched-see-pics/articleshow/97437363.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, Sujeeth began location scouting for the film with cinematographer Ravi K. Chandran and production designer [[A.S. Prakash]] at [[Flora Fountain]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/director-sujeeth-sign-and-team-of-og-are-busy-in-location-scouting-339158.html |title=Og: లొకేషన్స్ వేటలో #Og టీమ్… షూటింగ్ అప్పటినుంచేనా? |date=26 March 2023 |access-date=27 February 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227161702/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/director-sujeeth-sign-and-team-of-og-are-busy-in-location-scouting-339158.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Priyanka Mohan]] was cast as the female lead, while [[Emraan Hashmi]] was cast as the antagonist, marking his debut in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/priyanka-arul-mohan-joins-pawan-kalyans-film-og-2361809-2023-04-19 |title=Priyanka Arul Mohan joins Pawan Kalyan's film OG |website=[[India Today]]|date=19 April 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703110744/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/priyanka-arul-mohan-joins-pawan-kalyans-film-og-2361809-2023-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/emraan-hashmi-to-make-south-cinema-debut-with-pawan-kalyan-starrer-og/articleshow/101027952.cms |title=Emraan Hashmi to make south cinema debut with Pawan Kalyan-starrer 'OG' |date=16 June 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703110847/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/emraan-hashmi-to-make-south-cinema-debut-with-pawan-kalyan-starrer-og/articleshow/101027952.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Arjun Das]], [[Sriya Reddy]], [[Harish Uthaman]], and [[Prakash Raj]] were cast in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-film-og-by-sujeet-completes-its-third-schedule/articleshow/101277885.cms |title=Pawan Kalyan's film 'OG' by Sujeet completes its third schedule |date=26 June 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703110744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-film-og-by-sujeet-completes-its-third-schedule/articleshow/101277885.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began with the first schedule on 15 April 2023 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2023 |title='OG' shoot begins in Mumbai: Pawan Kalyan set to join the cast next week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/og-shoot-begins-in-mumbai-pawan-kalyan-set-to-join-the-cast-next-week/articleshow/99515777.cms?from=mdr |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903063955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/og-shoot-begins-in-mumbai-pawan-kalyan-set-to-join-the-cast-next-week/articleshow/99515777.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/pawan-kalyans-og-movie-update-shooting-begins-in-mumbai/articleshow/99520053.cms |title=Pawan Kalyan's 'OG' movie update: Shooting begins in Mumbai |date=15 April 2023 |website=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730151441/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/pawan-kalyans-og-movie-update-shooting-begins-in-mumbai/articleshow/99520053.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Kalyan joined the sets in same month.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pawan-kalyan-completes-the-first-schedule-of-sujeeths-og/a5f6d48d80892 |title=Sujeetha's OG: Pawan Kalyan wraps up the Mumbai schedule, details inside |website=[[OTTPlay]]|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730151642/https://www.ottplay.com/news/pawan-kalyan-completes-the-first-schedule-of-sujeeths-og/a5f6d48d80892|url-status=live}}</ref> The first schedule was wrapped up on 2 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/schedule-wrap-pawan-kalyan-sujeeth-starrer-og-completes-mumbai-shoot-entertainment-news-article-99930863 |title=Schedule WRAP! Pawan Kalyan, Sujeeth-Starrer OG Completes Mumbai Shoot |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]]|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730151905/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/schedule-wrap-pawan-kalyan-sujeeth-starrer-og-completes-mumbai-shoot-entertainment-news-article-99930863|url-status=live}}</ref> Some scenes between Priyanka Mohan and Kalyan were shot in [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/og-pawan-kalyan-and-priyanka-arul-mohans-film-progresses-with-new-schedule-in-pune/articleshow/99986330.cms |title=OG: Pawan Kalyan and Priyanka Arul Mohan's film progresses with new schedule in Pune |date=4 May 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=1 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801194928/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/og-pawan-kalyan-and-priyanka-arul-mohans-film-progresses-with-new-schedule-in-pune/articleshow/99986330.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The second schedule began on 18 May 2023 in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/after-mumbai-schedule-pawan-kalyans-og-gears-up-for-next-phase-of-filming-in-hyderabad/articleshow/100318927.cms |title=After Mumbai schedule, Pawan Kalyan's 'OG' gears up for next phase of filming in Hyderabad |date=18 May 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=1 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801194927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/after-mumbai-schedule-pawan-kalyans-og-gears-up-for-next-phase-of-filming-in-hyderabad/articleshow/100318927.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The third schedule began on 4 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/jun/04/third-schedule-of-pawan-kalyan-starrer-og-begins-44230.html |title=Third schedule of Pawan Kalyan-starrer OG begins |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=4 June 2023 |access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730152456/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/jun/04/third-schedule-of-pawan-kalyan-starrer-og-begins-44230.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Emraan Hashmi joined the sets with this schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/emraan-hashmi-wraps-first-schedule-of-og-to-lock-horns-with-pawan-kalyan-in-the-next-8688872/ |title=Emraan Hashmi wraps up his first schedule of OG, to lock horns with Pawan Kalyan in the next |date=27 June 2023|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730152759/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/emraan-hashmi-wraps-first-schedule-of-og-to-lock-horns-with-pawan-kalyan-in-the-next-8688872/|url-status=live}}</ref> This schedule was completed on 26 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-film-og-by-sujeet-completes-its-third-schedule/articleshow/101277885.cms |title=Pawan Kalyan's film 'OG' by Sujeet completes its third schedule |date=26 June 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703110744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-film-og-by-sujeet-completes-its-third-schedule/articleshow/101277885.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The fourth schedule started on 11 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/og-fourth-schedule-of-pawan-kalyan-sujeeths-actioner-commences-in-hyderabad/9ef331ccdd771 |title=OG: Fourth schedule of Pawan Kalyan, Sujeeth's actioner commences in Hyderabad |website=[[OTTPlay]]|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730153506/https://www.ottplay.com/news/og-fourth-schedule-of-pawan-kalyan-sujeeths-actioner-commences-in-hyderabad/9ef331ccdd771|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film’s shoot was halted for several months due to Kalyan’s political campaign in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. Following his appointment as [[List of deputy chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]], the film resumed its shoot in October 2024 in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-18 |title=They Call Me OG: Pawan Kalyan to join the team soon as shooting resumes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/they-call-me-og-pawan-kalyan-to-join-the-team-soon-as-shooting-resumes-2619137-2024-10-18 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> However, shooting came to a halt again owing to the political responsibilities of Kalyan. After months of instability, production resumed on 14 May 2025 with Kalyan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=They Call Him OG shoot resumes in Andhra, Kalyan expected to join soon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/they-call-him-og-shoot-resumes-in-ap-pawan-kalyan-expected-to-join-soon-2723637-2025-05-12 |website=[[India Today]] |date=12 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The portions of Kalyan's role were wrapped up on 7 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite tweet | user=DVVMovies | number=1931380423747367234 | title=PACKUP for GAMBHEERA...}}</ref> The entire filming was wrapped up by July 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 July 2025 |title=Pawan Kalyan wraps OG shoot; new poster sends fans into frenzy |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/pawan-kalyan-wraps-og-shoot-new-poster-sends-fans-frenzy/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 July 2025 }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|They Call Him OG (soundtrack)}}

The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Thaman S]] in his fourth collaboration with Pawan Kalyan after ''[[Vakeel Saab]]'', ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]'' and ''[[Bro (2023 film)|Bro]]''. The music rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/pawan-kalyan-and-sujeeths-og-shoot-begins-in-bombay-today-792963 |title=Pawan Kalyan And Sujeeth's 'OG' Shoot Begins In Bombay Today |first=Ravali |last=Hymavati |date=15 April 2023 |website=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703111150/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/pawan-kalyan-and-sujeeths-og-shoot-begins-in-bombay-today-792963|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first single, titled "Firestorm" was released on 2 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title='OG' first single 'Firestorm' takes social media by storm |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/og-first-single-firestorm-takes-social-media-by-storm-993415 |work=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref> The second single, titled "Suvvi Suvvi" was released on 27 August 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 August 2025 |title=Suvvi Suvvi song: Second single from Pawan Kalyan's 'OG' to release on this date |date=25 August 2025 |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/suvi-suvvi-song-second-single-from-pawan-kalyans-og-to-release-on-this-date-11756059954209.html |publisher=Mint}}</ref> The third single titled "Trance Of Omi" was released on 11 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 September 2025 |title='Trance of Omi' from Pawan Kalyan-starrer OG is a techno pop number |date=11 September 2025 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Sep/11/trance-of-omi-from-pawan-kalyan-starrer-og-is-a-techno-pop-number |publisher=Cinema Express}}</ref> The fourth single titled "Guns N' Roses" was released on 15 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 September 2025 |title=Makers of Pawan Kalyan-starrer 'They Call Him OG' release 'Guns N Roses' track from film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/makers-of-pawan-kalyan-starrer-they-call-him-og-release-guns-n-roses-track-from-film/articleshow/123908595.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 September 2025 }}</ref> The fifth single titled "Washi Yo Washi" which was a [[Haiku|Japanese haiku]] was released on 19 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 September 2025 |title='They Call Him OG': Pawan Kalyan sings Japanese haiku 'Washi Yo Washi' ahead of trailer release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/they-call-him-og-pawan-kalyan-sings-japanese-haiku-washi-yo-washi-ahead-of-trailer-release/articleshow/124024606.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 September 2025 }}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The film's glimpse titled "Hungry Cheetah", was released on 2 September 2023, coinciding with [[Pawan Kalyan]]'s 52nd birthday.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2023 |title='OG' glimpse: Pawan Kalyan's intense gaze and gangster persona leave fans in awe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/og-glimpse-pawan-kalyans-intense-gaze-and-gangster-persona-leave-fans-in-awe/articleshow/103303663.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 September 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Another glimpse titled "HBD OG - Love Omi" was released on 2 September 2025, coinciding with Kalyan's 54th birthday.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 September 2025 |title=OG glimpse: Emraan Hashmi's Omi Bhau has a gory birthday wish for Pawan Kalyan's Ojas Gambheera. Watch |date=2 September 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/og-glimpse-emraan-hashmis-omi-bhau-has-a-gory-birthday-wish-for-pawan-kalyans-ojas-gambheera-watch-101756810882975.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A grand pre-release event was held on 21 September 2025 in [[Lb stadium|LB Stadium]], Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 September 2025 |title=OG pre-release event: Pawan Kalyan's wayward katana, torrential rain, missing trailer play spoilsport |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/og-pre-release-event-pawan-kalyans-wayward-katana-torrential-rain-missing-trailer-play-spoilsport-101758528328767.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> However, the trailer was delayed and a raw footage of the trailer was shown which was later leaked on social media.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=OG trailer gets leaked online, fans disappointed with the production of Pawan Kalyan starrer |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/og-trailer-gets-leaked-online-fans-disappointed-with-the-production-of-pawan-kalyan-starrer-article-13565341.html |publisher=MoneyControl}}</ref> The trailer was later officially released on 22 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=They Call Him OG trailer: Pawan Kalyan returns with high-voltage action |date=22 September 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-they-call-him-og-trailer-emraan-hashmi-telugu-debut-2791398-2025-09-22 |publisher=India Today}}</ref>

The film partnered with the AI fan engagement platform Once More (OnceMore.io) for a collective fan challenge, which led to the platform registering one million users in 42 hours in late September 2025.<ref name="BusinessLine_record">{{cite web |date=October 8, 2025 |title=Entertainment platform OnceMore registers 1 million users in 42 hours of launch |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/entertainment-platform-oncemore-registers-1-million-users-in-42-hours-of-launch/article70139291.ece |publisher=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref><ref name="TheWire_record">{{cite web |date=October 9, 2025 |title=Breaking ChatGPT's Record, OnceMore.io Reaches 1 Million Registered Users in Less Than 2 Days |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/ptiprnews/breaking-chatgpts-record-oncemore-io-reaches-1-million-registered-users-in-less-than-2-days |publisher=The Wire}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''They Call Him OG'' was released worldwide on 25 September 2025 in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]] languages. The film was originally scheduled to release on 27 September 2024 but was postponed indefinitely due to production delays and Kalyan's political campaign before finalizing the current date.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-29 |title=Confirmed: Pawan Kalyan's 'OG' is postponed indefinitely |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/confirmed-pawan-kalyans-og-is-postponed-indefinitely |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=[[TeluguCinema.com]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-22 |title=Producer DVV Danayya confirms OG special teaser to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/22/producer-dvv-danayya-confirms-og-special-teaser-to-be-out-on-this-date |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film received an "A" (adults only) certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], who demanded nearly two minutes of material be trimmed due to graphic violence.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 September 2025 |title=OG becomes Pawan Kalyan's first A-rated film in 14 years; removed or modified scenes include 'child in pool of blood'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/og-becomes-pawan-kalyans-first-a-rated-film-in-14-years-removed-or-modified-scenes-include-child-in-pool-of-blood-101758617902102.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 September 2025 }}</ref>

=== Distribution ===

The [[Tamil Nadu]] distribution rights were acquired by Think Studios.<ref>https://x.com/ThinkStudiosInd/status/1970070479735292303?t=DRxDFxLiga_NgGLVyvNVgg&s=19</ref> The [[North American]] distributing rights were acquired by Prathyangira Cinemas.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 September 2025 |title=Pawan Kalyan's 'They Call Him OG' creates history with nearly USD $900K Premiere Pre-Sales in North America |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/pawan-kalyans-they-call-him-og-creates-history-with-nearly-usd-900k-premiere-pre-sales-in-north-america/articleshow/123649634.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2 September 2025 }}</ref> The [[United Kingdom]] distribution rights were acquired by DreamZ Entertainment.<ref>https://x.com/TeamDreamZE/status/1970186757200322646?t=D9KBfBstruDJA-PtfVZjRA&s=19</ref> [[Kerala]] distribution rights were acquired by E4 Entertainments.

=== Home media ===
The digital distribution rights of the film were acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-14 |title='OG', 'Hit: The Third Case', 'Mass Jathara' to be part of Netflix's 2025 Telugu OTT release slate. Check the full movie list |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/og-hit-the-third-case-mass-jathara-to-be-part-of-netflixs-2025-telugu-ott-release-slate-check-the-full-movie-list/articleshow/117240602.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The film began streaming on Netflix from 23 October 2025 in Telugu and dubbed versions of Hindi, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam languages.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 October 2025 |title='They Call Him OG' OTT release: Streaming date and platform for Pawan Kalyan's action thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/they-call-him-og-ott-release-streaming-date-and-platform-for-pawan-kalyans-action-thriller/articleshow/124661277.cms |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Divya Shree of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Director Sujeeth leans heavily on star power, often at the cost of layered storytelling and character arcs. Several subplots are undercooked, and familiar tropes such as the wife’s murder and the daughter’s kidnapping feel formulaic. [...] The film has its shortcomings in emotional depth and narrative finesse, but it still succeeds as a stylish action drama with flair."<ref>{{Cite web |title=They Call Him OG Movie Review: Action-packed yet narratively uneven gangster drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/they-call-him-og/movie-review/124119218.cms |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Shrishti Negi of ''[[News 18]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Overall, ''They Call Him OG'' is a mass entertainer powered by Pawan Kalyan’s swag. Come for the action and aura, stay for the spectacle but lower expectations on story depth."<ref>{{Cite web |title=OG Movie Review: Pawan Kalyan Delivers A One-Man Show With Style, Swag And Action |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/they-call-him-og-review-pawan-kalyan-delivers-a-one-man-show-with-style-swag-and-action-9594864.html |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''They Call Him OG'' is an entertaining film made for hardcore fans, by a hardcore fan himself. Yet, in that pursuit, Sujeeth forgoes the opportunity to take a few risks, and he only goes so far as charming us with his (and his team’s) technical brilliance."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-25 |title=They Call Him OG movie review: Pawan Kalyan commands OG control in Sujeeth's actioner |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/they-call-him-og-movie-review-pawan-kalyan-commands-og-control-in-sujeeths-actioner-10270509/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Goutham s of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''They Call Him OG'' is a love letter from a fan to his idol. Every scene exists to please the inner soul of every fan, and in that regard, it hits the mark. However, the lack of creativity and originality is evident, leaving little for the general audience to enjoy."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-25 |title=They Call Him OG Review: A treat for Pawan Kalyan fans that ventures into predictable territory |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/they-call-him-og-review-a-treat-for-pawan-kalyan-fans-that-ventures-into-predictable-territory-1397178 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>

Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''They Call Him OG'' has its moments, each executed to perfection. But, beyond those pure theatrical moments, the story remains a familiar and predictable tale about the underworld and gangsters."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2025-09-25 |title=They Call Him OG review: Invincible Pawan Kalyan lifts film with unmatched aura |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/pawan-kalyan-they-call-him-og-review-gangster-drama-sujeeth-thaman-2792870-2025-09-25 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''They Call Him OG'' is a good homage to Pawan’s stardom from Sujeeth, but that doesn’t necessarily mean it’s a good film. You’ve seen this story a million times before, and [[Ram Gopal Varma]] definitely did it better in his prime."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-25 |title=OG movie review: Sujeeth's love letter to Pawan Kalyan works only for fans, not so much for others |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/og-movie-review-sujeeths-love-letter-to-pawan-kalyan-works-only-for-fans-not-so-much-for-others-101758779018373.html |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "While the story isn’t new, adding more depth and addressing a few plot holes could have helped. The film relies heavily on the larger-than-life hero trope: OG appears just in time to save loved ones, often in ways that demand more than mere suspension of disbelief. [...] OG aims to tell the story of a Samurai-like hero protecting his people and city, but ultimately, it becomes a film prioritising style and fan service over substance."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-09-25 |title='OG' movie review: Pawan Kalyan, Sujeeth's saga is over-reliant on style |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/og-movie-review-pawan-kalyan-sujeeths-telugu-action-entertainer-is-over-reliant-on-style/article70092480.ece |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film grossed {{INR|155 crores}} worldwide on its opening day and {{INR|100 crores}} in the domestic box office. In North America, the film also unexpectedly grossed $3.13 million in the Wednesday premieres, becoming the second-highest premier grosser in the region after ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'' (2024) for Telugu cinema. [[DVV Entertainment]] announced that the film grossed 308 crores in 21 days. In North America alone, the film grossed $5.8 million and became the eighth-highest grossing Telugu film in the region. Overall overseas is around $7.33 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2025/09/box-office-one-battle-after-another-1236556684/|title='One Battle After Another' Begins With $3.1M Previews, Higher Than 'Killers Of The Flower Moon' & 'The Revenant'- Box Office|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|publisher=Deadline Hollywood|date=26 September 2025|accessdate=26 September 2025}}</ref>

== Future ==
The film's inclusion of Waaji City establish himself as a [[prequel]] part of the same universe as ''[[Saaho]]'', creating the Sujeeth Cinematic Universe. A prequel and sequel, titled ''They Call Him OG II'', was also revealed in the end credits of the film.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 October 2025 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/pawan-kalyan-confirms-prequel-and-sequel-to-they-call-him-og/cid/2125949 |title=Pawan Kalyan confirms prequel and sequel to 'They Call Him OG' |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref>

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt24060892}}

{{Sujeeth}}

[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sujeeth]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films set in Japan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pune]]
[[Category:Films set in 1940]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Films set in 1986]]
[[Category:Films set in 1993]]
[[Category:Films about patricide]]
[[Category:Indian prequel films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]

Mysuru–Tuticorin Express

2026-05-03T00:48:35Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Stub!

{{Short description|Daily train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Ref improve|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mysuru - Tuticorin Express
| image= Mysore railway station North side.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Mysuru–Tuticorin Express exits [[Mysore railway station|Mysore]] towards North heading towards [[Tuticorin railway station|Tuticorin]]
| status = Active
| type = [[Mail/Express]]
| locale = [[Karnataka]] & [[Tamil Nadu]]
| first = Fri Aug 01, 1997
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| start = [[Mysuru Junction]] (MYS)
| stops = 28
| end = [[Tuticorin]] (TN)
| distance = {{convert|776|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 17 Hours 05 Min
| frequency =Daily
| class = 2 A/C, 3 A/C, SL, 2S & EOG
| seating = Yes (Un-Reserved Compartment)
| sleeping = Yes (Berth)
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment = Yes
| baggage =
| otherfacilities=
| stock = [[WAP-7]] and [[WAG-9]] Locomotive from [[Krishnarajapuram]], Electric Shed (Mysuru - Tuticorin)
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| el = [[25 kV AC]], [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]] (High Voltage Traction)
| trainnumber = 16235/16236
| speed = {{convert|52|km/h|abbr=on}} average with halts
| sharing = [[Mysore-Mayiladuthurai Express]], [[Tiruchchirappalli - Mayiladuthurai Express]]
| maintenance = [[Tuticorin]]
| map = [[File:(Mysore - Tuticorin) Express Route map.png|200px|thumb|center]]
| map_state =
}}
[[File:Chennai Central–Mysore Shatabdi Express entering Mysore railway station captured from out going Mysuru–Tuticorin Express.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chennai Central–Mysore Shatabdi Express]] xing with Mysuru–Tuticorin Express near [[Mysore railway station]]]]
'''Mysuru–Thoothukudi Express''' is a daily train service between the cities of [[Mysore]] and [[Thoothukudi]] operated by the [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Train diversions, cancellations in Madurai division: Check here | website=dtnext | date=7 January 2023 | url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/01/07/train-diversions-cancellations-in-madurai-division-check-here | access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>

== Introduction ==
This train connects the Palace City Mysuru in [[Karnataka]] with the Pearl City, Thoothukudi in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The train initially operated from [[Madurai]] to [[Bengaluru]] before being extended to Tuticorin, after that it extended from Bengaluru to Mysuru. Then the train belonged to the Southern Railway and hence is numbered as 16731/16732. Now it's renumbered to 16235/16236 so now it's operated by South Western Railway. It's one of the highly patronized trains of Mysuru division in South Western Railway.There is a constant demand from south tamilnadu people to divert this train through Salem - Namakkal - Karur line for reduce the travel time and also the fare.

==Coach composition==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#12ad2b;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#893bff;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#893bff;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#0909ff;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 21
|
||EOG|| GS || GS || S13||S12||S11|| S10 || S9 || S8 || S7 || S6 || S5 || S4 || S3||S2||S1||B3||B2||B1||A1||EOG
|}

==Rakes sharing==
[[Tiruchirappalli-Mayiladuthurai Express]] & [[Mysore-Mayiladuthurai Express]]

==Traction==
earlier was [[WDP-4D]] now [[WAG-9]] and [[WAP 7]] will pull this train end to end

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/train/thoothukudi-mysuru-express-16731-sbc-to-mys/1136/136/1430 Indiarailinfo]

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mysore-Tuticorin Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mysore]]
[[Category:Transport in Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Mithila (proposed state)

2026-04-29T05:46:11Z

JeffryAlfaro75:

{{About|a proposed state of India|the historic region|Mithila (region)}}
{{See also|Mithila movement}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mithila
| type = [[Proposed states and union territories of India|Proposed state]]
| motto =
| image_map = Mithila region of India.png
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| population_demonym = [[Maithil]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Language]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| seat_type = Proposed Capital
| seat = [[Begusarai]], [[Saharsa]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Purnia]], [[Darbhanga]] & [[Muzaffarpur]]
| official_name =
| image_seal = Emblem of India.svg
| image_map1 = Proposed Mithila State Map.jpg
}}
'''Mithila''' is a [[Proposed states and union territories of India#Bihar|proposed state]] in [[India]], comprising the [[Maithili language|Maithili]]-speaking region of [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]]. The Maithili language has its own traditional script, known as [[Mithilakshar]]. It is part of the historical [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region.<ref name="Small States Syndrome in India">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&q=mithila+india+state&pg=PA148 | title=Small States Syndrome in India | access-date=16 February 2017 | page=146 | isbn=9788170226918 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217143622/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA148&dq=mithila+india+state&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiL0fDo2pXSAhVEKcAKHej6AicQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=mithila%20india%20state&f=false | archive-date=17 February 2017| last1=Kumāra | first1=Braja Bihārī | year=1998 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref>
The proposed state will also include [[Angika]] and [[Bajjika]]-speaking districts, which are considered to be dialects of Maithili.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0g7KDdeV9EC&q=mithil+state+angika&pg=PA43 | title=Development of Researches in Anthropology in India: A Case Study of Bihar | access-date=19 February 2017 | author=L. P. Vidyarthi | year=1981 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220013153/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Y0g7KDdeV9EC&pg=PA43&dq=mithil+state+angika&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5noSYkZzSAhVMOBQKHYF1AqsQ6AEIJTAC#v=onepage&q=mithil%20state%20angika&f=false | archive-date=20 February 2017}}</ref>

There was also a movement in the Maithili-speaking areas of [[Nepal]] for a separate [[Provinces of Nepal|province]] which ended in 2015, after [[Constitution of Nepal]] (2015) ensured it in form of [[Madhesh Province]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4FQMEiZcrIC&q=free+mithila+state&pg=PA251 | title=Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics and Culture of contemporary Nepal | access-date=21 March 2017 | page=251 | isbn=9781136649561 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112034/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n4FQMEiZcrIC&pg=PA251&dq=free+mithila+state&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI1KfJw-XQAhXHJsAKHZ2bBSoQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=free%20mithila%20state&f=false | archive-date=22 March 2017| last1=Gellner | first1=D. | last2=Pfaff-Czarnecka | first2=J. | last3=Whelpton | first3=J. | date=6 December 2012 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

==History==

[[Laxman Jha|Dr. Laksman Jha]] and others demanded a Mithila state shortly after independence, and the former Chief Minister of Bihar, [[Jagannath Mishra]] also expressed support for the creation of the state.<ref name="Small States Syndrome in India"/>

Various organisations have been formed that demand the formation of a state including the Maithil Mahasabha and the Mithilanchal Vikash Congress the former received support from [[Raj Darbhanga]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&q=mithila+india+state&pg=PA148 | title=Small States Syndrome in India | access-date=16 February 2017 | pages=148–152 | isbn=9788170226918 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217143622/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA148&dq=mithila+india+state&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiL0fDo2pXSAhVEKcAKHej6AicQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=mithila%20india%20state&f=false | archive-date=17 February 2017| last1=Kumāra | first1=Braja Bihārī | year=1998 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref>
Various demonstrations have taken place demanding a Mithila state with a major protest taking place in Delhi in 2009 organised by the [[Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Samiti|Akhil Bharatiya Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Samiti]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/demonstration-planned-in-delhi-for-separate-mithila-state/story-awHWAfJ7iY0G8yhNegTzJM.html |title=Demonstration planned in Delhi for separate Mithila state | india | Hindustan Times |date=14 December 2009 |access-date=2017-02-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220012301/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/demonstration-planned-in-delhi-for-separate-mithila-state/story-awHWAfJ7iY0G8yhNegTzJM.html |archive-date=20 February 2017}}</ref>

==Political support==
===Mithila Rajya Nirman Sena===

* Senior BJP leader, Rangnath Thakur, chairman and Founding member of Mithila Rajya Nirman Sena, has organised public rallies supporting Mithila.
Mithila Rajya Nirman Sena also did a Sankalp yatra under his leadership in 2017 and 2021 to create awareness and support for the movement<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/darbhanga/article1-Mithila-State-Struggle-fast-installation-will-665568.html |title=मिथिला राज्य स्थापना को करेंगे संघर्ष तेज |access-date=2017-01-14 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023064056/https://www.livehindustan.com/news/darbhanga/article1-Mithila-State-Struggle-fast-installation-will-665568.html |archive-date=23 October 2021 }}</ref>

===Bharatiya Janata Party===

* Former BJP MP [[Kirti Azad]] from [[Darbhanga]] (Current Congress leader) has organised multiple [[dharna]]s and protests in support of Mithila.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://post.jagran.com/demand-for-mithila-state-gains-momentum-politicians-join-demonstration-at-jantar-mantar-1312256949 |title=Demand for Mithila state gains momentum, politicians join demonstration at Jantar Mantar |publisher=Post.jagran.com |date=2 August 2011 |access-date=4 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064127/http://post.jagran.com/demand-for-mithila-state-gains-momentum-politicians-join-demonstration-at-jantar-mantar-1312256949 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> He has also launched a signature campaign in Mithila aiming to raise awareness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/maithili-speaking-people-want-own-state/story-OyxBKqJtrGYhp47GrsiR5N.html |title=Maithili speaking people want own state | patna | Hindustan Times |date=30 June 2007 |access-date=2017-02-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222111129/http://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/maithili-speaking-people-want-own-state/story-OyxBKqJtrGYhp47GrsiR5N.html |archive-date=22 February 2017}}</ref>
* Senior BJP leader, [[Tarakant Jha]], former chairman of [[Bihar Legislative Council]], has organised public rallies supporting Mithila.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/epaper/article/index.php?page=article&choice=print_article&location=24&category=&articleid=6242779130240 |title=Yahoo Search - Web Search |access-date=2012-03-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317174304/http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/epaper/article/index.php?page=article&choice=print_article&location=24&category=&articleid=6242779130240 |archive-date=17 March 2013}}</ref>

===Janata Dal (United)===

* In November 2011, Bihar Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] also extended his support for the statehood of Mithila.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://post.jagran.com/Broader-view-on-state-restructuring-1322837705 |title=article |publisher=Post.jagran.com |access-date=4 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115072518/http://post.jagran.com/broader-view-on-state-restructuring-1322837705 |archive-date=15 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jagraneditorial.jagranjunction.com/2011/11/22/uttar-pradesh-assembly-chief-minister-mayawati-divide-the-state-into-four-parts |title=राज्य पुनर्गठन : व्यापक हो नजरिया « संपादकीय ब्लॉग |publisher=Jagraneditorial.jagranjunction.com |access-date=4 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225063424/http://jagraneditorial.jagranjunction.com/2011/11/22/uttar-pradesh-assembly-chief-minister-mayawati-divide-the-state-into-four-parts/ |archive-date=25 December 2011}}</ref>
* Shravan Chaudhary, JDU state president, has openly supported the demand for the statehood of Mithila.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2720084.cms |title=जेडी(यू) ने पृथक मिथिला राज्य की मांग का समर्थन किया- Navbharat Times |work=Navbharat Times |date=22 January 2008 |access-date=4 May 2012}}</ref>

===Rashtriya Janata Dal===

*[[Rabri Devi]], former CM of [[Bihar]], has always favoured the creation of a separate Mithila state.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/give-statehood-to-mithila-rabri/articleshow/65108987.cms |title=Archived copy |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-03-10}}</ref>

==Justification for Separation ==

The demand for separate Mithila state has been there since creation of State of Bihar in 1912.<ref>{{cite news |title=Demand for Mithilanchal: Why carving out a new state from Bihar may backfire |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/demand-for-mithilanchal-why-carving-out-a-new-state-from-bihar-may-backfire-1991442-2022-08-23 |agency=India Today}}</ref>
*The problems of Mithila region are different from rest of Bihar. It’s about justice and development. Mithila has its own ancient history, culture, and language (Maithili), which is one of India’s recognized official languages in the Constitution (Eighth Schedule). Despite this, the Mithila region has faced decades of neglect—poor infrastructure, lack of industries, unemployment, and migration of youth because there are no opportunities at home. When people demand a separate Mithila state, they’re asking for focused governance, fair share of resources, and preservation of Maithil identity. Just like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, or Uttarakhand were carved out for better administration and local development, Mithila deserves the same chance. It’s about empowering a historically rich region so its people don’t remain backward while contributing so much to the country. Maithils demanding for Mithila State because of poverty and lack of development; a unique culture, and specific issues like yearly floods that the Patna-centric government has ignored for decades. Smaller states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Uttarakhand were also created not just for culture, but for better governance and focused development. And they are progressing faster than when they were tied to bigger states. If India can manage 28 states today, it can manage Mithila too.<ref>{{Cite web|title = मिथिला राज्य की माँग क्यों |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/why-rabri-devi-demand-separate-mithila-state-from-bihar-bihar-news-brs24112804304|access-date=2024-11-28 |website=etvbharat.com|language=hi}}</ref>
*Maithili the language of the region has not been properly recognised. The 8th schedule of the Constitution of India includes the recognition of 22 languages including Maithili (but in Devanagari Script) rather [[Tirhuta|Tirhuta script]] is the original script of Maithili. In Bihar Maithili is yet to receive any official status.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who are those demanding a separate Mithila state from Bihar? |date=5 July 2022 |url=https://groundreport.in/who-are-those-demanding-a-separate-mithila-state-from-bihar/ |access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref>
*Negligence of [[Maithils|Maithil]] identity in the state of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मिथिला की उपेक्षा निंदनीय - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-8483874.html |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==Challenges==

Mithila is a poor and flood-prone region dependent on [[subsistence agriculture]], leading to doubts over its economically feasibility as a separate state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Demand for Mithilanchal: Why carving out a new state from Bihar may backfire |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/demand-for-mithilanchal-why-carving-out-a-new-state-from-bihar-may-backfire-1991442-2022-08-23 |work=India Today |date=23 August 2022 |author=Darpan Singh }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mithila, Nepal]]
* [[Maithili language]]
* [[Maithili literature]]
* [[Maithil]]
* [[Maithili Music]]
* [[Mithila Painting]]
* [[Mithila Makhana]]
* [[Mithila (region)]]
* [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
* [[Darbhanga]]
* [[Maithili (disambiguation)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Historical regions of North India}}
{{Proposed states and territories of India}}{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Mithila (region)| ]]
[[Category:Proposed states and union territories of India]]

Klaus Mylius

2026-04-26T19:29:36Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Adding entry.

{{Short description|German Indologist (1930–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Mylius, Klaus (2018).jpg|thumb|Mylius in 2018]]

'''Klaus Albert Robert Curt Mylius''' (24 August 1930 – 28 June 2025) was a German [[Indology|Indologist]] who was Professor of [[Sanskrit]] Studies and Indian Archaeology at the [[Leipzig University|University of Leipzig]] until 1990, after which he was a lecturer at the universities of [[Bayreuth]] and [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]].

== Life and career ==
As a child in Berlin, Klaus Mylius experienced the Allied bombing raids that caused his Mylius family to lose their home three times.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gottenheim.de/presse/20030501.pdf |title=Ein Zeitzeuge berichtet von 1945 |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507181142/http://www.gottenheim.de/presse/20030501.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }} (PDF; 21 kB), Vortrag über die Luftangriffe in Berlin von Klaus Mylius. In: Rebland-Kurier, 30 April 2003.</ref> In 1945, the last year of the war, he was evacuated to Siegersleben (Magdeburger Börde). He then worked as a farm labourer and newspaper carrier until 1948. From 1946 to 1948, he completed a commercial apprenticeship in the Siegersleben goods distribution company. From 1948 to 1952, he took on functions within the SED, FDJ and DSF. Mylius then headed the central school for projectionists of the State Committee for Film in Halle (Saale) until 1953. From 1953 to 1955, he was a lecturer at the adult education centre of the city of Halle (Saale).

In 1954, Klaus Mylius passed a special maturity examination at the then Workers' and Peasants' Faculty (ABF) of the [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg|Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg]] (MLU). From 1954 to 1958, he studied geography at the Institute of Geography (Director: Rudolf Käubler) and from 1957 to 1961 Indology at the Institute of Indology (Director: Karl Ammer) at Halle University. Here Mylius was awarded a doctorate in geography in 1962 with a dissertation on the economic geography of Pakistan (examiners: Rudolf Käubler and Karl Ammer). In 1964, he was awarded his second doctorate in Indology on the subject of The social conditions of India after the [[Shatapatha Brahmana|Śatapatha Brāhmana]] (German: Die gesellschaftlichen Zustände Indiens nach dem Śatapatha-Brāhmana) (examiner: Karl Ammer).

Mylius habilitated at the [[Leipzig University|Karl Marx University]] in Leipzig in 1968 with a thesis on India in Middle Vedic times presented according to Sanskrit sources (reviewers: Karl Ammer, Rigobert Günther and [[Walter Markov]]).

From 1970 to 1976, he worked at the University of Leipzig as a university lecturer in Sanskrit [[philology]] in the African and Middle Eastern Studies Section (Section Director: {{ill|Gert Kück|de}}). In 1976, he became associate professor for Sanskrit and Indian antiquity here and continued to head the department of Ancient Oriental Studies. He was also a party group organiser (PO) of his party group in the SED here for a time.<ref>Laudatio auf Gudrun Goeseke gehalten von Heidi Bohley anlässlich der Verleihung des [[Emil Fackenheim|Emil-L.-Fackenheim]]-Preises 15 November 2007 in Halle</ref> As an unofficial collaborator, Mylius was also active for the Ministry for State Security.<ref Name=" MZ, 23.5.16">Steffen Könau: [http://www.mz-web.de/halle-saale/ungewoehnliche-biografie-das-herz-im-hals-24106548 ''Ungewöhnliche Biografie.''] In: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung 23 May 2016 (retrieved 5 October 2016).</ref>

After the reunification of Germany, Mylius, who was emeritus professor in Leipzig, took on a teaching position from 1990 to 1994 at the [[University of Bayreuth]], Institute for Religious Studies (Director: Ulrich Berner). Beginning in 1996, he was a lecturer in Sanskrit, first at the Institute for Philosophy (Director: Wilhelm K. Essler), then at the Institute for Empirical Linguistics (Director: [[Jost Gippert]]) at the [[Goethe University Frankfurt|Johann Wolfgang Goethe University]] in Frankfurt am Main.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goethe-Universität — Empirische Sprachwissenschaft|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/44471442/Personalliste_des_Instituts|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

Klaus Mylius was an internationally recognised Indologist who represented his special field of Sanskrit and Indian antiquity.<ref>''Wahrer Kenner des indischen Altertums.'' [[Badische Zeitung]], 24 August 2005.</ref> He continued to realise and publish new book projects in this field.<ref>''Die Ideen für neue Projekte gehen dem Jubilar nicht aus.'' Badische Zeitung, 24 August 2015.</ref>

His first marriage was to Karin Mylius, who died in 1986. He had a son and a daughter from this marriage. Mylius was married again beginning in 1989. He lived in [[Gottenheim]] near [[Freiburg im Breisgau]].<ref>{{cite web|title="Sanskrit ist auch heute für Indien unverzichtbar" - Gottenheim - Badische Zeitung|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.badische-zeitung.de/sanskrit-ist-auch-heute-fuer-indien-unverzichtbar|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=Badische Zeitung|date=24 August 2020|language=de|pages=|quote=}}</ref> He died on 28 June 2025, at the age of 94.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=von Hinüber |first=Oskar |date=6 October 2021 |title=Zur Didaktik mittelindischer Sprachen, by Klaus Mylius & Lehrbuch der Ardhamāgadhī, by Klaus Mylius & Māhārāṣṭrī. Grammatischer Abriss und Wörterbuch, by Klaus Mylius & Śaurasenī. Grammatik und Glossar, by Klaus Mylius & Māgadhī. Grammatik, Textproben und Glossar, by Klaus Mylius & Vergleichende Grammatik der literarischen Prākṛt-Sprachen, by Klaus Mylius |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/15728536-06403005 |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=261–269 |doi=10.1163/15728536-06403005 |issn=0019-7246|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>[https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/curric/necrolog.htm "In Memoriam Klaus Mylius"]. titus.uni-frankfurt.de, source from 29 June 2025 (in German). Retrieved 4 July 2025.</ref>

== Academy membership ==
* 1986–1992: full member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig (philological-historical class)
* 1992–1994: corresponding member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig (resigned 1994)<ref>[http://www.saw-leipzig.de/mitglieder/myliusk ''Klaus Mylius, Prof. Dr. phil., Dr. rer. nat.''], Website der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, retrieved 15 April 2016.</ref>
* From 1996: elected member of the Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Class for Social Sciences and Humanities)<ref>[http://leibnizsozietaet.de/ueber-uns/ewiges-mitgliederverzeichnis-der-ls/5/ ''Ewiges Mitgliederverzeichnis der Leibniz-Sozietät''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128114821/http://leibnizsozietaet.de/ueber-uns/ewiges-mitgliederverzeichnis-der-ls/5/ |date=28 November 2021 }}, Website der Leibniz-Sozietät, retrieved 15 April 2016.</ref>
* From 2004: full member of the Berlin Scientific Society<ref>[http://www.bwg-berlin.de/?id=detailsperson&tt_address%5Buid%5D=234&colorbox=1 ''Einzelansicht: Prof. Dr. phil. habil. Klaus Mylius'']{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Website der Berliner Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft, retrieved 15 April 2016.</ref>

== Awards ==
*1985: Friedrich Weller Prize of the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig.
*2000: [[Rabindranath Tagore]] Literature Prize of the Indo-German Society; awarded in equal parts to Klaus Mylius and Hans Wolfgang Schumann<ref>Pressemitteilung der DIG zur Jahreshauptversammlung in Baden-Baden vom November 2000. In: Mitteilungsblatt der Deutsch-Indischen Gesellschaft, 3/2000.</ref> (the prize to Mylius was not presented due to political considerations of the chairman [[Hans-Georg Wieck]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Jochen Reinert, Brückenbauer und andere|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.sopos.org/aufsaetze/445f16b39f4ee/1.phtml.html|url-status=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}</ref>
*2007: United Cultural Convention of the United States of America in connection with the United Nations in New York<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gottenheim.de/presse/20070904.pdf |title=Friedenspreis für Klaus Mylius / UCC zeichnet Professor aus |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022140108/http://www.gottenheim.de/presse/20070904.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }} (PDF; 67 kB).</ref><ref>Badische Zeitung, 6 September 2007.</ref>
*2009: Inclusion of the biography in the ABI publication 500 Greatest Geniuses of the 21st Century

Klaus Mylius was a member of the American Biographical Institute (ABI), a Fellow of the American Biographical Institute (F.A.B.I.), an American [[Medal of Honor]] of the ABI and an International Peace Prize.

== Works ==
Klaus Mylius published more than 25 books of his own and continued until his death to be involved in almost 50 books, each of which reached several, sometimes up to 5 editions. In addition, there are about 450 scientific articles and reviews.

* {{German National Library portal|105953229}}
* ''Das Kamasutra.'' Deutsche Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und eingeleitet von Klaus Mylius. Reclam, Leipzig 1987. RUB Stuttgart 1999 ISBN 978-3150097816.
* ''Geschichte der altindischen Literatur.'' 2. überarb. u. erg. Auflage, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2003 (zuerst Leipzig 1983), ISBN 3447047720.
* ''Sanskrit – Deutsch, Deutsch – Sanskrit. Wörterbuch.'' Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-447-05143-4.
* ''Śaurasenī – Grammatik und Glossar.'' Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2018, ISBN 978-3-447-11130-0.

== Literature ==
* Lars Göhler (Hrsg.): ''Indische Kultur im Kontext – Rituale, Texte und Ideen aus Indien und der Welt. Festschrift für Klaus Mylius zum 75. Geburtstag.'' Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 978-3-447-05207-8.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://research.uni-leipzig.de/catalogus-professorum-lipsiensium/leipzig/Mylius_1825/ Klaus Mylius's website at the Leipzig University]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mylius, Klaus}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Bayreuth]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Leipzig University]]
[[Category:German Indologists]]

Mumtaz Ahmed Khan (Telangana politician)

2026-04-25T16:49:47Z

JeffryAlfaro75: New!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mumtaz Ahmed Khan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1949}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]
| office = Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term = 1994-99, 1999-04, 2004-09, 2009-14
| predecessor = [[Ibrahim Bin Abdullah Masqati]]
| constituency = [[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakutpura]]
| successor = Mumtaz Ahmed Khan
| office2 = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term2 = 2014-2018
| predecessor2 = "Constituency Shift to Telangana"
| constituency2 = [[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakutpura]]
| successor2 = [[Syed Ahmed Pasha Quadri]]
| office3 = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = December 2018
| term_end3 = 2023
| predecessor3 = [[Syed Ahmed Pasha Quadri]]
| constituency3 = [[Charminar Assembly constituency|Charminar]]
| successor3 =
| office4 = 2nd [[List of speakers of the Telangana Legislative Assembly#List of the Pro tem Speakers of Telangana|Pro-tem Speaker Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 11 December 2018
| term_end4 = 14 December 2018
| governor4 = [[Tamilisai Soundararajan|Dr. Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| predecessor4 = [[Kunduru Jana Reddy]]
| successor4 = [[Akbaruddin Owaisi]]
| party = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| other_party = [[Majlis Bachao Tehreek]]
| father = Late Ghulam Ghouse Khan
| children = 5
| website =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Mumtaz Ahmed Khan''' is a Member of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] elected in December 2018 from [[Charminar]] constituency. He is the honorable Speaker of Telangana Assembly. He was the five time M.L.A. from [[Yakutpura]] constituency in the State of [[Telangana]], [[India]]. He also performs the duty of Panel Speaker in [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Baldia-beginning-to-these-MLA-MP-netas/articleshow/4371997.cms|title=Baldia beginning to these MLA, MP netas|last=Mahesh|first=Koride|date=8 April 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531074543/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-08/hyderabad/28028294_1_corporator-muslimeen-mim-candidate|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=31 May 2012}}</ref>

Khan won his sixth consecutive legislative assembly election from this area of the city of [[Hyderabad]].
He has represented Yakuthpura Assembly constituency from 1994 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aimim.in/mumtaz-ahmed-khan/ |title=Mumtaz Ahmed Khan - All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |access-date=17 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223183718/http://www.aimim.in/mumtaz-ahmed-khan/ |archive-date=23 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He is a member of the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] party, which has traditionally controlled the politics in this capital city of Telangana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/after-40-yrs-mim-on-shaky-ground/447024/0|title=After 40 yrs, MIM on shaky ground|last=Janyala|first=Sreenivas|date=15 April 2009|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521093347/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/after-40-yrs-mim-on-shaky-ground/447024/0|url-status=live|archivedate=21 May 2009}}</ref>

AIMIM Charminar MLA Mumtaz Ahmed Khan was sworn in on Wednesday as Telangana pro-tem speaker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indtoday.com/mumtaz-ahmed-khan-takes-oath-as-telangana-pro-tem-speaker/|title = Mumtaz Ahmed Khan takes oath as Telangana pro-tem speaker | INDToday|date = 16 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Mumtaz Ahmed Khan takes oath as pro-term speaker">{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 January 2019 |title=Mumtaz Ahmed Khan takes oath as pro-term speaker |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/170119/mumtaz-ahmed-khan-takes-oath-as-pro-term-speaker.html |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213103543/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/170119/mumtaz-ahmed-khan-takes-oath-as-pro-term-speaker.html |archive-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>

== Positions held ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Duration
! Constituency
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| 1994–99
| [[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakutpura]]
| {{Full party name with color|Majlis Bachao Tehreek}}
|-
| 1999–04
| [[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakutpura]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|-
| 2004–09
| [[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakutpura]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|-
| 2009–14
| [[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakutpura]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|-
| 2014–18
| [[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakutpura]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|-
| 2018–23
| [[Charminar Assembly constituency|Charminar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mumtaz Ali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]

{{Telangana-AIMIM-politician-stub}}

Phantom India

2026-04-24T19:32:36Z

JeffryAlfaro75: New.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = L'Inde fantôme: Reflexions sur un voyage
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = Documentary
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = [[Louis Malle]]
| starring =
| narrated = [[Louis Malle]]
| theme_music_composer =
| country = France India
| language =
| num_episodes = 7
| producer = [[Louis Kastner]]
| editor = Suzanne Baron
| cinematography = [[Étienne Becker]]
| runtime = 363
| company =
| budget =
| network =
| first_aired =
| last_aired =
}}

'''''L'Inde fantôme: Reflexions sur un voyage''''' is a 1969 French seven part television [[documentary]] miniseries about [[India]], directed by [[Louis Malle]]. It was shown on BBC television as '''''Louis Malle's India'''''.<ref name="Blum-Reid2003">{{cite book|author=Sylvie Blum-Reid|title=East-West Encounters: Franco-Asian Cinema and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMrQFxR3jcYC&pg=PA91|year=2003|publisher=Wallflower Press|isbn=978-1-903364-67-3|pages=91–}}</ref>

Malle later said that the film was his most personal work and the one he was most proud of. It is widely regarded as the crowning achievement of his career. It was initially inspired by a two-month trip to India in late 1967 that Malle made on behalf of the [[French Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] to present a selection of "[[French New Wave|new French cinema]]" throughout the country. Filming took place between January 5, 1968, and May 1, 1968, with a crew of two, a cameraman and a sound recordist. Malle arrived in India with no particular plans and financed the trip himself. The resulting 30 hours of footage was then edited down to the 363 minutes of ''Phantom India''. The 105-minute-long ''[[Calcutta (1969 film)|Calcutta]]'' used the footage he had recorded over his three-week stay in that city. ''Phantom India'' was shown on French television and the BBC in the UK in 1969.<ref>Koresky, Michael [http://www.criterion.com/current/posts/561-eclipse-series-2-the-documentaries-of-louis-malle Eclipse Series 2: The Documentaries of Louis Malle] criterion.com</ref><ref>{{cite web | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009155822/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/165696/Phantom-India/overview | title=Phantom India (1969) | archivedate=9 October 2014 | url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/165696/Phantom-India/overview | newspaper=The New York Times | accessdate=4 September 2022}}</ref>

Many British Indians and the Indian Government felt that Malle had shown a one-sided portrait of India, focusing on the impoverished, rather than the developing parts of the country. A diplomatic incident occurred when the Indian government asked the BBC to stop broadcasting the programme. The BBC refused and were briefly asked to leave their New Delhi bureau.<ref>Frey, Hugo ''Phantom India'' in Aiken, Ian (Ed.) ''The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of the Documentary Film'', p. 714, Routledge, 2013</ref>

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |total_width=50 |background=4E5C1D |overall= |title= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list/sublist|Phantom India
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = The Impossible Camera
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1969|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 4E5C1D
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Phantom India
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Things Seen in Madras
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1969|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 4E5C1D
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Phantom India
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Indians and the Sacred
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1969|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 4E5C1D
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Phantom India
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Dreams and Reality
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1969|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 4E5C1D
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Phantom India
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = A Look at the Castes
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1969|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 4E5C1D
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Phantom India
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = On the Fringes of Indian Society
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1969|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 4E5C1D
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Phantom India
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Bombay: The Future India
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1969|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 4E5C1D
}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0063914|title=Phantom India}}

{{Louis Malle}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phantom India}}
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:1960s French-language films]]
[[Category:French documentary films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Louis Malle]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:1969 documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about India]]
[[Category:1969 French films]]

{{France-tv-prog-stub}}
{{Documentary-tv-prog-stub}}

Puttingal temple fire

2026-04-24T14:32:12Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Creating.

{{Short description|2016 explosion in Paravur, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox news event
| name = Puttingal temple fire
| image = പുറ്റിങ്ങൽ ദേവി ക്ഷേത്രം.jpg
| caption = Puttingal Devi Temple in 2008
| map = {{Location map|India#Kerala|lat_deg = 8.812619|lon_deg = 76.664436|label = Puttingal Temple| border = none | float = center|caption = }}
| coordinates = {{coord|8.8126|N| 76.6644|E|display=inline,title}}
| date = 10 April 2016
| time = 03:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (22:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on April 9)
| place = [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Kerala]], India
| cause = [[Fireworks accident]]
| fatalities = 111<ref name="ToI">{{cite news|title=Kollam temple fire: Death toll reaches 111, 40 badly wounded|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kollam-temple-fire-Death-toll-reaches-111-40-badly-wounded/articleshow/51795419.cms|access-date=12 April 2016|work=Times of India}}</ref>
| injuries = 350+
}}


[[File:Collapsed building during Paravur Puttingal Temple mishap, Apr 2016.jpg|right|thumb|A collapsed concrete building in [[Puttingal Temple|Paravur Puttingal Devi Temple]] premises after the fireworks mishap]]

On 10 April 2016 at approximately 03:30 am [[Indian Standard Time|IST]],{{Efn|9 April, 22:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]}} the [[Puttingal Temple]] in [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], Kerala, India, experienced a [[fireworks accident]] after firework celebrations went awry. As a result, 111 people were killed<ref name="ToI"/> and more than 350 were injured, including some with severe burns.<ref name="liveprvr">{{cite news|last1=Nair|first1=C. Gouridasan|last2=Pereira|first2=Ignatius|title=Live–Kollam temple fire: 106 dead; PM Modi reaches site|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-paravur-temple-fireworks-tragedy-several-dead/article8457603.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160410140253/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-paravur-temple-fireworks-tragedy-several-dead/article8457603.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2016|access-date=10 April 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 April 2016|location=[[Kollam]]}}</ref> The temple and at least 150 houses in the area of the temple were damaged by the blast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-fire-idUSKCN0X924S|title=Indian court bans use of high-decibel crackers after temple fireworks blaze kills 110|author=Reuters Editorial|date=12 April 2016|work=Reuters}}</ref> According to local reports and eyewitnesses,<ref name="liveprvr" /> the explosion and fire were caused by sparks from a firecracker<ref name="liveprvr" /> being used in a competitive fireworks display igniting fireworks in a concrete storehouse.<ref name="liveprvr" /><ref name="NIE">{{cite news|last1=Vidyadharan|first1=Sovi|title=Over 100 Dead, 350 Injured in Kerala Temple Firework Mishap|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Over-100-Dead-350-Injured-in-Kerala-Temple-Firework-Mishap/2016/04/10/article3373183.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411122954/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Over-100-Dead-350-Injured-in-Kerala-Temple-Firework-Mishap/2016/04/10/article3373183.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2016|access-date=12 April 2016|work=New Indian Express}}</ref> About 15,000 pilgrims were visiting the temple to mark local [[Hindu]] celebrations during the last day of a seven-day festival of the goddess [[Bhadrakali]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/massive-fire-at-kerala-temple-at-least-50-feared-dead/story-wFRlOOZ8cAoTPK2d5QnVQJ.html|title=As it happened: 110 dead in Kerala temple fire, Modi meets CM Chandy|work=HindustanTimes.com/|access-date=11 April 2016|date=10 April 2016}}</ref>

On 13 April, in the aftermath of the event, the [[Kerala High Court]] banned the display after sunset of sound-emitting firecrackers in all places of worship in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kollam-temple-fire-kerala-high-court-firecrackers-puttingal|title=Kerala HC bans noise-making fireworks between sunrise and sunset|date=13 April 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

This was the second major firework disaster reported in the news within southern India in recent years, after the [[Sivakasi factory explosion]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] on 5 September 2012.<ref name=hindustan>{{cite news| title = Sivakasi fire unit mishap: 36 killed; PM, Sonia express grief| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sivakasi-fire-unit-mishap-36-killed-pm-sonia-express-grief/story-8156wznliHkcp6Tf9iPkyN.html|work = Hindustan Times| date = 6 September 2012}}</ref>
The shrine is administered by a private trust.<ref>{{cite news|last1=G|first1=Ananthakrishnan|title=Kollam temple fire: Fireworks send concrete missiles flying into homes|url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/kollam-temple-fire-fireworks-send-concrete-missiles-flying-into-homes-319765|access-date=12 April 2016|publisher=ABP News|date=11 April 2016|archive-date=14 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414174444/http://www.abplive.in/india-news/kollam-temple-fire-fireworks-send-concrete-missiles-flying-into-homes-319765|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Background==
Temples in southern India often have festivals with displays of fireworks and firecrackers to appease the female deity. Annual competitions are staged across the state of Kerala for the most spectacular displays. In 1952, 68 people were killed after a firecracker explosion at [[Sabarimala temple]].<ref name=Qureshi>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36013215|title=Puttingal: India's 'temple of fireworks'|first=Imran|last=Qureshi|first2=Ashraf|last2=Padanna|publisher=BBC News|date=11 April 2016|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref>

On 10 April 2016, two groups of devotees set off fireworks while thousands participated in the festival at [[Puttingal temple]].<ref name=Qureshi/> The temple's authorities told police that they had verbal permission from the district authorities.<ref name=Qureshi/> On 12 April, they revealed that, due to safety concerns, the temple had been denied permission, but it proceeded due to pressure from the people.<ref name=sevenarrested/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/competitive-fireworks-may-have-led-to-kollam-temple-fire-officials-say-1370386|title='Competitive Fireworks' May Have Led To Kollam Temple Fire: 10 Developments|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=2016-04-10}}</ref>

==Fire==
The fire took place at approximately 03:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (22:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) when an explosion occurred in a stash of firecrackers stored in the temple for upcoming [[Vishu]] celebrations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/10/india-temple-fire-kollam-deaths-kerala-Arrattu|title=Scores killed in India as fire breaks out at temple in Kollam|date=9 April 2016|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref> The fireworks involved in this [[List of fireworks accidents and incidents|fireworks accident]] was known locally as ''Amittu'', which fell into the stash after being lit during the firework celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kerala-temple-fire-kollam-tragedy-temple-ignores-ban-fireworks-show-leaves-over-100-dead-400-injured/|title=Kerala fire tragedy: Temple ignores ban, fireworks show leaves over 100 dead, 400 injured|date=11 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=11 April 2016}}</ref> The explosion caused the storage building and adjacent office building to collapse leading to most of the casualties.<ref name=bbc/> The blast was felt by people living more than a kilometer away from the temple.<ref name="liveprvr"/><ref name=bbc />

==Recovery==
The [[Indian Navy]] dispatched one [[Dornier 228]] transport aircraft and two helicopters for rescue transport along with medical teams from Headquarters Southern Naval Command (HQSNC), Indian naval air station located in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/many-dead-fire-works-explosion-in-kollam-temple-kerala.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410175526/http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/many-dead-fire-works-explosion-in-kollam-temple-kerala.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2016|title=Live updates: 102 die in fireworks blast at Puttingal temple in Kollam, Kerala|website=ManoramaOnline|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref> The [[Indian Air Force]], [[Indian Army|Army]] and [[Indian Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] were also involved.

The majority of the victims were taken to [[Thiruvananthapuram Medical College]].<ref name="medcol">{{cite news|last1=C. Maya|title=Kollam temple fire: Medical College hospital struggles to handle huge influx of victims|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kollam-temple-fire-victims-taken-to-thiruvananthapuram-medical-college-hospital/article8457633.ece|access-date=10 April 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 April 2016|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}</ref>

==Investigation==
{{cleanup rewrite|it looks like it was copy-pasted from a government report|2=section|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Puttingal fire building location in 2024.jpg|thumb|Location of the collapsed building in 2024]]
An investigation was ordered by [[Ramesh Chennithala]], the Home Minister of Kerala.<ref name=bbc/> The police planned to take action against the display contractors and the temple administration.<ref name=bbc/> On 11 April 2016, five men who worked at the temple were taken into police custody for questioning.<ref>{{cite news|title=Puttingal temple: Five detained over India fireworks blast|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36011242|access-date=11 April 2016|publisher=BBC News|date=11 April 2016}}</ref> During the night of 11 April and into 12 April, the police arrested a further seven people connected with Puttingal temple, including the president.<ref name=sevenarrested>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36022043|title=Puttingal temple fire: Seven officials detained by police|date=12 April 2016|access-date=13 April 2016|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

The Inquiry Commission identified the causes of the incident as an unlicensed fireworks display, failure to maintain safety distances, use and storage of unauthorized fireworks, lack of crowd control, and the use of prohibited chemicals in firework manufacturing, as determined through public notices, site visits, and proceedings in Paravur and Kollam.

==Reactions==
Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] wrote on Twitter that the incident was "heart-rending and shocking beyond words"<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=narendramodi |number=718997061694136320 |date = 10 April 2016 |title=Fire at temple in Kollam is heart-rending & shocking beyond words. My thoughts are with families of the deceased & prayers with the injured}}</ref> and that he was on his way to visit the area later in the afternoon, as was [[Chief Minister of Kerala]], [[Oommen Chandy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/kerala-temple-fire-pm-modi-says-he-will-visit-kollam-soon-1370370|title=Kerala Temple Fire 'Heartrending And Shocking', Will Visit Kollam Soon: PM Modi|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref> Kerala state home minister [[Ramesh Chennithala]] visited the disaster site.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36008741|title=India Kerala: Temple fireworks blast kills at least 100|publisher=BBC News| access-date=10 April 2016|date=10 April 2016}}</ref> Political parties postponed campaigning for the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|election to the Kerala Legislative Assembly]] out of respect.<ref name=bbc/> Neighbouring [[Karnataka]] offered to send a team but was turned down as Kerala apparently had the requirements.

Modi announced {{INRConvert|2|l}} ex-gratia to the kin of the deceased and {{INRConvert|50|k}} to critically injured people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kollam-temple-fire-pm-modi-announces-exgratia-of-rs-2-lakhs-to-visit-site/article8457726.ece|title=Kollam Temple Fire: PM Modi announces ex-gratia of Rs. 2 lakhs, to visit site|date=10 April 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref> Oommen Chandy announced ex-gratia relief of {{INRConvert|10|l}} to relatives of each of those killed in fire tragedy, {{INRConvert|2|l}} for seriously injured.

In the wake of the disaster, the Kerala Disaster Management Authority decided to re-examine the disaster preparedness of the [[Thrissur Pooram]].<ref name="tp">{{cite news|last1=K. S. Sudhi|title=Now, disaster-preparedness of Thrissur Pooram to be reviewed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/now-disasterpreparedness-of-thrissur-pooram-to-be-reviewed/article8457930.ece|access-date=10 April 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 April 2016|location=[[Kochi]]}}</ref> The Chief Minister of Kerala, Oommen Chandy said that "Permission was never taken for the storage of fireworks inside the Temple."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/10/india-temple-fire-kollam-deaths-kerala-vishu|title=Kerala temple fire leaves scores dead after stray firework sparks blasts|author=Vidhi Doshi|newspaper=the Guardian|access-date=11 April 2016|date=11 April 2016}}</ref>

==Movie==

A Malayalam film named ''[[Kuttanpillayude Sivarathri]]'' was released in 2018 starring [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] and was based on the incident.

==Notes==
{{Notes}}

==See also==
*[[List of fireworks accidents and incidents]]
*[[2011 Sabarimala stampede]]
*[[Anjootambalam Veerarkavu fire]]
*[[2026 Mundathikode fireworks accident]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Paravur temple fire}}

{{Disasters in India in 2016 |state=expanded}}
{{Fireworks accidents and incidents}}
{{Paravur |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2016 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2016 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Explosions in 2016]]
[[Category:Fireworks accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:Religious building and structure fires in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Kerala]]
[[Category:History of Kollam]]
[[Category:April 2016 in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Kollam district]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses in 2016]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses in India]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses caused by fire]]
[[Category:Building and structure fires started by pyrotechnics]]
[[Category:Hindu temple fires]]
[[Category:Collapses in religious buildings and structures]]

Jiten Hazarika

2026-04-23T08:22:12Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Adding a info

{{Short description|Indian academic administrator}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Prof.
| name = Jiten Hazarika
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Academic, Professor
| title = Vice Chancellor of Dibrugarh University
| employer = [[Dibrugarh University]]
| education = Dibrugarh University (M.Sc in Statistics; Ph.D. in Econometrics)
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}

'''Jiten Hazarika''' is an Indian academic and the current Vice-Chancellor of [[Dibrugarh University]].<ref>{{cite web |title= After 17 months, Dibrugarh University gets new full-time VC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/after-17-months-dibrugarh-university-gets-new-full-time-v-c/articleshow/93175392.cms | website= Times of India |access-date= September 9, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Vice Chancellor of Dibrugarh University : ড৹ জিতেন হাজৰিকা হ'ব ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ নতুন উপাচাৰ্য
|url= https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/state/dibrugarh/dr-jiten-hazarika-to-be-new-vice-chancellor-of-dibrugarh-university/assam20220726224410787787763 | website=ETV Bharat|access-date= September 9, 2025}}</ref> He is also the interim Vice Chancellor of [[Sri Sri Aniruddhadeva Sports University]], Dibrugarh.<ref>{{cite web |title= DU VC takes charge of sports varsity |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/122009124.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst | website= [[Times of India]] |access-date= September 9, 2025}}</ref>

== Life and career ==

He pursued B.Sc. with a major in Statistics, M.Sc. in Statistics and Ph.D. in Econometrics from Dibrugarh University.

Jiten Hazarika is a Professor in Statistics (On lien), previously served as the Registrar, Dibrugarh University.<ref>{{cite web |title= Jiten Hazarika - Vice Chancellor |url= https://dibru.ac.in/vice-chancellor
| website= DIBRU |access-date= September 13, 2025}}</ref>

He took charge as the VC, Dibrugarh University, his ''alma mater'' in Aug 2022. He succeeded Prof. Lila Kanta Nath.<ref>{{cite web |title= After 17 months, Dibrugarh University gets new full-time VC |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/after-17-months-dibrugarh-university-gets-new-full-time-v-c/articleshow/93175392.cms | website= Times of India |access-date= September 9, 2025}}</ref>

His research areas included [[econometrics]], [[applied statistics]], [[time series analysis]], [[biostatistics]], and other interconnected areas.<ref>{{cite web |title= Prof Jiten Hazarika |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Vt6qWGkAAAAJ&hl=en| website= Google Scholar |access-date= September 9, 2025}}</ref>

== Awards ==

Some of the awards he received include the following:

* Academisthan's Teacher of the year Awards for 2021 conferred by Academisthan Foundation <ref>{{cite web |title= Prof. Jiten Hazarika Vice-Chancellor, Dibrugarh University |url= https://dibru.ac.in/vice-chancellor| website=Dibrugarh University |access-date= September 9, 2025}}</ref>
* Indian Humanitarian Award (2021) for sustained humanitarian work during the COVID-19 pandemic, presented by the Indian Book of Records.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
* Bharat Ratna Dr. Abdul Kalam Gold Medal Award by Global Economic Progress Research Association, New Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Hazarika, Jiten}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category: Indian academics]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Econometricians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Dibrugarh University]]

Golaghat Amateur Theatre Society

2026-04-22T02:40:01Z

JeffryAlfaro75: started some info added tags.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Golaghat Amateur Theatre Society
|image = GATS – Golaghat Amateur Theatre Society.png
|image_size =
|caption = Façade of GATS
|logo =
|logo_size =
|logo_alt =
|logo_caption = Golaghat Amateur Theatre Society
|abbreviation = GATS
|formation = {{Start date and age|1895|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZmusO1pWjUC&q=ameteur+theatre+society&pg=PA6|title='''Quit India Movement In Assam''', ''Quit India and Student and Woman Movements in Golaghat District'', page 6|date=2007|work=Anil Kumar Sharma|isbn=9788183242424|last1=Sharma|first1=Anil Kumar}}</ref>
|extinction =
|type =
|status =
|purpose =
|headquarters = [[Dhodar Ali]] (Road) [[Golaghat]]
|region_served = [[Assam]], primarily [[Golaghat]]
|membership =
'''Exec. Members''' - 24
'''Exec. Co-opted Members''' - 8 + Lifetime Members
|language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[English language in India|English]]
|leader_title = President
|leader_name = A. Baruah<ref>{{cite news|url=http://amateurtheatresociety.org/list-of-executive-body-for-the-year-2012-13-2013-14/|title=Members of Executive Body members, GATS|date=2014|archive-date=3 September 2018|access-date=9 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903000824/http://amateurtheatresociety.org/list-of-executive-body-for-the-year-2012-13-2013-14/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|leader_title2 = Vice President
|leader_name2 = M. Roy<ref>{{cite news|url=http://amateurtheatresociety.org/list-of-executive-body-for-the-year-2012-13-2013-14/|title=Members of Executive Body members, GATS|date=2014|archive-date=3 September 2018|access-date=9 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903000824/http://amateurtheatresociety.org/list-of-executive-body-for-the-year-2012-13-2013-14/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|main_organ =
|parent_organization =
|affiliations =
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|budget =
|website =
|remarks =
}}
'''Golaghat Amateur Theatre Society''' is a society for promoting [[performing arts]], such as [[music]], [[dance]], and [[theatre]]; [[literature]], such as [[Assamese poetry|poetry]], [[novel]]s and [[short stories]]; and [[visual arts]], such as [[drawing]], [[painting]], [[photography]], with more than 100 years of history representing the arts industry of [[Golaghat]] and [[Assam]]. The society was formed at Golaghat in Assam to bring [[Assamese people]] closer to the world of performing and visual arts.

==History==
Established in the year 1895, the '''Golaghat Amateur Theatre Society''' (informally '''GATS'''), was formed by a group of philanthropists led by Late Joy Chandra Maitra and others who envisioned to develop a centre for uplifting the dramatic and cultural talents in the state of Assam, particularly in [[Golaghat]] area. The permanent theatre hall of the society, commonly known as “Amateur Theatre Hall”<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eastern-today.com/entries/assam/golaghat-district-journalist-association-s-golden-jubilee-celebrations-underway|title=Golaghat District Journalist Association's golden jubilee celebrations underway, ''The Eastern Today''|date=27 November 2015|work=ET Correspondent}}</ref> is one of the oldest dramatic arts' buildings in the state of Assam and has been in existence for over 117 years. The society's heritage and significant contribution to the [[Culture of Assam|Assamese culture]] in the field of arts, was recognised by the [[Government of India]], and it was awarded funds for its development under India's former Prime Minister – [[Manmohan Singh]]'s vision book.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/may/20spec2.htm|title=Ideas is what he likes to talk about, Rediff.com (News)|date=20 May 2004|work=The Rediff Special}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEaDKgzcs3gC&q=golaghat+amateur+society&pg=PA77|title=Manmohan Singh: Visionary to Certainty – ''Ideas is what he likes to talk about'', page 77|date=2004|work=K. Bhushan, G. Katyal|isbn=9788176486941|last1=Bhushan|first1=K.|last2=Katyal|first2=G.|publisher=APH }}</ref>

== Structure==
The Society conducts a series of cultural events throughout the year, including experimental theatres<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140620/jsp/northeast/story_18529364.jsp#.WHQXgbaLQcg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812140031/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140620/jsp/northeast/story_18529364.jsp#.WHQXgbaLQcg|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2014|title=Golaghat to witness new theatre, ''The Telegraph - Calcutta - Gauhati''|date=19 June 2014|work=Ritupallab Saikia|accessdate=20 June 2014}}</ref> executed as per the mechanism adopted by its Managing Committee. The society has an executive body consisting of 32 members, besides lifetime members.

== Present ==
The society has been organising ''“All Assam One-Act Drama Competition”'' in the memory of distinguished dramatist Surendra Nath Saikia since 1981, encouraging participation from the citizens of different parts of the state in dramatic and cultural activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amateurtheatresociety.org/golaghat-amateur-theatre-society-a-brief-introduction/|title=A brief introduction, GATS|access-date=9 January 2017|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903002646/http://amateurtheatresociety.org/golaghat-amateur-theatre-society-a-brief-introduction/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition to the experimental theatres, the society also actively participates in recognising talents from various walks of life, such as [[Assamese poetry|poets]] and littérateurs of [[Assamese literature]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bhabanibooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Book_Quest_April_May_issue.pdf|title=Book Quest, Volume I, Issue II - ''Awards and Honours''|date=9 March 2014|work=Book Quest}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep2116/state050|title=Golaghat Ratna Award conferred, The Assam Tribune|date=20 September 2016|work=Correspondent|accessdate=21 September 2016|archive-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925045107/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep2116/state050|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Golaghat district]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Golaghat]]

Mughal campaign of Tripura

2026-04-22T02:07:17Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Article!

{{Short description|Mughal–Tripura War (1618)}}
{{aI-generated|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mughal campaign of Tripura
| place = [[Twipra Kingdom]]
| partof = [[Mughal conquest of Bengal]]
| date = November 1618
| territory = [[Twipra Kingdom]] annexed by the [[Mughal Empire]]<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roy|1968|p=300}} "Ibrahim Khan under the emperor’s order had to launch an expedition against Tippera in 1618. After two years of fighting Tippera was conquered and annexed to the Mughal empire."</ref>
| result = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Twipra Kingdom]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Mirza Isfandiyar Khan [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Mirza Nur-ud-din [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Musa Khan of Bengal|Musa Khan]] [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Bahadur Khan
| commander2 = [[Yashodhar Manikya]]{{POW}}
| strength1 = 5,700 or 6,000 cavalry<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|2019|p=63}} "In the expedition against the raja of Tripura in the early 1620s, for example, the army included 9,000 matchlock-men and only 6,000 cavalry."</ref> 9,000 matchlock 70 elephants 300 war boats
| strength2 = 1,000 cavalry 60,000 infantry 200 elephants Unknown boats
| casualties1 = Many killed
| casualties2 = 70 elephants captured; many killed
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Mughal conquest of Bengal}}
}}

The '''Mughal campaign of Tripura''' (1618) was a military expedition launched by the [[Mughal Empire]] under [[Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang]], the [[Subahdar]] of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]] to conquer the [[Kingdom of Tripura]]. The campaign resulted in the defeat of Raja [[Yashodhar Manikya]] ({{Reign|1613|1618}}) and the temporary annexation of [[Tripura]]. Motivated largely by the desire to capture Tripura's renowned war elephants and horses, the Mughals invaded with a combined land and riverine force. The army was divided into two divisions under Mirza Isfandiyar Khan and Mirza Nur-ud-din with [[Musa Khan of Bengal|Musa Khan]], supported by a fleet of 300 war boats commanded by Admiral Bahadur Khan. Despite fierce resistance, including night attacks and attempts to block Mughal advances with river fortifications, Tripura forces were defeated in successive engagements. [[Udaipur]], the capital, fell to the Mughals. King Yasodhar Manikya was captured along with his family, treasures, and remaining elephants. The conquest brought Tripura under Mughal control for a short period before local rule was later restored.

== Background ==
During Yashodhar Manikya's reign Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang led the Mughal invasion of Tripura on the orders of Emperor [[Jahangir]] ({{Reign|1605|1627}}). According to the ''[[Rajmala|Rajamala]]'', the primary motive behind the invasion was Jahangir's desire to acquire Tripura's renowned horses and elephants, which were highly valued for military use. This is corroborated by [[Abul Fazl]], who praised the superior quality of Tripura's elephants. The Mughals required these animals to strengthen their forces for both defence and offensive campaigns.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarma|1986|p=91}}</ref> Raja Yashodhar Manikya, a devout [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] opposed to warfare, was not expected to offer strong resistance.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=301}}</ref>

== Campaign ==
In 1618, Ibrahim Khan organized the invading land army into two divisions: one commanded by Mirza Isfandiyar Khan and the other by Mirza Nur-ud-din and [[Musa Khan of Bengal|Musa Khan]]. Isfandiyar Khan's division consisted of over 2,700 [[cavalry]], 4,000 [[matchlock]] men, and 20 elephants. The second division under Nur-ud-din and Musa Khan comprised more than 3,000 cavalry, 5,000 matchlock men, and 50 elephants. In addition, a naval fleet of 300 well-equipped war boats was dispatched under the command of [[Admiral]] Bahadur Khan to advance through the [[Gomti River (Cumilla)|Gomti River]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarma|1986|pp=91–92}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=301}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Borah|1936|p=511}}</ref>

Isfandiyar Khan's division advanced towards Tripura via Kailagad near present-day [[Kasba Upazila|Kasba]], while the second division under Nur-ud-din and Musa Khan marched towards the capital Udaipur, via 19 miles west near Meherkul. Yashodhar Manikya decided to engage the two Mughal forces separately. He launched a surprise night attack on Isfandiyar Khan's division with 1,000 cavalry, 60,000 [[infantry]], and 200 elephants. Although the Tripura army fought fiercely, the Mughals emerged victorious. Heavy casualties were suffered on both sides, and Yashodhar Manikya was forced to retreat to Udaipur with heavy losses. The Mughal forces captured 70 elephants from the Tripura army.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarma|1986|pp=92–93}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=301}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Borah|1936|p=537}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the second Mughal division under Nur-ud-din and Musa Khan was advancing. While retreating to Udaipur after his defeat by Isfandiyar Khan, Yashodhar Manikya suddenly encountered this division. He launched a desperate surprise attack on the sleeping Mughal soldiers but was defeated once again. Upon reaching Udaipur, the king sent his fleet by river and an army by land to oppose the Mughal navy. Despite Tripura's the attempts to block the advance, the Mughals broke through and captured Udaipur. With the fall of the capital, Tripura was conquered. Yashodhar Manikya fled in the morning. After three days of search, he was captured in the forest along with his wives, children and vast treasures. The Mughals also seized all the remaining elephants of the Tripura king.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarma|1986|p=93}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|pp=301–302}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Borah|1936|pp=537–538, 554}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Yashodhar Manikya was sent prisoner first to [[Dhaka]] and then to Delhi. Following this conquest completed in November 1618, Bengal enjoyed peace for two and half years till October 1620 as the Mughals secured a base against the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U|Arakanese]]. Its capital Udaipur was turned into a Mughal outpost under Mirza Nurullah. Later Ibrahim Khan visited the country of Tripura.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=302}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarma|1986|p=96}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Borah|1936|pp=627–628}}</ref> Yasodhar Manikya died in 1623. Following a plague in 1625 the Mughals were forced to retreat and [[Kalyan Manikya]] ({{Reign|1625|1659}}) crowned himself to the throne. He defeated the Mughals in many battles. In 1658, Kalyan Manikya was finally defeated by [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]]. This landmark loss forced Tripura to pay tribute to foreign power for the first time, with the Meharkal [[Comilla District|Comilla]] region assessed at a tribute of Rs. 99,860.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Saigal|1978|pp=36–37}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Mughal conquest of Kamrup]]
* [[Mughal campaign of Kachar]]
* [[Mughal Central Asia campaign]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279665 |title=Baharistan-I-Ghaybi |volume=2 |publisher=Narayani Handiqui Historical Institute |location=[[Gauhati]], Assam |first=M. I. |last=Borah |year=1936}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396 |title=The History of Bengal |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |year=1943 |isbn=81-7646-239-X |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |volume=II: Muslim Period |location=Delhi}}
* {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Atul Chandra |title=History of Bengal: Mughal Period, 1526-1765 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_Bengal.html?id=AacsAAAAMAAJ |year=1968 |publisher=Nababharat Publishers |volume=3 |location=Calcutta |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532589/mode/2up |archive-date=2017-01-23}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarma |first=Ramani Mohan |title=A political History of Tripura |date=1986 |publisher=Puthipatra |location=Calcutta}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Pratyay |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Climate_of_Conquest.html?id=ybSmDwAAQBAJ |title=Climate of Conquest: War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India |date=2019-06-28 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909823-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saigal |first=Omesh |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Tripura_Its_History_and_Culture.html?id=TNECAAAAMAAJ |title=Tripura, Its History and Culture |date=1978 |publisher=Concept |language=en}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Twipra Kingdom]]
[[Category:Manikya dynasty]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1618]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1610s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1618 in India]]

Rashtrapati Niketan

2026-04-18T17:26:17Z

JeffryAlfaro75: New.

{{Short description|Official retreat of the President of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{coord|30.3568025|78.0661364|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Rashtrapati Niketan
| image =
| caption =
| current_tenants = *[[Draupadi Murmu]] ([[President of India]])
| building_type = Official retreat
| structural_system =
| location = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| completion_date = {{start date and age |1920}}
| renovation_date = {{start date and age |2016}}
| opened_date =
| main_contractors =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| grounds_area = {{convert|237|acre}}
}}
'''Rashtrapati Niketan''', is an official retreat of the [[President of India]] located in [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]]. Established as a summer camp for horses in the Governor General's Bodyguard, the Niketan was built in 1920 as the residence of the unit's commandant. Developed into a presidential retreat during the presidency of [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]], it fell into disuse after 1998. Niketan was renovated and an annexe built during the presidency of [[Pranab Mukherjee]]. It is one of three presidential retreats in India, the other two being the [[Rashtrapati Nilayam]] in [[Hyderabad]] and the [[Rashtrapati Niwas]] in [[Shimla]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dehradun: After 18 years, Rashtrapati Ashiana comes to life |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dehradun-after-18-years-rashtrapati-ashiana-comes-to-life-3053627/ |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 September 2016 |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801191825/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dehradun-after-18-years-rashtrapati-ashiana-comes-to-life-3053627/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
The Rashtrapati Niketan was originally established in 1838 as a camp for the summering of horses and [[remount]]s of the [[Governor General's Bodyguard]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Negi |first1=Manjeet |title=President Pranab Mukherjee to inaugurate the renovated 'Rashtrapati Ashiana' of Dehradun |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-pranab-mukherjee-rashtrapati-ashiana-dehradun-343113-2016-09-25 |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=India Today |date=25 September 2016 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919030749/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-pranab-mukherjee-rashtrapati-ashiana-dehradun-343113-2016-09-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> The horses spent the months of May to July here, shielded from the [[climate of Delhi|summer heat of Delhi]]. After [[Indian independence movement|India attained independence]], this practice was continued by the [[President's Bodyguard]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Yogesh |title=President's Bodyguards Estate preps up for president's visit {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/54451533.cms |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=22 September 2016 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919030749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/presidents-bodyguards-estate-preps-up-for-presidents-visit/articleshow/54451533.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The Niketan building was built as a [[bungalow]] for the [[Commandant]] of the Bodyguard in 1920 and was known as the Commandant's Bungalow.<ref>{{cite news |title='Pranab Mukherjee has democratised the institution of Presidency' |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/9910-pranab-mukherjee-has-democratised-institution-presidency |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=The Sunday Guardian Live |date=25 June 2017 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012153519/http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/9910-pranab-mukherjee-has-democratised-institution-presidency |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New look Rashtrapati Ashiana |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/new-look-rashtrapati-ashiana-301574 |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |agency=Tribune News Service |date=28 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref> The estate and the building were turned into a presidential retreat in 1975-76 for President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] as an alternative summer retreat to the one in Shimla.<ref>{{cite news |title=New look Rashtrapati Ashiana |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/new-look-rashtrapati-ashiana-301574 |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |agency=Tribune News Service |date=28 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref> The bungalow was renamed the Rashtrapati Ashiana in 1976, the name suggested by then [[First Ladies and Gentlemen of India|first lady]] [[Abida Ahmed]]. Ashiana hosted Presidents Ahmed, [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]], [[Zail Singh]] and [[K. R. Narayanan]] who stayed there in 1998.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Gillian |title=The Presidential Retreats of India |date=2015 |publisher=Publications Division, Government of India |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-230-2075-4 |pages=47–48 |url=https://archive.org/download/presidentialretr00newd/presidentialretr00newd_djvu.txt |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref> The Niketan then fell into disuse before it was renovated and inaugurated in 2016 by President [[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Negi |first1=Manjeet |title=President Pranab Mukherjee to inaugurate the renovated 'Rashtrapati Ashiana' of Dehradun |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-pranab-mukherjee-rashtrapati-ashiana-dehradun-343113-2016-09-25 |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=India Today |date=25 September 2016 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919030749/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-pranab-mukherjee-rashtrapati-ashiana-dehradun-343113-2016-09-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Location and layout ==
The estate is located on Rajapur Road, Dehradun near the [[National Institute of Visually Handicapped|National Institute for the Visually Handicapped]].<ref>{{cite news |title=President to visit Dehradun tomorrow |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/president-to-visit-dehradun-tomorrow-117070900737_1.html |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |date=9 July 2017 |archive-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713123937/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/president-to-visit-dehradun-tomorrow-117070900737_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pranab inaugurates renovated Rashtrapati Ashiana |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/pranab-inaugurates-renovated-rashtrapati-ashiana.html |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=The Pioneer |date=29 September 2016 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919030750/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/pranab-inaugurates-renovated-rashtrapati-ashiana.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It covers an area of 237 [[acre]]s and consists of the Niketan building, the annexe complex, a [[swimming pool]] and the upper and lower [[stable]]s. The estate has an [[orchard]] of [[Lychee|litchi]] and [[mango]] trees.<ref>{{cite news |title=New look Rashtrapati Ashiana |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/new-look-rashtrapati-ashiana-301574 |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |agency=Tribune News Service |date=28 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref> The stables continue to be used by the President's Bodyguard for summering its weaker horses from the sweltering heat of Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Gillian |title=The Presidential Retreats of India |date=2015 |publisher=Publications Division, Government of India |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-230-2075-4 |pages=47–48 |url=https://archive.org/download/presidentialretr00newd/presidentialretr00newd_djvu.txt |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref>

== Renovation ==
The Niketan was [[Renovation|renovated]] and inaugurated in September 2016 by President Pranab Mukherji. The building was [[Retrofitting|retrofitted]] with seismic bands to make it [[Earthquake engineering|earthquake resistant]] and the estate underwent extensive [[landscaping]] and renovation of its system of irrigation channels.<ref>{{cite news |title=New look Rashtrapati Ashiana |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/new-look-rashtrapati-ashiana-301574 |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |agency=Tribune News Service |date=28 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref> The restoration of the Niketan, where he became the first President to stay in 18 years, is a significant legacy of the Mukherjee presidency.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 unique initiatives by Pranab Mukherjee as the President |url=https://egranthalaya.nic.in/news/01-TOI_InternetEdition_Delhi_01SEP2020.pdf |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=Times of India |date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919030753/https://egranthalaya.nic.in/news/01-TOI_InternetEdition_Delhi_01SEP2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Negi |first1=Manjeet |title=President Pranab Mukherjee to inaugurate the renovated 'Rashtrapati Ashiana' of Dehradun |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-pranab-mukherjee-rashtrapati-ashiana-dehradun-343113-2016-09-25 |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=India Today |date=25 September 2016 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919030749/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-pranab-mukherjee-rashtrapati-ashiana-dehradun-343113-2016-09-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Annexe==
The annexe to the Niketan was inaugurated in 2017 by President Mukherjee. It consists of twelve [[Affordable housing|low-cost housing]] units for officers and accompanying staff of the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]. These units have been built of compacted intermeshing blocks using an [[Environmentally friendly|eco-friendly]] technology developed by the [[Asian Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mukherjee inaugurates presidential retreat annexe in Dehradun |url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/8873396_Mukherjee-inaugurates-presidential-retreat-annexe-in-Dehradun |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=Press Trust of India |archive-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919030755/http://archive.ptinews.com/news/8873396_Mukherjee-inaugurates-presidential-retreat-annexe-in-Dehradun |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President of India inaugurates Ashiana Annexe in Dehradun {{!}} DD News |url=https://www.ddnews.gov.in/national/president-india-inaugurates-ashiana-annexe-dehradun |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=DD News |date=11 July 2017 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919030757/https://www.ddnews.gov.in/national/president-india-inaugurates-ashiana-annexe-dehradun |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President of India inaugurates 'Ashiana Annexe' in Dehradun |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=167295 |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=10 July 2017 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919030756/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=167295 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of official residences of India]]
* [[Rashtrapati Nilayam]]
* [[Rashtrapati Niwas]]
* [[The Retreat Building]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Official residences in India]]
[[Category:Presidential residences in India]]

Aveka Singh

2026-04-16T16:54:11Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Started a biography

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Aveka Singh
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|12|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| height = 1.67 m<ref name="AFC-squad-list">{{cite web |title=2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup Squad Lists |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/2026_AFC_Womens_Asian_Cup/Finals/Squad_Lists/AFC-Women's-Asian-Cup-Australia-2026%E2%84%A2-Final-Registration---Feb-25upd.pdf?source=url |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |access-date=27 February 2026 }}</ref>
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = Næstved HG
| clubnumber = 18
| youthyears1 = 2016
| youthclubs1 = FCBEscola India
| collegeyears1 = 2021–2024
| college1 = [[UC Irvine Anteaters]]
| collegecaps1 = 6
| collegegoals1 = 0
| years1 = 2020–2021
| clubs1 = Hans Capital
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2022–2023
| clubs2 = [[Terrassa FC|Fundació Terrassa]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2025–
| clubs3 = Næstved HG
| caps3 = 12
| goals3 = 1
| nationalyears1 = 2017–2020
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 = 11
| nationalgoals1 = 5
| nationalyears2 = 2026–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 3
| nationalgoals2 = 1
| club-update = 8 November 2025
| nationalteam-update = 15 April 2026
}}
'''Aveka Singh''' (born 30 December 2003) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for the [[Danish Women's 1st Division]] club Næstved HG.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aveka Singh, former U-15 India international, signs for Danish second-tier side Naestved HG |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/aveka-singh-signs-for-denmark-second-tier-naestved-hg-indian-womens-football/article69805347.ece |website=Sportstar |date=12 July 2025 }}</ref>

==Early life==

Singh started playing football at the age of five. She played football at school in India. She has regarded Brazil international [[Neymar]] as her football idol.<ref name="hindu"/>

==Education==

Singh attended the [[University of California, Irvine]] in the United States. She attended the university on an athletic scholarship. She studied business economics.<ref name="khel">{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-aveka-singh-interview-202405|title=US football is more dynamic and vertical, shares Aveka Singh|publisher=khelnow.com}}</ref>

==Club career==

Singh was described as "seen in action at the Junior Girls' National Football Championship... as well as the Hero U17 Women's Championship".<ref name="bridge"/> She played for American side [[UC Irvine Anteaters]]. She also played for Spanish side [[Terrassa FC|Terrassa]]. She played for the club during the American off-season.<ref name="news"/>

==International career==

Singh is an India youth international. She helped the India women's national under-15 football team win the [[2018 SAFF U-15 Women's Championship]].<ref name="khel"/> She could have played for the [[India women's national under-17 football team]] at the [[FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup]] but it was cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic.<ref name="bridge">{{Cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/india-u-17-footballer-aveka-singh-signs-for-american-college-football-club/|title=India U-17 footballer Aveka Singh signs for American college|date=18 December 2020 |publisher=thebridge.in}}</ref> She was described as "made her international debut under current women's senior team coach Maymol Rocky".<ref name="hindu"/>

==Style of play==

Singh mainly operates as a midfielder. She initially operated as a left-winger. After that, she switched to midfielder.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/delhis-aveka-singh-aims-to-emulate-idol-neymar/article26967102.ece|title=Aveka Singh aims to emulate idol Neymar|date=27 April 2019 |publisher=thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Singh is the daughter of Dr Rachna and Subir Singh. She is a native of [[Delhi]] and started playing her football with her uncle Nitin Chainani and mentored by her agent Bhawna Khanna.<ref name="news">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/infrastructure-investment-belief-indian-footballer-aveka-singhs-three-keys-to-improve-indian-womens-football-2226209|title=Infrastructure, investment, belief: Indian footballer Aveka Singh's three keys to lift Indian women's football|date=26 July 2023 |publisher=news9live.com}}</ref> She has been a supporter of English side [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucirvinesports.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/aveka-singh/6966|title=Aveka Singh|publisher=ucirvinesports.com}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|15 April 2026}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2026
|3
|1
|-
!colspan="2"| Total
!3
!1
|}

:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Singh goal.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of international goals scored by Aveka Singh
|-
!scope="col"|No.
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Venue
!scope="col"|Opponent
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col"|Competition
|-
| align="center"|1. || 15 April 2026 || [[Nyayo National Stadium]], [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] || {{fbw|MWI}} || align="center"|'''2'''–1 || align="center" |3–2 || [[2026 FIFA Series (women's matches)|2026 FIFA Series]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/72882 Aveka Singh] at All India Football Federation
* {{GSA player|aveka-singh/278300}}

{{India squad 2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Aveka}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Delhi]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate women's footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:UC Irvine Anteaters women's soccer players]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Spain]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Denmark]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's footballers in Spain]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's soccer players in the United States]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's footballers in Denmark]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup players]]

Barhaj Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:08Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Started new page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Barhaj
| constituency_no = 342
| map_image = 342-Barhaj.svg
| type = SLA
| map =
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Deoria district|Deoria]]
| electorate =
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Deepak Kumar Mishra]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
}}
'''Barhaj''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Barhaj in the [[Deoria district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. Barhaj is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 342 amongst 403 constituencies. [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate Deepak Mishra won in last Assembly election of [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]].

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Barhaj Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/barhaj.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Ugra Sen
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[Awadhesh Pratap Mall]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Surendra Prasad Mishra
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Surendra Prasad Mishra
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Swami Nath
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Durga Prasad Mishra
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Swami Nath
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Prem Prakash Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Durga Prasad Mishra
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Ram Prasad Jaisawal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Prem Prakash Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Suresh Tiwari]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Deepak Kumar Mishra]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhaj<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |title=AAP UP List, 7 February 2022 |url=https://twitter.com/SanjayAzadSln/status/1490729990224478211 |website=Twitter |access-date=8 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Deepak Kumar Mishra "Shaka"
|votes = {{formatnum:85758}}
|percentage = 46.33
|change = {{increase}}9.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Murli Manohar Jaiswal
|votes = {{formatnum:68897}}
|percentage = 37.22
|change = {{increase}}20.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vinay Lalsahab Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:23287}}
|percentage = 12.58
|change = {{decrease}}17.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ramjee Giri
|votes = {{formatnum:2079}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1847}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change = {{increase}}0.2
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16861}}
|percentage = 9.11
|change = {{increase}}2.17
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185108}}
|percentage = 58.11
|change = {{increase}}0.49
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Barhaj<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Suresh Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:61996}}
|percentage = 36.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Murli Manohar Jaiswal
|votes = {{formatnum:50280}}
|percentage = 29.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Purnendu Tiwari Urf P.D.Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:27761}}
|percentage = 16.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Girendra Pratap Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:18489}}
|percentage = 10.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Jai Prakash Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:2106}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1338}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11716}}
|percentage = 6.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:168628}}
|percentage = 57.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{coord|26.28|83.72|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Deoria district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

C. I. D. Sakunthala

2026-04-15T18:40:19Z

JeffryAlfaro75:

{{Sources|date=September 2024}}
{{Short description|Indian actress (1939
– 2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = A. Sakunthala
| other_names = C.I.D Sakunthala
| birth_name = Arunachalam Sakunthala
| birth_date = 1939 or 1940
| birth_place = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Madras Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2024|09|17|84-85|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Actress, dancer
| notable_works = [[CID Shankar]] [[Thavaputhalvan]] Karunthel Kannayiram [[Vasantha Maligai]] [[Idhaya Veenai]]
| television = [[Sabitha Engira Sabapathi]] [[Kasthuri (TV series)|Kasthuri]] [[Tamil Selvi]]
| parents = Father : Arunachalam Mother : Rajammal
}}

'''Arunachalam Sakunthala''' (1 November 1939 – 17 September 2024), also known as '''C. I. D. Sakunthala''', was an Indian actress. She filled roles as a heroine, [[item number]] dancer, and villainess in over 600 Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam films. The first film in which she performed as an actress was [[CID Shankar]], following which she was referred to as "C. I. D. Sakunthala". After that, Sakunthala became more popular. It was a Tamil thriller which was released on 1 May 1970, directed by R Sundaram. In the movie '[[Thavapudhalavan|Thavaputhalvan]]', she played a ruthless villainous role revengeful on [[Sivaji Ganesan]] that film praised by the fans.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== Early life ==
Sakunthala's native is Arisipalayam, [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]. Her parents named her after an old Tamil movie [[Sakuntalai]]. Her father Arunachalam was employed at [[Thiruverumbur]]. She learned to dance and danced at a show hosted by [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]] - [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] - [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] in Chennai. Thereafter, she gradually entered the cinema industry. She acted in a play “Suriyan Merkkeyium Uthikkum”. She had danced in item numbers in films, acted as a vamp, played the villain's side-kick and donned the role of the heroine's friend in a few films. After playing small roles, she made a name for herself in the industry. She acted as the heroine in a few films too.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/marakka-mudiyatha-thirai-mugangal/2019/aug/23/cid-sakunthala-3219767.html|title=7. நடனத்திலிருந்து நடிப்புக்கு! புகழ் வெளிச்சம் பெற்ற சி.ஐ.டி.சகுந்தலா!|website=Dinamani|date=23 August 2019 |access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>

== Film career ==
Her role in [[Sivaji Ganesan|Sivaji Ganesan's]] [[Padikkadha Medhai|''Padikkadha Methai'']], ''[[Kai Koduttha Dheivam]]'', ''[[Thirudan]]'', ''[[Thavapudhalavan]]'', ''[[Vasantha Maligai]]'', [[Neethi (1972 film)|''Neethi'']], ''[[Bharatha Vilas]]'', ''[[Rajaraja Cholan]]'', [[Ponnunjal (film)|''Ponnunjal'']], ''[[Engal Thanga Raja]]'', ''[[Thaai]]'', ''[[Anbai Thedi]]'', ''[[Vaira Nenjam]]'', [[Gruhapravesam (1976 Tamil film)|''Gruhapravesam'']], ''[[Rojavin Raja]]'', ''[[Avan Oru Sarithiram]]'', ''[[Andaman Kadhali]]'', ''[[Justice Gopinath]]'', ''[[Naan Vazhavaippen]]'' and ''[[Keezh Vaanam Sivakkum]]'' was widely talked about her character.

Her notable films such as [[Dharisanam]], [[En Annan]], Kalyana Oorvalam, [[Idhaya Veenai]], [[Kattila Thottila]], [[Thedi Vandha Lakshmi|Thedi Vantha Lakshmi]], [[Thirumalai Thenkumari]], Karunthel Kannayiram, Athirshtakaran, Roshakkari including films were successful. She has acted in films of great actors like and [[M. G. Ramachandran|MGR]].

After stopping acting in films, Sakuntala was working in the television series.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

== Personal life and death ==
Sakunthala had a large family, including four brothers and two sisters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tamil.webdunia.com/regional-tamil-news/actor-association-must-act-in-unison-cid-sakunthala-115100500063_1.html|title=நடிகர் சங்கம் ஒற்றுமையுடன் செயல்பட வேண்டும் - சிஐடி சகுந்தலா|last=அகத்தியநாடன்|first=லெனின்|website=tamil.webdunia.com|language=ta|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>

Sakunthala died in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]] on 17 September 2024, at the age of 84.<ref>[https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/veteran-tamil-actress-a-sakunthala-passes-away-804106 Veteran Tamil actress A Sakunthala passes away]</ref>

== Filmography ==
''This is a partial filmography. You can expand it.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
|}

=== 1960s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1960
|''[[Kaithi Kannayiram]]''
|Dancer
|
|-
|1960
|''[[Padikkadha Medhai|Padikkadha Methai]]''
|Tharani
|
|-
|1961
|''[[Vijayanagarada Veeraputhra]]''
|
|Kannada
|-
|1963
|''[[Naan Vanangum Deivam]]''
|
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Kai Koduttha Dheivam]]''
|Dancer
|
|-
|1965
|''[[Kuppivala]]''
|
|Malayalam
|-
|1965
|''[[Karthigai Deepam (film)|Karthigai Deepam]]''
|
|
|-
|1967
|''Aggi Dora''
|
|Telugu
|-
|1967
|''[[Cochin Express]]''
|
|Malayalam
|-
|1967
|''[[Ninaivil Nindraval (1967 film)|Ninaivil Nindraval]]''
|
|
|-
|1967
|''[[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967 film)|Chikkadu Dorakadu]]''
|
|Telugu
|-
|1968
|''[[Oli Vilakku]]''
|
|
|-
|1969
|''[[Buddhimantudu|Buddhimanthudu]]''
|Dancer
|Telugu
|-
|1969
|''[[Gandikota Rahasyam]]''
|Dancer
|Telugu
|-
|1969
|''[[Thirudan]]''
|Dancer
|
|-
|}

=== 1970s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1970
|''[[En Annan]]''
|
|
|-
|1970
|''[[CID Shankar]]''
|Vidhya
|
|-
|1970
|''[[Lakshmi Kataksham]]''
|
|Telugu
|-
|1970
|''[[Thirumalai Thenkumari]]''
|Lalitha
|
|-
|1970
|''[[Dharisanam]]''
|
|
|-
|1970
|''Kalyana Oorvalam''
|
|
|-
|1971
|''[[Justice Viswanathan]]''
|
|
|-
|1971
|''Kankaatchi''
|
|
|-
|1971
|''Veetukku Oru Pillai''
|Seetha/Reetta
|
|-
|1971
|''Nenu Manishine''
|
|Telugu
|-
|1971
|''[[Pudhiya Vazhkai]]''
|Kalpana
|
|-
|1971
|''[[Punnagai]]''
|
|
|-
|1972
|''[[Vasantha Maligai]]''
|Dancer
|
|-
|1972
|''[[Agathiyar]]''
|[[Urvashi|Urvasi]]
|
|-
|1972
|''[[Idhaya Veenai]]''
|Vasantha
|
|-
|1972
|''Ashirvadham''
|
|
|-
|1972
|''[[Karunthel Kannayiram]]''
|
|
|-
|1972
|''[[Ganga (1972 film) |Ganga]]''
|
|
|-
|1972
|''[[Neethi (1972 film)|Neethi]]''
|Record Rani Dancer
|
|-
|1972
|''[[Thavapudhalavan]]''
|Vimala
|
|-
|1972
|''[[Puguntha Veedu]]''
|
|
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Deivamsam]]'' || ||
|-
|1973
|''[[Ponnunjal (film)|Ponnunjal]]''
|Sundari
|
|-
|1973
|''[[Suryagandhi]]''
|Usha
|
|-
|1973
|''[[Rajaraja Cholan]]''
|Dancer
|
|-
|1973
|''[[Amman Arul]]''
|
|
|-
|1973
|''Manjal Kungumam''
|
|
|-
|1973
|''Deiva Kuzhanthaigal''
|
|
|-
|1973
|''[[Petha Manam Pithu]]''
|
|
|-
|1973
|''[[Thedi Vandha Lakshmi|Thedi Vantha Lakshmi]]''
|
|
|-
|1973
|''[[Kattila Thottila]]''
|
|
|-
|1973
|''[[Engal Thanga Raja]]''
|Rani
|
|-
|1973
|''[[Baghdad Perazhagi]]''
|
|
|-
|1973
|''[[Bharatha Vilas]]''
|Kalaivani Gopal
|
|-
|1973
|''Vaayadi''
|
|
|-
|1974
|''[[Kai Niraya Kaasu]]''
|
|
|-
|1974
|''[[Thaai]]''
|Gulopjon
|
|-
|1974
|''Thai Piranthal''
|Lalitha
|
|-
|1974
|''Roshakkari''
|
|
|-
|1974
|''Panathukkaga''
|
|
|-
|1974
|''[[Ungal Viruppam]]''
|
|
|-
|1974
|''[[Anbai Thedi]]''
|
|
|-
|1974
|''[[Thirudi (1974 film)|Thirudi]]''
|
|
|-
|1974
|''[[Anbu Thangai]]''
|
|
|-
|1974
|''[[Unnaithan Thambi]]''
|
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Enga Pattan Sothu]]''
|
|
|-
|1975
|''Thennangkeetru''
|
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Cinema Paithiyam]]''
|
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Aayirathil Oruthi]]''
|
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Yarukku Maappillai Yaro]]''
|
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Vaira Nenjam]]''
|Shoba
|
|-
|1975
|''Sondhangal Vazhga''
|
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Neela Ponman]]''
|Urmila
|Malayalam
|-
|1975
|''[[Malsaram]]''
|
|Malayalam
|-
|1976
|''[[Gruhapravesam (1976 Tamil film)|Gruhapravesam]]''
|
|
|-
|1976
|''Mittai Mummy''
|
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Kaalangalil Aval Vasantham (1976 film)|Kalangalil Aval Vasantham]]''
|Radha
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Varaprasadham]]''
|
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Unmaiye Un Vilai Enna?]]''
|
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Rojavin Raja]]''
|Nirmala
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Thayilla Kuzhandhai]]''
|
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Sri Krishna Leela (1977 film)|Sri Krishna Leela]]''
|
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Avan Oru Sarithiram]]''
|Dancer
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Murugan Adimai]]''
|
|
|-
|1978
|''Athirshtakaran''
|
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Andaman Kadhali]]''
|
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Mangudi Minor]]''
|Julie
|
|-
|1978
|''Makkal Kural''
|
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Siritanakke Savaal]]''
|
|Kannada
|-
|1978
|''[[Justice Gopinath]]''
|Valli
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Thacholi Ambu]]''
|
|Malayalam
|-
|1978
|''[[Kadathanaattu Maakkam]]''
|
|Malayalam
|-
|1978
|''Kaviraja Kalamegam''
|
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Vayasu Ponnu]]''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Nallathoru Kudumbam]]''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''Nadagame Ulagam''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Naan Vazhavaippen]]''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''Mayandi''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Imayam]]''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Enippadigal]]''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Kuppathu Raja (1979 film)|Kuppathu Raja]]''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Aavesham (1979 film)|Aavesham]]''
|
|Malayalam
|-
|}

=== 1980s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1980
|''[[Vandichakkaram]]''
|Thief
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Kaksha]]''
|
|Telugu
|-
|1981
|''[[Keezh Vaanam Sivakkum]]''
|
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Patnam Vachina Pativrathalu]]''
|
|Telugu
|-
|1984
|''[[Nalam Nalamariya Aaval]]''
|
|
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Deivapiravi (1985 film)|Deivapiravi]]''
|
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Punnagai Mannan]]''
|
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Uzhavan Magan]]''
|Guna's sister
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Velaikkaran (1987 film)|Velaikkaran]]''
|
|
|-
|1989 || ''[[Kadhal Enum Nadhiyinile]]'' || ||
|-
|1989
|''[[Samsara Sangeetham]]''
|
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Poruthathu Pothum]]''
|
|
|-
|}

=== 1990s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1991
|''[[Pudhiya Raagam]]''
|
|
|-
|1991
|''Sri Saila Bramarambika Kataksham''
|
|Telugu
|-
|1996
|''[[Vasantha Vaasal]]''
|Velu's mother-in-law
|
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Andha Naal (1996 film)|Andha Naal]]'' || ||
|-
|1996
|''[[Nethaji]]''
|
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Ponmaanai Thedi]]''
|
|
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Channel
|-
|1999–2001||Kudumbam ||rowspan=3|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|1999–2000|| Sontham
|-
|2000–2001||Vazhkai
|-
|2001–2004||Agni Saatchi||[[Star Vijay]]
|-
|2004–2005 || Roja ||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2006–2010||[[Kasthuri (TV series)|Kasthuri]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2010||Poovilangu(TV Series)||[[Star Vijay]]
|-
|2014–2015|| [[Kalyana Parisu (TV series)|Kalyana Parisu]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2015–2016||[[Sabitha Engira Sabapathi]]||[[Raj TV]]
|-
|2019 ||[[Tamil Selvi]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=8603514|name=A. Sakunthala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sakunthala, C. I. D.}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:People from Salem, Tamil Nadu]]

Tikari Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:36:32Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Done

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tikari
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 231
| map_image = 231-Tikari constituency.svg
| mla = [[Ajay Kumar Dangi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Gaya district|Gaya]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
| established = 1951
}}
'''Tikari''' is a constituency of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Bihar]], India. It comprises the Konch and Tekari CD Blocks in [[Gaya district]] and comes under [[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |url=https://gaya.nic.in/constituencies/ |title=Constituencies - Gaya district |publisher = [[Government of Bihar]] |language=en-US |access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2020, its representative is [[Anil Kumar]] of the [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]] party.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Anil Kumar (Bihar politician)|Anil Kumar]]<ref name=election2010>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3903-bihar-2010/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2010 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Abhay Kushwaha]]<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Anil Kumar (Bihar politician)|Anil Kumar]]<ref name=election2020/>
|{{Full party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Ajay Kumar Dangi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Tikari<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Tikari">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Tikari |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04231.htm |accessdate=22 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122162506/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04231.htm |archivedate=22 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ajay Kumar Dangi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:97550}}
|percentage = 45.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = [[Anil Kumar (Bihar politician)|Anil Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:95492}}
|percentage = 44.83
|change = +7.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subodh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3730}}
|percentage = 1.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Uday Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2807}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change = -2.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Shashi Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2552}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Munna Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2170}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4268}}
|percentage = 2.0
|change = +1.37
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2058}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change = -0.45
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:213025}}
|percentage = 70.31
|change = +10.15
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = HAM(S)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Tikari<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = [[Anil Kumar (Bihar politician)|Anil Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:70359}}
|percentage = 37.69
|change = +5.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sumant Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:67729}}
|percentage = 36.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Kamlesh Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:16385}}
|percentage = 8.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shiv Bachan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:7296}}
|percentage = 3.91
|change = +2.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Jan Kranti Dal (Democratic)
|candidate = Ravish Kumar Raj
|votes = {{formatnum:2872}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Ajay Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2397}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shoshit Samaj Dal
|candidate = Punam Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:2370}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change = +0.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Janta Party Rashtriya
|candidate = Santosh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2075}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1171}}
|percentage = 0.63
|change = -3.87
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2630}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change = -17.43
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:186667}}
|percentage = 60.16
|change = +0.17
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Tikari<ref name="election2015"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Abhay Kumar Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:86975}}
|percentage = 51.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = [[Anil Kumar (Bihar politician)|Anil Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:55162}}
|percentage = 32.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Arun Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5927}}
|percentage = 3.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Archana Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2702}}
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Amit Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2682}}
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bhola Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1826}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:7604}}
|percentage = 4.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31813}}
|percentage = 18.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:168816}}
|percentage = 59.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{coord|24.94|84.84|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Gaya district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Sivamani (percussionist)

2026-04-11T19:05:57Z

JeffryAlfaro75:

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sivamani
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Sivamani 2009.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| landscape = yes
| alt =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Anandan Sivamani
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|12|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]) India
| occupations = {{hlist|Percussionist|Composer}}
| years_active = 1971–present
| label =
| website = {{URL|https://www.sivamani.in}}
| module2 = '''Awards''' {{Unbulleted_list|[[Kalaimamani]] (2009)|[[Padma Shri]] (2019)}}
| spouse = {{ubl|Krashani (divorced)|{{marriage|[[Runa Rizvi]]|10 November 2014}}}}
}}

'''Anandan "Drums" Sivamani''' (born 1 December 1959) is an Indian percussionist. He plays many instruments including drums, [[octoban]], [[darbuka]], [[udukai]], [[ghatam]] and [[kanjira]]. He gained recognition through his role as [[A. R. Rahman]]'s lead percussionist. They have been close friends since childhood. He was also the lead percussion performer for the [[Chennai Super Kings]] cheerleading squad during the [[Indian Premier League]] from 2008 to 2012. In 2019, he was conferred with the [[Padma Shri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shankar-mahadevan-sivamani-and-prabhudeva-named-for-padma-shri-award/articleshow/67698836.cms|title=Shankar Mahadevan, sivamani and Prabhudeva named for Padma Shri award - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref>

==Career==
Sivamani is a [[Chennai]]-based percussionist. He began drumming at the age of seven.<ref name="hindu_drummingup">{{cite news
|title=Drumming up success
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/03/stories/2005090314930500.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001050046/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/03/stories/2005090314930500.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=1 October 2007
|date=24 March 2003
|accessdate=31 December 2006
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India
}}</ref> Sivamani started his musical career at the age of 11, and later shifted to [[Mumbai]]. He was inspired by Noel Grant and [[Billy Cobham]]. He has played for [[M. S. Viswanathan|M.S.Viswanathan]], [[K.V. Mahadevan]], [[G. Devarajan]], [[Illayaraja]], [[A. R. Rahman]] and others. In 1990, he shared the stage with [[Billy Cobham]] at Mumbai's Rang Bhavan.<ref name="viaindia_miindia">{{cite web
|title = Miindia welcomes A R Rahman & group to Michigan.
|url = https://www.miindia.com/articles/details/a-r-rahman-group-in-michigan-/468
|access-date = 31 December 2006
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061231140558/http://www.viaindia.com/articles/archives/arrahman.htm
|archive-date = 31 December 2006
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> He has stated that [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] is his godfather.<ref name="viaindia_miindia"/>

Sivamani's earliest experiments with music were with [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] maestros including [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]], [[T. V. Gopalakrishnan]], Valliyapatti Subramaniam and Pazhanivel, and [[L. Shankar]]. During the early stage of his career, he collaborated with T. Rajendar for many of his music compositions. Sivamani also appeared on screen for the song " Dhinam Dhinam Un Mugam" alongside Actor Anand Babu for the movie "Thangaikkor Geetham" directed by T. Rajendar.<ref name="sivamaniofficialsite">{{cite web
|title=Official Sivamani Website
|url=https://www.sivamani.in
|date=
|accessdate=17 December 2007
}}</ref> The [[tabla]] player [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] invited him{{when|date=December 2012}} to share the stage with himself and [[Trilok Gurtu]] at a fusion concert in Mumbai. Sivamani has since collaborated with several musicians including [[Louis Banks]].<ref name="hindu_drummingup"/> He has done world tours with [[A. R. Rahman]]<ref>{{cite news
|title=Percussionist Shivamani launches music forum
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/03/stories/2005090314930500.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001050046/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/03/stories/2005090314930500.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=1 October 2007
|date=3 September 2006
|accessdate=31 December 2006
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India
}}</ref> and collaborated with him for ''[[Bombay Dreams]]''. He has also been a part of a musical group called ''Shraddha'' which comprises [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Hariharan, [[U. Srinivas]] and [[Loy Mendonsa]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Feast of fusion music
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/25/stories/2003042501090600.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031006002438/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/25/stories/2003042501090600.htm
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=6 October 2003
|date=25 April 2003
|accessdate=31 December 2006
}}</ref>

Sivamani has a band called "Asia Electrik" with [[Niladri Kumar]], Louiz Banks and Ravi Chari. He also plays at another world music band named "Silk & Shrada."

Sivamani has played drums for many film score composers hailing from Tamil Nadu.<ref name="sivamaniofficialsite"/> He has played drums for many Indian films including ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]],'' ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'',''[[Swades]]'', ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'', ''[[Lagaan]]'', ''[[Dil Se..]]'', ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'',''[[Kabul Express]]'' and ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' .<ref name="gulft_drummer">{{cite web
|title = Drummer Sivamani to perform in Doha
|url = http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=121969&version=1&template_id=36&parent_id=16
|publisher = Gulf Times
|date = 11 December 2006
|access-date = 31 December 2006
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061212235229/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=121969&version=1&template_id=36&parent_id=16
|archive-date = 12 December 2006
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="hindu_rightbeats">{{cite news
|title= sivamani has the right beats
|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/29/stories/2006042901070100.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022082807/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/29/stories/2006042901070100.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=22 October 2012
|date=29 April 2006
|accessdate=31 December 2006
|work= [[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title=Beat It!
|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=214288
|date=23 December 2006
|access-date=31 December 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216105805/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=214288
|archive-date=16 February 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy-all
}}
</ref> Some of the songs that he has contributed to include "Kadhal Rojave," "Pudhu Vellai Malai" ''[[Chaiya Chaiya]]'' and ''Nadaan Parinde''.<ref name="gulft_drummer"/>

Sivamani has also acted in two Telugu films: ''[[Padamati Sandhya Ragam]]'' and ''[[Sirivennela]]''. He has also acted in the Hindi film ''[[Madaari]]'' (2016).

Sivamani has performed in [[Dubai]], Moscow, New York, [[Doha]] and [[Toronto]]. During the Mumbai Festival 2005, [[Coca-Cola]] India invited him to perform at the Limca Fresh Face 2005 event, where he created melody from [[Limca]] bottles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ace percussionist Sivamani creates melody from Limca bottles, enthralls Mumbaikars |url=http://www.coca-colaindia.com/media/whats_new_detail.asp?id=29 |accessdate=31 December 2006 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He has also worked on ''Galli Galli Sim Sim'', an educational series on Pogo and [[Cartoon Network]].<ref name="hindu_rightbeats"/> He also composed music for the [[ZEE5]] original film ''[[Atkan Chatkan]]'' (2020) where he worked alongside A. R. Rahman.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-02|title=Atkan Chatkan trailer: A R Rahman and Sivamani join forces for inspirational film|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/atkan-chatkan-trailer-ar-rahman-and-sivamani-join-forces-for-inspirational-film-6578832/|access-date=2020-09-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sivamani was married to Krashani, with whom he has two children; the couple divorced later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Percussionist Sivamani set to marry Ghazal singer Runa Rizvi |url=https://www.news18.com/news/music/percussionist-sivamani-set-to-marry-ghazal-singer-runa-rizvi-724236.html |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=News 18 |language=en}}</ref> On 10 November 2014, he married singer [[Runa Rizvi]] in a private ceremony in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sivamani’s wife Runa sings a jazz number in Siliconn City |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/sivamanis-wife-runa-sings-a-jazz-number-in-siliconn-city/articleshow/59053898.cms |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=2014-11-04 |title=Sivamani to wed again |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141103/entertainment-tvmusic/article/sivamani-wed-again |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

Sivamani's son Kumaran is also a percussionist, working for ARR.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dad is first a guru, then my father: Kumaran Sivamani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/dad-is-a-guru-kumaran-sivamani/articleshow/52490222.cms |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==
[[File:0I5B1246.jpg|thumb|Sivamani With honorary doctorate]]
In 2009, Sivamani was conferred upon with the title of [[Kalaimamani]] by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], which is the highest State Honour in the field of arts. In 2015, he was honoured with the ‘Best Instrumental Act’ at the prestigious LIVE Quotients Awards (LQA 2015).

In 2019, Sivamani was conferred upon with the title of [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]].

Sivamani received honorary doctorate from United Technological Research University of America on 20 January 2024 in Hyderabad.<ref name="ఘనంగా డాక్టరేట్స్ ప్రదానం.. మీడియా పార్టనర్ గా ‘రాష్ట్ర’">{{cite news |last1=Raashtra |date=20 January 2024 |title=ఘనంగా డాక్టరేట్స్ ప్రదానం.. మీడియా పార్టనర్ గా ‘రాష్ట్ర’ |url=https://raashtra.com/nmkoi-honorary-doctorate-awards-2024/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121120541/https://raashtra.com/nmkoi-honorary-doctorate-awards-2024/ |archivedate=21 January 2024 |accessdate=21 January 2024}}</ref>

==Albums==
[[File:Sivamani Sir.png|thumb]]

* ''Golden Krithis Colours'', (1994) a Carnatic Experimental album. BMG Crescendo (collaboration with A. S. Dilip Kumar ([[A. R. Rahman]]), Zaakir Husain and Srinivasan and [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]])
* ''Pure Silk'' (2000)
* ''Krishna Krishna'', a club track released in UK, with Malayalam composer [[Rahul Raj]].
* ''Drums on Fire'' (2003). New Earth (collaboration with James Asher)<ref name="hindu_drummingup"/>
* ''[[Kaash (album)|Kaash]]'' (first [[ghazal]] album with [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]])<ref name="viaindia_miindia"/>
* ''Mahaleela'' (first individual album by Sivamani)
* ''[[Arima Nambi]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Kanithan]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Amali Thumali]]'' (unreleased)

==Filmography==
* ''[[Sirivennela]]''; Telugu (cameo) (1986)
* [[Padamati Sandhya Ragam]]; Telugu (supporting actor) (1987)
* [[Arima Nambi]]; Tamil (music director) (2014)
* [[Madaari]]; Hindi (Drums Artist) (2016)
* [[Kanithan]]; Tamil (music director) (2016)
* [[Mersal]]; Tamil (Drums Artist) (2017)
* [[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]; Telugu (Drums Artist) (2018)
* ''[[Arjun Suravaram]]''; Telugu (producer for song "Che Guevara", beat reused from ''Kanithan'') (2019)
* [[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo (soundtrack)|''Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo'']]; Telugu for the single "[[Ramuloo Ramulaa]]"(Drums Artist) (2020)
*''[[Dehati Disco]]''; Hindi (music director) (2022)
*''[[Quotation Gang Part 1]]''; Tamil (music director) (2024)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://www.sivamani.in/}}
*[https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/sivamani Sivamani Interview] at [[NAMM Oral History Program|NAMM Oral History Collection]] (January 24, 2014)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivamani}}
[[Category:Indian percussionists]]
[[Category:Kanjira players]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Worli Prabhadevi Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:30:08Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Biography

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Worli Prabhadevi
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1952 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=52–124}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 51,310
| mla = Madhav Narayan Birje
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}

'''Worli Prabhadevi Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After 1955 Delimitation act, Worli Prabhadevi split into [[Worli Assembly constituency|Worli]], [[Dadar Assembly constituency|Dadar]] and [[Parel Assembly constituency|Parel]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Madhav Narayan Birje || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Worli Prabhadevi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Madhav Narayan Birje |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,434 |percentage = 30.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Peter Alvares |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 7,029 |percentage = 25.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mirajkar, Shantaram Sawalaram |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 5,882 |percentage = 20.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Matkar Waman Shankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,426 |percentage = 15.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pande, Ramnath Mahabir |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,578 |percentage = 5.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thakur, Surajbalisingh Rameshwarsingh |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 690 |percentage = 2.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,405 |percentage = 5.01% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,039 |percentage = 54.65% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,039}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,310 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Hrangkhol language

2026-03-28T20:03:52Z

JeffryAlfaro75: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Kuki-Chin language spoken in India and Burma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Hrangkhol
|nativename=''Hrangkhawl''
|states= [[India]] and [[Burma]]
|region=[[Tripura]], southeast [[Manipur]], parts of [[Assam]]
|speakers={{sigfig|18,700|2}}
|date=2000
|ref=e25
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
|fam3=[[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] (?)
|fam4=[[Kuki-Chin-Naga languages|Kuki-Chin-Naga]]
|fam5=[[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]
|fam6=[[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Central]]
|fam7=[[Hmar languages|Hmar]]
|iso3=hra
|glotto=hran1239
|glottorefname=Hrangkhol
}}

'''Hrangkhol''', '''Hrangkhawl''' belongs to the [[Mizo language|Mizo]] languages spoken by the [[Hrangkhawl people]] mainly in [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] states in [[India]], with a minority living in [[Manipur]] and [[Mizoram]]. It is closely related with [[Kukislanguage|Khawsak dialect/Literary Kukis]] because, as each of the 20+ Kukis subtribes had their own dialect, over time they developed a lingua-franca, a common language for them all which today is known as "Khawsak țawng/Kukis țawng".

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}
All [[Monophthong|monophthongs]] occur in initial, medial, and final positions. Hrangkhol also has five [[Diphthong|diphthongs]], /ai/, /ei/, /əi/, /oi/, and /ui/. /ui/ and /ai/ occur in all positions, while /ei/, /əi/, and /oi/ only occur in medial and final positions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Debbarma |first=Surath |date=2018 |title=The Structure Of Hrangkhawl A Kuki Chin Language |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/362027 |journal=University |language=English}}</ref>

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]/
[[Affricate]]
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|[[Aspirated consonant|pʰ]]
|[[Aspirated consonant|tʰ]]
|
|[[Aspirated consonant|kʰ]]
|
|-
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|g}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA link|v}}
|{{IPA link|z}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|}
All consonants occur in initial and medial positions, however only /p/, /t/, /k/, /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/ can occur as a [[Coda (linguistics)|coda]]. Hrangkhol also has [[Stop (linguistics)|stop]]-[[Liquid consonant|liquid]] [[Consonant cluster|clusters]] in syllable initial positions such as in ''klek'' "noise", and ''rtai'' "run". Consonant sequences between syllabic boundaries are also common, typically occurring in medial positions.<ref name=":0" />

=== Tone ===
Hrangkhol distinguishes between high and low [[Tone (linguistics)|tones]], which are marked with an [[Acute accent|acute]] and a [[Grave accent|grave]] respectively.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hrangkhawl Language}}
[[Category:Languages of Tripura]]
[[Category:Kuki-Chin languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Languages of Manipur]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]

{{St-lang-stub}}

Kozhi Koovuthu (1982 film)

2026-03-27T07:07:45Z

JeffryAlfaro75:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kozhi Koovuthu (1982).JPG
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| writer = Gangai Amaran
| producer = R. D. Bhaskar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]
*[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]
*[[Silk Smitha|Smitha]]
*[[Viji]]
}}
| cinematography = [[P. S. Nivas]]
| editing = {{plainlist|
*[[B. Lenin]]
*[[V. T. Vijayan]]
}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Pavalar Creations
| released = {{film date|1982|12|25|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kozhi Koovuthu''''' ({{IPA|ta|koːɭi}} {{translation|The chicken is clucking}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic musical film]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Umashanker |first=Sudha |date=20 November 1998 |title=Talented actor awaits challenging roles |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981120/09/09200221.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010415112028/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981120/09/09200221.htm |archive-date=15 April 2001 |access-date=5 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=25}}</ref> written and directed by [[Gangai Amaran]] in his debut. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]], [[Silk Smitha|Smitha]] and [[Viji]] in her acting debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=மறக்க முடியுமா? – கோழி கூவுது |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/marakka-mudiyuma/88934/old-movies/Marakka-Mudiyuma---kozhi-koovuthu.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705040337/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/marakka-mudiyuma/88934/old-movies/Marakka-Mudiyuma---kozhi-koovuthu.htm |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film has music by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], cinematography by [[P. S. Nivas]], editing by [[B. Lenin]], and was released on 25 December 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=29 December 2022 |title='கோழி கூவுது' 40 : திரையரங்குகளை திருவிழாக் கூடங்களாக்கிய திரைப்படம்! |url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/kozhi-koovudhu-40-40-years-of-kozhikoovudhu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229113010/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/kozhi-koovudhu-40-40-years-of-kozhikoovudhu |archive-date=29 December 2022 |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=[[Kamadenu magazine|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was remade in Telugu as ''Veerabhadrudu'' (1984).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=15 July 2010 |title=Interview: Ravi Raja Pinisetty |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ravirajapinishetty2010.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230225058/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ravirajapinishetty2010.php |archive-date=30 December 2010 |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>
== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2022}}
Velusamy is a macho and everybody in the village fears him because of his rude and offensive talks, but Velusamy is good at heart and helpful to the needy. Ramakrishna, an orphan, is appointed as the postman in this rural community of Anaikaraipatti. Kamakshi, the daughter of Velusamy's elder sister Vellathaayi, initially misunderstands Ramakrishna and has tiffs with him. Vellathaayi insists on Velusamy to have his livelihood as she wishes arrange her daughter's marriage with him, but villagers oppose the same and insult Velusamy. Notwithstanding the insult, Velusamy promises to prove himself and the villagers of his worth, and joins the military. The rest of the story forms what happens to the relationship between them.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Velusamy
*[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Ramakrishnan
*[[Silk Smitha|Smitha]] as Chittu<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2020 |title=Alaigal Oivathillai To Moondram Pirai: Six Memorable Roles Of Silk Smitha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/alaigal-oivathillai-to-moondram-pirai-six-memorable-roles-of-silk-smitha/photostory/79538323.cms?picid=79538334 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526044554/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/alaigal-oivathillai-to-moondram-pirai-six-memorable-roles-of-silk-smitha/photostory/79538323.cms?picid=79538334 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*[[Viji]] as Kamakshi
*[[Bindu Ghosh]]
*[[Karikol Raju]]
*[[Kumarimuthu]]
*[[C. R. Parthiban|Parthiban]]
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]]
}}

== Production ==

''Kozhi Koovuthu'' is the directorial debut of [[Gangai Amaran]]. The title was suggested by his brother [[Ilaiyaraaja]], who suggested Amaran to take up direction as a career.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sekhar |first=Arunkumar |date=17 June 2019 |title='Ilaiyaraaja recommended that I take up direction' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jun/17/ilaiyaraaja-recommended-that-i-take-up-direction-1991109.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618151926/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jun/17/ilaiyaraaja-recommended-that-i-take-up-direction-1991109.html |archive-date=18 June 2019 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> It is also the acting debut of [[Viji]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2002 |title=Why South Indian heroines are embracing death |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2002/apr/23474.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225081904/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2002/apr/23474.htm |archive-date=25 February 2010 |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> Editing was jointly handled by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]], although the song "Edho Moham Edho Dhagam" was edited exclusively by Vijayan using already shot montages as Lenin was unavailable.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2021 |title=Vijayan looks back on working in Shankar-Kamal Haasan's 'Indian' that completed 25 years yesterday |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/may/10/vijayan-looks-back-on-working-in-shankar-kamal-haasans-indian-that-completed-25-years-yesterday-2300498.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510103758/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/may/10/vijayan-looks-back-on-working-in-shankar-kamal-haasans-indian-that-completed-25-years-yesterday-2300498.html |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=26 May 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kozhi Koovuthu (1982) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kozhi-koovuthu-songs-T0000087 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227122452/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kozhi-koovuthu-songs-T0000087 |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kozhi Koovuthu Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kozhi-koovuthu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526044554/https://mossymart.com/product/kozhi-koovuthu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=26 May 2021 |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Edho Moham Edho Dhagam" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as Nayaki,{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=127}} and "Poove Ilaiya Poove" is set to [[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=154}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=22 November 2013 |title=Catchy and classical |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/catchy-and-classical/article5379858.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325071327/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/catchy-and-classical/article5379858.ece |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=26 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Annae Annae" is the only [[filmi]] song sung by Samuel Grubb.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Santosham |first=Dr Ravi |date=12 May 2021 |title=The music of Chennai-based bass singer Dr Samuel Grubb |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-music-of-chennai-based-bass-singer-dr-samuel-grubb/article34541417.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612001113/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-music-of-chennai-based-bass-singer-dr-samuel-grubb/article34541417.ece |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Engum Niraindholirum
| lyrics1 = P. Sivagama Sundari
| extra1 = [[Krishnachandran]]
| title2 = Orumaiyudan
| extra2 = Krishnachandran
| title3 = Veeraiyya Veeraiyya
| lyrics3 = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| extra3 = [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title4 = Potta Pilla
| lyrics4 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra4 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title5 = Aayarpadi Kannanane
| lyrics5 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra5 = [[S. Janaki]]
| title6 = Annae Annae
| lyrics6 = Vaali
| extra6 = Samuel Grubb, [[Deepan Chakravarthy]], G. Vidhyadar
| title7 = Poove Ilaiya Poove
| lyrics7 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra7 = Malaysia Vasudevan, Chorus
| title8 = Edho Moham Edho Dhagam
| lyrics8 = Vairamuthu
| extra8 = S. Janaki, Krishnachandran
| title9 = Onnam Vetha
| lyrics9 = Vairamuthu
| extra9 = Sudhakar, Chorus
}}

== Critical reception ==
Thiraignani of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' criticised Viji's performance and the film's resemblance to ''[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]'' (1981) in many parts, but appreciated the music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=திரைஞானி |date=16 January 1982 |title=கோழி கூவுது |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1983-01-16/page/n33/mode/2up |access-date=9 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=32 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' reviewed the film more positively praising the acting of cast, music and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=2 January 1983 |title=கோழி கூவுது |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_76/4.jp2/full/1000,1365/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241014061011/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_76/4.jp2/full/1000,1365/0/default.jpg |archive-date=14 October 2024 |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]] }}</ref> The film ran for over 300 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=2 September 2020 |title='நாயகன் அவனொரு புறம், அவன் மனைவி விழியில் அழகு'; 'விடுகதை ஒன்று தொடர்கதை ஒன்று'; கங்கை அமரன் இசையமைப்பாளராகி 41 ஆண்டுகள்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/573140-41-years-of-music-director-gangaiamaren.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918191247/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/573140-41-years-of-music-director-gangaiamaren.html |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Gangai Amaran}}

[[Category:1980s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1982 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gangai Amaran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic musical films]]

Artiste (film)

2026-03-25T22:49:13Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Started a info

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Artiste
| image = Artiste Telugu Movie Poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ratan Rishi
| producer =James Watt Kommu
| story = Ratan Rishi
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Soniya Akula|Sonia Akula]]
* Santosh Kalwacherla
* [[Vinay Varma]]
* [[Prabhakar (actor)|Prabhakar]]
* [[Satyam Rajesh]]
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]}}
| music = Suresh Bobblli
| cinematography = Chandu AJ
| editing = RM Vishwanadh Kuchanapally
| studio = SK Entertainment PVT LTD
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2025|3|21|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''Artiste''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language thriller [[film]] directed by Ratan Rishi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artiste - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/artiste-official-trailer/videoshow/119258091.cms |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ottplay.com">{{Cite web |title=Director Ratanrishi: Artiste is a genre-bender, it has strong emotion, dark humour and slick action {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/director-ratanrishi-artiste-is-a-genre-bender-it-has-strong-emotion-dark-humour-and-slick-action-exclusive/a67e51afd1741 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The film was produced by James Watt Kommu. The film stars [[Soniya Akula|Sonia Akula]], Santosh Kalwacherla, [[Vinay Varma]], [[Prabhakar (actor)|Prabhakar]], [[Satyam Rajesh]], [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[Thagubothu Ramesh]], [[Sudharshan]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/artiste/movieshow/119258497.cms |title=Artiste Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-09-24 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 21 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=10TV |last2=Nill |first2=Saketh |date=2025-03-21 |title=Killer Artiste : 'కిల్లర్ ఆర్టిస్ట్' మూవీ రివ్యూ.. మర్డర్ చేయడం ఒక కళ అంటున్న ఆర్టిస్ట్.. |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/santhosh-krisheka-kalakeya-prabhakar-killer-artiste-movie-review-and-rating-sy-927185.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=10TV Telugu |language=telugu}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{no plot|date= March 2026}}

== Cast ==
* [[Soniya Akula|Sonia Akula]] as Surekha
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
* Santosh Kalwacherla as Vikky
* [[Kireeti Damaraju]]
* Venkey Monkey
* [[Prabhakar (actor)|Prabhakar]] as Ravi
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Prakash
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]]
* Sneha Madhuri Sharma as Swathi
* [[Sudharshan]]
* [[Vinay Varma]] as Ravindra
* Bhadram
* Krisheka Patel as Jaanu

== Music ==
The music was composed by Suresh Bobbili and songs released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] audio company.<ref>{{Citation |title=Artiste Songs Download: Play & Listen Artiste Telugu MP3 Song by Suresh Bobbili @Gaana |url=https://gaana.com/album/artiste-telugu |access-date=2025-09-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-02-22 |title='O Prema Prema' song from 'Artiste' strikes an emotional chord |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/o-prema-prema-song-from-artiste-strikes-an-emotional-chord-948078 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Premium Chusthu Chusthu
| length1 = 5:20
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| title2 = Premium Nuvve Naa Oopirive
| length2 = 2:43
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[S. P. Charan|S.P.Charan]]
| title3 = Premium Oh Prema Prema
| length3 = 3:12
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Ramya Behara]]
| title4 = Premium You & Me Not Same
| length4 = 3:15
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Lipcika
| total_length = 14:30
}}

== Release ==
''Artiste'' was released theatrically on 21 March 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Killer Artiste Review :'కిల్లర్‌ ఆర్టిస్ట్‌' మూవీ రివ్యూ {{!}} Killer Artiste Telugu Movie Review And Rating {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/killer-artiste-telugu-movie-review-and-rating-2401239 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=techteam |date=2025-03-18 |title="Killer Artiste" movie will impress the audience as a unique romantic thriller - James Watt Kommu |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/en/cinemas/cinema-news/killer-artiste-movie-will-impress-the-audience-as-a-unique-romantic-thriller-james-watt-kommu-313559.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=English site |language=en}}</ref> The [[Streaming media|digital streaming]] rights of the film were acquired by [[Amazon Prime]], and the film premiered in September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ఓటీటీలోకి వచ్చేసిన తెలుగు రొమాంటిక్ థ్రిల్లర్ {{!}} Artiste Telugu Movie Ott Streaming Now {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/artiste-telugu-movie-ott-streaming-now-2562824 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Srivathsan Nadadhur of [[OTT Play]] found the film was a genre-bender.<ref name="ottplay.com"/> Another review stated: "''Artiste'' turns out to be a decent crime thriller. Director Ratan Rishi tries to blend the story with crime elements and intense emotions, but this approach acts as a double-edged sword."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title='Artiste' Movie ReviewArtiste Movie Review |url=https://industryhit.com/t/artiste-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=IndustryHit.Com |language=en-US}}</ref> A mixed review at [[Sakshi.com]] praised the twist in the plot and the main male character, founding the overall acting decent.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|36106718}}

[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]

Lohithaswa

2026-03-17T23:53:47Z

JeffryAlfaro75: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian film actor and playwright (1942–2022)}}

{{more citations needed|date=November 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Lohithaswa T.S
| image = Lohithaswa.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|8|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = Thondagere, [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|11|8|1942|8|5|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|writer}}
| spouse =
| children = [[Sharath Lohithaswa]]
}}

'''Lohithashwa T. S.''' (5 August 1942 – 8 November 2022) was an Indian [[Kannada]] film actor and playwright and an English professor. He acted in more than five hundred Kannada movies, stage plays, and television serials. He was popularly known for his dominating voice in the Kannada film industry. His son is actor [[Sharath Lohitashwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmysouth.com/Kannada_Movie_News/SharathLohitashwa/September-16-2008/Sharath_Lohitashwa_achieves_a_rare_feat.html |title=Sharath Lohitashwa achieves a rare feat |access-date=19 September 2009 |archive-date=30 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730184442/http://www.filmysouth.com/Kannada_Movie_News/SharathLohitashwa/September-16-2008/Sharath_Lohitashwa_achieves_a_rare_feat.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Life and career==
{{Expand section|date=November 2024}}

Before entering the Kannada film industry, actor T.S. Lohithashwa did many roles in stage plays and television series.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lohithaswa T S Biography {{!}} Lohithaswa T S Girlfriend, Wife, Family & Net Worth - FilmiBeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/lohithaswa-t-s/biography.html |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-11-08 |title=Veteran actor TS Lohithaswa passes away |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/Nov/08/veteran-actor-ts-lohithaswa-passes-away-36413.html |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
He married his wife Vatsala in 1971, and they had three children, two sons named Sharath Lohithashwa (first child) and Rahual (third child), and a daughter named Vinaya (second child).<ref name=":0" />

While hospitalized for an infection, he suffered a heart attack.<ref name=":1" /> He died on 8 November 2022, at the age of 80.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lohithaswa, Veteran Kannada Actor, Dies at 80 |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/south/lohithaswa-veteran-kannada-actor-dies-at-80-4434486.html |access-date=8 November 2022 |publisher=Latest LY |date=8 November 2022}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2023}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Ondu Oorina Kathe]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Muniyana Madari]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Simhasana]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Chanakya]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Gajendra]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Indina Ramayana]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Mooru Janma]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Olavu Moodidaga]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Preeti Vathsalya]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Samayada Gombe]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Hosa Neeru]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Kadina Raja]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Nee Bareda Kadambari]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Bete (1986 film)|Bete]]'' (1986)
* ''[[December 31 (1986 film)|December 31]]'' (1986)
* ''Marjala'' (1986)
* ''[[Aapadbandhava]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Athiratha Maharatha]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Banda Mukta]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Bedi (film)|Bedi]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Deva (1987 film)|Deva]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Jayasimha (1987 film)|Jayasimha]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Mr. Raja]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Sangrama]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Avatara Purusha (1989 film)|Avatara Purusha]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Chaduranga]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Daada]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Hello Daddy]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Navabharatha]]'' (1988)
* ''[[New Delhi (1988 Kannada film)|New Delhi]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Olavina Aasare]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Sahasa Veera]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Sambhavami Yuge Yuge]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Sangliyana]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Indrajith (1989 film)|Indrajith]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Abhimanyu (1990 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Chakravarthy (1990 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Ekalavya]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Prathap (1990 film)|Pratap]]'' (1990)
* ''[[S. P. Sangliyana Part 2]]'' (1990)
* ''[[C. B. I. Shiva]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Kadana]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Ranachandi]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Readymade Ganda]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Shivaraj]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Sundarakanda (1991 film)|Sundarakanda]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Mysore Jaana]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Police Lockup]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Midida Hrudayagalu]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Chinna (1994 film)|Chinna]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Lockup Death]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Time Bomb (1994 film)|Time Bomb]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Anuraga Sangama]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Emergency (1995 film)|Emergency]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Kona Edaithe]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Savyasachi (1995 film)|Savyasachi]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Tumbida Mane]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Geetha (1996 film)|Geetha]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Huliya (film)|Huliya]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Ellaranthalla Nanna Ganda]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Kalavida]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Shanthi Nivasa]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Simhada Guri]]'' (1998)
* ''[[A. K. 47 (1999 film)|A. K. 47]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Snehaloka]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Vishwa]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Chandu (2002 film)|Chandu]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Saarathi]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Drama (2012 film)|Drama]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Kaveri Nagara]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Onthara Bannagalu]]'' (2018)
{{div col end}}

==Television serials==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2023}}
*''Antim Raja'', directed by [[M.S. Sathyu]]
*''[[Gruhabhanga]]'', directed by [[Girish Kasaravalli]]
*''[[Malgudi days]]'', directed by [[Shankar Nag]]
*''Natyarani Shantala'', directed by [[G.V. Iyer]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mysoresamachar.com/shantala.htm |title=Shantala - A mega serial by G.V.Iyer |access-date=22 September 2009 |archive-date=18 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118194723/http://www.mysoresamachar.com/shantala.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
*''Om Namo'', directed by [[K.M. Chaitanya]]
*''Prathidhwani'', directed by M.S. Sathyu
* "MAANASA VEENA" produced by Chetan Chaman for Zee Kannada 2006-2007 mega serial of the Zee launch

==Literary works==

*''Akkadi Saalu'' - prose collection, released on 21 September 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://karnatakanews.com/default.php |title=:: Karnataka Photo News |accessdate=2009-09-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621053909/http://karnatakanews.com/default.php |archivedate=21 June 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*''Hottu Hoguva Munna''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/issue149/news2-four_books.html |title=Prof. T.S. Lohithaswa |access-date=30 September 2009 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717051214/http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/issue149/news2-four_books.html |url-status=live }}</ref> - poetry collection, released on 21 September 2009<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/21/stories/2009092159390400.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 September 2009 |archive-date=25 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925015758/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/21/stories/2009092159390400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2009-09-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''Madusikkadalla''
*''A Million Mansions''
*''Mukhyamantri''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.buzzintown.com/bangalore/event_a-festival-kalagangotris-plays-08-mukhya-mantri--id_15171.html |title=A Festival of Kalagangotris Plays 08 - Mukhya Mantri in Bangalore - Buzzintown | event details, venue, address |access-date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427020021/http://www.buzzintown.com/bangalore/event_a-festival-kalagangotris-plays-08-mukhya-mantri--id_15171.html |archive-date=27 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''Sallapa''
*''Santheyalli Nintha Kabeera and Dr Thippeshi'' - play, released on 21 September 2009<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/22/stories/2009092254480500.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 September 2009 |archive-date=25 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925162203/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/22/stories/2009092254480500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2009-09-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''Siddagangeya Siddapurusha''

'''Stage plays'''
{{Infobox person
| name = A still from the play ''Huliya Neralu''
| image = Huliya-Neralu.jpg
}}

*''27 Mavalli Circle'', directed by [[T.N. Narasimhan]]
*''Belchi''
*''Bharatha Darshana''
*''Chasnala Tragedy''
*''[[Dhangey Munchina Dinagalu]]'', directed by Prasanna
*''[[Huliya Neralu]]'', directed by Prasanna
*''Huttava Badidarey'', directed by Prasanna
*''Katthaley Daari Doora'', directed by [[T.N. Narasimhan]]
*''[[Kubi Mathhu Iyala]]'', directed by Prasanna
*''Meravanigey'', directed by Gangandharswamy
*''Mote Raman Sathyagraha'', [[M.S. Sathyu]]
*''[[Panchama]]'', directed by [[C.G. Krishanswamy]]

==Awards==
*Karnataka State Nataka Academy Award, 1997{{citation needed|date= January 2023}}
*Suvarna [[Karnataka Rajyotsava]] Award, 2006{{citation needed|date= January 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5703396|Lohitashwa}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lohithaswa, T.S.}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:People from Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2006]]

Archery Association of India

2026-03-15T01:39:23Z

JeffryAlfaro75:

{{Short description|Sports governing body in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox Sport governing body
|assocname= Archery Association of India
|logo= Archery Association of India.png
|logosize=
|sport= [[Archery]]
|abbrev = AAI
|founded = 8 August 1973
|jurisdiction= India
|membership=
|aff = [[World Archery Federation]]
|affdate = 1973
|region = [[World Archery Asia]]
|regionyear = 1978
|headquarters = Gate No. 2, DDA [[Yamuna Sports Complex]], 1st Floor, Archery & Cricket Stadium, [[Surajmal Vihar]], [[East Delhi]], [[Delhi]] – 110092
|location = [[East Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
|president = [[Arjun Munda]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/arjun-munda-elected-as-new-president-of-archery-association-of-india-1579584393-1|title=Arjun Munda elected as new President of Archery Association of India|date=2020-01-21|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref>
|chairman =
|chiefexec =
|secretary = Pramod Chandurkar
|coach = Dharmendra Tiwari, Richpal Singh, Jiwanjot Singh
|womenscoach =
|replaced =
|prevfounded =[[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
|url = www.indianarchery.info
|countryflag = IND
}}

'''Archery Association of India''' is the national [[Sport governing body|governing body]] of [[archery in India]]. Its headquarters are located in [[New Delhi]], and its current president is [[Arjun Munda]], AAI is a non-profit, government funded organisation affiliated by [[World Archery Federation]], [[World Archery Asia]], [[Indian Olympic Association]] and recognized by [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] of India.<ref name="aaf">{{cite web|url=http://www.asianarchery.com/organization/association.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407174110/http://www.asianarchery.com/organization/association.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2013 |title=AAF Member Associations |publisher=[[Asian Archery Federation]]'s official website |accessdate=12 April 2011 }}</ref><ref name="aai"/>

AAI came into existence on 8 August 1973 after archery was reintroduced to the [[Olympic Games]] in [[1972 Summer Olympics|1972]]. It is responsible for organising, promoting, and controlling the sport of archery in India.<ref name="aai">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianarchery.info/htdocs/iarhist.htm | title=History of Archery Association of India | publisher=Archery Association of India's official website | accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref> The organisation runs the [[Archery Premier League]].

==See also==
* [[International Archery Federation]]
* [[Archery in India]]
* [[Archery Premier League]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.indianarchery.info/ Official Website]

{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{National Members of the World Archery Federation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Archery Association of India}}
[[Category:National members of the Asian Archery Federation|India]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India|Archery]]
[[Category:Archery in India]]
[[Category:Archery organizations]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]

{{india-sport-stub}}
{{archery-stub}}

Nongshāba

2026-03-14T00:46:16Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Creating.

{{Short description|Lion God of Manipur}}
{{See also|Nongshā (disambiguation){{!}}Nongshā}}
{{Redirect|Sun Lion|the Persian emblem|Lion and Sun}}
{{Redirect|Maker of the Sun|the British television series|The Sun Makers}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Meitei
| name = Nongshaba
| deity_of = 
| member_of = [[Umang Lai]]s<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=General |first=India Office of the Registrar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7TUAAAAMAAJ&q=nongshaba |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1962 |publisher=Manager of Publications |page=53 |language=en|quote=Nongshaba is the greatest of the umang lai or forest gods.}}</ref><ref name=parratt1980>{{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEQqAAAAYAAJ&q=Nongsh%C4%81ba |title=The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals, and Historical Development |date=1980 |publisher=Firma KLM |isbn=978-0-8364-0594-1 |pages=15, 118, 125 |language=en |quote=There are two references also to Nongshāba, who, as we have seen, was the father of the Moirāng god Thāngjing.}}</ref>
| image = ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯅꯣꯡꯁꯥꯄꯥ.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| other_names =
*Tholbu Chinglen Nongdai Ningthou <ref name=manihar>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiBkAAAAMAAJ&q=Nongs%C4%81b%C4%81+L%C4%81ihui |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=83, 84 |language=en |quote=}}</ref>
*Maker of the Sun<ref name=ra>{{Cite book |last=[[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] |url=https://archive.org/details/mananth13a14royauoft/page/n107/mode/2up?q=Nongshaba |title=Man |title-link= |publisher=London |year=1901 |page=85 |language=en}}</ref>
*Lion God<ref name="Lion">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3AMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nongsaba |title=Internationales Asienforum: International Quarterly for Asian Studies |date=1989 |publisher=Weltform Verlag. |page=300 |language=en, de }}</ref>
*[[King of the gods]]<ref name="Lion"/>
| hiero =
| Old_Norse =
| script_name =
| script =
| affiliation = [[Sanamahism]] 
| cult_center = [[Umang Lai]] cults 
| abode = [[Heaven]] and [[Earth]] 
| planet = 
| weapon = 
| battles =
| artifacts = 
| animals =
| symbol = 
| adherents =
| height =
| age =
| tree =
| day =
| color = 
| number =
| consorts =
* Thongnang Leicha Khombi
* Sarungleima{{r|ra|pages=10, 81, 85}}
| parents = [[Salailen Sidaba]] (father)
| siblings =
* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]]
* [[Helloi]]s
* [[Irai Leima]]
* [[Khoriphaba]]
* [[Khunu Leima]]
* [[Ngaleima]]
* [[Nganu Leima]]
* [[Nongthang Leima]]
* [[Pakhangba]]
* [[Phouleima]]
* [[Shapi Leima]]
* [[Thumleima]]
| offspring = [[Thangching]]<ref name=joykumar>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=N. Joykumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1luAAAAMAAJ&q=nongshaba |title=Ethnic Relations Among the People of North-East India |date=2006 |publisher=Centre for Manipur Studies, [[Manipur University]] and Akansha Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8370-081-8 |pages=47, 48 |language=en |quote=Not only this, the deity of Lord Nongshaba was also worshipped by both communities. To the Moirangs, Nongshaba was worshipped as lineage deity and regarded as the father of Lord Thangjing.}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name=parratt1980/> (born from Sarungleima).<ref name=leach>{{Cite book |last=Leach |first=Marjorie |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetogods0000leac_k3w1/page/68/mode/2up?q=Nongshaba |title=Guide to the gods |publisher=[[Gale Research]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-1-873477-85-4 |page=68 |language=en}}</ref> 
| predecessor =
| successor =
| army =
| mount =
| texts = Nongshaba Laihui{{r|manihar|pages=83-84}}
| gender = Male
| Greek_equivalent =
| Roman_equivalent =
| Etruscan_equivalent =
| Christian_equivalent =
| Islamic_equivalent =
| Slavic_equivalent =
| Hinduism_equivalent =
| Canaanite_equivalent =
| Maya_equivalent =
| Aztec_equivalent =
| equivalent1_type =
| equivalent1 =
| equivalent2_type =
| equivalent2 =
| equivalent3_type =
| equivalent3 =
| equivalent4_type =
| equivalent4 =
| equivalent5_type =
| equivalent5 =
| region = [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]])
| ethnic_group = [[Meitei ethnicity]]
| festivals = [[Lai Haraoba]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Meitei mythology}}
{{Sanamahism}}
'''Nongshaba''' {{meitei|ꯅꯣꯡꯁꯥꯕ}} is a lion god in [[Sanamahism]] and [[Meitei mythology]]. He is also regarded as a [[king of the gods]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelabi |first=sairem |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466636/page/n155/mode/2up |title=Laiyingthou Lairemmasinggee Waree Seengbul |publisher=Longjam Arun For G.M.Publication, [[Imphal]] |year=2006 |pages=156, 157, 158, 159, 160 |language=mni |trans-title=A collection of Stories of Meetei Gods and Goddesses}}</ref><ref name="Lion"/><ref name=moirangthem/> He is credited with producing light in the primordial universe and is regarded as the maker of the [[sun]].{{r|ra|p=85}}{{r|leach|pages=116,362}} He is worshipped by the people of both the [[Ningthouja dynasty|Ningthouja clans]] as well as the [[Moilang|Moirang clans]]. Nongshaba was worshipped by the people of Moirang clan as a lineage deity and regarded as the father of the god [[Thangching]].{{r|joykumar|pages=47, 48}}
He is the greatest of the {{langnf|mni|[[Umang Lai]]s|forest gods}} but he made his only son Thangching the chief deity of Moirang.{{r|ra|p=81}}<ref name="auto"/><ref name=parratt1980/>

== History ==
The cult of Nongshaba was brought from Moirang by Mungyaang Ngairaangba and Yumnaam Tonba, who presented the deity to King [[Khagemba]] ({{langx|mni|ꯈꯥꯒꯦꯝꯕ}}) (r. 1597-1652 AD).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahadur |first=Mutua |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=af4dAAAAMAAJ&q=Nongsaba |title=Epigraphical Records of Manipur |date=1986 |publisher=Mutua Museum |page=29 |language=en, mni}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hareshwar Goshwami |url=https://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur/page/214/mode/2up?q=Nongsaba |title=Hareshwar Goshwami History Of The PEOPLE OF MANIPUR |publisher=Yaol Publishing Limited, 22-22 Wenlocl Road, London |year=2004 |edition=Revised |page=214 |language=en}}</ref> The position Nongshaba's cult was buoyed by his recognition as an ''Umang Lai'' and installation as [[King of the gods]], and the construction of a five storied-temple in his honour.{{r|birajit|p=110}}{{r|parratt1980|p=125}} Other Umang Lais became lesser deities. During the King's reign, a Meitei family, the ''Leithangbam'', was given responsibility for the cult of Nongshaba. The ''Phura'', a group of [[maibi|priestesses]]s dedicated to Nongshaba was also established.<ref name=birajit>{{Cite book |last=Birajit |first=Soibam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ |title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness |date=2014-12-01 |publisher=ARECOM (Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur) |pages=110–111 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=moirangthem>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Moirangthem Kirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQeAAAAMAAJ |title=Religion and Culture of Manipur |date=1988 |publisher=Manas Publications |isbn=978-81-7049-021-0 |pages=38–39 |language=en |quote=phura (priestess of Nongsaba deity). They are believed to have the vision of these deities whom they serve and are able to communicate the message of gods during their trances to the people. |author-link=Moirangthem Kirti Singh}}</ref>{{r|parratt1980|p=127}}

During the reign of King Paikhomba ({{langx|mni|ꯄꯥꯏꯈꯣꯝꯕ}}) (r. 1666–1697 CE), there was a spiritual and symbolical marriage ceremony of princess Yaosombi ({{langx|mni|ꯌꯥꯎꯁꯣꯝꯕꯤ}}) and Nongshaba, with the offering of an elephant to the deity. From the time of Khagemba until the accession of King [[Charairongba]] in 1687, the cult of Nongshaba was more popular than that of [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]].{{r|birajit|p=111}}{{r|parratt1980|p=141}}

The cult of Nongshaba did not survive for long. During the early 18th century, Hindu priests from Sylhet arrived in Kangleipak to spread [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]. They were led by [[Shantidas Adhikari]] and his associate Gopal Das, who succeeded in converting King [[Pamheiba]] (r. 1709–1754 CE) from [[Sanamahism]] to Vaishnavism in 1710. Pamheimba changed his name to Gharib Nawaz and made Hinduism the official religion of Manipur. In 1723, Gharib Nawaz had most of the shrines of Umang Lai destroyed, and Hindu [[Brahmins]] took over their temples.{{r|birajit|p=111}}{{r|parratt1980|p=19}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hinduism in Manipur Part 2 By Chirom Rajketan |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.Hinduism_in_Manipur_Part_2_By_Chirom_Rajketan |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=e-pao.net }}</ref> On 17 October 1732, he ordered the destruction of the temples.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Noni |first1=Arambam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |last2=Sanatomba |first2=Kangujam |date=2015-10-16 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |page=235 |language=en}}</ref>

== Mythology ==
In [[Meitei mythology]], [[Kangla Sha]] is a divine representation of Nongshaba.{{r|moirangthem|p=53}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_Sd30LF2fUC&q=nongshaba |title=Anvīkshā |date=2004 |publisher=[[Jadavpur University]] |page=237 |language=en, bn, sa}}</ref>

According to the ''[[Nongshaba Laihui]]'', Nongshaba is the second son of the Universal Lord, and is also known as Tholbu Chinglen Nongdai Ningthou. According to the text, Nongshaba is neither assigned much duty did he take a big role in the [[creation of the universe]]. Unlike his younger brother Pakhangba, Nongshaba did not stand in the way of his elder brother Lainingthou Sanamahi.{{r|manihar|pages=83-84}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paniker |first=K. Ayyappa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections (Assamese-Dogri) |date=1997 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |page=337 |language=en |quote=Nongshaba Laihui and Panthoibi Khungun are important books of this time. |author-link=Ayyappa Paniker}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Siṃha |first=Konsama Mānikacānda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYcQjwEACAAJ |title=Noṃśābā lāihui |date=2015 |publisher=Konasama Imo Simha |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chandrashekhar Singh 1982 3–21">{{Cite book |last=Chandrashekhar Singh |first=Khulem |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.267389/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Umang Lai Khunda Ahaba Chahi |publisher=All Manipur Umang Lai Haraoba Committee & [[Digital Library of India]] |year=1982 |pages=3–21 |language=mni}}</ref> Unlike his younger brother Pakhangba, Nongshaba does not have any human descendants, and unlike his elder brother Lainingthou Sanamahi, he does not have any manifestation in human form.'.{{r|manihar|p=84}}<ref name="Chandrashekhar Singh 1982 3–21"/>

The ''Nongshaba Laihui'' further describes Nongshaba as:
{{blockquote|"God [[Koubru]] served Nongshaba as his shawl, god Thangjing Koiren Ningthou as his back cushion, god [[Wangpuren]], son of Wangnu Reima Khomchomphabi, as his carpet, God [[Marjing|Marching]], as his throne, god [[Nongpok Ningthou]] as his looking mirror, Telli Ningthou Sidaba as his clothes hanger, the [[Korouhanba|sun god]] as his sekpin (canopy) and [[Pakhangba]] as arangchi, goddess"}}
The same text describes all the Umang Lai deities, including Sanamahi, as the attendants of Nongshaba.{{r|birajit|p=110}}<ref name="Chandrashekhar Singh 1982 3–21"/>

The second [[stanza]] of the Meitei poem ''Anoirol'', sung in the [[Lai Haraoba]], mentions many [[sky deities]] including Nongshaba, the [[god of the sky]] of [[Moirang]].{{r|parratt1980|pages=105, 112, 178|q=Furthermore in the second stanza of Anoirol, which must belong to earliest strata of the Meitei version of the Lai Haraoba, a number of sky gods are mentioned, including Soraren and Nongshaba.}}

== Worship ==
Devotees worship Nonghsaba by offering white clothes, fruits, flowers, and fish, preferably ''[[Wallago attu|sareng]]''.<ref name=mangangsana>{{Cite book |last=Meitei |first=Mayanglambam Mangangsana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7E2EAAAQBAJ |title=The Sound of Pena in Manipur |date=2021-06-06 |publisher=Marjing Mayanglambam |isbn=978-93-5473-655-1 |pages=19, 52 |language=en }}</ref>{{r|parratt1980|pages=51-52}}
In early times, Nongshaba was venerated, along with [[Pakhangba]], in the '''Naoshumshang''', the shrine of ancestral figures. Worshippers prayed to Nongshaba prayed for the longevity of the Meitei kings.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Muthukumaraswamy |first1=M. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&dq=nongshaba&pg=PA71 |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |last2=Kaushal |first2=Molly |date=2004 |publisher=NFSC www.indianfolklore.org |isbn=978-81-901481-4-6 |page=71 |language=en}}</ref>

The '''Phura''' is a class of priestesses who manage the cult of Nongshaba.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/politicssocietyc00brar/page/138/mode/2up?q=Nongshaba|title=Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East|last=Brara|first=N. Vijaylakshmi|date=1998|publisher=Delhi; New York : [[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-564331-2|page=138}}</ref>

== Representations in Meitei dress ==
[[File:ꯍꯤꯌꯥꯡ ꯇꯥꯟꯅꯕ꯱.jpg|thumb|Women wearing Ningkham samjin dress representing Nongshaba.]]
The ''[[ningkham samjin]]'' costume worn by dancers represents Nongshaba. The samjin is an elaborate, tall, pointed headdress decorated with needlework with tassels and the ningkham is a triangular wrapper with an appliquéd border worn around the waist.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Salam |first1=Arunapyari |title=There Are Immense Possibilities for Manipuri Textiles and Handicrafts in the Export Market » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/there-are-immense-possibilities-for-manipuri-textiles-and-handicrafts-in-the-export-market/ |website=imphalreviews.in |access-date=8 March 2024 |date=26 September 2020}}</ref> The shape of the samjin is said represent Nongshaba's horned head, and his ears are represented by fan like frills on each side. The ningkham represents the tail of Nongshaba.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kangleinganpa Kha Nganpa |first=S. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465167/page/n263/mode/1up |title=History Of Meetei People-holy Book Ed. 2nd |date=2011 |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]] |pages=263–264 |language=mni}}</ref> Nongshaba's patterend body is represented by the wearing of the [[pheichom|khamen chatpa]] loincloth and his beard by a long strip of a decorative fabric hanging loosely on the chest.<ref name=sobita>{{Cite book |last=K. Sobita Devi |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0061/page/n103/mode/2up?q=Nongshaba |title=Traditional Dress of the Meiteis |publisher=Bhubon Publishing House |year=1998 |location=[[Imphal]] |pages=94, 96 |language=en, mni}}</ref>

== In Bangladesh ==
Meitei kings constructed many temples dedicated to [[Meitei deities]] in [[Bangladesh]], among which a shrine dedicated to Nongshaba was a notable one.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=Nongsaba&pg=PA300 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |pages=300, 301 |language=en}}</ref> In the Manipuri Rajbari in Lama Bazar of Bangladesh, there is a temple of Nongshaba, alongside temples of [[Pakhangba]] and Goddess [[Yumjao Leima]]. The Temple's facade faces south, and its ground plan is square, covering an area of 10m2.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=nongshaba&pg=PA172 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=172, 175 |language=en}}</ref>

== Namesakes ==
On 15 December 2015 in [[Imphal]], a [[fortnight]]ly magazine named ''Nongsaba'' was launched under the motto "Journalism for change". The publication focuses on the socio-political, economy, education, unemployment, art and culture, science, sports, beauty, health, entertainment, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fortnightly magazine: 05th dec15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp1..051215.dec15 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}
{{Sanamahi1}}

[[Category:Creator gods]]
[[Category:Horned gods]]
[[Category:Light gods]]
[[Category:Meitei dragons]]
[[Category:Meitei deities]]
[[Category:Mythological kings]]
[[Category:Kings of the gods]]

Jubbal

2026-03-13T02:09:31Z

JeffryAlfaro75: General cleanup and improvements

{{About|present day Jubbal tehsil|historic princely state|Jubbal State}}
{{cleanup|date=December 2021|reason=Most of the history section is just based on folklore, with no solid evidence.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jubbal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Tehsil
| image_skyline = Jubbal_Palace.jpg
| image_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.1094667|N|77.6629967|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shimla district|Shimla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Raja Ugar Chand
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1901
| population_total = 37682<ref name="Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in |title=Census India |accessdate=10 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |archivedate=14 May 2007 }}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Mahasu Pahari]] (Brari)<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 171205
| registration_plate = HP-75
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_caption = Jubbal Palace
}}
'''Jubbal''' is a tehsil, town and a [[nagar panchayat]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hpurbandevelopment.nic.in/list_munci.htm |title=List of Municipalities / Urban Local Bodies in Himachal Pradesh |accessdate=2 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802082926/http://hpurbandevelopment.nic.in/list_munci.htm |archivedate=2 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> in [[Shimla district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] which shares its boundary with the state of [[Uttarakhand|Uttrakhand]] towards south-east. Jubbal is recognised as a major apple producing area in Shimla district along with [[Kotgarh]], [[Rohru]], [[Kotkhai]] and [[Chaupal, Himachal Pradesh|Chopal]]. It is famous for its Hindu temples, picturesque mountains and its royal palace situated in the town.

==Geography==
Jubbal, located at {{coord|31.1094667|N|77.6629967|E|}}<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/11/Jubbal.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Jubbal]</ref> has an average elevation of 2200&nbsp;metres (7220&nbsp;feet).
A small hill town, it is famous for its apple orchards and the Jubbal Palace. Jubbal has a combination of vast landscapes, thick woods, and buildings.
It is located at an elevation of 1901 meters.

==History==
The history of Jubbal State goes back to the 12th century. Among the 18 [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakur]]ies located in the valleys of [[Sutlej]], [[Tons River|Pabbar]] and [[Gori Ganga|Giri]] this Thakurai was of considerable importance. Rulers of Jubbal belong to the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] clan. During 12th century Ugar Chand, the Raja of [[Sirmoor State]], had a summer palace in Soonpur, modern day [[Hatkoti]], which is overlooked by the plateau of Sonnpur, on the right bank of the [[Tons river#Tributaries|Pabbar river]]. While he was having pleasant company with his family he had to go back to [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]] leaving royal family behind. Due to heavy rainfall river [[Gori Ganga|Giri]] got flooded and capital of the state was swept away and the royal family lost its ancestral possessions the Sirmur State forever to a prince of Jaisalmer.

The [[princely state]] of Jubbal was founded in 1800. It was occupied by [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] from 1803 to 1815 and by the [[British Raj|British]] from 1832 to 1840. The rulers who belonged to the Rathore clan took the title of Rana. The last ruler Rana Baghat Chandra took the title of Raja in 1918.

Amongst all the rulers Rana Karam Chand was the most aggressive, who after being granted full ruling powers in 1854 started the expansionist approach by burning down the Kotis (large palatial wooden houses) and killing the local chieftains of the nearby adjoining areas mainly [[Bushahr|Bushahar state]]. The most important massacre being the burning down of 14 houses of the Khadola clan of nearby Kaina village which belonged to the Bushahar state. It was predominantly a warrior clan owning hundreds of acres of land and one day Rana Karam Chand got the news that the Khoonds (warriors) of the Kaina village has large reserves of food, silver, and gold. One fine day he sent his ministers to see whether the information is correct or not. To his surprise when the ministers came back from Kaina they brought down silverware with them in which they had eaten food. As a token of gratitude they were given every piece of silverware in which they have had their food. Seeing this Rana got angry and at the stroke of midnight burnt down all the 14 houses of Khadola clan. Only a single member of their clan survived.

Jubbal State had an area of 288 square miles and was famous for its dense forests of [[Cedrus deodara|deodar trees]]. Today, Jubbal is reputed for its apple orchards which provide its residents their main source of income. The town of Jubbal is about 100 kilometres from [[Shimla]]. The prominent devi devtas of this region are Devta Banad, Devta Deshmolya, Devta Mahasu, Hateshwari Mata and Devta Nageshwar with some villages even in Rohru thesil .

Jubbal has also given the state of Himachal Pradesh a Chief Minister. [[Thakur Ram Lal|Ram Lal Thakur]] of Barthata village was the Chief Minister<ref name=leg>{{cite web|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/STATISTICAL/himachal.htm|title=Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|publisher=Legislative Bodies in India website|accessdate=10 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301181657/http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/STATISTICAL/himachal.htm|archive-date=1 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> from 1975 to 1977 and again from 1980 to 1982.

===Rulers of Jubbal State ===
The rulers of the [[princely state]] of Jubbal were:<ref>[http://rulers.org/indstat1.html Rulers]</ref>
* .... - 1803 : Purana Chandra
* 1803 - 1815 : ''Nepalese Occupation''
* 1815 - 1832 : Purana Chandra (''return to power'')
*1832 - 1840 : ''British Occupation''
* 1840 : Purana Chandra (''3rd time'')
* 1840 - 1877 : Rubin Kazan Chandra
* 1877 - 1898 : Padma Chandra (b. ... - d. 1898)
* 1898 - 29 Apr 1910 : Gyan Chandra (b. ... - d. 1910)

==Demographics==
[[Mahasu Pahari language|Pahari]] is the native language here. Hindi and English are the official languages and are also spoken here.

==Climate==
Jubbal shows wide and sweeping variations in its landscape, ranging from lush green and thick woods to dry lands bereft of vegetation. The valley is also famous for its apple orchards. The region is generally cool throughout the year with temperatures ranging from 15 degrees to 30&nbsp;°C during the summer and falling below zero degrees during the winter. The winters are especially harsh and snowfall is frequent.

==Tourism==
Major attractions in Jubbal include the namesake Jubbal Palace,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hptdc.nic.in/cir0106.htm |title=HP Tourism Development Corporation Ltd |accessdate=21 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719231405/http://www.hptdc.nic.in/cir0106.htm |archive-date=19 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the Hateshwari mata temple, Chunjar peek, apple lodges of Badhal, Chhajpur, Nandpur region and Mahasu devta temple Hanol of Tiuni which is just 38&nbsp;km from Jubaal town.
The Jubbal Palace is best known for its architecture and citadel. A part of the palace, called the Rana's abode, is built in Chinese style with suspended attics and structures carved out of deodar timber. The modern wing of the palace has an Indo-European design and feel with convoluted wooden ceilings and the works. This palace which was the residence of the ruling Jubbal family has been turned into a heritage spot now.

The Hateshwari temple, is a two storied pagoda style structure believed to have been built by the Pandavas. Constructed around 800-1000 AD, the temple was renovated by the Jubbal rulers in the 19th century; the main idol of Hatkeshwari and the inner sanctum sanctorum were barely affected though.

==Getting there==
Traveling to Jubbal by road is the most preferred mode, because many state owned buses ply from [[Shimla]] to Jubbal. Buses and cabs are available for travel within the city. Private vehicles are also available from [[Shimla]] to Jubbal for moderate prices around 1000-2000 INR. The nearest narrow gauge railway line is at [[Shimla]] again, which is connected to Delhi by train. Jubbar Hatti airport provides irregular services, mainly due to fluctuating weather. You can obtain a more reliable service at [[Shimla]] airport which has direct flights to [[New Delhi]].

==See also==
Nearby Cities and Towns :-
* [[Rohru]]
* [[Hatkoti]]
* [[Sawra]]
* [[Kotkhai]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Cities and towns in Shimla district]]

Arjun Reddy

2026-03-12T00:15:53Z

JeffryAlfaro75:

{{Short description|2017 film directed by Sandeep Reddy Vanga}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Arjun Reddy
| image = Arjun Reddy.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]
| producer = Pranay Reddy Vanga
| writer = Sandeep Reddy Vanga
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vijay Deverakonda]]
*[[Shalini Pandey]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Radhan]] '''Score:''' [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
*[[Raj Thota]]
*[[Nagesh Banell]]
}}
| editing = Shashank Mali
| studio = Bhadrakali Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|08|25}}
| runtime = 182 minutes<ref name="Vanga scroll int">{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=29 August 2017 |title='Producers told me to forget this story:' Fortunately, the director of 'Arjun Reddy' ignored them |url=https://scroll.in/reel/848771/producers-told-me-to-forget-this-story-fortunately-the-director-of-arjun-reddy-ignored-them |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402053806/https://scroll.in/reel/848771/producers-told-me-to-forget-this-story-fortunately-the-director-of-arjun-reddy-ignored-them |archive-date=2 April 2018 |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> 220{{ndash}}260 minutes (Unreleased Director's cut)<ref name=r1>{{Cite web|title=Shocking original run time of Arjun Reddy|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/shocking-original-run-time-of-arjun-reddy.html|website=123Telugu|date=23 August 2017|access-date=20 May 2024|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104044311/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/shocking-original-run-time-of-arjun-reddy.html|url-status=live}} {{Cite web|title=Arjun Reddy to Re-Release in Theaters with deleted scenes|website=[[Twitter]]|url=https://twitter.com/box_oficeindian/status/1299187945736298496|date=28 August 2020|access-date=20 May 2024|archive-date=26 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026124624/https://twitter.com/box_oficeindian/status/1299187945736298496|url-status=live}} {{Cite web|title=Arjun Reddy Director is Planning to Re-Release Vijay Deverakonda's Blockbuster Movie with Its Original Run Time of 3 Hours and 45 Minutes|website=Latestly.com|url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/south/arjun-reddy-director-is-planning-to-re-release-vijay-deverakondas-blockbuster-movie-with-its-original-run-time-of-3-hours-and-45-minutes-1989607.html|date=27 August 2020|access-date=20 May 2024|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901045904/https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/south/arjun-reddy-director-is-planning-to-re-release-vijay-deverakondas-blockbuster-movie-with-its-original-run-time-of-3-hours-and-45-minutes-1989607.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{Indian Rupee|link=yes}}5–5.15 crore{{efn|name="budget"}}
| gross = {{Indian Rupee}}51 crore<ref name="gross">{{Cite news |date=16 October 2017 |title=Telugu film 'Arjun Reddy' reaches the Rs 50 crore club |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/telugu-film-arjun-reddy-reaches-rs-50-crore-club-70057 |access-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206162933/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/telugu-film-arjun-reddy-reaches-rs-50-crore-club-70057 |archive-date=6 February 2018}}</ref>
}}

'''''Arjun Reddy''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]] (in his directorial debut), and produced by his brother Pranay Reddy Vanga's company Bhadrakali Pictures. The film stars [[Vijay Deverakonda]] and [[Shalini Pandey]] while [[Rahul Ramakrishna]], Jia Sharma, Sanjay Swaroop, Gopinath Bhat, [[Kamal Kamaraju]] and [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] appear in supporting roles. The film tells the story of Arjun Reddy Deshmukh (Deverakonda), a wealthy [[high-functioning alcoholic]] surgeon with anger management problems. Arjun is on a self-destructive path after the marriage of his girlfriend Preethi Shetty (Pandey); the film focuses on his downfall and subsequent resurgence.

''Arjun Reddy'' was partially inspired by Sandeep Vanga's life as a physiotherapy student. He worked on the script for two years and it took four to five years for the film to materialise. [[Principal photography]] commenced on 20 June 2016 at [[Hyderabad]] and took 86 working days to complete. Other filming locations include [[Mangalore]], [[Dehradun]] and [[New Delhi]], filming also took place in Italy. [[Radhan]] and Harshvardhan Rameshwar composed the soundtrack and score, respectively. [[Raj Thota]] was director of photography and Shashank Mali edited the film.

Made on a budget of {{Indian Rupee}}5–5.15 crore; the film was released worldwide on 25 August 2017. It received widespread critical acclaim, but drew criticism for its themes of self destruction and substance abuse. The film was also a box office success, grossing {{Indian Rupee}}51 crore globally, with a distributor share of {{Indian Rupee}}25.5 crore.

It received six nominations at the [[65th Filmfare Awards South]], including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Telugu Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Telugu Director]] for Vanga; the film's only win was [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Telugu Actor]] for Deverakonda. The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Kabir Singh]]'' (2019) and twice in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: as ''[[Adithya Varma]]'' (2019) and ''[[Varmaa]]'' (2020).

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|reason=Per WP:FILMPLOT, the plot summary should be between 400 and 700 words|date=March 2025}}
Arjun Reddy Deshmukh, a practising house surgeon at St. Mary's Medical College in [[Mangalore]], deals with severe [[anger management]] problems and impulsiveness despite being an academically exemplary student, earning him a reputation in the college. After an inter-college football match gone wrong when Arjun quarrels with the opponent team, the dean asks him to either apologize or leave the college. Arjun chooses to leave but stays back after meeting with first year student Preethi Shetty, a [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-speaking [[freshman]], whom he falls in love with.

Arjun and his friend Shiva enter a junior classroom amidst a class and the former intimidates them against going after Preethi, asserting that she belongs to him. Initially uneasy about his conduct, Preethi finds comfort in a relationship with Arjun and reciprocates his feelings, prompting an intimate relationship. In the meanwhile, Arjun beats up Amit, a member of the opponent football team he fought with, as he misbehaves with Preethi for vengeance and threatens him to guard her as a brother in his absence. Arjun graduates with an [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] degree and leaves for [[Mussoorie]] in pursuit of a [[Master of Surgery|Master's degree]] in [[Orthopedic surgery]]. Years pass by and their bond strengthens.

While Arjun's family rejoices over his brother Gautham's forthcoming wedding, Arjun visits Preethi's home to talk to her parents but Devdas Shetty, her father, sees them in an intimiate moment and throws him out of the house, declaring his strong disapproval of their relationship owing to his brash behaviour and mainly because they belong to different [[Caste system in India|castes]]. Arjun's grandmother explains to an aggressive Arjun that marriage is a thing between two families and persuades him to convince Preethi's father, sharing her own experiences and troubles convincing her family about her relationship with his grandfather. Arjun tries talking to Devdas but is insulted again. Enraged, he asks Preethi to decide what she wants within six hours; otherwise, he will end their relationship. After this conflict, Preethi's parents seize her phone and arrange her marriage with a guy who belongs to their caste. Nevertheless, she manages to go to his house but unbenknownst to her, he is heavily drunk and injects excessive [[morphine]] into himself in agony, thereby losing his consciousness for the next 2 days . Preethi is taken away and forcibly married to her fiancé and Gautham gets married, all of which Arjun learns from Shiva after regaining his senes. Devastated, he rushes to Preethi's house and creates a scene but is beaten and apprehended by the police. Humiliated by Arjun's demeanour, his father Dhanunjay Reddy throws him out him from the household.

Shiva helps Arjun rent a flat and join a corporate hospital as a surgeon. To deal with his trauma, Arjun begins to drink, smoke, take drugs and attempt [[one-night stands]], all of which fail to cure his distress. He soon becomes a successful surgeon with an abnormally high surgery count and his colleagues are apprehensive of his short-temper. His addictions and refusal to move on from Preethi worries Shiva and another friend Kamal. Jia Sharma, an acclaimed film actress, consults Arjun for treatment but takes a liking to him. Arjun proposes to be in a no-strings-attached physical relationship and she agrees. However, he soon ends it when she falls in love with him.

Despite being on a leave, Arjun reluctantly agrees to perform a life-saving surgery but because of being intoxicated, he collapses from [[dehydration]] amidst the surgery. The hospital authorities collect his blood samples and discover traces of [[cocaine]] and alcohol. A case is filed against him; Gautham recruits an intelligent advocate Vipul and arranges for an in-house court hearing but Arjun, out of guilt, confesses to have violated his ethics, causing his mecial license to be suspended for five years and he is evicted from the flat. While resting on a footpath, Shiva comes for him and told him about his grandmother's death, taking him home. Arjun reconciles with his father after his grandmother's funeral, abandons his self-destructive habits and goes on a vacation, heeding to his father's advice.

En route to the airport, he spots a pregnant Preethi in a park but proceeds with his vacation. Convinced that she is unhappy with her marriage, he meets her again at the same park after his vacation. After the misunderstandings clear, Preethi tells Arjun that she left her husband three days after the marriage and hasn't even contacted her family since then; she tells him that the child is his. They share an emotional reunion and get married, with the consent of Arjun' family. Devdas visits them soom and apologizes for being insensitive to their pure relationship.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay Deverakonda]] as Dr. Arjun Reddy Deshmukh, an alcoholic surgeon
* [[Shalini Pandey]] as Dr. Preethi Shetty, Arjun's love interest
* Jia Sharma as Jia Sharma, an actress who consults Dr. Arjun and later falls in love with him
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as Arjun's grandmother
* Sanjay Swaroop as Dhanunjay Reddy Deshmukh, Arjun's father
* [[Kamal Kamaraju]] as Gautham Reddy Deshmukh, Arjun's brother
* Bhushan Kalyan as Dean of St. Mary's college
* [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]] as Vipul
* [[Rahul Ramakrishna]] as Shiva, Arjun's best friend
* Kalyan Subrahmanyam as Kamal, Arjun's friend
* Aditi Myakal as Vidya, Arjun's friend
* Anisha Alla as Keerthi, Arjun's friend
* Sandhya Janak as Arjun's mother
* Gopinath Bhat as Devdas Shetty, Preethi's father
* RJ Hemant as Shiva's future brother-in-law
* Amit Sharma as Amit, Arjun’s nemesis
* Sravya Mrudula as Shruthi, Preethi's friend
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
{{quote box
| quote = Love stories are generally plot-driven, here it is driven by the character Arjun Reddy. It is a powerful name. During college years, you get to hear seniors talk about a legendary character and that name has a recall value. These days our Telugu film titles are lengthy and are from lyrics. I didn't want that. ''Arjun Reddy'' was thought to be a faction film. I am juxtaposing that connotation with a love story.
| source = —Vanga on the film's title, in an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'' in September 2016.<ref name="Vanga TH int">{{Cite news |last=Sunita Chowdary |first=Y. |date=27 September 2016 |title=Breakups and after |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Breakups-and-after/article15002342.ece |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402060130/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Breakups-and-after/article15002342.ece |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 35%
}}

After discontinuing his studies as a physiotherapist, [[Sandeep Vanga]] worked in the 2010 Telugu film ''[[Kedi (2010 film)|Kedi]]'' as an assistant director.<ref name="Vanga scroll int" /><ref name="Vanga Idlebrain int">{{Cite web |date=24 August 2017 |title=Interview with Sandeep Reddy Vanga about Arjun Reddy |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sandeepreddyvanga.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402053952/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sandeepreddyvanga.html |archive-date=2 April 2018 |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> He worked on the script of ''Arjun Reddy'' for two years and for four to five years approached producers who were not willing to finance the project until Vanga's brother Pranay Reddy agreed to do so.<ref name="Vanga scroll int" /> Pranay and Vanga's father invested in the film equally. The project was made under the production banner of Bhadrakali Pictures.<ref name="Vanga Idlebrain int" /><ref name="AR DC">{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=15 May 2016 |title=Vijay as Arjun Reddy |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/150516/vijay-as-arjun-reddy.html |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402060438/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/150516/vijay-as-arjun-reddy.html |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>

''Arjun Reddy'' was partially inspired from Vanga's life as a physiotherapy student: "It is not my story but there are a lot of references from my life [...] Some of my medical college friends saw the film and said that Arjun reminds them of me."<ref name="Vanga scroll int" /> After working on a scene, he used to wait for a week as he believed that for a film with twists and turns, the narrative would have a chance to jump, thereby giving scope for cinematic liberties. For the same, whenever the idea for a [[plot twist]] came to him, Vanga used to work on it for three to four weeks.<ref name="Vanga Idlebrain int" />

In a September 2017 interview with Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'', Vanga said he believed that Telugu cinema uses dialects spoken in Guntur and Vijayawada. Since he was unaware of the way of speaking in both the places, he wrote the dialogue in a Hyderabad Telangana accent.<ref name="TH writeup" /> He made use of words that were rarely spoken in [[colloquialism|colloquial]] Telugu like ''yaralu'' (sister-in-law) to make Arjun look "real and rooted".<ref name="Vijay TH int">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=30 August 2017 |title=Fearless in front of the camera |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/on-a-high-with-arjun-reddy-vijay-deverakonda-discusses-what-makes-him-an-uninhibited-actor/article19586423.ece |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403132650/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/on-a-high-with-arjun-reddy-vijay-deverakonda-discusses-what-makes-him-an-uninhibited-actor/article19586423.ece |archive-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> Some of the dialogue was written in [[Tulu language|Tulu]].<ref name="Tulu">{{Cite news |date=14 June 2016 |title=This Telugu film will have dialogues in Tulu |work=[[The Hans India]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2016-06-14/This-Telugu-film-will-have-dialogues-in-Tulu/235060 |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403141028/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2016-06-14/This-Telugu-film-will-have-dialogues-in-Tulu/235060 |archive-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> With a dark mood prevailing for 100 minutes, Vanga wanted a happy ending for the film, with two or three options for the climax. He said he "didn't have the heart" to end the narrative on a sad note, considering the darkness Arjun was subjected to.<ref name="Vanga scroll int" /> The initial edit was 220 minutes long; this was reduced to 186 minutes.<ref name="Vanga scroll int" />

=== Cast and crew ===
Vanga initially approached [[Sharwanand]] to play the film's lead role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=19 August 2017 |title=Vijay Devarakonda was not the first choice for 'Arjun Reddy', Sharwanand was |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/vijay-devarakonda-was-not-the-first-choice-for-arjun-reddy-sharwanand-was/articleshow/60132022.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200201031144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/vijay-devarakonda-was-not-the-first-choice-for-arjun-reddy-sharwanand-was/articleshow/60132022.cms |archive-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> Sharwanand was at first apprehensive of Vanga handling the responsibilities of directing and producing the project but after reading the script, he changed his mind. He sent the script to many producers, who considered the project too risky to fund.<ref name="Vanga Idlebrain int" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tanmayi |first=Bhawana |date=1 October 2017 |title=When Mahanubhavudu talks about obsessions |work=[[Telangana Today]] |url=https://telanganatoday.com/when-mahanubhavudu-talks-about-obsessions |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402075541/https://telanganatoday.com/when-mahanubhavudu-talks-about-obsessions |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> After Sharwanand left the project, Vanga signed [[Vijay Deverakonda]] to play Arjun Reddy. Deverakonda's breakthrough film ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'' (2016) had not yet been released, and many were against Vanga for casting him, citing it a risky move for a home production.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jonnalagedda |first=Pranita |date=17 August 2017 |title=Director Sandeep Vanga to watch out for! |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/170817/a-director-to-watch-out-for.html |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402075809/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/170817/a-director-to-watch-out-for.html |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> In an interview with [[Indo-Asian News Service]], Devarakonda called the portrayal of Arjun Reddy exhausting, noting that, "I had to be constantly probing into the darkest areas of my consciousness, digging out feelings and tapping into emotions I had never touched in myself".<ref>{{Cite news |last=K Jha |first=Subhash |author-link=Subhash K Jha |date=19 December 2017 |title='Arjun Reddy' exhausted the hell out of me: Vijay Deverakonda interview |work=The News Minute |agency=Indo Asian News Service |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arjun-reddy-exhausted-hell-out-me-vijay-deverakonda-interview-73376 |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421155104/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arjun-reddy-exhausted-hell-out-me-vijay-deverakonda-interview-73376 |url-status=live }}</ref> He did not have any cinematic references but watched films like ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972), ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]'' (1983) and ''[[Goodfellas]]'' (1990) to remain in an [[Alpha (ethology)|alpha male]] zone.<ref name="Vijay TH int" />

Arjun and Preethi had an age difference of four years, which Vanga wanted to showcase effectively. He chose [[Shalini Pandey]] to play Preethi; she was pursuing a career in theatre in [[Jabalpur]].<ref name="Vanga Idlebrain int" /> Pandey's father was apprehensive of her signing a film contract; the shoot delayed by five months. Pandey was firm in her decision, which strained her relationship with her father.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murali Krishna |first=CH |date=30 August 2017 |title=I'm open to a live-in relationship: Arjun Reddy star Shalini Pandey |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/aug/30/im-open-to-a-live-in-relationship-arjun-reddy-star-shalini-pandey-1649895.html |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402140032/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/aug/30/im-open-to-a-live-in-relationship-arjun-reddy-star-shalini-pandey-1649895.html |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Vanga wanted her to dub for her role, to which she agreed because it would help her own the character completely.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jonnalagedda |first=Pranita |date=12 August 2017 |title=Shalini Pandey: Driven by passion |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120817/driven-by-passion.html |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402140709/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120817/driven-by-passion.html |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Vanga conducted an eight-day acting workshop with Deverakonda and Pandey.<ref name="Vanga TH int" /> [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] was cast as Arjun's grandmother in November 2016; ''Arjun Reddy'' marked her comeback to Telugu cinema after ''[[Shri Datta Darshanam]]'' (1985). The producers persuaded her to join the project after a series of long discussions.<ref name="Kanchana">{{Cite news |date=29 November 2016 |title=Veteran actor Kanchana set for comeback in Vijay Deverakonda's Arjun Reddy |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=Indo Asian News Service |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/veteran-actor-kanchana-set-for-comeback-in-vijay-deverakonda-s-arjun-reddy/story-6QRm7Oxe6VBnB359AYJvAO.html |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403135158/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/veteran-actor-kanchana-set-for-comeback-in-vijay-deverakonda-s-arjun-reddy/story-6QRm7Oxe6VBnB359AYJvAO.html |archive-date=3 April 2018}}</ref>

[[Rahul Ramakrishna]], who worked as a lyricist for ''Pelli Choopulu'', was cast as Arjun's friend Shiva. Ramakrishna's career as a journalist helped him understand several dialects, which in turn had a positive effect on his performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ranjith |first=Gabbeta |date=22 September 2017 |title=My role as Shiva in Arjun Reddy is the usual me: Rahul Ramakrishna |work=Telangana Today |url=http://telanganatoday.com/shiva-arjun-reddy-rahul-ramakrishna-rocked-role |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402145020/http://telanganatoday.com/shiva-arjun-reddy-rahul-ramakrishna-rocked-role |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> He called Shiva's friendship with Arjun "loyal and unconditional", which gives them the liberty to deride each other at times.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sunita Chowdary |first=Y |date=29 August 2017 |title=Redefining friendship |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rahul-ramakrishna-redefines-on-screen-friendship-in-arjun-reddy/article19581112.ece |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402144744/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rahul-ramakrishna-redefines-on-screen-friendship-in-arjun-reddy/article19581112.ece |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Amit Sharma was chosen after a three-hour audition; Vanga felt he "had the apt attitude and arrogance" for the role of Amit, Arjun's nemesis.<ref name="Amit">{{Cite news |last=Watson |first=Shweta |date=12 September 2017 |title=I asked Vijay to really punch me: Amit Sharma |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120917/i-asked-vijay-to-really-punch-me-amit-sharma.html |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403140531/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120917/i-asked-vijay-to-really-punch-me-amit-sharma.html |archive-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> Bhushan Kalyan played the role of the college's dean.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sunita Chowdary |first=Y |date=28 March 2017 |title=Bhushan Kalyan: In a creative space |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhushan-kalyan-in-a-creative-space/article17699515.ece |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403140713/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhushan-kalyan-in-a-creative-space/article17699515.ece |archive-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> Tulu actor Gopinath Bhat was cast as Preethi's father.<ref name="Tulu" /> Sanjay Swaroop, [[Kamal Kamaraju]], Jia Sharma and [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]] were cast in other important roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2017 |title='Arjun Reddy' Kannada remake to star Yash? |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arjun-reddy-kannada-remake-star-yash-68352 |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421155131/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arjun-reddy-kannada-remake-star-yash-68352 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Nagesh Banell]] was initially the film's director of photography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2016 |title=First Look: Vijay Devarakonda as Arjun Reddy |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/first-look-vijay-devarakonda-as-arjun-reddy-news-telugu-qfmtTBdbjfdjj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404101247/http://www.sify.com/movies/first-look-vijay-devarakonda-as-arjun-reddy-news-telugu-qfmtTBdbjfdjj.html |archive-date=4 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |url-status=dead |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> He was replaced by [[Raj Thota]] later, who worked for 85% of the film.<ref name="Vanga Idlebrain int" /> Deverakonda recommended him; he did the clash work for ''Pelli Choopulu'' whose cinematography was handled by Banell.{{efn|Clash work is a practice of hiring a junior cinematographer when a film's director of photography handles other commitments simultaneously and is unavailable for the principal photography.<ref name="Thota">{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=6 September 2017 |title=Tollywood's got a new cameraman |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/060917/tollywoods-got-a-new-cameraman.html |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404101814/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/060917/tollywoods-got-a-new-cameraman.html |archive-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>}}<ref name="Thota" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivatsan |date=12 October 2016 |title=An eye on the lens: Nagesh Banell |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/An-eye-on-the-lens-Nagesh-Banell/article15894303.ece |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404102008/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/An-eye-on-the-lens-Nagesh-Banell/article15894303.ece |archive-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> Vanga worked on the film's sound design and worked with Sachin Hariharan of Sync Cinema.<ref name="Vanga Idlebrain int" /> Harshavardhan Rameshwar composed the background score.<ref name="Vijay FP int">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=3 September 2017 |title=Vijay Deverakonda: Arjun Reddy gave me the confidence to speak my mind |work=[[Firstpost]] |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vijay-deverakonda-arjun-reddy-gave-me-the-confidence-to-speak-my-mind-4000703.html |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402082948/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vijay-deverakonda-arjun-reddy-gave-me-the-confidence-to-speak-my-mind-4000703.html |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Shashank Mali edited the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2018 |title='Arjun Reddy' TV premiere leaves fans disappointed |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arjun-reddy-tv-premiere-leaves-fans-disappointed-75853 |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404102756/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arjun-reddy-tv-premiere-leaves-fans-disappointed-75853 |archive-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in Hyderabad on 20 June 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2016 |title=Vijay Deverakonda turns surgeon |work=The Hindu |agency=Indo Asian News Service |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/vijay-deverakonda-turns-surgeon/article14420628.ece1 |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402051312/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/vijay-deverakonda-turns-surgeon/article14420628.ece1 |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Kanchana joined the film's sets on 30 November 2016.<ref name="Kanchana" /> The protagonists' college life portions were filmed at the three heritage buildings of the university college of [[Hampankatta]], [[Mangalore]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kampila |first=Raviprasad |date=4 November 2017 |title=Mangaluru's heritage buildings now a destination for moviemakers |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangalurus-heritage-buildings-now-a-destination-for-moviemakers/article19984188.ece |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402052328/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangalurus-heritage-buildings-now-a-destination-for-moviemakers/article19984188.ece |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Other filming locations included [[Dehradun]] and Delhi in India and parts of Italy.<ref name="AR DC" /> According to Deverakonda, Vanga wanted to set the film in a coastal city and chose Mangalore—mirroring his student life in [[Dharwad]]—and stayed there for ten days to finalise the locations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Madhu |first=Daithota |date=15 September 2017 |title=I lied that I was a Tuluva in college to escape from being made fun of for not speaking fluent Telugu |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-lied-that-i-was-a-tuluva-in-college-to-escape-from-being-made-fun-of-for-not-speaking-fluent-telugu/articleshow/60512701.cms |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180403134609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-lied-that-i-was-a-tuluva-in-college-to-escape-from-being-made-fun-of-for-not-speaking-fluent-telugu/articleshow/60512701.cms |archive-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> In an interview with [[Idlebrain.com]], Vanga said, "When you write a script, you think about a particular location. But, it scared me when we got worst of locations for some of the scenes. But it didn't matter because our attention would be on characters. I realised that when content is clear, locations doesn't matter most of the times."<ref name="Vanga Idlebrain int" />

The principal photography was completed in 86 working days,<ref name="TH writeup" /> and was made on a budget of {{Indian Rupee}}5–5.15 crore.{{efn|Jayakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' estimates the film's budget as {{Indian Rupee}}5 crore,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jayakrishnan |date=10 September 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy box office collection week 2: Vijay Devarakonda starrer collects Rs 41.5 crore worldwide |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/arjun-reddy-box-office-collection-week-2-vijay-devarakonda-starrer-collects-rs-41-5-crore-worldwide/articleshow/60449785.cms |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180402084629/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/arjun-reddy-box-office-collection-week-2-vijay-devarakonda-starrer-collects-rs-41-5-crore-worldwide/articleshow/60449785.cms |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> whereas Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' says that {{Indian Rupee}}5.15 crore was spent to produce the film.<ref name="TH writeup">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=9 September 2017 |title=Three hours and a huge hit later |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/three-hours-and-a-huge-hit-later/article19643308.ece |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402084431/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/three-hours-and-a-huge-hit-later/article19643308.ece |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>|name="budget"}} Vanga preferred long, uninterrupted takes; the pre-[[Intermission]] sequence was seven minutes long. According to Deverakonda, if filmed in conventional style, Vanga would have finished the film in 200 working days.<ref name="Vijay FP int" /> For a few scenes, Thota used a hand-held camera weighing {{convert|25|kg}}, which adversely affected his hands.<ref name="Thota" /> The classroom fight scene featuring Deverakonda, Pandey and Sharma was filmed in a single take; Sharma wanted Deverakonda to actually hit him to make the scene look natural. He said their experience in theatre helped their performances.<ref name="Amit" /> The crew wanted to film the intermission scene, in which Arjun urinates in his pants, authentically but a delay in the shoot led to the insertion of a [[Hose#Applications|medical hosepipe]] in Deverakonda's trousers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=K Jha |first=Subhash |date=31 August 2017 |title=A lot of grey areas in my personality: Vijay Deverakonda |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/310817/a-lot-of-grey-areas-in-my-personality-vijay-deverakonda.html |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405094541/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/310817/a-lot-of-grey-areas-in-my-personality-vijay-deverakonda.html |archive-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Arjun Reddy (soundtrack)}}
[[Radhan]] composed the film's six-song soundtrack, with lyrics written by [[Ananta Sriram]], Rambabu Gosala, [[Shreshta]] and Mandela Pedaswamy.<ref name="raaga playlist2">{{Cite web |title=Arjun Reddy |url=https://www.raaga.com/telugu/popular/movies/Arjun-Reddy-A0003707 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131140206/https://www.raaga.com/telugu/popular/movies/Arjun-Reddy-A0003707 |archive-date=31 January 2018 |access-date=31 January 2018 |work=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]], who would later collaborate with Vanga in all of his films, composed the background score.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=1 November 2024 |title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga to extract more chartbusters |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sandeep-reddy-vanga-to-extract-more-chartbusters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210183338/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sandeep-reddy-vanga-to-extract-more-chartbusters |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> The soundtrack was preceded by four singles—"Mangaluru – Mussorie" (later known as "Dhooram"), "The Breakup Song" (later known as "Teliseney Na Nuvvey"), "Emitemito" and "Madhurame"—released on 23 April 19 June 10 and 31 July 2017, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2017|title=Mangaluru – Mussoorie (From "Arjun Reddy") – Single|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/mangaluru-mussoorie-from-arjun-reddy-single/1232136479|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180202160320/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/mangaluru-mussoorie-from-arjun-reddy-single/1232136479|archive-date=2 February 2018|access-date=2 February 2018|work=[[iTunes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 June 2017|title=The Breakup Song (From "Arjun Reddy") – Single|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/the-breakup-song-from-arjun-reddy-single/1240797050|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180202160118/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/the-breakup-song-from-arjun-reddy-single/1240797050|archive-date=2 February 2018|access-date=2 February 2018|work=iTunes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 July 2017|title=Emitemitemito (From "Arjun Reddy") – Single|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/emitemitemito-from-arjun-reddy-single/1246719845|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180202160250/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/emitemitemito-from-arjun-reddy-single/1246719845|archive-date=2 February 2018|access-date=2 February 2018|work=iTunes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2017|title=Madhuram (From "Arjun Reddy") – Single|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/madhuram-from-arjun-reddy-single/1251975710|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180202160324/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/madhuram-from-arjun-reddy-single/1251975710|archive-date=2 February 2018|access-date=2 February 2018|work=iTunes}}</ref> The soundtrack was released by [[Aditya Music]] on 21 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_-XM4N0YJo|title=Arjun Reddy Pre Release Event|date=21 August 2017|medium=Event|publisher=[[Aditya Music]]|place=India|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026034605/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_-XM4N0YJo|archive-date=26 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>


== Release ==
''Arjun Reddy'' was given an 'A' (adult) certificate by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] due to the abundance of expletives and [[innuendo]]es.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 2017 |title=Shocking duration for Arjun Reddy |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2017-08-12/Shocking-duration-for-Arjun-Reddy/318534 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402210142/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2017-08-12/Shocking-duration-for-Arjun-Reddy/318534 |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jayakrishnan |date=18 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy gets A certificate |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/arjun-reddy-gets-a-certificate/articleshow/60122060.cms |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180408145516/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/arjun-reddy-gets-a-certificate/articleshow/60122060.cms |archive-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> Vanga complained that the board took his creative struggle for granted. He considered writing a letter to the board asking what was taken into consideration before certification.<ref name="premieres">{{Cite news |last=Murali Krishna |first=CH |date=24 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy being compared to Baahubali 2 |work=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/aug/24/arjun-reddy-being-compared-to-baahubali-2-1647363.html |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408145511/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/aug/24/arjun-reddy-being-compared-to-baahubali-2-1647363.html |archive-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> The board complained that the producers of the film had not submitted their promotional material for censoring before using it.<ref name="Vanga Idlebrain int" /> Asian Cinemas and KFC Entertainments acquired the film's distribution rights for Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tanmayi |first=Bhawana |date=26 July 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy gears up for release |work=Telangana Today |url=https://telanganatoday.com/arjun-reddy-gears-release |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408150145/https://telanganatoday.com/arjun-reddy-gears-release |archive-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> Nirvana Cinemas distributed the film in overseas markets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy Box Office Collection: Vijay Devarakonda's film makes a strong show at international market |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/lifestyle/off-track/arjun-reddy-box-office-collection-vijay-devarakondas-film-makes-a-strong-show-at-international-market/story/259370.html |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408150248/https://www.businesstoday.in/lifestyle/off-track/arjun-reddy-box-office-collection-vijay-devarakondas-film-makes-a-strong-show-at-international-market/story/259370.html |archive-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> The teaser of the film was released on 27 February 2017,<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy's teaser is intense! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/arjun-reddys-teaser-is-intense/articleshow/57141679.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827165834/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/arjun-reddys-teaser-is-intense/articleshow/57141679.cms |archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> and the trailer was released on 12 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Arjun Reddy's trailer to be released on Saturday evening |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/arjun-reddys-trailer-to-be-released-on-saturday-evening/articleshow/59918323.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808091141/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/arjun-reddys-trailer-to-be-released-on-saturday-evening/articleshow/59918323.cms |archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>

Days before the film's release, [[Indian National Congress]] party's [[Rajya Sabha]] member [[V. Hanumantha Rao]] tore promotional posters featuring the lead pair kissing each other that had been pasted on [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation|TSRTC]] buses. He found them objectionable and said they adversely affected the minds of young people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Papri |date=21 August 2017 |title=Hanumanth Rao tears down 'Arjun Reddy' poster while Vijay Deverakonda asks him to chill |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hanumanth-rao-tears-down-arjun-reddy-poster-while-vijay-deverakonda-asks-him-to-chill/articleshow/60158047.cms |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180408151846/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hanumanth-rao-tears-down-arjun-reddy-poster-while-vijay-deverakonda-asks-him-to-chill/articleshow/60158047.cms |archive-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> It led the film's promoters to remove such posters across Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=23 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy kissing poster removed: Makers offer apology for using controversial photo |work=[[International Business Times]] |location=India |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-kissing-poster-removed-makers-offer-apology-using-controversial-photo-739478 |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408152128/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-kissing-poster-removed-makers-offer-apology-using-controversial-photo-739478 |archive-date=8 April 2018}}</ref>

''Arjun Reddy'' was released worldwide on 25 August 2017, notably clashing with Indian films ''[[Vivegam]]'' and ''[[A Gentleman]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 August 2017 |title=Vivegam, Arjun Reddy rule Friday box office collections; A Gentleman has Rs 4 crore opening |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vivegam-arjun-reddy-rule-friday-box-office-collections-a-gentleman-has-rs-4-crore-opening-3976227.html |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408150900/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vivegam-arjun-reddy-rule-friday-box-office-collections-a-gentleman-has-rs-4-crore-opening-3976227.html |archive-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> In Hyderabad, 55 paid premieres were held a day before the release, surpassing the record set by ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' which had 33 premiere shows.<ref name="premieres" /> The film's digital rights were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]], which made it available online on the 50th day of theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivatsan |date=26 December 2017 |title=Telugu films in 2017: The prime debate |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-films-in-2017-the-prime-debate/article22281359.ece |access-date=9 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409105740/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-films-in-2017-the-prime-debate/article22281359.ece |archive-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> [[Star Maa]] purchased the satellite rights for {{Indian Rupee}}3.5 crore. The film had its global television premiere on 21 January 2018, with a TRP rating of 13.6.<ref>{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=1 February 2018 |title=Arjun Reddy registers superb TRPs: Vijay's movie shatters the record of Mahesh Babu's Spyder |work=International Business Times India |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-registers-superb-trps-vijays-movie-shatters-record-mahesh-babus-spyder-759073 |access-date=9 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409110040/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-registers-superb-trps-vijays-movie-shatters-record-mahesh-babus-spyder-759073 |archive-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> The film was substantially edited for in its television premiere, drawing criticism from its audience.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tanmayi |first=Bhawana |date=22 January 2018 |title=Maa TV makes Arjun Reddy appear like a saint |work=Telangana Today |url=https://telanganatoday.com/maa-tv-makes-arjun-reddy-appear-like-a-saint |access-date=9 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409110209/https://telanganatoday.com/maa-tv-makes-arjun-reddy-appear-like-a-saint |archive-date=9 April 2018}}</ref>

In 2024, Vanga hinted at a possible release of the film's full version on its 10th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/vijay-deverakonda-gives-an-ultimatum-to-sandeep-reddy-vanga-about-the-full-cut-of-arjun-reddy-101724598881212.html|title=Vijay Deverakonda gives an ultimatum to Sandeep Reddy Vanga about the 'full cut' of Arjun Reddy|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=25 August 2024 |access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901050002/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/vijay-deverakonda-gives-an-ultimatum-to-sandeep-reddy-vanga-about-the-full-cut-of-arjun-reddy-101724598881212.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
''Arjun Reddy'' opened to a 100% occupancy in some areas of India, including districts of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=25 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy box office collection day 1: Vijay's film creates history in US, starts with a bang in India |work=International Business Times India |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-box-office-collection-day-1-vijays-film-creates-history-us-starts-bang-india-739695 |access-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206154017/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-box-office-collection-day-1-vijays-film-creates-history-us-starts-bang-india-739695 |archive-date=6 February 2018}}</ref> At the United States box office, the film debuted with earnings of US$194,051 from its premieres and of US$709,347 in two days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=27 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy vs Vivegam US box office collection: Vijay's film beats Ajith's movie with a big margin |work=International Business Times India |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-vs-vivegam-us-box-office-collection-vijays-film-beats-ajiths-movie-big-margin-739898 |access-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206154443/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-vs-vivegam-us-box-office-collection-vijays-film-beats-ajiths-movie-big-margin-739898 |archive-date=6 February 2018}}</ref> By the end of its first weekend, it grossed US$954,677 in the US,<ref>{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=29 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy US box office collection: Vijay's film beats Vivegam, A Gentleman in first weekend |work=International Business Times India |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-us-box-office-collection-vijays-film-beats-vivegam-gentleman-first-weekend-740092 |access-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206155256/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-us-box-office-collection-vijays-film-beats-vivegam-gentleman-first-weekend-740092 |archive-date=6 February 2018}}</ref> and A$111,521 in Australia. ''Arjun Reddy'' grossed {{Indian Rupee}}19 crore globally, with a distributor share of {{Indian Rupee}}10.42 crore in its first weekend. The film was declared commercially successful as it earned a profit of 73.66% for its distributors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=28 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy 1st weekend box office collection: Vijay's film attains blockbuster status in just 3 days |work=International Business Times India |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-1st-weekend-box-office-collection-vijays-film-attains-blockbuster-status-just-3-days-740042 |access-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206154552/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-1st-weekend-box-office-collection-vijays-film-attains-blockbuster-status-just-3-days-740042 |archive-date=6 February 2018}}</ref> ''Arjun Reddy''{{'s}} earnings exceeded US$1 million on its fourth day of theatrical release in the US, becoming the 32nd Indian Telugu-language film to do so.<ref>{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=30 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy day 5 box office collection: Vijay scores his 2nd $1 million grosser in US after Pelli Choopulu |work=International Business Times India |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-day-5-box-office-collection-vijay-scores-his-2nd-1-million-grosser-us-after-pelli-740242 |access-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206155627/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-day-5-box-office-collection-vijay-scores-his-2nd-1-million-grosser-us-after-pelli-740242 |archive-date=6 February 2018}}</ref>

By the end of its first week, the film grossed {{Indian Rupee}}34.3 crore and a distributor share of {{Indian Rupee}}18.5 crore, providing a return of nearly 200% to its distributors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=1 September 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy 7-day box office collection: Vijay's movie crosses Rs 30 crore mark in first week |work=International Business Times India |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-7-day-box-office-collection-vijays-movie-crosses-rs-30-crore-mark-first-week-740538 |access-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206155901/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-7-day-box-office-collection-vijays-movie-crosses-rs-30-crore-mark-first-week-740538 |archive-date=6 February 2018}}</ref> After earning US$1,681,996 in 17 days in the US, ''Arjun Reddy'' became the fourth highest grossing Telugu film of the year in that country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=11 September 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy US box office collection: Vijay's film beats Gautamiputra Satakarni to be 4th highest Telugu grosser |work=International Business Times India |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-us-box-office-collection-vijays-film-beats-gautamiputra-satakarni-be-4th-highest-741699 |access-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206160509/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-us-box-office-collection-vijays-film-beats-gautamiputra-satakarni-be-4th-highest-741699 |archive-date=6 February 2018}}</ref> By then, it had grossed a worldwide total of {{Indian Rupee}}45 crore and a distributor share of {{Indian Rupee}}25 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=12 September 2017 |title=Box office collection: Arjun Reddy emerges big winner; Paisa Vasool, Yuddham Sharanam, MMA flop |work=International Business Times India |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/arjun-reddy-us-box-office-collection-vijays-film-beats-gautamiputra-satakarni-be-4th-highest-741699 |access-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206160801/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-arjun-reddy-emerges-big-winner-paisa-vasool-yuddham-sharanam-mma-flop-741738 |archive-date=6 February 2018}}</ref> In its complete global theatrical run, ''Arjun Reddy'' grossed a total of {{Indian Rupee}}51 crore and earned a distributor share of {{Indian Rupee}}26 crore.<ref name="gross" />

=== Critical response ===
''Arjun Reddy'' received highly positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy: Women organisations protest against Vijay Deverakonda-starrer; demand ban |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arjun-reddy-women-organisations-protest-against-vijay-deverakonda-starrer-demand-ban-4001265.html |access-date=13 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416121645/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arjun-reddy-women-organisations-protest-against-vijay-deverakonda-starrer-demand-ban-4001265.html |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref> Writing for [[Film Companion]], [[Baradwaj Rangan]] said that while the pre-interval sequences were generic, the "prickly" latter portions justified both the film's title and the running time. Rangan called ''Arjun Reddy'' a film that "digs deep [and] rings true" and said it "really comes into its own" in the second half.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=1 September 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/arjun-reddy-movie-review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128003203/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/arjun-reddy-movie-review |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=28 January 2018 |url-status=live |website=Film Companion}}</ref> S. Shiva Kumar of ''The Hindu'' wrote that Vanga's storytelling had a "conviction and confidence probably only a debutante will have". He found the performances, especially those of Deverakonda and Kanchana, "pitch perfect".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S |date=31 August 2017 |title=It is a 'different' film |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/it-is-a-different-film/article19592951.ece |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405095639/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/it-is-a-different-film/article19592951.ece |archive-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo said the film is "too raw and real to be absolutely fictional" and commented: "Hours after watching ''Arjun Reddy'', it’s hard to shake off its effect. It’s like a hangover, albeit in a good way."<ref name="TH R SDD2">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=26 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy movie review: A landmark film |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sandeep-reddy-vanga-gives-a-new-dimension-to-telugu-cinema-helped-by-the-brilliant-vijay-deverakonda/article19564748.ece |access-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126161908/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sandeep-reddy-vanga-gives-a-new-dimension-to-telugu-cinema-helped-by-the-brilliant-vijay-deverakonda/article19564748.ece |archive-date=26 January 2018}}</ref>

[[Indo-Asian News Service]] gave the film five stars out of five, called it the "most original, experimental and daring work to come out Telugu cinema in a long time", and said the protagonist's "rise, fall and rise ... is nothing short of poetic and heart wrenching".<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy movie review: Intense, raw and unbelievably honest. 5 stars |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Indo Asian News Service |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/arjun-reddy-movie-review-intense-raw-and-unbelievably-honest-5-stars/story-kSroTBJoqiGlTBavkdlVeK.html |access-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126154917/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/arjun-reddy-movie-review-intense-raw-and-unbelievably-honest-5-stars/story-kSroTBJoqiGlTBavkdlVeK.html |archive-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> Neeshita Nyayapati gave the film four stars out of five and commented: "With ''Arjun Reddy'', Sandeep Vanga has managed to tell a story that is seldom told, without sleaze or cheesy lines or [over the top] drama".<ref name="TOI R2">{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshitha |date=26 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/arjun-reddy/movie-review/60277192.cms |access-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180126162634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/arjun-reddy/movie-review/60277192.cms |archive-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> Srivatsan of ''[[India Today]]'' also gave the film four stars out of five and wrote: "Lo and behold, ''Arjun Reddy''—the film and Vijay Deverakonda, is something that the Telugu industry deserved in the first place", and praised the "brutal and honest" filmmaking.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Srivatsan |date=30 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy movie review: Vijay Deverakonda's film deserves to be celebrated |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/arjun-reddy-movie-review-vijay-deverakonda-sai-sandeep-vanga-1034193-2017-08-30 |magazine=[[India Today]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180126163245/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/arjun-reddy-movie-review-vijay-deverakonda-sai-sandeep-vanga-1034193-2017-08-30 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' also gave the film four stars out of five and commended the performances and the filmmaking but was apprehensive of the second half's pace.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=29 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy movie review: This film is a sensation! |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/290817/arjun-reddy-is-a-sensation.html |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131125834/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/290817/arjun-reddy-is-a-sensation.html |archive-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'', also gave four stars stating "Arjun Reddy is the dawn of a new era of films for the Telugu film industry."<ref>{{Citation |title=Arjun Reddy Review {4/5}: The movie is the dawn of a new era of films for the Telugu film industry |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/arjun-reddy/movie-review/60277192.cms |access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref>

Hemanth Kumar, in his review for ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3.75 stars out of five and praised the storytelling in particular, saying: "There are no gimmicks, no surprises, no twists. And in doing so, we are forced to absorb the film at a more personal and subconscious level."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=25 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy movie review: Vijay Devarakonda-starrer heralds a new chapter in Telugu cinema |work=Firstpost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arjun-reddy-movie-review-vijay-devarakonda-starrer-heralds-a-new-chapter-in-telugu-cinema-3972675.html |access-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128093720/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arjun-reddy-movie-review-vijay-devarakonda-starrer-heralds-a-new-chapter-in-telugu-cinema-3972675.html |archive-date=28 January 2018}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan, in her review for [[NewsX]], wrote that the protagonist is "unconventional, free-spirited and tries to break the shackles of traditional societal norms". She said the romance is "rooted in deep emotions" and gave the film 3.5 stars out of five.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=1 September 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy movie review: A sensational film that pushes all boundaries |work=[[NewsX]] |url=https://www.newsx.com/entertainment/73826-arjun-reddy-movie-review-a-sensational-film-that-pushes-all-boundaries |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131130250/https://www.newsx.com/entertainment/73826-arjun-reddy-movie-review-a-sensational-film-that-pushes-all-boundaries |archive-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> Giving three stars out of five, K. Naresh Kumar of ''[[The Hans India]]'' was critical of the film's pace and a few subplots in the second half. He wrote: "As a tale of a love-struck man, who falters and finally figures out what is best for him, the experiment that the director undertakes is tedious, stretching out time and again".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naresh Kumar |first=K. |date=27 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy: Bold, different and tad too long |work=The Hans India |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-08-27/Arjun-Reddy-Bold-different-and-tad-too-long/322038 |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131130606/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-08-27/Arjun-Reddy-Bold-different-and-tad-too-long/322038 |archive-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> Murali Krishna CH, in his review for the ''[[Cinema Express]]'', praised the unpredictability of the first half but was apprehensive of some emotional scenes in the second half; he found them a "serious flaw" after the intermission.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murali Krishna |first=CH |date=26 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy: A youthful masterpiece |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2017/aug/26/arjun-reddy-a-youthful-masterpiece-1807.html |access-date=3 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203151429/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2017/aug/26/arjun-reddy-a-youthful-masterpiece-1807.html |archive-date=3 February 2018}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Toxic masculinity ===
The film has drawn criticism for its alleged [[misogyny]] and glorification of [[toxic masculinity]]. Sowmya Rajendran, in her review for ''[[The News Minute]]'', panned its "utterly colourless" female characters and validation of abusive behaviour, writing: "The film treats women as property, to be under the protection and control of men ... [it] will have us believe that women have no opinions about anything that happens to them or around them."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=4 September 2017 |title='Arjun Reddy' may be a 21st century epic but why are its women stuck in the past? |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arjun-reddy-may-be-21st-century-epic-why-are-its-women-stuck-past-67858 |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405100655/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arjun-reddy-may-be-21st-century-epic-why-are-its-women-stuck-past-67858 |archive-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> Malini Raghu of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' concurred, stating: "portraying [Reddy] as just a wounded and short-tempered but affectionate boy is not acceptable to many [...] The female lead's gullibility is annoying, especially to women. All she does is keep mum and boost her man's ego."<ref name="Deccan Herald 2019">{{Cite news |last=Raghu |first=Malini |date=23 June 2019 |title=Why 'Kabir Singh' and 'Arjun Reddy' are sexist, toxic |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/why-kabir-singh-and-arjun-reddy-are-sexist-toxic-742296.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731155515/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/why-kabir-singh-and-arjun-reddy-are-sexist-toxic-742296.html |archive-date=31 July 2020}}</ref> Vishnupriya Bhandaram of ''[[Firstpost]]'' found the film's depiction of misbehavior as an alpha male attribute to be "deeply problematic",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhandaram |first=Vishnupriya |date=4 September 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy: How Vijay Devarakonda's film is a nod to toxic masculinity |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arjun-reddy-how-vijay-devarakondas-film-is-a-70mm-nod-to-toxic-masculinity-4006083.html |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405101322/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arjun-reddy-how-vijay-devarakondas-film-is-a-70mm-nod-to-toxic-masculinity-4006083.html |archive-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> while [[Sify]]'s Ashley Tellis classified it as "part of the culture of misogyny that has always existed in Telugu (and Tamil and all Indian film cultures)."<ref name="Tellis 2018">{{Cite web |last=Tellis |first=Ashley |date=26 July 2018 |title=Arjun Reddy, Sri Reddy & Telugu cinema's hatred for women |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/arjun-reddy-sri-reddy--telugu-cinemas-hatred-for-women-news-telugu-sh0lUQhdjifhc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202141742/https://www.sify.com/movies/arjun-reddy-sri-reddy--telugu-cinemas-hatred-for-women-news-telugu-sh0lUQhdjifhc.html |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=9 April 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Speaking to ''[[The Asian Age]]'', Neelima Menon opined that "it's problematic when you add celebratory background score to an act of verbally abusing a woman with sexually coloured remarks, or beating her up, or decide to make these acts sound heroic."<ref name="The Asian Age. 2019">{{Cite news |date=23 June 2019 |title=Terribly toxic trends |work=[[The Asian Age]] |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/230619/terribly-toxic-trends.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227130211/https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/230619/terribly-toxic-trends.html |archive-date=27 February 2021}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Mashable]]'', Pramit Chatterjee summed up the film as "the flag-bearer of 21st-century toxic masculinity".<ref name="Chatterjee 2019">{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Pramit |date=27 May 2019 |title=Let's Discuss 'Kabir Singh', 'Arjun Reddy' and Their Love For Toxic Masculinity |url=https://in.mashable.com/culture/3688/lets-discuss-kabir-singh-arjun-reddy-and-their-love-for-toxic-masculinity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204141407/https://in.mashable.com/culture/3688/lets-discuss-kabir-singh-arjun-reddy-and-their-love-for-toxic-masculinity |archive-date=4 February 2020 |access-date=9 April 2020 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref>

In 2019, actress [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]] criticised ''Arjun Reddy'' at a roundtable organised by ''Film Companion'' for glorifying misogyny, abuse and toxic masculinity in the films at [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI). Her comments against ''Arjun Reddy'' were met with widespread appreciation and criticism with many noting that she was brave enough to address the issue in front of Deverakonda.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2019 |title=Parvathy Menon slammed Arjun Reddy |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-deverakonda-on-arjun-reddy-row-i-love-parvathy-but-social-media-hadavidi-irritates-me-1623294-2019-11-28 |url-status=live |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015326/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-deverakonda-on-arjun-reddy-row-i-love-parvathy-but-social-media-hadavidi-irritates-me-1623294-2019-11-28 |archive-date=8 January 2021}}</ref> Later, Deverakonda criticised social media trollers during an interview for blowing the issue out of proportion while simultaneously emphasising on how much he respected Parvathy and her work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2019 |title="I love Parvathy. But I dislike that people are celebrating at my cost," says Vijay Deverakonda while addressing the Arjun Reddy controversy |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/love-parvathy-dislike-people-celebrating-cost-says-vijay-deverakonda-addressing-arjun-reddy-controversy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201092736/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/love-parvathy-dislike-people-celebrating-cost-says-vijay-deverakonda-addressing-arjun-reddy-controversy/ |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=19 August 2020 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The main character was spoofed in the Malayalam film ''[[Super Sharanya]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=V.S |first=Goutham |date=7 January 2022 |title=Super Sharanya movie review: Why is Sharanya Super? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mollywood-movie-review/super-sharanya-movie-review-why-is-sharanya-super/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015100551/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mollywood-movie-review/super-sharanya-movie-review-why-is-sharanya-super/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2022 |title='Super Sharanya' review: Girish A D returns with another charmer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jan/11/super-sharanya-review-girish-a-d-returns-with-another-charmer-2405319.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031120654/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jan/11/super-sharanya-review-girish-a-d-returns-with-another-charmer-2405319.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Glorification of substance and sexual abuse ===
Post-release, Hanumantha Rao lodged a complaint against the film, stating that it promoted sexual abuse in colleges and substance abuse in hospitals. He also asked [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]], the chief minister of Telangana, to stop the film's screening across the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2017 |title=Ban 'Arjun Reddy' for promoting drugs, says Congress leader who tore posters of the film |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ban-arjun-reddy-promoting-drugs-says-congress-leader-who-tore-posters-film-67588 |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421155120/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ban-arjun-reddy-promoting-drugs-says-congress-leader-who-tore-posters-film-67588 |url-status=live }}</ref> A week after the film's release, D. Nagaraju from Khammam accused the film's makers of plagiarising his script and demanded compensation of {{Indian Rupee}}2 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Papri |date=31 August 2017 |title='Arjun Reddy' gets embroiled in plagiarism controversy |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/arjun-reddy-gets-embroiled-in-plagiarism-controversy/articleshow/60311759.cms |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180408153345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/arjun-reddy-gets-embroiled-in-plagiarism-controversy/articleshow/60311759.cms |archive-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> In Vijayawada, women's organisations held a protest against the film, complaining of its "objectionable" content that could have a negative impact on young people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2017 |title=Women's groups protest against 'Arjun Reddy' in Vijayawada, demand ban on film's screening |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/womens-groups-protest-against-arjun-reddy-vijayawada-demand-ban-films-screening-67695 |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421155059/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/womens-groups-protest-against-arjun-reddy-vijayawada-demand-ban-films-screening-67695 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Legacy==
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align = right
|image1 = Vijay_Deverakonda_at_NOTA_pressmeet_(cropped).jpg
|width1 = 160
|height1 = 140
|image2 = Sandeep_Vanga_Dallas.jpg
|width2 = 135
|height2 = 120
|footer = Critics heavily praised the performance of [[Vijay Deverakonda]] (''left'') and [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]'s direction (''right'') in particular.
}}

''Arjun Reddy'' eventually gained huge popularity and was praised by many celebrities across [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]]. The film's success provided [[breakout role|major breakthrough]] and elevated Devarakonda to superstardom and brought huge recognition for Sandeep Reddy Vanga and made him one of the most sought out film directors across Indian cinema. The film attained [[cult film|huge cult following]] among youth in [[Telugu cinema]] for its storytelling, characterisation, innovative screenplay and [[Shot (filmmaking)|shotmaking techniques]], and has been recognised by many to have introduced new style of [[filmmaking]] and has set standards for other Indian films, eventually making it a trendsetting and pathbreaking film.<ref name=r5>{{Cite news|title='Arjun Reddy' completes three years: Recollect these kick-ass SCENES from Vijay Deverakonda's cult film|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/arjun-reddy-completes-three-years-recollect-these-kick-ass-scenes-from-vijay-deverakondas-cult-film/articleshow/77738811.cms|date=25 August 2020|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901045857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/arjun-reddy-completes-three-years-recollect-these-kick-ass-scenes-from-vijay-deverakondas-cult-film/articleshow/77738811.cms|url-status=live}} {{Cite web|title=Three years for cult classic Arjun Reddy|url=https://www.telugu360.com/three-years-for-cult-classic-arjun-reddy/|date=25 August 2020|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901045854/https://www.telugu360.com/three-years-for-cult-classic-arjun-reddy/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! {{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]
|Best Actor
|[[Vijay Deverakonda]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H |date=January 2018 |title=Zee Telugu Golden Awards 2017 winners list and photos |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zee-telugu-golden-awards-2017-winners-list-photos-755196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608070256/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zee-telugu-golden-awards-2017-winners-list-photos-755196 |archive-date=8 June 2018 |access-date=8 June 2018 |website=International Business Times |location=India}}</ref>
|-
|Best Debut Actress
|[[Shalini Pandey]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[65th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
|Bhadrakali Pictures ''- Arjun Reddy''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2018 |title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html |access-date=4 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604163156/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |archive-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2018 |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620082346/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887.html |archive-date=20 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
| [[Sandeep Vanga]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| [[Vijay Deverakonda]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
|[[Shreshta]] (for "Madhurame")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[L. V. Revanth]] (for "Teliseney Na Nuvvey")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|Sameera Bharadwaj (for "Madhurame")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Sakshi Excellence Awards]]
|Most Popular Actress of The Year
|[[Shalini Pandey]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 August 2018|title=Sakshi Excellence Awards 2017: Shalini Pandey Gets Most Popular Actress of The Year Award|url=https://www.sakshiexcellenceawards.com/index.php?page=Videos&pageid=10&subpageid=30&subsubpageid=0&id=426&pg=2|access-date=21 September 2019|website=Sakshi Excellence Awards|language=english|archive-date=22 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622120338/https://www.sakshiexcellenceawards.com/index.php?page=Videos&pageid=10&subpageid=30&subsubpageid=0&id=426&pg=2|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director (Telugu)|Best Director (Telugu)]]
|[[Sandeep Vanga]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Nirmal |date=15 September 2018 |title=SIIMA Awards 2018 Telugu Kannada winners list live updates: Baahubali 2 and Rajakumara turn best movies [Photos] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920070403/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=14 October 2020 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Telugu)|Best Actor (Telugu)]]
|[[Vijay Deverakonda]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian (Telugu)|Best Comedian (Telugu)]]
|[[Rahul Ramakrishna]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut (Telugu)|Best Female Debut (Telugu)]]
|[[Shalini Pandey]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director (Telugu)|Best Debut Director (Telugu)]]
|[[Sandeep Vanga]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[16th Santosham Film Awards]]
|Best Male Playback Singer
|[[L. V. Revanth]] (for "Teliseney Na Nuvvey")
|{{won}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Zee Telugu|Zee Telugu Apsara Awards]]
|Debut Heroine of the Year
|rowspan="2"|[[Shalini Pandey]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=At Zee Telugu Apsara Awards 2018, Kajal Aggarwal and Tamannaah win honours |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/at-zee-telugu-apsara-awards-2018-kajal-aggarwal-and-tamannaah-win-honours/story-KijVPXjDwUTt4dTmuPVNmK.html |access-date=15 November 2020 |date=9 April 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001050532/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/at-zee-telugu-apsara-awards-2018-kajal-aggarwal-and-tamannaah-win-honours/story-KijVPXjDwUTt4dTmuPVNmK_amp.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Find of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |49th Cinegoers Awards
|Best Debut Director
|[[Sandeep Vanga]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|Best Youth Icon Hero
|[[Vijay Deverakonda]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Debut Comedian
|[[Rahul Ramakrishna]]
|{{won}}
|}

== Remakes ==
''Arjun Reddy'' was [[Remake|remade]] in Hindi by Vanga himself as ''[[Kabir Singh]]'', which was released on 21 June 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kotecha |first=Ronak |date=20 June 2019 |title=Kabir Singh Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kabir-singh/movie-review/69879261.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190620170404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kabir-singh/movie-review/69879261.cms |archive-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> The film was first remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] by [[Bala (director)|Bala]] as ''[[Varmaa]]''; however in early 2019 the production company E4 Entertainment shelved the film's release due to creative differences with Bala,<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2019 |title=E4 Entertainment not happy with Bala's Varmaa; to re-shoot the Arjun Reddy remake with a new team |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/07/e4-entertainment-not-happy-with-of-balas-varmaa-to-re-shoot-the-arjun-reddy-remake-with-a-new-team-10004.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207131854/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/07/e4-entertainment-not-happy-with-of-balas-varmaa-to-re-shoot-the-arjun-reddy-remake-with-a-new-team-10004.html |archive-date=7 February 2019}}</ref> and relaunched the film as ''[[Adithya Varma]]'' with Gireesaaya directing, which was released on 21 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=22 November 2019 |title=Adithya Varma Movie Review : A well-made, if overtly faithful, remake with Adithya Varma. |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/adithya-varma/movie-review/72179520.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122170910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/adithya-varma/movie-review/72179520.cms |archive-date=22 November 2019}}</ref> Despite initially being shelved, ''Varmaa'' was released on 6 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=6 October 2020 |title=Movie Review : Bala's Varmaa gets Arjun Reddy all wrong |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/varmaa/movie-review/78505628.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201006052115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/varmaa/movie-review/78505628.cms |archive-date=6 October 2020 |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In June 2019, producer S. Narayan bought the [[Kannada]] remake rights of the film.<ref name="27 June 2019">{{Cite web |date=26 June 2019 |title=Vijay Deverkonda's Arjun Reddy to next go to Sandalwood after Bollywood and Kollywood! |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/vijay-deverkondas-arjun-reddy-to-next-go-to-sandalwood-after-bollywood-and-kollywood-460651.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190627132432/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/vijay-deverkondas-arjun-reddy-to-next-go-to-sandalwood-after-bollywood-and-kollywood-460651.htm |archive-date=27 June 2019 |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=[[In.com]]}}</ref> E4 Entertainment also holds the rights to make a [[Malayalam]] version.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Narayanan |date=22 November 2019 |title=For the Tamil cinema lover, there's action, family drama and horror-comedy to end the year |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/theres-plenty-in-store-for-the-tamil-cinema-lover-over-the-next-two-months/article30046840.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127181447/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/theres-plenty-in-store-for-the-tamil-cinema-lover-over-the-next-two-months/article30046840.ece |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=1 December 2019 |website=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> In 2021, Yuva Films, a Nepali film production company was reported to be producing a Nepali version of ''Arjun Reddy''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2021 |title=Yuwa Films announces auditions for South Indian film Arjun Reddy's Nepali remake |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/makers-of-south-indian-film-arjun-reddys-announce-auditions-for-nepali-remake-including-lead-actors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222095701/https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/makers-of-south-indian-film-arjun-reddys-announce-auditions-for-nepali-remake-including-lead-actors |archive-date=22 February 2021 |access-date=12 March 2021 |website=[[The Himalayan Times]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Sandeep Reddy Vanga}}

{{Good article}}

[[Category:2010s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s psychological drama films]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2017 controversies]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 independent films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]
[[Category:Films about depression]]
[[Category:Films about mental health]]
[[Category:Films about surgeons]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films scored by Radhan]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]

List of Indian representatives at international male beauty pageants

2026-03-10T17:23:08Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Started Details

{{short description|National male beauty pageant competition in India}}
India selects its delegates for international male beauty pageants through several national competitions held throughout the year. Winners and runners-up from these events are sent to represent the nation at various prestigious international competitions.

Currently, three primary national pageants stand out: [[Times Mister India]], [[Rubaru Mister India]], and [[Miss and Mister Supranational India|Mister Supranational India]]. Each selects contestants through their own processes, culminating in the coronation of winners and runners-up.

These national titles serve as gateways to various international platforms. Winners and runners-up may compete in renowned pageants like [[Mister World]], [[Mister Supranational]], [[Mister International]], [[Mister Global]], [[Manhunt International]], and [[Man of the World (pageant)|Man of the World]], alongside several other prominent regional events.<ref name=Times2014/><ref name=supranational2017>{{cite web|title= Mr India 2017: Prathamesh Maulingkar's journey from Football to Fitness model |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/lifestyle/mr-india-2017-prathamesh-maulingkar-journey-from-goa-football-mtv-splitsvilla-fitness-model-18526 |work=MumbaiLive.com|date=15 December 2017 |accessdate=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=JiteshThakur>{{cite web|title=Jitesh Thakur bags second runner-up spot at Mister Supranational 2016|url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/mr-india/Jitesh-Thakur-bags-second-runner-up-spot-at-Mister-Supranational-2016/articleshow/55782477.cms|accessdate=4 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=Altmash>{{cite web|title=Altamash Faraz to represent India at Mister Supranational 2017|url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/mr-india/altamash-faraz-to-represent-india-at-mister-supranational-2017/articleshow/61153296.cms|accessdate=20 October 2017}}</ref>

==History==
=== Early years and franchise development (1994–2012) ===
The inaugural Mister India World pageant (1994), organized by Adonis-Graviera, selected Bikram Saluja as India's representative for the first-ever Mister World in 1996.<ref name=Pageant1996>{{cite web|title=Bikram Saluja wins Adonis - Graviera contest|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19941115-bikram-singh-saluja-wins-adonis-graviera-contest-810184-1994-11-14|work=intoday.in|date=15 November 1994 |access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> The same year (1994), the [[Gladrags Manhunt and Megamodel Contest]] chose [[Rajat Bedi]] to represent India at the inaugural Manhunt International, where he achieved the 4th Runner-Up placement.<ref name=Pageant1996/> Graviera continued to organize the Mister India World pageant, with [[Sachin Khurana]] winning the 1998 edition and representing India at the international competition. [[Grasim Mr. India]] acquired the franchise for Mister World in 1994, holding it until 2007. They returned as franchise holders from 2010 to 2012, during which they actively sent delegates to the international pageant. Haywards 5000 briefly held the franchise ownership in 2007, sending Kawaljit Anand Singh to Mister World.<ref name=Pageant1996/><ref>{{cite web|title= Kawaljit Anand is Haywards 5000 Mr India |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/03/08/kawaljit-anand-is-haywards-5000-mr-india-1174141633.html|work=oneindia.com|date=17 March 2007|accessdate=18 December 2017}}</ref>

=== Ownership transition and recent developments (since 2014) ===
[[The Times Group]] acquired the rights to send India's representatives to Mister World in 2014, continuing the legacy established by previous franchise holders.<ref name=Times2014>{{cite web|title=Miss India Organisation launches Mr India World 2014|url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/mr-india/archives/Miss-India-Organization-launches-Mr-India-World-2014/articleshow/33897168.cms|work=indiatimes.com|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref>
In 2023, a new national organization named Mister Supranational India, led by Himadri Bhatnagar, acquired the rights to send a representative to [[Mister Supranational 2023]]. Their first delegate, Raj Sunil Singh, participated in the 2023 pageant but did not advance to the semi-finals, marking the end of India's consecutive placements at the competition since its inaugural edition in 2016.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Winners of major international [[Beauty pageant]]
|-
! width="300" | Pageant
! width="100" | Titles
! width="300" | Winning year(s)
! width="300" | Winner(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Mister World]]
| rowspan="8" | 1
|-
| [[Mister World 2016|2016]]
| [[Rohit Khandelwal]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Miss and Mister Supranational|Mister Supranational]]
|-
| 2018
| [[Prathamesh Maulingkar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Manhunt International]]
|-
| 2001
| Rajeev Singh
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Mister Global]]
|-
| [[Mister Global 2023|2023]]
| Jason Dylan Bretfelean
|}

==Representatives to major beauty pageants==
;Color key
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} Declared as Winner
* {{Color box|#FFF83B|border=darkgray}} Ended as Runner-up
* {{Color box|#FFFACD|border=darkgray}} Ended as one of the Finalists or Semi-finalists
* {{Color box|lavender|border=darkgray}} Competitions to be held/awaiting result
}}
===Manhunt International===
Representatives to Manhut International is being sent by [[Gladrags]] organisation through [[Gladrags Manhunt and Megamodel Contest]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px| Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px| International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 1994
| [[Rajat Bedi]]
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| 4th Runner-Up
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 1995
| [[Dino Morea]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| 1st Runner-Up
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 1997
| Zulfi Syed Ahmad
| [[Karnataka]]
| 4th Runner-Up
|
|-
| 1998
| Balbir Meena
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 1999
| [[John Abraham]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 1st Runner-Up
|
|-
| 2000
| Reji Varghese
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| 2001
| Rajeev Singh
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Manhunt International 2001
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Best National Costume
* Sharmoon Best Dressed Gentleman Award}}
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| 2002
| Nitin Singh
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Top 15
|
|-style="background:#FADADD;"
| 2005
| Pawan Setpal
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Photogenic}}
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| 2006
| Aryan Baruah
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Top 15
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Personality}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2007
| Abhimanyu Jain
| [[Rajasthan]]
| 4th Runner-Up
|
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| 2008
| Romeo Gates
| [[New Delhi]]
| Top 15
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Internet Popularity}}
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| 2010
| Ahran Chaudhary
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| Top 16
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Internet Popularity}}
|-
| 2011
| Shashvat Seth
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| 2012
| Arry Dabas
| [[Haryana]]
| Top 16
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Photogenic}}
|-
| 2016
| Grewal Gurmehar
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background:#FADADD;"
| 2017
| Takshanin Ram
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Best Participant Award}}
|-
| 2018
| Prasad Cariappa
| [[Karnataka]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2020
| Mayur Gangwani
| [[Karnataka]]
| 4th Runner-Up
|
|-
| 2022
| Rakesh Nongmaithem
| [[Manipur]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2024
| Jomin D'souza
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2025
| Nipun Singh
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| Unplaced
|
|}
{{Small|Note – No pageant held in the years: 2015, 2014, 2013, 2009, 2004, 2003 and 1996}}

===Mister World===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| [[Mister World 1996|1996]]
| [[:pl:Bikram Saluja|Bikram Saluja]]
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| Top 10
|
|-
| [[Mister World 1998|1998]]
| [[Sachin Khurana]]
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| [[Mister World 2007|2007]]
| Kawaljit Anand Singh
| [[Assam]]
| Top 12
|
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| [[Mister World 2010|2010]]
| Inder Bajwa
| [[Karnataka]]
| Top 15
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Top 20 – Mister World Talent
* Top 20 – Mister World Top Model}}
|-
| [[Mister World 2012|2012]]
| Taher Ali
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Mister World 2014|2014]]
| Prateik Jain
| [[Karnataka]]
| Top 10
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 6 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Continental King of Asia and Oceania
* Winner – Shot-Put Challenge
* Winner (Team) – The Tug-O-War
* 1st Runner-Up – Mister Multimedia
* Top 21 – Talent Round
* Top 24 – Extreme Sports}}
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| [[Mister World 2016|2016]]
| [[Rohit Khandelwal]]
| [[Telangana]]
| Mister World 2016
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Winner – Mister Multimedia}}
|-style="background:#FADADD;"
| [[Mister World 2019|2019]]
| [[Vishnu Raj Menon]]
| [[Kerala]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* 2nd Runner-Up – Mister Multimedia}}
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| [[Mister World 2024|2024]]
| [[Gokul Ganesan]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| Top 10
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 5 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Top 5 – Multimedia Challenge
* Top 5 – Top Model
* Top 20 – Head-to-Head Challenge
* Top 30 – Beauty With a Purpose
* Top 36 – Talent Round}}
|-
| 2025
| [[Shevam Singh]]
| [[Bihar]]
| colspan=2| {{tableTBA}}
|}

===[[Mister International (Thailand)]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-
| 2006
| Sudhir Tewari
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2007
| Nikhil Dharwan
| [[New Delhi]]
| Top 10
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 2008
| Vikas Mehandroo
| [[New Delhi]]
| Top 15
|
|-
| 2009
| Imran Khan
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2010
| Akash Charan
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2012
| Opangtongdang Jamir
| [[Nagaland]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2013
| Hukapa Chakhesang
| [[Nagaland]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2014
| Parmeet Wahi
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background:#FADADD;"
| 2015
| Halley Laithangbam
| [[Manipur]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Top 10 – Best National Costume}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 2016
| Mudit Malhotra
| [[New Delhi]]
| Top 9
|
|-
| 2017
| Darasing Khurana
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2018
| Balaji Murugadoss
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| [[Mister International 2022|2022]]
| [[Lukanand Kshetrimayum]]
| [[Manipur]]
| 1st Runner-Up
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Mister International 2023|2023]]
| Shashwat Dwivedi
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| Top 5
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Smart Guy}}
|-
| [[Mister International 2024|2024]]
| Vishnu Choudhary
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Mister International 2025 (Thailand)|2025]]
| Madhuram Daga
| [[West Bengal]]
| Top 20
|
|}
{{Small|Note: No pageant held in the years: 2019 – 2021 and no delegate was sent in 2011}}

===Mister Global===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-
| 2015
| Sandeep Sehrawat
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2016
| [[Prateek Baid]]
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Top 16
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Best Model}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2017
| Srikant Dwivedi
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| Top 10
|
|-
| 2018
| Dhwrwm Swargiary
| [[Assam]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2019
| Rishabh Kumar
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2021
| Tseteej Shiwakoty
| [[Sikkim]]
| Top 17
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Top 5 – Most Inspirational Video Award}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Mister Global 2022|2022]]
| Chena Ram Choudhary
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Top 15
|
|-
| 2022
| [[SriKrishna Deepak Brundavanam]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| Mister Global Asia Finalist
|
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| [[Mister Global 2023|2023]]
| [[Jason Bretfelean|Jason Dylan Bretfelean]]
| [[Telangana]]
| Mister Global 2023
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Body Perfect}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
| Gemin Darin
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| Top 20
|
|-
| [[Mister Global 2025|2025]]
| Rakesh Bhosekar
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
|
|}

===Mister Supranational===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2016
| Jitesh Naresh Thakur
| [[Rajasthan]]
| 2nd Runner-Up
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 3 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Supranational Asia
* Winner – Top Model
* 3rd Runner-Up – Mister Mobstar}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2017
| Altamash Faraz
| [[New Delhi]]
| Top 10
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 4 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Supranational Asia & Oceania
* 1st Runner-Up – Best in Swimsuit
* 1st Runner-Up – Extreme Race
* 3rd Runner-Up – Best in Street-Wear}}
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| 2018
| [[Prathamesh Maulingkar]]
| [[Goa]]
| Mister Supranational 2018
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Winner – Best Body
* Winner – Mister Social Media}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2019
| Varun Verma
| [[New Delhi]]
| Top 10
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 3 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Supranational Asia
* Top 10 – Digital Influencer
* Top 10 – Mister Supra Fan Vote}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Mister Supranational 2021|2021]]
| [[Rahul Rajasekharan|Rahul Rajasekharan Nair]]
| [[Kerala]]
| Top 10
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 4 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Supranational Asia
* Winner – Mister Supra Chat
* Top 10 – Digital Influencer
* Top 10 – Mister Supra Fan Vote}}
|-style="background:#FADADD;"
| [[Mister Supranational 2023|2023]]
| Raj Singh
| [[Maharashtra]]
| align="center"|Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Winner – Mister Talent}}
|-
| [[Mister Supranational 2024|2024]]
| Aman Rajesh Singh
| [[Tamilnadu]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| [[Mister Supranational 2025|2025]]
| Shubham Sharma
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Top 20
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Winner – Mister Influencer Opportunity
* Top 10 – Supra Model of the Year}}
|-
| 2026
| [[Abel Biju]]
| [[Kerala]]
| colspan=2| {{tableTBA}}
|}
{{Small|Note – No pageant held in the year 2022}}

===[[Man of the World (pageant)|Man of the World]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Man of the World 2018|2018]]
| Joshua Roshan Chhabra
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Top 17
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* {{gold01}} Best in Fashion of the World
* {{bronze03}} Best in Talent}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Man of the World 2019|2019]]
| Krishna Salak
| [[Chandigarh]]
| Top 10
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* {{gold01}} Mister Photogenic
* {{bronze03}} Best in National Costume}}
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| [[Man of the World 2022|2022]]
| Aditya Khurana
| [[Delhi]]
| Man of the World 2022
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* {{bronze03}} Best in Beachwear}}
|-style="background:#FADADD;"
| [[Man of the World 2023|2023]]
| Baskar Dhanasekar
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* {{bronze03}} Mister Personality}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Man of the World 2024|2024]]
| Ved Bharambe
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Top 10
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* {{gold01}} Best in National Costume
* {{bronze03}} Best in Swimwear}}
|-style="background:#FADADD;"
| [[Man of the World 2025|2025]]
| Azhan Memon
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* {{gold01}} Man of the World Charity}}
|-
| [[Man of the World 2026|2026]]
| Moha Kiran
| [[Karnataka]]
|
|
|}
{{Small|Note – No pageant held in the years: 2020, 2021}}

==Representatives to minor beauty pageants==
===Top Model of the World===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-

| 2020
| [[SriKrishna Deepak Brundavanam]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| Winner – Mr. Universal Karnataka Teen Ambassador
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 5 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Handsome Hunk
* Style Icon
* Slim Star
* Mr. All-Rounder
* Universal Indian Ambassador (Top 5)
}}

|-
| 2024
| [[Martin Irengbam]]
| [[Manipur]]
| 1st Runner-up
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 3 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Best Catwalk
* Best Face
* Best Physique
}}
|}

===Mister Tourism World===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-
| 2016
| Sanju Ray
| [[Assam]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2017
| Kunal Arora
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2018
| Zulfi Aziz SK
| [[Assam]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;
| 2021
| Shouryaditya Singh
| [[Jharkhand]]
| 2nd Runner-Up
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;
| 2022
| Mithun Debbarma
| [[Tripura]]
| Top 17
|
|-
| 2023
| Mukesh Ravi
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| colspan=2 {{n/a|''Did not participate''}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;
| 2024
| Sriloganand Kumar
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| Top 10
|
|}

===Mister Glam International===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-
| 2019
| Mithun Debbarma
| [[Tripura]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background:#FADADD;"
| 2022
| Rishi Bodke Venkatesh
| [[Karnataka]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Glam Asia}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2023
| Vyasan A Nair
| [[Kerala]]
| 3rd Runner-Up
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 3 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Pageantry King
* Mister Popularity
* Mister Super Model}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2024
| Viraaj Babbar
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 1st Runner-Up
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Popular}}
|}
{{Small|Note – No pageant held in 2020 and no delegate was sent in 2021}}

===Mister Friendship International===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2022
| Songashim Rungsung
| [[Manipur]]
| 2nd Runner-Up
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2023
| Daksh Chaudhary
| [[New Delhi]]
| 3rd Runner-Up
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Popular}}
|-
| 2024
| Saurabh Prabhudessai
| [[Goa]]
| Unplaced
|
|}

===Mister Model International===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|- style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2014
| Dhwrwm Swargiary
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| 4th Runner-Up
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2015
| Phany Padaraju
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 1st Runner-Up
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2016
| Anurag Fageriya
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Top 16
|
|-style="background:#FADADD;"
| 2018
| Mohit Sharma
| [[Himanchal Pradesh]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Best Model Asia Pacific
}}
|-
| 2019
| Dalton Dsouza
| [[Goa]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background:#E6F2FF;"
| 2020
| [[SriKrishna Deepak Brundavanam]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| Mr. India 2020 Finalist
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2021
| Armaan Hakim
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 3rd Runner-Up
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Top 3 – Best Headshot
* Top 16 – Best Internet Model
}}
|-
| 2025
| Abhishek Yadav
| [[Maharashtra]]
| colspan=2| {{tableTBA}}
|}
{{Small|Note – No pageant held in the years 2017, 2022, 2023 and no delegate sent in 2024}}

===Mister National Universe===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| 2017
| Pankaj Ahlawat
| [[New Delhi]]
| Mister National Universe 2017
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Winner – People's Choice Award
* Winner – So Cool Guy Award
}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 2018
| Farhan Qureshii
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| Top 5
|
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| 2019
| Vikash Usham
| [[Manipur]]
| Mister National Universe 2019
|
|-
| 2019
| Sahil Arora
| [[Gujarat]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background:#E6F2FF;"
| 2020
| [[SriKrishna Deepak Brundavanam]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| Winner – Mr. Karnataka
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2022
| Bharat Bhushan
| [[New Delhi]]
| 3rd Runner-Up
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister National Earth
}}
|-
| 2023
| Biswajit Roy
| [[West Bengal]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background:#FADADD;"
| 2024
| Tachang Phassang
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Flawless Skin
}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2025
| Gokul Sahu
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 5th Runner-Up
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister National Universe Global Ambassador
}}
|}
{{Small|Note – 2 editions of Mister National Universe were held in 2019}}

=== Caballero Universal ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-style="background:#FFF83B;"
| [[Caballero Universal 2022|2022]]
| Kramik Yadav
| [[Gujarat]]
| 2nd Runner-Up
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Elegance}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;
| 2023
| Badal Bist
| [[Karnataka]]
| Top 15
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Congeniality}}
|-style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2024
| Adithya Subramanian
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 2nd Runner-Up
|
|-style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2025
| Anantha Krishna
| [[Kerala]]
| 2nd Runner-Up
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Interactive}}
|}

=== [[Mister Gay World]] ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-
| 2011
| Raul Patil
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2013
| Nolan Lewis
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Top 10
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2014
| [[Sushant Divgikar]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Top 10
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 3 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Art
* Mister Congeniality
* People's Choice}}
|-
| 2015
| Thahir Sayer Mohammed
| [[Maharashtra]]
| colspan=2| ''Did not compete''
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2016
| Anwesh Sahoo
| [[Odisha]]
| Top 12
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2017
| Darshan Mandhana
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Top 10
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2018
| Samarpan Maiti
| [[West Bengal]]
| 2nd Runner-Up
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2019
| Suresh Ramdas
| [[Karnataka]]
| Top 10
|
|-
| 2020
| Shyam Konnur
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2023
| Vishal pinjani
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Top 5
|
|}
{{Small|Note – No pageant held in the year 2012 and no delegate sent in 2021, 2022}}
=== [[Mister Grand International]] (Based in Philippines) ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;
| [[Mister Grand International 2022|2022]]
| Nehal Patil
| [[Goa]]
| Top 18
|
|-
| [[Mister Grand International 2023|2023]]
| Satya Vishwanadh
| [[Karnataka]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2024
| colspan=4| {{tableTBA}}
|}
=== [[Mister International (Philippines)]] ===
Since the founder Alan Sim's death on October 12, 2022, two Mister International organizations emerged, with one being headquartered to [[Thailand]] led by Pradit Pradinunt and other being headquartered at [[Philippines]] led by Manuel Deldio. Manuel Deldio assumed [[Mister International 2022]] 1st Runner-Up, [[Lukanand Kshetrimayum]] from India as his Mister International 2022 and later on continued with a separate Mister International pageant.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| 2022
| [[Lukanand|Lukanand Kshetrimayum]]
| [[Manipur]]
| Mister International 2022
|
|-
| [[Mister International 2023 (Philippines)|2023]]
| Jairus Singh
| [[Punjab]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Mister International 2024 (Philippines)|2024]]
| Adong Jamatia
| [[Tripura]]
| Top 16
|
|-
| 2025
| Okram Nikhil Singh
| [[Manipur]]
| colspan=2|{{tableTBA}}
|}

== Defunct Pageants ==
The following is a list of former Indian representatives to beauty pageants that have been discontinued.
=== Man of the Universe ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| 2021
| Shivam Ravnit
| [[Bihar]]
| Man of the Universe Ambassador 2021
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Man of Social Media}}
|}

===[[Mister Grand International#MGI's Editions|Mister Grand International]] (Based in Brazil)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-
| 2017
| Debojit Batacharya
| [[Assam]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;
| 2018
| Lakshay Chaudhary
| [[Delhi]]
| Top 9
|
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| 2019
| Ashwani Neeraj
| [[New Delhi]]
| Mister Grand International 2019
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Best National Costume}}
|}
{{Small|Note – No pageant held in the years: 2020 – 2021 and no delegate sent in 2022}}

===Mister Model Worldwide===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2018
| Suraj Dahiya
| [[New Delhi]]
| 2nd Runner-Up
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Winner – Mister Perfect Body
* 2nd Runner-Up – Best National Costume}}
|-
| 2021
| Ankit Sharma
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| colspan=2| ''No pageant held''
|}
{{Small|Note – No pageant held in the years: 2020 – 2023 and no delegate sent in 2019}}

===Mister United Continents===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2015
| Dheeraj Sharma
| [[New Delhi]]
| 5th Runner-Up
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Best in Barong
* Best in Runway}}
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| 2016
| Mohit Singh
| [[Haryana]]
| Mister United Continents 2016
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Winner – Online Popularity Award}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2017
| Mitendra Meeth Darshan
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 1st Runner-Up
|
|-style="background:#FADADD;"
| 2018
| Pardeep Kharera
| [[Haryana]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Finalist – Best in Swimwear}}
|-
| 2019
| Amandeep Dahiya
| [[Haryana]]
| Unplaced
|
|}

===Mister Model of the World===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| 2018
| Dipankar Talukdar
| [[Assam]]
| 4th Runner-Up
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Model Star}}
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| 2019
| Dinesh Choudhary
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Mister Model of the World 2019
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Herb Gold
* Mister Model Confidential}}
|}

=== Mister Grand International (Based in Myanmar) ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2018
| Vatsal Kapadia
| [[New Delhi]]
| Top 8
|
|-
| 2021
| Sujith Kumar
| [[New Delhi]]
| colspan=2| ''No pageant held''
|}

=== Men Universe Model ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2008
| Kiran Gill
| [[New Delhi]]
| Top 10
|
|-style="background:#FADADD;"
| 2009
| Vikas Mehandroo
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Best National Costume}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2015
| Sumit Singh
| [[New Delhi]]
| Top 13
|
|-
| 2016
| Himanshu Shailey
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2018
| Amit Mehra
| [[New Delhi]]
| Top 12
|
|}
{{Small|Note – No pageant held in the years: 2010 – 2014 and no delegate sent in 2017}}

===Mister Universal Ambassador===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=100px | Year
! rowspan="2" width=300px | Delegate
! rowspan="2" width=200px | State
! colspan="2" width=100px | International Placement & Performance
|-
! width=300px| Placements
! width=300px| {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 2015
| Jagjeet Singh
| [[New Delhi]]
| Top 5
|
|-style="background:#FADADD;"
| 2016
| Deepak Vaishnav
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Top 4 – Paper Presentation
* Top 16 – Beach and Land Sports}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;
| 2017
| Rohit Jakhar
| [[Haryana]]
| 4th Runner-Up
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Universal Ambassador Asia
* 1st Runner-Up – People Choice's Award}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 2018
| Amit Om Malik
| [[Haryana]]
| Top 6
|
|}
{{Small|Note – No delegate sent in 2019}}

==See also==
* [[Grasim Mr. India]]
* [[Mr. Gay India]]
* [[Femina Miss India]]
* [[List of beauty pageants]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150906022441/http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/mrindia.cms Mister World India Official Website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Mr-World-India/216316991833643/ Mr World - India]
* [https://www.facebook.com/mrindiaworld?ref=br_tf/ Mister World India Official Facebook]

{{Beauty pageants in India}}
{{Mr India World}}
{{Mister International participants}}
{{Mister Global}}

[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Male beauty pageants|India]]
[[Category:Indian awards]]
[[Category:Mister World|India]]
[[Category:Mister International|India]]
[[Category:Mister Global|India]]
[[Category:Mister Supranational|India]]
[[Category:Man of the World (pageant)|India]]
[[Category:Mister Grand International|India]]
[[Category:Mister International (Philippines)]]

List of Malayalam films of 1973

2026-03-07T04:50:39Z

JeffryAlfaro75: updated details

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Malayalam films}}

The following is a list of [[Malayalam film]]s released in the year 1973.
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! colspan='2' | Opening !! Sl. No. !!Film !! Cast !! Director !! Music director !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''J A N'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 19
|valign="center" | {{center|1}}
| ''[[Panitheeratha Veedu]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Nanditha Bose]] || [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''F E B'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 9
|valign="center" | {{center|2}}
| ''[[Enippadikal (film)|Eanippadikal]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || [[Thoppil Bhasi]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 16
|valign="center" | {{center|3}}
| ''[[Periyar (1973 film)|Periyar]]'' || [[Thilakan]], [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] || [[P. J. Antony]] || K. V. Job, P. K. Sivadas ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 22
|valign="center" | {{center|4}}
| ''[[Ragging (film)|Ragging]]'' || [[P. J. Antony]], [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]]||[[N. N. Pisharady]] || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 23
|valign="center" | {{center|5}}
| ''[[Panchavadi]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''M A R'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 2
|valign="center" | {{center|6}}
| ''[[Bhadradeepam]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|7}}
| ''[[Thiruvabharanam (film)|Thiruvabharanam]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || [[R. K. Shekhar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 9
|valign="center" | {{center|8}}
| ''[[Masappady Mathupillai]]'' || [[Jayabharathi]], [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]] || A. N. Thampi || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 14
|valign="center" | {{center|9}}
| ''[[Gayathri (1973 film)|Gayathri]]'' || [[Jayabharathi]], [[Soman]] || [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 16
|valign="center" | {{center|10}}
| ''[[Udayam (1973 film)|Udayam]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|11}}
| ''[[Kalachakram (1973 film)|Kaalachakram]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || K. Narayanan || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 30
|valign="center" | {{center|12}}
| ''[[Ponnapuram Kotta]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Vijayasree]] || [[Kunchacko]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''A P R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 12
|valign="center" | {{center|13}}
| ''[[Kaliyugam (1973 film)|Kaliyugam]]'' || [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 13
|valign="center" | {{center|14}}
| ''[[Kavitha (1973 film)|Kavitha]]'' || [[Ummer]], [[Vijaya Nirmala]] || Andrew Rynes,
Oliver Kohn, Michael Jackson
| [[K. Raghavan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 27
|valign="center" | {{center|15}}
| ''[[Chenda (film)|Chenda]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Srividya]] || [[A. Vincent]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|16}}
| ''[[Veendum Prabhatham]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''M A Y'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 11
|valign="center" | {{center|17}}
| ''[[Aaradhika]]'' || [[Jayabharathi]], [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] || B. K. Pottekkad || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|18}}
| ''[[Manushyaputhran]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[Baby (director)|Baby]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''J U N'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 1
|valign="center" | {{center|19}}
| ''[[Raakuyil]]'' || [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] || [[P. Vijayan]] || [[Pukazhenthi]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 15
|valign="center" | {{center|20}}
| ''[[Thaniniram]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 22
|valign="center" | {{center|21}}
| ''[[Police Ariyaruthe]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[K. P. Ummer]] || M. S. Senthil Kumar || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 29
|valign="center" | {{center|22}}
| ''[[Ladies Hostel]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''J U L'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 6
|valign="center" | {{center|23}}
| ''[[Darsanam]]'' || [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]], [[Roja Ramani]] || [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 12
|valign="center" | {{center|24}}
| ''[[Achani]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Nanditha Bose]] || [[A. Vincent]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 20
|valign="center" | {{center|25}}
| ''[[Soundaryapooja]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Jayabharathi]] || B. K. Pottekkad || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''A U G'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 3
|valign="center" | {{center|26}}
| ''[[Swapnam]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Nanditha Bose]], [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]] || Babu Nanthankodu || [[Salil Chowdhary]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|27}}
| ''[[Mazhakaaru]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Kanakadurga]] || [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|28}}
| ''[[Urvashi Bharathi]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 17
|valign="center" | {{center|29}}
| ''[[Kattuvithachavan]]'' || [[Ummer]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]], [[Prema (Malayalam actress)|Prema]] || Rev Suvi || PeterReuben ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|30}}
| ''[[Thenaruvi]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] || [[Kunchacko]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''S E P'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 1
|valign="center" | {{center|31}}
| ''[[Kaadu (1973 Malayalam film)|Kaadu]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Vijayashree]] || [[P. Subramaniam]] || Vedpal Verma ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 7
|valign="center" | {{center|32}}
| ''[[Pavangal Pennungal]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] || [[Kunchacko]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 8
|valign="center" | {{center|33}}
| ''[[Nakhangal (1973 film)|Nakhangal]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[A. Vincent]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 9
|valign="center" | {{center|34}}
| ''[[Pachanottukal]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Vijayasree]] || [[A. B. Raj]] || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 21
|valign="center" | {{center|35}}
| ''[[Dharmayudham]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Srividya]] || [[A. Vincent]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 28
|valign="center" | {{center|36}}
| ''[[Prethangalude Thazhvara]]'' || [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]], [[Vijayashree]] || [[P. Venu]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|37}}
| ''[[Chukku]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Sheela]] || [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''O C T'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 5
|valign="center" | {{center|38}}
| ''[[Sasthram Jayichu Manushyan Thottu]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[A. B. Raj]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 12
|valign="center" | {{center|39}}
| ''[[Interview (1973 film)|Interview]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|40}}
| ''Driksakshi'' || [[Ummer]], [[Prema (Malayalam actress)|Prema]] || P. G. Vasudevan || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 19
|valign="center" | {{center|41}}
| ''[[Ajnathavasam]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Vijayasree]] || [[A. B. Raj]] || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|42}}
| ''[[Azhakulla Saleena]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] || [[K. J. Yesudas]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 25
|valign="center" | {{center|43}}
| ''[[Thottavadi]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] || [[L. P. R. Varma]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|44}}
| ''[[Manassu]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || Hameed Kakkassery || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|45}}
| ''[[Poymughangal]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || B. N. Prakash || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 26
|valign="center" | {{center|46}}
| ''[[Maram (film)|Maram]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[Yusuf Ali Kechery]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''N O V'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 9
|valign="center" | {{center|47}}
| ''[[Yamini (film)|Yamini]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|48}}
| ''[[Kaapalika]]'' || [[Sheela]], [[Ummer]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] || [[Crossbelt Mani]] || [[R. K. Shekhar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 12
|valign="center" | {{center|49}}
| ''[[Abala (film)|Abala]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[Thoppil Bhasi]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 16
|valign="center" | {{center|50}}
| ''[[Divyadharsanam]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 23
|valign="center" | {{center|51}}
| ''[[Nirmaalyam]]'' || [[P. J. Antony]], [[Sukumaran]] || [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] || [[K. Raghavan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|52}}
| ''[[Ithu Manushyano]]'' || [[Sheela]], [[Ummer]] || [[Thomas Berly]] || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 30
|valign="center" | {{center|53}}
| ''[[Madhavikutty (film)|Madhavikutty]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[Thoppil Bhasi]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|54}}
| ''[[Thekkan Kattu]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''D E C'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 7
|valign="center" | {{center|55}}
| ''[[Chuzhi]]'' || [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], Salam || Triprayar Sukumaran || [[Baburaj|M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|56}}
| ''[[Swargaputhri]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Vijayasree]] || [[P. Subramaniam]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 11
|valign="center" | {{center|57}}
| ''[[Chayam (1973 film)|Chayam]]'' || [[Sheela]], [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]] || [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 14
|valign="center" | {{center|58}}
| ''[[Aashachakram]]'' || [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || Dr. Seetharamaswamy || [[B. A. Chidambaranath]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 21
|valign="center" | {{center|59}}
| ''[[Jesus (1973 film)|Jesus]]'' || [[Jesus of Nazareth|Jesus]], [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[P. A. Thomas]] || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|60}}
| ''[[Padmavyooham (1973 film)|Padmavyooham]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Vijayasree]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 14
|valign="center" | {{center|62}}
| ''[[Football Champion]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] || [[A. B. Raj]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
|
|}

==References==
{{No footnotes|date=February 2011}}
*{{cite web|title=Kerala Government Public Relations Department |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/art/list.htm |access-date=24 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828202957/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/art/list.htm |archive-date=28 August 2005 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web | title=Cinema of Malayalam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426081118/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/ | archive-date=26 April 2005 | url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net | access-date=18 September 2019 }}
*{{cite web | title=Official Site of Association of Malayalam Movie Artists | url=http://malayalamcinema.com | access-date=24 February 2011 }}

{{Malayalam films|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1973 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Films Of 1973}}
[[Category:1973 Malayalam-language films| 1973]]
[[Category:Lists of Malayalam films by year|1973]]
[[Category:Lists of 1973 films by language|Malayalam]]
[[Category:1973 in Indian cinema| ]]

Green Revolution in India

2026-03-05T11:47:49Z

JeffryAlfaro75: improved details as per guidelines and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Modernization of agriculture in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}

[[File:Punjab Monsoon.jpg|thumbnail|250px|The state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] led India's [[Green Revolution]] and earned the distinction of being the "[[Breadbasket#India|breadbasket]] of India."<ref>Kumar, Manoj, and Matthias Williams. 2009 January 29. "[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-election-punjab-idUSTRE80T00U20120130 Punjab, bread basket of India, hungers for change]." ''Reuters''.</ref>]]

The '''Green Revolution in India''' was a period that began in the 1960s during which [[agriculture in India]] was converted into a modern industrial system by the adoption of technology, such as the use of [[High-yielding variety|high-yielding varieties]] of crops, and [[fertiliser]]s. Mainly led by agricultural scientist [[M. S. Swaminathan]] in India, this period was part of the larger [[Green Revolution]] endeavour initiated by [[Norman Borlaug]], which leveraged [[Agricultural science|agricultural research]] and technology to increase agricultural productivity in the developing world.<ref>Hardin, Lowell S. 2008. "Meetings That Changed the World: Bellagio 1969: The Green Revolution." ''Nature'' (25 Sep 2008):470-71. Cited in [https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=envstudtheses Sebby 2010].</ref> Varieties or strains of [[crop]]s can be selected by breeding for various useful characteristics such as [[disease resistance]], response to fertilisers, product quality and high yields.

Under the premiership of [[Indira Gandhi]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Swaminathan|first=M. S.|date=10 August 2009|title=From Green to Ever-Green Revolution|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/from-green-to-ever-green-revolution/499699/|access-date=2020-04-16|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rajagopal|first=Gopi|date=13 October 2016|title=The Stories of Ehrlich, Borlaug and the Green Revolution|url=https://thewire.in/agriculture/paul-ehrlich-norman-borlaug-green-revolution|access-date=2020-04-16|website=The Wire (India)}}</ref>, the Green Revolution within India commenced in 1968, leading to an increase in food grain production, especially in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and [[Western Uttar Pradesh]]. Major milestones in this undertaking were the development of high-yielding varieties of [[wheat]],<ref name="about IARI">{{cite web|title=About IARI|url=http://www.iari.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=161&Itemid=1730|website=IARI|access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref> and [[rust (fungus)|rust]]-resistant strains of wheat.<ref name=":0">{{cite web | title = Rust-resistant Wheat Varieties. Work at Pusa Institute|work=The Indian Express| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Jcc-AAAAIBAJ&pg=3228,3861741&dq=pusa+institute&hl=en|date=7 February 1950| access-date = 13 September 2013}}</ref><ref>Newman, Bryan. 2007. "A Bitter Harvest: Farmer Suicide and the Unforeseen Social, Environmental and Economic Impacts of the Green Revolution in Punjab, India." ''Development Report'' 15. [[Food First]]. Cited in [https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=envstudtheses Sebby 2010].</ref>

== Notable figures and institutions ==
{{Quote box
| quote = Farmers, young and old, educated and uneducated, have easily taken to the new agronomy. It has been heart-warming to see young college graduates, retired officials, ex-army men, illiterate peasants and small farmers queuing up to get the new seeds.
| author = [[M. S. Swaminathan]]
| source = (1969) Punjab Miracle. [[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Swaminathan|first=M. S.|date=2013-09-01|title=Genesis and Growth of the Yield Revolution in Wheat in India: Lessons for Shaping our Agricultural Destiny|journal=Agricultural Research|language=en|volume=2|issue=3|pages=183–188|doi=10.1007/s40003-013-0069-3|s2cid=18272246 |issn=2249-7218|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 320px
}}
A number of people have been recognised for their efforts during India's Green Revolution.
* [[M. S. Swaminathan]], the main architect or the '''Father of the Green Revolution in India<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rudolf|first=John Collins|date=2010-01-19|title=Father of India's Green Revolution Says Nation Is Threatened by Global Warming|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/18/business/global/18iht-green.html|access-date=2021-12-03|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>''' and the director-general of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Founder {{!}} M S Swaminathan Research Foundation |url=https://www.mssrf.org/founder}}</ref>
* [[Chidambaram Subramaniam]], the food and agriculture minister at the time, a [[Bharat Ratna]], has been called the '''Political Father of the Green Revolution'''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dugger|first=Celia W.|date=2000-11-10|title=Chidambaram Subramaniam, India's 'Green' Rebel, 90, Dies|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/10/world/chidambaram-subramaniam-india-s-green-rebel-90-dies.html|access-date=2021-12-03|issn=0362-4331|quote=Chidambaram Subramaniam, the political architect of the ''green revolution'' in India...}}</ref>
* [[Dilbagh Singh Athwal]], known as the '''Father of the Wheat Revolution'''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 May 2017|title='Father of Wheat Revolution' DS Athwal passes away|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/father-of-wheat-revolution-ds-athwal-passes-away/story-ZrvUSsethoakAa3DZl9V1J.html|access-date=2021-12-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* Scientists such as [[Atmaram Bhairav Joshi]].
* Institutions such as [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] (IARI).

== Rationale for the Green Revolution ==
The Green Revolution in India was first introduced in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in late 1966-67 as part of a development program issued by international donor agencies and the Government of India.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Dutta|first=Swarup|date=June 2012|title=Green Revolution Revisited: The Contemporary Agrarian Situation in Punjab, India|journal=Social Change|volume=42|issue=2|pages=229–247|doi=10.1177/004908571204200205|s2cid=55847236|issn=0049-0857}}</ref>

During the [[British Raj]], India's grain economy hinged on a unilateral relation of exploitation.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book|title=Late Victorian holocausts : El Niño famines and the making of the Third World|last=Davis|first=Mike|isbn=978-1-78168-360-6|oclc=1051845720|year = 2017}}</ref> Consequently, when India gained independence, the weakened country quickly became vulnerable to frequent famines, financial instabilities, and low productivity. These factors formed a rationale for the implementation of the Green Revolution as a development strategy in India.
* Frequent famines: In 1964–65 and 1965–66, India experienced two severe droughts which led to food shortages and famines among the country's growing population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sangha|first=Kamaljit Kaur|s2cid=59152682|date=2014|title=Modern agricultural practices and analysis of socio-economic and ecological impacts of development in agriculture sector, Punjab, India - A review|journal=Indian Journal of Agricultural Research|volume=48|issue=5|pages=331|doi=10.5958/0976-058x.2014.01312.2|issn=0367-8245|doi-access=free}}</ref> Modern agricultural technologies appeared to offer strategies to counter the frequency of famines.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=Green revolution : history, impact and future|last=Jain, H. K.|date=2012|publisher=Studium Press LLC|isbn=978-1-4416-7448-7|oclc=967650924}}</ref> There is debate regarding India's famines prior to independence, with some arguing they were intensified by British taxation and agrarian policies in the 19th and 20th centuries,<ref name=":42" /> and others downplaying such effects of colonial rule.
* Lack of finance: Marginal farmers found it very difficult to get [[Financing|finance]] and [[credit]] at economical rates from the government and banks and hence, fell as easy prey to the [[Moneylender|money lenders]]. They took loans from [[landlords]], who charged high rates of [[interest]] and also exploited the farmers later on to work in their fields to repay the loans ([[farm labourer]]s).{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} Proper financing was not given during the Green Revolution period, which created a lot of problems and sufferings for the farmers of India. The government also helped those under loans.
* Low productivity: In the context of India's rapidly growing population, the country's traditional agricultural practices yielded insufficient food production. By the 1960s, this low productivity led India to experience food grain shortages that were more severe than those of other developing countries. Agricultural technological advancements offered opportunities to increase productivity.<ref name=":22" />

==Practices==

=== Wheat and rice production ===
{{See also|Wheat production in India}}
The main development was higher-yielding varieties of [[wheat]],<ref name="about IARI" /> for developing [[rust (fungus)|rust]]-resistant strains of wheat.<ref name=":0" /> The introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-38156350|title=IR8: The miracle rice which saved millions of lives|last=Rowlatt|first=Justin|date=2016-12-01|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-12-05}}</ref> and the improved quality of [[fertilisers]] and [[irrigation]] techniques led to the increase in the production to make the country self-sufficient in food grains, thus improving [[agriculture in India]]. Also, other varieties such as Kalyan Sona and Sonalika were introduced by cross-breeding of wheat with other crops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/india/104.htm|title=The Green Revolution in India|work=U.S. Library of Congress (released in [[public domain]])|series=Library of Congress is Country Studies|access-date=2007-10-06}}</ref>

Since growing rice has high water requirements, the production of rice was mainly enhanced by improved irrigation infrastructure such as canal systems and groundwater irrigation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |title=Lessons From the Aftermaths of Green Revolution on Food System and Health |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7611098 |journal=Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems}}</ref> The creation of HYVs, such as the Jaya variety in southern India, was also important to rice production.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Hybrid Realities: making a new Green Revolution for rice in south India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03066150.2019.1568246 |journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies}}</ref>

The enhanced production of wheat and rice has been credited with improving India's self-sufficiency and with making India a major food exporter.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Scenario of changing dynamics in production and productivity of major cereals in India |url=https://drs.cift.res.in/items/e20c455e-8b70-4b06-be28-9fdf4c319eb0 |journal=Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}}</ref> Along with technological advancements, the enthusiasm of farmers mobilised the idea of an agricultural revolution.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} Due to the rise in the use of chemical pesticides and fertilisers, as well as increased use of groundwater, there was an increase in [[Soil contamination|soil toxicity]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Other practices ===
The other practices include use of pesticides, [[insecticide]]s and herbicides, consolidation of holdings, land reforms, improved rural infrastructure, supply of agricultural credit, use of chemical or synthetic fertilisers, and use of advanced machinery. {{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Criticism ==
The Green Revolution yielded great economic prosperity during its early years. In Punjab, where it was first introduced, the Green Revolution led to significant increases in the state's agricultural output, supporting India's overall economy. By 1970, Punjab was producing 70% of the country's total food grains,<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Sandhu |first=Jashandeep Singh |date=2014 |title=Green Revolution: A Case Study of Punjab |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158509 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=75 |pages=1192–1199}}</ref> and farmers' incomes were increasing by over 70%.<ref name=":02" /> Punjab's prosperity following the Green Revolution became a model to which other states aspired to reach.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/violenceofgreen00shiv|title=The Violence of the green revolution : Third World agriculture, ecology, and politics|last=Shiva, Vandana.|date=1991|publisher=Zed|isbn=0-86232-964-7|oclc=24740968|url-access=registration}}</ref> However, despite the initial prosperity experienced in Punjab, the Green Revolution was met with much controversy throughout India.

=== Indian economic sovereignty ===
Criticism of the effects of the green revolution includes the cost for many small farmers using HYV seeds, with their associated demands of increased irrigation systems and pesticides. For instance, farmers buying [[Monsanto]] BT cotton seeds were told these seeds produced 'non-natural insecticides'. In reality, they still had to pay for expensive pesticides and irrigation systems, which led to increased borrowing to finance the change from traditional seed varieties. Many farmers had difficulty paying for the expensive technologies, especially if they had a bad harvest. These high costs of cultivation pushed rural farmers to take out loans—typically at high interest rates.<ref name=":12"/> Over-borrowing entrapped the farmers into a cycle of debt.<ref name=":12" />

India's liberalised economy further exacerbated the farmers' economic conditions. Indian environmentalist [[Vandana Shiva]] writes that this is the "second Green Revolution". The first Green Revolution, she suggests, was mostly publicly funded (by the Indian Government). This new Green Revolution, she says, is driven by private (and foreign) interest—notably MNCs like Monsanto—as encouraged by [[Neoliberalism]]. Ultimately, this is leading to foreign ownership over most of India's farmland, undermining farmers' interests.<ref name=":12" />

=== Environmental damage ===
Excessive and inappropriate use of fertilisers and pesticides polluted waterways and killed beneficial insects and wildlife. It has caused [[overexploitation|over-use]] of soil and rapidly depleted its nutrients. The rampant irrigation practices led to eventual [[soil degradation]]. Groundwater practices have fallen dramatically. Further, heavy dependence on few major crops has led to the [[Biodiversity loss|loss of biodiversity]] of farmers and the increase of [[stubble burning]] cases since 1980. These problems were aggravated due to the absence of training to use modern technology and vast illiteracy leading to excessive use of chemicals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ethirajcollege.edu.in/pdf/undergraduate/S_Eco_ug.PDF |title=Ethiraj College for Women (Autonomous) – Department of Business Economics: Syllabus |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129041409/https://www.ethirajcollege.edu.in/pdf/undergraduate/S_Eco_ug.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Increased regional disparities ===
The green revolution spread only in irrigated and high-potential rain-fed areas. The villages or regions without access to sufficient water were left out that widened the regional disparities between adopters and non-adopters. This is because the HYV seeds technically can be applied only on land with assured water supply and availability of other inputs like chemicals and fertilisers. The application of the new technology in dry-land areas is infeasible.

States like Punjab, Haryana, [[Uttar Pradesh]], etc. having good irrigation and other infrastructure facilities were able to derive the benefits of the green revolution and achieve faster economic development while other states have recorded slow growth in agriculture production.<ref name="Bypassed">{{cite web|title=Green Revolution Bypassed Eastern India|url=https://www.gktoday.in/topic/green-revolution-bypassed-eastern-region-despite-fertile-soil-and-good-availability-of-water/|website=GKToday|access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref>

== Alternative farming methods ==

In the years since the Green Revolution was adopted, issues of sustainability have come up due to the adverse environmental and social consequences. To meet this challenge other alternatives to farming have emerged like small subsistence farms, family homesteads, [[New Age]] communes, village and community farming collectives and women's cooperatives with the common purpose of producing organically grown, chemical-free food. In green revolution areas of the country, increasing numbers of families are experimenting on their own with alternative systems of land management and the growing of crops. Building upon the idea of [[sustainable development]], commercial models for large-scale food production have been developed by integrating traditional farming systems with appropriate energy efficient technology.<ref>{{Cite book|last=George|first=Lathika|title=Mother Earth, Sister Seed|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2018|pages=177–191}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Chakravarti, A.K. 1973. "Green Revolution in India" in ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'' 63 (September 1973): 319–30.
* Frankel, Francine R. 1971. ''India's Green Revolution: Economic Gains and Political Costs''. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
* Gill, Monohar Singh. 1983. "The Development of Punjab Agriculture, 1977-80." ''Asian Survey'' 23 (July 1983):830-44.
* Ladejinsky, Wolf. 1970. "Ironies of India's Green Revolution". ''Foreign Affairs'' no. 4. (July 1970): 758–68.
* Parayil, Govindan. 1992. "The Green Revolution in India: A Case Study in Technological Change," ''Technology and Culture'' 33 (October 1992): 737-56.
* Saha, Madhumita. "The State, Scientists, and Staple Crops: Agricultural 'Modernization' in Pre-Green Revolution India." ''Agricultural History'' 87 (Spring 2003):201-23
* Sebby, Kathryn. 2010. "[https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=envstudtheses The Green Revolution of the 1960's and Its Impact on Small Farmers in India]", ''Environmental Studies Undergraduate Student Theses'' 10 (PDF).
* Sen, Bandhudas. 1974. ''The Green Revolution in India: A Perspective''.New york: John Wiley & Sons.

{{India topics}}
{{Agriculture in India}}
{{Population}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Agricultural revolutions]]
[[Category:History of agriculture in India]]
[[Category:Intensive farming]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:History of Punjab, India (1947–present)]]

Miss California (film)

2026-03-04T07:32:23Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Bio

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Miss California
| image = Miss California (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]]
| writer = Sathyamurthy Ananduru (dialogue)
| screenplay = Vagdevi
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''Megha Mandara''|C. N. Muktha}}
| producer = Mallika Dattatreya
| starring = [[Diganth]] Jahnavi Soumya
| narrator =
| cinematography = A.C. Mahendar
| editing =
| music = Ravi Dattatreya
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|6|2}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Miss California''''' is a 2006 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed by [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]] and starring [[Diganth]], Jahnavi and Soumya in their lead debuts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Shot... Diganth, hero of 'Miss California' shares his first experience |url=http://www.viggy.com/firstshot/diganth.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819084331/http://www.viggy.com/firstshot/diganth.asp |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=viggy.com}}</ref> The film's storyline is based on C. N. Muktha's novel ''Megha Mandara''.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Diganth]] as Diganth
*Jahnavi as Janu
*Soumya as Soumya
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
*[[Bhavya]]
*[[Sarath Babu]]
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
*[[Dattanna]]
* Swastik Shankar
* [[Kishan Shrikanth|Master Kishan]] (special appearance in the song "Mailaari Lingaa")
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in [[Bangalore]], [[California]] and [[Tirthahalli]]. The film is produced by [[non-resident Indians|NRIs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Miss California' – new Kannada cinema by NRI Dr. Ravi Dattatreya |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_miss_california.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819083106/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_miss_california.asp |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=viggy.com}}</ref> The songs were shot in places such as the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] and [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Miss California' – film of new talents |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_miss_california02.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819083321/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_miss_california02.asp |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=viggy.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music by Ravi Dattatreya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mymazaa.com/kannada/audiosongs/movie/Miss+California.html|title=Miss California Songs|work=mymazaa|date=13 October 2006 }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:23
| title1 = First Time Heegaaytu Nange
| extra1 = Ram Prasad, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 5:19
| length2 = 5:32
| title2 = Ee Bhoomi Aanegu
| extra2 = Ram Prasad
| length3 = 5:16
| title3 = Jaanu Oh Jaanu
| extra3 = [[Manjula Gururaj]], Ram Prasad
| length4 = 4:11
|title4 = Mailaari Lingaa
| extra4 = Chaitra, [[Kishan Shrikanth|Master Kishan]], Ram Prasad
|length5 = 5:04
|title5 = Love Moodinalli
|extra5 = [[Kavitha Krishnamurthy]], Ram Prasad
|length7 = 2:01
|title7 = Kannadada Makkalella Ondaagi Banni
|extra7 = Ram Prasad
}}

== Reception ==
[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "''Miss California'' can be viewed for its rich locales and a good story, but you will get a feeling that the film lacks a strong script".<ref>{{Cite web |author-link = R. G. Vijayasarathy|first=R. G. |last=Vijayasarathy |date=9 May 2006 |title=Miss California Review | Miss California Kannada Movie Review by R.G.Vijayasarathy |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3095/kannada/miss-california/778/review.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819083110/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3095/kannada/miss-california/778/review.htm |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=NOWRUNNING}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film a rating of two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Despite the minor flaws though, Miss California is definitely above average".<ref>{{Cite web |last=R. G. Vijayasaarthay [sic] |author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|date=9 June 2006 |title=Miss California: Good visuals, bad performances |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/09mc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819083321/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/09mc.htm |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> On the contrary, a critic from ''[[Chitraloka]]'' wrote that "Based on C.N.Muktha's novel this film ''Miss California'' is aptly made for the family viewing".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss California Movie Review |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/653-miss-california-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819083321/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/653-miss-california-review.html |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''webindia123'' said that "the film has not turned out to be impressive mainly because of an incoherent script and inadequate direction by Kodlu Ramakrishna".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss California Kannada Movie review |url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/missc/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216081427/http://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/missc/index.htm |archive-date=16 February 2011 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=Webindia123.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14338174}}

[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2006 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]

Taare

2026-03-04T04:40:17Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Created

{{Short description|2011 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Taare
| image = Taare.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = S Shivaraj Hosakere
| writer = N K Keerthiraj (dialogue)
| screenplay = S Shivaraj Hosakere
| story = K K Raveesh S Shivaraj Hosakere
| based_on = 
| producer = B R Vinay K K Raveesh
| starring = [[Diganth]] Urvashi Solanki Sanjana
| narrator =
| cinematography = S Ramesh
| editing = Damodar Kanasur
| music = C R Bobby
| studio = Yashaswini Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|10|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Taare''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by S Shivaraj Hosakere and starring [[Diganth]], Urvashi Solanki and Sanjana.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Diganth]] as Nesara
*Urvashi Solanki as the city girl
*Sanjana as Gowra
*[[Karibasavaiah]]
*[[Tennis Krishna]]
*[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] as Chandru
*[[Rekha Das]]
*[[Michael Madhu]] as a lecturer
*[[Doddarangegowda]] as a teacher
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in 2007 when [[Diganth]] had no offers after the shoot of ''[[Gaalipata]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/diganths-off-to-bollywood/articleshow/9223377.cms|title=Diganth's off to Bollywood|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 July 2011|access-date=7 August 2024|archive-date=8 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808045915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/diganths-off-to-bollywood/articleshow/9223377.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Urvashi Solanki, a Gujarati, debuted in Kannada through this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusiveDisplay?articlesID=944|title=Mangalore: Urvashi Solanki - The 'Taare' Star All Set for Stardom|date=1 June 2009|work=[[Daijiworld Media]]|access-date=7 August 2024|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807182311/https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusiveDisplay?articlesID=944|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Doddarangegowda]] acted and wrote a song for the film.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} The film was shot in mid-2010 in Bangalore, Chikkamagaluru, [[Davangere]], Kemmanugundi and [[Madhugiri]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} Although shooting was completed, the film remained unreleased.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.webdunia.com/article/kannada-cinema-preview/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2-%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F-%E0%B2%88-%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0-%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86-111102000019_1.htm|title=ತಾರೆ, ನಾನಲ್ಲ, ಇಷ್ಟ - ಈ ವಾರ ತೆರೆಗೆ|trans-title=''Taare'', ''Naanalla'', ''Ishtha'' - hit screens this week|language=kn|work=Webdunia|date=20 October 2011|access-date=8 August 2024|archive-date=8 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808050020/https://kannada.webdunia.com/article/kannada-cinema-preview/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2-%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F-%E0%B2%88-%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0-%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86-111102000019_1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The director Shivaraj Hoskere and producer Ravish clashed when the director wasn't paid and his name was omitted from posters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/Sep/29/taare-producer-and-director-clash-191018.html|title='Taare' producer and director clash|date=16 May 2012|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=8 August 2024|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807182727/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/Sep/29/taare-producer-and-director-clash-191018.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by C R Bobby, who previously worked for ''Black'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/taare/RdUEWzBpcgA_|title=Taare|date=2010|work=[[JioSaavn]]|access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref> The audio was released under the [[Aditya Music]] banner.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} Urvashi Solanki was not present at the audio launch.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} The lyrics were written by [[Doddarangegowda]], [[V. Nagendra Prasad]], [[Jayant Kaikini]] and Shivaraj Hosekere.<ref name="B"/>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Manasaare
| extra1 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
| length1 = 4:15
| title2 = Kanasu Kandagide
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
| length2 = 4:44
| title3 = Jakkanakkare
| extra3 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]]
| length3 = 3:19
| title4 = Chaitrada Masavu
| extra4 = [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavitha Krishnamurthy]], C. R. Bobby
| length4 = 5:30
| title5 = Ragarangina Sangeetha
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], M. D. Pallavi
| length5 = 4:31
| title6 = Chandira Tandhu Kodale
| extra6 = [[Lakshmi Nagaraj]]
| length6 = 0:58
| total_length = 23:17
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 21 October 2011 coinciding with ''[[Naanalla]]'' (2011) and ''[[Ishta (film)|Ishta]]'' (2011).{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "Shivaraj is a sensible director, but his narration gets patchy at times. But the rest of the film can be easily missed".<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/taare-diganth-ishtene/articleshow/21497284.cms|title=Taare: Diganth Ishtene|date=21 October 2011|first=Atul|last=Chaturvedi|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=8 August 2024|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105234644/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/taare-diganth-ishtene/articleshow/21497284.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After the release of ''[[Kaanchaana]]'' (2011) the following week, this film was removed from theatres.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13906448}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2011 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]

Raja Satyavrata

2026-03-03T22:30:00Z

JeffryAlfaro75: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raja Satyavrata
| image =
| caption =
| director = D. Shankar Singh
| producer = N. Bhakta Vatsalan
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Udaykumar]] [[T. N. Balakrishna]] Dikki Madhava Rao Prathima Devi
| music = [[M. Venkataraju]]
| cinematography = S. K. Varada Rajan
| editing =
| studio = Parijatha Films
| released = {{Film date|1961|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
}}

'''''Raja Satyavrata''''' ({{audio|Kn-ರಾಜ ಸತ್ಯವ್ರತ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1961 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]] film, directed by D. Shankar Singh and produced by N. Bhakta Vatsalan. The film stars [[Udaykumar]], [[T. N. Balakrishna]], Dikki Madhava Rao and Prathima Devi in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[M. Venkataraju]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/raja-satyavrata-1961|title=Raja Satyavrata|accessdate=2015-01-19|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Rajaa-Satyavrata-1982/9219803042|title=Raja Satyavrata|accessdate=2015-01-19|publisher=nthwall.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bharat-movies.com/kannada/info/raja-satya-vrata.htm|title=Raja Satyavrata|accessdate=2015-01-19|publisher=bharat-movies.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Udaykumar]]
*[[T. N. Balakrishna]]
*[[Dikki Madhava Rao]]
*[[Prathima Devi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0953565|Raja Satya Vrata}}

[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:1961 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Venkataraju]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Heads and Tales (film)

2026-03-03T09:20:17Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Adding a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Heads and Tales
| image = Head and Tales Telugu film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| native_name = 
| director = Sai Krishna Enreddy
| writer = [[Sandeep Raj]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Divya Sripada]]
*Chandi Rao
*Sri Vidya Maharshi
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| studio = 
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|10|22}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Heads and Tales''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language thriller drama film directed by Sai Krishna Enreddy. The film stars [[Divya Sripada]], Chandi Rao and Sri Vidya Maharshi. The film was released on 22 October 2021 on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suspense drama Heads and Tales is all set to come out on Zee5 on this date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/suspense-drama-heads-and-tales-is-all-set-to-come-out-on-zee5-on-this-date/a47637d69a648 |access-date=7 October 2021 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Divya Sripada]] as [[Police Constable |P.C.]] Alivelu Manga
*Sri Vidya Maharshi as Anisha
*Chandini Rao as Shruti
*Arun Kumar as Venkateswarlu, Manga's husband
*Kivish Kautilya as Anisha's abusive fiancée
*[[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]] as Anisha's friend
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] in a cameo appearance as God
*Raghuram as Interviewer to God (cameo appearance)

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "It is a joy to watch when characters in films do not behave like they are conscious of the fact that they are in a film. It takes effort to create “realness”, a mood that persists through most parts of Heads and Tales, written by Sandeep Raj and directed by Sai Krishna Enreddy".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2021/oct/22/heads-and-tales-movie-revie-a-light-hearted-drama-that-plays-to-its-strengths-27434.html |title=Heads and Tales Movie Review: A light-hearted drama that plays to its strengths |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "The concept ''Heads & Tales'' is based on sounds pretty good on paper, but when it comes to the narration and execution of these characters and the film’s plot points, the director falters. While the performances are laudable, the subdued narration is a let-down".<ref>{{cite web |last=Vanaparthy |first=Sravan |title=Heads & Tales Review: Let down by a half-hearted narrative |website=The Times of India |date=21 October 2021 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/heads-tales/ottmoviereview/87188743.cms |access-date=27 April 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|15554920}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2021 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]

Namma Veettu Pillai

2026-03-03T03:02:55Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Done!

{{short description|2019 Indian Tamil-language action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = August 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Namma Veetu Pillai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Pandiraj]]
| writer = Pandiraj
| producer = [[Kalanithi Maran]]
| starring = [[Sivakarthikeyan]] [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] [[Anu Emmanuel]]
| cinematography = [[Nirav Shah]]
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| studio = [[Sun Pictures]]
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|2019|09|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}63 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-03 |title=Siva Karthikeyan’s Box Office journey – Rs 885 Crore so far, Amaran soars, Madharasi Next! |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/siva-karthikeyans-box-office-journey-rs-885-crore-so-far-amaran-soars-madharasi-next-1375537 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
}}
'''''Namma Veettu Pillai''''' ({{translation|The child of our house}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy film|action comedy]] [[Drama (film and television)|film]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 November 2019 |title='Namma Veettu Pillai' becomes Sivakarthikeyan highest-grossing film in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/namma-veettu-pillai-becomes-sivakarthikeyan-highest-grossing-film-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/71889323.cms |access-date=4 November 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NAMMA VEETTU PILLAI |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/namma-veettu-pillai-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mdiynjm |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> written and directed by [[Pandiraj]] and produced by [[Kalanithi Maran]] under the banner [[Sun Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2019 |title=The First Look of Sivakarthikeyan, Pandiraj's New Film Namma Veettu Pillai is Out, See Here |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-first-look-of-sivakarthikeyan-pandirajs-new-film-namma-veettu-pillai-is-out-see-here-2267929.html |access-date=29 August 2019 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Sivakarthikeyan]] and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], with a supporting cast including [[Anu Emmanuel]], [[Samuthirakani]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Bharathiraja]], and [[Natty Subramaniam]]. The movie marks the third collaboration between Pandiraj and Sivakarthikeyan after ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]'' and ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2019 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's film with Pandiraj titled 'Namma Veettu Pillai' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-film-with-pandiraj-titled-namma-veettu-pillai/articleshow/70640046.cms |access-date=29 August 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The music for the film is scored by [[D. Imman]], while cinematography and editing are handled by [[Nirav Shah]] and [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]. The film was released on 27 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1174962285346844672 |user=sunpictures |title=#NammaVeettuPillai releasing Worldwide September 27th! |date=20 September 2019}}</ref> The film received a positive response from the audience and became a successful venture at the box office.

==Plot==
Arumpon is a village youth from [[Tirupathur, Sivaganga|Tirupathur]] who has a beloved step-sister Thulasi. Arumpon holds a [[Ritu Kala Samskaram|puberty showering function]] for his sister despite hesitance from his maternal uncles, who disregard Thulasi for unknown reasons. Even his paternal uncles disregard Arumpon's family and consider Thulasi as a curse on their family. The only people who care for Arumpon's family are his grandfather, Arunmozhivarman, and his cousin, Paramu. Arumpon develops an affection with his maternal cousin Maangani, despite her father's disapproval. Arumpon actively looks for an alliance with his sister because his maternal uncle disapproves of Thulasi being married to their sons. Despite Arumpon finding a prospective groom for his sister, his paternal uncle foils it, and Thulasi's engagement is called off. Arumpon and Paramu have a running feud with Ayyanar, a ruffian and his uncle since they closed Ayyanar's liquor shop and stopped them from selling agricultural land via a court order. So, Ayyanar decides to marry Thulasi for retribution. Arumpon reluctantly agrees to the marriage on his mother's and Thulasi's insistence. It is revealed that Thulasi is Arumpon's adopted sister who was the daughter of Dharma, a close friend of Arumpon's late father Chandrabose, who adopted Thulasi after Dharma's death. Chandrabose later got killed after failing to save Esakki, Thulasi's biological brother, from getting electrocuted due to a faulty wire caused by Chandrabose's enemies.

Ayyanar tries to insult Arumpon at every turn, but Arumpon takes it with a light heart since he is his brother-in-law. Thulasi was falsely arrested for Ayyanar's illegal liquor hoarding. When confronted by Thulasi, Ayyanar hits her. Arumpon mercilessly thrashes Ayyanar for retribution. Following this incident, Ayyanar's close friend Paari comes with men to seek him and go after Arumpon for retribution. In a heated exchange, Paari insults Ayyanar for getting beaten up by his brother-in-law and in a drunken stupor, Ayyanar kills Paari accidentally. After realising what has transpired, Paari's men attempt to kill Ayyanar. Ayyanar escapes from them but is not closely trailed by men out for blood. No one comes for Ayyanar's rescue even his maternal uncle, but Arumpon and Thulasi manage to rescue him and hand him over to the police. Enraged by this, they seek to kill Arumpon too. To end this problem without bloodshed, Arumpon, his mother, and his sister surrender to the [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] of Paari's village. He explains that he knows the suffering of growing up without a father and wants to end this without further loss of life. Even though he can beat up every goon there and escape, he does not wish to do so. He offers to marry Paari's widowed wife, but she compliments Arumpon's good nature and not wanting to make Thulasi a widow agrees to end this peacefully.

During the film's [[closing credits]], it is intended that Arumpon, Thulasi, and his mother have reconciled with the rest of the extended family. Ayyanar has been released on parole to attend Thulasi's [[Baby shower|seemantham]] (Baby shower) and it is revealed that he made peace with Arumpon. The film ends comically with Arumpon breaking the fourth wall mimicking his grandfather.

== Cast ==
The cast includes:<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Namma Veetu Pillai movie review: Sivakarthikeyan shines in feel-good entertainer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/290919/namma-veetu-pillai-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-shines-in-feel-good-e.html}}</ref>
{{cast listing|
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]] as Arumpon
** Dhashwanth as Young Arumpon
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Thulasi, Arumpon's adopted sister
** Sheeshrika as Young Thulasi
* [[Anu Emmanuel]] as Maangani Shivashakthi, Arumpon's cousin & love interest
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Paramu, Arumpon's cousin
* [[Natty Subramaniam]] as Ayyanar, Thulasi's husband
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Chandrabose, Arumpon's father
* [[Bharathiraja]] as Arunmozhivarman, Chandrabose's father and Arumpon's grandfather
* [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] as Thenmozhi Chandrabose, Arumpon's mother
* [[R. K. Suresh]] as Dharmar, Thulasi's father
* [[Shanmugarajan]] as Maangani's father
* [[Sheela Rajkumar]] as Thulasi's mother
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Ayyanar's maternal uncle
* Vazhakku En Muthuraman as Arumpon's maternal uncle
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Maniyakkarar, Arumpon's eldest paternal uncle
* [[Subbu Panchu]] as Kani, Arumpon's youngest paternal uncle
* [[Naadodigal Gopal]] as Arumpon's paternal uncle
* [[Rama (actress)|Rama]] as Maniyakkarar's wife
* Aadhira Pandilakshmi as Arumpon's paternal aunt
* Vasumitra as Paari
* [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]] as Paari's wife
* [[K. P. Jagan]] as Paari's brother-in-law
* [[Sangili Murugan]] as Sangili
* [[Myna Nandhini]] as Kottravai
* [[Thamizh (actor)|Thamizh]] as Kottravai's husband
* Karate Venkatesan
* [[Rajith Menon]]
* Master Anbukarasu as Mundhirikottai, Paramu’s son
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Ayyanar's lawyer
* [[TSR Srinivasan]] as Arunmozhivarman's friend
* [[Pandiraj]] in a cameo appearance
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Namma Veettu Pillai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1 September 2019
| recorded = 2019
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 52:20
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sun Pictures]] [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2021 |title=Namma Veettu Pillai - Divo |url=https://avdigital.in/products/namma-veettu-pillai?_pos=2&_sid=7212f881f&_ss=r |access-date=7 August 2021 |publisher=AVDigital}}</ref>
| producer = [[D. Imman]]
| prev_title = [[Bakrid (film)|Bakrid]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Seeru]]
| next_year = 2020
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|YFG9niYNizc|Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Singles
| name = Namma Veettu Pillai
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Yenga Annan
| single1date = 23 August 2019
| single2 = Mailaanji
| single2date = 28 August 2019
| single3 = Yenakkaagave Poranthavaley
| single3date = 8 October 2019 (After the film's release)
}}
}}

The music for the film was composed by [[D. Imman]], with lyrics by [[Yugabharathi]], [[Vignesh Shivan]], [[Arunraja Kamaraj]], GKB and actor [[Sivakarthikeyan]]. This is Imman's fifth and final collaboration with Sivakarthikeyan and his second collaboration with director Pandiraj.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1125349179172110336 |user=sunpictures |title=.@immancomposer will be composing the music for #SK16BySunPictures |date=6 May 2019}}</ref>

The first single, "Yenga Annan" was released on 23 August 2019 with lyrics by Vignesh Shivan and sung by [[Nakash Aziz]] and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]. The second single "Mailaanji" was released on 28 August 2019 with lyrics by Yugabharathi and sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1164744628953743360 |user=immancomposer |title=#YengaAnnan #NVPFirstSingle today at 11  am IST! A jolly Brother-Sister relationship song |date=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1166636478685859840 |user=immancomposer |title=#MailaanjiFromToday 6 pm IST! Check out for a romantic melody sung by the amazing #PradeepKumar and @shreyaghoshal |date=28 August 2019}}</ref>

The full soundtrack was released on 1 September 2019, with Sivakarthikeyan, composer Imman, director Pandiraj and other cast and crew in attendance.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1170227637190447106 |user=sunpictures |title=#NammaVeettuPillai songs now available on these music streaming apps |date=7 September 2019}}</ref> The launch event was telecast on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], on 8 September 2019. After the film's release, an additional song from the film titled "Yenakkaagave Poranthavaley" which is sung by Sathyaprakash and written by Yugabharathi was released on 8 October 2019 through all digital streaming platforms.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1180113432407728131 |user=immancomposer |title=#nammaveettupillai 's Additional Audio track #YenakkaagavePoranthavaley will be launched officially on all digital platforms coming 8th October, Tuesday! Stay Glued |date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 52:20
| title1 = Yenga Annan
| extra1 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vignesh Shivan]]
| length1 = 4:27
| title2 = Mailaanji
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| lyrics2 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| length2 = 4:03
| title3 = Unkoodave Porakkanum
| extra3 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| lyrics3 = GKB
| length3 = 4:20
| title4 = Jigiri Dosthu
| extra4 = Jayamoorthy, Anthakudi Ilayaraja
| lyrics4 = [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
| length4 = 5:28
| title5 = Unkoodave Porakkanum
| extra5 = [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| lyrics5 = GKB
| length5 = 4:20
| title6 = Gaandakannazhagi
| extra6 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
| lyrics6 = [[Sivakarthikeyan]]
| length6 = 4:03
| title7 = Namma Veettu Pillai
| extra7 = [[D. Imman]]
| lyrics7 = Arunraja Kamaraj
| length7 = 2:54
| title8 = Unkoodave Porakkanum
| extra8 = Sruthi Balamurali
| lyrics8 = [[Instrumental]]
| length8 = 4:20
| title13 = Yenakkaagave Poranthavaley
| extra13 = Sathyaprakash
| lyrics13 = Yugabharathi
| length13 = 2:01
| all_writing =
| title9 = Yenga Annan
| length9 = 4:27
| title10 = Mailaanji
| length10 = 4:03
| lyrics9 =
| extra9 =
| note10 = Karaoke
| note3 = Brother's Version
| note5 = Sister's Version
| note7 = Theme Song
| note8 = Instrumental – Violin
| title11 = Unkoodave Porakkanum
| title12 = Gaandakannazhagi
| note9 = Karaoke
| note11 = Karaoke
| note12 = Karaoke
| note13 = Additional Track
| length11 = 4:20
| length12 = 4:03
}}

== Release ==
The film was released worldwide on 27 September 2019.

=== Reception ===
[[The Times of India]] rated 3 out of 5, stating that "As a family drama, Namma Veettu Pillai is perfectly OK even though it offers us nothing new in terms of story or treatment."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Veettu Pillai Movie Review {3/5}: Sivakarthikeyan starrer is an okayish family drama |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/namma-veetu-pillai/amp_movie_review/71324988.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927192230/https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/namma-veetu-pillai/amp_movie_review/71324988.cms |archive-date=27 September 2019 |access-date=27 September 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Sify rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, viewing that "''Namma Veettu Pillai'' is a well-made rural family drama which is highly recommended!"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Namma Veettu Pillai review: Sivakarthikeyan is back in form (2019) |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/namma-veettu-pillai-review-sivakarthikeyan-is-back-in-form-review-tamil-tj1nrIjcacjjc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929022035/https://www.sify.com/movies/namma-veettu-pillai-review-sivakarthikeyan-is-back-in-form-review-tamil-tj1nrIjcacjjc.html |archive-date=29 September 2019 |access-date=5 October 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

[[The Indian Express]] rated the film 3 out of 5, and summarised that "Barring a few missteps, this Sivakarthikeyan-starrer is a definite crowd-pleaser."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2019 |title=Namma Veettu Pillai movie review: A largely satisfying rural family drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/namma-veettu-pillai-movie-review-rating-6034709/ |access-date=5 October 2019 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

[[India Today]] rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and summarised that "Director Pandiraj's Namma Veetu Pillai starring Sivakarthikeyan is reminiscent of the filmmaker's previous film Kadaikutty Singam. However, the emotional connection seems to be missing in Namma Veetu Pillai."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Janani K. |date=September 27, 2019 |title=Namma Veetu Pillai Movie Review: Sivakarthikeyan is mass hero in a mish-mash of Pandiraj films |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/namma-veetu-pillai-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-is-mass-hero-in-a-mish-mash-of-pandiraj-films-1603874-2019-09-27 |access-date=5 October 2019 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] of Film Companion South wrote " With better writing throughout, the climax would have made you weep. But, as empty emotional entertainers go, Namma Veettu Pillai isn't a total loss".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2019 |title=Namma Veettu Pillai Movie Review: Sivakarthikeyan And Aishwarya Rajesh's Action-Melodrama Isn't Great But Isn't Bad Either |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/namma-veettu-pillai-review-sivakarthikeyan-pandiraj-aishwarya-rajesh-anu-emmanuel |website=FilmCompanion.}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film collected {{INRConvert|50|c|lk=off|year=2015|to=USD|0|mode=historical}} in [[Tamil Nadu]] on 5 weeks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 November 2019 |title=Namma Veettu Pillai earns Rs 60 crore in TN alone says trade analyst |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/namma-veettu-pillai-earns-rs-60-crore-in-tn-alone-says-trade-analyst/articleshow/71886921.cms |access-date=2020-07-27 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The song "Jigiri Dosthu" inspired the title of a [[Jigiri Dosthu|2023 film]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=10 March 2020 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil famed Shariq Hassan to be seen next in 'Jigiri Dosthu' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/mar/10/bigg-boss-tamil-famed-shariq-hassan-to-be-seen-next-in-jigiri-dosthu-2114565.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Pandiraj}}

[[Category:2010s action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Sun Pictures films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mohammad Azizur Rahman

2026-03-02T19:07:11Z

JeffryAlfaro75: added info

{{Short description|Bir Uttom Recipient Retired Major General of Bangladesh Army}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Major general]]
| name = Mohammad Azizur Rahman
| honorific_suffix = [[Bir Uttom|BU]]
| native_name = {{no bold|মোহাম্মদ আজিজুর রহমান}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Bahrain|Bangladesh Ambassador to Bahrain]]
| president = [[Shahabuddin Ahmed]] [[A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury]]
| primeminister = [[Sheikh Hasina]] [[Latifur Rahman]] ([[Chief Adviser of Bangladesh|acting]]) [[Khaleda Zia]]
| predecessor = [[Anwar Ul Alam Shaheed]]
| successor = [[Anwarullah Chowdhury]]
| term_start = 11 July 2001
| term_end = 31 December 2001
| office1 = 11th [[Director General of Bangladesh Rifles]]
| president1 = [[Abdur Rahman Biswas]] [[Shahabuddin Ahmed]]
| primeminister1 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ejaz Ahmed Chowdhury]]
| successor1 = [[A. L. M. Fazlur Rahman]]
| term_start1 = 25 August 1996
| term_end1 = 30 December 1999
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|01|01|df=y}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Sylhet]], [[Assam Province|Assam]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{BAN}} {{PAK}} (Before 1971)
| branch = *{{army|Pakistan}}
* {{army|Bangladesh}}
* [[File:বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশের পতাকা.svg|24px]] [[Border Guards Bangladesh|
Bangladesh Rifles]]
| serviceyears = 1968–1999
| rank = [[Major general (Bangladesh)|Major General]]
| unit = [[East Bengal Regiment]]
| commands = *[[Director General of Border Guards Bangladesh|Director General Bangladesh Rifles]]
* GOC of [[24th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|24th Infantry Division]]
* [[Adjutant General]] of [[Dhaka Cantonment|Army Headquarters]]
* GOC of [[Rangpur Cantonment|66th Infantry Division]]
* Commander of [[Mymensingh Cantonment|77th Infantry Brigade]]
* Commander of [[Khagrachhari Cantonment|203rd Infantry Brigade]]
| battles = [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
| awards = [[Bir Uttom]]<ref>[http://www.molwa.gov.bd/site/page/3f3b7628-3ac7-4927-bf6f-c9203fae601f/Bir-Uttam Bangladesh Gazette of 15 December, 1973; Ministry of Liberation War Affairs]</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Jagannath University]] [[Murari Chand College]]
| spouse = Selina Aziz
| children = 2
| laterwork =
| width =
}}
'''Mohammad Azizur Rahman''' ({{langx|bn|মোহাম্মদ আজিজুর রহমান}}; born 1 January 1945) is a retired [[major general]] of the [[Bangladesh Army]] and a heroic freedom fighter of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Liberation War]]. For his bravery in the war of independence, the government of Bangladesh awarded him the title of [[Bir Uttam]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://view.publitas.com/liberationwarbangladesh/1189-ekaattrer-biiryoddhaader-abismrnniiyy-jiibngaanthaa/page/74|title=Unforgettable biography of the warriors of 1971, commemorative book|publisher=[[Janata Bank Limited]]|year=2012|isbn=9789843351449|location=[[Bangladesh]]|pages=64|language=bn|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220126101048/https://view.publitas.com/liberationwarbangladesh/1189-ekaattrer-biiryoddhaader-abismrnniiyy-jiibngaanthaa/page/74|archive-date=January 26, 2022}}</ref>

He served as the [[Director General of Border Guards Bangladesh|Director General of Bangladesh Rifles]] from 25 August 1996 to 30 December 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|title=বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশ|url=http://www.bgb.gov.bd/index.php/bgb/page/list_of_former_director_generals/26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126185936/http://www.bgb.gov.bd/index.php/bgb/page/list_of_former_director_generals/26|archive-date=November 26, 2016|access-date=2022-01-27|website=bgb.gov.bd}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rahman was born on 1 January 1945 in [[Beanibazar Upazila|Beanibazar]] of Sylhet district. His ancestral home is in Chattis villages of Ranaping in [[Golapganj Upazila|Golapganj]]. His father's name was Sarafat Ali and his mother's name was Mahibun Nesha. He had to study in [[Sunamganj District|Sunamganj]], [[Habiganj District|Habiganj]] and Sylhet as his father's workplace. He graduated from [[Murari Chand College|Sylhet MC College]] with an Intermediate and [[Jagannath College]] in Dhaka. His wife's name is Selina Aziz. They have one daughter and one son.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=The heroic story of the freedom fighters of 1971|publisher=Prothoma Prokashon|year=2013|isbn=9789849025375|location=Bangladesh|pages=53|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ডেস্ক|first=প্রথম আলো|title=মো. আজিজুর রহমান, বীর উত্তম|url=https://1971.prothomalo.com/freedom-fighters-info/gallantry-awardees/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE|access-date=2022-01-27|website=চিরন্তন ১৯৭১ {{!}} প্রথম আলো|date=August 2021|archive-date=2022-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127220523/https://1971.prothomalo.com/freedom-fighters-info/gallantry-awardees/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
Azizur joined the army in 1966 and trained at the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] in [[Kakul]]. After commission in April 1968, he joined the 2nd East Bengal Regiment at [[Lahore]]. He was later transferred to Joydebpur in Dhaka with the 2nd East Bengal Regiment. He was promoted to the rank of major general through periodic promotions. In 1995, he was the area commander of Chittagong Region and GOC of the 24th Infantry Division. He served as the director general of Bangladesh Rifles from 25 August 1996 to 30 December 1999. He was the chairman of the [[Bangladesh Hill tracks Development Board|Hill tracks Development Board]] and also served as the Ambassador of Bangladesh to [[Bahrain]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Anwar Shahjahan|title=Heroic freedom fighter awarded in the war of independence|publisher=Boipotro Prokashon|year=2017|pages=756|language=bn}}</ref>

=== Role in the war of liberation ===
On 9 April 1971, he was awarded the title of 'Bir Uttam' for his unparalleled bravery in the battle of Keenbridge over the Surma River in Sylhet.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/>

== Awards and honors ==
* [[Bir Uttam]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{S-start}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Border Guards Bangladesh|Chief of Bangladesh Rifles]]
| years = 25 August 1996 - 30 December 1999
| before = Major General [[Ejaz Ahmed Chowdhury]]
| after = Major General [[A. L. M. Fazlur Rahman]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Bir Uttom|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azizur Rahman, Mohammad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bir Uttom]]
[[Category:Director generals of Border Guard Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Army generals]]
[[Category:People from Sylhet District]]
[[Category:Jagannath College alumni]]
[[Category:Murari Chand College alumni]]
[[Category:People of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Mukti Bahini personnel]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1970 Pakistani general election]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh]]

Bhikhna Thori railway station

2026-02-26T06:32:17Z

JeffryAlfaro75: improved article

{{Short description|Railway station in West Champaran, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bhikhna Thori railway station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|40px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[West Champaran district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.3333|84.6140|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Narkatiaganj–Bhikhna Thori branch line]]
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|192|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| accessible =
| code =
{{Indian railway code
| code = BKF
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Samastipur}}
}}
| electrified = Yes
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| status = Active
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Narkatiaganj–Bhikhna Thori branch line|left=Gawnaha|right=}}
| route_map = {{Narkatiaganj–Bhikhna Thori branch line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| map_type = India#India Bihar
| map_dot_label = Bhikhna Thori railway station
| map_size = 300
}}
'''Bhikhna Thori railway station''' is a small terminus railway station on [[Narkatiaganj–Bhikhna Thori branch line]] in [[West Champaran district]], [[Bihar]]. Its code is '''BKF'''. It serves [[Bhikhna Thori]] village. The station consists of two platforms.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/bhikhna-thori-bkf/5063| title=BKF/Bhikhna Thori| website=India Rail Info|access-date= 2020-01-14}}</ref>

Bhikhna Thori is terminal station before the Indo-Nepal border. It is connected with the [[Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines|Gorakhpur–Narkatiaganj–Raxaul rail line]] at {{stnlnk|Narkatiaganj Junction}}.

== Gauge conversion ==
Presently services are suspended on this 36 km line since 2015, as it is undergoing [[Track gauge conversion|gauge conversion]], from metre to broad gauge. It is expected that the first stretch between {{stnlnk|Narkatiaganj Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Amolwa}} (13 km) to be completed in March 2020 and by June 2020, up to {{stnlnk|Gawnaha}} (23 km). The final section between Gawnaha and Bhikhna Thori (13 km) passes through dense forest and needs a special permit from the [[Department of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Bihar|Forest Department]] allowing construction works. As of August 2019, the permit has not been given.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.jagran.com/bihar/west-champaran-double-railline-till2022-19456925.html|title= 2022 तक पूरा होगा रेललाइन दोहरीकरण का कार्य: सीएओ |trans-title= Railway line doubling to be completed by 2022: CAO|language= Hindi|website =[[Jagran]]|location = [[Bettiah]]| date= 2019-08-03|access-date= 2020-01-14}}</ref> According to the Forest Department, Gawnaha – Bhikhna Thori section should be closed and the railway land transferred to them.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bagaha/story-gaunaah-bhikanathori-railway-can-be-closed-2483340.html|title= बंद हो सकता है गौनाहा भिखनाठोरी रेलखंड |trans-title= Gaunaha – Bhikhna Thori rail section may be closed|language= Hindi|website =Live Hindustan|location = [[Bagaha]]| date= 2019-04-10|access-date= 2020-01-14}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Narkatiaganj Junction railway station]]
* [[Raxaul Junction railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IndiaRailInfo | 5063|Bhikhna Thori}}

{{Railway stations in Bihar|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Railway stations in West Champaran district]]
[[Category:Samastipur railway division]]
[[Category:Railway terminus in India]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Makar Sankranti

2026-01-16T20:43:02Z

JeffryAlfaro75: minor edit

{{short description|Hindu festival that reveres Surya (sun god)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Makar Sankranti
| type = Hindu
| image = Photo of makar sankranti devootees.jpg
| caption = Holy dip by devotees in river Ganga on the occasion of Makar Sankranti
| nickname = Uttarayana Sankranti Til Sakraat Magha Môkôr Sôṅkrānti Mela Ghughuti Pedda Panduga Bhogi Sakraat Pongal Peddha Panduga Sakrat Khichaṛi Sankramana
| longtype = Religious and cultural, harvest festival
| date = First day of ''makara'' [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar#sauramasa|masa, Bhogi]] (15 January in [[leap year]]s; 14 January on all other years)
| celebrations = Kite flying, bonfires, fairs, feast, arts, dance, socialization
| relatedto = [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], [[Lohri]], [[Lal Loi]], [[Maghe Sankranti]], [[Magh Bihu]], [[Tusu Festival]]
| firsttime =
| weekday =
| frequency = Annual
| duration = 1 day
| scheduling =
| official_name =
| ends =
| significance = A harvest festival, a celebration of the mid-winter solstice
| litcolor = Red
| observedby = [[Hindu]]s, [[Buddhist]]s, [[Sikh]]s, [[Jain]]s
| alt =
| startedby =
}}

{{Hinduism}}
'''Makar(a) Sankrānti''' ({{Langx|sa|मकरसङ्क्रान्ति|translit=Makarasaṅkrānti}}),<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-03-20 |title=Makarasankranti, Makarasaṅkrānti, Makara-sankranti, Makarasamkramti: 3 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/makarasankranti |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205040625/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/makarasankranti |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{Translation|Capricorn Festival}}) also referred to as '''Uttarāyana''', '''Makara''', or simply '''Sankrānti''', is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] observance and a mid-winter [[harvest festival]] in [[India]] and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGcsEQAAQBAJ&q=harvest+festival | title=The Journey of Light: Makar Sankranti and the Equinox | last1=Jacobson | first1=Jayson | date=26 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Thakur |first1=Anjali |title=Makar Sankranti 2025: Know The Importance Of Flying Kites During This Time Of The Year |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/makar-sankranti-2025-know-the-importance-of-flying-kites-during-this-time-of-the-year-7463511 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=13 January 2025 |date=13 January 2025}}</ref> It is typically celebrated on 14 January annually (15 January on a leap year),<ref name="Tumuluru2015p30">{{cite book|author=Kamal Kumar Tumuluru|title=Hindu Prayers, Gods and Festivals|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=b2iyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |year=2015| publisher=Partridge|isbn= 978-1-4828-4707-9|page=30}}</ref><ref name="Melton2011p547" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Holidays, festivals, and celebrations of the world dictionary Third edition.|last=Henderson|first=Helene|publisher=Detroit: Omnigraphics|year=2005|isbn= 0-7808-0982-3|location=Electronic edition|page=xxix}}</ref> this occasion marks the transition of the sun from the zodiac of Sagittarius (''dhanu'') to Capricorn (''[[makara]]'').<ref name="Tumuluru2015p30" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzoHCwAAQBAJ&dq=makar+sankranti+transition&pg=PT33 |title=Hindu Rites and Rituals: Origins and Meanings |date=2015-11-25 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-85890-04-8 |pages=33 |language=en |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722083847/https://books.google.com/books?id=uzoHCwAAQBAJ&dq=makar+sankranti+transition&pg=PT33 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p411">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNzLMgEACAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-2287-1|page=411|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722083848/https://books.google.com/books?id=VNzLMgEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> As this transition coincides with the sun's movement from south to north, the festival is dedicated to the solar deity, [[Surya]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&dq=makar+sankranti+surya&pg=PA547 |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-205-0 |pages=547 |language=en |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722083849/https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&dq=makar+sankranti+surya&pg=PA547 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is observed to mark a new beginning.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fieldhouse |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&dq=makar+sankranti+moksha&pg=PA349 |title=Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes] |date=2017-04-17 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-412-4 |pages=349 |language=en |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722083849/https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&dq=makar+sankranti+moksha&pg=PA349 |url-status=live }}</ref> Across India, the occasion is celebrated with numerous multi-day festivals.

The festivities associated with Makar Sankranti are known by various names including ''Sankranthi or Peddha Panduga'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]],<ref name="htmakar">{{Cite web |date=2017-01-14 |title=After a 100 years, Makar Sankranti gets a new date |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-a-100-years-makar-sankranti-gets-a-new-date/story-pvh98WVqDQBXdvP9LFOoUO.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312091804/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-a-100-years-makar-sankranti-gets-a-new-date/story-pvh98WVqDQBXdvP9LFOoUO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="desai30">{{cite book |author=Nikita Desai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VsaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |title=A Different Freedom: Kite Flying in Western India; Culture and Tradition |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4438-2310-4 |pages=30–33}}</ref> ''Khichari'' in [[Bhojpuri region]], ''[[Magh Bihu]]'' in [[Assam]], ''Maghi Saaji'' in [[Himachal Pradesh]], ''[[Makaravilakku]]'' in [[Kerala]], Makara sankranti in [[Karnataka]], ''Maghi Sangrand'' in Punjab, [[Pongal (festival)|''Pongal'']] in Tamil Nadu, ''Maghi Sangrand'' or ''Uttarain'' (Uttarayana) in Jammu, ''Sakrat'' in Haryana, Sakraat in Rajasthan, ''Sukarat'' in central India, ''[[Uttarayana]]'' in [[Gujarat]] and Uttar Pradesh, ''Ghughuti'' in Uttarakhand, ''Dahi Chura'' in Bihar, ''Makar Sankranti'' in Odisha, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Goa, West Bengal (also called ''Poush Sankranti or Mokor Sonkranti''), Uttar Pradesh (also called ''Khichidi Sankranti''), Uttarakhand (also called ''Uttarayani'') or as simply, ''[[Maghe Sankranti]]'' (Nepal), [[Songkran (Thailand)|''Songkran'']] (Thailand), ''Thingyan'' (Myanmar), ''Mohan Songkran'' (Cambodia), Til Sakraat in Mithila, and ''Shishur Senkrath'' (Kashmir). On Makar Sankranti, [[Surya]] (Hindu solar deity) is worshipped along with [[Vishnu]] and goddess [[Lakshmi]] throughout India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Makar Sankranti 2021: Know Why Makar Sankranti Festival Is Celebrated|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/makar-sankranti-2021-date-history-significance-of-makar-sankranti-festival-2350647|publisher=NDTV|date=11 January 2021|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190323/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/makar-sankranti-2021-date-history-significance-of-makar-sankranti-festival-2350647|url-status=live}}</ref>

Makar Sankranti is observed with social festivities such as colourful decorations, rural children going house to house, singing and asking for treats in some areas,<ref name="PuriNesbitt2013p34">{{cite book|author1=Kailash Puri|author2=Eleanor Nesbitt|title=Pool of Life: The Autobiography of a Panjabi Agony Aunt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_NWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|year=2013|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-78284-067-1|pages=34–35}}</ref> ''melas'' (fairs), dances, kite flying, bonfires and feasts.<ref name=desai30/><ref>{{cite book|author=[[Kapila Vatsyayan]]|title=Traditions of Indian folk dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2K1AAAAIAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Clarion Books |isbn=978-0-85655-253-3|pages=192–193}}</ref> The ''Magha Mela'' is mentioned in the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name=eck153 /> Many observers go to sacred rivers or lakes and bathe in a ceremony of thanks to the Sun.<ref name=eck153>{{cite book|author=Diana L. Eck|title=India: A Sacred Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC&pg=PA153|year=2013|publisher=Random House|author-link=Diana L. Eck|isbn=978-0-385-53192-4|pages=152–154|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722083855/https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC&pg=PA153|url-status=live}}</ref> Every twelve years, the Hindus observe ''Makar Sankranti'' with [[Kumbha Mela]] – one of the world's largest mass pilgrimage, with an estimated 60 to 100 million people attending the event.<ref name=eck153 /><ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2013/01/kumbh-mela-the-largest-gathering-on-earth/100438/ Kumbha Mela: The Largest Gathering on Earth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174128/https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2013/01/kumbh-mela-the-largest-gathering-on-earth/100438/ |date=29 December 2020 }}, Alan Taylor, ''The Atlantic'' (14 January 2013)</ref><ref>[http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/01/14/169313222/biggest-gathering-on-earth-begins-in-india-kumbha-mela-may-draw-100-million Biggest Gathering On Earth' Begins In India; Kumbha Mela May Draw 100 Million] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722083832/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/01/14/169313222/biggest-gathering-on-earth-begins-in-india-kumbh-mela-may-draw-100-million |date=22 July 2023 }}, Mark Memmott, NPR, Washington DC (14 January 2013)</ref> At this event, they say a prayer to the Sun and bathe at the [[Triveni Sangam|Prayagaraj confluence]] of the River Ganga and River Yamuna,<ref name=eck153 /> a tradition attributed to [[Adi Shankaracharya]].<ref>Roshan Dalal (2011), The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0-14-341517-6}}, see Kumbh Mela entry</ref> Makar Sankranti is a time of celebration and thanks giving, and is marked by a variety of rituals and tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nayasafar.in/2023/07/makar-sankranti.html |title=Makar Sankranti |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722084522/https://www.nayasafar.in/2023/07/makar-sankranti.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Date variations ==
{{Solstice-equinox-sankranti}}
Makar Sankranti is set by the [[solar cycle]] and corresponds to the exact time astronomical event of the Sun entering Capricorn and is observed on a day that usually falls on 14 January of the Gregorian calendar, but on 15 January in leap years. Makar Sankranti's date and time is analogous to [[Sidereal and tropical astrology|Sidereal time of Zodiac]] sign of Capricorn (when sun enters).<ref name="Capricorn-zodiac-1" >{{cite web |title=sun enters Capricorn zodiac |url=https://www.drikpanchang.com/sankranti/info/makar-sankranti.html |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028130954/https://www.drikpanchang.com/sankranti/info/makar-sankranti.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The year is 365.24 days long and the time difference between the two consecutive instances of Makar Sankranti is almost the same as the year. There are 365 days in a year. Thus, every four years the calendar is offset by one day which is adjusted by adding leap day (29 February). Hence, Makar Sankranti falls on 15 January every leap year. Sidereal time of sign of Capricorn also shifts by a day due to leap year. Similarly, the time of equinoxes also shifts by a day in each four year window. For example, the equinox of September does not fall on the same date each year nor does the winter solstice. Any event related to one revolution of the Earth around the Sun will have this date shift within a four year cycle. Similar changes can be seen in the exact time of solstices and equinoxes. See the table, how the time of the equinox and a solstice increases and decreases in a cycle of four years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solstices, Equinoxes and Leap Years |url=https://www.gi.alaska.edu/alaska-science-forum/solstices-equinoxes-and-leap-years |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028131957/https://www.gi.alaska.edu/alaska-science-forum/solstices-equinoxes-and-leap-years |url-status=live }}</ref>

The time difference between two consecutive winter solstices is about 5 hours 49 minutes 59 seconds, with respect to winter solstice time, and the time difference between two consecutive Mankar Sankranti is about 6 hours and 10 minutes. Towards the end of the 21st century, there will be more occurrences of Makar Sankranti on 15 January in a four-year cycle.
And Makar Sankranti will be on 16 January for the first in the year 2102 as 2100 will not be a leap year.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 10, 2022|first1=Chirag Bejan|last1=Daruwalla|title=Makar Sankranti 2022: Know how Uttarayan 2022 will impact your zodiac sign|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/planets-transits/makar-sankranti-2022-know-how-uttarayan-2022-will-impact-your-zodiac-sign/articleshow/88803744.cms|access-date=2022-01-14|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115023012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/planets-transits/makar-sankranti-2022-know-how-uttarayan-2022-will-impact-your-zodiac-sign/articleshow/88803744.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Makar Sankranti and Uttar Ayana ===
{{See also|Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar}}
Makar Sankranti is celebrated when the Sun's [[Ecliptic coordinate system|ecliptic longitude]] becomes [[Hindu astrology#rashi|270° measured from a fixed starting point]] which is in opposition to [[Spica]],{{refn|name=chitrapaksha|{{cite book|title= Traditions of Science. Cross--cultural Perspectives. Essays in honour of B.V. Subbarayappa|first=Raymond|last=Mercier|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|date=2007|location=New Delhi|editor-first1=Purushottama|editor-last1=Bilimoria|editor-first2=Sridhar|editor-last2=Melukote|at=See discussion of ''Citrā pakṣa''}} }} i.e. this is a [[Sidereal year|sidereal]] measure. [[Uttarayan|Uttarayana]] begins when the Sun's ecliptic longitude becomes 270° measured from the Vernal equinox,{{refn|This is the same as saying "when the Sun reaches the [[winter solstice|December solstice]] point"}} i.e. this is a [[tropical year|tropical]] measure. While both concern a measure of 270° their starting points are different. Hence, Makar Sankranti and Uttarayana occur on different days. On the Gregorian calendar, Makar Sankranti occurs on 14 or 15 January; Uttarayana starts on 21 December.

Due to the [[Axial precession|precession of the equinoxes]] the tropical zodiac (i.e. all the equinoxes and solstices) shifts by about 1° in 72 years. As a result, the December solstice (Uttarayana) is continuously but very slowly moving away from Makar Sankranti. Conversely, the December solstice (Uttarayana) and Makar Sankranti must have coincided at some time in the distant past. Such a coincidence last happened 1700 years back, in 291 CE.{{refn|name=chitrapaksha}}

== Significance ==
Every year ''Makar Sankranti'' is celebrated in the month of January. This festival is dedicated to the Hindu religious sun god ''Surya''.<ref name="Melton2011p547">{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&pg=PA547|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-205-0|pages=547–548|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722084357/https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&pg=PA547|url-status=live}}, ''Quote:'' "Makara Sankranti (14 January); Makara Sankranti is a festival held across India, under a variety of names, to honor the god of the sun, Surya."</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Beteille | first=Andre | title=A Note on the Pongal Festival in a Tanjore Village | journal=Man | volume=64 | year=1964 | issue=2 | doi=10.2307/2797924 | pages=73–75, see discussion of Makar Sankranti| jstor=2797924 }}</ref> This significance of Surya is traceable to the Vedic texts, particularly the [[Gayatri Mantra]], a sacred hymn of Hinduism found in its scripture named the ''[[Rigveda]]''. Makara Sankranti is also associated with the birth and coming of the final Avatar of the Hindu God Vishnu, Kalki.

Makara Sankranti is regarded as important for spiritual practices and accordingly, people take a holy dip in rivers, especially [[Ganges|Ganga]], [[Yamuna]], [[Godavari]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Kaveri]]. The bathing is believed to result in merit or absolution of past sins. They also pray to the Sun and give thanks for their successes and prosperity.<ref name="books.google.co.uk">Tumuluru, Kamal Kumar (2015 hi me rpota), [https://books.google.com/books?id=b2iyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 Hindu Prayers, Gods and Festivals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722084340/https://books.google.com/books?id=b2iyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |date=22 July 2023 }}, Partridge Publishing</ref> A shared cultural practices found amongst Hindus of various parts of India is making sticky, bound sweets particularly from sesame (''til'') and a sugar base such as jaggery (''gud, gur, gul''). This type of sweet is a symbolism for being together in peace and joyfulness, despite the uniqueness and differences between individuals.<ref name="Melton2011p547"/> For most parts of India, this period is a part of early stages of the Rabi crop and agricultural cycle, where crops have been sown and the hard work in the fields is mostly over. The time thus signifies a period of socializing and families enjoying each other's company, taking care of the cattle, and celebrating around bonfires, in Gujarat the festival is celebrated by flying kites.<ref name="Melton2011p547"/>

Makara Sankranti is an important pan-Indian solar festival, known by different names though observed on the same date, sometimes for multiple dates around the Makar Sankranti. It is known as ''Pedda Panduga'/'Makara Sankranti'' in Andhra Pradesh, ''Makara Sankranti'' in Karnataka, Telangana, and Maharashtra, ''Pongal'' in Tamil Nadu,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sankranti in India|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/makar-sankranti-the-way-it-is-celebrated-in-states-across-india-1335352.html|access-date=2022-01-14|website=News18|date=14 January 2020|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113062614/https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/makar-sankranti-the-way-it-is-celebrated-in-states-across-india-1335352.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Magh Bihu]]'' in Assam, ''Magha Mela'' in parts of central and north India, as ''Makar Sankranti'' in the west, ''Makara Sankranti'' or ''Shankaranti'' in Kerala,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sankranti in India|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/makar-sankranti-the-way-it-is-celebrated-in-states-across-india-1335352.html|access-date=2022-01-14|website=News18|date=14 January 2020|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113062614/https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/makar-sankranti-the-way-it-is-celebrated-in-states-across-india-1335352.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and by other names.<ref name="Melton2011p547"/>

==Nomenclature and regional names==
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2022}}
[[File:A night lit up on Makar Sankranti Uttarayana Festival with Kites and Lights India.jpg|thumb|A night lit up on Makar Sankranti Uttarayana Festival with Kites and Lights.]]
Makar or Makara Sankranti is celebrated in many parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] with some regional variations. It is known by different names and celebrated with different customs in different Indian states and South Asian countries:

*'''Sankranti, Makara Sankranti, Makara Sankramanam, Pedda Panduga:''' [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sankranti 2022: పండుగ ఒక్కటే.. వేడుకలు అనేకం.. మకర సంక్రాంతి ప్రత్యేకత ఇదే!|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/astrology/different-names-for-makar-sankranthi-across-india-rnk-1152544.html|access-date=2022-01-14|website=News18 Telugu|language=te|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114172732/https://telugu.news18.com/news/astrology/different-names-for-makar-sankranthi-across-india-rnk-1152544.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''Pusna:''' [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam {{!}} History, Map, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Assam|access-date=2022-01-14|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107134318/https://www.britannica.com/place/Assam|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Suggi Habba, Makara Sankramana, Makara Sankranti:''' [[Karnataka]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Nikita|title=Makar Sankranti In Karnataka: Date, Significance And Celebration Of Suggi Habba|url=https://www.india.com/festivals-events/makar-sankranti-in-karnataka-date-significance-and-celebration-of-suggi-habba-2843830/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=www.india.com|date=15 January 2018|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809082617/https://www.india.com/festivals-events/makar-sankranti-in-karnataka-date-significance-and-celebration-of-suggi-habba-2843830/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Makar Sankranti''', '''Uttarayana''' or '''Ghughuti''': [[Uttarakhand]]
* '''Makar Sankranti''' or''' Makara Mela''' and '''Makara Chaula''': [[Odisha]]
* '''Makar Sankranti''' or '''Sankaranti''' or '''Shankaranti''': [[Kerala]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sankranti in India|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/makar-sankranti-the-way-it-is-celebrated-in-states-across-india-1335352.html|access-date=2022-01-14|website=News18|date=14 January 2020|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113062614/https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/makar-sankranti-the-way-it-is-celebrated-in-states-across-india-1335352.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Makar Sankranti''' or '''Dahi Chura''' or '''Til Sankranti''': [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Delhi]]
* '''Makar Sankranti''', '''Maghi Sankranti''', '''[[Haldi Kumkum]]''' or '''Sankranti''': [[Maharashtra]], [[Jammu]], [[Goa]], [[Nepal]], [[Sikkim]]
* '''Hangrai''': [[Tripura]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.india.com/viral/11-different-names-of-makar-sankranti-across-the-world-861293/ | title=Makara Sankranti 2023: 11 Different names of Makar Sankranti Across the world! | access-date=1 November 2022 | archive-date=1 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101103249/https://www.india.com/viral/11-different-names-of-makar-sankranti-across-the-world-861293/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]]''' or '''Uzhavar Thirunal''': [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]]
* '''[[Uttarayan|Uttarayana]]:''' [[Gujarat]]
* '''[[Maghi]]:''' [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
* '''[[Magh Bihu]]''' or '''Bhogali Bihu''': [[Assam]]
* '''[[Parshuram Kund]] Mela''' or '''Makara Sankranti''': [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
* '''Shishur Saenkraat:''' [[Kashmir Valley]]<ref name="books.google.co.uk"/>
* '''Makar Sakraat''' or '''Khichdi Parv:''' [[Uttar Pradesh]] and western [[Bihar]]
* '''Poush Sangkranti''': [[West Bengal]], [[Bangladesh]]
* '''Tila Sakrait:''' [[Mithila, India|Mithila]]
* '''Tirmoori:''' Pakistan

In most regions of India, Sankranti festivities last for two to four days of which each day is celebrated with distinct names and rituals.<ref name="capricorn-zodiac">{{Cite web|url=http://www.drikpanchang.com/sankranti/info/makar-sankranti.html|title=Makar Sankranti|website=drikpanchang.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-date=15 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115103333/https://www.drikpanchang.com/sankranti/info/makar-sankranti.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

* Day 1 – Maghi (preceded by Lohri), Bhogi Panduga
* Day 2 – Makara Sankranti, Pongal, Pedda Panduga, Uttarayana, Magh Bihu
* Day 3 – Mattu Pongal, Kanuma Panduga
* Day 4 – Kaanum Pongal, Mukkanuma

==Regional variations and customs==
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2013}}
[[File:It called makar sankranti or a festival of kite flying. when sun go to north pole or in his zodiac sign Capricorn.this festival organized then or every year 14 th January. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Kite flying is a tradition of Makar Sankranti in many parts of India.]]

It is celebrated differently across the Indian subcontinent. Many people take a dip in places like [[Sagar Island|Ganga Sagar]] and pray to the Sun God ([[Surya]]). It is celebrated with pomp in southern parts of India as Sankranti in [[Andhra Pradesh]], Telangana and Karnataka (Pongal in Tamil Nadu), and in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] as [[Lohri]]

Many [[mela]]s or fairs are held on Makar Sankranti the most famous being the [[Kumbha Mela]], held every 12 years at one of four holy locations, namely ''[[Haridwar]]'', ''Prayag'' (''[[Prayagraj]]''), ''[[Ujjain]]'' and ''[[Nashik]],'' the ''Magha Mela'' (or ''mini-Kumbh Mela'' held annually at Prayag) and the ''[[Gangasagar Mela]]'' (held at the head of the [[Ganges River]], where it flows into the [[Bay of Bengal]]).<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p411" /> Makar Mela in [[Odisha]]. Tusu Mela also called as Tusu Porab is celebrated in many parts of Jharkhand and West Bengal. [[Poush Mela]], held traditionally on the seventh day of Poush, at [[Shantiniketan]], in [[West Bengal]], is unrelated to this festival. [[Mela Maghi]] is held in memory of the forty Sikh martyrs (''Chalis Mukte'') who gave their lives to protect [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the tenth Guru of Sikhism, every year at Muktsar Sahib in Punjab. Before this tradition, the festival was observed and mentioned by [[Guru Amar Das]], the third Guru of Sikhism.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Glimpses of Sikhism|last=Jawandha|first=Nahar Singh|publisher=Sanbun Publishers.|date=1 January 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Festive bites.jpg|thumb|right|Feast of Makar Sankranti]]

===Andhra Pradesh and Telangana===
The festival Sankranti is celebrated for four days in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajat |first1=Gupta |last2=Singh |first2=Nishant |last3=Kirar |first3=Ishita |last4=Kumar Bairwa |first4=Mahesh |title=Hospitality & Tourism Management |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-93-259-8244-4 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DatDDAAAQBAJ&dq=Bhogi+festival+andhra+pradesh&pg=PA78 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722084340/https://books.google.com/books?id=DatDDAAAQBAJ&dq=Bhogi+festival+andhra+pradesh&pg=PA78 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Telugu people|Telugu]] women decorate the entrance of their homes by geometric patterns drawn using colored rice flour, called [[Kolam|Muggu]].
*Day 1 – [[Bhogi]]
*Day 2 – Pedda Panduga/Sankranti, the main festival day
*Day 3 – Kanuma
*Day 4 – Mukkanuma
'''Bhogi'''

[[Bhogi]] is the first day of the four-day festival. It is celebrated with a bonfire with logs of wood, other solid-fuels, and wooden furniture at home that are no longer useful. In the evening, a ceremony called Bhogi Pallu, fruits of the harvest such as [[Jujube|regi pallu]] and [[sugarcane]] are collected along with flowers of the season. Money is often placed into a mixture of treats and is poured over children. The children then collect the money and sweet fruits.

;Pedda Panduga/Sankranti
The second and main day of the four-day festival, and is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Surya]].<ref name="Mathews2017p207">{{cite book |last1=Mathew |first1=Mathews |title=Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People |date=2017 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-323-475-8 |page=207 }}</ref> The day marks the start of the [[Uttarayana]], when the sun enters the 10th house of the zodiac [[Capricorn (astrology)|Makara]].<ref name="Ramaswamy2017p274">{{cite book|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5381-0686-0|pages=274–275|access-date=13 January 2022|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115406/https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274|url-status=live}}</ref> It is commonly called as Pedda Panduga (Big festival) in the [[Andhra Pradesh]] state.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-01-11|title=The Speciality of Sankranti|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/The-Speciality-of-Sankranti/article13993803.ece|access-date=2022-01-13 |archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113085423/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/The-Speciality-of-Sankranti/article13993803.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ariselu]], a traditional sweet dish is offered to the god.

;Kanuma
The third day of the four-day festival, it is dedicated to the cattle and other domestic animals. The cattle are decorated, especially cows, they are offered bananas, a special meal and worshipped.<ref name="Stewart2015">According to James Stewart, this reverence for cattle – as ''Kiri amma'' – is common in Tamil Hindus in India and Sri Lanka, as well as Sinhalese Buddhists: {{cite book|author=James Stewart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s9BgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT165|title=Vegetarianism and Animal Ethics in Contemporary Buddhism|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-62397-7|pages=126–128|access-date=13 January 2022|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115406/https://books.google.com/books?id=s9BgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT165|url-status=live}}</ref> On this day, popular community sport [[Cockfighting in India|Kodi Pandem]] will begun playing until the next one to two days, especially in the [[Coastal Andhra]] region of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-20|title=Kodi Pandalu|url=https://tv9telugu.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-special-story-on-sankranti-kodi-pandalu-600242.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=TV9 Telugu|language=te|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102041422/https://tv9telugu.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-special-story-on-sankranti-kodi-pandalu-600242.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Mukkanuma
It is the fourth and last day of the four-day festival. Many families hold reunions on this day. [[File:Samkranti muggulu 2015 (3).JPG|thumb|Colorful floor artwork (''muggulu'') decorate entrances and streets during Sankranti]]

===Assam===
[[File:Buffalo fight.jpg|thumbnail|right|A Buffalo fight held at Ranthali, in Nagaon District of Assam, on the occasion of Magh bihu.]]

'''Magh Bihu''' (also called '''Bhogali Bihu''' ([[Bihu]] of eating foods and enjoyment) or '''Maghar Domahi''' is a [[harvest festival]] celebrated in [[Assam]], India, which marks the end of harvesting season in the month of [[Maagha]] (January–February).<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrating Nature's Bounty – Magh Bihu |url=http://www.efi-news.com/2012/01/celebrating-natures-bounty-magh-bihu.html |work=EF News International |access-date=14 January 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117010132/http://www.efi-news.com/2012/01/celebrating-natures-bounty-magh-bihu.html |archive-date=17 January 2012 }}</ref> It is the Assam celebration of Makar Sankranti, with feasting lasting for a week.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fairs & Festivals of India |last=Sharma |first=S. P. |author2=Seema Gupta |year=2006 |publisher=[[Pustak Mahal]] |isbn=978-81-223-0951-5 |page=25 }}</ref>

The festival is marked by feasts and bonfires. The day of the Bihu starts at early dawn by a post-harvesting ceremony called "Meji". In this, bonfires are burned in the house, temples, fields and people pray to Agnidev for blessings<ref>{{cite book |title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica |year=1987 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |isbn=978-0-85229-571-7 |volume=21 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency/page/137 137] |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency/page/137 }}</ref> Young people erect makeshift huts, known as ''Meji'' and ''Bhelaghar'', from bamboo, leaves and thatch, and in ''Bhelaghar'' they eat the food prepared for the feast, and then burn the huts the next morning.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihu being celebrated with joy across Assam |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/14/stories/2005011410220300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204202109/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/14/stories/2005011410220300.htm |archive-date=4 February 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 January 2005 |access-date=2009-05-02 }}</ref> The celebrations also feature traditional Assamese games such as tekeli bhonga (pot-breaking) and buffalo fighting.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bonfire, feast & lots more – Jorhat celebrations promise traditional joy this Magh Bihu |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080112/jsp/northeast/story_8771062.jsp |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=12 January 2008 |access-date=2009-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615132816/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080112/jsp/northeast/story_8771062.jsp |archive-date=15 June 2009 }}</ref> Magh Bihu celebrations start on the last day of the previous month, the month of "Pooh", usually the 29th of Pooh and usually 14 January, and is the only day of Magh Bihu in modern times (earlier, the festival would last for the whole month of Magh, and so the name Magh Bihu).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.markinkalpataru.org/MK/assamese_date/assamese_cal.php |title= Assamese calendar |access-date= 15 January 2017 |archive-date= 6 February 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160206062626/http://www.markinkalpataru.org/MK/assamese_date/assamese_cal.php |url-status= live }}</ref> The night before is "Uruka" (28th of Pooh), when people gather around a bonfire, cook dinner, and make merry.

During Magh Bihu people of Assam make cakes of rice with various names such as Shunga Pitha, Til Pitha etc. and some other sweets of coconut called Laru or Laskara.

[[File:Til gud Ladoo.png|thumb|A traditional sweet sesame-jaggery based ''ladoo'' exchanged and eaten on Makar Sankranti.]]

=== Bihar ===
It is popularly known as Sakraat or Khichdi in western Bihar and Til Sakraat or Dahi Chura in rest of Bihar where people usually eat [[Dahi (curd)|Dahi]] and Chura (Flattened Rice), sweets made of Til [[Sesame seeds]] and Chini (Sugar)/Gud(Jaggery) such as [[Tilkut]], Tilwa (Til ke Ladoo) etc. In the state, the crops harvested around the time are Sesame Seeds, Paddy, etc.

===Goa===
Known as ''Sankrant'' in Goa and like in the rest of the country, people distribute sweets in the form of granules of sugar-coated till pulses among family members and friends. Newly married women offer five sughat or small clay pots with black beaded threads tied around them, to the deity. These pots are filled with newly harvested food grains and are offered with betel leaves and areca nut.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Of-sesame-laddoos-and-prayers-for-husbands/articleshow/7288470.cms|title=Of sesame laddoos and prayers for husbands – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=15 January 2011|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715181754/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Of-sesame-laddoos-and-prayers-for-husbands/articleshow/7288470.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Its observance takes place on a rather subdued note, unlike major festivals of the region like [[Ganesh chaturthi]].

===Gujarat===
{{Main|International Kite Festival in Gujarat – Uttarayan}}
Uttarayana, as Makar Sankranti is called in Gujarati, is a major festival in the state of Gujarat<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&dq=uttarayan+gujarat&pg=PA66 |title=Desai, Anjali H. (2007) ''India Guide Gujarat''. India Guide Publications |isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722084359/https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&dq=uttarayan+gujarat&pg=PA66 |url-status=live |last1=Desai |first1=Anjali H. |date=November 2006 |publisher=India Guide Publications }}</ref> which lasts for two days.

* 14 January is Uttarayana
* 15 January is Vasi-Uttarayana (Stale Uttarayana).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUduAAAAMAAJ&q=Vasi-Uttarayan|title=Welcome to Gujarat|first=Rajnee|last=Vyas|date=16 January 2019|publisher=Akshara Prakashan|via=Google Books|access-date=13 September 2020|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422220627/https://books.google.com/books?id=KUduAAAAMAAJ&q=Vasi-Uttarayan|url-status=live}}</ref>

Gujarati people keenly await this festival to fly kites, called ''[[Fighter kite|patang]]''. Kites for Uttarayana are made of special light-weight paper and bamboo and are mostly rhombus shaped with central spine and a single bow. The string often contains [[Manja (kite)|abrasives to cut down rival kites]]. The large number of kites leads to injuries and fatalities among birds. [[Jivdaya Charitable Trust]], a local animal welfare charity, started a Save the Birds campaign, for example asking people to fly kites at times of day when birds are less likely to be flying to find food.

In Gujarat, from December through to Makar Sankranti, people start enjoying Uttarayana. [[Undhiyu]] (spicy, baked mix of winter vegetables) and chikkis (made from til (sesame seeds), peanuts and jaggery) are the special festival recipes savoured on this day. The Hindu Sindhi community in western regions of India, that is also found in southeastern parts of Pakistan, celebrate Makar Sankranti as Tirmoori. On this day, parents sending sweet dishes to their daughters.<ref>Reejhsinghani, Aroona (2004) Essential Sindhi Cookbook. Penguin Books India [https://books.google.com/books?id=ym9IWIZELc8C&pg=PA14] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722084422/https://books.google.com/books?id=ym9IWIZELc8C&pg=PA14|date=22 July 2023}}</ref>

===Haryana and Delhi===
{{anchor | Sakraant | Sakrant | Sakrand | Sakraand | Sindhara | Sidha | Manana }}"Sakraant" in Haryana and Delhi rural areas, is celebrated with traditional Hindu rituals of North India similar to Western UP and border areas of Rajasthan and Punjab. This includes [[Ritual purification#Hinduism|ritual purification]] by taking the holy dip in rivers, especially in Yamuna, or at sacred ponds such as ancient sarovars [[Kurukshetra]] and at local [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]] ponds associated with the ancestral guardian/founder deity of the village called [[Punjabi folk religion#Jathera ancestral shrines|Jathera or Dhok]] (dahak in Sanskrit or fire) in villages to wash away sins. People prepare [[kheer]], [[churma]], [[halva]] with [[desi]] [[ghee]] and distribute til-gud ([[sesame]] and [[jaggery]]) [[laddoo]]s or [[chikki]]s. Brothers of married woman visits her home with a gift pack, called "Sindhara" or "Sidha", of wood and warm clothing for her and her husband's family. Women give gift to their in-laws called "Manana". Women congregate in the nearby [[haveli]]s to [[Music of Haryana|sing Haryani folk songs]] and exchange gifts.<ref name="harn1">[https://www.news18.com/news/india/makar-sankranti-2019-date-time-history-and-how-it-is-celebrated-across-the-country-1997375.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110184454/https://www.news18.com/news/india/makar-sankranti-2019-date-time-history-and-how-it-is-celebrated-across-the-country-1997375.html|date=10 January 2019}}, News18, 10 January 2019.</ref>

===Jammu===
In [[Jammu Division|Jammu]], ''Makar Sankranti'' is celebrated as {{'}}''Uttrain''{{'}} (derived from Sanskrit: [[Uttarayana]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7RjAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8|title=Ḍogarī-Hindī-śabdakośa|date=2000|publisher=Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akaiḍamī ôpha Ārṭa, Kalcara eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza|language=hi|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422220627/https://books.google.com/books?id=k7RjAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Śāstrī|first1=Rāmanātha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAASAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8|title=(Rajata jayantī abhinandana grantha).|last2=Mohana|first2=Madana|last3=Langeh|first3=Baldev Singh|date=1970|publisher=Ḍogarī Saṃsthā|language=hi|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422220627/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAASAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8|url-status=live}}</ref> Alternatively, terms {{'}}''Attrain''{{'}} or {{'}}''Attrani''{{'}} have also been used to describe this festival. A day before is celebrated as Lohri by [[Dogras]] to commemorate end of ''Poh'' ([[Pausha]]) month.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbNjAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3|title=Ḍogarī|date=2003|publisher=Bhāratīya Bhāshā Saṃsthāna, Mānava Saṃsādhana Vikāsa Mantrālaya, Mādhyamika aura Uccatara Śikshā Vibhāga, Bhārata Sarakāra evaṃ Ḍogarī Saṃsthā|language=hi|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422220627/https://books.google.com/books?id=kbNjAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also beginning of the [[Magha (month)|Magha]] month as per Hindu Solar Calendar, hence also known as {{'}}''Maghi Sangrand''{{'}} ([[Sankranti]] of ''Magh'' month).

Among Dogras, there is a tradition of {{'}}''Mansana''{{'}} (charity) of [[Khichdi]] of [[Urad dal|Maah Dal]]. ''Khichdi'' of ''Maah di Dal'' is also prepared on this day and that is why this day is also referred to as {{'}}''Khichdi wala Parva''{{'}}. There is also a tradition of sending ''Khichdi'' & other food items to house of married daughters. Fairs are organised on holy places and pilgrimages on this day.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ps61AAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80|title=Ḍuggara dā sāṃskr̥taka itihāsa|date=1985|publisher=Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akaiḍamī ôpha Ārṭa, Kalcara, eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza|language=hi|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422220627/https://books.google.com/books?id=ps61AAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80|url-status=live}}</ref> Dhagwal in [[Hiranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hiranagar]] tehsil is known for Fair on ''Makar Sankranti'' and [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janamashtami]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nirmohī|first=Śiva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgo9AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0|title=Ḍuggara kī saṃskr̥ti|date=1988|publisher=Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa|language=hi|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422220628/https://books.google.com/books?id=vgo9AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0|url-status=live}}</ref>

People of Jammu also take holy bath in ''Devika'' river and pilgrimages like ''Uttar Behni'' and [[Purmandal]] on this occasion.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Śāstrī|first=Bī Ke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L14JAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+|title=Duggara ca Devika Nadi da samskrtaka mahatava: On the importance and significance of the Devika River, Jammu region, on the sociocultural life of the people|date=1980|publisher=Ajaya Prakasana|language=hi|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422220628/https://books.google.com/books?id=L14JAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+|url-status=live}}</ref> This day is also celebrated as birth anniversary of ''Baba Ambo ji'', a local deity of Jammu region.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLv-ch3DeNQC&q=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82|title=University Review: Journal of the University of Jammu|date=1996|publisher=The University|language=hi|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422220627/https://books.google.com/books?id=XLv-ch3DeNQC&q=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82|url-status=live}}</ref>

At Vasuki temple of [[Bhaderwah]] of [[Jammu Division|Jammu]], the idols of ''Vasuki Nag'' are covered on ''Magh Sankranti'' and they are uncovered only after three months on [[Vaisakhi|''Vaisakha Sankranti'']].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nirmohī|first=Śiva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgo9AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9|title=Ḍuggara kī saṃskr̥ti|date=1988|publisher=Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa|language=hi|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422220629/https://books.google.com/books?id=vgo9AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jasta|first=Hariram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mY4AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+|title=Bhārata meṃ Nāgapūjā aura paramparā|date=1982|publisher=Sanmārga Prakāśana|language=hi|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422220627/https://books.google.com/books?id=9mY4AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Karnataka===
[[File:2017 Mysore 140.jpg|alt=Mysuru Decorated Cow. January 2017|thumb|Mysuru Decorated Cows. January 2017.]]

This is the ''Suggi'' (ಸುಗ್ಗಿ) or harvest festival for farmers of Karnataka. On this auspicious day, girls wear new clothes to visit near and dear ones with a Sankranti offering in a plate and exchange the same with other families. This ritual is called "Ellu Birodhu." Here the plate would normally contain "Ellu" (white sesame seeds) mixed with fried groundnuts, neatly cut dry coconut and fine cut bella (jaggery). The mixture is called "Ellu-Bella" (ಎಳ್ಳು ಬೆಲ್ಲ). The plate contains shaped sugar candy moulds (Sakkare Acchu, ಸಕ್ಕರೆ ಅಚ್ಚು) with a piece of sugarcane. There is a saying in Kannada "ellu bella thindu olle maathadi" that translates to 'eat the mixture of sesame seeds and jaggery and speak only good.' This festival signifies the harvest of the season, since sugarcane is predominant in these parts. Ellu Bella, Ellu Unde, bananas, sugarcane, red berries, haldi and kumkum and small gift items useful in everyday lives are often exchanged among women in Karnataka.
During the occasion, newly married women give away bananas for five years to married women from the first year of her marriage. Kite flying, drawing rangolis, giving away of red berries known as Yalchi kai are some of the intrinsic parts of the festival. Another vital ritual in rural Karnataka is the display of decorated cows and bulls and their procession is done and they are also made to cross a fire and this custom is known as "Kichchu Haayisuvudu".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-13|title=Shankranti {{!}} Sankranti {{!}} Pongal {{!}} Makara Shankranti {{!}} Harvest festival {{!}} New Year|url=https://www.karnataka.com/festivals/sankranti/|access-date=2021-01-15|website=Karnataka.com|language=en-US|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119113013/https://www.karnataka.com/festivals/sankranti/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-15|title=Makara sankranti|url=https://www.india.com/festivals-events/makar-sankranti-in-karnataka-date-significance-and-celebration-of-suggi-habba-2843830/|access-date=2021-08-09|website=india.com|language=en-US|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809082617/https://www.india.com/festivals-events/makar-sankranti-in-karnataka-date-significance-and-celebration-of-suggi-habba-2843830/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Maharashtra===
[[File:Tilgul kha god god bola.jpg|thumb|Multicolored sugar halwa surrounded by til-gul (sesame and jaggery) ladoos. These exchanged and eaten on Makar Sankranti in Maharashtra.]]

Day 1-Bhogi

Day 2-Sankranti

Sankranti

In Maharashtra, on Makar Sankranti day, people exchange til-gul (sweetmeats made from sesame seeds and jaggery). A famous line associated with this joyous occasion is ''til gul ghya god god bola'' (Eat this sesame and jaggery and speak sweet words). Tilacha halwa (sugar granules) are also offered as prasad in the ''Devghar'' (Prayer room) after seeking blessings. Gulachi poli is a popular flat bread stuffed with shredded jaggery and ground til in pure ghee are enjoyed for lunch as well as dinner.

Married women invite friends/family members and celebrate ''Haldi-Kunku''. Guests are given til-gul and some small gift, as a part of the ritual.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-14 |title=Makar Sankranti: The Way It Is Celebrated in States Across India |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/makar-sankranti-the-way-it-is-celebrated-in-states-across-india-1335352.html |access-date=2021-01-15 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113062614/https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/makar-sankranti-the-way-it-is-celebrated-in-states-across-india-1335352.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On this day, Hindu women and men make it a point to wear black clothes. As Sakranti falls in the [[winter]] months of the region, wearing black adds to the body warmth.<ref name=":1" /> This is an essential reason behind wearing black, which is otherwise barred on festival days. As per another legend, Lord [[Surya]] forgave his son [[Shani]] and his son visited him on Sankranti.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Satpathy|first=Kriti Saraswat|date=2017-01-12|title=Makar Sankranti 2017: How is Sankranti celebrated in Maharashtra|url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/makar-sankranti-2017-how-is-sankranti-celebrated-in-maharashtra-3230741/|access-date=2021-01-15|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121072225/https://www.india.com/travel/articles/makar-sankranti-2017-how-is-sankranti-celebrated-in-maharashtra-3230741/|url-status=live}}</ref> That is the essential reason why people distribute sweets and urge them to let go of any negative or angry feelings. Also, newly married women offer five sunghat or small clay pots with black beaded threads tied around them, to the [[Shakti]] deity. These pots are filled with newly harvested food grains and are offered with betel leaves and areca nut. Its observance takes place on a rather subdued note, unlike major festivals of the region like [[Ganesh Chaturthi]].

===Odisha===

The festival is known as Makara Sankranti in [[Odisha]]<ref>Goyal, Ashutosh (2014) ''RBS Visitors Guide India – Odisha: Odisha Travel Guide''. Data and Expo India Pvt Ltd [https://books.google.com/books?id=MHw7CQAAQBAJ&dq=makar+sankranti+in+odisha&pg=PT78] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722084847/https://books.google.com/books?id=MHw7CQAAQBAJ&dq=makar+sankranti+in+odisha&pg=PT78|date=22 July 2023}}</ref> where people prepare ''makara chaula'' ({{langx|or|'''ମକର ଚାଉଳ'''}}): uncooked newly harvested rice, banana, [[coconut]], [[jaggery]], [[sesame]], [[Rasgulla|rasagola]], Khai/Liaa and [[chhena]] puddings for naivedya to gods and goddesses. The withdrawing winter entails a change in food habits and intake of nourishing and rich food. Therefore, this festival holds traditional cultural significance. It is astronomically important for devotees who worship the sun god at the great Konark temple with fervour and enthusiasm as the sun starts its annual swing northwards.<ref name="Bhubaneswar-MS">{{Cite news|author=Times News Network (TNN) |date=15 January 2014 |title=Makar Sankranti observed with pomp in state |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Makar-Sankranti-observed-with-pomp-in-state/articleshow/28805682.cms? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115181106/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Makar-Sankranti-observed-with-pomp-in-state/articleshow/28805682.cms |archive-date=15 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to various Indian calendars, the Sun's movement changes and the days from this day onwards become lengthier and warmer and so the Sun-God is worshiped on this day as a great benefactor. Many individuals at the start of the day perform a ritual bath while fasting.<ref name="Bhubaneswar-MS" /> Makara Mela (Fun fair) is observed at Dhabaleswar in [[Cuttack]], Hatakeshwar at Atri in [[Khordha]], Makara Muni temple in [[Balasore]] and near deities in each district of Odisha. In [[Puri]] special rituals are carried out at the temple of Lord [[Jagannath]].<ref name="Bhubaneswar-MS" /> In Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Kalahandi, Koraput and Sundargarh where the tribal population is greater, the festival is celebrated with great joy. They celebrate this festival with great enthusiasm, singing, dancing and generally having an enjoyable time. This Makara Sankranti celebration is next to the Odia traditional new year [[Maha Vishuva Sankranti]] which falls in mid April. Tribal groups celebrate with traditional dancing, eating their particular dishes sitting together, and by lighting bonfires.

===Punjab===
{{Main|Maghi}}
[[File:Kothe-da-mela.jpg|thumb|Mela]]

In [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Makar Sankranti is celebrated as [[Maghi]] which is a religious and cultural festival. Bathing in a river in the early hours on [[Maghi]] is important. Hindus light lamps with sesame oil as this is supposed to give prosperity and drive away all sins. A major mela is held at [[Sri Muktsar Sahib]] on Maghi which commemorates a historical event in Sikh history.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Makar Sankranti {{!}} What, When, Why, How To Celebrate {{!}} All Indian Festivals|date=7 November 2021|url=https://www.allindianfestivals.in/makar-sankranti/|access-date=2021-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108144919/https://www.allindianfestivals.in/makar-sankranti/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Rajasthan and Western Madhya Pradesh (Malwa and Nimar)===
"Makar Sankrati" or "Sakraat" in the [[Rajasthani language]]<ref>{{Cite news|author=Krishnan, Rukmini|date=10 January 2014|title=Makar Sankranti Celebrations|newspaper=DNA (Diligent Media Corporation)|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-makar-sankranti-celebrations-1948796|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115160505/http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-makar-sankranti-celebrations-1948796|archive-date=15 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> is one of the major festivals in the state of Rajasthan. The day is celebrated with special Rajasthani delicacies and sweets such as pheeni (either with sweet milk or sugar syrup dipped), til-patti, gajak, kheer, ghevar, pakodi, puwa, and til-laddoo.<ref name="ifoodtv">{{Cite web |title=Makar Sankranti Food |publisher=Ifood TV |url=http://www.ifood.tv/network/makar_sankranti |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116101046/http://www.ifood.tv/network/makar_sankranti |archive-date=16 January 2014 }}</ref>

Specially, the women of this region observe a ritual in which they give any type of object (related to household, make-up or food) to 13 married women. The first Sankranti experienced by a married woman is of significance as she is invited by her parents and brothers to their houses with her husband for a big feast. People invite friends and relatives (specially their sisters and daughters) to their home for special festival meals (called as "Sankrant Bhoj"). People give out many kind of small gifts such as til-gud (jaggery), fruits, dry khichadi, etc. to Brahmins or the needy ones.

Kite flying is traditionally observed as a part of this festival.<ref name="PTI-kites">{{Cite news|author=Press Trust of India (PTI)|author-link=Press Trust of India|date=14 January 2014|title=Makar Sankranti celebrations: Sky lanterns dot the sky|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-14/jaipur/46184221_1_sky-lanterns-colourful-kites-handipura|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115155501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-14/jaipur/46184221_1_sky-lanterns-colourful-kites-handipura|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=15 January 2014}}</ref> On this occasion the sky in Jaipur and Hadoti regions is filled with kites, and youngsters engage in contests trying to cut each other's strings.<ref name="PTI-kites" />

In Malwa and Nimar region kite flying is popular during makar Sankranti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indore: People excited to celebrate Makar Sankranti |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-people-excited-to-celebrate-makar-sankranti |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120072425/https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-people-excited-to-celebrate-makar-sankranti |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Tamil Nadu and Puducherry===
{{Main|Pongal (festival)}}
[[File:Pongal.jpg|thumb|The Tamil festival of Pongal coincides with Makar Sankranti, and celebrates ''Surya''.]]
It is a four-day festival in South India:
* Day 1: [[Bhogi|Bhogi Pandigai]]
* Day 2: [[Pongal (festival)|Thai Pongal]]
* Day 3: [[Mattu Pongal|Maattu Pongal]]
* Day 4: [[Kaanum Pongal]]

The festival is celebrated four days from the last day of the Tamil month [[Margazhi]] to the third day of the Tamil month [[Pausha|Thai (Pausha)]].

;Bhogi
The first day of festival is [[Bhogi]] . It is celebrated on the last day of [[Margazhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg1WAAAAYAAJ&q=Bogi+Pandigai+|title=Eastern World|date=16 January 2019|via=Google Books|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422220628/https://books.google.com/books?id=mg1WAAAAYAAJ&q=Bogi+Pandigai+|url-status=live}}</ref> by discarding household items and setting them on fire, marking the end of the old and the emergence of the new.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mukundananda |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYUaBgAAQBAJ&dq=bhogi+makar+sankranti&pg=PA21 |title=Festivals of India |date=2015-01-04 |publisher=Jagadguru Kripaluji Yog |language=en}}</ref> Kaappu kattu (kappu means secure) is a tradition of tying leaves of [[Azadirachta indica]], [[Senna auriculata]] and [[Ouret lanata|Aerva lanata]] along the roofs and walls of houses and residential areas that is widely practiced in the [[Kongu Nadu]] region. This is set to eliminate evil forces. This day is also held in honor of [[Indra]], the Hindu god of rain.<ref name=":2" />

;Thai Pongal
[[File:A Hindu girl in traditional dress for the Tamil Pongal festival.jpg|thumb|left|A Tamil Hindu girl in traditional dress for Pongal.]]
The second day of festival is [[Thai Pongal]] or simply Pongal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=NEOG |first=DR PRADIP |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bd0XEAAAQBAJ&dq=makar+sankranti&pg=PT22 |title=BIHU FESTIVALS: All-inclusive elucidations |date=2021-01-30 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63745-494-7 |language=en |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722084940/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bd0XEAAAQBAJ&dq=makar+sankranti&pg=PT22 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is celebrated by boiling rice with fresh milk and jaggery in new pots, which are later topped with brown sugar, cashew nuts and raisins early in the morning and allowing it to boil over the vessel. This tradition gives Pongal its name. The moment the rice boils over and bubbles out of the vessel, the tradition is to shout "பொங்கலோ பொங்கல் (Ponggalo Ponggal)!" and blow the ''sangu'' (a conch), a custom practised to announce it was going to be a year blessed with good tidings. Then, new boiled rice is offered to the Sun god during sunrise, as a prayer which symbolises thanks to the sun for providing prosperity. It is later served to the people in the house for the ceremony. People prepare savouries and sweets such as ''vadai, murukku, payasam'' and visit each other and exchange greetings.

;Maattu Pongal
[[File:Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg|thumb|Jallikattu, or "taming the bull", is an ancient Pongal tradition.]]
The third day of festival is Maattu Pongal. It is for offering thanks to cattle, as they help farmers in agriculture. On this day the cattle are decorated with paint, flowers and bells. They are allowed to roam free and fed sweet rice and sugar cane. Some people decorate the horns with gold or other metallic covers. In some places, [[Jallikattu]], or taming the wild bull contest, is the main event of this day and this is mostly seen in the villages.

;Kaanum Pongal
The fourth day of the festival is Kaanum Pongal (காணும் பொங்கல்: the word kaanum means "to view"). During this day people visit their relatives, friends to enjoy the festive season. It is a day to thank relatives and friends for their support in the harvest. It started as a farmers festival, called as Uzhavar Thirunaal in Tamil. ''[[Kolam]]'' (கோலம்) decorations are made in front of the house during Thai Pongal festival.

===Kerala===
In Kerala, this is called as '''Sankranti''' or '''Makara Sankranti'''. In Malabar villages, this used to be celebrated as the victory over a demon. In Sabarimala, on this day, the [[Makaravilakku]] is lit to show the significance of the almighty.

===Tripura===
The Tripuri is the promoter of Hangrai festivals. They have first introduced this festival of immersing of ancestors' remains in the [[holy river]]. Since then it was adopted by other groups in India and popularized over the years.

Mythology inform us that when the world was just created by Lord Siva or Sibrai there was only the grassland and nothing was present. The god then created an egg to produce a human being. The egg hatched to give birth to a human being, creating a big bang. He crawled out of eggshells and looked around for anyone like him, but he found none. There was total silence, peace tranquility, and harmony on the earth. He was frightened by seeing this scenario of earth. He remained near the eggshell most of the time and went back near to the empty eggshell, went inside of half of the shell and covered it with another one, and hid there.

The almighty God was upset by this development. Years later he created another egg, and after ten months it hatched. There was a big bang when it hatched that shook the earth and gave birth to another human. He was very courageous and powerful, as soon as he came out of the human eggshell, he started shouting and announced to the whole of the world, 'I am the first to be born in this earth, I am the eldest on the earth, no one is elder to me in this earth. He named himself Subrai and declared to the whole of the earth that he is the ruler of this earth and king of this universe. Hearing the big bang Hangrai got more frightened, closed his eyes, and silently remained inside the shell. But when he heard the voice like his own, he came out of his shell and met Subrai. At this Subrai told that he is older than Hangrai, since then Subrai became the elder brother of Hangrai, and people knew them as it is.

Thousand of years later when they grew older, the time had come to leave this world. As Hangrai grew older than Subrai, one day he felt sick very seriously, Hangrai was on his death bed, Subrai was taking care of him. Then god came before them and said, 'Among both of you, Hangrai is elder than Subrai, I only know this, because I have created both of you. Hangrai will leave this earth very soon. Subrai will do all necessary rituals to cremate the body of Hangrai.' And god disappeared from there.

Then Subrai cried like a baby, touching the feet of Hangrai, saying, 'Elder brother, I have treated you like a younger brother for thousands of years, forgive me for my wrongdoing unto you.'

Hangrai said, 'I have done so!' and touched his head as gesture of forgiving and blessing unto him, and then breadth for his last.

After the death of Hangrai, his younger brother Subrai cremated his body and did all the rituals, and immerged Hangrai's remaining in the holy water of the river on the last day of Pousa month. Since then, people observed these rituals and festivals every year and continued to this day. That is why the day is named "Hangrai", which has later adopted by other ethnic groups of people of India.

Every year on the day of Hangrai the Tripuri people observe it in grand pomp and show. In every house of Tripuri preparation for Hangrai starts two-three days before. Houses are cleaned, washed whitewashed. All the utensils, clothes, articles are cleaned, homes are decorated. Different types of Tripura cakes, dishes, and drinks are prepared, near and dear ones, relatives are invited for a feast.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

===Uttar Pradesh===
The festival is known as ''Kicheri'' in [[Purvanchal]] and [[Awadh]] parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and involves ritual bathing.<ref>Bhalla, Kartar Singh (2005) Let's Know Festivals of India. Star Publications [https://books.google.com/books?id=WORYY5Vl0ygC&dq=makar+sankranti&pg=PA11] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722084940/https://books.google.com/books?id=WORYY5Vl0ygC&dq=makar+sankranti&pg=PA11|date=22 July 2023}}</ref> Over two million people gather at their respective sacred places for this holy bathing such as [[Prayagraj]] and [[Varanasi]] in Uttar Pradesh and [[Haridwar]] in Uttarakhand.<ref name="UP-sankranti">{{Cite news|date=15 January 2012|title=Traditional fervour marks Makar Sankranti|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-15/kanpur/30629290_1_tilkut-traditional-fervour-marks-makar-sankranti|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115172152/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-15/kanpur/30629290_1_tilkut-traditional-fervour-marks-makar-sankranti|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=15 January 2014}}</ref> The day at a domestic household begins by taking ritual bath before sunrise, doing ritualistic prayers to the rising [[Sun]]. It also includes pledging for and donating Food, clothing and money to Brahmin/s called [[Purohita]]. It is followed by generous gifting of Food, Clothing, jewelleries and money to female relatives like to married Daughters, Sisters and Daughter-in-Laws and their families.
[[Sesame]] seeds, [[Jaggery]], [[Poha (rice)|chiura]] and [[Yogurt]] are eaten post the prayers. This is followed by [[Khichdi]] as the next meal (hence the vernacular name of the Festival).

===Uttarakhand===
{{Main|Ghughutiya Festival}}
Makar Sankranti is a popular festival in Uttarakhand. It known by various names in the different parts of the state such as Uttarayani, Khichri Sangrand, Pusyodia, [[Ghughutiya Festival|Ghughutia]], Ghughuti Tyar, Kale Kauva, Makrain, Makraini, Gholda, Gwalda and Chunyatyar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/culture/makar-sankranti-ghugutia|title=eUttaranchal – Rediscover Uttarakhand – Tourism, Culture & People|website=euttaranchal.com|date=6 March 2013|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922204855/https://www.euttaranchal.com/culture/makar-sankranti-ghugutia|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Bagnath Temple, Uttrayani 2018.jpg|thumb|[[Bagnath Temple]] in [[Bageshwar]] during the Uttarayani Fair, 2018.]]
In the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] region of Uttarakhand, Makar Sankranti (also called as Ghughuti (घुघुति) or [[Ghughutiya Festival|Ghughuti Tyar]] or Ghughutia or Kale Kauva or Uttarayani) is celebrated with great gusto. The famous [[Uttarayani Fair]] is held in [[Bageshwar]] town each year in the month of January on the occasion of Makar Sankrati.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Singh |editor-first1=S.K. |editor-last2=Nag |editor-first2=P. |title=Tourism and trekking in Nainital Region|date=1999|publisher=Concept Pub.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7022-769-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=पतित पावनी सरयू-गोमती नदी का संगम गंदगी मुक्त हुआ|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/bageshwar/dirt-is-the-confluence-of-gomti-river-sarayu-degenerate-pawnee|access-date=24 May 2017|work=Amar Ujala Bureau|publisher=Amar Ujala|date=26 December 2016|location=Bageshwar|language=hi|archive-date=16 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116101046/http://www.ifood.tv/network/makar_sankranti|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the Almora Gazetteer, even in the early twentieth century, the annual Uttarayani mela at Bageshwar was visited by approximately 15,000 people and was the largest fair of [[Kumaon division]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Almora: A Gazetter|last=Walton|first=H. G.|publisher=The Government Press, United Provinces.|year=1911|location=Allahabad|pages=Appendix XXIV}}</ref> The religious ritual of the Uttarayani mela consists of bathing before daybreak at the confluence of Saryu and Gomati followed by an offering of water to [[Lord Shiva]] inside the [[Bagnath Temple]].<ref name="pant">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dcXNpmsxSn0C&q=bagnath+temple&pg=PA197|title=The Social Economy of the Himalayans: Based on a Survey in the Kumaon Himalayas|last1=Pant|first1=Shiva Darshan|year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=197|language=en|access-date=15 October 2016|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722084851/https://books.google.com/books?id=dcXNpmsxSn0C&q=bagnath+temple&pg=PA197|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.makarsankranti.in/|title=Choliya dances enthrall at Bageshwar mela|date=14 June 2016|access-date=15 December 2018|publisher=Harsha S|agency=TNN|location=Almora|archive-date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216032129/https://www.makarsankranti.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> Those who are more religiously disposed, continue this practice for three days in succession, which is known as "Trimaghi".<ref name="pant" /> On this day, people also give '[[Khichdi|khichdi']] (a dish made by mixing pulses and rice) in charity, take ceremonial dips in holy rivers, participate in Uttarayani fairs and offer deep fried sweetmeats consisting of flour and jaggery to crows and other birds as a way to pay homage to the departed souls of their ancestors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.euttarakhand.com/ghughuti-the-mouth-watering-festival-of-kumaon|title=Ghughuti 'The Mouth-Watering Festival of Kumaon', Ghughuti Festival|date=2016-11-02|website=Uttarakhand Stories – Connect to Uttarakhand with eUttarakhand and Share Stories|language=en|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-date=15 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115122046/https://www.euttarakhand.com/ghughuti-the-mouth-watering-festival-of-kumaon|url-status=live}}</ref>

===West Bengal===
[[File:Poush Sankranti Special.JPG|thumb|A feast at Poush Sankranti]]
In West Bengal, Sankranti, also known as Poush Sankranti<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8FFAQAAIAAJ&q=poush+sankranti+bengal|title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Calcutta and Howrah|date=16 January 1972|publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers|via=Google Books|access-date=13 September 2020|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422220629/https://books.google.com/books?id=z8FFAQAAIAAJ&q=poush+sankranti+bengal|url-status=live}}</ref> named after the Bengali month in which it falls (last date of that month), is celebrated as a harvest festival Poush Parbon ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: পৌষ পার্বণ). (It falls on 14 January on the Western calendar.) The freshly harvested paddy and the date palm syrup in the form of Khejurer Gur ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: খেজুরের গুড়) and Patali ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: পাটালি) is used in the preparation of a variety of traditional Bengali sweets made with rice flour, coconut, milk and 'khejurer gur' (date palm jaggery) and known as '[[Pitha]]' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: পিঠে). All sections of society participate in a three-day festival that begins on the day before Sankranti and ends on the day after. The Goddess Lakshmi is usually worshipped on the day of Sankranti.

In the Himalayan regions of Darjeeling, the festival is as known as Magey Sakrati. It is distinctly associated with the worship of Lord Shiva. Traditionally, people bathe at sunrise and then commence their pooja. Elsewhere, many people take a dip in places like [[Sagar Island|Ganga Sagar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article2803812.ece|title=Devotees throng Gangasagar on Makara Sankranti|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 January 2012 |access-date=15 January 2012|archive-date=20 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120003705/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article2803812.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganga Sagar falls in West Bengal.

==Outside India==
[[File:Magar woman dancing with traditional basket in Maghe Sakranti festival.jpg|thumb|The festival is known as Maghe Sakranti by Hindus in [[Nepal]], and above is a traditional basket dance festivity to celebrate it.]]

===Bangladesh ===
{{See also|Shakrain}}
[[Shakrain]] is an annual celebration of [[winter]] in [[Bangladesh]] in the downtown of [[Dhaka]], observed with the flying of [[kite]]s. Many families in villages across Bangladesh observe Makar Sankranti in many ways. At midnight on January 14/15, people light fireworks to mark the beginning of the holiday. Betting games are played, but with fruits, similar to [[List of dice games|dice games]]. Families round up ingredients to compete with others in their village to see who can create the largest variety of [[Pitha|pithas]]. Others go fishing in ponds, creeks and streams to see who can catch the largest fish. It is a fun holiday that many wait for year-long.

The holiday is observed by a significant amount of the Bengali diaspora as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/shakrain-festival-kites-and-fireworks-205195|title = Shakrain: A festival of Kites and Fireworks|date = 22 January 2016|access-date = 6 February 2018|archive-date = 6 February 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190333/http://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/shakrain-festival-kites-and-fireworks-205195|url-status = live}}</ref>

===Nepal===
[[File:Maghe Sankranti Food.jpg|thumb|Maghe Sankranti Food]]
[[Maghe Sankranti]] is a Nepalese festival observed on the first of [[Magha (month)|Magha]] in the [[Vikram Samvat|Vikram Sambat]] (B.S) calendar (about 14 January). [[Tharu people]] celebrate this particular day as new year. It is also regarded as the major government declared annual festival of the [[Magars|Magar community]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magar, Tharu communities observe Maghi festival (in pictures) |url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2016/01/15/magar-tharu-communities-observe-maghi-festival-in-pictures |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927133744/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2016/01/15/magar-tharu-communities-observe-maghi-festival-in-pictures |url-status=live }}</ref>

Observant Hindus take ritual baths during this festival. These include Sankhamul on the Bagmati near Patan; In the Gandaki/Narayani river basin at Triveni, [[Devghat]] near [[Chitwan Valley]] and Ridi on the Kaligandaki; and in the Koshi River basin at [[Dolalghat]] on the [[Sunkoshi River|Sun Koshi]]. Festive foods like laddoo, ghee and [[sweet potato]]es are distributed.

===Pakistan (Sindh)===
On this festive day, [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] parents send ladoos and chiki (Laaee) made of sesame seeds to their married daughters. The Sindhi community in India too celebrate Makar Sankranti as Tirmoori which involves parents sending sweet dishes to their daughters.<ref>Reejhsinghani, Aroona (2004) Essential Sindhi Cookbook. Penguin Books India [https://books.google.com/books?id=ym9IWIZELc8C&dq=sindh+sankranti&pg=PA14] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722084848/https://books.google.com/books?id=ym9IWIZELc8C&dq=sindh+sankranti&pg=PA14|date=22 July 2023}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, and among Tamil diasporas worldwide===
On this day, the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] farmers and the [[Tamils|Tamil People]] honour and perform a pooja to the Sun God [[Surya|Suriya Narayanan]]. This happens when the sun enters the zodiac sign of [[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]] (Makara). The [[Pongal (festival)|Thai Pongal]] festival is celebrated in mid-January, or the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] month of Thai, to coincide with the rice harvest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pongalfestival.org/ulavar-thirunaal-sri-lanka.html|title=Harvest Festival in Sri Lanka – Ulavar Thirunaal, Pongal Festival|website=pongalfestival.org|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115001415/http://www.pongalfestival.org/ulavar-thirunaal-sri-lanka.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Pongal practices and rituals in Sri Lanka and diasporic countries aren't much differentiated from those followed in Southern India, outside notably the Jalikkattu practice, which is not existent among Sri Lankan Tamils and diasporic Tamil communities.

In Sri Lanka, celebrations of Pongal extend generally to two days and not four, and instead of the [[Pongal (dish)|Pongal]] dish, a similar food called Pukkai is offered. Its preparation happen on the first day and not on the second as in India (where Pongal start one day earlier with Boghi day). Hence here, Pongal celebration is focused on the day of Thai Pongal only.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indrakumar |first=Menaka |title=Thai Pongal: The Harvest Festival |url=https://archives1.dailynews.lk/2021/01/14/features/238757/thai-pongal-harvest-festival |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)]] |language=en |publication-date=2021-01-14 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115205834/https://archives1.dailynews.lk/2021/01/14/features/238757/thai-pongal-harvest-festival |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar]]
* [[List of Hindu festivals]]
* [[Jallikattu]]
* [[List of harvest festivals]]
* [[Uttarayana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Makar Sankranti}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Hindu festivals}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Sindhi festivals}}
{{Winter solstice}}
}}

[[Category:Sankranti]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Nepal]]
[[Category:Culture of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:January observances]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Nepal]]
[[Category:Bengali festivals]]
[[Category:Punjabi festivals]]
[[Category:Winter festivals]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]
[[Category:Observances set by the Vikram Samvat calendar]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Harvest festivals]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Bangladesh]]

Gapa Hele Bi Sata (1976 film)

2026-01-09T04:26:14Z

JeffryAlfaro75: started first entry needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gapa Hele Bi Sata
| image =
| caption =
| starring = [[Harish Mohapatra]] [[Banaja Mohanty]] [[Netrananda]]
| director = [[Nagen Ray]]
| producer =
| released = {{Film date|1976}}
| country = India
| distributor =
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| music = [[Bhuban-Hari]]
}}

'''''Gapa Hele Bi Sata''''' (1976) is the first colour film in the [[Odia language|Odia]] Language. It was directed by [[Nagen Ray]] starring [[Harish Mohapatra]] and [[Banaja Mohanty]]. The story was penned by [[Basant Mohapatra]] and screenplayed by [[P.D. Cinematographer: Surendra kumar Sahoo, Art Director : Nikhil Baran Sengupta, Shenoy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orissacinema.com/history/|title = Ollywood Flashback | Orissa Cinema | Odisha Ollywood}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WhpjsPghUfYC&dq=gapa+helebi+sata&pg=PA181 History Of Modern Orissa (1936-2000) By Kartik Chandra Rout,Orissa dance, theatre & cinema]</ref>

== Cast ==

* Harish Mohapatra
* Banaja Mohnty<ref>{{cite web |title=ସିନେମା ପୋଷ୍ଟରରୁ |url=https://samajaepaper.in/epaperimages/13022021/13022021-md-ct-7/132202125127821.jpg |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213014018/https://samajaepaper.in/epaperimages/13022021/13022021-md-ct-7/132202125127821.jpg |archivedate=13 February 2021 |accessdate=13 February 2021 |website=samajaepaper.in}}</ref>
* Niharika Sahu<ref>{{cite news |date=24 November 2017 |title=ଓଲିଉଡରେ ଏକା ନାମରେ ଅଛନ୍ତି ଏ ଦୁଇ ଅଭିନେତ୍ରୀ {{!}} Sambad |work=Sambad |url=http://sambad.in/entertainment/ollywoodheroines-32869/ |url-status=live |accessdate=24 August 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815013326/http://sambad.in/entertainment/ollywoodheroines-32869/ |archivedate=15 August 2018}}</ref>
* Durlabh
* Suresh Mohapatra
* Netrananda
* [[Sudharani Jena]]<ref name="OB">{{cite news |date=23 August 2023 |title=Veteran Odia Actor Sudharani Jena Dies |language=English |work=odishabytes |location=Bhubaneswar |url=https://odishabytes.com/veteran-odia-actor-sudharani-jena-dies/ |url-status=live |accessdate=23 August 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823171240/https://odishabytes.com/veteran-odia-actor-sudharani-jena-dies/ |archivedate=23 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 August 2023 |title=ଆରପାରିରେ ଷାଠିଏ ଦଶକର ନାୟିକା ଡକ୍ଟର ସୁଧାରାଣୀ ଜେନା |language=Odia |work=Odisha Sambad |location=ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱର |url=https://odishasambad.in/dr-sudharani-jena-the-heroine-of-the-1960s-is-no-more/ |url-status=live |accessdate=24 August 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824154627/https://odishasambad.in/dr-sudharani-jena-the-heroine-of-the-1960s-is-no-more/ |archivedate=24 August 2023}}</ref>
* Soudamini

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0312712}}

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1970s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]

{{Odia-film-stub}}

List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly

2026-01-04T05:47:59Z

JeffryAlfaro75: rework citations additionally and added references for consistency

{{Short description|None}}
{{Featured list}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Tripura Legislative Assembly
| native_name =
| legislature = [[13th Tripura Assembly|13th Legislative Assembly of Tripura]]
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| established = 1963
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = 5 years
| members = 60
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]<ref name="fpp">{{cite web | last=Khaitan | first=Tarunabh | title=Ranked-choice voting system could deepen democracy, prevent polarisation | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | date=8 May 2019 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/general-elections-lok-sabha-polls-first-past-the-post-fpp-system-bjp-5715812/ | access-date=24 August 2025 |quote=Elections to the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabhas take place under the first-past-the-post (FPP) system. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129155431/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/general-elections-lok-sabha-polls-first-past-the-post-fpp-system-bjp-5715812/ |archive-date=29 November 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| last_election1 = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2028]]
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Tripura Legislative Assembly, Gurkhabasti, [[Agartala]], [[Tripura]], [[India]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.tripuraassembly.nic.in|tripuraassembly.nic.in}}
}}
[[File:IN-TR.svg|thumb|Location of Tripura (highlighted in red) within India|alt=Location of Tripura within India]]

The [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] is the [[unicameral]] legislature of the state of [[Tripura]], in [[Northeast India]].<ref name="cpa-tr">{{cite web | title=Parliament-Tripura Legislative Assembly | publisher=[[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]] | url=https://www.cpahq.org/directory/tripura/ | access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref> The seat of the [[legislative assembly]] is at [[Agartala]], the capital of the state. The assembly sits for a term of five years, unless it is dissolved early.<ref name=constitution/>{{Rp|page=72}} Tripura is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|third-smallest state]] in India, covering {{Convert|10491|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}};<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tripura.gov.in/geographical-profile |title=Tripura - Geographical Profile |access-date=1 February 2024 |publisher=[[Government of Tripura]] |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219114146/https://tripura.gov.in/geographical-profile |url-status=live }}</ref> and the seventh-least populous state with a population of 3.67 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tripura.gov.in/about-us |title=Tripura: At a Glance |publisher=[[Government of Tripura]] |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=tripura.gov.in |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124004808/https://tripura.gov.in/about-us |url-status=live }}</ref> The Tripura Legislative Assembly has existed since 1963, when it had 30 constituencies. Since [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]], it has had 60 [[single-seat]] constituencies, each of which [[direct election|directly elects]] a representative.<ref name="cpa-tr"/>

Since the independence of India, the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST)]] have been given [[reservation in India|reservation status]], guaranteeing political representation, and the Constitution lays down the general principles of [[positive discrimination]] for SCs and STs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/17/reserved-uncertainty-or-deserved-certainty-reservation-debate-back-in-mysuru-2104413.html|title=Reserved uncertainty or deserved certainty? Reservation debate back in Mysuru |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=17 February 2020|first=K Shiva|last=Kumar|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121184123/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/17/reserved-uncertainty-or-deserved-certainty-reservation-debate-back-in-mysuru-2104413.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=constitution>{{Cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_1.pdf|title=The Constitution of India [As on 9th December, 2020]|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)#Legislative Department|Legislative Department]]|access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126153125/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=35,137}} The [[2011 census of India]] stated that indigenous people constitute 32% of the state's total population.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/74619/1/194_Kaloi_Community_in_Tripura.pdf |title=Koloi Community in Tripura - An Anthropological Study |date=15 August 2020 |isbn=978-93-86707-56-7 |author=Manoshi Das |publisher=Tribal Research & Cultural Institute, Government of Tripura |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814024949/https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/74619/1/194_Kaloi_Community_in_Tripura.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Scheduled Tribes have been granted a reservation of 20 seats in the assembly, while 10 constituencies are reserved for candidates of the Scheduled Castes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/tripura/parties-vie-for-30-reserved-seats-to-form-government/articleshow/97926690.cms |title=Parties Vie for 30 reserved seats to form government |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=14 February 2023 |author=Bikash Singh |access-date=28 December 2023 |quote=20 are reserved for Scheduled Tribe (ST) candidates while 10 are reserved for Scheduled Caste (SC) candidates |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228101737/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/tripura/parties-vie-for-30-reserved-seats-to-form-government/articleshow/97926690.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
Tripura became a [[Union Territory]] of India on 1 September 1956. A 30-member [[electoral college]] was established.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Harihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnhQDwAAQBAJ|title=Radical Politics and Governance in India's North East: The Case of Tripura|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-21116-7|language=en|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201034904/https://books.google.com/books?id=YnhQDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1957, this was replaced by a 32-member [[Tripura Territorial Council|Territorial Council]] consisting of 30 elected members, and 2 appointed by the national government.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bareh|first=Hamlet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8kq9PUapkC&pg=PA7|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Tripura|date=2001|page=7|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-795-5|language=en}}</ref> In 1963, the Territorial Council was dissolved, and the members transferred to a newly created Legislative Assembly.<ref name=":1" /> The first elections to the Legislative Assembly occurred in [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://tripuraassembly.nic.in/historicalbackground.html|title=Brief History of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|publisher=[[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=2020-04-05|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028000136/https://tripuraassembly.nic.in/historicalbackground.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Full statehood was granted to the territory in 1971, by the passing of the [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971]]. The number of constituencies was doubled to 60 at the same time.<ref name="indiacode.nic.in">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1534/1/197181.pdf |title=The North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 |publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)#Legislative Department|Legislative Department]] |date=30 December 1971 |access-date=24 December 2020 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713091621/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1534/1/197181.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Changes in the constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly over time
! rowspan=2 scope="col" | Year
! rowspan=2 scope="col" | Act
! rowspan=2 scope="col" class="unsortable" | Effect
! rowspan=2 scope="col" | Total seats
! colspan=2 scope="colgroup" | Reserved seats
! rowspan=2 scope="col" data-sort-type=text | Election/s
|-
! scope="col" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
! scope="col" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|-
! scope="row" | 1963
| Government of Union Territories Act, 1963
| The legislative assembly was created with 30 elected seats.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/GovernmentUnionterritoriesAct1963_2.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]] |access-date=25 January 2021 |date=10 May 1963 |title=The Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 | url-status=live |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125043346/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/GovernmentUnionterritoriesAct1963_2.pdf}}</ref>
| align=right | 30
| align=right | 3
| align=right | 9
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3278-tripura-1967/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=22 December 2023 |url-access=limited |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021075807/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3278-tripura-1967/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1971
| [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971]]
| Tripura was converted from a Union Territory to a state. The size of the assembly was increased to 60.
| align=right | 60
| align=right | 5
| align=right | 19
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3284-tripura-1972/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=22 December 2023 |url-access=limited |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010154009/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3284-tripura-1972/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1976
| The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976
| There were changes in the reservation status and area covered by constituencies.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/1976-dpaco/mode/2up |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>
| align=right | 60
| align=right | 7
| align=right | 19
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3288-tripura-1977/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=22 December 2023 |url-access=limited |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026104948/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3288-tripura-1977/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1983
|
|
| align=right | 60
| align=right | 7
| align=right | 20
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<ref name=election1983>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3292-tripura-1983/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 1983 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=22 December 2023 |url-access=limited |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026104945/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3292-tripura-1983/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1988
|
|
| align=right | 60
| align=right | 7
| align=right | 17
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]<ref name=election1988>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3296-tripura-1988/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 1988 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=22 December 2023 |url-access=limited |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123185111/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3296-tripura-1988/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1993
|
|
| align=right | 60
| align=right | 7
| align=right | 20
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]],<ref name=election1993>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3299-tripura-1993/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 1993 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=22 December 2023 |url-access=limited |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026105241/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3299-tripura-1993/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]],<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3302-tripura-1998/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=19 January 2021 |url-access=limited |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130094353/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3302-tripura-1998/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]],<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3306-tripura-2003/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=19 January 2021 |url-access=limited |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115225931/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3306-tripura-2003/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3309-tripura-2008/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=19 January 2021 |url-access=limited |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115230352/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3309-tripura-2008/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2008
| Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008
| There were changes in the reservation status and area covered by constituencies.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)#Legislative Department|Legislative Department]] |date=26 November 2008 |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618112359/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| align=right | 60
| align=right | 10
| align=right | 20
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]],<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3313-tripura-2013/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=19 January 2021 |url-access=limited |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116002459/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3313-tripura-2013/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]],<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3472-tripura-general-legislative-election-2018/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=16 August 2018 |access-date=19 January 2021 |url-access=limited |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128040210/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3472-tripura-general-legislative-election-2018/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023/>
|-
|}

== Constituencies ==
[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Tripura.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|The constituencies of Tripura with their reservation status indicated by colour|alt=The ST-reserved constituencies are clustered in the center and south-east while the SC-reserved constituencies are more spread out.]]

{{legend table|width=auto|title=Reservation
|#fef06d|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#SC definition|Scheduled Castes]] (SC)
|#fdcdb0|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#ST definition|Scheduled Tribes]] (ST)
}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly<ref name=delimitation2008/>
!scope="col"|No.
!scope="col"|Name
!scope="col"|Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#SC definition|SC]]/[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#ST definition|ST]]/None)
!scope="col"|District<ref>{{Cite web |title=District/AC Map |publisher=[[Tripura State Election Commission]] |url=https://ceotripura.nic.in/district-map |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=ceotripura.nic.in |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201034324/https://ceotripura.nic.in/district-map |url-status=live }}</ref>
!scope="col"|Electorate (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 April 2023 |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201033907/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
!scope="col"|Lok Sabha constituency
|-
| 1
! scope=row | [[Simna Assembly constituency|Simna]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;"| ST
| rowspan=11 |[[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:38536}}
|rowspan=23|[[Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura West]]
|-
| 2
! scope=row | [[Mohanpur Assembly constituency|Mohanpur]]
| None
| align=right |{{formatnum:46869}}
|-
| 3
! scope=row | [[Bamutia Assembly constituency|Bamutia]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" rowspan=2|SC
| align=right |{{formatnum:46947}}
|-
| 4
! scope=row | [[Barjala Assembly constituency|Barjala]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:47145}}
|-
| 5
! scope=row | [[Khayerpur Assembly constituency|Khayerpur]]
| rowspan=6|None
| align=right |{{formatnum:51278}}
|-
| 6
! scope=row | [[Agartala Assembly constituency|Agartala]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:52849}}
|-
| 7
! scope=row | [[Ramnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:45411}}
|-
| 8
! scope=row | [[Town Bordowali Assembly constituency|Town Bordowali]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:47162}}
|-
| 9
! scope=row | [[Banamalipur Assembly constituency|Banamalipur]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:41466}}
|-
| 10
! scope=row | [[Majlishpur Assembly constituency|Majlishpur]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:49045}}
|-
| 11
! scope=row | [[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" rowspan=2|ST
| align=right |{{formatnum:47642}}
|-
| 12
! scope=row | [[Takarjala Assembly constituency|Takarjala]]
|[[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:44510}}
|-
| 13
! scope=row | [[Pratapgarh, Tripura Assembly constituency|Pratapgarh]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" rowspan=2|SC
| rowspan=2 |[[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:57803}}
|-
| 14
! scope=row | [[Badharghat Assembly constituency|Badharghat]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:62207}}
|-
| 15
! scope=row | [[Kamalasagar Assembly constituency|Kamalasagar]]
| rowspan=2|None
| rowspan=3 |[[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:43634}}
|-
| 16
! scope=row | [[Bishalgarh Assembly constituency|Bishalgarh]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:49898}}
|-
| 17
! scope=row | [[Golaghati Assembly constituency|Golaghati]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;"| ST
| align=right |{{formatnum:42531}}
|-
| 18
! scope=row | [[Suryamaninagar Assembly constituency|Suryamaninagar]]
| None
|[[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:42531}}
|-
| 19
! scope=row | [[Charilam Assembly constituency|Charilam]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;"| ST
| rowspan=5 |[[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:39998}}
|-
| 20
! scope=row | [[Boxanagar Assembly constituency|Boxanagar]]
| None
| align=right |{{formatnum:43145}}
|-
| 21
! scope=row | [[Nalchar Assembly constituency|Nalchar]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right |{{formatnum:44814}}
|-
| 22
! scope=row | [[Sonamura Assembly constituency|Sonamura]]
| rowspan=2|None
| align=right |{{formatnum:44540}}
|-
| 23
! scope=row | [[Dhanpur Assembly constituency|Dhanpur]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:50223}}
|-
| 24
! scope=row | [[Ramchandraghat Assembly constituency|Ramchandraghat]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;"| ST
|rowspan=6|[[Khowai district|Khowai]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:41608}}
|rowspan=6|[[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East]]
|-
| 25
! scope=row | [[Khowai Assembly constituency|Khowai]]
| None
| align=right |{{formatnum:42949}}
|-
| 26
! scope=row | [[Asharambari Assembly constituency|Asharambari]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;"| ST
| align=right |{{formatnum:39901}}
|-
| 27
! scope=row | [[Kalyanpur–Pramodenagar Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur–Pramodenagar]]
| rowspan=2|None
| align=right |{{formatnum:44773}}
|-
| 28
! scope=row | [[Teliamura Assembly constituency|Teliamura]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:45226}}
|-
| 29
! scope=row | [[Krishnapur Assembly constituency|Krishnapur]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" rowspan=2|ST
| align=right |{{formatnum:37929}}
|-
| 30
! scope=row | [[Bagma Assembly constituency|Bagma]]
|rowspan=4|[[Gomati district|Gomati]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:56768}}
|rowspan=7|[[Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura West]]
|-
| 31
! scope=row | [[Radhakishorpur Assembly constituency|Radhakishorpur]]
| rowspan=2|None
| align=right |{{formatnum:48532}}
|-
| 32
! scope=row | [[Matarbari Assembly constituency|Matarbari]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:55023}}
|-
| 33
! scope=row | [[Kakraban–Salgarh Assembly constituency|Kakraban–Salgarh]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" rowspan=2|SC
| align=right |{{formatnum:54358}}
|-
| 34
! scope=row | [[Rajnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]
|rowspan=7|[[South Tripura district|South Tripura]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:48011}}
|-
| 35
! scope=row | [[Belonia Assembly constituency|Belonia]]
| None
| align=right |{{formatnum:44741}}
|-
| 36
! scope=row | [[Santirbazar Assembly constituency|Santirbazar]]
|style="background:#fdcdb0;"| ST
| align=right |{{formatnum:50535}}
|-
| 37
! scope=row | [[Hrishyamukh Assembly constituency|Hrishyamukh]]
| None
| align=right |{{formatnum:47006}}
|rowspan=24|[[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East]]
|-
| 38
! scope=row | [[Jolaibari Assembly constituency|Jolaibari]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" rowspan=2|ST
| align=right |{{formatnum:49025}}
|-
| 39
! scope=row | [[Manu Assembly constituency|Manu]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:47741}}
|-
| 40
! scope=row | [[Sabroom Assembly constituency|Sabroom]]
| None
| align=right |{{formatnum:48064}}
|-
| 41
! scope=row | [[Ampinagar Assembly constituency|Ampinagar]]
|style="background:#fdcdb0;"| ST
|rowspan=3|[[Gomati district|Gomati]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:42135}}
|-
| 42
! scope=row | [[Amarpur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Amarpur]]
| None
| align=right |{{formatnum:43687}}
|-
| 43
! scope=row | [[Karbook Assembly constituency|Karbook]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" rowspan=2|ST
| align=right |{{formatnum:40656}}
|-
| 44
! scope=row | [[Raima Valley Assembly constituency|Raima Valley]]
|rowspan=6|[[Dhalai district|Dhalai]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:53421}}
|-
| 45
! scope=row | [[Kamalpur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]]
| None
| align=right |{{formatnum:45932}}
|-
| 46
! scope=row | [[Surma Assembly constituency|Surma]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right |{{formatnum:48393}}
|-
| 47
! scope=row | [[Ambassa Assembly constituency|Ambassa]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" rowspan=3|ST
| align=right |{{formatnum:51296}}
|-
| 48
! scope=row | [[Karamcherra Assembly constituency|Karamcherra]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:43842}}
|-
| 49
! scope=row | [[Chawamanu Assembly constituency|Chawamanu]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:44836}}
|-
| 50
! scope=row | [[Pabiachhara Assembly constituency|Pabiachhara]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" rowspan=2|SC
|rowspan=4|[[Unakoti district|Unakoti]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:49260}}
|-
| 51
! scope=row | [[Fatikroy Assembly constituency|Fatikroy]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:44946}}
|-
| 52
! scope=row | [[Chandipur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Chandipur]]
| rowspan=7|None
| align=right |{{formatnum:46705}}
|-
| 53
! scope=row | [[Kailashahar Assembly constituency|Kailashahar]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:51000}}
|-
| 54
! scope=row | [[Kadamtala–Kurti Assembly constituency|Kadamtala–Kurti]]
|rowspan=7|[[North Tripura district|North Tripura]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:47157}}
|-
| 55
! scope=row | [[Bagbassa Assembly constituency|Bagbassa]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:47295}}
|-
| 56
! scope=row | [[Dharmanagar Assembly constituency|Dharmanagar]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:44745}}
|-
| 57
! scope=row | [[Jubarajnagar Assembly constituency|Jubarajnagar]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:44547}}
|-
| 58
! scope=row | [[Panisagar Assembly constituency|Panisagar]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:44601}}
|-
| 59
! scope=row | [[Pencharthal Assembly constituency|Pencharthal]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" rowspan=2|ST
| align=right |{{formatnum:45670}}
|-
| 60
! scope=row | [[Kanchanpur Assembly constituency|Kanchanpur]]
| align=right |{{formatnum:50748}}
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[State legislative assemblies of India]]
* [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura| ]]
[[Category:Lists of constituencies of legislative assemblies of Indian states|Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura-related lists|Constituencies]]

Mass surveillance in India

2025-12-31T08:30:25Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Added!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Global surveillance}}
{{Mass surveillance by location}}
[[Mass surveillance]] is the pervasive [[surveillance]] of an entire or a substantial fraction of a population.<ref name="https://www.eff.org/issues/mass-surveillance-technologies">{{cite news|url= https://www.eff.org/issues/mass-surveillance-technologies|title= Mass Surveillance Technologies|work= Electronic Frontier Foundation | accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref> '''Mass surveillance in India''' includes [[surveillance]], [[telephone tapping]], [[open-source intelligence]], [[lawful interception]], and surveillance under [[Indian Telegraph Act, 1885]].

In recent years, India has seen use of facial-recognition technology by the law enforcement. [[Telangana]] is the most surveilled state in India with 36 CCTV cameras per 1,000 people, while cities [[Delhi]] and [[Chennai]] have more cameras per square mile than cities in [[China]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Inzamam |first1=Qadri |last2=Qadri |first2=Haziq |title=Telangana Is Inching Closer to Becoming a Total Surveillance State |url=https://thewire.in/tech/telangana-surveillance-police-cctv-facial-recognition |access-date=2022-09-03 |work=The Wire |date=2022-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Loganathan |first1=Sonikka |title=Do CCTV cameras protect us or invade our privacy? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/do-cctv-cameras-protect-us-or-invade-our-privacy/article66809651.ece |access-date=2023-05-06 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2023-05-05}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Colonial India ===

==== Police surveillance ====
Police in colonial India developed surveillance tactics as a form of [[Preventive police|preventive policing]] believing that a substantial portion of crime was being committed by those who were or were suspected to be repeat offenders. Higher ranking police officials would go through criminal records to identify those who were to be surveilled by the constabulary, to this end history sheets or "bad character rolls" were maintained on such individuals. These surveillance practices also depended on local district superintendents and could be outside legislative sanction as they were allowed to develop their own policing practices by the [[Police Act|Police Act of 1861]]. This reliance on surveillance was seen necessary owing to the police force being minimally staffed and relying on indirect power following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Giuliani |first=Erin |date=2012 |title=Policing Knowledge: Surveillance in Colonial Bengal, 1861 to 1913 |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_283596/s4054957_phd_finalthesis.pdf?Expires=1584199137&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ&Signature=I4VWhq0gZwzGi8b1nuH9cy7~EElmxo3fRFKrzsdqdmdBDRgdIiDtodJAV27U93U6OI0lf9pbd39qgvfdnSDVdKiG62z4Dz9nFzRSDiRxHndaXduIax-Cqls0ws11G3LnToCeIZG4kydv8FXsFYNyD6NIGnxNBDQmVDKi8S~vlQGAj1-H27xqWDW~VluOWKXzyCZ1nzRuSH7BfhIMHmEoBwn2hgdLGQ1xEUHCPmswA9z2dFsiDPOrLh0bxL0b1Vnj~6P6DXc8TSn9jjU~NsHq7pbK49lsApRZ164LqARtcRoV5r2pdcY2JjtrZ6SwqwDBVHYivkwRx4EKxB7gstgMGQ__ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314151811/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_283596/s4054957_phd_finalthesis.pdf?Expires=1584199137&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ&Signature=I4VWhq0gZwzGi8b1nuH9cy7~EElmxo3fRFKrzsdqdmdBDRgdIiDtodJAV27U93U6OI0lf9pbd39qgvfdnSDVdKiG62z4Dz9nFzRSDiRxHndaXduIax-Cqls0ws11G3LnToCeIZG4kydv8FXsFYNyD6NIGnxNBDQmVDKi8S~vlQGAj1-H27xqWDW~VluOWKXzyCZ1nzRuSH7BfhIMHmEoBwn2hgdLGQ1xEUHCPmswA9z2dFsiDPOrLh0bxL0b1Vnj~6P6DXc8TSn9jjU~NsHq7pbK49lsApRZ164LqARtcRoV5r2pdcY2JjtrZ6SwqwDBVHYivkwRx4EKxB7gstgMGQ__ |archive-date=2020-03-14 |url-status=dead |type=Phd |chapter= |publisher=The University of Queensland |docket= |oclc= |access-date=2 April 2023}}</ref>

==== Indian Telegraph Act 1885 ====
{{Main|Indian Telegraph Act, 1885}}

The section 5 of the Indian Telegraph Act allowed the [[Governor-General of India|Governor General]] or a local government to temporarily seize any licensed telegraph, and also gave them the ability block, intercept, detain, or even disclose the contents of any message transmitted during a "public emergency" or in "interest of public safety", the Secretary to the Government had a final say on whether something met those two criteria.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/1862-1865_20221116/1885 |title=A Collection of the Acts passed by the Governor General in Council. |year=1885 |pages=132}}</ref> This act is one of the principal laws allowing surveillance of electronic communication in modern India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-23 |title=Explained: The laws for surveillance in India, and concerns over privacy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/project-pegasus-the-laws-for-surveillance-in-india-and-the-concerns-over-privacy-7417714/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Use of surveillance technology ==

=== CCTV cameras ===
Some Indian cities have some of the highest levels of [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] surveillance in the world after those in China, with a Comparitech report in 2020 ranking [[Hyderabad]] among the top 20 most surveilled cities in the world, one of the only two non-Chinese cities in the list, with 29.99 CCTV cameras per 1000 people at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mihindukulasuriya |first=Regina |date=2020-07-22 |title=Hyderabad, Chennai, Delhi among world's top 50 most surveilled cities, says report |url=https://theprint.in/india/hyderabad-chennai-delhi-among-worlds-top-50-most-surveilled-cities-says-report/466219/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The number of CCTV cameras has only risen since then, with the most recent data available as of June 2023 putting Hyderabad (83.32 cameras/1000 people), [[Indore]] (60 cameras/1000 people), and Delhi (19.96 cameras/1000 people) among the world's most surveilled cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surveillance Camera Statistics: Which City has the Most CCTV Cameras? |url=https://www.comparitech.com/vpn-privacy/the-worlds-most-surveilled-cities/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=Comparitech |language=en-US}}</ref> However the number of CCTV cameras is not uniform among even major Indian cities, with just four cities; Hyderabad, Delhi, Chennai, and Indore accounting for 91% of CCTV cameras installed in the country, though newer and older cities are also coming under the surveillance radars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCTV Surveillance Is Rising in India, World, but Crime Rates Remain Unaffected |url=https://thewire.in/rights/cctv-surveillance-is-rising-in-india-world-but-crime-rates-remain-unaffected |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

=== Facial recognition technology ===

Police forces in India have been using [[Facial recognition system|Facial Recognition software]] to identify "[[history-sheeter]]s", "miscreants", solve missing person cases, with the [[Delhi Police|Delhi police]] even using it to identify protestors during the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|2019 anti-CAA protests]] and in the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|farmer protest]] in the following year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/facial-recognition-technology-in-india.pdf |title=Facial Recognition Technology in India |publisher=[[Centre for Internet and Society (India)]] |date=31 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-21 |title=Explained {{!}} Delhi Police’s use of facial recognition technology |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/explained-delhi-polices-use-of-facial-recognition-technology/article65793897.ece |access-date=2023-06-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Police forces like the [[Telangana Police|Telangana police]] run facial recognition systems along with their extensive CCTV surveillance network to feed live data into facial recognition algorithms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-09 |title=The Hyderabad model of CCTV surveillance |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-hyderabad-model-of-cctv-surveillance-11604926158442.html |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-11 |title=Data {{!}} Telangana stands out in CCTV surveillance |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-with-each-station-having-access-to-257-cctvs-telangana-police-stand-out-in-surveillance/article66705589.ece |access-date=2023-06-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2017, the [[Greater Chennai Police|Chennai Police]] installed a facial recognition system running on real time CCTV footage from areas of [[T. Nagar|T Nagar]], a popular shopping street in the city, to detect any criminals stored in their database, similar systems have been deployed by the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] as Punjab Artificial Intelligence System (PAIS), and by the Surat Police using [[NEC|NEC's]] NeoFace technology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murali |first=Anand |date=2018-08-13 |title=The Big Eye: The tech is all ready for mass surveillance in India |url=https://archive.factordaily.com/face-recognition-mass-surveillance-in-india/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=FactorDaily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Aadhaar biometrics ===
{{Main|Aadhaar}}
The [[Government of India]] in 2009 introduced [[Aadhaar]], a 12 digit identification document that can be obtained by any resident of India, with a goal to improve welfare delivery in the country. The enrollment process to obtain Aadhaar requires the submission of biometric data in the form of fingerprints, and an iris scan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-28 |title=India Is Collecting a Vast Database of Eye Scans and Fingerprint Records |url=https://time.com/5409604/india-aadhaar-supreme-court/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Time |language=en}}</ref> From its inception, the collection of this data for Aadhaar and its storage in a centralized database has raised privacy and surveillance concerns, with Aadhaar representing the world's largest such database with data on over 1.1 billion people. Over time Aadhaar has become increasingly mandatory to access basic state services, a necessary document for KYC verification to obtain a mobile [[SIM card]], create a bank account, access loans, school and college admissions and scholarships, and has even been linked with other identification documents like the [[Permanent account number|PAN card]] and [[Voter ID (India)|Voter ID]]. Privacy advocates have pointed out that this level of Aadhaar integration allows the state to track all aspects of daily life of an individual as there is no legal restriction on the amount of information the government can access from this database, creating the necessary infrastructure for mass surveillance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thornhill |first=John |date=2021-11-11 |title=India’s all-encompassing ID system holds warnings for the rest of world |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/337f6d6e-7301-4ef4-a26d-a4e62f602947 |access-date=2023-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India's dodgy mass surveillance project should concern us all |language=en-GB |work=Wired UK |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/india-aadhaar-biometrics-privacy |access-date=2023-06-05 |issn=1357-0978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandran |first=Rina |title=India's digital ID sparks debate over human right to personal data |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20171213105635-vaj5p/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Thomas Reuters Foundation News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Panday |first=Jyoti |date=2017-06-01 |title=Aadhaar: Ushering in a Commercialized Era of Surveillance in India |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/05/aadhaar-ushering-commercialized-era-surveillance-india |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Electronic Frontier Foundation |language=en}}</ref> The [[Aadhaar Act, 2016]] tried to make Aadhaar mandatory for many public services including all welfare benefits and even allowed private companies to collect Aadhaar data, however the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] struck down these provisions of the act while upholding the validity of the act itself.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-26 |title=What's valid and what's not: Everything you need to know about Aadhaar verdict |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/whats-valid-and-whats-not-everything-you-need-to-know-about-todays-aadhaar-verdict/articleshow/65961427.cms |access-date=2023-06-05 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-26 |title=Supreme Court Aadhaar verdict: What today’s judgment means for you |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-aadhaar-verdict-what-todays-judgment-means-for-you/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, despite this verdict many organisations have continued claiming Aadhaar as a mandatory requirement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-20 |title=The Aadhaar confusion {{!}} Four years on, some banks yet to honour Supreme Court’s Aadhaar verdict |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/the-aadhaar-confusion-four-years-on-some-banks-yet-to-honour-supreme-courts-aadhaar-verdict-8711681.html |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-29 |title=Aadhaar not mandatory yet organisations pose it as a mandatory document |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/aadhaar-not-mandatory-yet-organisations-pose-it-as-a-mandatory-document-335550-2022-05-29 |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Sanchar Saathi ===
{{Main article|Sanchar Saathi}}
In 2025, it was reported that the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi government]] was demanding that smartphones sold in India come pre-installed with Sanchar Saathi, a government-created app that has access to the phone's call log, memory and camera, raising concerns among privacy advocates.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/fe70b9ec-755b-44c6-a024-edbf4e178e52|title=India demands installation of government app on all smartphones|date=2025|work=Financial Times}}</ref>

==Indian mass surveillance projects==

India has been using many mass surveillance projects for many years. These include the following:

===DRDO Netra===

[[DRDO NETRA]] is another mass surveillance project of India. It has been developed by the Center for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR) laboratory under the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]. The system could detect selective words like “bomb”, “blast”, “attack” or “kill” within seconds from emails, instant messages, status updates and tweets. The system will also be capable of gauging suspicious voice traffic on Skype and Google Talk. To enhance the capacity of the [[DRDO NETRA]] Project Black Knight was initiated in late 2013 to monitor social media trends and identify source of various viral messages that posed a risk to tranquility of the global community. Not much detail is available about the project, but it is rumored that the group of engineers later founded a private organization and now conducts social media analysis on Indian and foreign subjects by tapping fiber optic cables in India and overseas, including cybertapping infrastructure on the main internet communication cable in Mongolia which links rest of the world to China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-08 |title=NETRA: A vigilant eye on the Internet |url=https://researchmatters.in/article/netra-vigilant-eye-internet |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Research Matters |language=en}}</ref>

=== Lawful Intercept and Monitoring project===

[[Lawful Intercept and Monitoring]], abbreviated to LIM, is a clandestine mass electronic surveillance program deployed by the [[C-DOT|Centre for Development of Telematics]] (C-DOT), an Indian Government owned telecommunications technology development centre.<ref name="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-violates-privacy-safeguards-to-secretly-monitor-internet-traffic/article5107682.ece ">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-violates-privacy-safeguards-to-secretly-monitor-internet-traffic/article5107682.ece |title= Govt. violates privacy safeguards to secretly monitor Internet traffic |work= The Hindu |date=9 September 2013 |accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref> LIM systems are used by the Indian Government to intercept records of voice, SMSs, GPRS data, details of a subscriber's application and recharge history and [[call detail record]] (CDR) <ref name="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/govt-sets-norms-for-lawful-interception-and-monitoring/913034/0 ">{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/govt-sets-norms-for-lawful-interception-and-monitoring/913034/0|title= Govt sets norms for lawful interception and monitoring |work= The Indian Express |date=17 February 2012 |accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref> and monitor Internet traffic, emails, web-browsing, [[Skype]] and any other Internet activity of Indian users. Mobile operators deploy their own LIM system which allows the government to intercept calls, after taking “due authorisation” in compliance with Section 5(2) of the [[Indian Telegraph Act, 1885|Indian Telegraph Act]] read with Rule 419(A) of the IT Rules. The LIM system to monitor Internet traffic is deployed by the government at the international gateways of some large ISPs (between the ISPs Internet Edge Router (PE) and the core network). These surveillance systems are under complete control of the government, and their functioning is secretive and unknown to the ISPs.<ref name="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-violates-privacy-safeguards-to-secretly-monitor-internet-traffic/article5107682.ece "/>

===NCCC===

{{Main|National Cyber Coordination Centre}}

[[National Cyber Coordination Centre]] (NCCC) is a proposed cyber security and e-surveillance project of India.<ref name=HT>{{cite news|url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyber-protection-body-pushes-ahead/article1-1174753.aspx|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140119201552/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyber-protection-body-pushes-ahead/article1-1174753.aspx|url-status= dead|archive-date= January 19, 2014|title= India's cyber protection body pushes ahead|work= Hindustan Times|date=29 January 2014|accessdate=24 November 2014}}</ref> It aims at screening communication [[metadata]] and co-ordinate the intelligence gathering activities of other agencies.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-gets-ready-to-roll-out-cyber-snooping-agency/article4798049.ece|title= India gets ready to roll out cyber snooping agency |work= The Hindu |date=10 June 2013 |accessdate=24 November 2014}}</ref> In the absence of any legal framework and parliamentary oversight, the NCCC could encroach upon Indian citizens' privacy and civil-liberties.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://thediplomat.com/2013/06/india-sets-up-domestic-prism-like-cyber-surveillance/|title= India Sets Up Domestic PRISM-Like Cyber Surveillance?|work= The Diplomat |date=10 June 2013 |accessdate=24 November 2014}}</ref>

=== Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring Project===

[[Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring]] (TERM), formerly known as Vigilance Telecom Monitoring (VTM), is the vigilance and monitoring wing of the Indian Department of Telecommunications (DoT). The main functions of TERM Cells are vigilance, monitoring and security of the network. Apart from this, TERM Cells also operate the [[Central Monitoring System]] and carry out other functions.

====Central Monitoring System Project====

[[Central Monitoring System]] is a surveillance related project of India. The project is run by [[C-DOT|Centre for Development of Telematics]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Forget NSA, India's Centre for Development of Telematics is one of top 3 worst online spies|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indias-centre-for-development-of-telematics-worst-online-spies-reporters-without-borders-184570-2014-03-12|access-date=26 August 2014|newspaper=India Today|date=12 March 2014}}</ref>

===National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID)===
[[NATGRID]] project of [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home ministry]] is creating a centralised database of citizens and companies recording every interaction with the government, which amounts to profiling and mass surveillance of citizens and companies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Dalip |title=Close watch. NATGRID to turn lens on digital print of people, firms |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/govt-to-upscale-surveillance-mandates-natgrid-for-real-time-360-degree-profiling-of-individuals-entities/article66784926.ece |access-date=2023-04-30 |work=[[Business Line]] |date=27 April 2023}}</ref>

== Misuse of Section 144 ==

An analysis by lawyers Vrinda Bhandari, Abhinav Sekhri, Natasha Maheshwari and Madhav Aggarwal of orders passed by [[Delhi Police]] under [[Unlawful assembly#India|Section 144]] found that the law is being used to create a parallel surveillance network. Many of the orders directed private parties like ATMs, Banks, girls PG/hostels, liquor vendors, owner of parking lots etc. to install CCTV cameras for surveillance purposes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhandari |first1=Vrinda |last2=Sekhri |first2=Abhinav |last3=Maheshwari |first3=Natasha |last4=Aggarwal |first4=Madhav |title=The Use and Misuse of Section 144 CrPC |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4389147 |website=SSRN |publisher=SSRN |access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhandari |first1=Vrinda |last2=Sekhri |first2=Abhinav |last3=Maheshwari |first3=Natasha |last4=Aggarwal |first4=Madhav |title=Section 144 CrPC: How a law was used to break law |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/when-law-creates-crimes/articleshow/99711608.cms |access-date=2023-04-24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2023-04-24}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Mass surveillance#India|Surveillance in India]]
*[[List of Indian intelligence agencies]]
*[[Multi Agency Centre (India)]]
*[[NATGRID]]
*[[Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Asia topic|Mass surveillance in}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}
{{Indian intelligence agencies}}
{{Indian Penal Code navbox}}
{{Criminal procedure}}
{{Law}}
{{Asia topic|Law enforcement in}}
{{Crime in Asia}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Mass surveillance|India]]
[[Category:Mass surveillance by country|India]]
[[Category:Privacy in India]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]

Arpa River (Chhattisgarh)

2025-12-24T14:12:07Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Started location

{{about|the river in central India|Arpa River in Armenia|Arpa (river)}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2022}}
'''Arpa River''' is a river in the [[Indian State]] of [[Chhattisgarh]]. It is a major tributary of the river Seonath that meets with [[Mahanadi]]. Arpa River originates from Khodri village of [[Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district|Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi District]] and flows to meet with Seonath River at Matiyari village of Bilha block of Bilaspur district. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362453017_Cultural_Economic_and_Environmental_Significance_of_River_Arpa_Bilaspur_Chhattisgarh 1]

{{Infobox river
| name = River Arpa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = Parts
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 = [[Coastal plain|Coastal Plains]]
| subdivision_type4 = Administrative areas
| subdivision_name4 = [[Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district|Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi]] and [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] districts, [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type5 = City
| subdivision_name5 = [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]]

|length_km=147
| width_min =
| width_avg =400 m
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =2-8 m
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = khodri khongasara hills
| source1_location = [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|22.09|N|82.14|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation =
| mouth =
| mouth_location = [[Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district]], [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
|basin_size_km2=141600
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right = [[Kharang River]], [[Malaniya]], [[Sonkachar]],
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

Seonath river is a main tributary of [[Mahanadi]] River which is known as the perennial source of irrigation in the state of [[Chhattisgarh]].

==Location==
{{Location map | India
| relief = yes
| alt =
| float = left
| caption = Arpa river is a tributary of [[Shivnath River]].
| label = Arpa River
| mark = Blue_pog.svg
| lat_deg = 22
| lon_deg = 82
}}

Arpa River has its origin from the lust dense forest area of Khondari-Khongsara. In 147 km of the river length, it contributes more than 90 km to the forest area, including Bilaspur city and irrigated lands of this district before meeting to Seonath river. The river is having catchment area of about 2022 km2. During rainy season its water level raises 2–3 meters up and in summer it moves 5 meters down. The river bed is mostly sandy with thickness of about 1.5 meter and few rock exposures at some places.

More than 10 check dams have been constructed on this river. Earlier these check dams were constructed to overcome the problem of irrigation and for human welfare. But due to the drying of its origin sites for last 5 years its water content is decreasing day by day and these check dams have become danger for the river. The maximum part of the rain water gets stored in these check dams and is used by the local people and as a result little water reaches to Bilaspur. [http://www.neptjournal.com/upload-images/NL-41-22-22.pdf 2]

==References==
{{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandrakar |first=Alok Kumar |date=2022 |title=Cultural, Economic and Environmental Significance of River Arpa, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362453017 |website=Researchgate}}</ref>{{Waters of South Asia}}
{{Hydrography of Chhattisgarh}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mahanadi River| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Chhattisgarh]]

Mandeep Chatha

2025-12-14T15:27:34Z

JeffryAlfaro75: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Pehowa Assembly constituency|Pehowa]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Sandeep Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Mandeep Chatha''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Pehowa Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Pehowa, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Mandeep Chatha wins Pehowa with 43550 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/pehowa-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612791-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Pehowa Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pehowa-election-result-2024-live-update-9077300.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs|date=2 December 2024|accessdate=4 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|archivedate=4 July 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatha, Mandeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Mohan S. Gundeti

2025-12-14T05:11:49Z

JeffryAlfaro75: New

{{Short description|Indian-American surgeon and professor}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Mohan S. Gundeti
| image = Dr Gundeti image.jpg
| caption =
| alma_mater = [[Dr. V. M. Government Medical College]]
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| fields = [[Pediatric urology]] [[Robotic surgery]]
| thesis_title = Postoperative management without antibiotics ( 1995)
| known_for =
| awards = Hans Marberger Award 2016 [[European Association of Urology]]
| website = www.uchicagomedicine.org/find-a-physician/physician/mohan-s-gundeti
}}

Dr. '''Mohan S. Gundeti''' is an Indian pediatric urological surgeon and professor of surgery. Gundeti has served as the chief of pediatric urology at the [[University of Chicago]] Comer Children’s Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, since 2007.

Prior to his appointment at The University of Chicago, Gundeti was a locum consultant in pediatric urological surgery at the [[Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust|Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children]] and [[Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust|Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospital]] in London, where he worked and trained from 1999 to 2005.

At The University of Chicago, in 2008, Gundeti (as team leader) performed the world’s first robot-assisted bladder reconstructive surgery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surgeons perform world's first pediatric robotic bladder reconstruction {{!}} (e) Science News |url=https://esciencenews.com/articles/2008/11/20/surgeons.perform.worlds.first.pediatric.robotic.bladder.reconstruction |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=esciencenews.com}}</ref> for a pediatric patient.

Gundeti has co-authored and edited several textbooks and publications, including the “Robotic Urological Surgery” Textbook<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Robotic Urologic Surgery |date=2022-10-01 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-031-00362-2 |editor-last=Wiklund |editor-first=Peter |edition=3rd |language=English |editor-last2=Mottrie |editor-first2=Alexandre |editor-last3=Gundeti |editor-first3=Mohan S. |editor-last4=Patel |editor-first4=Vipul}}</ref> published in 2022.

== Gundeti surgical techniques ==
Gundeti has developed multiple robotic surgical techniques for pediatric urology. The first is The University of Chicago RALIMA (Robot Assisted Laparoscopic Bladder Augmentation Ileocystoplasty with Mitrofanoff Appendicovesicostomy) Technique.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gundeti |first1=Mohan S. |last2=Acharya |first2=Sujeet S. |last3=Zagaja |first3=Gregory P. |last4=Shalhav |first4=Arieh L. |date=Mar 2011 |title=Paediatric robotic-assisted laparoscopic augmentation ileocystoplasty and Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy (RALIMA): feasibility of and initial experience with the University of Chicago technique: RALIMA: FEASIBILITY AND INITIAL EXPERIENCE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09706.x |journal=BJU International |language=en |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=962–969 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09706.x|pmid=20942829 |s2cid=31835664 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gundeti |first1=Mohan S. |last2=Eng |first2=Michael K. |last3=Reynolds |first3=W. Stuart |last4=Zagaja |first4=Gregory P. |date=Nov 2008 |title=Pediatric robotic-assisted laparoscopic augmentation ileocystoplasty and Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy: complete intracorporeal--initial case report |journal=Urology |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=1144–1147; discussion 1147 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2008.06.070 |issn=1527-9995 |pmid=18804263}}</ref>

In 2011, Gundeti began developing the ''LUAA "Gundeti" Technique'' for surgical correction of vesicoureteral reflux.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gundeti |first1=Mohan S. |last2=Boysen |first2=William R. |last3=Shah |first3=Anup |date=Nov 2016 |title=Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Extravesical Ureteral Reimplantation: Technique Modifications Contribute to Optimized Outcomes |journal=European Urology |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=818–823 |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2016.02.065 |issn=1873-7560 |pmid=27036858}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Judge |first1=Clark |last2=Gliatis |first2=Anastasia |last3=Mohanty |first3=Amrita |last4=Gundeti |first4=Mohan S |date=2022-06-01 |title=Redo robotic left ureteral reimplant using the "LUAA gundeti technique" |journal=Urology Video Journal |volume=14 |article-number=100153 |doi=10.1016/j.urolvj.2022.100153 |s2cid=247225226 |issn=2590-0897|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Gundeti’s research in clinical outcomes of complex urological surgery have been recognized by the [[American Urological Association|American Urological Association (AUA)]] and [https://www.espu.org/ European Society of Pediatric Urology (ESPU)]. He is now researching applications of Machine Learning to aid in diagnosing kidney diseases through funding from the [https://chicagoitm.org/itm-pilot-awards/ Chicago Institute for Translational Medicine (ITM)] Pilot Awards Program along with [[Maryellen L. Giger|Maryellen Giger.]]

== Books published and edited ==
Gundeti is the author and editor of the educational textbooks “Blackwell Wiley Pediatric Robotic and Reconstructive Urology: A Comprehensive Guide”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pediatric Robotic and Reconstructive Urology: A Comprehensive Guide {{!}} Wiley |url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Pediatric+Robotic+and+Reconstructive+Urology%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide-p-9781444345278 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Wiley.com |language=en-us}}</ref> published in 2012, and “Surgical Techniques in Pediatric and Adolescent Urology",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gundeti |first=Mohan S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnMpEAAAQBAJ |title=Surgical Techniques in Pediatric and Adolescent Urology |date=2019-09-30 |publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers |isbn=978-93-5270-204-6 |language=en}}</ref> published in 2020. Gundeti was also the co-editor and co-author of the "Robotic Urological Surgery"<ref>{{cite book |date=2022 |editor-last=Wiklund |editor-first=Peter |editor2-last=Mottrie |editor2-first=Alexandre |editor3-last=Gundeti |editor3-first=Mohan S |editor4-last=Patel |editor4-first=Vipul |title=Robotic Urologic Surgery |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-00363-9 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-00363-9|isbn=978-3-031-00362-2 |s2cid=264232681 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> textbook which was published in 2022.

He co-edited and authored an online textbook, the "Pediatric Urology Book"<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=KO |first=Arlen AM, Gundeti MS, López P.-J, Rove |date=2023-04-28 |title=Home |url=https://pediatricurologybook.com/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Pediatric Urology Book |language=en}}</ref> in order to reduce restrictions to access, which was published in 2023. In addition to these major publications, Gundeti has co-authored over 200 publications,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohan Gundeti |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=o0Es20YAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gundeti |first=Mohan |title=Robotic Laparoscopic Surgery, Reconstructive Pediatric Urology, Pediatric Urology |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohan-Gundeti |website=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> including book chapters, peer-reviewed journal articles, and review articles.

Between the years of 2013 and 2021, Gundeti was the consulting editor of [[BJU International|the ''British Journal of Urology International'' (''BJUI'')]], and is presently an associate editor of the ''Urology Video Journal''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial board - Urology Video Journal {{!}} ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/urology-video-journal/about/editorial-board |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> and JU Open Plus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JU Open Plus |url=https://journals.lww.com/juop/pages/default.aspx |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=journals.lww.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
[[File:EAU Munchen 20160311 Award picture.jpg|thumb|EAU Munchen Award]]
2012: Third Prize Basis Research Award for Clinical Research study entitled “Is Pelvic Plexus Nerve Identification possible during the Robotic Assisted Laparoscopic Ureteric Reimplantation (RALUR)”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prizes - 2012 Meeting, Zürich, Switzerland - ESPU {{!}} European Society for Paediatric Urology |url=https://www.espu.org/events/previous-events/prizes/155-prizes-2012-meeting-zuerich-switzerland |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=www.espu.org}}</ref> awarded by the European Society of Pediatric Urology (ESPU).

2014: Recognized as one of America’s Top Doctors and Best Doctor in Chicago by Castle Connolly<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mohan S. Gundeti - Pediatric Urology - Chicago, IL |url=https://www.castleconnolly.com/top-doctors/mohan-s-gundeti-pediatric-urology-89cc003328 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Castle Connolly |language=en}}</ref>

2016: Hans Marberger Award<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matt |date=2016-04-26 |title=Review of the 31st Annual European Association of Urology Congress 2016 |url=https://www.emjreviews.com/urology/congress-review/review-of-the-31st-annual-european-association-of-urology-congress-2016/ |journal=Urology |language=en-GB |issn=2053-4213}}</ref> awarded by the [[European Association of Urology]] (EAU).

== References ==
<references responsive="0" />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gundeti, Mohan S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Indian paediatric surgeons]]
[[Category:People from Solapur]]
[[Category:University of Chicago faculty]]

Ramesh Krishnan

2025-12-05T17:42:43Z

JeffryAlfaro75: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian tennis player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
|image = The former Tennis players, Shri Ramanathan Krishnan and Shri Ramesh Krishnan called on the Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports, Dr. M.S. Gill, in New Delhi on November 26, 2009.jpg
|caption = Ramanathan Krishnan and Ramesh Krishnan called on the Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports, Dr. M.S. Gill, in New Delhi, 26 November 2009.
|name = Ramesh Krishnan
|country = {{IND}}
|residence = [[Madras]], [[India]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1961|6|5}}
|birth_place = Madras, India
|height = {{convert|1.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|turnedpro = 1978
|retired = 1993
|plays = Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
|careerprizemoney = $1,262,330
|singlesrecord = 319–285
|singlestitles = 8
|highestsinglesranking = No. 23 (28 January 1985)
|AustralianOpenresult = 3R ([[1983 Australian Open – Men's singles|1983]], [[1984 Australian Open – Men's singles|1984]], [[1987 Australian Open – Men's singles|1987]], [[1988 Australian Open – Men's singles|1988]], [[1989 Australian Open – Men's singles|1989]])
|FrenchOpenresult = 3R ([[1982 French Open – Men's singles|1982]])
|Wimbledonresult = QF ([[1986 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1986]])
|USOpenresult = QF ([[1981 US Open – Men's singles|1981]], [[1987 US Open – Men's singles|1987]])
|doublesrecord = 36–69
|doublestitles = 1
|highestdoublesranking = No. 114 (14 September 1987)
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 2R ([[1988 French Open – Men's Doubles|1988]])
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 1R ([[1979 French Open – Men's Doubles|1979]], [[1981 French Open – Men's Doubles|1981]])
|WimbledonDoublesresult = Q1 ([[1978 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles|1978]], [[1979 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles|1979]])
|USOpenDoublesresult = 2R ([[1987 US Open – Men's Doubles|1987]])
|OthertournamentsDoubles = yes
|OlympicsDoublesresult = QF ([[Tennis at the 1992 Summer Olympics - Men's doubles|1992]])
|Team = yes
|DavisCupresult = F ([[1987 Davis Cup|1987]])
|updated = 24 August 2022
}}

'''Ramesh Krishnan''' ({{IPA|hi|rəmeːʃ kr̩ʂɳən}}; born 5 June 1961) is an Indian [[tennis]] coach and former professional [[tennis]] player.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topiclist/Indian-male-tennis-players|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150106121430/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topiclist/Indian-male-tennis-players|publisher=[[Times of India]]|title=Top Male Tennis Players of India through History|archive-date=6 January 2015|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> As a junior player in the late 1970s, he won the singles titles at both, [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] and the [[French Open]]. He went on to reach three [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] quarterfinals in the 1980s and was a part of the [[India Davis Cup team|Indian team]] captained by [[Vijay Amritraj]] which reached the final of the [[Davis Cup]] in [[1987 Davis Cup|1987]] against Sweden. Krishnan also beat then-world No. 1, [[Mats Wilander]], at the [[1989 Australian Open – Men's singles|1989 Australian Open]]. He became India's Davis Cup captain in 2007.

==Early life==
Ramesh was born in [[Chennai|Madras]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itzchennai.com/pride-of-chennai.html|date=January 2012|publisher=Itz Chennai|title=Pride of Chennai - A list of people that make Chennai proud|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108232312/http://www.itzchennai.com/pride-of-chennai.html|url-status=live}}</ref> India, and is the son of [[Ramanathan Krishnan]] who reached the Wimbledon semifinal twice in the 1960s. Ramesh emulated an achievement of his father's by winning the Wimbledon junior title in [[1979 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' singles|1979]]. He also won the French Open junior title that year, achieving what would be called Junior Channel Slam, and was ranked the No. 1 junior player in the world.

==Career==
At the senior level, Ramesh reached the quarterfinals at Wimbledon once ([[1986 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1986]]) and the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] twice ([[1981 US Open – Men's singles|1981]] and [[1987 US Open – Men's singles|1987]]). He was admired for his touch, anticipation and all-round game, but his lack of a killer stroke or a strong service kept him from reaching the very top of the men's game.

Ramesh was a key member of the Indian team which reached the Davis Cup final in 1987. In the semifinals against [[Australia Davis Cup team|Australia]], played on grass he beat [[John Fitzgerald (tennis)|John Fitzgerald]] in four sets the opening singles match, and then defeated [[Wally Masur]] in straight sets the decisive fifth rubber to give India a 3–2 victory. However, in the final against Sweden, which was played on clay, an unfavorable surface for the Indian team, India was defeated 5–0 with Krishnan losing two singles matches to [[Mats Wilander]] and [[Anders Järryd]] and with the Indian team managing to win only one set. Ramesh was a stalwart on India's Davis Cup team from 1977 to 1993, compiling a 29–21 winning record (23–19 in singles and 6–2 in doubles).{{fact|date=November 2020}}

At the [[1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Olympic Games]] in [[Barcelona]], Ramesh reached the [[Tennis at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|men's doubles]] quarterfinals partnering [[Leander Paes]].{{fact|date=November 2020}}

Ramesh retired from the professional tour in 1993. Over the course of his career, he won eight top-level singles titles and one doubles title; he also won four challenger singles titles (defeating the teenage [[Andre Agassi]] in the Schenectady final in 1986). His career-high singles [[ATP rankings|ranking]] was world No. 23, in January 1985.{{fact|date=November 2020}}

In 1998, Ramesh was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in recognition of his achievements and contributions to Indian tennis.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ramesh runs a tennis academy in Chennai, set up along the lines of similar institutions in the United States. He became [[India Davis Cup team]] captain in January 2007.<ref name="Krishnan Tennis Centre">{{cite web | url=http://www.krishnantennis.com/ | title=Krishnan Tennis Centre | access-date=23 June 2016 | archive-date=15 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815020722/http://www.krishnantennis.com/ | url-status=usurped }}</ref>

== ATP career finals==

===Singles: 12 (8 titles, 4 runner-ups)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Legend
|-style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|Grand Slam Tournaments (0–0)
|-style="background:#ffc;"
|ATP World Tour Finals (0–0)
|-style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|ATP Masters 1000 Series (0–0)
|-style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|ATP 500 Series (0–0)
|-
|ATP 250 Series (8–4)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (5–2)
|-
|Clay (1–0)
|-
|Grass (0–1)
|-
|Carpet (2–1)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Finals by setting
|-
|Outdoors (6–3)
|-
|Indoors (2–1)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!Date
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Opponent
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|1–0
|[[Manila|{{dts|Nov 1981}}]]
|[[Manila]], Philippines
|Grand Prix
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Ivan Dupasquier]]
|6–4, 6–4
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|2–0
|[[1982 Mercedes Cup – Singles|{{dts|Jul 1982}}]]
|[[Stuttgart Open|Stuttgart]], West Germany
|Grand Prix
|Clay
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Sandy Mayer]]
|5–7, 6–3, 6–3, 7–6(8–6)
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|3–0
|[[1984 Lorraine Open|{{dts|Mar 1984}}]]
|[[Lorraine Open|Metz]], France
|Grand Prix
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jan Gunnarsson]]
|6–3, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|3–1
|[[1985 Cologne Cup|{{dts|Oct 1985}}]]
|[[Cologne Grand Prix|Cologne]], West Germany
|Grand Prix
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Peter Lundgren]]
|3–6, 2–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|4–1
|[[Japan Open (tennis)|{{dts|Oct 1986}}]]
|[[Japan Open (tennis)|Tokyo Outdoor]], Japan
|Grand Prix
|Hard
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Johan Carlsson (tennis)|Johan Carlsson]]
|6–3, 6–1
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|5–1
|[[1986 Seiko Super Tennis Hong Kong|{{dts|Nov 1986}}]]
|[[Hong Kong Open (tennis)|Hong Kong]], Hong Kong
|Grand Prix
|Hard
|{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Andres Gomez]]
|7–6(9–7), 6–0, 7–5
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|6–1
|[[1988 BP National Championships|{{dts|Jan 1988}}]]
|[[BP National Championships|Wellington]], New Zealand
|Grand Prix
|Hard
|{{flagicon|URS}} [[Andrei Chesnokov]]
|6–7(7–9), 6–0, 6–4, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|6–2
|[[1988 Benson and Hedges Open – Singles|{{dts|Jan 1988}}]]
|[[ATP Auckland Open|Auckland]], New Zealand
|Grand Prix
|Hard
|{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Amos Mansdorf]]
|3–6, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|6–3
|[[1988 Bristol Open – Singles|{{dts|Jun 1988}}]]
|[[Bristol Open|Bristol]], United Kingdom
|Grand Prix
|Grass
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Christian Saceanu]]
|4–6, 6–2, 2–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|6–4
|[[1988 Rye Brook Open – Singles|{{dts|Aug 1988}}]]
|[[Rye Brook Open|Rye Brook]], United States
|Grand Prix
|Hard
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Milan Srejber]]
|2–6, 6–7(4–7)
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|7–4
|[[1989 Benson and Hedges Open – Singles|{{dts|Jan 1989}}]]
|[[ATP Auckland Open|Auckland]], New Zealand
|Grand Prix
|Hard
|{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Amos Mansdorf]]
|6–4, 6–0
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|8–4
|[[1990 OTB International Open – Men's singles|{{dts|Aug 1990}}]]
|[[OTB Open|Schenectady]], United States
|World Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Kelly Evernden]]
|6–1, 6–1
|}

===Doubles: 1 (1 title)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Legend
|-style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|Grand Slam Tournaments (0–0)
|-style="background:#ffc;"
|ATP World Tour Finals (0–0)
|-style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|ATP Masters 1000 Series (0–0)
|-style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|ATP 500 Series (0–0)
|-
|ATP 250 Series (1–0)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (0–0)
|-
|Clay (0–0)
|-
|Grass (0–0)
|-
|Carpet (1–0)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Finals by setting
|-
|Outdoors (0–0)
|-
|Indoors (1–0)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!Date
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|1–0
|[[1987 Lorraine Open|{{dts|Mar 1987}}]]
|[[Lorraine Open|Nancy]], France
|Grand Prix
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Claudio Mezzadri]]
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Grant Connell]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Larry Scott (sports administrator)|Larry Scott]]
|6–4, 6–4
|}

==ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals==

===Singles: 4 (4–0)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Legend
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|ATP Challenger (4–0)
|-bgcolor=cffcff
|ITF Futures (0–0)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (4–0)
|-
|Clay (0–0)
|-
|Grass (0–0)
|-
|Carpet (0–0)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!Date
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Opponent
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|1–0
|[[1986 ATP Challenger Series#July|{{dts|Jul 1986}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Schenectady]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Andre Agassi]]
|6–2, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|2–0
|[[1987 ATP Challenger Series#April|{{dts|Apr 1987}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Nagoya]], Japan
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jay Lapidus]]
|6–3, 6–0
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|3–0
|[[1989 ATP Challenger Series#April|{{dts|Apr 1989}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Nagoya]], Japan
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jonathan Canter]]
|6–1, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|4–0
|[[1990 ATP Challenger Series#April|{{dts|Apr 1990}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Nagoya]], Japan
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian Garrow]]
|6–2, 6–4
|}

===Doubles: 1 (0–1)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Legend
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|ATP Challenger (0–1)
|-bgcolor=cffcff
|ITF Futures (0–0)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (0–1)
|-
|Clay (0–0)
|-
|Grass (0–0)
|-
|Carpet (0–0)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!Date
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|0–1
|[[1989 ATP Challenger Series#April|{{dts|Apr 1989}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Nagoya]], Japan
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jonathan Canter]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[John Letts (tennis)|John Letts]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bruce Man-Son-Hing]]
|5–7, 6–4, 0–6
|}

==Junior Grand Slam finals==

===Singles: 2 (2 titles)===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!style="width:40px;"|Result
!style="width:30px;"|Year
!style="width:150px;"|Tournament
!style="width:50px;"|Surface
!style="width:150px;"|Opponent
!style="width:125px;" class="unsortable"|Score
|- style="background:#ebc2af;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[1979 French Open|1979]]||[[French Open]]||Clay||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Ben Testerman]]||2–6, 6–1, 6–0
|- style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[1979 Wimbledon Championships|1979]]||[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]||Grass||{{flagicon|USA}} [[David Siegler]]||6–0, 6–2
|}

==Performance timeline==
{{Performance key|short=yes|active=no}}

===Singles===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:97%
!Tournament!![[1978 Grand Prix (tennis)|1978]]!![[1979 Grand Prix (tennis)|1979]]!![[1980 Grand Prix (tennis)|1980]]!![[1981 Grand Prix (tennis)|1981]]!![[1982 Grand Prix (tennis)|1982]]!![[1983 Grand Prix (tennis)|1983]]!![[1984 Grand Prix (tennis)|1984]]!![[1985 Grand Prix (tennis)|1985]]!![[1986 Grand Prix (tennis)|1986]]!![[1987 Grand Prix (tennis)|1987]]!![[1988 ATP Tour|1988]]!![[1989 ATP Tour|1989]]!![[1990 ATP Tour|1990]]!![[1991 ATP Tour|1991]]!![[1992 ATP Tour|1992]]!![[1993 ATP Tour|1993]]!!SR!!W–L!!Win %
|-
|colspan=23 align=left|'''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournaments]]'''
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1979 Australian Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1983 Australian Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1984 Australian Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1987 Australian Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1988 Australian Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1989 Australian Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1990 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1991 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|A
|A
!0 / 8
!9–8
!{{tennis win percentage|won=9|lost=8|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1979 French Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1981 French Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1982 French Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1983 French Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1984 French Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1986 French Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1988 French Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1990 French Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[1993 French Open – Men's Singles Qualifying|Q1]]
!0 / 8
!3–8
!{{tennis win percentage|won=3|lost=8|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[1978 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Qualifying|Q3]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1979 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1980 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|3R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1982 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1983 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1984 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1985 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1986 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1987 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1988 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1989 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1990 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[1993 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Qualifying|Q1]]
!0 / 11
!15–11
!{{tennis win percentage|won=15|lost=11|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1979 US Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1980 US Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1981 US Open – Men's Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1982 US Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1983 US Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1984 US Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1985 US Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1986 US Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1987 US Open – Men's Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1988 US Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1989 US Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1990 US Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1991 US Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[1992 US Open – Men's Singles Qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[1993 US Open – Men's Singles Qualifying|Q3]]
!0 / 13
!14–13
!{{tennis win percentage|won=14|lost=13|integer=yes}}
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–loss
!0–0
!2–4
!3–2
!4–2
!4–3
!1–4
!4–4
!2–2
!6–3
!6–3
!4–4
!2–3
!2–4
!1–2
!0–0
!0–0
!0 / 40
!41–40
!{{tennis win percentage|won=41|lost=40|integer=yes}}
|-
|colspan=23 align=left|'''[[ATP Masters Series]]'''
|-
|align=left|[[Indian Wells Masters|Indian Wells]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1987 Pilot Pen Classic – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1988 Newsweek Champions Cup – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1989 Newsweek Champions Cup – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1990 Newsweek Champions Cup – Singles|1R]]
|A
|A
|A
!0 / 4
!0–4
!{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=4|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Miami Masters|Miami]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1987 Lipton International Players Championships – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1988 Lipton International Players Championships – Men's Singles|4R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1989 Lipton International Players Championships – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1990 Lipton International Players Championships – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1991 Lipton International Players Championships – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1992 Lipton International Players Championships – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1993 Lipton Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
!0 / 7
!10–7
!{{tennis win percentage|won=10|lost=7|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Monte-Carlo Masters|Monte Carlo]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1982 Monte Carlo Open – Singles|1R]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
!0 / 1
!0–1
!{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=1|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Hamburg European Open|Hamburg]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1981 German Open Championships|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1982 German Open Championships – Singles|1R]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
!0 / 2
!0–2
!{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=2|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Italian Open (tennis)|Rome]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1981 Italian Open (tennis)|1R]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1984 Italian Open (tennis)|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1986 Italian Open (tennis)|2R]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
!0 / 3
!1–3
!{{tennis win percentage|won=1|lost=3|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Canada]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1981 Player's Canadian Open – Men's singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1982 Player's Canadian Open – Men's singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1983 Player's Canadian Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1985 Player's Canadian Open – Men's singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1986 Player's Canadian Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1987 Player's Canadian Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1988 Player's Canadian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1990 Canadian Open – Men's singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1991 Canadian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[1992 Canadian Open – Men's singles|Q2]]
|A
!0 / 9
!13–9
!{{tennis win percentage|won=13|lost=9|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Cincinnati Masters|Cincinnati]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1981 ATP Championships|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1982 ATP Championships|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1983 ATP Championships|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1984 ATP Championship – Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1985 Cincinnati Open – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1986 Cincinnati Open|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1987 Cincinnati Open|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1988 Cincinnati Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1989 Cincinnati Open – Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1990 Thriftway ATP Championships – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1991 Thriftway ATP Championships – Singles|1R]]
|A
|A
!0 / 11
!8–11
!{{tennis win percentage|won=8|lost=11|integer=yes}}
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–loss
!0–0
!0–0
!0–0
!4–4
!3–4
!1–2
!2–2
!3–2
!2–3
!3–4
!4–4
!4–3
!3–4
!1–3
!1–1
!1–1
!0 / 37
!32–37
!{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=37|integer=yes}}
|}

==Career highlights==
*1979 – [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] and French Open junior singles champion.
*1981 – Reached the quarterfinals of the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]].
*1981 – Won his first ATP singles title in [[Manila]].
*1986 – Reached the quarterfinals of [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]].
*1986 – Won the [[Japan Open (tennis)|Japan Open]].
*1987 – Reached the quarterfinals of [[1987 South Australian Open]] and [[1987 Heineken Open]] in back to back weeks in January.
*1987 – Reached the quarterfinals of the US Open.
*1987 – Member of the Indian team which reached the final of the [[Davis Cup]]. (Krishnan won the decisive singles rubber against Australia in the semifinals. India went on to lose to Sweden in the final.)
*1988 – Won the Wellington Open; runner-up in the [[ATP Auckland Open]], [[Bristol Open]] and Rye Brook (New York) Open.
*1989 – Defeated the then world No. 1, [[Mats Wilander]], in the second round of the Australian Open.
*1989 – Won the Auckland Open, reached the quarterfinals of the [[OTB Open|Schenectady Open]] and Washington DC Open in back to back weeks in July. He reached the quarterfinals of the [[1989 Livingston Open]].
*1990 – Won the Schenectady Open and reached the semifinals of the [[1990 Heineken Open]].
*1991 – Reached the quarterfinals of the Wellington Open.
*1992 – Reached the semifinals of the Singapore Open.
*1992 – Reached the quarterfinals of the men's doubles competition at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]] in Barcelona with [[Leander Paes]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ATP}}
* {{ITF}}
* {{Davis Cup player}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{French Open boys' singles champions}}
{{Wimbledon boys' singles champions}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, Ramesh}}
[[Category:French Open junior champions]]
[[Category:Indian male tennis players]]
[[Category:Olympic tennis players for India]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 1992 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Wimbledon junior champions]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian tennis coaches]]
[[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles]]

Bharali river

2025-12-03T16:42:07Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Started biography

{{short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Bharali River
| native_name =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =
| nickname =

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =

| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_map_alt =

| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sonitpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tezpur]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length =
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = Arunachal Hills
| source1_location = [[Arunachal]]
| source1_coordinates =
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Brahmaputra River]]
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression = Bharali – [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]]
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| basin_landmarks =
| basin_population =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| waterbodies =
| waterfalls =
| bridges =
| ports =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The Bharali or Jia Bharali<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jia Bharali River: Latest News & Videos, Photos about Jia Bharali River {{!}} The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Jia-Bharali-River|access-date=2020-09-20|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> (also known as [[Kameng River|Kameng]]) is a tributary of the [[Brahmaputra River]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. The Bharali river originates in the hills of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and flows through the heart of [[Tezpur]] before its confluence with the Brahmaputra river.

==Etymology==
The name ''Bharali'' or ''Bharalu'' originate from [[Boro people|Boro]] goddess name – ''Bhollobri''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bishnu Rabha|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.451480|title=Bishnu Rabha Rachanavali Vol. 1|date=1982}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Assam}}

[[Category:Rivers of Assam]]

{{India-river-stub}}

Federation Hall, Kolkata

2025-11-27T22:42:16Z

JeffryAlfaro75: started some article more to come

{{Short description|Nationalist organization of India}}
[[File:The historical Federation Hall and library at APC road in Kolkata 21.jpg|thumb|Federation Hall at APC road in Kolkata]]
'''Federation Hall''' is a historical heritage building and nationalist institution of [[British India]], situated at [[APC Road]] in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal. The Federation Hall society was founded in 1905. [[Sister Nivedita]] proposed the name of the hall as ''Milan Mandir''.<ref name="toi8Oct2022" />

==History==
[[File:The historical Federation Hall and library at APC road in Kolkata 19.jpg|left|thumb|The anniversary plaque of Federation Hall]]
While [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] proposed the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1905, [[Bengalis|Bengali]] nationalist figures like [[Surendranath Banerjee|Surendra Nath Banerjee]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], [[Taraknath Palit]], and [[Anandamohan Bose|Ananda Mohan Bose]] formed this educational, cultural, and socio-political organisation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Kunal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&dq=federation+hall+kolkata&pg=PA77 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Shubhra |date=2013-08-22 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5 |language=en}}</ref> It was founded on 16 October 1905 in Kolkata on [[Raksha Bandhan]] ceremony.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laxmi |first=Jina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1VmEAAAQBAJ&dq=federation+hall+kolkata&pg=PA180 |title=SELF-HELP TO I.C.S.E. HISTORY & CIVICS 10 (FOR 2022-23 EXAMINATIONS) |publisher=Ravinder Singh and sons |language=en}}</ref> The anti-partition movement was vastly organised by the society all over Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Vipu |last2=Dhillon |first2=Jasmine |last3=Shanmugavel |first3=Gita |last4=Basu |first4=Sucharita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ0npHsht_MC&dq=federation+hall+kolkata&pg=PA52 |title=History And Civics |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-6318-6 |language=en}}</ref> [[Prafulla Chandra Ray|Acharya P.C. Ray]], [[Rash Behari Ghosh|Rashbehari Ghosh]], [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], [[Manindra Chandra Nandy|Manindra Chandra Nandi]], Sir [[Gooroodas Banerjee]], [[Bhupendra Nath Bose|Bhupendra Nath Basu]], [[Ashwini Kumar Dutta]], [[Krishna Kumar Mitra]], [[Brahmabandhav Upadhyay]], [[Khwaja Atiqullah]] of [[Dhaka|Dacca]], [[Abdul Halim Ghaznavi|Abdul Halim Gaznavi]], and [[Nilratan Sircar]] were also associated with the philanthropist society.<ref name="toi8Oct2022">{{Cite news |title=West Bengal: Heritage plaque for Banga Bhanga protest library |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/heritage-plaque-for-banga-bhanga-protest-library/articleshow/94716044.cms |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Times of India |date=8 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://thefederationhall.org/history#dots |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=thefederationhall.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Federation Hall, Kolkata}}

[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:1905 establishments in India]]

Sabha Singh

2025-11-13T21:39:31Z

JeffryAlfaro75: Stub

{{short description|Raja of Panna from 1739 to 1752}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]]
| reign = 6 February 1739 – {{Nowrap|28 May 1752}}
| predecessor = [[Harde Sah]]
| successor = [[Aman Singh Ju Deo|Aman Singh]]
| father = [[Harde Sah]]
| house = [[Panna State|Panna]]
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]
| death_date = 28 May 1752
| issue = {{unbulleted list|[[Aman Singh Ju Deo|Aman Singh]]|[[Hindupat Singh]]|Khet Singh}}
}}

'''Sabha Singh''' (died 28 May 1752), also known as '''Sobhag Singh''', was the [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]] from 1739 until his death in 1752.

==Biography==
Being the eldest of his father’s nine sons, Sabha Singh succeeded his father, [[Harde Sah]], as the [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]] upon his death on 6 February 1739.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Bhagavānadāsa |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Ma/p2YeAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of the Rise and Fall of the Marathas in Bundelkhand, 1731-1804: Based on Original Sources |date=1987 |publisher=Neha Prakashan |pages=64,95 |language=en}}</ref> During his reign, the diamond mines of [[Panna State|Panna]] were exploited for the first time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1/ |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=140}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ruling_Chiefs_Nobles_Zamindars_of_In/PeeRRf0EhnIC |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles & Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=305 |language=en}}</ref> During his time, the state of [[Panna State|Panna]] was severely weakened by war.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.03014/11783.E33004_Imperial_Coronation_Durbar_1911%252C_Vol-I/ |title=Imperial coronation durbar 1911 |date=1911 |publisher=The Imperial Publishing, Lahore |pages=146}}</ref> This led to significant territorial losses as many powerful nobles established independent chieftainships within its borders.<ref name=":2" />

He died on 28 May 1752.<ref name=":0" /> His cenotaph stands in the village of Senia, [[Chhatarpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=Central |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Central_India_State_Gazetteer_Series/W_8bAQAAIAAJ |title=The Central India State Gazetteer Series |date=1907 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |pages=173 |language=en}}</ref> He left behind three sons: [[Aman Singh Ju Deo|Aman Singh]], [[Hindupat Singh]], and Khet Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Who_s_who_in_India_Containing_Lives_and/YbssAQAAMAAJ |title=Who's who in India, Containing Lives and Portraits of Ruling Chiefs, Notables, Titled Personages, and Other Eminent Indians |date=1911 |publisher=Newul Kishore Press |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref> Since Sabha loved [[Aman Singh Ju Deo|Aman]] the most among his sons and considered him the most competent, he decreed during his lifetime that Aman should succeed him on the throne.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Andhare |first=B. R. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bundelkhand_Under_the_Marathas_1720_1818/qWYeAAAAMAAJ |title=Bundelkhand Under the Marathas, 1720-1818 A.D.: A Study of Maratha-Bundela Relations |date=1984 |publisher=Vishwa Bharati Prakashan |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref> Accordingly, [[Aman Singh Ju Deo|Aman]] became the [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]] after his death.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1739 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajas of Panna]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]