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Islamic veiling practices by country

2026-06-01T04:28:57Z

JeffreyChallis6: creating data!

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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2022}}
[[File:Hijab_Niqab_Muslim_Veil.jpg|thumb|Two mannequins; one to the left wearing a [[hijab]] on the head and one to the right veiled in the style of a [[niqab]]]]
Various styles of head coverings, most notably the [[khimar]], [[hijab]], [[chador]], [[niqab]], [[paranja]], [[yashmak]], [[tudong]], [[shayla]], [[safseri]], [[çarşaf]], [[Haik (garment)|haik]], [[dupatta]], [[boshiya]] and [[burqa]], are worn by Muslim women around the world, where the practice varies from mandatory to optional or restricted in different majority Muslim and non-Muslim countries.

Historically, wearing of hijab of some sort has been legally or socially mandatory for free Muslim women in most Islamic countries, while slave women had a different awrah and were therefore not required to veil.
During the modernist era of the first half and mid 20th century, women's choice of clothing and unveiling came to be accepted in many parts of the Muslim world, at least for women of the middle and upper classes. This was a development that was supported by the modernist women's movement, but was very controversial.
During the [[Islamic revival]] in the Muslim world after the 1970s, the wearing of Islamic head covering again became popular in the Muslim world. In parallel, unveiling became controversial.
Wearing the [[hijab]] is mandatory in conservative countries such as the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]] and the [[Taliban|Taliban-led]] [[Afghanistan|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]]. [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] school officials have also voted to require young girls to wear hijab,<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/10/gaza-schools-impose-hijab-students-dismay |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013171059/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/10/gaza-schools-impose-hijab-students-dismay |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |title=Gaza schools impose hijab to students' dismay |newspaper=[[Al-Monitor]] |last=Mahmoud |first=Amany |date=October 6, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> though the [[Palestinian Authority]] (in 1990) considered the hijab optional.<ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://merip.org/1990/05/women-the-hijab-and-the-intifada/|title=Women, the Hijab and the Intifada|date=4 May 1990|access-date=26 January 2023|archive-date=16 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616022812/https://merip.org/1990/05/women-the-hijab-and-the-intifada/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The hijab is traditionally associated with Islamic principles of [[Haya (Islam)|modesty]], privacy, and spiritual awareness.<ref>{{cite news |title=What's the difference between a hijab, niqab and burka? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/24118241 |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=7 August 2018 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430075043/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/24118241 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wiki.lessonislam.org">{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Ashraf |title=Understanding the Hijab: A Journey into Cultural Identity and Faith |url=https://wiki.lessonislam.org/understanding-the-hijab-a-journey-into-cultural-identity-and-faith/ |website=Lesson Islam |date=9 June 2025 |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Importance of Hijab in Islam: Clarifying Misconceptions and Addressing Common Questions |url=https://fiqh.islamonline.net/en/the-importance-of-hijab-inislammisconceptions/ |website=IslamOnline |date=12 September 2006 |access-date=23 August 2025 |archive-date=14 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714181932/https://fiqh.islamonline.net/en/the-importance-of-hijab-inislammisconceptions/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The significance of hijab |url=https://islamweb.net/en/article/135455/the-significance-of-hijab |website=islamweb.net |access-date=23 August 2025 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918153311/https://www.islamweb.net/en/article/135455/the-significance-of-hijab |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to its religious significance, it has also become a marker of cultural identity and, in some contexts, a form of personal or fashion expression.<ref name="saharareporters.com">{{cite news |last1=James |first1=Bankole Taiwo |title=The Wearing Of Hijab: Significance, Symbolism, Challenges And Way Forward For Nigerian Muslim Women |url=https://saharareporters.com/2024/08/25/wearing-hijab-significance-symbolism-challenges-and-way-forward-nigerian-muslim-women |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=18 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118055113/https://saharareporters.com/2024/08/25/wearing-hijab-significance-symbolism-challenges-and-way-forward-nigerian-muslim-women |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wiki.lessonislam.org"/> Surah An-Nur (24:31) in the Qur'an states: "And tell the believing women to lower their gaze and guard their private parts and not expose their adornment except that which [necessarily] appears thereof and to wrap [a portion of] their head covers over their chests and not expose their adornment...".<ref name="saharareporters.com"/> Surah Al-Ahzab (33:59) in the Qur'an further instructs: "O Prophet, tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers to bring down over themselves [part] of their outer garments. That is more suitable that they will be known and not be abused."<ref>{{cite news |title=The hijab, a Muslim woman's identity |url=https://dailytrust.com/the-hijab-a-muslim-womans-identity/ |work=Daily Trust |date=18 February 2022 |access-date=23 August 2025 |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211190139/https://dailytrust.com/the-hijab-a-muslim-womans-identity/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In some Muslim majority countries (like [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]])<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hawkins|first=Simon|date=2011|title=Who Wears Hijab with the President: Constructing a Modern Islam in Tunisia|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41306029|journal=[[Journal of Religion in Africa]]|publication-place=[[Franklin and Marshall College]]|volume=41|issue=1|pages=35–58|doi=10.1163/157006611X556629|jstor=41306029|issn=0022-4200|url-access=subscription|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225195256/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41306029|url-status=live}}</ref> there have been complaints of restriction or discrimination against women who wear the hijab, which can be seen as a sign of [[Islamism]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashirov|first=Galib|date=2020|title=The Politics of the Hijab in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan|url=https://www.academia.edu/41722237|journal=[[Nationalities Papers]]|publication-place=[[Deakin University]]|volume=48|issue=2|pages=357–372|doi=10.1017/nps.2018.81|s2cid=212928375|issn=0090-5992|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225195256/https://www.academia.edu/41722237|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nate Schenkkan|date=2011|title=Kyrgyzstan: Hijab Controversy Charges Debate over Islam's Role in Society|url=https://eurasianet.org/kyrgyzstan-hijab-controversy-charges-debate-over-islams-role-in-society|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[Eurasianet]]|language=en}}</ref> Several [[Islam by country|Muslim-majority countries]] have banned the ''burqa'' and ''hijab'' in public schools and universities or government buildings, including Tunisia (since 1981,<ref name="tunisiahijab" /> partially lifted in 2011), [[Turkey]] (gradually lifted),<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2008/06/200861502253559528.html Turkey headscarf ruling condemned] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605113852/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2008/06/200861502253559528.html |date=5 June 2011 }} Al Jazeera English (7 June 2008). Retrieved in February 2009.</ref><ref name="news24.com" /> [[Kosovo]] (since 2009),<ref name="Kosovo">{{Cite news |date=2010-08-24 |title=Headscarf ban sparks debate over Kosovo's identity |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11065911 |access-date=2025-12-21 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Azerbaijan]] (since 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/12/azerbaijianiran-hijab-ban-school-girls-iran-cleric-fatwa-ideology-islam-war.html|title=AZERBAIJAN: Feud over ban on Islamic head scarves fuels fears of Iranian meddling|date=30 December 2010|access-date=22 July 2016|archive-date=12 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612020300/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/12/azerbaijianiran-hijab-ban-school-girls-iran-cleric-fatwa-ideology-islam-war.html|url-status=live}}</ref>), [[Kazakhstan]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-08 |title=Hijabs in Schools of Kazakhstan: To Allow or Not? |url=https://cabar.asia/en/hijabs-in-schools-of-kazakhstan-to-allow-or-not |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=CABAR.asia |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225195257/https://cabar.asia/en/hijabs-in-schools-of-kazakhstan-to-allow-or-not |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Kyrgyzstan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2009 |title=Kyrgyzstan Bans Head Scarves From Schools |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/Kyrgyzstan_Bans_Head_Scarves_From_Schools/1503459.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226192519/https://www.rferl.org/a/Kyrgyzstan_Bans_Head_Scarves_From_Schools/1503459.html |archive-date=26 December 2024 |access-date=2023-08-24 |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en |agency=Reuters}}</ref> Muslim-majority [[Tajikistan]] banned the hijab completely on 20 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-24 |title=Why did Muslim-majority Tajikistan ban the hijab? |url=https://www.euronews.com/2024/06/24/why-did-muslim-majority-tajikistan-ban-the-hijab |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225195256/https://www.euronews.com/2024/06/24/why-did-muslim-majority-tajikistan-ban-the-hijab |url-status=live }}</ref>

In several countries in [[Europe]], the wearing of hijabs has led to political controversies and proposals for a legal ban. Laws have been passed in [[France]] and [[Belgium]] to ban face-covering clothing, popularly described as the "[[burqa]] [[burqa by country|ban]]", although applies not merely to the Afghani ''burqa'', but to all face coverings ranging from the niqab to bodysuits, and does not apply to ''hijab'' which do not conceal the face.

Legal restrictions on the [[burqa]] and [[niqab]] are more widespread than restrictions on hijab. There are currently 18 states that have banned the burqa, including [[Tunisia]],<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-tunisia-niqab-security-idUKKCN1U01CH |title= Tunisian PM bans wearing of niqab in public institutions |date= 5 July 2019 |access-date= 5 July 2019 |newspaper= Reuters |archive-date= 2 October 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231002164916/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-tunisia-niqab-security-idUKKCN1U01CH |url-status= live }}</ref> [[Austria]], [[Denmark]], France, Belgium,<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=September 2020|title=Unveiling: Malaysian activist fights for hijab freedom|work=[[Bangkok Post]], [[Agence France Presse]]|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1989067/unveiling-malaysian-activist-fights-for-hijab-freedom|archive-date=26 December 2024|access-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226112613/https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1989067/unveiling-malaysian-activist-fights-for-hijab-freedom|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tajikistan]], [[Bulgaria]],<ref name="auto7">[https://www.smh.com.au/world/bulgaria-the-latest-european-country-to-ban-the-burqa-and-niqab-in-public-places-20160930-grss9q.html Bulgaria the latest European country to ban the burqa and niqab in public places] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019170440/http://www.smh.com.au/world/bulgaria-the-latest-european-country-to-ban-the-burqa-and-niqab-in-public-places-20160930-grss9q.html |date=19 October 2017 }}, Smh.com.au: accessed 5 December 2016.</ref> [[Cameroon]], [[Chad]], [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Gabon]], [[Netherlands]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Halasz |last2=McKenzie |first1=Stephanie |first2=Sheena |title=The Netherlands introduces burqa ban in some public spaces |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/27/europe/netherlands-partial-burqa-ban-intl/index.html |access-date=9 August 2018 |agency=CNN |issue=27 June 2018 |work=CNN |date=27 June 2018 |archive-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809064152/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/27/europe/netherlands-partial-burqa-ban-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[China]] (in [[Xinjiang]] [[Regions of China|Region]]),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |title=China bans burqa in capital of Muslim region of Xinjiang |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/11342070/China-bans-burqa-in-capital-of-Muslim-region-of-Xinjiang.html |access-date=9 August 2018 |agency=The Telegraph |issue=13 January 2015 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=13 January 2015 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411123148/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/11342070/China-bans-burqa-in-capital-of-Muslim-region-of-Xinjiang.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Morocco]], [[Sri Lanka]],<ref>{{cite web|date=March 13, 2021|title=Sri Lanka to ban burqas, close over 1,000 Islamic schools|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/sri-lanka-ban-burqas-close-1000-islamic-schools-76435802|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]], [[Associated Press]]|language=en|access-date=19 September 2021|archive-date=17 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317015812/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/sri-lanka-ban-burqas-close-1000-islamic-schools-76435802|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Switzerland]], [[Portugal]] and [[Italy]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/new-italian-bill-targets-islamic-face-coverings-religious-funding-2025-10-08/ Reutrrs: New Italian bill targets Islamic face coverings and religious funding], 8 October 2025</ref> Similar legislation or more stringent restrictions are being discussed in other nations. Some of them apply only to face-covering clothing such as the ''burqa'', ''[[Boshiya|boushiya]]'', or ''niqāb'', while other legislation pertains to any clothing with an Islamic [[Religious symbol|religious symbolism]] such as the ''[[Hijab|khimar]]''. Some countries already have [[Anti-mask law|laws banning the wearing of masks]] in public, which can be applied to veils that conceal the face. The issue has different names in different countries, and "the veil" or ''hijab'' may be used as general terms for the debate, representing more than just the [[veil]] itself, or the concept of modesty embodied in ''hijab''.

==Africa==

=== Algeria ===
[[File:L'Algérie en guerre contre la fraude au Bac.jpg|thumb|221x221px|Three female Algerian students studying, two wearing head coverings]]During the [[Algerian War]] of 1954–1962, it came to be seen as legitimate for Algerian women to break seclusion and participate unveiled in society, when women participated actively in the struggle for national independence.<ref>Valentine Moghadam: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MYCVkaM1alQC&dq=women%27s+organisation+algeria+AFMA&pg=PA45 Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies]''</ref>

In 2018, the government passed a law banning the wearing of full face-veils for female public servants while at work.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/10/255703/algeria-burqas-niqabs-women/|title = Algeria Outlaws Burqas, Niqabs for Women at Work|date = 19 October 2018|access-date = 25 October 2018|archive-date = 26 December 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241226125242/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/10/255703/algeria-burqas-niqabs-women|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ewn.co.za/2018/10/19/algerian-bans-female-public-servants-from-wearing-full-face-veils | title=Algerian bans female public servants from wearing full-face veils | last1=Cornish | first1=Jean-Jacques | access-date=25 October 2018 | archive-date=2 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002170923/https://ewn.co.za/2018/10/19/algerian-bans-female-public-servants-from-wearing-full-face-veils | url-status=live }}</ref> The prime minister at the time, [[Ahmed Ouyahia]], pushed the ban because of his belief that women should be identifiable in the workspace.<ref>{{citation |title=Prime Minister Trudeau should not Rely on the Courts to Uphold his Promises to Indigenous Peoples |doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9211-2016179|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}</ref>

===Cameroon===
On 12 July 2015, two women dressed in religious garments [[Suicide attack|detonated suicide bombs]] in [[Fotokol]], killing 13 people. Following the attacks, since 16 July, [[Cameroon]] banned the wearing of full-face veils, including the ''burqa'', in the [[Far North Region (Cameroon)|Far North region]]. Governor Midjiyawa Bakari of the mainly Muslim region said the measure was to prevent further attacks in this Christian majority country.<ref name="cameroonban" >[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33553041 Cameroon bans Islamic face veil after suicide bombings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017204853/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33553041 |date=17 October 2015 }}, 16 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref>

=== Chad ===
Following a double suicide bombing on 15 June 2015 which killed 33 people in [[N'Djamena]], the Chadian government announced on 17 June 2015 the banning of the wearing of the ''burqa'' in its territory for security reasons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-blast-idUSKBN0OX2L720150617|title=Chad arrests five and bans burqa after suicide bombings|date=17 June 2016|newspaper=Reuters|archive-date=2 October 2023|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002164808/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-blast-idUSKBN0OX2L720150617|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2015 prime minister, Kalzeube Pahimi Deubet, called the burqa "camouflage".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33166220|title=Chad bans face veil after bombings|date=17 June 2015|access-date=10 November 2019|language=en-GB|archive-date=26 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226083423/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33166220|url-status=live}}</ref> Women who violate this ban are subject to jail time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/burka-bans-the-countries-where-muslim-women-cant-wear-veils/|title=Burka bans: The countries where Muslim women can't wear veils|last=Sanghani|first=Radhika|date=8 July 2016|work=The Telegraph|access-date=10 November 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311004844/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/burka-bans-the-countries-where-muslim-women-cant-wear-veils/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Republic of the Congo===
The full-face veil was banned in May 2015 in public places in [[Congo-Brazzaville]] to "counter terrorism", although Muslims make up only a small minority in Congo.<ref name="cameroonban" />

===Egypt===
[[File:Gamal Abdel Nasser on the Muslim Brotherhood (subtitled).webm|thumb|left|alt=Gamal Abdel Nasser laughing at the Muslim Brotherhood for suggesting in 1953 that women should be required to wear the hijab.|Gamal Abdel Nasser laughing at the Muslim Brotherhood for suggesting in 1953 that women should be required to wear the hijab]]
The hijab became less popular among educated religious women in the early 20th century when it was frowned upon politically and they sought positions of power.<ref name=ODonnellHarvard>{{cite web|last=O'Donnell|first=Erin|url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2011/09/the-veils-revival|title=The Veil's Revival|work=[[Harvard Magazine]]|date=September–October 2011|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404085258/https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2011/09/the-veils-revival|url-status=live}}</ref> After returning from the [[International Woman Suffrage Alliance]] Congress in [[Rome]] in 1923, the feminist [[Huda Sha'arawi]] removed her [[veil]] and mantle, a signal event in the history of Egyptian feminism. Women who came to greet her were shocked at first, then broke into applause and some of them removed their veils and mantles.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rkR3EAAAQBAJ&dq=Huda+Sha%27arawi+applause&pg=PA5 On This Day She: Putting Women Back Into History One Day at a Time]'', p. 5</ref><ref>Kristen Golden, Barbara Findlen: Remarkable Women of the Twentieth Century: 100 Portraits of Achievement.Friedman/Fairfax Publishers, 1998</ref><ref>R. Brian Stanfield: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kcZHDwAAQBAJ&dq=huda+sha%27arawi+applause&pg=PA151 The Courage to Lead: Transform Self, Transform Society]'', p. 151</ref><ref>Emily S. Rosenberg, Jürgen Osterhammel: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oct31Z9f-HUC&dq=huda+sha%27arawi+applause&pg=PA879 A World Connecting: 1870–1945]'', p. 879</ref><ref>Anne Commire, Deborah Klezmer: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RT0OAQAAMAAJ&q=huda+sha%27arawi+applause Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia]'', p. 577</ref><ref>Ruth Ashby, Deborah Gore Ohrn: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=auztAAAAMAAJ&q=huda+sha%27arawi+applause Herstory: Women who Changed the World ]'', p. 184</ref>
Her decision to remove her veil and mantle was part of a greater emancipation movement of women, and was influenced by French-born Egyptian feminist named [[Eugénie Le Brun]],<ref name="Shaʻrāwī1987">{{cite book|author=Hudá Shaʻrāwī|title=Harem Years: The Memoirs of an Egyptian Feminist (1879–1924)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s9Nl0Lw3j78C|year=1987|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=978-0-935312-70-6}}</ref> though it contrasted with the feminist [[Malak Hifni Nasif]].

In 1953, Egyptian leader President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] was told by the leader of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] that they wanted to enforce the wearing of the hijab, to which Nasser responded: "Sir, I know you have a daughter in college—and she doesn't wear a headscarf or anything! Why don't you make her wear the headscarf? So you can't make one girl, your own daughter, wear it, and yet you want me to go and make ten million women wear it?".

The veil gradually disappeared in the following decades, so much so that by 1958 an article by the [[United Press International|United Press]] (UP) stated that "the veil is unknown here."<ref>{{Cite journal |author=United Press Service (UP) |date=26 January 1958 |title=Egypt's Women Foil Attempt to Restrict |journal=[[Sarasota Herald-Tribune]] |issue=114 |page=28 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19580126&id=8AodAAAAIBAJ&pg=3454,4406325 |access-date=10 February 2010 |author-link=United Press International |archive-date=11 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211071538/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19580126&id=8AodAAAAIBAJ&pg=3454,4406325 |url-status=live }}</ref> However video footage from the period shows the hijab was still very common.<ref>{{cite web |author1-link=Kinolibrary |title=1960s Cairo Driving POVs, Egypt, HD from 35mm |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YuMGnJewb0c |website=YouTube |language=en |type=Video |date=March 16, 2020 |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002165149/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YuMGnJewb0c |url-status=live }}</ref>

The veil returned after the Iranian Revolution of 1979, concomitant with the global [[Islamic revival|Muslim revival]]. According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', {{As of|2007|lc=y}}, about 90 percent of Egyptian women currently wear a headscarf.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a New Battle Begins Over the Veil |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=10 February 2010 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503150409/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Women chose to adopt the veil in the post-1970s period despite relatives who were against it.<ref name=ODonnellHarvard/> In 2018, Ola Salem, writing in the ''[[Washington Post]]'', described widespread veiling of women as "a relatively new phenomenon."<ref>{{cite web|last=Salem|first=Ola|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2018/08/17/what-westerners-get-wrong-about-the-hijab/|title=What Westerners get wrong about the hijab|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|place=[[Washington, DC]]|date=2018-08-17|access-date=2024-08-04|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208075731/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2018/08/17/what-westerners-get-wrong-about-the-hijab/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Small numbers of women wear the ''niqab''. The secular government does not encourage women to wear it, fearing it will present an Islamic extremist political opposition. In the country, it is negatively associated with [[Salafist]] political activism.<ref name="kuwait-times"/><ref name=hijabworld>{{cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/31/africa/ME_GEN_Mideast_Veil_Glance.php |title=A look at the wearing of veils, and disputes on the issue, across the Muslim world |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |access-date=31 October 2006 |archive-date=26 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226074807/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/31/africa/ME_GEN_Mideast_Veil_Glance.php |url-status=live }}</ref> There has been some restrictions on wearing the ''hijab'' by the government, which views ''hijab'' as a political symbol. In 2002, two presenters were excluded from a state run TV station for deciding to wear ''hijab'' on national television.<ref name=egypttv>Ranyah Sabry (17 April 2007) [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6565145.stm Egypt anchorwomen battle for hijab] BBC News (BBC). Retrieved on 13 February 2009.</ref> The [[American University in Cairo]], Cairo University and [[Helwan University]] attempted to forbid entry to ''niqab'' wearers in 2004 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/egypt/veil-war-breaks-out-on-egypt-university-campus-1.37235|title=Veil war breaks out on Egypt university campus|author=Ramadan Al Sherbini|date=22 October 2006|access-date=30 May 2010|archive-date=21 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221161312/http://gulfnews.com/news/region/egypt/veil-war-breaks-out-on-egypt-university-campus-1.37235|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamwomen.org/EngIw/NwsDetails.aspx?id=1205|title=The Islamic Network for Woman and Families|access-date=30 May 2010|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031194635/http://www.islamwomen.org/EngIw/NwsDetails.aspx?id=1205|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalvoices.org/2009/10/09/egypt-niqab-ban-stirs-controversy/|title=Egypt: Niqab Ban Stirs Controversy · Global Voices|date=9 October 2009|access-date=1 October 2016|archive-date=26 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226083423/https://globalvoices.org/2009/10/09/egypt-niqab-ban-stirs-controversy/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Flickr - DavidDennisPhotos.com - Worker at Papyrus Store in Cairo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Egyptians|Egyptian]] storekeeper in [[Cairo]] wearing a hijab]]
[[Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy]], [[Grand Imam of al-Azhar]], issued a ''fatwa'' in October 2009 arguing that veiling of the face is not required under Islam. He had reportedly asked a student to take off her ''niqab'' when he spotted her in a classroom, and he told her that the ''niqab'' is a cultural tradition without Islamic importance.<ref name="kuwait-times">{{Cite news|title=Fatwa stirs heated debate over face-veiling in Kuwait |date=9 October 2009 |access-date=9 October 2009 |url=http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTQwMTY5MzI5Mg== |work=[[Kuwait Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619060055/http://kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTQwMTY5MzI5Mg%3D%3D |archive-date=19 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Government bans on wearing the ''niqab'' on college campuses at the [[University of Cairo]] and during university exams in 2009 were overturned later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldfocus.org/blog/2009/10/08/how-you-see-it-egyptian-campus-bans-niqab/7680/|title=How You See It: Egyptian campus bans niqab – WORLDFOCUS|date=8 October 2009|access-date=27 January 2010|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404162153/https://worldfocus.org/blog/2009/10/08/how-you-see-it-egyptian-campus-bans-niqab/7680/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=2009101517002713|title=EGYPT: Controversial ban on niqab in dorms|website=University World News|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011012923/https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=2009101517002713|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2010/01/egypt-court-upholds-niqab-ban-for.php|title=Egypt court upholds niqab ban for university examinations|website=Pitt.edu|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=3 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203180450/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2010/01/egypt-court-upholds-niqab-ban-for.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/egypt/egypt-court-revokes-ban-on-niqab-at-exam-halls-1.571211|title=Egypt court revokes ban on niqab at exam halls|author=Ramadan Al Sherbini|date=20 January 2010|access-date=27 January 2010|archive-date=21 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221160435/http://gulfnews.com/news/region/egypt/egypt-court-revokes-ban-on-niqab-at-exam-halls-1.571211|url-status=live}}</ref> Minister [[Hany Mahfouz Helal]] met protests by some human rights and Islamist groups.

Many Egyptians in the elite are opposed to ''hijab''. In 2012, some businesses established bans on veils.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cairo's 'hijab-free' zones trigger cries of hypocrisy|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/worldview/cairos-hijab-free-zones-trigger-cries-of-hypocrisy/article621327/|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=2012-02-29|access-date=2025-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226083423/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/worldview/cairos-hijab-free-zones-trigger-cries-of-hypocrisy/article621327/|archive-date=2024-12-26|language=en-GB|last=Verma|first=Sonia|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In 2016 and 2017, the Government of Egypt and parliament made moves to ban the burqa with leading politicians arguing the full-face veil was neither an Islamic tradition nor required in the Koran.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Egypt's Parliament Drafting Law to 'Ban Niqab in Public Places'|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20160308-egypts-parliament-drafting-law-to-ban-niqab-in-public-places/|website=[[Middle East Monitor]]|date=2016-03-08|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>

In 2023, the Egyptian government mandated a full niqab ban in schools, requiring parental consent for wearing the hijab.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-east/article/2023/09/11/egypts-education-ministry-female-students-veil-schools|title=Egypt bans niqab in school (Arabic)|author=|date=20 September 2023|access-date=12 September 2023|archive-date=26 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226133302/https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-east/article/2023/09/11/egypts-education-ministry-female-students-veil-schools|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Gabon===
On 15 July 2015, [[Gabon]] announced a ban on full-face veils in public and places of work because of the attacks in Cameroon. Since Muslims are a minority in the country, there were no significant tensions.<ref name="cameroonban" />

=== Libya ===
[[File:Womens Wear (5282720403).jpg|left|thumb|A street vendor selling women's wear in [[Tripoli, Libya]]]]

In the 1950s, Nel Slis reported that most Libyan women wore headscarves in public, often the type of veiling known as ''barracan.'' The queen [[Fatimah el-Sharif]] was expected to live in seclusion and only appeared unveiled and dressed in modern clothing in the company of women or when she was abroad, though she had belonged to the small percentage that had appeared unveiled in public prior to becoming queen.<ref>Caroline Studdert: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=e-dvEAAAQBAJ&dq=queen+fatima+libya&pg=PA98 Hellcat of The Hague: The Nel Slis Story]'', p. 96–100</ref>

Central to the [[1969 Libyan revolution|Libyan revolution]] of 1969 was the empowerment of women and removal of inferior status.<ref name=LB>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_l87ixBRpKIC "Libya"], Peter Malcolm, Elizabeth Losleben. Marshall Cavendish, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7614-1702-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7614-1702-6}}. pp. 73, 76, 78</ref> In the 1970s, female emancipation was in large measure a matter of age. One observer generalized that city women under the age of thirty-five had discarded the traditional veil and were quite likely to wear Western-style clothing.<ref name=L /> Those between the ages of thirty-five and forty-five were increasingly ready to consider such a change, but women over the age of forty-five appeared reluctant to give up the protection which they perceived their [[veils]] and customary dress to afford. A decade later, veiling was uncommon among urban women of the 1980s.<ref name=L>[[Helen Chapin Metz]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=aRNVYtHo63IC "Libya"]. Kessinger Publishing, 2004. {{ISBN|1-4191-3012-9}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4191-3012-0}}. p. 111-115</ref> This changed in the 2000s, when the Libyan dictator [[Muammar Gaddafi|Muammar Gadaffi]] gave up [[Nasserism]] for a [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] [[Pan-Africanism|pan-Africanist]] ideology, and the veiling of women gradually started becoming the norm again. As of 2023, it is quite rare for Libyan women to not wear the headscarf.

===Morocco===
[[File:In Morocco have lot of women head scarves and veils.jpg|thumb|A group of Moroccan women wearing headscarves and veils]]

Prior to and for the first few decades of the French occupation, the majority of urban Moroccan veiled, utilising the ''ḥāyīk'' or ''milḥāfa'', a large rectangular wrap, usually white or black, which covered the whole body and the head, and could also be utilized to veil the face, with the exception of one or two eyes, however a rectangular (or triangular in the northern Andalusian towns), white face veil, sometimes with embroidery at the edges, known as the ''lithām'' or ''ngāb'' depending on the region, was also used''.'' In rural, primarily Amazigh tribal regions, women mostly didn't veil their faces''.'' <ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Besancenot |first=Jean |url=http://archive.org/details/costumesofmorocc0000besa |title=Costumes of Morocco |date=1990 |publisher=London; New York : Kegan Paul International; New York : Distributed by Routledge, Chapman and Hall |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7103-0359-2}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Smirna Si |url=http://archive.org/details/ArabDress.FromTheDawnOfIslamToModernTimesByYedidaKalfonStillman |title=Arab Dress. From the dawn of Islam to Modern times |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Budgett Meakin |url=http://archive.org/details/moorscomprehensi0000budg |title=The Moors: a comprehensive description |date=1902 |publisher=S. Sonnenschein & co., lim.The Macmillan company |others=Internet Archive}}</ref>

In the 1910s, women began wearing the ''jellāba'', a hooded robe, traditionally male, and using the hood to cover the hair, utilizing pins or a headband, and retaining the ''lithām''/''ngāb'' to veil the face, as a sign of national resistance from the French occupation and because it was far more convenient than the ''ḥāyīk'' as women began actively working outside the home. <ref name=":7" /><ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moroccan Jellaba {{!}} Woman fashion {{!}} Moroccan burnoose, Moroccan head covering, Ysl museum {{sic|mor|roco|hide=y}} |url=https://ca.pinterest.com/pin/moroccan-jellaba--38632509298086955/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Pinterest |language=en}}</ref>

In 1947, [[Princess Lalla Aicha of Morocco]] started to appear in public unveiled with the support of her father the King, who wished to send a signal that he supported the emancipation of women, and thus women gradually began to unveil.<ref>Ruth Margolies Beitler, Angelica R. Martinez: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=w5JxDwAAQBAJ&dq=women%27s+organisation+morocco+1956&pg=PA173 Women's Roles in the Middle East and North Africa]'', p. 173</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mernissi |first=Fatima |url=http://archive.org/details/dreamsoftrespass00mern_0 |title=Dreams of trespass : tales of a harem girlhood |last2=Ward |first2=Ruth V. |date=1995 |publisher=Addison Wesley Publishing Company |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-201-48937-8}}</ref>

In Morocco, the headscarf is neither enforced by law nor forbidden by law, and women are free to choose if they wish to wear one. The headscarf is more frequent in the northern regions, small to medium cities and rural regions. As it is not totally widespread, wearing a hijab is considered rather a religious decision. In 2005, a schoolbook for basic religious education was heavily criticized for picturing female children with headscarves, and later the picture of the little girl with the Islamic headscarf was removed from the school books.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5413808.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Africa – Morocco moves to drop headscarf|date=6 October 2006|archive-date=19 April 2014|access-date=7 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419213117/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5413808.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The headscarf is strongly and implicitly forbidden in Morocco's military and the police.

In January 2017, Morocco banned the manufacturing, marketing, and sale of the Afghan burqa;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/why-moroccos-burqa-ban-is-more-than-just-a-security-measure-72120|title=Why Morocco's burqa ban is more than just a security measure|first=Moha|last=Ennaji|website=TheConversation.com|date=31 January 2017|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803105240/http://theconversation.com/why-moroccos-burqa-ban-is-more-than-just-a-security-measure-72120|url-status=live}}</ref> however, this does not apply to other types of [[niqab]].<ref>{{cite web |author1-link=FRANCE 24 Arabic |title=المغرب يمنع بيع وتسويق "البرقع" الأفغاني |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKEkFp1kOtM |website=YouTube |language=ar |type=Video |date=February 7, 2017 |access-date=7 May 2023 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507222509/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKEkFp1kOtM&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Somalia ===
[[File:Somgirharcon2.jpg|left|thumb|Three Somali women at a community meeting wearing a range of head coverings]]
Under the Socialist [[Siad Barre]] regime (1969–1991), women were free to dress as they wished, and most urban women did not wear hijab; however, after the outbreak of the [[Somali Civil War]] in 1991, most women in [[Mogadishu]] started to wear hijab for the first time, and those who did not were harassed.<ref>Heather M. Ako: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0Eg-b6EQt-cC&dq=somalia+veil+hijab+barre&pg=PA89 The Politics of Dress in Somali Culture]'', p. 87-89</ref>

During regular, day-to-day activities, [[Somali people|Somali]] women usually wear the {{transliteration|ar|guntiino}}, a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. In more formal settings such as weddings or religious celebrations like [[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid]], women wear the {{transliteration|ar|dirac}}, which is a long, light, diaphanous [[voile]] dress made of cotton or [[polyester]] that is worn over a full-length [[Slip (clothing)|half-slip]] and a brassiere. Married women tend to sport head-scarves referred to as ''shash'', and also often cover their upper body with a [[shawl]] known as {{transliteration|ar|garbasaar}}. Unmarried or young women, however, wear hijab, and the {{transliteration|ar|jiilbab}} is also commonly worn.<ref name="Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi">Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, ''Culture and Customs of Somalia'', (Greenwood Press: 2001), p. 117-118.</ref>

===Nigeria===

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Zulfat_Suara_(1).jpg
| caption1 = Nigerian-American politician [[Zulfat Suara]] sporting the hijab alongside the traditional African headdress
| image2 = Association of muslim health students' Gombe state university chapter orientation program 20.jpg
| caption2 = Female Muslim students wearing burqa and niqab at a program at [[Gombe State University]].
| total_width = 250
}}
The adoption of the hijab in Nigeria has evolved significantly over the past few decades. According to Hauwa Mahdi, prior to the 1970s, Muslim women in [[Northern Region, Nigeria|northern Nigeria]] rarely wore hijab in its contemporary form. Instead, veiling was practised through indigenous garments such as the ''kallabi'' and ''gyale/mayafi'' ([[Hausa people|Hausa]]), or ''mandil'' and ''ləfaya'' ([[Kanuri people|Kanuri]]), which were often optional and tied to class, occasion, and personal choice rather than religious obligation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mahdi |first1=Hauwa |title=The Hijab in Nigeria: The Woman's Body and the Feminist Private/Public Discourse |journal=African Studies Centre Leiden Working Papers |date=2008 |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/Pdf/papermahdi.pdf |access-date=23 August 2025 |publisher=African Studies Centre Leiden, a reputable academic institution. |format=Scholarly paper with citations, theoretical framing, and original analysis. |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718033611/https://www.ascleiden.nl/pdf/papermahdi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The hijab controversy in Nigeria reflects a complex intersection of constitutional rights, religious identity, and institutional resistance. Despite a landmark [[Supreme Court of Nigeria|Supreme Court]] ruling affirming the right of Muslim girls to wear hijab in public schools, implementation remains uneven across states, with regions like [[Lagos State|Lagos]], [[Osun State|Osun]], [[Kwara State|Kwara]], [[Ogun State|Ogun]], and [[Oyo State|Oyo]] witnessing persistent legal and social disputes due to [[Communal conflicts in Nigeria|clashes]] between [[Islam in Nigeria|Muslims]] and [[Christianity in Nigeria|Christians]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nwigwe |first1=Chukwuemeka |title=The Supreme Court Ruling on the Hijab Crisis in Nigeria and the Dynamics of Tolerance |journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies |date=2025 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=188–201 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/15423166241304235 |access-date=23 August 2025 |publisher=SAGE Publications |doi=10.1177/15423166241304235 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Muslim women continue to face discrimination in schools, workplaces, and during biometric procedures, including the forceful removal of hijabs by law enforcement officers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslim groups demand end to hijab harassment |url=https://punchng.com/muslim-groups-demand-end-to-hijab-harassment/ |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=6 February 2024 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hijab Controversy: When discrimination, prejudice becloud human rights of Muslim women, girls |url=https://guardian.ng/features/hijab-controversy-when-discrimination-prejudice-becloud-human-rights-of-muslim-women-girls/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=23 August 2025 |date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430181601/https://guardian.ng/features/hijab-controversy-when-discrimination-prejudice-becloud-human-rights-of-muslim-women-girls/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Discrimination on account of hijab use must stop in Nigeria — Muslim women |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/discrimination-on-account-of-hijab-use-must-stop-in-nigeria-muslim-women/ |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=13 February 2024 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> Advocacy groups such as the Hijab Rights Advocacy Initiative and the Coalition of Muslim Women have called for policy reforms, training for public officials, and respect for religious expression in line with Section 38(1) of Nigeria's Constitution.

Before Amasa Firdaus Abdulsalam was denied call to the bar at the [[International Conference Centre]] on 12 December 2017 for wearing hijab, no one had ever been [[Call to the bar|called to bar]] in hijab in [[Nigeria]]. Firdaus argued that her exclusion violated her constitutional right to freedom of religion under Section 38, and the case sparked widespread debate online under the hashtag #JusticeforFirdaus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Al-Jazeera News |title=Nigerian law graduate denied call to bar over hijab |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/nigerian-law-graduate-denied-call-bar-hijab-171216084329791.html |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717054513/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/nigerian-law-graduate-denied-call-bar-hijab-171216084329791.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=BBC News |date=15 December 2017 |title=Nigerian law graduate denied call to bar for wearing hijab |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42371525 |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> Seven months later, the [[University of Ilorin]] graduate was called to bar in her hijab on 10 July 2018, following public pressure and institutional review.<ref>{{cite news |last1=BBC News |date=10 July 2018 |title=Amasa Firdaus: Hijab girl don finally do lawyers call to bar |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-44782929 |access-date=18 July 2018 |language=pcm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahara Reporters |title=Victory At Last! Firdaus Amasa Attends Call To Bar Ceremony In Hijab |url=http://saharareporters.com/2018/07/10/victory-last-firdaus-amasa-attends-call-bar-ceremony-hijab |location=New York City, United States|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718145004/http://saharareporters.com/2018/07/10/victory-last-firdaus-amasa-attends-call-bar-ceremony-hijab |archive-date=18 July 2018 |access-date=18 July 2018 |newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Abisola |first1=Olasupo |title=Amasa Firdaus called to bar in hijab |url=https://guardian.ng/news/amasa-firdaus-called-to-bar-in-hijab/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718144737/https://guardian.ng/news/amasa-firdaus-called-to-bar-in-hijab/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fikayo |first1=Olowolagba |title=Hijab controversy: Firdaus finally called to bar |url=http://dailypost.ng/2018/07/10/hijab-controversy-firdaus-finally-called-bar/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718145003/http://dailypost.ng/2018/07/10/hijab-controversy-firdaus-finally-called-bar/ |archive-date=18 July 2018 |access-date=18 July 2018 |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vanguard News |title='Nigeria Law school approved the use of hijab during call to bar' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/06/nigeria-law-school-approved-use-hijab-call-bar/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718150109/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/06/nigeria-law-school-approved-use-hijab-call-bar/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref>

The hijab is viewed not merely as cultural attire but as a religious obligation rooted in Qur’anic injunctions and symbolizing modesty, dignity, and spiritual devotion.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHY MUSLIM LADIES WEAR HIJAB |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/why-muslim-ladies-wear-hijab-2/ |website=City People Online |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=2 February 2024}}</ref> Public discourse has also highlighted the psychological toll of hijab-related discrimination, with documented cases of harassment, exclusion from exams, and denial of employment opportunities. Scholars argue that framing schools as secular spaces ignores Nigeria's religiously plural educational history, and propose interfaith dialogue as a pathway to resolving tensions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why the hijab controversy persists in Nigeria's public schools |url=https://theconversation.com/why-the-hijab-controversy-persists-in-nigerias-public-schools-187192 |website=The Conversation |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=15 August 2022 |author=Adeyemi Balogun}}</ref>

=== Sudan ===
[[File:Tea maker 2.jpg|thumb|172x172px|A Sudanese woman making tea]]

In 1983, sharia law was enacted in Sudan, and from 1989, women were forced to wear a hijab whenever they left their home.<ref>Amina Alrasheed Nayel: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6ln19FcDV7wC&dq=sudan+women+veil+1983&pg=PA5 Alternative Performativity of Muslimness: The Intersection]'', 2017, s. 89-90</ref>

Since 2019 the hijab is no longer mandatory and there no longer is a modesty law as Sudan has become a secular state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2019/11/29/sudan-abolishes-its-public-order-law-in-a-move-towards-women-empowerment/|title = Sudan Abolishes its Public Order Law in a Move Towards Women Empowerment | Egyptian Streets|date = 29 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/sudan-ends-30-years-of-islamic-law-by-separating-religion-state/articleshow/77976896.cms|title=Sudan Islamic Law News: Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state | World News – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 September 2020 }}</ref> Muslims without hijabs are common but Sudan still culturally follows very conservative values. While the hijab was not explicitly mandated by law, Sudanese women were required to dress modestly in public. Due to Sudan's vaguely worded Public Order law, there were no delineated parameters of what constitutes immodest dress. The law stated: "Whoever does in a public place an indecent act or an act contrary to public morals or wears an obscene outfit or contrary to public morals or causing an annoyance to public feelings shall be punished with flogging which may not exceed forty lashes or with fine or with both".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/09/18/headscarf-incident-in-sudan-highlights-a-global-trend/|title=Headscarf incident in Sudan highlights a global trend|newspaper=Pew Research Center|date=18 September 2013|archive-date=15 August 2016|access-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815035318/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/09/18/headscarf-incident-in-sudan-highlights-a-global-trend/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, the case of Amira Osman Hamid came to international attention when she chose to expose her hair in public, in opposition to the nation's [[public-order crime|public-order laws]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/sudan/woman-faces-whipping-over-refusal-to-cover-hair-in-sudan-1.1251296|title=Woman faces whipping over refusal to cover hair in Sudan|last=AFP|date=4 November 2013|access-date=28 July 2016|archive-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817080346/http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/sudan/woman-faces-whipping-over-refusal-to-cover-hair-in-sudan-1.1251296|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Tunisia ===
[[File:Carnaval Rouhaniyat nafta 07.jpg|left|thumb|204x204px|Tunisian women at a Sufi musical carnival]]

During the struggle for national independence, [[Habib Bourguiba]] favored the traditional Tunisian hijab, the ''[[Safseri|sefsari]]'', because it was seen as a symbol of preservation of the Tunisian cultural identity against the French culture colonialism; after independence, however, Bourguiba promoted modernity and gender equality through the [[National Union of Tunisian Women]] (UNFT), and rejected the veil as a symbol of backwardness.<ref name="auto11">Jane D Tchaïcha, Khedija Arfaoui: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kAkqDwAAQBAJ&dq=National+Union+of+Tunisian+Women&pg=PA49 The Tunisian Women’s Rights Movement: From Nascent Activism to Influential ...]'', p. 78</ref>
In a public ceremony in 1956, the President, surrounded by women political associates, gently and ceremonially removed the veil from the head of a woman in a symbolic gesture of rejection of its use.<ref name="auto11"/>
By the 1980s, the only Tunisian urban women wearing the veil were reportedly women members of the [[Islamic Tendency Movement]] (MTI).<ref name="auto11"/>

In 1981, women with headscarves were banned from schools and government buildings, and since then those who insist on wearing them face losing their jobs.<ref name="tunisiahijab">{{Cite news |last=Abdelhadi |first=Magdi |date=2006-09-26 |title=Tunisia attacked over headscarves |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5382946.stm |access-date=2025-12-21 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2006, the authorities launched a campaign against the ''hijab'', banning it in some public places, where police would stop women on the streets and ask them to remove it, and warn them not to wear it again. The government described the headscarf as a sectarian form of dress which came uninvited to the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6053380.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Africa – Tunisia moves against headscarves|date=15 October 2006|archive-date=15 January 2009|access-date=19 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115094249/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6053380.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2011|01|14}}, after the [[Tunisian revolution|Tunisian Revolution]] took place, the headscarf ban was lifted; however, in contemporary urban Tunisian society it is still not fully accepted. On 6 July 2019 the government banned the wearing of the [[niqab]] in public institutions citing security reasons.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/tunisia-bans-face-veils-public-institutions-bombing-190705132559010.html | title=Tunisia bans face veils in public institutions after bombing | News | al Jazeera | access-date=5 July 2019 | archive-date=13 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913013203/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/tunisia-bans-face-veils-public-institutions-bombing-190705132559010.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Asia==

===Afghanistan===
[[File:Center for Contemporary Arts Afghanistan in 2010.jpg|thumb|Female art students in Centre of Contemporary Arts Afghanistan in [[Kabul]] in 2010]]

In Afghanistan, the hijab is compulsory for all women and everywhere, including in schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Taliban says burqa not mandatory for women, hijab is|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/08/18/taliban-says-burqa-not-mandatory-for-women-hijab-is-.html|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603040732/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/08/18/taliban-says-burqa-not-mandatory-for-women-hijab-is-.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 1920s, Queen [[Soraya Tarzi]] famously removed her veil in public as a part of her support for women's liberation, followed by other elite women, but the radical reform program was met with the deposition of king [[Amanullah Khan]] in 1929, and his [[Mohammad Nadir Shah|successor]] reinstated the veil and gender seclusion and caused a backlash in women's rights.<ref name="books.google.se"/>

Following the election of [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]] as Prime Minister in 1953, social reforms giving women a more public presence were encouraged.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e488|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111134141/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e488|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2018|title=Daoud Khan, Muhammad – Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/asia-jan-june11-timeline-afghanistan|title=A Historical Timeline of Afghanistan|date=4 May 2011|website=PBS NewsHour|access-date=12 January 2019|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212212051/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/asia-jan-june11-timeline-afghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref> One of his aims was to break free from the ultra-conservative, Islamist tradition of treating women as second-class citizens. During his time, he made significant advances towards modernization.<ref name="Armstrong">{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Sally|title=Veiled Threat: The Hidden Power of the Women of Afghanistan|date=6 January 2003|publisher=Seal Press|isbn=978-1-56858-252-8|url=https://archive.org/details/veiledthreathidd00arms}}</ref> In 1959, women employed by the state, such as radio announcers, were asked to come to their work places without the veil, instead wearing a loose coat, scarf and gloves; after that, the foreign wives, and daughters of foreign born wives, were asked to venture out on the streets in the same way, and in this way, women without the veil started to be seen in the streets of Kabul.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.socialstudies.org/sites/default/files/lessons/660103.shtml |title=Social Education 66(1): Restoring the Rights of Afghan Women |publisher=Socialstudies.org |access-date=2022-08-04 |archive-date=24 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224032059/https://www.socialstudies.org/sites/default/files/lessons/660103.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 1959, on the second day of the festival of Jeshyn, Queen [[Humaira Begum]] and [[Princess Bilqis Begum|Princess Bilqis]] appeared in the royal box at the military parade unveiled, alongside the Prime Minister's wife, [[Zamina Begum]].<ref name=TA>Tamim Ansary (2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=VKg4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT147 Games without Rules: The Often-Interrupted History of Afghanistan]</ref> A group of Islamic clerics sent a letter of protest to the Prime minister to protest and demand that the words of sharia be respected.<ref name=TA/> The Prime minister answered by inviting them to the capital and present proof to him that the holy scripture indeed demanded the [[chadri]].<ref name=TA/> When the clerics could not find such a passage, the Prime Minister declared that the female members of the Royal Family would no longer wear veils because the Islamic law did not demand it.<ref name=TA/> While the chadri was never banned, the example of the Queen and the Prime Minister's wife was followed by the wives and daughters of government officials as well as by other urban women of the upper class and middle class, with [[Kubra Noorzai]] and [[Masuma Esmati-Wardak]] known as the first commoner pioneers.<ref name=TA/>

In the mid-20th century, many women in urban areas did not wear head coverings, but this ended with the outbreak of civil war in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/05/asia/gallery/afghan-women-past-present/index.html|title=Unveiled: Afghan women past and present|author=Monica Sarkar|website=CNN|date=5 June 2014|access-date=6 May 2025|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107021854/https://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/05/asia/gallery/afghan-women-past-present/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Afghan ''chadri'' is a regional style of [[burqa]] with a mesh covering the eyes.<ref name="amer">{{Cite book|first=Sahar |last=Amer | year=2014 | title=What Is Veiling? |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press (Kindle edition)|page=61}}</ref> The burqa became a symbol of the conservative and totalitarian [[Taliban]] rule, who strictly enforced female adults to wear the dress. Even after the 2001 defeat of the Taliban and the following [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]], some women continued to wear it out of security concerns.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Peace in Afghanistan at What Cost To Its Women? |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128493070 |first=Quil |last=Lawrence |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=19 July 2010 |publisher=[[NPR]] |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615025245/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128493070 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nbc-burqa">{{Cite news|title=Under that burqa, lipstick and high heels|url=http://worldblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2010/05/14/4376895-under-that-burqa-lipstick-and-high-heels|author=Kiko Itasaka|date=14 May 2010|publisher=NBC News|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104085134/http://worldblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2010/05/14/4376895-under-that-burqa-lipstick-and-high-heels|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="amer" /> People opposed to the burqa claim it is not Islamic, nor part of [[Culture of Afghanistan|Afghan culture]].<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2016|title=Afghan Women Still Bound by Burka|url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/afghan-women-still-bound-burka|website=[[Institute for War and Peace Reporting]]|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=25 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225195256/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/afghan-women-still-bound-burka|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Afghan women.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Local Afghan women, dressed in headscarves and [[salwar kameez]], participating in a [[midwifery]] course organised by [[USAID]] in 2006
| image2 = Women in burqa with their children in Herat, Afghanistan.jpg
| caption2 = Afghan women in [[Herat]], dressed in full body covering Afghan burqa. The Afghan variety of the burqa has become the literal embodiment of the condition of women under Taiban rule in popular culture.
| footer =
}}

After the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Fall of Kabul]], an interviewed Taliban spokesperson rejected the idea that "women should not wear headscarves for education", saying it was not part of their culture.<ref>{{Cite web|last=林铃锦|date=September 4, 2021|title=塔利班警告美国：你们不应该改变我们的文化|url=https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2021_09_04_605789_s.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917110951/https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2021_09_04_605789_s.shtml|archive-date=September 17, 2021|website=[[Guancha.cn|Guancha]]}}</ref> In September 2021, the Taliban mandated that women attending private Afghan universities must wear a niqab.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Taliban order university women to wear face-covering niqab – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/taliban-order-university-women-to-wear-face-covering-niqab/articleshow/85949104.cms|website=[[The Times of India]], [[Reuters]]|language=en|access-date=19 September 2021|archive-date=25 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225195256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/taliban-order-university-women-to-wear-face-covering-niqab/articleshow/85949104.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 May 2022, the Taliban made a law requiring all women to wear a burqa or niqab.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/07/taliban-order-all-afghan-women-to-wear-burqa | title=Taliban order all Afghan women to cover their faces in public | Afghanistan | the Guardian | website=[[TheGuardian.com]] | date=7 May 2022 | access-date=22 January 2025 | archive-date=14 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514020908/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/07/taliban-order-all-afghan-women-to-wear-burqa | url-status=live }}</ref>

A 2018 report, ''Afghanistan in 2018: A Survey of the Afghan People'' by [[The Asia Foundation]], found that 30.9% of the Afghans think the burqa is the most appropriate form of public dress for women, roughly the same numbers for the niqab, 15.3% selected the chador, 14.5% went for a tight hijab, 6.1% for a loose hijab while only 0.5% chose no form of head covering.<ref>Akseer, Tabasum; Haidary, Mohammad Shoaib; Maxwell-Jones, Charlotte; Sadat, Sayed Masood; Swift, David; Veenstra, Kris; Yousufzai, Fahim Ahmad. 2018. ''A Survey of the Afghan People: Afghanistan in 2018''. © The Asia Foundation. http://hdl.handle.net/11540/9432. Page 173.
</ref>

===Bahrain ===

The traditional garments of women in Bahrain include the ''[[jellabiya]]'', a long, loose dress, which is one of the preferred clothing styles for the home. Bahraini women may practice the ''[[muhtashima]]'', partially covering the hair, or the ''muhajiba'', fully covering the hair.<ref name="Berlin">{{cite web|url=http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/bahrain.html|title=Bahrain (Al-Bahrayn)|last=McCarthy|first=Julanne|access-date=29 May 2011|archive-date=24 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524193133/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/bahrain.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Bangladesh===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Sheikh Hasina with E. Ahmed, New Delhi on June 23, 2006 (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Khaleda Zia with Manmohan Singh at a Ceremonial Reception, in New Delhi on March 21, 2006 (cropped).jpg
| footer = Bangladeshi Muslim women drape the loose end of the [[sari]] over their heads, as shown in the case of its two female prime ministers, Sheikh Hasina and Khaleda Zia, instead of wearing headscarves.
| caption1 = [[Sheikh Hasina]] in 2006
| caption2 = [[Khaleda Zia]] in 2006
| total_width = 300
}}

In Bangladesh, hijab is not mandated by law. Due to the widespread prevalence of the [[sari]], [[Bengali Muslims|Bengali Muslim]] women, like their [[Bengali Hindus|Hindu]] counterparts, cover their head by the wrapping over the loose end of the sari like a headscarve, similar to the [[ghoonghat]] of Hindus. Veiling can be achieved by pulling down the ends of the cloth wrapped around the head upto the level of the face.

The [[purdah]] for Muslim upper- and middle-class women in India and later Pakistan and Bangladesh, both in the form of gender segregation as well as the veil, fell out of fashion due to women's active mobilisation in the anticolonial struggle for independence.<ref name="auto6">Haideh Moghissi: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6ln19FcDV7wC&dq=pakistan+unveiled+women&pg=PA212 Women and Islam: Women's movements in Muslim societies]'', s. 198-216</ref>
The anti colonial independence movement in the Muslim world was dominated by secular modernists, who considered women's liberation as a natural part of achieving a modernized and revitalized Muslim world, and by the 1930s Muslim upper-class women had started to appear unveiled.<ref name="auto6"/>

{{Multiple image
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Prinses Beatrix en mevrouw Begem Ziaur Rahman bezoeken Madurodam.jpg
| image2 = Khaleda Zia cropped 3by2.jpg
| footer = Veiling of women reappeared in the 1990s due to [[Islamization in Bangladesh|Islamization]].
| caption1 = An unveiled Zia (while serving as the [[First Lady of Bangladesh]]) while on a state visit to [[the Netherlands]] in 1979
| caption2 = A veiled Zia, serving as the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]], in 2004, while greeting her Brazilian counterpart [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| align = left
}}

Veiling was historically not common in Bangladesh. Middle- and upper-class women dressed in modern [[Western wear|Western clothing]] and working class women in traditional Indian sari, and veiling was seen by the middle class as a sign of low class and low education.<ref name="auto12">The Hijab in Bangladesh: Understanding Identity Negotiation, Religiosity, and Autonomy among Urban Muslim Women in Dhaka. By Madhuri Shah Kibria. August 2022.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO</ref> In the 1980s, veils were reportedly a rare sight in the capital of [[Dhaka]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2018/12/11/what-the-hijab-represents | title=What the hijab represents | date=11 December 2018 }}</ref>

From the 1990s onward veiling gradually become more common as Bangladesh began to be [[Islamization in Bangladesh|Islamised]] under the rule of [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]] (following into the footsteps of his predecessor [[Ziaur Rahman]]), accompanied the rise of [[political Islam]] and [[Islamic revival]]ism in society triggered by normalisation of [[Bangladesh–Pakistan relations|bilateral relationship with Pakistan]] (then under the rule of [[Zia-ul-Haq]]), the [[Iranian Revolution|Iranian revolution]], the rise of the [[Afghan mujahideen]] and the [[Grand Mosque seizure]], thus by the early 21st-century veiling started to become common.<ref name="auto12"/>

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Rokeya Sakhawat Hussain.jpg
| caption1 = [[Begum Rokeya]], dressed in a sari and sporting a veil in a manner similar to contemporary Bengali Hindu women
| image2 = Young Muslim Woman on Street - Sylhet - Bangladesh (12968288153).jpg
| caption2 = A Muslim woman from [[Sylhet]] in 2014, wearing a [[chador]] folded to act as a niqab.
| total_width = 250
}}

In 2010 the [[Bangladesh High court|Bangladesh High Court]], in a legal dispute between a local official and the director of a school, ruled that the veil was "a personal choice of women" and that the Ministry of Education should ensure that women employed in public institutions were not forced to wear a veil or hijab against their will.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Bangladesh,-High-Court-rules-veil-cannot-be-imposed-on-women--18100.html | title=Bangladesh, High Court rules veil cannot be imposed on women | access-date=20 December 2022 | archive-date=20 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220143156/https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Bangladesh,-High-Court-rules-veil-cannot-be-imposed-on-women--18100.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

By 2022, the attitude around veiling had changed and veiling had become common in Bangladesh, and some women experienced pressure by their families to veil.<ref name="auto15">{{cite web | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/05/29/women-who-defy-patriarchy-by-letting-their-hair-loose | title=Women who defy patriarchy by letting their hair loose | date=29 May 2022 | access-date=20 December 2022 | archive-date=20 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220143153/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/05/29/women-who-defy-patriarchy-by-letting-their-hair-loose | url-status=live }}</ref> A study by [[Manusher Jonno Foundation]] and [[DNET]] found that 44% of people think women who wear veils or hijabs are "good girls", and 63% think that women who wear "western clothing" are "bad girls" who are shredding the fabric of society.<ref name="auto15"/>

===China===
{{Main|Islam in China}}
{{Multiple images
| image1 = Hui bride (dali).jpg
| caption1 = A [[Hui people|Hui]] woman wearing a hijab with her bridal dress in China
| image2 = Uyghur woman Xinjiang.jpg
| caption2 = A [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] woman with headscarf in [[Xinjiang]], China
| width = 150
}}

{{Expand section|date=June 2025}}
In 2017, China banned the burqa in the [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] area of [[Xinjiang]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-burqa-abnormal-beards-ban-muslim-province-xinjiang-veils-province-extremism-crackdown-freedom-a7657826.html|title=China bans burqas and 'abnormal' beards in Muslim province|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=30 March 2017|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-date=6 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006005916/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-burqa-abnormal-beards-ban-muslim-province-xinjiang-veils-province-extremism-crackdown-freedom-a7657826.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===India===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Muhammadi Begum (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Muhammadi Begum]], a [[Punjabi Muslim]] [[Urdu]] magazine editor
| image2 = Justice Fathima Beevi.JPG
| caption2 = [[Fathima Beevi]], a [[Malabar Muslims|Malabar Muslim]] woman who served as a judge in the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| footer = In [[North India]], where [[ghagra choli]] and [[salwar kameez]] are the dominant female clothing, Muslim women cover their head with their [[dupatta]], as in the case of Muhammadi Begum. However, in [[South India]], Muslim women utilise the free end of the [[sari]] to cover their heads, as in the case of Fathima Beevi.
| total_width = 300
}}

Burqas, niqabs and hijabs have a long history in India, but are not widespread. Muslim women cover their heads with their [[dupatta]] or the loose end of the [[sari]], resembling the [[Hindu culture|Hindu]] [[ghoonghat]], making it difficult to distinguish them from Hindu women.

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Weaver 1.jpg
| image2 = Meman.jpg
| image3 = Dancer2.jpg
| image4 = A Borah lady, Surat.jpg
| total_width = 350
| footer = Watercolour paintings by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]] printed in 1928 depicting Muslim women from [[Bombay Presidency]]. From left to right are a rural Muslim weaver, a [[Memon people|Memon]] lady, a Muslim [[nautch|dancer]] and a [[Dawoodi Bohra]] lady. In all cases, the women cover their head using a long veil like piece of clothing resembling a ghoonghat or [[chador]] instead of hijabs, while exposing their faces.
}}

The [[purdah]] for Muslim upper- and middle-class women in India and later Pakistan and Bangladesh, both in the form of gender segregation as well as the veil, fell out of fashion due to women's active mobilisation in the anticolonial struggle for independence.<ref name="auto6"/>
The anti colonial independence movement in the Muslim world was dominated by secular modernists, who considered women's liberation as a natural part of achieving a modernized and revitalized Muslim world, and by the 1930s Muslim upper-class women had started to appear unveiled.<ref name="auto6" />

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Anees Fatimah (née Karim).webp
| image2 = BegumAizazRasul1938.png
| total_width = 350
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Lady [[Anees Fatima]]
| caption2 = [[Begum Aizaz Rasul]]
| footer = Both North Indian Muslim female politicians from the [[All India Muslim League]] were elected to [[Legislatures of British India|state legislatures]] during [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 elections]]. Both are clad in sarees, but Lady Anees is sporting a ghoonghat, while Begum Aizaz is unveiled.
}}

The usage of burqas and hijabs among Indian Muslim women as a means to distinguish themselves from Hindu women increased rapidly in the 1990s, due to the Islamic revivalism caused by the [[Iranian Revolution|Iranian revolution]], [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|Pakistan-sponsored]] [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Islamist insurgency]] in [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir]] and rise of [[Afghan mujahideen]], alongside the insecurity caused by the rise of [[Hindu nationalism]] due to [[Ayodhya dispute|Ram Janmabhoomi movement]]. In 2021, [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]] found out that 89% of India's Muslim women "cover their head outside their home".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2021 |title=9. Religious clothing and personal appearance |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/religious-clothing-and-personal-appearance/#:~:text=A%20majority%20of%20all%20Muslim,or%20a%20hijab%20(8%25). |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827231700/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/religious-clothing-and-personal-appearance/#:~:text=A%20majority%20of%20all%20Muslim,or%20a%20hijab%20(8%25). |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| image1 = An old Muslim woman who came to vote at a polling booth near Jama Masjid, Delhi gets herself identified, before being issued with ballot papers (1952).jpg
| caption1 = A Muslim woman, with her face exposed, casting her vote at a polling station in [[Delhi]] during the [[1951-52 Indian general election|1952 general elections]]
| image2 = A Woman clad in Burqa is being administered indelible ink just before she casted her vote at a polling Station of Udipi Parliamentary Constituency of Karnataka during General Elections 2004 on April 26, 2004.jpg
| caption2 = A Muslim woman, wearing burqa and niqab, casting her vote at a polling station in [[Udupi]] during the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general elections]]
| total_width =
| footer = Islamic revivalism triggered the upsurge in head and face coverings among Indian Muslim women.
}}

In India, Muslim women are allowed to wear the hijab and/or burqa anytime, anywhere.<ref name="thestar1">{{Cite news |last=Sheikh Saaliq |date=8 February 2022 |title=In India, wearing hijab bars some Muslim students from class |work=Toronto Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/asia/2022/02/08/in-india-wearing-hijab-bars-some-muslim-students-from-class.html |archive-date=12 February 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212225551/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/asia/2022/02/08/in-india-wearing-hijab-bars-some-muslim-students-from-class.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC larger bench">{{Cite news |date=10 February 2022 |title=Karnataka hijab row: Judge refers issue to larger bench |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60312864 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213050905/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60312864 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="csm">{{Cite news |date=8 February 2022 |title=Religious identity, rights in focus as Indian schools ban hijab |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2022/0208/Religious-identity-rights-in-focus-as-Indian-schools-ban-hijab |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213064927/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2022/0208/Religious-identity-rights-in-focus-as-Indian-schools-ban-hijab |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in November 2017, a [[Catholic Church in India|Catholic]] school in [[Uttar Pradesh]]'s [[Barabanki district]] allegedly barred two Muslim students from wearing the headscarf inside the campus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-24|title=UP school stops two Muslim girls from wearing headscarf on campus|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-school-stops-two-muslim-girls-from-wearing-headscarf-on-campus/story-jS5nj2YHnGQf8jv4DT9pUP.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|access-date=19 September 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032717/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-school-stops-two-muslim-girls-from-wearing-headscarf-on-campus/story-jS5nj2YHnGQf8jv4DT9pUP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2019, [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] party member [[Sanjay Raut]] called for the burka to be banned.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-05-01|title=Hardline Indian group allied with Modi calls for ban on the veil|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-blasts-burqa-india-idUSKCN1S739A|access-date=2020-10-15|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020081045/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-blasts-burqa-india-idUSKCN1S739A|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2, 2019|title=Shiv Sena calls for ban on burqa in public places – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shiv-sena-calls-for-ban-on-burqa-in-public-places/articleshow/69123648.cms|access-date=2020-10-15|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107232124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shiv-sena-calls-for-ban-on-burqa-in-public-places/articleshow/69123648.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2019, the [[Muslim Educational Society]] in [[Kerala]] banned its students from wearing face-covering attire.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 3, 2019|title=Kerala Muslim Education Group Bans Face Veils On Campuses|work=[[NDTV]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rA7dlL9SLkQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/rA7dlL9SLkQ |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In February 2020, Uttar Pradesh's labor minister and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader [[Raghuraj Pratap Singh|Raghuraj Singh]] has called for an outright ban on women wearing burqas, suggesting that [[Terrorism in India|terrorists]] (see [[Islamophobic trope]]s) have been using them to elude authorities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UP BJP leader Raghuraj Singh seeks ban on burqa|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/feb/10/up-bjp-leader-raghuraj-singh-seeks-ban-on-burqa-2101580.html|access-date=2020-10-15|website=The New Indian Express|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212184112/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/feb/10/up-bjp-leader-raghuraj-singh-seeks-ban-on-burqa-2101580.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Karnataka hijab controversy
{{main|2022 Karnataka hijab row}}
In January 2022, a number of colleges in South-Indian state of [[Karnataka]] stopped female students wearing hijab from entering the campus. The issue has since then snow-balled into a major political controversy in India, with the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party describing the act of educational authorities allowing Muslim girls to wear [[religious clothing]] despite not being a part of the uniform while prohibiting girls from [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Religion in Karnataka|other faiths]] from doing the same amounts to institutionalised Muslim appeasement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karnatakas-hijab-row-fragile-regimes-latest-assault-right-choice-160646|title=Karnataka's hijab row: A fragile regime's latest assault on right to choice|website=The News Minute|archive-date=23 June 2022|access-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623131029/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karnatakas-hijab-row-fragile-regimes-latest-assault-right-choice-160646|url-status=live}}</ref> Although there is no particular law stating the ban on hijab or any other kind of Islamic veil/dress in Karnataka, educational institutions have the right to make their own dress code. On 5 February 2022, the [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka government]] issued an order clarifying that uniforms must be worn compulsorily where policies exist and no exception can be made for the wearing of hijab. Several schools cited this order and denied entry to Muslim girls wearing the hijab.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-05|title=Karnataka Govt Issues Order Amid Hijab Row, Says Uniform That Affects Harmony Must Be Banned|url=https://news.abplive.com/karnataka/karnataka-govt-issues-fresh-order-amid-hijab-row-says-uniform-that-affects-harmony-must-be-banned-1511101|access-date=2022-02-12|website=news.abplive.com (ABP News Bureau)|language=en|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210144127/https://news.abplive.com/karnataka/karnataka-govt-issues-fresh-order-amid-hijab-row-says-uniform-that-affects-harmony-must-be-banned-1511101|url-status=live}}</ref> War of words and protests by Muslim students protesting over hijab ban resulted in closure of all educational institutions in the state for three days and section 144 was declared near schools and colleges in [[Bengaluru]] city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/bengaluru/story/karnataka-hijab-row-sec-144-imposed-schools-colleges-bengaluru-till-feb-22-1910821-2022-02-09|title=Karnataka hijab row: section 144 imposed around schools and colleges in Bengaluru till February 22|website=India Today|archive-date=9 February 2022|access-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209230549/https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/bengaluru/story/karnataka-hijab-row-sec-144-imposed-schools-colleges-bengaluru-till-feb-22-1910821-2022-02-09|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 March 2022, through a verdict, the [[Karnataka High Court]] upheld the hijab ban in educational institutions as a non essential part of Islam<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/karnataka-hc-hijab-verdict-no-reasons-makes-up-rules-fundamental-rights-constitutional-law|title=Karnataka High Court hijab verdict lacks reason, makes up baseless new rules for fundamental rights|website=The Quint|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318133235/https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/karnataka-hc-hijab-verdict-no-reasons-makes-up-rules-fundamental-rights-constitutional-law|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/comment/hijab-row-verdict-a-grave-constitutional-wrong-1092595.html|title=Hijab verdict: a grave constitutional wrong|website=Deccan Herald|archive-date=23 March 2022|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323180421/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/comment/hijab-row-verdict-a-grave-constitutional-wrong-1092595.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and suggested that wearing hijabs can be restricted in government colleges where uniforms are prescribed and ruled that "prescription of a school uniform" is a "reasonable restriction".

===Indonesia===
[[File:Traditional minang costumes.jpg|thumb|upright|The traditional dress of [[Indonesia]]n [[Minangkabau people|Minang]] (who are Muslims) women includes elaborate headcovering.]]
[[File:Muslim girls at Istiqlal Mosque jakarta.png|thumb|Muslim girls at [[Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta|Istiqlal Mosque]] in [[Jakarta]]]]

While Islam was introduced to the [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Hindu]] [[Majapahit]] controlled island of [[Java]] by the [[Malacca Sultanate]] in the 15th- and 16th-centuries, the veiling and harem seclusion was never common except for the princely courts, and in 1954 veiling was still not a common custom.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=e52Z5QztwMwC&dq=seclusion+indonesia+harem&pg=PA36 Report on Indonesia, Volym 6–13]''</ref> The traditional clothing for women were the ''[[kebaya]]'' and the ''[[Sarong|sarung]]'', which did not cover the shape of the body, and a loose shawl, ''[[Kerudung|kerundung]]'', which did not cover the hair, and 20th-century urban women wore Western-style clothing, and looked down upon veiling as "village like".<ref name="auto17">Sonja van Wichelen ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zwPFDwAAQBAJ&dq=indonesia+veiling&pg=PA43 Religion, Politics and Gender in Indonesia: Disputing the Muslim Body]''</ref> The practice of veiling became introduced to Indonesia as a part of the [[Islamic revival]] after the [[Iranian Revolution]] and the [[Grand Mosque seizure]] of 1979, and in 1982 the veil was temporarily banned in schools to prevent its introduction in Indonesia.<ref name="auto17"/>

Under Indonesian national and regional law, female head covering is entirely optional and not obligatory. The Indonesian province of [[Aceh]] encourages Muslim women to wear hijab in public.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/indonesia|title=2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Indonesia|year=2022|publisher=U.S. Department of State|access-date=16 July 2025|archive-date=23 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723012324/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/indonesia/|url-status=live}}</ref> In Indonesia, the term ''jilbab'' is used without exception to refer to the ''hijab''.<ref>John M. Echols, Hassan Shadily, ''An English-Indonesian dictionary: Kamus Inggris-Indonesia Kamus Inggris-Indonesia'' University Press: 1975, {{ISBN|0-8014-9859-7}}, 660 pages</ref> Many [[Christianity in Indonesia|Christian]] nuns refer to their habit as a ''jilbab'', perhaps out of the colloquial use of the term to refer to any religious head covering.

Some women may choose to wear a headscarf to be more "formal" or "religious", such as the ''jilbab'' or ''kerudung'' (a native tailored veil with a small, stiff visor). Such formal or cultural Muslim events may include official governmental events, funerals, circumcision (''sunatan'') ceremonies or weddings. However, wearing Islamic attire to Christian relatives' funerals and weddings and entering the church is quite uncommon.
Young girls may elect to wear the ''hijab'' publicly to avoid unwanted low-class male attention and [[sexual harassment]] and thus display their respectability as "good Muslim girls": that is, they are not "easy" conquests.<ref>S. A. Niessen, Ann Marie Leshkowich, Carla Jones, ''Re-orienting fashion: the globalization of Asian dress'': Berg Publishers: 2003: {{ISBN|1-85973-539-8}}, {{ISBN|978-1-85973-539-8}}, 283 pages pp 206–207</ref>

Islamic private school uniform code dictate that female students must wear the ''jilbab'' (commonly white or blue-grey, Indonesia's national secondary school colors), in addition to long-sleeved blouse and ankle-length skirt. Islamic schools must by law provide access to Christians (and vice versa [[Catholic Church in Indonesia|Catholic]] and [[Protestantism in Indonesia|Protestant]] schools allow Muslim students), and so it is mandated to be worn by Christian students who attend Muslim school, while its use by Muslim students is not objected to in Christian schools. In May 2021, a government decree was issued banning schools from enforcing the ''jilbab'' as part of their uniform, after reports of discrimination against girls who removed them surfaced.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 11, 2021|title=Court strikes down Indonesia hijab ban|work=[[The Australian]]|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/world/court-strikes-down-indonesia-hijab-ban/news-story/2d7419964edd9878348b597b1489a897}}</ref> In July 2021, [[Supreme Court of Indonesia|Indonesia's Supreme Court]] reversed a government regulation issued earlier that had allowed girls under 18 in state schools to not wear a mandatory ''jilbab.''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-01|title=Indonesia Supreme Court Supports Mandatory Jilbab Rule|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/01/indonesia-supreme-court-supports-mandatory-jilbab-rule|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|language=en|archive-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227130636/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/01/indonesia-supreme-court-supports-mandatory-jilbab-rule|url-status=live}}</ref> However, based on Minister of Education and Culture Regulation Number 45 of 2014 it has been regulated that there should be no coercion in using certain religious attributes in state schools. Hence the Supreme Court's reversal can't be used to force certain religious attributes to female students in state schools and that Muslim female students wearing the ''jilbab'' is still optional.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Eko Ari Wibowo|url=https://nasional-tempo-co.translate.goog/read/1618607/kasus-siswi-dipaksa-pakai-jilbab-disdikpora-diy-siapkan-sanksi-bagi-guru-dan-sekolah?_x_tr_sl=id&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc|trans-title=In the case of female students forced to wear the hijab, the DIY Education and Youth Department prepares sanctions for teachers and schools|title=Kasus Siswi Dipaksa Pakai Jilbab, Disdikpora DIY Siapkan Sanksi bagi Guru dan Sekolah|work=tempo.co|language=id|date=2022-08-03|access-date=2024-08-08|archive-date=8 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808160658/https://nasional-tempo-co.translate.goog/read/1618607/kasus-siswi-dipaksa-pakai-jilbab-disdikpora-diy-siapkan-sanksi-bagi-guru-dan-sekolah?_x_tr_sl=id&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc|url-status=live}}</ref>

Compounding the friction and often anger toward ''baju Arab'' (Arab clothes), is the ongoing [[physical abuse|physical]] and [[Psychological abuse|emotional abuse]] of Indonesian women in [[Saudi Arabia]], as [[Foreign worker|guest workers]], commonly maids or as [[Hajj|Hajj pilgrims]] and Saudi [[Wahhabi]] intolerance for non-Saudi dress code has given rise to mass protests and fierce Indonesian debate up to the [[Indonesia–Saudi Arabia relations|highest levels of government]] about boycotting Saudi Arabia—especially the profitable all Hajj pilgrimage—as many high-status women have been physically assaulted by [[Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)|Saudi morality police]] for nonconforming headwear or even applying lip balm, leading some to comment on the post–[[Pan-Arabism|pan Arabist]] repressiveness of certain Arab nations due to excessively rigid, narrow, and erroneous interpretation of [[Sharia]] law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insideindonesia.org/content/view/223/29|title=Insideindonesia.org|website=InsideIndonesia.org|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=11 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411044104/http://www.insideindonesia.org/content/view/223/29|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Iran===
{{main|Hijab in Iran}}

{{See also|Kashf-e hijab|Fashion in Iran|}}
[[File:Two Iranian women.jpg|thumb|Two young women wearing hijabs in [[Tehran]]]]

In Iran, since 1981, after the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic Revolution]], the hijab has become compulsory. All women are required to wear loose-fitting clothing and a headscarf in public.<ref name="Ramezani10">Ramezani, Reza (2010). ''Hijab dar Iran az Enqelab-e Eslami ta payan Jang-e Tahmili [Hijab in Iran from the Islamic Revolution to the end of the Imposed war]'' (Persian), Faslnamah-e Takhassusi-ye Banuvan-e Shi’ah [Quarterly Journal of Shiite Women], Qom: Muassasah-e Shi’ah Shinasi, {{ISSN|1735-4730}}</ref><ref name="Milani">Milani, Farzaneh (1992). ''Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers'', Syracuse, New York: [[Syracuse University Press]], p. 19, 34–37, {{ISBN|9780815602668}}</ref>

During the [[Middle Ages]], [[Turkic peoples|Turkic nomadic tribes]] from [[Central Asia]] arrived, whose women did not wear headscarves.<ref name="Heath">Heath, Jennifer (2008). ''The Veil: Women Writers on Its History, Lore, and Politics'', Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, p. 66, 252–253, 256, 260, {{ISBN|9780520255180}}</ref><ref name="Keddie">Keddie, Nikki R. (2005). "2. The past and present of women in the Muslim world" in Moghissi, Haideh: ''Women and Islam: Images and realities'', Vol. 1, p. 53-79, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: [[Routledge]]; [[Taylor & Francis]], {{ISBN|9780415324199}}</ref> However, after the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] centralization in the 16th century, the headscarf became defined as the standard head dress for many religious women in urban areas all around the [[Safavid Iran|Iranian Empire]].<ref>Mitchell, Colin P. (2011). ''New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society'', Abingdon, Oxon; New York: [[Taylor & Francis]], p. 98-99, 104, {{ISBN|9780415774628}}</ref> Exceptions to this were seen only in the villages and among nomadic tribes,<ref name="Heath"/><ref name="Keddie"/><ref name="Floor">Floor, Willem M. (2003). ''Agriculture in Qajar Iran'', Washington, DC: Mage Publishers, p. 113, 268, {{ISBN|9780934211789}}</ref><ref name="Chehabi">Chehabi, Houchang Esfandiar (2003): "11. The Banning of the Veil and Its Consequences" in Cronin, Stephanie: ''The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921–1941'', p. 203-221, London; New York: [[Routledge]]; [[Taylor & Francis]], {{ISBN|9780415302845}}</ref><ref name="Bullock">Bullock, Katherine (2002). ''Rethinking Muslim Women and the Veil: Challenging Historical & Modern Stereotypes'', Herndon, Virginia; London: [[International Institute of Islamic Thought]], p. 90-91, {{ISBN|9781565642874}}</ref> such as [[Qashqai people|Qashqai]]. Covering the whole face was rare among the Iranians and was mostly restricted to [[Iranian Arabs|local Arabs]] and [[Afghans in Iran|local Afghans]]. Later, during the economic crisis in the late 19th century under the [[Qajar family|Qajar dynasty]], the poorest religious urban women could not afford headscarves.<ref name="Floor"/><ref>''Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers'', Syracuse, New York: [[Syracuse University Press]], p. 19, 34–37, {{ISBN|9780815602668}}</ref>

On 8 January 1936,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://navideshahed.com/en/news/385296/how-did-reza-pahlavi%E2%80%99s-dictatorship-affect-iranian-women|title=How did Reza Pahlavi's dictatorship affect Iranian women?|website=navideshahed.com|access-date=6 May 2018|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103183129/https://navideshahed.com/en/news/385296/how-did-reza-pahlavi%e2%80%99s-dictatorship-affect-iranian-women|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Reza Shah]] issued a decree, [[Kashf-e hijab]], banning all veils.<ref name="Hoodfar">[[Homa Hoodfar|Hoodfar, Homa]] (fall 1993). ''The Veil in Their Minds and on Our Heads: The Persistence of Colonial Images of Muslim Women'', Resources for feminist research (RFR) / Documentation sur la recherche féministe (DRF), Vol. 22, n. 3/4, p. 5-18, Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE), {{ISSN|0707-8412}}</ref><ref name="Milani"/><ref name="Paidar">Paidar, Parvin (1995): ''Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran'', Cambridge Middle East studies, Vol. 1, Cambridge, UK; New York: [[Cambridge University Press]], p. 106-107, 214–215, 218–220, {{ISBN|9780521473408}}</ref><ref name="Majd">Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2001). ''Great Britain and Reza Shah: The Plunder of Iran, 1921–1941'', Gainesville: [[University Press of Florida]], p. 209-213, 217–218, {{ISBN|9780813021119}}</ref><ref name="CurtisHooglund">Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (2008). ''Iran: A Country Study'', 5th ed, Area handbook series, Washington, DC: [[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]], p. 28, 116–117, {{ISBN|9780844411873}}</ref> The ban was left in place for a period of five years, from 1936 to 1941.

Official measures were relaxed in 1941 under Reza Shah's successor, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], and the wearing of a headscarf or [[chador]] was no longer an offence, but was still considered an indicator of backwardness or of membership of the lower class.<ref name="El Guindi">El Guindi, Fadwa (1999). ''Veil: Modesty, Privacy and Resistance'', Oxford; New York: [[Berg Publishers]]; [[Bloomsbury Academic]], p. 3, 13–16, 130, 174–176, {{ISBN|9781859739242}}</ref> In the 1970s, the chador was usually a patterned or of a lighter color such as white or beige; black chadors were typically reserved for mourning and only became more acceptable everyday wear starting in the mid-1970s—however, in the period before the [[Iranian Revolution]] the black chador's usage outside of the city of [[Qom]] was associated with allegiance with political Islam and was stigmatized by areas of Iranian society. Discrimination against women wearing the headscarf or chador occurred, with public institutions discouraging their use, and some eating establishments refusing to admit women who wore them.<ref name="Hoodfar"/><ref name="Ramezani8">Ramezani, Reza (2008). ''Hijab dar Iran, dar doure-ye Pahlavi-ye dovvom [Hijab in Iran, the second Pahlavi era]'' (Persian), Faslnamah-e Takhassusi-ye Banuvan-e Shi’ah [Quarterly Journal of Shiite Women], Qom: Muassasah-e Shi’ah Shinasi, {{ISSN|1735-4730}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the revolution, hijab was made compulsory in stages.<ref name="Milani"/> In 1979, [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]] announced that women should observe Islamic dress code. Almost immediately after, starting from 8 March 1979 ([[International Women's Day]]), thousands of women began [[International Women's Day Protests in Tehran, 1979|protesting against mandatory Hijab]]. The protests lasted six days, until 14 March. The demonstrations were met by government assurances that the statement was only a recommendation.<ref name="Milani"/><ref name=Algar84>Algar, Hamid (2001). ''Roots of the Islamic Revolution in Iran: Four Lectures'', Oneonta, New York: Islamic Publications International (IPI), p. 84, {{ISBN|9781889999265}}</ref> However, according to one source, rules on wearing hijab are "tantamount" to the Islamic Republic's "raison d'etat".{{clarify|date=September 2022}} Two slogans of the 1979 revolution were: "Wear a veil, or we will punch your head" and "Death to the unveiled".<ref name="DW-2020">{{cite news |title=Why Iranian authorities force women to wear a veil |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-iranian-authorities-force-women-to-wear-a-veil/a-56014027 |access-date=30 August 2021 |agency=DW |date=21 December 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108111409/https://www.dw.com/en/why-iranian-authorities-force-women-to-wear-a-veil/a-56014027 |url-status=live }}</ref> Under Book 5, article 638, women in Iran who do not wear a hijab may be imprisoned from 10 days to two months, and/or required to pay fines from 50,000 up to 500,000 [[Iranian rial|rials]] adjusted for inflation.<ref name="article_638_iran_law">{{cite book |title=Book #5 of the Islamic Penal Code (Sanctions and deterrent penalties) | language =fa|article=638}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/women-and-justice/resource/the_islamic_penal_code_of_iran_book_5|title=The Islamic Penal Code of Iran, Book 5|date=January 2013|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072210/https://www.law.cornell.edu/women-and-justice/resource/the_islamic_penal_code_of_iran_book_5|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1983, the Islamic Consultative Assembly decided that women who do not cover their hair in public will be punished with 74 lashes. Since 1995, unveiled women can also be imprisoned for close to 60 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Knipp |first=Kersten |date=21 December 2020 |title=Why Iranian authorities force women to wear a veil |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-iranian-authorities-force-women-to-wear-a-veil/a-56014027 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108111409/https://www.dw.com/en/why-iranian-authorities-force-women-to-wear-a-veil/a-56014027 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en-GB}}</ref>

;White Wednesday
In May 2017, [[My Stealthy Freedom]], an Iranian online movement advocating for women's freedom of choice, created the [[My Stealthy Freedom|White Wednesday]] movement: a campaign that invites men and women to wear white [[veil]]s, [[Scarf|scarves]], or [[bracelet]]s to show their opposition to the mandatory forced veiling code.<ref name=":0b">{{Cite news |last=Alimardani |first=Mahsa |date=30 January 2018 |title=The 'Girls of Revolution Street' Protest Iran's Compulsory Hijab Laws |url=https://globalvoices.org/2018/01/30/the-girls-of-enghelab-street-protest-irans-compulsory-hijab-laws/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130230332/https://globalvoices.org/2018/01/30/the-girls-of-enghelab-street-protest-irans-compulsory-hijab-laws/ |archive-date=30 January 2018 |access-date=11 March 2018 |work=Global Voices}}</ref> The movement was geared toward women who proudly wear their veils, but reject the idea that all women in [[Iran]] should be subject to forced veiling.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sofia Lotto Persio |date=14 June 2017 |title=On Wednesday we wear white: Women in Iran challenge compulsory hijab |url=http://www.newsweek.com/women-iran-wear-white-wednesdays-challenge-compulsory-hijab-625453 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309062541/http://www.newsweek.com/women-iran-wear-white-wednesdays-challenge-compulsory-hijab-625453 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |access-date=11 March 2018 |work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> [[Masih Alinejad]], an Iranian-born journalist and activist based in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and the [[United States|US]], created the movement to protest Iran's mandatory [[hijab]] rule.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/what-is-white-wednesday-iran-women-are-fighting-for-the-freedom-to-dress-how-they-want-7767786|title=Why This One Video of a Woman Protesting in Iran Is Going Viral|last=Kasana|first=Mehreen|work=Bustle|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312083131/https://www.bustle.com/p/what-is-white-wednesday-iran-women-are-fighting-for-the-freedom-to-dress-how-they-want-7767786|url-status=live}}</ref> She described her 2017 movement via [[Facebook]], saying, "This campaign is addressed to women who willingly wear the veil, but who remain opposed to the idea of imposing it on others. Many veiled women in Iran also find the compulsory imposition of the veil to be an insult. By taking videos of themselves wearing white, these women can also show their disagreement with compulsion."<ref name=":1" /> The campaign resulted in Iranian women posting pictures and videos of themselves wearing pieces of white clothing to [[social media]].<ref name=":0b" />

;Compulsory female veiling
{{main|Iranian protests against compulsory hijab}}

On 27 December 2017, 31-year-old [[Vida Movahed]], also known as "The Girl of [[Enghelab Street]]" was arrested for being unveiled in public after a video of the woman went viral on social media.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iran-29-women-arrested-over-anti-hijab-protests-inspired-by-girl-enghelab-street-1658143|title=Iran: 29 women arrested over anti-hijab protests inspired by 'girl of Enghelab Street'|last=Gerretsen|first=Isabelle|date=1 February 2018|work=International Business Times UK|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331235410/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iran-29-women-arrested-over-anti-hijab-protests-inspired-by-girl-enghelab-street-1658143|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thearabweekly.com/vida-movahed-woman-who-sparked-anti-hijab-protests-iran|title=Vida Movahed, the woman who sparked anti-hijab protests in Iran {{!}} The Arab Weekly|work=The Arab Weekly|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312083207/https://thearabweekly.com/vida-movahed-woman-who-sparked-anti-hijab-protests-iran|url-status=live}}</ref> The video showed Movahed silently waving her hijab, a white headscarf that she had removed from her head and placed on a stick, for one hour on Enqelab Street, Tehran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/hijab-protests-in-iran-da243ead-3bf2-4e3f-9115-e117e7f9cc62.html|title=The high stakes of hijab protests in Iran|website=Axios|date=17 February 2018|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217232010/https://www.axios.com/hijab-protests-in-iran-da243ead-3bf2-4e3f-9115-e117e7f9cc62.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> At first it was assumed that her act was connected to the widespread protests taking place in Iran, but Movahed confirmed that she performed the act in support of the 2017 [[My Stealthy Freedom|White Wednesday]] campaign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-40218711|title=Why Iranian women are wearing white on Wednesdays|last=Hatam|first=Nassim|date=14 June 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310003517/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-40218711|url-status=live}}</ref> Vida's arrest sparked outrage from social media, where many Iranians shared footage of her protest along with the hashtag "#Where_Is_She?". On 28 January 2018, [[Nasrin Sotoudeh]], a renowned [[human rights]] lawyer, posted on Facebook that Vida had been released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/NasrinSotoudehOfficial/posts/832433473629861|title=Nasrin Sotoudeh نسرین ستوده|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725142947/https://www.facebook.com/NasrinSotoudehOfficial/posts/832433473629861|url-status=live}}</ref> It was not until a few weeks later that Sotoudeh revealed the girl's identity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2018/Jan-22/434875-iran-lawyer-raises-concern-over-missing-hijab-protester.ashx|title=Iran lawyer raises concern over missing hijab protester|date=22 January 2018|work=The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331235413/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Middle-East/2018/Jan-22/434875-iran-lawyer-raises-concern-over-missing-hijab-protester.ashx|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the following weeks, multiple people re-enacted Vida's public display of removing their hijabs and waving them in the air.<ref name=":2" /> On 1 February 2018, the [[Law Enforcement Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Iranian police]] released a statement saying that they had arrested 29 people, mostly women, for removing their headscarves, contrary to Iranian law.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-police-arrest-hijab-head-scarf-protest-tehran/29013882.html|title=Iranian Police Arrest 29 Women Protesting Against Veiling Law|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331235409/https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-police-arrest-hijab-head-scarf-protest-tehran/29013882.html|url-status=live}}</ref> One woman, Shima Babaei, was arrested after removing her headdress in front of a court as a symbol of her continued dedication to the cause.

On 23 February 2018, Iranian Police released an official statement saying that any women found protesting Iran's compulsory veiling code would be charged with "inciting corruption and prostitution", which carries a maximum sentence of 10 years in prison.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/02/iran-dozens-of-women-ill-treated-and-at-risk-of-long-jail-terms-for-peacefully-protesting-compulsory-veiling/|title=Iran: Dozens of women ill-treated and at risk of long jail terms for peacefully protesting compulsory veiling|website=www.amnesty.org|date=26 February 2018|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929100050/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/02/iran-dozens-of-women-ill-treated-and-at-risk-of-long-jail-terms-for-peacefully-protesting-compulsory-veiling/|url-status=live}}</ref> Before this change, according to article 638 of the Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran, "Anyone in public places and roads who openly commits a ''[[Haram|harām]]'' (sinful) act, in addition to the punishment provided for the act, shall be sentenced to two months imprisonment or up to 74 lashes; and if they commit an act that is not punishable but violates public prudency, they shall only be sentenced ten days to two months' imprisonment or up to 74 lashes. Note- Women who appear in public places and roads without wearing an Islamic ''hijab'', shall be sentenced ten days to two months' imprisonment or a fine of five hundred to fifty thousand rials."<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/human-rights-documents/iranian-codes/1000000351-islamic-penal-code-of-the-islamic-republic-of-iran-book-five.html#.U0QcO6hdWdE|title=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center – Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran – Book Five|website=www.iranhrdc.org|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310195447/http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/human-rights-documents/iranian-codes/1000000351-islamic-penal-code-of-the-islamic-republic-of-iran-book-five.html#.U0QcO6hdWdE|archive-date=10 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Following the announcement, multiple women reported being subjected to physical abuse by police following their arrests.<ref name=":3" /> Some have since been sentenced to multiple years in prison for their acts of defiance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2018/03/woman-who-removed-headscarf-in-public-sentenced-to-prison-as-supreme-leader-tries-to-diminish-hijab-protests/ |title=Woman Who Removed Headscarf in Public Sentenced to Prison as Supreme Leader Tries to Diminish Hijab Protests – Center for Human Rights in Iran |website=www.iranhumanrights.org |access-date=11 March 2018 |date=10 March 2018 |archive-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310191139/https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2018/03/woman-who-removed-headscarf-in-public-sentenced-to-prison-as-supreme-leader-tries-to-diminish-hijab-protests/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In one video, a woman stands on top of a tall box, unveiled, waving her white scarf at passers by. The video then shows a man in a police uniform tackling the woman to the ground.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-25/iran-chides-police-for-using-force-against-female-veil-protester|title=Iran Chides Police for Using Force Against Female Veil Protester|date=25 February 2018|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313024740/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-25/iran-chides-police-for-using-force-against-female-veil-protester|url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly after the video went viral, the [[Ministry of Interior (Iran)]] scolded police for using physical force against the woman. Salman Samani, a spokesman for Ministry released a statement on 25 February 2018 saying "No one has a license to act against the law even in the role of an officer dealing with crimes."<ref name=":6" />

On 8 March 2018, a video of three [[Women in Iran|Iranian women]] singing a [[Feminism|feminist]] fight song in Tehran's subway went viral on social media.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-womens-day-hijab-protest-tehran-subway/29089222.html|title=Feminist Trio Takes Defiant Song To Tehran's Subway, Video Goes Viral|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|access-date=11 March 2018|last1=Esfandiari|first1=Golnaz|archive-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311070308/https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-womens-day-hijab-protest-tehran-subway/29089222.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The women were singing in honor of [[International Women's Day]] and to highlight women's continued challenges caused by forced veiling and other discriminatory laws against women.<ref name=":5" /> The video, in which three bare-headed Iranian women sing ''I am a Woman'', calls upon women to join efforts to fight injustice and create "another world" of "[[Gender equality|equality]]". The women hold hands, display pictures of a previous [[women's rights]] protest, and ask the other women on the subway train to clap in honor of "having lived and fought all their lives against all kinds of discrimination, violence, humiliation, and insults." At the end of the video, one of the protestors is heard saying "Happy Women's Day to all of you."<ref name=":5" />

That same day, the [[Supreme Leader of Iran]], [[Ali Khamenei]], made a speech during a gathering of religious poets in Tehran, posting a series of [[Twitter|tweets]] in response to the series of peaceful hijab protests.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/khamenei-claims-iran-enemies-behind-hijab-protests/29088809.html|title=Khamenei Claims Iran's 'Enemies' Behind Anti-Hijab Protests|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311071340/https://www.rferl.org/a/khamenei-claims-iran-enemies-behind-hijab-protests/29088809.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Khamenei defended the dress code, praising Islam for keeping women "[[Modesty|modest]]" and in their "defined roles" such as educators and mothers. He also lashed out at the [[Western world]] for, in his view, leading its own women astray.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/03/08/irans-leader-finds-another-western-threat-the-activist-energy-of-international-womens-day/|title=Iran's supreme leader in tweetstorm: Western countries lead women to 'deviant lifestyle'|last=Cunningham|first=Erin|date=8 March 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=11 March 2018|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311082918/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/03/08/irans-leader-finds-another-western-threat-the-activist-energy-of-international-womens-day/|url-status=live}}</ref> "The features of today's Iranian woman include modesty, chastity, eminence, protecting herself from abuse by men", Khamenei tweeted. He claimed that the most sought after characteristic of a Western woman is her ability to physically attract men.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/khamenei_ir?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor|title=Khamenei.ir (@khamenei_ir) {{!}} Twitter|website=twitter.com|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718155425/https://twitter.com/khamenei_ir?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor|url-status=live}}</ref>

Also outside of Iran, in June 2022, when [[Melika Balali]], an Iranian-Scottish wrestler, became the British champion she protested in the match against compulsory hijab by raising a sign with writing on it "Stop forcing hijab, I have the right to be a wrestler".<ref>{{Cite web |title='I Learned Freedom in the UK': Iranian-Born Wrestler Melika Balali on Taking a Stand Against Forced Hijab |url=https://iranwire.com/en/women/105316-i-learned-freedom-in-the-uk-iranian-born-wrestler-melika-balali-on-taking-a-stand-against-forced-hijab |website=Iran wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=قهرمان ایرانی‌تبار کشتی بریتانیا خواستار آزادی انتخاب پوشش در ایران شد |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/melika-balali-iranian-champion-women-s-wrestling-champion-in-britain/31920772.html |newspaper=رادیو فردا}}</ref>

The [[Iranian protests against compulsory hijab]] continued into the [[September 2022 Iranian protests]] which was triggered by the alleged killing of [[Mahsa Amini]], who fell into a coma and died shortly after she was violently arrested by the [[Guidance Patrol|Morality Police]] and accused of wearing an "improper hijab".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Strzyżyńska |first1=Weronika |title=Iranian woman dies 'after being beaten by morality police' over hijab law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/16/iranian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law |website=The Guardian |access-date=30 October 2023 |date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920020636/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/16/iranian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024 [[Masoud Pezeshkian]], President of Iran, said that the [[Guidance Patrol|Morality Police]] would no longer bother women who did not wear hijab and that they were no longer supposed to confront women who do not adhere to hijab laws.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran's morality police will not 'bother' women, president says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckgnn3562yjo |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=www.bbc.com |date=16 September 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002154758/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckgnn3562yjo |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Iraq===
[[File:Iraqi Women (29910186726).jpg|thumb|Iraqi women wearing hijab in [[Baghdad]]]]

The Iraqi sociologist [[Ali Al-Wardi]] mentioned that [[women in Iraq]] were not used to wearing the form of veiling known as the [[hijab]], as the hijab was not common before the 1930s, and the hijab was only widespread among the wives of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] employees and clerics during the Ottoman period.<ref name="A Study into the Nature of Iraqi Society, pg. 270">[[Ali al-Wardi]] 1965, pg. 270</ref>

In the 1920s, when the Iraqi women's movement begun under the [[Women's Awakening Club]], the opposing conservatives accused it of wanting to unveil women.<ref>Noga Efrati: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=weoC4c745zcC&dq=women+baghdad+1934&pg=PT272 Women in Iraq: Past Meets Present]''</ref>

Majda al-Haidari, wife of [[Raouf al-Chadirchi]], has sometimes been said to be the first woman in Baghdad to have appeared unveiled in the 1930s,<ref name="auto">Haifa Zangana: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5VHz9DaQHDQC&dq=iraq+history+veil&pg=PT20 City of Widows: An Iraqi Woman's Account of War and Resistance]''</ref> but the [[Popular Unity Party (Iraq)|Communist]] Amina al-Rahal, sister of [[Husain al-Rahhal|Husain al-Rahal]], have also been named as the first unveiled role model in [[Baghdad]].<ref>Zahra Ali: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xrBoDwAAQBAJ&dq=iraq+qasim+Ba%27ath+Party+veil&pg=PA47 Women and Gender in Iraq: Between Nation-Building and Fragmentation]''</ref> In the 1930s and 1940s, female College students gradually started to appear unveiled,<ref name="auto"/> and most upper- and middle class urban women in Iraq were said to be unveiled by 1963.<ref>Gustav Adolph Sallas, United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PXUCZngdyggC&dq=iraq+history+veil&pg=PA5 Labor Law and Practice in Iraq]'', 1963, s. 5</ref>
In early [[Ba'athist Iraq]] (1968–1979), the Secular Socialist [[Baath Party (Iraq)|Baath Party]] women were officially stated to be equal to men, and urban women were normally unveiled.<ref name="Sexuality, Health and Human Rights">Sonia Corrêa, Rosalind Petchesky, Richard Parker: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NqR4BkJYHaoC&dq=iraq+unveiled+women+baath&pg=PA258 Sexuality, Health and Human Rights]'', s. 258</ref><ref name="books.google.com">Jennifer Heath: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ7ssQn7V1MC&q=+veil+iraq&pg=PA332 The Veil: Women Writers on Its History, Lore, and Politics]'', s. 37</ref><ref name="ReferenceE">Brian Glyn Williams: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_x82DQAAQBAJ&dq=iraq+qasim+Ba%27ath+Party+veil&pg=PA21 Counter Jihad: America's Military Experience in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria]'', s. 21</ref>

After the [[Iraq War|fall]] of [[Saddam Hussein]] in 2003, there was a surge in threats and harassment of unveiled women, and the use of hijab became common in Iraq.<ref>Sherifa Zuhur: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=f77YE92sEGIC&dq=iraq+unveiled+women&pg=PA30 Iraq, Women's Empowerment, and Public Policy]''</ref> In 2017, the [[Iraqi Ground Forces|Iraqi army]] imposed a burqa ban in the liberated areas of [[Mosul]] for the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] of [[Ramadan]]. Police stated that the temporary ban was for security measures, so that [[Islamic State|ISIS]] bombers could not disguise themselves as women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraq-army-mosul-ramadan-burqa-ban-isis-use-attacks-suicide-bomb-shooting-islamic-state-a7766461.html|title=Iraqi army imposes Ramadan 'burqa ban' in Mosul fearing Isis will use it for attacks|date=1 June 2017|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=10 November 2019|archive-date=10 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110014838/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraq-army-mosul-ramadan-burqa-ban-isis-use-attacks-suicide-bomb-shooting-islamic-state-a7766461.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Iraq in general does not have laws pertaining to headscarves; however, it is advised to wear hijab in the holy cities of [[Najaf]] and [[Karbala]].

=== Israel ===
{{Further|Islam in Israel|Islam in Palestine}}

[[File:TiraMarket.jpg|thumb|175px|Mannequins with traditional Muslim [[veil]] and hoods at a Saturday market in [[Tira, Israel|Tira]]]]In July 2010, some Israeli lawmakers and women's rights activists proposed a bill to the [[Knesset]] banning face-covering veils. According to ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', the measure was generally "regarded as highly unlikely to become law." Chana Kehat, founder of the Jewish women's rights group [[Kolech]], criticized a ban and also commented "fashion also often oppresses women with norms which lead to anorexia." Eilat Maoz, general coordinator for the [[Coalition of Women for Peace]], referred to a ban as "a joke" that would constitute racism.<ref>{{cite news |title=MKs discuss France-like burka ban |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=181604 |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |archive-date=19 October 2012 |access-date=18 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019171225/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=181604 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Jordan ===
[[File:WRK2975.jpg|left|thumb|Jordanian computer engineering graduates]]There are no laws requiring the wearing of headscarves nor any banning such from any public institution.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

In the 1950s, the [[Dina bint Abdul-Hamid|Queen of Jordan]] appeared unveiled in public for the first time, and after this, it became acceptable for educated urban women to appear unveiled.<ref>Lina Edward Khamis: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YiRZDwAAQBAJ&dq=jordan+veil+queen+unveiled&pg=PA21 Cultural Policy in Jordan: System, Process, and Policy]'', p. 21</ref> The use of the headscarf increased during the 1980s in response to the [[Iranian Revolution|Iranian revolution]]. However, the use of the headscarf is generally prevalent among the lower and lower-middle class. Veils covering the face as well as the ''[[chador]]'' are extremely rare. It is widely believed that the Hijab is increasingly becoming a fashion and cultural statement rather than a religious one in Jordan with some Jordanian women wearing stylish headscarves along with modern-style clothing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marketplace.org/2008/02/29/jordan-hijabs-inspire-style/|title=In Jordan, hijabs inspire style|website=marketplace.org|date=29 February 2008|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123013352/https://www.marketplace.org/2008/02/29/jordan-hijabs-inspire-style/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Kazakhstan ===
[[File:Kazakh women.jpg|thumb|[[Women in Kazakhstan|Kazakh women]] wearing [[kimeshek]] (traditional headgear of married woman)]]
The word "hijab" was used only for certain style of ''hijab'', and such style of hijab was not commonly worn by Muslims there until the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]. Some Islamic adherents (like [[Uzbeks]]) used to wear the [[paranja]], while others ([[Chechens]], [[Karachays|Kara-Chai]], [[Tajiks]], [[Kazakhs]], [[Turkmens]], etc.) wore traditional scarves the same way as a [[Kerchief|bandana]] and have their own traditional styles of headgear which are not called by the word ''hijab''.
In the 1920s during the Soviet era, a series of policies and actions were taken by the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], initiated by [[Joseph Stalin]], to remove all manifestations of [[gender inequality]], especially on the systems of female [[veil]]ing and seclusion practiced in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Subaltern">[[#Subaltern|Northrop (2001a)]], p. 115.</ref>

In September 2017, schools in some regions of Kazakhstan banned girls wearing headscarves from further attendance. Attempts by Muslim parents to challenge the ban had failed {{As of|2018|04|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 2018|title=KAZAKHSTAN: Parents challenge schoolgirl headscarf ban|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5af009144.html|website=[[UN Refugee Agency]]|publisher=[[Forum 18]]|language=en}}</ref> In February 2018, the government proposed a ban on people wearing ''niqabs'' and similar forms of female dress in public.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Almaz Kumenov|date=February 15, 2018|title=Kazakhstan Steps Up Campaign Against Ultra-Orthodox Islam|url=https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-steps-up-campaign-against-ultra-orthodox-islam|website=Eurasianet|language=en|access-date=19 September 2021|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921061954/https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-steps-up-campaign-against-ultra-orthodox-islam|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 18 October 2023, a ban was begun on hijabs for students and teachers in schools.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Weisskopf |first1=Anatolij |title=Kazakhstan announces ban on hijabs in schools |url=https://www.dw.com/en/kazakhstan-announces-ban-on-hijabs-in-schools/a-67175196 |website=www.dw.com |publisher=DW |access-date=20 November 2024 |archive-date=4 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104173728/https://www.dw.com/en/kazakhstan-announces-ban-on-hijabs-in-schools/a-67175196 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Kuwait===
During the liberal nationalist era in the 1950s and 1960s, the unveiling of Kuwaiti women was viewed as a natural part of the progress of Kuwait as a new independent nation;<ref name="unveiling" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ9tAAAAIAAJ&q=Kuwait+is+a+primary+example+of+a+Muslim+society+which+embraced+liberal+and+Western+attitudes+throughout+the+sixties+and+seventies.|title=Muslim Education Quarterly |publisher=Islamic Academy |date=1990 |volume=8 |page=61}}</ref> Kuwaiti feminists like [[Lulwah Al-Qatami]] and Fatima Hussain burned their veils and abaya in public.<ref name="ReferenceA">Deborah L. Wheeler: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=v6aWc8fM1iEC&dq=veil+kuwait&pg=PA99 Internet in the Middle East, The: Global Expectations And Local Imaginations ...]'', s. 98–101</ref><ref name="qatami">{{Cite journal|title=A Kuwaiti Pioneer: An Interview with Lulwa Al-Qatami|url=https://www.kockw.com/sites/EN/Periodicals/July%20September%202016.pdf|page=11|journal=The Kuwait Digest|volume=July - September 2016|archive-date=17 January 2024|access-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117202706/https://www.kockw.com/sites/EN/Periodicals/July%20September%202016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The majority of Kuwaiti women did not wear the hijab in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Rubin |editor-first=Barry |url={{google books|wEih57-GWQQC|page=306|plainurl=yes}} |title=Guide to Islamist Movements |volume=1 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, New York |date=2010 |page=306 |isbn=978-0-7656-4138-0}}</ref><ref name="unveiling">{{cite book |first=Deborah L. |last=Wheeler |url={{google books|v6aWc8fM1iEC|page=99|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Internet in the Middle East: Global Expectations And Local Imaginations |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, New York |page=99 |isbn=978-0-7914-6586-8|year=2006}}</ref> At [[Kuwait University]] throughout the 1960s and most of the 1970s, [[miniskirt]]s were more common than the hijab.<ref>{{cite news |first=Evan |last=Osnos |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2004/07/11/in-kuwait-conservatism-a-launch-pad-to-success/|title=In Kuwait, conservatism a launch pad to success |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=11 July 2004|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701080119/https://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-11/news/0407110232_1_kuwait-university-mutairi-kuwaiti/2 |archive-date=1 July 2015 }}</ref>

This development gradually turned around due to the growing Islamization of Kuwaiti society, which made veiling the norm again by the mid-to-late 1990s in response to the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic revolution in Iran]] and the [[Grand Mosque seizure]].<ref name="ReferenceA" /> In 1978, [[Sheikh]]a Latifa Al-Sabah, then-wife<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 1992|title=Filipina maid allegedly kills member of Kuwait's ruling family|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/02/15/Filipina-maid-allegedly-kills-member-of-Kuwaits-ruling-family/4846698130000/|access-date=15 December 2020|website=UPI|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127185553/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/02/15/Filipina-maid-allegedly-kills-member-of-Kuwaits-ruling-family/4846698130000/|url-status=live}}</ref> of Emir [[Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah]], established the Islamic Care Association, seeking to spread Islam along with the associated lifestyle and conduct of Muslim life.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhw3DwAAQBAJ&dq=kuwait+the+Islamic+Care+Association+sabah&pg=PP88|title=Islam, Democracy and the Status of Women: The Case of Kuwait|author=Helen M. Rizzo|date=2017|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135873899 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=brzPDwAAQBAJ&dq=kuwait+the+Islamic+Care+Association+sabah&pg=PT32|title=Gender and Politics in Kuwait: Women and Political Participation in the Gulf|author=Meshal Al-Sabah|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9780857734051 }}</ref> However in recent decades, an increasing number of Kuwaiti women have been unveiling or choosing to not wear the hijab;<ref>{{Cite web|year=2019| url=https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/228555610/FINAL_PHD_THESIS_DOHA_SALEH_ALMUTAWAA_28_OCT_2019_Redacted.pdf|title=Negotiating Gender Relations through Resisting Gendered Rituals: A Study of ExHijabi Arab-Muslim Women|work=[[University of Bath]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 May 2023|title=Paradoxes of (un)veiling and the extended self: the experiences of Arab-Muslim women in Kuwait|url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JIMA-07-2022-0196/full/pdf?title=paradoxes-of-unveiling-and-the-extended-self-the-experiences-of-arab-muslim-women-in-kuwait|journal=Journal of Islamic Marketing|doi=10.1108/JIMA-07-2022-0196 |language=en |last1=Almutawaa |first1=Doha Saleh |last2=Nuttall |first2=Peter |last3=Mamali |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Al-Mutawa |first4=Fajer Saleh |last5=Aljuma |first5=Doha Husain Makki |pages=172–191 |volume=15 |issue=ahead-of-print |s2cid=258410794 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 March 2004|title=Letter from Kuwait City: The hijab reveals a lot about young women|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/kuwait/letter-from-kuwait-city-the-hijab-reveals-a-lot-about-young-women-1.317668|work=[[Gulf News]]|quote=More Kuwaiti women today are choosing not to wear the hijab.|access-date=25 October 2023|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030092920/https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/kuwait/letter-from-kuwait-city-the-hijab-reveals-a-lot-about-young-women-1.317668|url-status=live}}</ref> including the daughter of Kuwaiti [[Muslim Brotherhood]] leader [[Tareq Al-Suwaidan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 May 2017|url=https://www.globalmbwatch.com/2017/05/11/daughter-of-kuwaiti-muslim-brotherhood-removes-headscarf-muslim-brotherhood-not-happy-with-decision/|title=Daughter of Kuwaiti Muslim Brotherhood Removes Headscarf - Muslim Brotherhood Not Happy With Decision|work=The Global Muslim Brotherhood Daily Watch }}</ref>

As the first Kuwaiti women in [[National Assembly (Kuwait)|parliament]], [[Rola Dashti]] and [[Aseel al-Awadhi]] did not wear a [[hijab]] when they took their seats as MPs in the National Assembly in 2008. This decision was criticized by several [[Islamist]] MPs, including [[Ali al-Omair]]. In 2009, Kuwait's top court officially ruled that veiling is optional not mandatory among Kuwaiti women MPs in parliament.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-43503920091028|title=Kuwait rejects call to force head cover on women MPs|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=28 October 2009}}</ref>

=== Kyrgyzstan ===
The word "hijab" was used only for certain style of ''hijab'', and such style of hijab was not commonly worn by Muslims there until the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]. Some Islamic adherents (like [[Uzbeks]]) used to wear the [[paranja]], while others (Chechens, Kara-Chai, Tajiks, Kazakhs, Turkmens, etc.) wore traditional scarves the same way as a bandanna and have own traditional styles of headgear which are not called by the word ''hijab''.
In the 1920s during the Soviet era, a series of policies and actions taken by the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], initiated by [[Joseph Stalin]], to remove all manifestations of [[gender inequality]], especially on the systems of female [[veil]]ing and seclusion practiced in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Subaltern" />

Some schools reportedly banned Muslim students from attending classes in 2011 and 2012 over their headscarf. A school in [[Kara-Suu]] officially banned wearing the ''hijab'' for classes in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-29|title=Hijab ban in Kyrgyz school irks Muslims|url=https://en.irna.ir/news/81590526/Hijab-ban-in-Kyrgyz-school-irks-Muslims|website=[[Islamic Republic News Agency]]|language=en}}</ref>

===Lebanon===
[[File:A Beiruti Woman 19th Century.jpg|thumb|A Lebanese woman in Beirut wearing a traditional head covering, 19th century]]
There is no law requiring the veiling of women in Lebanon, and women are free to dress as they wish. Many women choose not to veil. However, 32.4% of Lebanon's population is in fact [[Christianity in Lebanon|Christian]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Lebanon |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/lebanon/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=U.S. Department of State |language=en |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210022650/https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/lebanon/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Unveiled Muslim women started to appear in Lebanon in the 1920s, but it was a controversial development. During the [[Interwar period]], Syria and Lebanon became scenes of the right to unveil in the Muslim world. Women's rights activists in the modernist Interwar period viewed the veil as a hindrance to women's participation in society as productive citizens, preventing them from benefiting a successful independent nation, and combined their criticism against hijab with their criticism against colonialism.<ref name="Mapping Arab Women's Movements 2012">Mapping Arab Women's Movements: A Century of Transformations from Within. (2012). Egypten: American University in Cairo Press.</ref>

In the 1920s, the feminist women's press in Lebanon and Syria published images of unveiled Turkish women and gave room to women's voices when the indigenous press normally avoided to mention or show images of women.<ref name="Thompson, E. 2000 p. 137">Thompson, E. (2000). Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon. USA: Columbia University Press. p. 137</ref>
The modernization reform program of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]] in Turkey abolished [[sex segregation]] and encouraged women to unveil as a part of a social revolution in order to make Turkey a modern state.<ref name="Thompson, E. 2000 p. 129">Thompson, E. (2000). Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon. USA: Columbia University Press. p. 129</ref>
The feminist pioneer [[Anbara Salam Khalidi]] removed her veil in public in 1927, and has been called the first Muslim woman in Lebanon to publicly abandon the veil.<ref name="amazon">{{cite book|title=Memoirs of An Early Arab Feminist|isbn=978-0745333564|author=Anbara Salam Khalidi|date=16 April 2013|publisher=Pluto Press }}</ref><ref name="salaam">{{cite web|title=Biographical data|url=http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/biography/viewentry.php?id=1447|work=Salaam Knowledge|access-date=5 April 2013|archive-date=18 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018043923/http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/biography/viewentry.php?id=1447|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1924, the women's magazine ''The Boudoir'' sided against hijab and pointed out physical disadvantages, such as the difficulty on breathing in a face veil.<ref>Thompson, E. (2000). Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon. USA: Columbia University Press. s.130</ref>
[[File:Rawda Kassem.JPG|left|thumb|228x228px|Lebanese actress Rawda Kassem]]
An important event in the growing trend of unveiling among upper-class women in Lebanon and Syria in the 1920s was the publication of ''al-Sufur wa-l-hijab'' by [[Nazira Zain al-Din|Nazira Zeineddine]] in 1928, claiming that Islam did not consider veiling necessary.<ref name="ReferenceB">Pernille Arenfeldt, Nawar Al-Hassan Golley: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GmpjEAAAQBAJ&dq=General+Union+of+Yemeni+Women+%28GUYS%29&pg=PT280 Mapping Arab Women's Movements: A Century of Transformations]''</ref>
This became a great object of controversy in the hijab debate in the Middle East, specifically Lebanon and Syria.<ref name="Mapping Arab Women's Movements 2012"/>
In her capacity of daughter to a scholar, she claimed Islam did not demand women to veil. This created great controversy, because it made veiling or unveiling an issue of religion, when previously it had been a question of personal choice; the ''al-Sufur wa-l-hijab'' made unveiling an issue of religion, tradition and culture imperialism, which made the debate much more intense.<ref name="Mapping Arab Women's Movements 2012 p. 70">Mapping Arab Women's Movements: A Century of Transformations from Within. (2012). Egypten: American University in Cairo Press. p. 70</ref>
The Mufti of [[Beirut]] stated that hijab was a religious issue and that: "The call to lift the veil is a call to wickendess.... modern women who smash the pillars of chastity and honor".<ref>Thompson, E. (2000). Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon. USA: Columbia University Press. p. 133</ref>
Conservative Muslims reacted with rage, and male Muslim attacked unveiled women in the streets of Beirut with [[Acid attack|acid]] and iron prongs.<ref>Thompson, E. (2000). Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon. USA: Columbia University Press. p. 136</ref>

After the ''al-Sufur wa-l-hijab'' controversy of 1928, unveiling came to be supported by the [[Francophile]] upper class and by the Modernist [[Arab nationalism|Arab Nationalists]], and opposed by the Populist [[Islamism|Islamists]], while the heated controversy made the organized women's movement to avoid the issue.<ref name="Keddie, N. R. 2012 p.96">Keddie, N. R. (2012). Women in the Middle East: Past and Present. Ukraina: Princeton University Press. p.96</ref> Despite the heated opposition, unveiling became normal in Lebanon during the Interwar period Beirut.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

===Malaysia===
[[File:Laugh Out Loud.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Young [[Malaysia]]n woman wearing a hijab]]
The headscarf is known as a {{transliteration|ms|[[tudung]]}}, which simply means "cover". (The word is used with that meaning in other contexts, e.g. {{transliteration|ms|tudung saji}}, a dish cover for food.) Muslim women may freely choose whether or not to wear the headscarf. The exception is when visiting a mosque, where the {{transliteration|ms|tudung}} must be worn.

Although headscarves are permitted in government institutions, public servants are prohibited from wearing the full-facial veil or ''niqab''. A judgment from the then-[[Federal Court of Malaysia|Supreme Court of Malaysia]] in 1994 cites that the ''niqab'', or ''purdah'', "has nothing to do with (a woman's) constitutional right to profess and practise her Muslim religion", because Islam does not make it obligatory to cover the face.<ref>''Hjh Halimatussaadiah bte Hj Kamaruddin v Public Services Commission, Malaysia & Anor'' [1994] 3 MLJ 61.</ref>

Although wearing the hijab, or tudung, is not mandatory for women in Malaysia, some government buildings enforce within their premises a dress code which bans women, Muslim and non-Muslim, from entering while wearing "revealing clothes".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hassim|first1=Nurzihan|journal=SEARCH: The Journal of the South East Asia Research Center for Communication and Humanities|date=2014|volume=6|issue=1|pages=79–96|title=A Comparative Analysis on Hijab Wearing in Malaysian Muslimah Magazines|url=http://search.taylors.edu.my/journalonline/Vol%206%20Issue%201/Paper%205.pdf|access-date=2 December 2015|issn=2229-872X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002703/http://search.taylors.edu.my/journalonline/Vol%206%20Issue%201/Paper%205.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Leongfashion" /> This directive has been much criticised, and after a spate of incidents where women (and men) were denied service because their clothing was deemed to violate arbitrary modesty rules, the government rolled back the regulations for front-line and emergency services such as police stations and public hospitals and assured citizens that they would be served at these premises without regard to their manner of dress.

{{As of|2013}}, the vast majority of Muslim Malaysian (mostly ethnic [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]]) women wear the tudung, a type of hijab. This use of the tudung was uncommon prior to the [[Islamic revival]]ism caused by the 1979 [[Grand Mosque seizure]] and [[Iranian revolution|Iranian Revolution]],<ref name="Booconservative">Boo, Su-lyn. "[http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/tudung-industry-in-malaysia-cashing-in-on-conservative-islam Tudung industry in Malaysia: Cashing in on conservative Islam]". ''[[The Malay Mail]]''. 9 May 2015. Retrieved on 28 August 2015. [https://news.yahoo.com/tudung-industry-malaysia-cashing-conservative-islam-222400769.html See version at] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331235407/https://news.yahoo.com/tudung-industry-malaysia-cashing-conservative-islam-222400769.html|date=31 March 2019}} [[Yahoo! News]].</ref> and the places that had women in tudung tended to be rural areas. The usage of the tudung sharply increased after the 1970s,<ref name="Leongfashion">Leong, Trinna. "[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/malaysian-women-face-rising-pressure-from-muslim-fashion-police_55aeb0b1e4b0a9b94852d441 Malaysian Women Face Rising Pressure From Muslim 'Fashion Police']" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150910151107/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/malaysian-women-face-rising-pressure-from-muslim-fashion-police_55aeb0b1e4b0a9b94852d441 Archive]). ''[[Huffington Post]]''. 21 July 2015. Retrieved on 28 August 2015.</ref> as religious conservatism among Malay people in both Malaysia and Singapore increased.<ref>Koh, Jaime and Stephanie Ho. ''Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia'' (Cultures and Customs of the World). [[ABC-CLIO]], 22 June 2009. {{ISBN|0313351163}}, 9780313351167. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MWlFCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31].</ref>

Several members of the [[Kelantan]] [[ulama]] in the 1960s believed the hijab was not mandatory.<ref name="Booconservative" /> By 2015, the Malaysian ulama believed this previous '[[fatwa]]' was un-Islamic.<ref name="FernandezC">Fernandez, Celine. "[https://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2011/04/18/why-some-women-wear-a-hijab-and-some-dont/ Why Some Women Wear a Hijab and Some Don’t]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150905040001/http://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2011/04/18/why-some-women-wear-a-hijab-and-some-dont/ Archive]). ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. 18 April 2011. Retrieved on 28 August 2015.</ref>

By 2015, Malaysia had a fashion industry related to the tudung.<ref name="Booconservative" />

Malaysian activist Maryam Lee reportedly received vitriolic backlash and death threats in 2020 for criticizing what she saw as institutional patriarchy in Islam and speaking out about her decision to not wear the hijab. Malaysian authorities questioned her for possibly breaching a law against insulting the religion.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=September 2020|title=Unveiling: Malaysian activist fights for hijab freedom|work=[[Bangkok Post]], [[Agence France Presse]]|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1989067/unveiling-malaysian-activist-fights-for-hijab-freedom|archive-date=26 December 2024|access-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226112613/https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1989067/unveiling-malaysian-activist-fights-for-hijab-freedom|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Maldives ===
[[File:Fazna Ahmed attended the graduation ceremony of Chimes Preschool 07.jpg|left|thumb|[[Fazna Ahmed]] accompanied by veiled Maldivian women at a graduation ceremony]]

There are no laws in the Maldives that require women to cover their heads, but since the early 21st-century [[Maldivians|Maldivian]] women have typically worn hijab and niqab in public. Although the majority of Maldivian women wear the veil (2017),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/269180.pdf|title=MALDIVES 2016 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT|date=2016|website=US Government|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815171236/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/269180.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> this is a phenomenon experienced in the past two decades or so, as a response to increased religious conservatism.<ref name="auto14">Emma Fulu ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EVVtAAAAQBAJ&dq=women+veil+maldives&pg=PA101 Domestic Violence in Asia: Globalization, Gender and Islam in the Maldives]'', p. 101-103</ref>

The Maldives became [[Islam in the Maldives|Islamised]] in the 12th century but women did not veil: in 1337, the Muslim traveller [[Ibn Battuta]] expressed his dislike of the fact that the Muslim women of the Maldives did not veil<ref>Guity Nashat Becker, Guity Nashat, Judith E. Tucker: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ndqLZK3ba8gC&dq=maldives+unveiled+women&pg=PA55 Women in the Middle East and North Africa: Restoring Women to History]'', s. 55</ref> and only wore a skirt (called ''feyli'') over the lower half of their bodies, leaving their breasts and heads uncovered (similar to the customs of [[Nair]] women in [[Kerala]] with which Maldives had intense [[Indian maritime history|naval contact]] before British rule), which was a [[culture shock]] that intensely scandalised the [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] traveller and that he had no success in ordering them to cover up.<ref name="auto10">Emma Fulu ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EVVtAAAAQBAJ&dq=women+veil+maldives&pg=PA101 Domestic Violence in Asia: Globalization, Gender and Islam in the Maldives]'', p. 101</ref> With the exception of a failed attempt to force women to veil in the 17th-century, veiling continued to be uncommon in the Maldives until the 20th century.<ref name="auto10" />

From the 1980s onward, veiling started to become more common in the Maldives due to growing Islamic conservatism triggered by the [[Grand Mosque seizure]] and [[Iranian Revolution|Iranian revolution]], and in the early 21st-century women and girls were put under growing social pressure to veil, resulting in hijab and black robes becoming common public wear by 2006.<ref name="auto14" />

In 2007, the [[US Department of State]]'s annual ''International Religious Freedom Report'' referenced one instance in which a female student was restricted from attending school for wearing a headscarf, despite civil servants wearing them at work without issue;<ref>{{cite web|title=Maldives|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2007/90231.htm|website=U.S. Department of State|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204131801/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2007/90231.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2023 |title=MALDIVES: Children's rights in the Special Procedures' reports |url=https://www.crin.org/en/library/publications/maldives-childrens-rights-special-procedures-reports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226131333/https://www.crin.org/en/library/publications/maldives-childrens-rights-special-procedures-reports |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=26 February 2017 |website=Child Rights International Network}}</ref> conversely, there are reports of women being pressured into covering themselves by close relatives;<ref>{{cite news |title=Hijab and the Maldives: stigma, shaming and the struggle to take it off |url=https://maldivesindependent.com/feature-comment/hijab-and-the-maldives-stigma-shaming-and-the-struggle-to-take-it-off-135211 |access-date=18 October 2018 |work=Maldives Independent |date=17 January 2018 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226044120/https://maldivesindependent.com/feature-comment/hijab-and-the-maldives-stigma-shaming-and-the-struggle-to-take-it-off-135211 |url-status=live }}</ref> of unveiled women being harassed, and of school girls being pressured to veil by their teachers.<ref name="auto14" />
Women who refuse to wear a veil or decide to remove it face social stigma<ref name=":0" /> from both their families and members of the public.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2018 |title=Hijab and the Maldives: stigma, shaming and the struggle to take it off |url=http://maldivesindependent.com/feature-comment/hijab-and-the-maldives-stigma-shaming-and-the-struggle-to-take-it-off-135211 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226044120/https://maldivesindependent.com/feature-comment/hijab-and-the-maldives-stigma-shaming-and-the-struggle-to-take-it-off-135211 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=Maldives Independent |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Myanmar===
At a conference in [[Yangon]] held by the Organization for the Protection of Race and Religion on 21 June 2015, a group of [[Buddhist nationalism|nationalist Buddhist]] monks locally called [[Patriotic Association of Myanmar|Ma Ba Tha]] declared that the headscarves "were not in line with school discipline", recommending the Burmese government to ban the wearing of ''hijabs'' by [[Islam in Myanmar|Muslim]] schoolgirls and to ban [[Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)|animal slaughter]] on the [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] holiday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Simon |date=2015-06-22 |title=Buddhist monks seek to ban schoolgirls from wearing headscarves in Burma |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/22/buddhist-monks-seek-to-ban-schoolgirls-from-wearing-headscarves |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Oman===
[[File:Craftswoman Oman 2.jpg|thumb|An elderly woman in Oman wearing the [[Battoulah]]]]

The rules of modesty in Islamic culture require a woman to be modestly covered at all times, especially when traveling farther from the home. At home, the Omani woman wears a long dress to her knees along with ankle-length pants and a leeso, or scarf, covering her hair and neck. Multitudes of lively colored ''Jalabiyyas ''are also worn at home. Once outside the home, dress is varied according to regional tastes. For some of a more conservative religious background, the [[burqa]] is expected to be worn to cover her face in the presence of other males, along with the wiqaya, or head scarf, and the abaya, an all-enveloping cloak revealing only her hands and feet.<ref name="Wikan, Unni 1982">Wikan, Unni. Behind the Veil in Arabia: Women in Oman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1982.</ref> Many women from varying regions of the Sultanate wear the scarf to cover only their hair.

The cotton burqa is symbolic of the expectations of the ideal woman and act as a mark of respect to represent her modesty and honor as well as her status. The burqa, first worn by a young girl after her seven-day honeymoon, is on whenever she is in the presence of strangers or outside the home, covering most of her face from view. The highest and lowest classes of Omanis do not wear the burqa—the highest being the children and relatives of the Sultan and the lowest being the poorest women in the town. This makes the burqa a symbol of rank as well. Some burqa differ in regions and designs as well, varying in size, shape and color. The Quran, however, makes no references specific to the modern day burqa.<ref name="Wikan, Unni 1982" />

The ''[[abaya]] ''is the conservative dress of choice, favored by women of most social classes and regions. The multitudes of designs and decadent embellishments on the modern day ''abaya ''has allowed it to become a versatile clothing that can be made either plain or a fashion statement, in Oman and in other neighboring Islamic countries.

The new freedom for Omani women after the [[1970 Omani coup d'état]] also included the freedom to unveil. A woman employed at the Omani television in the 1970s later commented:<ref>Al-Azri, K. M. (2013). Social and Gender Inequality in Oman: The Power of Religious and Political Tradition. Storbritannien: Routledge. p. 115</ref> <blockquote>at that time, the only concern of Omani men and women was how to build the nation...How can we help each other to elevate the social and economic conditions of people. Women, like men were fighting for a better future for Oman. We women for instance managed to establish the first [[Omani Women's Association]] in 1972... I used to travel throughout the country with the production team, reporting on the achievements of the renaissance such as the development of new schools, health clinics and hospitals, we were men and women, and there was no real concern for me as a woman travelling and presenting a programme without veiling or without being accompanied by a male relative. </blockquote>

===Pakistan===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Muhammad Ali Jinnah with sister Fatima Jinnah (cropped).JPG
| caption1 = Wax statue of [[Fatima Jinnah]] at [[Pakistan Monument]] museum, [[Lahore]]
| image2 = Benazir Bhutto.jpg
| caption2 = [[Benazir Bhutto]] at [[Newark, California|Newark]] in 2004
| total_width = 300
| image3 = Kalsoom Nawaz Sharif - White House - 2013 (cropped).jpg
| caption3 = [[Kulsoom Nawaz]] accompanying [[Nawaz Sharif|her husband]] on his visit to the [[White House]] in 2013
| footer = Pakistani Muslim women use the [[dupatta]] as a headscarf, a practice they share with [[Sikh]] and North Indian [[Hindu]] women.
}}

In [[Pakistan]], hijab is not mandated by law. As most Pakistani women wear the [[Shalwar kameez|salwar kameez]], the [[dupatta]] is used as a headscarf, a practice also found among [[Sikhs]] and [[Hindus]] in [[North India]]. Niqab and burqas are more common in the northwest, especially in [[Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|insurgency]]-hit [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]]-majority [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], bordering Afghanistan and a stronghold of the [[Pakistani Taliban]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

{{Multiple image
| image1 = All India Muslim League Working Committee Lahore 1940.jpg
| caption1 = [[Amjadi Bano]], dressed here in a full body covering burqa, was the lone woman signatory of the [[Lahore Resolution]] adopted by the [[All Pakistan Muslim League]] in 1940.
| image2 = Nusrat Bhutto (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = An unveiled [[Nusrat Bhutto]] in 1980s
| total_width = 300
}}

The [[purdah]] for Muslim upper- and middle-class women in [[India]] and later Pakistan, both in the form of gender segregation as well as the veil, fell out of fashion due to women's active mobilisation in the anticolonial struggle for independence.<ref name="auto6" /> The anti colonial independence movement in the Muslim world was dominated by secular modernists, who considered women's liberation as a natural part of achieving a modernized and revitalized Muslim world, and by the 1930s, Muslim upper-class women had started to appear unveiled.<ref name="auto6" />

During the [[Islamization in Pakistan|Islamization]] policy of [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] from 1977 to 1988, women were highly encouraged to veil, and although no law of general compulsory veiling was introduced, all women employed by the federal government (including flight attendants and state television anchors), and university students were mandated to veil.<ref name="auto6" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistanis split over mandatory burqas for women – DW – 09/24/2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/pakistanis-split-over-mandatory-burqas-for-women/a-50564634 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en}}</ref> In June 1988, General Zia decreed Sharia law as the supreme law of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fineman |first=Mark |date=1988-06-16 |title=Pakistan's Zia Decrees Islamic Law for Nation |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-06-16-mn-6836-story.html |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106022512/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-06-16-mn-6836-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These regulations were repealed after the death of Zia-ul-Haq.

In 2019, the government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa mandated a law requiring burqa for female students; however, it was reversed after backlash.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/en/pakistanis-split-over-mandatory-burqas-for-women/a-50564634 | title=Pakistanis split over mandatory burqas for women | website=[[Deutsche Welle]] | access-date=20 January 2023 | archive-date=20 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120105608/https://www.dw.com/en/pakistanis-split-over-mandatory-burqas-for-women/a-50564634 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Pulse Consultant's research over ten years has found that among Pakistan's young urban female students aged 16–28 the dupatta was still the favourite form of covering, with 40% responding that they wear it, but those who choose hijab more than doubled, going from 9% in 2008 to 25% in 2018, while those observing no form of head covering at all in that demographic fell from 34% in 2008 to 8% in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2019 |title=Trend of hijab, headscarf on the rise among urban female students: survey |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/529602-trend-of-hijab-headscarf-on-the-rise-among-urban-female-students-survey |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The News International]] |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410130003/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/529602-trend-of-hijab-headscarf-on-the-rise-among-urban-female-students-survey |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Palestine ===
[[File:Ramallah chat 1890.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A Palestinian man and woman wearing a hijab talking in [[Ramallah]] (1890)]]In the 1920s, the Palestinian women's movement started, and pioneer feminists such as [[Tarab Abdul Hadi]] were active in the campaign against the [[veil]], an initiative launched by local women encouraging Palestinian women to remove their veils.<ref name="PASSIA">{{cite web |title=Palestine Facts – Personalities: Chronological listing |url=http://www.passia.org/ |access-date=2008-09-11 |publisher=Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA) |archive-date=3 December 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981203133521/http://www.passia.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

;Gaza Strip
{{See also|Islamism in the Gaza Strip}}

Successful informal coercion of women by sectors of society to wear Islamic dress or ''hijab'' has been reported in the [[Gaza Strip]] where [[Mujama al-Islamiya]], the predecessor of [[Hamas]], reportedly used a mixture of consent and coercion to {{Double+single}}restore' ''hijab''" on urban-educated women in Gaza in the late 1970s and 1980s.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012687?seq=1 "Women and the Hijab in the Intifada", Rema Hammami] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031161607/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012687?seq=1 |date=31 October 2022 }} ''Middle East Report'', May–August 1990</ref> Similar behavior was displayed by Hamas during the [[First Intifada]].<ref>Rubenberg, C., ''Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank'' (USA, 2001) p.230</ref> Hamas campaigned for the wearing of the ''hijab'' alongside other measures, including insisting that women stay at home, should be segregated from men, and the promotion of polygamy. During the course of this campaign women who chose not to wear the ''hijab'' were verbally and physically harassed, with the result that the ''hijab'' was being worn "just to avoid problems on the streets".<ref name="Ruben">Rubenberg, C., ''Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank'' (USA, 2001) p.231</ref>

Following the takeover of the Gaza Strip in June 2007, Hamas attempted to implement Islamic law in the Gaza Strip, mainly at schools, institutions and courts by imposing the Islamic dress on women.<ref name="xinhua">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110514030330/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/03/content_12748559.htm Hamas encourages Gaza women to follow Islamic code] xinhuanet.com, 3 January 2010</ref> Hamas has imposed analogous restrictions on men as well as women. For example, men are no longer allowed to be shirtless in public.<ref name="mercury">{{cite web |title=mercurynews.com |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_17480257?nclick_check=1 |access-date=26 October 2017 |website=MercuryNews.com}}</ref>

School officials have rejected a hijab policy for women.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=4 May 1990 |title=Women, the Hijab and the Intifada |url=https://merip.org/1990/05/women-the-hijab-and-the-intifada |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926213139/https://merip.org/1990/05/women-the-hijab-and-the-intifada/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They have also targeted those who seek to impose the hijab.<ref name="auto3" />

When Palestinian Supreme Court Justice Abdel Raouf Al-Halabi ordered women lawyers to wear headscarves and caftans in court, attorneys contacted satellite television stations including [[Al Arabiya|Al-Arabiya]] to protest, causing Hamas's Justice Ministry to cancel the directive.<ref name="bloomberg">[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB2RfynNbLmk Hamas Bans Women Dancers, Scooter Riders in Gaza Push] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118123632/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB2RfynNbLmk |date=18 November 2015 }} By Daniel Williams, Bloomberg, 30 November 2009</ref>

Unlike Hamas, [[Palestinian]] [[Militants]] belonging to the [[Unified National Leadership of the Uprising]] (UNLU) have rejected a hijab policy for women,<ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://merip.org/1990/05/women-the-hijab-and-the-intifada/|title=Women, the Hijab and the Intifada|date=4 May 1990|access-date=26 January 2023|archive-date=16 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616022812/https://merip.org/1990/05/women-the-hijab-and-the-intifada/|url-status=live}}</ref> targeting those who seek to impose the hijab.<ref name="auto8" />

===Philippines===
[[File:DepEd Philippines - National Festival of Talents 2014 (02).jpg|thumb|[[Moro people|Moro]] girl in [[Mindanao]] region of Philippines wearing a hijab]]
Philippine law recognizes the right of [[Islam in the Philippines|Muslim]] women to wear headscarves including the hijab. The [[Commission on Human Rights (Philippines)|Commission on Human Rights]] issued on CHR Advisory number 2013–002 on 8 August 2013, that its Gender Ombud affirms the human rights of Muslim women to wear hijab, burka, and niqabs as part of their freedom of expression and freedom of religion as a response to schools implementing a ban on wearing the headscarves. It cited the Magna Carta of Women, particularly Section 28 which states that "the state shall recognize and respect the rights of Moro and indigenous women to practice, promote, protect, and preserve their own culture, traditions, and institutions and to consider these rights in the formulation and implementation of national policies and programs."<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslim women are now free to wear 'hijabs' in schools, gov't institutions – CHR |url=https://pcw.gov.ph/muslim-women-are-now-free-to-wear-hijabs-in-schools-govt-institutions-chr/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |work=Philippine Commission on Women |date=16 September 2013 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626090513/https://pcw.gov.ph/muslim-women-are-now-free-to-wear-hijabs-in-schools-govt-institutions-chr/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]], [[Philippine Coast Guard]], and [[Philippine National Police]], and the [[Bureau of Jail Management and Penology]] allows its female Muslim personnel to wear headscarves as part of their official uniform.<ref>{{cite news |title=Philippine Coast Guard allows female Muslim personnel to wear hijab |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2017831/world |access-date=21 April 2022 |work=Arab News |date=3 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

===Qatar===
Women and men are expected to dress in a manner that is modest, but the dress code is generally driven by social customs and is more relaxed in comparison to other nations in the region. Qatari women generally wear customary dresses that include "long black robes" and black head cover "hijab", locally called ''bo'shiya''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Abu Saud|1984|p=39}}</ref><ref name="ABC">{{cite web |last=King |first=Courtney |date=11 April 2003 |title=For Qatari Women, Change Slow in Coming |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=79539&page=1#.UbToAflOQto |access-date=24 August 2018 |work=ABC News |archive-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703091744/http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=79539&page=1#.UbToAflOQto |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the more traditional Sunni Muslim clothing for women are the black colored body covering known as the [[abaya]]h together with the black scarf used for covering their heads known as the shayla.<ref name="Hilal">{{cite web |title=The Culture of Qatar |url=http://www.hilalplaza.com/islamic-culture/Qatar/Qatar_Muslim_culture.html |access-date=15 January 2016 |publisher=HilalPlaza |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003453/http://www.hilalplaza.com/islamic-culture/Qatar/Qatar_Muslim_culture.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Abaya and [[Shayla]] is expected to be worn by Qatari women. Women who do not comply may face harsh consequences by their families or spouses.

It is believed that Qatari women began using face masks in the 19th century amid substantial immigration. As they had no practical ways of concealing their faces from foreigners, they began wearing the same type of face mask as their Persian counterparts.<ref>{{Harvnb|Abu Saud|1984|p=52}}</ref>

===Saudi Arabia===
[[File:Saudi in niqab.jpg|thumb|A typical Muslim woman in Saudi Arabia, dressed in niqab and [[abaya]]|left]]

Until the Islamic revivalism which occurred in Saudi Arabia after the [[Grand Mosque seizure]] in 1979, there were no legal requirements for women to veil. In the [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal]] era (1964–1975), women's access to education, work and public visibility expanded,<ref name="auto16">The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics. (2016). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press.</ref> and in the 1970s, some women went unveiled<ref>{{cite web | url=https://magazine.zenith.me/en/society/saudi-arabia-and-1979 | title=The Transformation of Our Generation | date=30 January 2019 | access-date=25 March 2023 | archive-date=20 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320154242/https://magazine.zenith.me/en/society/saudi-arabia-and-1979 | url-status=live }}</ref> and appeared in public without an [[abaya]] or niqab.<ref name="segregation-debate">Wagner, Rob L. (23 April 2010) [https://sites.google.com/site/roblwagnerarchives/s "Saudis Debate Gender Segregation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010023550/https://sites.google.com/site/roblwagnerarchives/s |date=10 October 2013 }}"NewsTilt"</ref><ref name="wright">{{Cite book|last=Wright|title=Sacred Rage|year=2001|page=[https://archive.org/details/sacredragewratho00wrig_0/page/155 155]|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=0-7432-3342-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/sacredragewratho00wrig_0/page/155}}</ref>

After the Grand Mosque seizure of 1979, this changed, and it became mandatory for women to veil in public.<ref name="auto16"/> According to some popular [[Salafi movement|Salafi]] scholars, a woman is to cover her entire body, including her face and hands, in front of unrelated men. Hence, the vast majority of traditional Saudi women were expected on a social standing to cover their body and hair in public.<ref name="auto13">Marfuqi, Kitab ul Mar'ah fil Ahkam, pg 133</ref> The Saudi niqāb usually leaves a long open slot for the eyes; the slot is held together by a string or narrow strip of cloth.<ref>Moqtasami (1979), pp. 41–44</ref> After 2018, covering has become more relaxed.<ref name="auto13"/>

Until 2018, the Saudi Arabian dress code required all women, local and foreign, to wear an [[abaya]], a garment that only covers the body and arms in public.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.expatwoman.com/saudi-arabia/guide/saudis-crown-prince-says-abaya-not-necessary-for-women|website=Expatwoman|access-date=28 July 2019|title=Saudi's Crown Prince Says Abaya Not Necessary for Women|date=20 March 2018|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728151158/https://www.expatwoman.com/saudi-arabia/guide/saudis-crown-prince-says-abaya-not-necessary-for-women|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/women-in-saudi-arabia-do-not-need-to-wear-head-cover-says-crown-prince-1.3433096|title=What's That You're Wearing? A Guide to public dress|last=Goldman|first=Russell|date=3 May 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=11 March 2018|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115083146/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/women-in-saudi-arabia-do-not-need-to-wear-head-cover-says-crown-prince-1.3433096|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, it was made clear that the hijab or any other form of headcovering were no longer legally required in Saudi Arabia. According to Crown Prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]], women are not required to cover their heads or wear the abaya, provided their clothing is "decent and respectful."<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2018 |title=Women in Saudi Arabia do not need to wear head cover, says crown prince |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/women-in-saudi-arabia-do-not-need-to-wear-head-cover-says-crown-prince-1.3433096 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115083146/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/women-in-saudi-arabia-do-not-need-to-wear-head-cover-says-crown-prince-1.3433096 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=28 July 2019 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |agency=Reuters}}</ref>

Although the hijab is not compulsory, it is expected to be worn in the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia Dress Code for Males and Females – Travel Basics|url=https://www.saudiarabiavisa.co.uk/dress-code-foreigners.html|access-date=2021-12-18|website=Saudi Visa UK|language=en|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202142247/https://www.saudiarabiavisa.co.uk/dress-code-foreigners.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
A Sri Lankan MP called for [[Islam in Sri Lanka|Muslim]] women to be banned from wearing both [[burqa]] and [[Niqāb|niqab]] in wake of the [[2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings|Easter terror attack]] which happened on 21 April 2019 during a local parliamentary session.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2019 |title=Sri Lankan MP wants to ban the burqa in the wake of the Easter massacre |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/sri-lanka-bombing-burqa-ban-isis-islam-ashu-marasinghe-a8883801.html |access-date=25 April 2019 |website=The Independent |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425142913/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/sri-lanka-bombing-burqa-ban-isis-islam-ashu-marasinghe-a8883801.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2019 |title=Fear of retaliation against Sri Lankan Muslims grows as MP calls for burqa ban |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/sri-lanka-attacks-burqa-ban-muslims-terrorism-bombings-a8885056.html |access-date=25 April 2019 |website=The Independent |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425012250/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/sri-lanka-attacks-burqa-ban-muslims-terrorism-bombings-a8885056.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Range |first=Irangika |title=Ban 'niqab, burqa' – Prof. Ashu |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2019/04/24/local/183684/ban-%E2%80%98niqab-burqa%E2%80%99-prof-ashu |access-date=25 April 2019 |website=Daily News |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428014346/http://www.dailynews.lk/2019/04/24/local/183684/ban-%E2%80%98niqab-burqa%E2%80%99-prof-ashu |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Sri Lankan government banned all types of clothing covering the face, including the burqa and niqab, on 29 April 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covering the face banned from tomorrow |newspaper=Daily Mirror |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/Covering-the-face-banned-from-tomorrow/108-166091 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |access-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514190358/http://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/Covering-the-face-banned-from-tomorrow/108-166091 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Syria===
[[File:Great Mosque of Aleppo, Women of Syria in hijabs, Aleppo, Syria.jpg|thumb|Women in hijabs, [[Great Mosque of Aleppo]], Syria]]
[[File:Naziq al-Abid, 1920.jpg|thumb|[[Nazik al-Abid|Naziq al-Abid]], 1920]]

During the [[Interwar period]], Syria and Lebanon became scenes of the right to unveil in the Muslim world.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

During the visit of the [[King–Crane Commission]] in [[Damascus]] in 1919, women's rights activists (of the [[Nur al-Fayha]] organization) attended unveiled to demonstrate the progressive modernist ambitions of the Faisal Government.<ref name="Thompson, E. 2000 p. 128">Thompson, E. (2000). Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon. USA: Columbia University Press. p. 128</ref>
During a nationalist demonstration in Damascus during a visit of [[Arthur Balfour|Lord Balfour]] the women demanded the abolition of the veil, which created tension with their male counterparts.<ref name="Thompson, E. 2000 p. 129"/>
When a petition on women's suffrage was discussed in the [[Syrian National Congress|Syrian Congress]] in 1920, [[Sheikh|Shaykh]] Abd al-Qadir al-Kaylani stated that to given [[Women's suffrage|women the right to vote]] would be the same thing as abolish sex segregation and allow women to appear unveiled.<ref name="Thompson, E. 2000 p. 128"/>

Women's rights activists in the modernist Interwar period viewed the veil as a hindrance to women's participation in society as productive citizens, preventing them from benefiting a successful independent nation, and combined their criticism against hijab with their criticism against colonialism.<ref name="Mapping Arab Women's Movements 2012"/>
In 1922, during a women's march in protest of the imprisonment of Shahbandar by the French, the participating women removed their veils.<ref name="Thompson, E. 2000 p. 128"/>

In the 1920s, the feminist women's press in Lebanon and Syria published images of unveiled Turkish women and gave room to women's voices when the indigenous press normally avoided to mention or show images of women.<ref name="Thompson, E. 2000 p. 137"/>
The modernization reform program of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]] in Turkey abolished sex segregation and encouraged women to unveil as a part of a social revolution in order to make Turkey a modern state.<ref name="Thompson, E. 2000 p. 129"/>
The social revolution in Turkey created a debate in Syria, where Turkish postcards displayed modern unveiled Turkish women, and according to the US Consul in Damascus in 1922: "I am informed that they attract considerable attention in local feminine circles", and the women's magazine Dimashqiya (The New Woman) celebrated Atatürk for his reforms and published photographs of unveiled Turkish woman.<ref name="Thompson, E. 2000 p. 129"/>

An important event in the growing trend of unveiling among upper-class women in Lebanon and Syria in the 1920s was the publication of ''al-Sufur wa-l-hijab'' by [[Nazira Zain al-Din|Nazira Zeineddine]] in 1928, which did not consider veiling to be Islamically necessary,<ref name="ReferenceB"/> which became a great object of controversy in the hijab debate in the Middle East, specifically Lebanon and Syria.<ref name="Mapping Arab Women's Movements 2012"/>
In her capacity of daughter to a scholar, she claimed Islam did not demand women to veil. This created great controversy, because it made veiling or unveiling an issue of religion, when previously it had been a question of personal choice; the ''al-Sufur wa-l-hijab'' made unveiling an issue of religion, tradition and culture imperialism, which made the debate much more intense.<ref name="Mapping Arab Women's Movements 2012 p. 70"/>
After the ''al-Sufur wa-l-hijab'' controversy of 1928, unveiling came to be supported by the [[Francophile]] upper class and by the Modernist [[Arab nationalism|Arab Nationalists]], and opposed by the Populist [[Islamism|Islamists]], while the heated controversy made the organized women's movement to avoid the issue.<ref name="Keddie, N. R. 2012 p.96"/>

During the 1920s, upper-class women in Syria started to appear unveiled in public, which caused great opposition from religious conservatives, who sometimes attacked unveiled women [[Acid attack|with acid]].<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
When the conservative [[Taj al-Din al-Hasani|Shaykh Taj]] became Prime minister in Damascus in 1928, a campaign started by preachers in the mosques who called upon believers to attack unveiled women, which was followed by men attacking unveiled women on the street with [[acid]]; and a women's march against the hijab, which was held in [[Al-Hamidiyah|Hamidiya]] was attacked by a mob.<ref>Thompson, E. (2000). Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon. USA: Columbia University Press. p. 136</ref>

The fact that women started to appear unveiled in public during the Interwar era created great opposition; Islamic conservatives debated on whether women should be allowed to appear in public, and unveiled women were harassed in order to frighten women from accessing the public space.<ref>Keddie, N. R. (2012). Women in the Middle East: Past and Present. Ukraina: Princeton University Press. p.97</ref> The Islamist group al-gharra demanded that all women be forced to veil completely from head to toe, while the French colonial press condemned the men who made unveiled women afraid to leave their home in fear of violence.<ref>Thompson, E. (2000). Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon. USA: Columbia University Press. p. 139</ref>
As a reaction to the progressive unveiling trend among women, the League of Modesty was founded by conservative women in 1934, whose members patrolled the streets in white shrouds and attacked unveiled women armed with scissors and bottles of acid.<ref>Thompson, E. (2000). Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon. USA: Columbia University Press. p. 138</ref>

In the 1940s, [[Thuraya Al-Hafez]] campaigned for women's right to choose if she wished to veil or not.<ref>Mapping Arab Women's Movements: A Century of Transformations from Within. (2012). Egypten: American University in Cairo Press. p. 85-86</ref>
In the summer of 1943, Thuraya Al-Hafez headed a women's march of 100 women to the Marja Square in Damascus demonstrating against hijab, with the claim that the Quran did not demand for women to veil.<ref>Meininghaus, E. (2016). Creating Consent in Ba‘thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State. Storbritannien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p.59</ref> In 1944, Islamic groups in Syria demanded sex segregation in schools and public transport, to prohibit women from visiting the cinema, and that women be forced to wear hijab by a morality police.<ref name="Meininghaus, E. 2016 p.58">Meininghaus, E. (2016). Creating Consent in Ba‘thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State. Storbritannien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p.58</ref>
To appease the Islamic groups, the government introduced sex segregation on public transportation in Damascus during religious holidays in 1944.<ref>Keddie, N. R. (2012). Women in the Middle East: Past and Present. Ukraina: Princeton University Press. p.98</ref>
In May 1944, a rumour was spread that a ball attended by unveiled Muslim women was to take place at Nuqtar al-halib. As a response, the Islamic al-ghurra group launched a campaign in the mosques with the demanded that the government stop the ball, and riots occurred in Damascus, [[Aleppo]], [[Homs]] and [[Hama]]h. In response, [[Adila Bayhum|Adila Bayyhum]], a member of the Nuqtat al-halib, stopped her philanthropic distribution of milk to the poor until the government threatened to stop their own grain distribution if the Islamic riot campaign did not stop.<ref name="Meininghaus, E. 2016 p.58"/>

In 2010, Ghiyath Barakat, Syria's minister of higher education, announced a ban on women wearing full-face veils at [[university|universities]]. The official stated that the face veils ran counter to secular and academic principles of Syria.<ref>{{cite news |title=Syria bans face veils at universities |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-10684359 |date=19 July 2010 |access-date=19 July 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=8 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208151128/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-10684359 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the ban strictly addresses veils that cover the head and mouth, and does not include hijabs, or headscarves, which many Syrian women wear.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/20/syria-bans-niqab-from-universities|title=Syria bans niqab from universities|agency=Associated Press|date=20 July 2010|work=The Guardian|access-date=10 November 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517215357/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/20/syria-bans-niqab-from-universities|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Tajikistan ===
[[File:Tajikistan (502891603).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tajik woman wearing a hijab]]
The word "hijab" was used only for certain style of ''hijab'', and such style of hijab was not commonly worn by Muslims there until the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]. Some Islamic adherents (like Uzbeks) used to wear the [[paranja]], while others (Chechens, Kara-Chai, Tajiks, Kazakhs, Turkmens, etc.) wore traditional scarves the same way as a bandanna and have own traditional styles of headgear which are not called by the word ''hijab''. In the 1920s during the Soviet era, a series of policies and actions taken by the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], initiated by [[Joseph Stalin]], to remove all manifestations of [[gender inequality]], especially on the systems of female [[veil]]ing and seclusion practiced in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Subaltern"/>

In 2017, the government of [[Tajikistan]] passed a law requiring people to "stick to traditional national clothes and culture", which has been widely seen as an attempt to prevent women from wearing Islamic clothing, in particular the style of headscarf wrapped under the chin, in contrast to the traditional Tajik headscarf tied behind the head.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tajikstan [''sic''] passes law 'to stop Muslim women wearing hijabs'|author=Harriet Agerholm|date=1 September 2017|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tajikstan-muslim-hijabs-stop-women-law-headscarfs-central-asia-islam-a7923886.html|archive-date=6 September 2017|access-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906141934/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tajikstan-muslim-hijabs-stop-women-law-headscarfs-central-asia-islam-a7923886.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tajik authorities have reportedly enforced this with warnings, fines, sacking from employment, or refusal of services in hospitals and schools.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mushfig Bayram|date=July 2021|title=TAJIKISTAN: Male police continue targeting women wearing hijabs|url=https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2676|website=[[Forum 18]]|language=en-gb|access-date=19 September 2021|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920164202/https://forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2676|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 19 June 2024, the Majlisi Milli, the upper house of the [[National Assembly of Tajikistan]], approved a bill banning ''hijab'', prohibiting citizens and legal entities<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mmk.tj/system/files/Legislation/gj.pdf |title=Law of the Republic of Tajikistan on Regulation Celebrations and Ceremonies in the Republic of Tajikistan. Text of the bill in Tajiki. The ban is defined in the section 18, chapter 5. |date=7 July 2024 }}</ref> from the "import, sale, promotion and wearing of clothing foreign to the national culture". This bill had previously been approved by the [[Majlisi Namoyandagon]], the lower house, on 8 May.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ozodi.org/a/khulosai-majlisi-milli-ba-man-i-idgardak-va-libosi-begona-/32999332.html |title="Ҳамааш қабул шуд." Хулосаи Маҷлиси Миллӣ ба манъи идгардак ва либоси "бегона" |newspaper=Радиои Озодӣ |trans-title="All accepted." Conclusion of the National Assembly on the prohibition of "foreign" clothing |publisher=Ozodi.org |language=tg |date=19 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/tajik-parliament-upper-chamber-approves-bill-banning-hijab/32999679.html |title=Tajik Parliament's Upper Chamber Approves Bill Banning Hijab |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=19 June 2024 |access-date=19 June 2024 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619212444/https://www.rferl.org/a/tajik-parliament-upper-chamber-approves-bill-banning-hijab/32999679.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===United Arab Emirates===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}
There are no laws banning or mandating veiling in the United Arab Emirates.

In practice, women are expected to dress what is societally defined as "modest" and it is common for Emirati women to wear abaya and cover their head with a hijab or shayla, although the traditional face cover known as ''[[battoulah]]'' became less common in the 21st century.

=== Uzbekistan ===
[[File:Hujum.png|thumb|right|Photograph of a veil-burning ceremony in Uzbekistan in 1920s]]
The word "hijab" was used only for certain style of ''hijab'', and such style of hijab was not commonly worn by Muslims there until the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]. Some Islamic adherents (like Uzbeks) used to wear the [[paranja]], while others (Chechens, Kara-Chai, Tajiks, Kazakhs, Turkmens, etc.) wore traditional scarves the same way as a bandanna and have own traditional styles of headgear which are not called by the word ''hijab''.
In the 1920s during the Soviet era, a series of policies and actions taken by the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], initiated by [[Joseph Stalin]], to remove all manifestations of [[gender inequality]], especially on the systems of female [[veil]]ing and seclusion practiced in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Subaltern"/>

Uzbek authorities in 2012 reportedly prohibited the selling of religious clothing, specifically hijabs and face veil, at several [[Tashkent]] markets following a secretive ban on their sales.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Ali|date=March 17, 2012|title=Uzbekistan Bans Islamic Clothing|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/uzbekistan-bans-islamic-clothing-270040/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919072625/https://archive.siasat.com/news/uzbekistan-bans-islamic-clothing-270040/|archive-date=2021-09-19|website=[[The Siasat Daily]]|language=en-US}}</ref> An Uzbek imam was sacked in 2018 after he urged President [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] to lift a ban on personal religious symbols including hijabs.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-09-10|title=Uzbek imam sacked after urging president to allow hijabs, beards|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uzbekistan-islam-hijab-idUSKCN1LQ0VP|archive-date=2 June 2020|access-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602131705/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uzbekistan-islam-hijab-idUSKCN1LQ0VP|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Yemen ===
In 1956 the [[Adeni Women's Club]] engaged in favor of unveiling on the initiative of [[Radhia Ihsan]], when six unveiled women, followed by about thirty unveiled women by car, attended a procession through the streets of Aden to the office of the news papers ''[[Al-Ayyam (Yemen)|al-Ayyam]]'' and ''Fatat al-jazira'', were they issued a press statement condemning the veil as a hindrance against the participation of women in public society.<ref name="ReferenceC">Pernille Arenfeldt, Nawar Al-Hassan Golley, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GmpjEAAAQBAJ&dq=General+Union+of+Yemeni+Women+%28GUYS%29&pg=PT280 Mapping Arab Women's Movements: A Century of Transformations]''</ref> After the foundation of the Communist [[South Yemen|People's Democratic Republic of Yemen]] in 1967, the [[General Union of Yemeni Women]] supported unveiling and women's rights in all spheres, though the policies they introduced in South Yemen was reversed after the Yemeni Unification in the 1990s.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

Although there is no dress code that legally forces veiling upon women in Yemen, the abaya and niqab are social norms in Yemen and are worn by girls from a young age. In some areas, the hijab is part of school uniforms. Yemeni women who choose to not wear headscarves are at risk of oppression.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.almadaniyamag.com/english/2017/7/13/removing-hijabs-and-discarding-prejudice-yemeni-women-abroad|title=Removing Hijabs and Discarding Prejudice: Yemeni Women Abroad|work=al madaniya|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312024107/https://www.almadaniyamag.com/english/2017/7/13/removing-hijabs-and-discarding-prejudice-yemeni-women-abroad|url-status=dead}}</ref>

When Nobel Peace Laureate [[Tawakkol Karman]] was asked by journalists about her ''hijab'' with regard to her intellect and education, she replied, "man in early times was almost naked, and as his intellect evolved he started wearing clothes. What I am today and what I'm wearing represents the highest level of thought and civilization that man has achieved, and is not regressive. It's the removal of clothes again that is regressive back to ancient times."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hautehijab.com/blogs/hijab-fashion/4966602-tawakkul-karman-first-arab-woman-and-youngest-nobel-peace-laureate-in-hijab|title=Tawakkul Karman – First Arab Woman and Youngest Nobel Peace Laureate|access-date=18 March 2012|archive-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030045/http://www.hautehijab.com/blogs/hijab-fashion/4966602-tawakkul-karman-first-arab-woman-and-youngest-nobel-peace-laureate-in-hijab|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Europe==
{{Main|Islamic dress in Europe}}

[[File:Jean-Léon Gérôme - Young Greeks in the Mosque - 62.85 - Minneapolis Institute of Arts.jpg|thumb|[[Greek Muslims]] praying inside a mosque, 1865 oil painting by [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]]. The woman in the painting is wearing a white headscarve over her [[Greek dress]], in a [[Head covering for Christian women|manner]] similar to her contemporary church-going [[Religion in Greece|Greek Christian]] women. This is what many contemporary European Muslims do, as an outward expression of their Muslim faith.]]

European Commissioner [[Franco Frattini]] said in November 2006, that he did not favor a ban on the ''burqa''.<ref>Reformatorisch dagblad: ''[http://www.reformatorischdagblad.nl/artikel/1283448/Brussel+tegen+boerkaverbod.html Brussel tegen boerkaverbod] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203050702/http://www.reformatorischdagblad.nl/artikel/1283448/Brussel+tegen+boerkaverbod.html |date=3 December 2007 }}'', 30 November 2006.</ref> This was considered to be the first official statement on the issue of prohibition of Islamic dress from the [[European Commission]], the executive of the [[European Union]].

Islamic dress is also seen as a symbol of the existence of [[Parallel society|parallel societies]], and the failure of [[cultural assimilation|integration]]: in 2006, British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] described the face veil as a "mark of separation".<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6058672.stm Blair's concerns over face veils] [[BBC News Online]]. 17 October 2006.</ref> Proposals to ban hijab may be linked to other related cultural prohibitions, with Dutch politician [[Geert Wilders]] proposing a ban on ''hijab'', on [[Madrasa|Islamic schools]], the [[Quran]], on new [[List of mosques in Europe|mosques]], and on non-western immigration.

In France and Turkey, the emphasis is on the secular nature of the [[Sovereign state|state]], and the symbolic nature of the Islamic dress. In Turkey, bans previously applied at state institutions (courts, [[civil service]]) and in state-funded education, but were gradually lifted during the tenure of [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]. In 2004, France passed a law banning "symbols or clothes through which students conspicuously display their religious affiliation" (including hijab) in public primary schools, middle schools, and secondary schools,<ref name=french-headscarf-ban>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3474673.stm French MPs back headscarf ban] BBC News (BBC). Retrieved on 13 February 2009.</ref> but this law does not concern universities (in French universities, applicable legislation grants students freedom of expression as long as public order is preserved<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006525517 |title=Education Code. L811-1 §2 |language=fr |publisher=Legifrance.gouv.fr |date=26 January 1984 |access-date=16 September 2010 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604234351/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006525517 |url-status=live }}</ref>). These bans also cover Islamic headscarves, which in some other countries are seen as less controversial, although [[law court]] staff in the Netherlands are also forbidden to wear Islamic headscarves on grounds of 'state neutrality'.

An apparently less politicized argument is that in specific professions (teaching), a ban on "veils" (''niqab'') may be justified on the grounds that being able to see [[facial expression]]s and making [[eye contact]] can be helpful in communicating. This argument has featured prominently in [[employment tribunal|judgments]] in Britain and the Netherlands, after students or teachers were banned from wearing face-covering clothing.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

Public and political response to such prohibition proposals is complex, since by definition they mean that the government decides on individual clothing. Some non-Muslims, who would not be affected by a ban, see it as an issue of [[civil liberties]], as a [[slippery slope]] leading to further restrictions on private life. A public opinion poll in London showed that 75 percent of Londoners support "the right of all persons to dress in accordance with their religious beliefs".<ref>Guardian: [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/nov/20/london.religion Livingstone decries vilification of Islam], 20 November 2006.</ref> In another poll in the UK by [[MORI|Ipsos MORI]], 61 percent agreed that "Muslim women are segregating themselves" by wearing a veil, yet 77 percent thought they should have the right to wear it.<ref>Ipsos MORI [http://www.ipsos-mori.com/polls/2006/itv.shtml Muslim Women Wearing Veils] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202122337/http://www.ipsos-mori.com/polls/2006/itv.shtml |date=2 December 2007 }}.</ref> In a later FT-Harris poll conducted in 2010 after the French ban on face covering went into effect, an overwhelming majority in Italy, Spain, Germany, and the UK supported passing such bans in their own countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/french-burqa-ban-widely-supported-europe|title=Atlantic Council|website=acus.org|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511091109/http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/french-burqa-ban-widely-supported-europe|archive-date=11 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The headscarf is perceived to be a symbol of the [[Clash of Civilizations|clash of civilizations]] by many. Others would also argue that the increase of laws surrounding the banning of headscarves and other religious paraphernalia has led to an increase in not just the sales of headscarves and ''niqabs'', but an increase in the current religiosity of the Muslim population in Europe: as both a product of and a reaction to westernization.<ref>Scott, 2007, pg. 5</ref>

According to a 2017 ruling by the European Court of Justice on a case involving two Belgian women, employers in the EU may restrict the wearing of religious symbols if such regulations on appearance are applied consistently.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-03-14|title=EU workplace headscarf ban 'can be legal', says ECJ|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39264845|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210717082205/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39264845%23comments|archive-date=2021-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2017|title=ECJ rules employers can ban staff from wearing Islamic headscarf|work=[[Financial Times]]|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c27c99b2-089c-11e7-ac5a-903b21361b43|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210718051604/https://www.ft.com/content/c27c99b2-089c-11e7-ac5a-903b21361b43%23comments-anchor|archive-date=2021-07-18}}</ref> The court ruled again on a 2021 case from Germany that EU companies could ban employees from wearing religious symbols, including headscarves, to present a "neutral image".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Scully|first=Rachel|date=2021-07-15|title=EU court rules employees' headscarves can be banned in some cases|url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/563154-eu-court-rules-employees-headscarves-can-be-banned-in-some-cases|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718065353/https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/563154-eu-court-rules-employees-headscarves-can-be-banned-in-some-cases|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Albania===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Ad017.jpg
| caption1 = Veiled [[Islam in Albania|Albanian Muslim]] woman in the late 19th century
| image2 = Muslim woman, engraving from JC Hοbhouse, “A Journey through Albania”, London 1813 - 1827.jpg
| caption2 = Veiled Albanian Muslim woman as depicted in a British travelogue of 1820s
| footer = Veiling was a common practice in the Muslim-majority Albania like other traditional Muslim societies
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 250
}}

When Albania became independent in 1920, it was declared to be a secular country, and veiling were regarded as not only a symbol of religious power but also as a symbol of the gender segregation and isolation of women from society which constituted a wasted societal resource.<ref name="books.google.se">Stephanie Cronin: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=s6twAwAAQBAJ&dq=albania+veil&pg=PA237 Anti-Veiling Campaigns in the Muslim World: Gender, Modernism and the ...]'', p. 229-236</ref> A ban was introduced in 1929, but not enshrined in law until 1937.<ref>Anna-Mari Almila, David Inglis: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=REYrDwAAQBAJ&dq=communist+albania+veil&pg=PA7 The Routledge International Handbook to Veils and Veiling]'', p. 7</ref>

King [[Zog I|Zogu I]] initiated a number of reforms in women's rights as a part of his modernization policy, which were enforced via the local branches of a national [[Gruaja Shqiptare|women's organization]], and one of these reforms were a ban on veiling which was introduced in 1937.<ref name="books.google.se"/> The veil ban in Albania was not aggressively enforced, since this was not seen as effective, but through persuasion, campaigns by the women's organization, and by the king's sisters, who acted as role models by appearing unveiled.<ref name="books.google.se"/> Unveiling was finally fully accomplished during the [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Communist era]].

=== Austria ===
{{Main|Islam in Austria}}

[[File:Matthias Laurenz Gräff - "Liebende Eltern".jpg|thumb|180px|"Liebende Eltern (Loving parents)", painting about the discussion about the face-covering clothing, showing Austrian chancellor [[Sebastian Kurz]], vice chancellor [[Heinz-Christian Strache]] and a little Muslim child by [[Matthias Laurenz Gräff]] (2018)]]

Arab visitors to [[Zell am See]] in 2014 were issued brochures by local authorities urging them to take off any burqas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ho|first=Spencer|date=May 2014|title=Act more Austrian, Arab tourists told|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/act-more-austrian-arab-tourists-told/|website=[[Times of Israel]]|language=en-US|access-date=19 September 2021|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117111852/https://www.timesofisrael.com/act-more-austrian-arab-tourists-told/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, a legal ban on face-covering clothing was adopted by the [[Austria]]n parliament.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article164642964/Oesterreich-stellt-Tragen-von-Burka-und-Nikab-unter-Strafe.html|title=Integration: Österreich stellt Tragen von Burka und Nikab unter Strafe|last=WELT|first=DIE|date=16 May 2017|via=www.Welt.de|access-date=26 October 2017|newspaper=Die Welt|archive-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208130647/https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article164642964/Oesterreich-stellt-Tragen-von-Burka-und-Nikab-unter-Strafe.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/10/02/burqa-ban-takes-effect-austria|title=Burqa ban takes effect in Austria|website=News|date=2 October 2017|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026163755/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/10/02/burqa-ban-takes-effect-austria|url-status=live}}</ref> Headscarves were also banned in 2019 from primary schools, but [[Kippah|Kippas]] worn by [[History of the Jews in Austria|Jewish]] boys and the [[turban]] worn by [[Sikhs|Sikh]] boys were exempted in the legislature.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/oesterreich-beschliesst-kopftuch-verbot-an-grundschulen-a-1267656.html|title=Österreich beschließt Kopftuchverbot an Grundschulen|date=15 May 2019|newspaper=[[Spiegel Online]]|language=DE|access-date=18 May 2019|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517133921/https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/oesterreich-beschliesst-kopftuch-verbot-an-grundschulen-a-1267656.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Austrian legislators said their motivation was promoting equality between men and women and improving social integration with respect to local customs, and parents who send their child to school with a headscarf would be fined €440 ($427 or £386 {{As of|2022|lc=y}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tageblatt.lu/nachrichten/international/oesterreich-verbietet-kopftuecher-an-grundschulen/|title=Österreich verbietet Kopftücher an Grundschulen|last=Lëtzebuerg|first=Tageblatt|date=16 May 2019|website=Tageblatt.lu|language=DE|access-date=18 May 2019|archive-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518072650/http://www.tageblatt.lu/nachrichten/international/oesterreich-verbietet-kopftuecher-an-grundschulen/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, however, the law was overturned by the constitutional court after it was found to be unconstitutional. The court said the legislature was required to treat various religious convictions equally, because the ban did not apply to the Jewish Kippa or to the turban worn by Sikh males.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Austrian constitutional court rules headscarf ban in primary schools 'unconstitutional'|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2020/12/12/austrian-constitutional-court-rules-headscarf-ban-in-primary-schools-unconstitutional|last=Chadwick|first=Lauren|date=12 December 2020|website=Euronews|access-date=14 May 2022|archive-date=14 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514183512/https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2020/12/12/austrian-constitutional-court-rules-headscarf-ban-in-primary-schools-unconstitutional|url-status=live}}</ref> But in 2025 Austria banned girls under the age of fourteen from wearing headscarves at recess and lessons in school, with the law taking effect in September 2026.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/12/world/europe/austria-head-scarf-ban-schools.html | title=Austria Bans Head Scarves in Schools for Girls Under 14 | date=2025-12-12 | website=www.nytimes.com}}</ref>

=== Azerbaijan ===

[[File:Young Muslim Woman at End-of-Year Ceremony at Prep School - Sheki - Azerbaijan (18265069615).jpg|thumb|Azeri Muslim female student in [[Sheki, Azerbaijan|Sheki]] wearing a red hijab.]]
Veil as a part of woman's wardrobe was the trait of all cities where trade was developing. The anti-veil movement was initially started in 1908 in [[Baku]] by liberal bourgeoisie well before the Soviet [[Hujum]] in 1927. However, the anti-veil protests were suppressed by Islamic clergy, causing a major setback. While some women stopped wearing the veil then, many still wore the veil out of social pressure.<ref name=":0a">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KfqLnqFHfkC&pg=PA89|title=Azeri Women in Transition: Women in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan|last1=Heyat|first1=Farideh|last2=Nfa|first2=Dr Farideh|date=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780700716623|pages=89–100|language=en}}</ref> A prominent Azeri women's organization based in Baku, the [[Ali Bayramov Club]], successfully participated in the campaign to encourage women to take off the veil.<ref name=":0a" /> The [[Statue of a Liberated Woman]] was erected in memory over the abolition of mandatory hijab.

With Azerbaijan's secular tradition, there has reportedly been a general perception in the country linking the hijab with extremism. Many covered women have reported experiencing job discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Austin Clayton|date=May 1, 2019|title=As hijab spreads in Azerbaijan, covered women complain they can't find jobs|url=https://eurasianet.org/as-hijab-spreads-in-azerbaijan-covered-women-complain-they-cant-find-jobs|website=[[Eurasianet]]|language=en|access-date=19 September 2021|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207083356/https://eurasianet.org/as-hijab-spreads-in-azerbaijan-covered-women-complain-they-cant-find-jobs|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Belgium ===
{{Main|Islam in Belgium}}

[[File:ITU Workshop on Data Processing and Management for IoT and Smart Cities & Communities - 2018 (39669184914).jpg|thumb|Hijab-clad women attending an workshop of the [[International Telecommunication Union]] at [[Brussels]] in 2018.]]

{{As of|2015}}, Belgium has specific bans on face-covering dress, such as the ''niqab'' or ''burqa''. On 11 July 2017, the European Court of Human Rights upheld Belgium's ban on burqas and full-face veils.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgium-burqa-ban-upheld-european-court-of-human-rights-dakir-v-full-face-islamic-veils-headscarf-a7835156.html |title=European Court of Human Rights upholds Belgium's ban on burqas and full-face Islamic veils |work=The Independent |date=11 July 2017 |access-date=2022-11-12 |archive-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024204/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgium-burqa-ban-upheld-european-court-of-human-rights-dakir-v-full-face-islamic-veils-headscarf-a7835156.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

An estimated 80 percent Belgian schools ban students from wearing hijabs. A majority of these permit the wearing of other religious symbols, and one school disclosed to a researcher that "A visible cross or yarmulke is no problem, in fact everything is allowed except the headscarf".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Observers |first1=Strasbourg |title=Mikyas v. Belgium: one more 'headscarf case' that manifestly fails to acknowledge applicants' concerns |url=https://strasbourgobservers.com/2024/07/17/mikyas-v-belgium-one-more-headscarf-case-that-manifestly-fails-to-acknowledge-applicants-concerns/ |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=Strasbourg Observers |date=17 July 2024 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826140452/https://strasbourgobservers.com/2024/07/17/mikyas-v-belgium-one-more-headscarf-case-that-manifestly-fails-to-acknowledge-applicants-concerns/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Bosnia and Herzegovina ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Mostar, Mahomedan woman, Herzegowina, Austro-Hungary-LCCN2002710858.tif
| caption1 = [[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Austro-Hungarian era]] picture of a [[Bosniak]] woman in [[Mostar]].
| total_width = 350
| image3 = Elementary education of Bosnian women in 1948.jpg
| caption3 = A classroom in Bosnia in 1948, featuring [[adult education|elderly]] Muslim women studying alongside young Muslim boys.
}}

With the slim [[Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Muslim majority]] (43%) and the country divided between the Muslim [[Bosniaks]] and [[Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Christians]], who are in turn divided between [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Serb]] followers of the [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Eastern Orthodox Church]] and the [[Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Catholic]] [[Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Croats]], both denominations individually accounting for about 30-33% of the population, Bosnia and Herzegovina is officially a secular country, largely as a legacy of the [[Bosnian War|Bosnian war]].

Muslim [[Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina|women in Bosnia]] generally continued to live veiled and in traditional [[harem]] [[Islam and gender segregation|sex segregation]] until the [[First World War]] (1914–1918).<ref name="fg21">Giomi, F. (2021). Making Muslim Women European: Voluntary Associations, Gender, and Islam in Post-Ottoman Bosnia and Yugoslavia (1878–1941). Ungern: Central European University Press.</ref>
When Bosnia became a part of Yugoslavia in 1918, male Muslim intellectual modernists like [[Dževad Sulejmanpašić]] (1893–1976) advocated for Muslim women to leave harem sex segregation, appear unveiled, educate themselves and become active members of society; and during the [[Interwar period]] a minority of Muslim middle class women left sex segregation with their family's support and became [[New Woman|new women]], who appeared unveiled and became educated professionals, though these remained a minority.<ref name="fg21"/>

During the regime of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFR Yugoslavia]] the traditional face veil (Bosnian: ''Zar'') was officially banned in 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unveiling Muslim Women in Socialist Yugoslavia|work=brill.com|url=https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/rag/7/2/article-p184_4.xml}}</ref>

Communist SFR Yugoslavia assigned the [[Women's Antifascist Front (Yugoslavia)|Women's Antifascist Front of Yugoslavia]] (AFZ) to campaign in favor of the abolition of the veil in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Kosovo in 1947<ref name="auto4">:''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ECqTDAAAQBAJ&dq=bosnia+veil+1950&pg=PA144 A Muslim Reformist in Communist Yugoslavia: The Life and Thought of Husein Đozo]''</ref> because of the socialist ideal of gender equality.<ref name="auto5">:''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf8EAQAAQBAJ&dq=bosnia+veil+1950&pg=PP550 The Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War]''</ref> The campaign was met with opposition from the rural [[imam]]s, but were supported by the [[General Assembly of the Islamic Community]], who stated that hijab and veiling were not necessary within Islam <ref name="auto4"/> and that Islam did not ban women from appearing unveiled in public, and during the campaign in 1947–1950 most women in [[Sarajevo]] stopped wearing the veil.<ref name="auto5"/> However the campaign had little success outside of Sarajevo, and therefore a ban was introduced against the veil on 28 September 1950, a ban which was followed by Montenegro, Serbia and Macedonia as well.<ref>Xavier Bougarel: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=auA3DwAAQBAJ&dq=bosnia+veil+1950&pg=PA77 Islam and Nationhood in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Surviving Empires]'', p. 77</ref>

During the 1960s, the hijab and other forms of [[religious clothing]] were banned for both men ([[Fez (hat)|fez]] and turbans) and women. Since Bosnia's independence in 1992, the ban was lifted. Today, the number of Muslim women wearing the hijab has grown after the end of the SFR Yugoslavia, but they still do face discrimination. In 2016, the hijab and other religious symbols were banned from courts and other institutions but were faced with protests from Muslim women on 7 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bosnia women protest at ban on headscarf|work=BBC News|date=7 February 2016|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35518768|archive-date=16 March 2018|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316232112/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35518768|url-status=live}}</ref> The law still exists in a minority of cantons and has been criticized by the Muslim population. Today, in these cantons, female Muslim lawyers, prosecutors, and others employed in judicial institutions cannot wear the hijab to work.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

=== Bulgaria ===
{{Main|Islam in Bulgaria}}

[[File:Pomaks.jpg|thumb|left|Elderly [[Pomaks|Pomak]] women in Bulgaria]]
In 2016, a ban on the wearing of face-covering clothing in public was adopted by the [[National Assembly (Bulgaria)|Bulgarian parliament]].<ref name="auto7">[https://www.smh.com.au/world/bulgaria-the-latest-european-country-to-ban-the-burqa-and-niqab-in-public-places-20160930-grss9q.html Bulgaria the latest European country to ban the burqa and niqab in public places] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019170440/http://www.smh.com.au/world/bulgaria-the-latest-european-country-to-ban-the-burqa-and-niqab-in-public-places-20160930-grss9q.html |date=19 October 2017 }}, Smh.com.au: accessed 5 December 2016.</ref> The Bulgarian parliament enacted the ban on the basis of security concerns; however, the ban stimulated conflict as 10 percent of the country's population identifies as [[Islam in Bulgaria|Muslim]]. Women who violate the burqa ban face fines up to €770 ($747 or £676 {{As of|2022|lc=y}}) and have their social security benefits suspended.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-burka-ban-benefits-cut-burkini-niqab-a7340601.html|title=Another European country just banned the burqa|date=1 October 2016|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=10 November 2019|archive-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225165528/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-burka-ban-benefits-cut-burkini-niqab-a7340601.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Denmark ===
{{Main|Islam in Denmark}}

In late 2017, the [[Denmark|Danish]] government considered adopting a law prohibiting people to wear "attire and clothing masking the face in such a way that it impairs recognizability".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/denmark-ban-full-face-covering-burqa-jakob-ellemann-jensen-a7986561.html|title=Denmark is about to ban the burqa|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=6 October 2017|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613011126/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/denmark-ban-full-face-covering-burqa-jakob-ellemann-jensen-a7986561.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The proposal was met with support from the three largest political parties<ref>[https://www.ft.dk/samling/20171/lovforslag/L219/105/afstemninger.htm L 219 Forslag til lov om ændring af straffeloven.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308124913/https://www.ft.dk/samling/20171/lovforslag/L219/105/afstemninger.htm |date=8 March 2021 }}, [[Folketinget]]</ref> and was passed into law on 31 May 2018, becoming § 134 c of the [[Danish Penal Code]], stating that "[a]ny person who in a public place wears a item of clothing that covers said person's face shall be liable to a fine" with an exception for coverings that serve "a creditable purpose" (e.g., sports equipment, protection against the cold, masks for carnivals, masquerades etc.).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/31/denmark-passes-law-banning-burqa-and-niqab|title=Denmark passes law banning burqa and niqab|author=|date=31 May 2018|website=The Guardian|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815112801/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/31/denmark-passes-law-banning-burqa-and-niqab|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.dk/ripdf/samling/20171/lovforslag/l219/20171_l219_som_vedtaget.pdf|title=L 219 Forslag til lov om ændring af straffeloven. (Law as passed.)|website=Website of The Danish Parliament|language=da|trans-title=L 219 Motion to amend the penal code. (Law as passed.)|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619162456/http://www.ft.dk/ripdf/samling/20171/lovforslag/l219/20171_l219_som_vedtaget.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The law came into force on 1 August 2018. On the first day of the implementation of the burqa ban, hundreds of protesters rallied wearing face veils in public. According to the ban, wearing a burqa or a niqab in public can lead to a fine of 1,000 [[Danish krone|kroner]] ($130, €134, or £118 {{As of|2022|lc=y}}) in case of first time offences, rising to 10,000 kr. ($1,300, €1,340, or £1,180 {{As of|2022|lc=y}}) in case of the fourth offence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/denmark-s-burqa-ban-is-greeted-by-protest-and-confusion-1.3583365|title=Denmark's burqa ban is greeted by protest and confusion|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=10 November 2019|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035645/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/denmark-s-burqa-ban-is-greeted-by-protest-and-confusion-1.3583365|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/05/31/denmark-becomes-latest-european-country-ban-full-islamic-face/|title=Denmark becomes latest European country to ban full Islamic face veil in public spaces|author=|date=31 May 2018|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2 June 2018|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318102251/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/05/31/denmark-becomes-latest-european-country-ban-full-islamic-face/|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the ban, police are instructed to order women to remove their veils or to leave the public space. Police officers that fail to obey the orders of the ban are subject to be fined.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

=== France ===
{{Main|Islam in France}}
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg
| caption1 = Mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] at a [[Foot Locker]] outlet in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Parisian suburbs]]
| total_width = 350
| image2 = Myriam Soumaré 2010.jpg
| caption2 = French athlete [[Myriam Soumaré]] sporting a hijab
| image3 = Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg
| caption3 = Mannequins advertising the traditional hijab in [[Béziers]]
}}

France is a [[Laicite|strongly secular]] country. One of the key principles of the [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State]] is the freedom of religious exercise. Therefore, this law prohibited public servants from wearing any religious signs during work.

In 1994, the French Ministry for Education sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the Islamic veil (specified as hijab, chador, niqab, and burqa) in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the IZA Institute of Labor Economics,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Behind the Veil: The Effect of Banning the Islamic Veil in Schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2021-06-10|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|url-status=live}}</ref> a higher proportion of girls of Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school, bringing their graduation rates closer to the non-Muslim female cohort. Having a "Muslim background" was defined as having an immigrant father from a predominantly Muslim country (hence, indigenized Muslims with a longer history in France were not considered), as the study was highlighting the "difficulties faced by adolescents with a foreign cultural background in forming their own identity". Males in the Muslim group also had a lower graduation rate than males in the non-Muslim group. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study concluded that for the French context, the "implementation of more restrictive policies in French public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2004, the [[French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools]] banned most religious signs, including the hijab, from public primary and secondary schools in France. The proposed ban was extremely controversial, with both sides of the political spectrum being split on the issue, some people arguing that the law went against religious freedom and was racist because it affects mostly Muslim women and Jewish men.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

In 2010, a [[French ban on face covering|ban on face covering]],<ref>{{Citation|title=LOI n° 2010-1192 du 11 octobre 2010 interdisant la dissimulation du visage dans l'espace public|date=11 October 2010|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000022911670|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-date=29 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129102742/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000022911670|url-status=live}}</ref> targeting especially women wearing [[chador]] and [[burqa]], was adopted by the French Parliament. According to the Guardian, the "Burqa ban", was challenged and taken to the [[European Court of Human Rights]] which upheld the law on 1 July 2014, accepting the argument of the French government that the law was based on "a certain idea of living together".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/01/france-burqa-ban-upheld-human-rights-court|title=France's burqa ban upheld by human rights court|last1=Willsher|first1=Kim|date=1 July 2014|access-date=1 July 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104085600/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/01/france-burqa-ban-upheld-human-rights-court|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013 "the applicant" stood outside Elysée Palace in niqab and subsequently received a criminal conviction. The French criminal courts noted in 2014 that the lower court was wrong to dismiss her rights covered under article 18 but dismissed her appeal.{{rp|16}} The French delegation argued that wearing face coverings violated the principle of "living together". Judges [[Angelika Nussberger]] and [[Helena Jäderblom]] dissented, calling the concept, "far-fetched and vague",{{rp|61}} going on to note that the very decision of declaring what a woman is allowed to wear was hypocritical and antithetical to the aim of protecting human rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=001-145466&filename=|title=GRAND CHAMBER CASE OF S.A.S. v. FRANCE (Application no. 43835/11) JUDGMENT STRASBOURG|date=1 July 2014|publisher=ECHR|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331235410/https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=001-145466&filename=|url-status=live}}</ref> The committee came to the determination in 2018 that the case had been incorrectly dismissed after review by a single judge on the grounds that, "the conditions of admissibility laid down in articles 34 and 35 of the Convention [had] not been met." Upon review the committee concluded that the applicants' human rights had been violated under article 18 and 26 of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]].{{rp|13}} The committee dismissed the notion of "living together" as a vague notion not protected under international law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/123/D/2747/2016&Lang=en|title=CCPR/C/123/D/2747/2016; Human Rights Committee Views adopted by the Committee under article 5 (4) of the Optional Protocol, concerning communication No. 2747/2016*,**,***|date=7 December 2018|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331235408/https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2F123%2FD%2F2747%2F2016&Lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

A broader ban on hijab is regularly proposed by conservative and right-wing politicians.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/13/french-pm-ban-islamic-headscarves-universities-manuel-valls|title=French PM calls for ban on Islamic headscarves at universities|last=Chrisafis|first=Angelique|date=13 April 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=12 January 2018|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Such a broader ban would include a ban in public universities. However, presidents of universities and most student unions oppose such a ban.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/education/interdire-le-voile-aux-etudiantes-les-presidents-d-universite-disent-non_1782396.html|title=Interdire le voile aux étudiantes? Les présidents d'université disent "non"|date=13 April 2016|work=LExpress.fr|access-date=12 January 2018|language=fr|archive-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113035512/https://www.lexpress.fr/education/interdire-le-voile-aux-etudiantes-les-presidents-d-universite-disent-non_1782396.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2021, [[Emmanuel Macron]]'s party [[Renaissance (French political party)|Renaissance]] barred a Muslim woman from running as one of its local election candidates because she wore a hijab for a photograph on a campaign flier.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Samuel Osborne|date=May 12, 2021|title=Emmanuel Macron's party bars woman from running as candidate because she wore a hijab|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/emmanuel-macrons-party-bars-woman-from-running-as-candidate-because-she-wore-a-hijab/ar-BB1gEMut|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210709083321/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/emmanuel-macrons-party-bars-woman-from-running-as-candidate-because-she-wore-a-hijab/ar-BB1gEMut%23comments|archive-date=2021-07-09|website=[[Microsoft News]], [[The Independent]]}}</ref>

=== Germany ===
{{Main|Islam in Germany}}

[[File:Muslims (15481161212).jpg|thumb|Burqa-clad Muslim women roaming in the streets of Germany in 2014.]]
In 2017, a ban on face-covering clothing for soldiers and state workers during work was approved by [[Germany|German]] parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.n-tv.de/politik/Bundestag-beschliesst-Sicherheitspaket-article19813154.html|title=Bundestag beschließt Sicherheitspaket|first=n-tv|last=Nachrichtenfernsehen|website=n-tv.de|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142454/http://www.n-tv.de/politik/Bundestag-beschliesst-Sicherheitspaket-article19813154.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the [[2015 European migrant crisis|European migrant crisis]], rapid demographic changes in Germany caused by immigration from [[Muslim world|Muslim countries]], public debates ensued which among other topics concerned Islamic veils from the turn of the century onward.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-conference-on-islamic-veil-sparks-controversy/a-48581723|title=German conference on Islamic veil sparks controversy {{!}} DW {{!}} 2 May 2019|website=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=23 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923212929/https://www.dw.com/en/german-conference-on-islamic-veil-sparks-controversy/a-48581723|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, Susanne Schröter, an academic at [[Goethe University Frankfurt]] planned a conference titled "The Islamic veil – Symbol of dignity or oppression?" which led to a group of students protesting that value judgments on the veil should not be made. The protestors criticized the invitation of journalist [[Alice Schwarzer]] and publisher of feminist magazine [[Emma (magazine)|''EMMA'']]. Schröter is a critic of Islamic veils and argues that the veil restricts a woman's freedom and usually comes with a bundle of restrictions. Schröter was backed by the president of Frankfurt University who stressed that it is her job to organize academic conferences where diverse opinions can be voiced. The president of the {{Interlanguage link|Deutscher Hochschulverband|de||lt=German Association of University Professors and Lecturers|WD=}} argued that [[freedom of speech]] meant that controversial topics should be resolved by debate, not "boycotts, mobbing or violence". Members of the {{Lang|de|Uni gegen antimuslimischen Rassismus}} (English: "University against anti-Muslim racism") boycotted the conference due to their objections regarding the invited participants.<ref name=":8" />

The [[Alternative for Germany]] are the largest party in Germany that advocates a ban on the burqa and niqab in public places.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

===Ireland===
{{Main|Islam in the Republic of Ireland}}

In 2018, [[Taoiseach]] (Prime Minister) [[Leo Varadkar]] ruled out a burka ban in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], saying "I don't like it but I think people are entitled to wear what they want to wear. [...] I believe in the [[freedom of religion]]. I don't agree with the doctrine of every religion or necessarily any religion, but I do believe in the freedom of religion."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/no-burqa-ban-ireland-4161037-Aug2018/|title=Leo Varadkar: 'There will be no burqa ban in Ireland'|first=Christina|last=Finn|date=5 August 2018|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235157/http://www.thejournal.ie/no-burqa-ban-ireland-4161037-Aug2018/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesspost.ie/politics/varadkar-rules-burqa-ban-calls-women-priesthood-422505|title=Varadkar rules out burqa ban, calls for women in priesthood – BusinessPost.ie|first=Hugh|last=O'Connell|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331235407/https://www.businesspost.ie/politics/varadkar-rules-burqa-ban-calls-women-priesthood-422505|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Italy ===
In October 2025, the Italian government led by [[Giorgia Meloni]] proposed a bill to forbid Islamic face coverings.<ref name="auto9">[https://www.reuters.com/world/new-italian-bill-targets-islamic-face-coverings-religious-funding-2025-10-08/ Reutrrs: New Italian bill targets Islamic face coverings and religious funding], 8 October 2025</ref>

===Kosovo===
{{Main|Islam in Kosovo}}

[[File:Mother and Child in Street - Prizren - Kosovo.jpg|thumb|Hijab wearing Muslim woman with child in [[Prizren]]]]
Since 2009, the hijab has been banned in public schools and universities or government buildings.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11065911 Headscarf ban sparks debate over Kosovo's identity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318002440/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11065911 |date=18 March 2021 }} news.bbc.co.uk 24 August 2010. Link retrieved 24 August 2010</ref> In 2014, the first female parliamentarian with hijab was elected to the [[Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo|Kosovo parliament]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160329120906/http://www.worldbulletin.net/hijab/138709/kosovo-elects-first-lawmaker-to-wear-a-headscarf World Bulletin]}} Kosovo elects first lawmaker to wear a headscarf</ref>

=== Latvia ===
In 2016, ''[[The Independent]]'' reported that a legal ban of face-covering Islamic clothing was adopted by the [[Latvia]]n parliament.<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/islamic-muslim-face-veil-niqab-burqa-banned-latvia-despite-being-worn-by-just-three-women-entire-a6993991.html|title=A European government has banned Islamic face veils despite them being worn by just three women|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=21 April 2016|access-date=1 February 2017|archive-date=21 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121050903/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/islamic-muslim-face-veil-niqab-burqa-banned-latvia-despite-being-worn-by-just-three-women-entire-a6993991.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After long public discussions, draft legislation was approved by Latvian government on 22 August 2017; however, it was never adopted by the parliament as a law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mk.gov.lv/lv/aktualitates/ministru-kabinets-atbalsta-sejas-aizsegsanas-ierobezojuma-likumprojektu|title=A Ministru kabinets atbalsta Sejas aizsegšanas ierobežojuma likumprojektu|date=22 August 2017|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411183711/https://www.mk.gov.lv/lv/aktualitates/ministru-kabinets-atbalsta-sejas-aizsegsanas-ierobezojuma-likumprojektu|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Malta ===
Malta has no restrictions on Islamic dressing such as the veil ([[hijab]]) nor the full face veil ([[burqa]] or [[niqab]]);<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MwzsW6k6pzAC&pg=PA389 ''Yearbook of Muslims in Europe''], Volume 4 p. 393.</ref><ref name="maltatoday.com.mt">Dalli, Miriam (2015), [http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/56071/mp_calls_for_banning_of_the_burqa_decision_requires_rational_debate "MP calls for banning of the burqa: ‘Decision requires rational debate’"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728074548/http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/56071/mp_calls_for_banning_of_the_burqa_decision_requires_rational_debate |date=28 July 2017 }}, [[Malta Today]].</ref> however, an official ban on face covering for religious reasons is ambiguous.<ref>Camilleri, Neil (2015), [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2015-07-11/local-news/In-Malta-wearing-a-burqa-while-driving-is-not-illegal-police-6736138692 "In Malta, wearing a burqa while driving is ‘not illegal’ – police"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728074619/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2015-07-11/local-news/In-Malta-wearing-a-burqa-while-driving-is-not-illegal-police-6736138692 |date=28 July 2017 }}, [[The Malta Independent]].</ref> However it is guaranteed that individuals are allowed to wear as they wish at their private homes and at the Mosque.<ref name="maltatoday.com.mt"/> Imam El Sadi, from [[Mariam Al-Batool Mosque]], has said that the banning of the niqab and the burka "offends Muslim women".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/58764/imam_says_burqa_and_niqab_ban_offends_muslim_women_#.VmTiv3p4WrU|title=Imam says burqa and niqab ban 'offends' Muslim women|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510070532/http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/58764/imam_says_burqa_and_niqab_ban_offends_muslim_women_#.VmTiv3p4WrU|url-status=live}}</ref> El Sadi said that the Maltese's "attitude towards Muslim women" is positive and despite cultural clashes their dressing is tolerated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20130121/local/-Muslim-women-should-be-able-to-wear-hijab-at-work-.454136 |title=Times of Malta ‒ 'Muslim women should be able to wear hijab at work' |website=Timesofmalta.com |date=21 January 2013 |access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728121302/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20130121/local/-Muslim-women-should-be-able-to-wear-hijab-at-work-.454136 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some Muslim women share the belief that it is sinful to be seen in public without veiling themselves;<ref name="euroinfo.ee">{{cite web |url=http://www.euroinfo.ee/malta/pdf/25.pdf |title=Report on Equality |website=Euroinfo.ee |language=et |access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222080633/http://www.euroinfo.ee/malta/pdf/25.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="timesofmalta1">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110529/local/Election-of-Muslim-girl-champions-diversity.367835|title=Election of Muslim girl champions diversity|date=29 May 2011|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728123850/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110529/local/Election-of-Muslim-girl-champions-diversity.367835|url-status=live}}</ref> however, they are lawfully required to remove it when needed—such as for photos on identifications.<ref name="Jørgen Nielsen 2014 p.411">Jørgen Nielsen; Samim Akgönül; Ahmet Alibašić; Egdunas Racius (2014), [https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA411 ''Yearbook of Muslims in Europe''], Volume 6, Brill, p. 411.</ref>

=== Netherlands ===
{{Main|Islam in the Netherlands}}

[[File:Op het trottoir - On the sidewalk - Flickr - FaceMePLS.jpg|thumb|Burqa-clad Muslim woman riding a bicycle in the sidewalks of [[The Hague]] in 2007]]

The [[States General of the Netherlands]] enacted a ban on face-covering clothing, popularly described as the "burqa ban", in January 2012.<ref>[http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/ministers-vote-dutch-‘burqa-ban’ "Ministers vote Dutch ‘burqa ban’"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210030405/http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/ministers-vote-dutch-%E2%80%98burqa-ban%E2%80%99 |date=10 February 2012 }}, rnw.nl</ref><ref>The Telegraph [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/netherlands/8765673/Netherlands-to-ban-the-burka.html "Netherlands to ban the burka"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331235407/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/netherlands/8765673/Netherlands-to-ban-the-burka.html |date=31 March 2019 }}, 15 September 2011</ref> The burqa ban came into force on 1 August 2019 in schools, public transport, healthcare, and government buildings, but there are doubts over whether it will be applied in practice.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/01/europe/netherlands-burqa-ban-scli-intl/index.html The Netherlands has introduced a 'burqa ban' – but its enforcement is in doubt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801111527/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/01/europe/netherlands-burqa-ban-scli-intl/index.html |date=1 August 2019 }}, CNN, 1 August 2019</ref> [[Amsterdam]] Mayor [[Femke Halsema]] spoke out in her opposition of the law. She stated that removing someone wearing a burqa from public transport in the capital would not be fitting with current Dutch society. Chairman of the Dutch Public Transport Association Pedro Peters also voiced his opinion on the ban. Peters said: "You are not going to stop the bus for half an hour for someone wearing a burqa", waiting for the police to arrive; "we are also not allowed to refuse anyone because we have a transport obligation".<ref name="French">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/as-the-netherlands-burqa-ban-takes-effect-police-and-transport-officials-refuse-to-enforce-it/2019/08/01/a91fb648-b461-11e9-acc8-1d847bacca73_story.html|title=As the Netherlands' burqa ban takes effect, police and transport officials refuse to enforce it|first=James|last=McAuley|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106214918/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/as-the-netherlands-burqa-ban-takes-effect-police-and-transport-officials-refuse-to-enforce-it/2019/08/01/a91fb648-b461-11e9-acc8-1d847bacca73_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Known officially as the Partial Ban on Face-Covering Clothing Act, the act also details that those who refuse to uncover their faces may pay a fine of at least €150 ($146 or £132 {{As of|2022|lc=y}}) and can be arrested.<ref name="French"/> Dutch police have also stated that enforcing the ban is not a priority, and that they likely would not respond to a complaint within a thirty-minute timeframe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/01/dutch-police-signal-unwillingness-enforce-new-burqa-ban|title=Dutch 'burqa ban' rendered largely unworkable on first day|last=Boffey|first=Daniel|date=1 August 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=6 November 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

The Dutch government has also come under fire for the "burqa ban" from certain members of the UN claiming it is discriminatory toward Muslim women. On 7 October 2019, Tendayi Achiume, the UN Special Rapporteur on racism, wrote a report questioning the perceived inclusivity of Dutch society and how that perception masks a reality of treating racial and ethnic minorities as foreign. Speaking about the "burqa ban" Achiume said "The political debate surrounding the adoption of this law makes plain its intended targeting of Muslim women, and even if this targeting was not the intent, it has certainly been the effect".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25101&LangID=E|title=OHCHR {{!}} The Netherlands: UN expert calls for greater equality and tolerance|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926160739/https://ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25101&LangID=E|url-status=live}}</ref> In her report, Achiume also references a [[whistleblower]] in the Hague police department. She said that this whistleblower raised concerns about a culture of racism and targeted discrimination within the police department, and the government must act quickly to combat it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/dutch-told-burka-ban-discriminates-against-muslim-women-1.4045396|title=Dutch told burka ban discriminates against Muslim women|last=Hague|first=Peter Cluskey in The|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref>

===Northern Cyprus===
[[File:Turkish Cypriot folk dancers.jpg|thumb|A Turkish Cypriot children's folk dance group. Both boys and girls wear head coverings in accordance with [[Islamic clothing|Islamic dressing norms]].]]

All [[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish-Cypriot]] women wear traditional Islamic headscarves.<ref name="Cypriot Attire Project">[http://eastorwest.multiply.com/journal/item/18 Cypriot Attire Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313075209/http://eastorwest.multiply.com/journal/item/18 |date=13 March 2010 }}, ''Cyprus History in Brief''</ref> When leaving their homes, Muslim Cypriot women would cover their faces by pulling a corner of the headscarf across their nose and mouth, a custom recorded as early as 1769.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyprusexplorer.globalfolio.net/eng/history/mariti/index03.php|title=Giovanni Mariti. Travels in the Island of Cyprus. Cyprus Explorer|website=www.CyprusExplorer.GlobalFolio.net|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026162932/http://www.cyprusexplorer.globalfolio.net/eng/history/mariti/index03.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Their head dress [...] consists of a collection of various handkerchiefs of [[muslim]], prettily shaped, so that they form a kind of [[Helmet|casque]] of a palm's height, with a [[pendant]] behind to the end of which they attach another handkerchief folded in a triangle, and allowed to hang on their shoulders. When they go out of doors modesty requires that they should take a corner and pull it in front to cover the chin, mouth and nose. The greater part of the hair remains under the ornaments mentioned above, except on the forehead where it is divided into two locks, which are led along the temples to the ears, and the ends are allowed to hang loose behind over the shoulders.|[[Giovanni Mariti]], ''Travels in the Island of Cyprus'', 1769, though it should be remembered Mariti is describing general Cypriot women's dress, and not Muslim Cypriot dress specifically}}

In accordance with the islands' strict moral code, Turkish Cypriot women also wore long skirts or [[Trousers|pantaloons]] in order to cover the soles of their feet. Most men covered their heads with either a headscarf (similar to a wrapped ''[[keffiyeh]]'', "a form of turban"<ref>[[Joanne Eicher|Eicher, Joanne Bubolz]], ''Dress and Ethnicity: Change Across Space and Time'', p. 35, 1995</ref>) or a [[Fez (hat)|fez]]. Turbans have been worn by Cypriot men since ancient times and were recorded by [[Herodotus]], during the [[Ancient history of Cyprus|Persian rule]] of the island, to demonstrate their "[[oriental]]" customs compared to [[Greeks]].<ref>Irwin, Elizabeth K., ''Reading Herodotus: A Study of the Logoi in Book 5 of Herodotus' Histories'', p. 273, 2007</ref>

Following the [[globalization]] of the island, however, many younger Sunni Muslim Turkish-Cypriots abandoned wearing traditional dress, such as headscarves.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Athanasiadis |first1=Iason |title=Northern Cyprus espouses 'Islam lite' |url=https://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2004/Apr-24/62909-northern-cyprus-espouses-islam-lite.ashx |access-date=2020-01-27 |work=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]] |date=24 April 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004121549/http://www.iason.ws/cyprus/articles.aspx?id=11 |archive-date=2011-10-04 |url-status=live}}</ref> Yet they are still worn by older Muslim Cypriot women.

Until the temporary removal of the ban on headscarves in universities in [[Turkey]] in 2008,<ref>[http://www.haberkktc.com/haber/basortusu-yasagi-kalkti-3693.html Haber KKTC, 7 June 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104013058/https://www.haberkktc.com/haber/basortusu-yasagi-kalkti-3693.html |date=4 November 2020 }} Ban on headscarf was removed in Turkey</ref> women from Turkey moved to study in [[Northern Cyprus]] since many universities there did not apply any ban on headscarf.<ref>Tavernise, Sabrina, "[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/world/europe/09benli.html?pagewanted=all Under a Scarf, a Turkish Lawyer Fighting to Wear It]", ''[[The New York Times]]'', 9 February 2008</ref> Whilst many Turkish Cypriot women no longer wear headscarves, recent immigrants from Turkey, settled in villages in Northern Cyprus, do.<ref>[http://www.mephisto-diving.com/questions-and-answers/ Cyprus: Culture and language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409145258/http://www.mephisto-diving.com/questions-and-answers/ |date=9 April 2016 }}, ''Mephisto''</ref>

=== Norway ===
{{Main|Islam in Norway}}

In 2018 the Norwegian parliament voted to ban the burqa in schools and universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/norway-burqa-ban-schools-universities-parliament-vote-niqab-latest-a8387826.html|title=Norway votes in favour of banning burqa in schools and universities|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=7 June 2018|access-date=8 June 2018|archive-date=12 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312230232/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/norway-burqa-ban-schools-universities-parliament-vote-niqab-latest-a8387826.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/norway-bans-burqas-niqabs-schools-211009300.html|title=Norway bans burqas and niqabs at schools|website=au.news.yahoo.com|date=7 June 2018 }}</ref>

In April 2019, the [[Telia Company|Telia telecom company]] received bomb threats after featuring a Muslim woman taking off her [[hijab]] in a commercial. Although the police did not evaluate the threat as likely to be carried out, delivering threats is still a crime in Norway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nettavisen.no/%C3%B8konomi/telia-har-mottatt-trussel-som-flge-av-hijab-reklame/3423647259.html|title=Telia har mottatt trussel som følge av hijab-reklame|last=Ripegutu|first=Halvor|website=Nettavisen|date=2 April 2019|language=no|access-date=3 April 2019|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403055655/https://www.nettavisen.no/%C3%B8konomi/telia-har-mottatt-trussel-som-flge-av-hijab-reklame/3423647259.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-telia-company-norway-idUSKCN1RE179|title=Phone company Telia threatened in Norway after empowerment advert|date=2 April 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=6 April 2019|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406112657/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-telia-company-norway-idUSKCN1RE179|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Portugal ===
In October 2025, parliament in [[Portugal]] passed a bill banning clothing covering the face.<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/11/14/no-portugal-is-not-banning-all-islamic-practices Euronews: No, portugal is not banning all islamic practices], October 2025</ref>

===Russia===
{{Main|Islam in Russia}}

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Tatar women praying.jpg
| caption1 = [[Tatars|Tatar women]] at a mosque in [[Chistopol]]
| image2 = Grozny, Russia, Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque, Courtyard, Visitors.jpg
| caption2 = 2 hijab wearing [[Chechens|Chechen women]] talking among themselves at the premises of the [[Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque]] in [[Grozny]]
| image3 = Dagestani. 1870-1880. Alexandre Roinashvili. Tbilisi History Museum Collection.jpg
| caption3 = [[Dagestani people|Dagestani woman]] photographed in 1870s by [[Alexander Roinashvili]]
| total_width = 450
}}

Russia's [[Stavropol]] region has a ban on hijabs in schools since 2012, the first of its kind imposed by a region in the Russian Federation. The ruling was upheld by Russia's Supreme Court in July 2013. The hijab is prevalent in [[Islam in Russia|Muslim]] majority North Caucasus republics such as [[Chechnya]] and [[Dagestan]] and less prevalent in [[Tatarstan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Ellen |date=19 March 2013 |title=Local Russian Hijab Ban Puts Muslims in a Squeeze |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/world/europe/russian-regions-hijab-ban-puts-squeeze-on-muslims.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2018 |title=The Islamic veil across Europe |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13038095 |archive-date=9 February 2018 |access-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209161441/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13038095 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Supreme-Court-confirmation:-prohibited-to-wear-hijab-in-Russian-high-schools-28440.html|title=Supreme Court confirmation: prohibited to wear hijab in Russian high schools|website=www.asianews.it|access-date=22 December 2021|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222140206/https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Supreme-Court-confirmation:-prohibited-to-wear-hijab-in-Russian-high-schools-28440.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sweden ===

[[File:20180613 Folkemodet Bornholm burka happening 0110 (40978883920).jpg|thumb| [[Hijabophobia|Anti-hijab]] installation at a park in [[Malmö]].]]

In December 2019, the municipality of [[Skurup]] banned Islamic veils in educational institutions. Earlier, the municipality of [[Staffanstorp]] approved a similar ban.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=96&artikel=7369615 |title=Skurup förbjuder slöja i skolan |trans-title= |work=Sveriges Radio, MalmöhusP4 |access-date=2019-12-19 |language=sv |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219023852/https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=96&artikel=7369615 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Switzerland ===
In a referendum on 7 March 2021, Swiss voters approved a nationwide ban on the burqa, with over 51 percent of the electorate supporting it.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/07/switzerland-on-course-to-ban-wearing-of-burqa-and-niqab-in-public-places|title = Switzerland to ban wearing of burqa and niqab in public places|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 7 March 2021|access-date = 7 March 2021|archive-date = 15 December 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211215142423/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/07/switzerland-on-course-to-ban-wearing-of-burqa-and-niqab-in-public-places|url-status = live}}</ref>

Earlier, in September 2013, a constitutional referendum in the [[Canton of Ticino]] on a [[Popular initiative (Switzerland)|popular initiative]] banning full-face veils was approved with 66.2 percent of the vote.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/abstimmungen/abstimmungen/abstimmungen-ti/ja-zum-burka-verbot-im-tessin|title=Ja zum Burka-Verbot im Tessin |work=SRF Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|access-date=2020-05-17|language=de}}</ref> In May 2017, the [[Landsgemeinde]] in the [[Canton of Glarus]] rejected adopting a similar measure with about two-thirds of the vote.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.srf.ch/news/regional/ostschweiz/kein-burka-verbot-im-kanton-glarus|title=Kein Burka-Verbot im Kanton Glarus |work=SRF Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|access-date=2020-05-17|language=de}}</ref>

In September 2018, the [[Canton of St Gallen]] became the second canton in Switzerland to vote in favor of a ban on facial coverings in public with two-thirds casting a ballot in favor.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.dw.com/en/swiss-canton-st-gallen-votes-for-ban-on-burqas-in-public/a-45607726| title=Swiss canton St Gallen votes for ban on burqas in public | DW | 23.09.2018| website=[[Deutsche Welle]]| access-date=8 March 2021| archive-date=1 June 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601094612/https://www.dw.com/en/swiss-canton-st-gallen-votes-for-ban-on-burqas-in-public/a-45607726| url-status=live}}</ref>

===Turkey===
{{Main|Headscarf controversy in Turkey}}

{{Further|Conservatism in Turkey|Freedom of religion in Turkey|Human rights in Turkey}}
In the early 20th century, the women's movement, such as the [[Sade Giyinen Hanımlar Cemiyeti]], promoted a dress reform for women, including unveiling. They achieved support from the state feminism introduced by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)]] in the 1920s.
[[File:Çarşaf fermanı.jpg|thumb|upright=0.86|[[Abdul Hamid II|Abdülhamid II]]'s decree dated 2 April 1892 prohibited by the wearing of ''[[çarşaf]].'']]

Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) had the ambition to transform Turkey into a new modern [[Secularism in Turkey|secular state]]. In 1925, the Turkish government introduced a new Family Law modelled after the Swiss Family Law,<ref>{{Cite book |year=1977 |last1=Zweigert |first1= Konrad |last2=Kötz |first2=Hein |quote=Authors are Professor of Law, University of Hamburg; Director, Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Private Law and M.C.L. (Mich.); Professor of Law, University of Konstanz |title= An Introduction to Comparative Law; Translated from the German by Tony Weir, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge |publisher= North Holland Publishing Company |place= Amsterdam, New York, Oxford |volume= I: The Framework |pages=176–177}}</ref> and in the same year, it banned [[Mahmud II]]'s reformation hat for men to be Westernise,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Records of travel in Turkey, Greece, etc|last=Slade|first=Adolphus|year=1854|location=London|pages=194|publisher=William Taylor}}</ref> the [[Fez (hat)|fez]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mehmet Yaman, İnkılap Kanunları Hakkında Anayasal Bir Yorum, Kriter.org sitesi 26.07.2011 |url=http://www.kriter.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2042&Itemid=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129064702/http://www.kriter.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2042&Itemid=1 |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=10 August 2011}}</ref>

In 1928, the Turkish government removed the official religion provision from the constitution.<ref>[http://kampus.beykent.edu.tr/Paylasim/Dosyalar/Anayasalar_129807210772392500.pdf TC Anayasaları, 1921, 1924, 1961 ve 1982 Anayasalarını karşılaştırılması] beykent.edu.tr {{in lang|tr}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224041757/http://kampus.beykent.edu.tr/Paylasim/Dosyalar/Anayasalar_129807210772392500.pdf |date=24 February 2020 }}</ref>
The modernization reform program of [[Mustafa Kemal Pasha]] in Turkey abolished sex segregation and encouraged women to unveil as a part of a social revolution in order to make Turkey a modern state.<ref name="Thompson, E. 2000 p. 129"/> He appeared in public with his wife [[Latife Uşaki]] unveiled, and arranged formal state receptions with dinner and dance where men and women could mingle, to encourage women to leave seclusion and adopt modern clothing, and in the mid-1920s, upper- and middle class Turkish women started to appear unveiled in public.<ref name="ReferenceD"/> The Turkish women's movement, lead by [[Latife Bekir]] of the [[Türk Kadinlar Birligi]], voiced their support for the unveiling of women.<ref>Adak, S. (2022). Anti-Veiling Campaigns in Turkey: State, Society and Gender in the Early Republic. Storbritannien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 65</ref> Mustafa Kemal viewed modern clothing as an essential visual symbol of the new secular nation and encouraged both women and men to wear modern fashion, but in contrast to his law against traditional wear for men, he never introduced a ban against the hijab.<ref name="ReferenceD">M. Kavakci Islam, Merve Kavakci: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eQtdAQAAQBAJ&dq=latife+ataturk+veil&pg=PT36 Headscarf Politics in Turkey: A Postcolonial Reading]'' via books.google.com</ref>

In Türkiye, the ban on hijab was first implemented during the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|1980 coup]] in universities and public buildings (including libraries and government buildings, targeting university students and public employees), but the law was further strengthened after the [[1997 Turkish military memorandum|1997 military memorandum]].<ref name="aljazeera.com.tr"/>

There has been some unofficial relaxation of the ban under governments led by the conservative [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] (AKP) in recent (after 2003) years:<ref name=hijabworld/> On 7 February 2008, the Turkish Parliament passed an amendment to the constitution, allowing women to wear the headscarf in Turkish universities, arguing that many women would not seek an education if they could not wear the ''hijab''.<ref>Derakhshandeh, Mehran. [http://www.mehrnews.ir/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=639942 Just a headscarf?] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120904225902/http://www.mehrnews.ir/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=639942 |date=4 September 2012 }} ''Tehran Times''. Mehr News Agency. 16 February 2008.</ref><ref>Jenkins, Gareth. [http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2372795 Turkey's Constitutional Changes: Much Ado About Nothing?] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070625152714/http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2372795 |date=25 June 2007 }} ''Eurasia Daily Monitor''. The Jamestown Foundation. 11 February 2008.</ref><ref name=wp>Ayman, Zehra; Knickmeyer, Ellen. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/09/AR2008020900832.html Ban on Head Scarves Voted Out in Turkey: Parliament Lifts 80-Year-Old Restriction on University Attire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019004611/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/09/AR2008020900832.html |date=19 October 2017 }}. ''The Washington Post''. 10 February 2008. Page A17.</ref> The decision was met with powerful opposition and protests from [[Secularism in Turkey|secularists]]. On 5 June 2008, the [[Constitutional Court of Turkey]] reinstated the ban on constitutional grounds relating to the secularity of the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey's high court overrules government on head scarves |author=Sabrina Tavernise |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/world/europe/05iht-turkey.4.13505875.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 June 2008 |access-date=10 March 2011 |archive-date=24 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424090707/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/world/europe/05iht-turkey.4.13505875.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Headscarves had become a focal point of the conflict between the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the secularist establishment. The ruling was widely seen as a victory for Turks who claim this maintains Turkey's separation of state and religion.
[[File:Turkish women 2x.jpg|thumb|[[Women in Turkey|Turkish women]] with hijab]]

In 2013, the headscarf ban in public institutions was lifted through a decree,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tr.euronews.com/2013/10/08/turkiye-de-kamuda-basortusu-yasagi-resmen-kalkti|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114115720/http://tr.euronews.com/2013/10/08/turkiye-de-kamuda-basortusu-yasagi-resmen-kalkti/|url-status=dead|title=Türkiye'de kamuda başörtüsü yasağı resmen kalktı|date=8 October 2013|archivedate=14 November 2020}}</ref> with exceptions in the military, police force and judiciary.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey Lifts Longtime Ban on Head Scarves in State Offices |date=8 October 2013 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/09/world/europe/turkey-lifts-ban-on-head-scarves-in-state-offices.html |author1=Sebnem Arsu |author2=Dan Bilefsky |work=The New York Times |agency=New York Times |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref> The ban on wearing hijab in high schools ended in 2014.<ref name="news24.com">{{cite web |date=23 September 2014 |title=Turkey lifts ban on headscarves at high schools |url=http://www.news24.com/World/News/Turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools-20140923 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516215849/https://www.news24.com/World/News/Turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools-20140923 |archive-date=16 May 2020 |access-date=26 December 2016 |website=News24.com}}</ref> In March 2017, the Ministry of Defence in Ankara announced a change in rules to allow women in the armed forces to wear headscarves with their uniforms, which sparked concerns from secularists over creeping [[Islamization|Islamisation]] of the military.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-06|title=Turkey is considering relaxing rules on hair in the armed forces – and its proving very controversial|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-military-president-erdogan-armed-forces-hair-beards-headscarves-a7614811.html|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en|access-date=19 September 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728022437/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-military-president-erdogan-armed-forces-hair-beards-headscarves-a7614811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2022, Turkey's government and opposition both pledged legal steps to establish women's right to wear Islamic headscarves, bringing an issue that previously caused severe splits back to the forefront of political discourse ahead of following year's elections.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Devranoglu |first1=Nevzat |last2=Butler |first2=Daren |title=Islamic headscarf returns to heart of Turkish political debate. |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/islamic-headscarf-returns-heart-turkish-political-debate-2022-10-05/ |website=Reuters |language=en |date=5 October 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219212100/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/islamic-headscarf-returns-heart-turkish-political-debate-2022-10-05/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The recommendations came as [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]'s governing AK Party and the opposition pushed policy ideas ahead of [[2023 Turkish presidential election]].<ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2022 |title=Turkey: Erdogan proposes vote on right to wear hijab |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-erdogan-proposes-vote-right-wear-hijab |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref> The current official situation regarding the headscarf, which is problematic in terms of the principle of neutrality due to its [[Religious symbol|religious symbolism]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fürstenau |first=Marcel |date=13 July 2024 |title=German lay judge challenges a headscarf ban in court |url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-lay-judge-challenges-a-headscarf-ban-in-court/a-69648119 |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=[[Deutsche Welle|DW]] |language=en}}</ref> is revealed by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's words at an initial appointment ceremony attended by headscarf-wearing judge and prosecutor candidates also: "Regarding our headscarf-wearing judicial members... It may take some time, there may be some difficulty in accepting it, but God willing, everyone will accept the new Turkey where freedoms are applied equally to everyone."<ref> {{Cite web |last=Şafak |first=Yeni |title=Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'ndan önemli mesajlar: Yeni Türkiye'yi herkes kabullenecek {{!}} Gündem Haberleri |url=https://www.yenisafak.com/gundem/cumhurbaskani-erdoganndan-onemli-mesajlar-yeni-turkiyeyi-herkes-kabullenecek-4774571 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Yeni Şafak |language=tr-TR}}</ref>

Some researchers{{who|date=April 2015}} claim that about 55 to 60 percent of Turkish women cover their heads. A number of women wear a headscarf for cultural reasons; that cultural headscarf is used by women that work under the sun to protect their heads from sunburn.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6122010.stm | work=BBC News | title=Headscarf issue challenges Turkey | date=7 November 2006 | first=Sarah | last=Rainsford | archive-date=20 April 2010 | access-date=24 June 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420191433/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6122010.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> In cities like [[Istanbul]] and [[Ankara]] about a half of women cover their heads.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 September 2007|title=Covered women decreased, we do not look like Malaysia|work=A&G research company|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=234171|url-status=dead|access-date=24 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234208/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=234171|archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> In the cities in eastern Turkey, more women cover their heads.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7025294.stm |title=Women condemn Turkey constitution |work=BBC News |first=Sarah |last=Rainsford |date=2 October 2007 |access-date=4 August 2008 |archive-date=13 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813003706/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7025294.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="salon.com">{{Cite news |url=http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/2007/04/23/headscarf/ |title=Head scarves to topple secular Turkey? |work=Salon |first=Tracy |last=Clark-Flory |access-date=4 August 2008 |date=23 April 2007 |archive-date=13 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513032710/http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/2007/04/23/headscarf/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2023, a large, nationally representative research study conduced by Turkish academics found out that the percentage of women who wore a headscarf in some way (including irregularly) is 73%. This indicates that
nearly three-quarters of the female participants over the age of 18 in Turkey engage in this practice. In
contrast, 27% of the participants reported not wearing a headscarf at all. According to the data, 48% of
female participants reported wearing a headscarf "frequently" or "always" when going out, while 47% stated
they "never" or "rarely" do so. A small percentage of 6% indicated that they "sometimes" wear a headscarf
when going out.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nişancı |first=Zübeyir |date=21 March 2023 |title=Faith and Religiosity in Türkiye |url=https://nsp.marmara.edu.tr/dosya/nsp/Resimler/Faith-and-Religiosity-in-T%C3%BCrkiye-Z%C3%BCbeyir-Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1.pdf |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Marmara University]] |page=50 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420223018/https://nsp.marmara.edu.tr/dosya/nsp/Resimler/Faith-and-Religiosity-in-T%C3%BCrkiye-Z%C3%BCbeyir-Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://iiit.org/wp-content/uploads/Faith-and-Religiosity-in-T%C3%BCrkiye-2023.pdf | title=Faith and Religiosity in Türkiye | website=iiit.org}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
{{See also|Islam in the United Kingdom|British debate over veils}}

[[File:Prime Minister Keir Starmer attends Iftar reception - 2025 - 54385078845.jpg|thumb|Scenes from an [[iftar]] party held within [[Downing Street]] in 2025 during the [[Premiership of Keir Starmer|tenure of Keir Starmer]], where local Muslims had been invited.]]

The UK has no specific legislation prohibiting any form of traditional Islamic dress. In some cases, hijabs are worn by young girls from age 6–8.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/lifestyle/other/marks-26-spencer-criticised-for-stocking-hijabs-in-school-essentials-section/ar-BBOgihv|title=Marks & Spencer criticised for stocking hijabs in 'school essentials' section|website=www.msn.com|access-date=12 October 2018|archive-date=12 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012054009/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/lifestyle/other/marks-26-spencer-criticised-for-stocking-hijabs-in-school-essentials-section/ar-BBOgihv|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/marksandspencer/status/1050030484342919168|title=M&S on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=12 October 2018|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308112744/https://twitter.com/marksandspencer/status/1050030484342919168|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[UK Independence Party]] (UKIP) has had a policy to ban full-facial coverings since 2010, while the [[British National Party]] (BNP) favoured banning it only in schools.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-01-17 |title=UKIP's Farage calls for burka ban |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8464124.stm |access-date=2024-03-04 |language=en-GB |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908184952/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8464124.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, UKIP clarified their stance, favouring only a ban at schools and places where security is a concern, while the BNP are now in favour of a total ban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-04 |title=What Would Ukip Do About The Veil? |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/10/04/nigel-farage-veil_n_4044203.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=HuffPost UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-20 |title=BNP Say Ban the Burqa NOW! Video {{!}} National News {{!}} British National Party |url=http://www.bnp.org.uk/news/national/bnp-say-ban-burqa-now-video |access-date=2024-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220233620/http://www.bnp.org.uk/news/national/bnp-say-ban-burqa-now-video |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref>

In 2013, the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] Government under [[David Cameron]] responded to a 'Ban the Burqa' petition by affirming that "the Government does not support a general ban on the wearing of the niqab or other face coverings in public. Such a proscriptive approach would be out of keeping with our nation's longstanding record of tolerance and freedom of expression. Women should have the freedom to choose what to wear".<ref>Government Response: Ban the Burqa Petition (6 June 2013).</ref>

==North America==

===Canada===
{{See also|Islam in Canada}}
[[File:Affiche 105 Je porte le voile Fr.jpg|thumb|Poster for the movie ''Je Porte le voile'' released in 2009 in [[Quebec]] which deals with the issue of veiling in Islam as encountered by a woman who converted into the faith.]]

Most Muslim women in Canada wear some form of Islamic head-covering based on the available data. In a 2016 Environics poll, 73% of Canadian Muslim women reported wearing some sort of head-covering in public (58% wear [[hijab]], 13% wear [[chador]] and 2% wear [[niqab]]). Wearing a head covering in public had also increased since the 2006 survey.<ref name="poll">{{cite web |last1=Grenier |first1=Éric |title=Muslim Canadians increasingly proud of and attached to Canada, survey suggests |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/grenier-muslim-canadians-environics-1.3551591 |website=CBC News |access-date=2017-04-19 |date=2016-04-27 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829063803/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/grenier-muslim-canadians-environics-1.3551591 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 12 December 2011, the Canadian Minister of Citizenship and Immigration issued a decree banning the ''[[niqab]]'' or any other face-covering garments for women swearing their oath of citizenship; the ''hijab'' was not affected.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/face-veils-banned-for-citizenship-oaths-1.1048750 Face veils banned for citizenship oaths] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912153314/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/face-veils-banned-for-citizenship-oaths-1.1048750 |date=12 September 2024 }}. CBC. Published 12 December 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2011.</ref> This edict was later overturned by a Court of Appeal on the grounds of being unlawful.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

[[Mohamed Elmasry]], a [[Mohamed Elmasry#Opinions and Public Statements|controversial]] former president of the [[Canadian Islamic Congress]] (CIC), has claimed that only a small minority of Muslim Canadian women actually wear these types of clothing. He has also said that women should be free to choose, as a matter of culture and not religion, whether they wear it.<ref name="cbc-news">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/muslim-group-calls-for-burka-ban-1.863810|title=Muslim group calls for burka ban|date=8 October 2009|publisher=[[CBC News]]|access-date=14 July 2010|archive-date=12 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112031157/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/muslim-group-calls-for-burka-ban-1.863810|url-status=live}}</ref> The CIC criticized a proposed law that would have required voters to show their faces before being allowed to cast ballots. The group described the idea as unnecessary, arguing that it would only promote discrimination against Muslims and provide "political mileage among Islamophobes".<ref>{{Cite news|first=Bryden|last=Joan|title=New bill to ban veiled voters|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=27 October 2007|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/new-bill-to-ban-veiled-voters/article964080/|archive-date=23 November 2022|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123013827/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/new-bill-to-ban-veiled-voters/article964080/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2007, soccer player Asmahan Mansour, part of the team Nepean U12 Hotspurs, was expelled from a Quebec tournament for wearing her headscarf. Quebec soccer referees also ejected an 11-year-old Ottawa girl while she was watching a match.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ontario-quebec-differ-over-soccer-head-scarf-ban-1.632266|title=Ontario, Quebec differ over soccer head scarf ban|date=26 February 2007|publisher=[[CBC News]]|access-date=14 July 2010|archive-date=8 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308144201/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ontario-quebec-differ-over-soccer-head-scarf-ban-1.632266|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2013, a bill commonly referred to as the [[Quebec Charter of Values]] was introduced in the [[National Assembly of Quebec]] by the [[Parti Québécois]] that would ban overt religious symbols in the Quebec public service. Thus would include universities, hospitals, and public or publicly funded schools and [[daycare]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nosvaleurs.gouv.qc.ca/medias/pdf/Charter.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124205655/http://www.nosvaleurs.gouv.qc.ca/medias/pdf/Charter.pdf |title=National Assembly, Bill 60: Charter affirming the values of State secularism and religious neutrality and of equality between women and men, and providing a framework for accommodation requests|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2014|date=24 January 2014|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> Criticism of this decision came from ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' newspaper, saying that such clothing, as worn by "2011 Nobel Peace Prize winner [[Tawakkul Karman]]", was "Good enough for Nobel, but not for Quebec".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/good-enough-for-nobel-but-not-for-quebec/article14892866/|title=Good enough for Nobel, but not for Quebec|first=Sheema|last=Khan|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=17 October 2013|via=www.theglobeandmail.com|archive-date=23 November 2022|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123012838/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/good-enough-for-nobel-but-not-for-quebec/article14892866/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, however, the ruling Parti Québécois was defeated by the [[Liberal Party of Quebec]] and no legislation was enacted regarding religious symbols.

In October 2017, Bill 62, a [[Quebec ban on face covering]], made headlines. {{As of|2018|07}}, the ban has been suspended by at least two judges for violating the ''[[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]''. It was first suspended in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-canada-religion-quebec-lawsuit/canadian-judge-suspends-quebec-niqab-ban-idUSKBN1DW01B|title=Canadian judge suspends Quebec niqab ban|last=Paperny|first=Anna Mehler|work=U.S.|access-date=22 July 2018|archive-date=22 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722095610/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-canada-religion-quebec-lawsuit/canadian-judge-suspends-quebec-niqab-ban-idUSKBN1DW01B|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ca.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idCAKBN1JO3CI-OCADN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710215438/https://ca.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idCAKBN1JO3CI-OCADN|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2018|title=Second Canadian judge suspends Quebec niqab ban|last=Paperny|first=Anna Mehler|work=CA|access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-bill-62-face-covering-july1-1.4724863|title=Judge suspends Quebec face-covering ban, says it appears to violate charter|work=CBC News|access-date=22 July 2018|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805202115/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-bill-62-face-covering-july1-1.4724863|url-status=live}}</ref>

With regards to public opinion, a 27 October 2017 [[Ipsos]] poll found that 76 percent of Quebecers backed Bill 62, with 24 percent opposing it. The same survey found the 68 percent of Canadians in general supported a law similar to Bill 62 in their part of Canada.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Abedi|first1=Maham|title=68% of Canadians want Quebec's face-coverings ban in their province|url=https://globalnews.ca/video/3828903/new-ipsos-poll-reveals-cross-canada-sentiment-about-quebecs-bill-62-face-veil-ban|website=[[Global News]]|access-date=28 October 2017|date=27 October 2017}}</ref> A 27 October [[Angus Reid (market research)|Angus Reid Institute]] poll found that 70 percent Canadians outside of Quebec supported "legislation similar to Bill 62" where they lived in the country, with 30 percent opposing it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Four-in-ten outside Quebec would prohibit women wearing niqabs from receiving government services|url=http://angusreid.org/bill-62-face-covering/|website=[[Angus Reid (market research)|Angus Reid]]|access-date=28 October 2017|date=27 October 2017|archive-date=28 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028145312/http://angusreid.org/bill-62-face-covering/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2019|06}}, wearing religious symbols is prohibited for all public servants in positions of authority in Quebec: police, judges and teachers.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

People such as [[Tarek Fatah]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/fatah-the-cross-vs-the-crescent-in-europe|title=FATAH: The Cross vs. the Crescent in Europe|work=torontosun|date=12 June 2018|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706174855/https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/fatah-the-cross-vs-the-crescent-in-europe|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/national/memo-to-ford-tarek-fatah-wants-the-burqa-banned-forever/wcm/b05b2646-3baa-42fb-b925-4e8af17f7b75?video_autoplay=true|title=MEMO TO FORD: Tarek Fatah wants the burqa banned forever!|work=edmontonjournal|date=15 June 2018|access-date=4 October 2018|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125071230/https://edmontonjournal.com/news/national/memo-to-ford-tarek-fatah-wants-the-burqa-banned-forever/wcm/b05b2646-3baa-42fb-b925-4e8af17f7b75?video_autoplay=true|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://torontosun.com/news/national/memo-to-ford-tarek-fatah-wants-the-burqa-banned-forever|title=MEMO TO FORD: Tarek Fatah wants the burqa banned forever!|work=torontosun |date=15 June 2018}}</ref> and [[Ensaf Haidar]]<ref>{{cite web|date=July 2018|title=Wife of jailed Saudi blogger Raif Badawi calls for burqa ban in Ontario|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4307779/raif-badawi-wife-ensaf-haidar-burqa-ban/|website=[[Global News]]}}</ref> have called on the burka to be banned.

===Mexico===
{{See also|Islam in Mexico}}
{{Expand section|date=July 2011}}
There is no ban on any Muslim clothing items. The first article of the [[Political Constitution of the United Mexican States]] protects people against discrimination based on several matters including religion, ethnic origin and national origin.<ref name="Mexconst">{{cite web|title=Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos|url=http://www.constitucion.gob.mx/|publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States|access-date=27 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722224817/http://www.constitucion.gob.mx/|archive-date=22 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Article 6 of the Constitution grants ''Libertad de Expresión'' (freedom of expression) to all Mexicans which includes the way people choose to dress.<ref name="Mexconst" />

The Muslim community is a minority; according to the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life there were about 3,700 [[Islam in Mexico|Muslims in Mexico]] as of 2010, representing 0.003 percent of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population(18).aspx|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life|access-date=27 July 2011|date=7 October 2009|archive-date=8 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808112518/http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population(18).aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is an almost complete lack of knowledge of Islam in Mexico,{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} and any interest is more out of curiosity and tolerance than hatred or racism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webislam.com/?idn=11933|title=Los musulmanes de Monterrey (México) – Webislam|last=juntaislamica.com|date=20 April 2023 }}</ref> Some Muslims suggest that it is easier to fit in if they are lax with the rules of their religion, for example by wearing regular clothing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webislam.com/?idn=4163|title=Musulmanes de México – Webislam|last=juntaislamica.com|date=20 April 2023|access-date=23 July 2010|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718162054/http://www.webislam.com/?idn=4163|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim women's clothing can vary from non-Muslim clothing to a ''hijab'' or a ''chador''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

===United States===
[[File:Ilhan Omar, official portrait, 116th Congress (cropped) A.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Ilhan Omar]], a prominent hijab-wearing US politician]]
{{See also|Islam in the United States}}
Hijab is commonly worn by Muslim women in the United States, and is a very distinctive cultural feature of Muslims in America. According to a Pew Research Center poll from 2011, most Muslim American women wear hijab with 36% reporting wearing hijab whenever they were in public and an additional 24% indicating they wore it most or some of the time; only 40% indicated that they ''never'' wore the headcover.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Pew Research Center|title=Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism; Section 2: Religious Beliefs and Practices|date=30 August 2011|url=http://www.people-press.org/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/|access-date=25 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820230634/http://www.people-press.org/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/|archive-date=20 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Contrary to popular beliefs about assimilation, the study found that the number of women wearing hijab was in fact higher among native-born Muslim women compared to first-generation Muslim immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/|website=Pew Research Center|access-date=8 December 2020|date=30 August 2011|title=Section 2: Religious Beliefs and Practices|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901050905/https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1990s, however, hijabs were not commonly seen in the United States, as overt Islamization became more apparent only during the 21st century.<ref name=ODonnellHarvard/>

The people of the United States have a firm [[First Amendment to the Constitution|constitutional protection]] of [[Freedom of Speech in the United States|freedom of speech]] from government interference that includes clothing items, as described by [[U.S. Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] cases such as ''[[Tinker v. Des Moines]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/393/503|title=John F. TINKER and Mary Beth Tinker, Minors, etc., et al., Petitioners, v. DES MOINES INDEPENDENT COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT et al.|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117220000/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/393/503|url-status=live}}</ref> As such, a ban on Islamic clothing is considered presumptively invalid by US sociopolitical commentators such as [[Mona Charen]] of ''[[National Review]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://article.nationalreview.com/399306/could-the-us-ban-the-burqa-too/mona-charen|title=Could the U.S. Ban the Burqa Too?|author=Mona Charen|magazine=[[National Review]]|access-date=14 July 2010|date=7 July 2009|author-link=Mona Charen|archive-date=1 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701120222/http://article.nationalreview.com/399306/could-the-us-ban-the-burqa-too/mona-charen|url-status=live}}</ref> Journalist Howard LaFranchi of ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' has referred to "the traditional American respect for different cultural communities and religions under the broad umbrella of universal freedoms" as forbidding the banning of Islamic dress. In his [[Barack Obama speech at Cairo University, 2009|prominent June 2009 speech to the Muslim World]] in [[Cairo]], [[POTUS|President]] [[Barack Obama]] called on [[Western World|the West]] "to avoid dictating what clothes a Muslim woman should wear" and elaborated that such rules involve "hostility" towards Muslims in "the pretense of [[liberalism]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2009/0623/p02s20-usfp.html|title=In battle of the burqa, Obama and Sarkozy differ|first=Howard|last=LaFranchi|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=23 June 2009|access-date=14 July 2010|archive-date=23 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023042012/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2009/0623/p02s20-usfp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most gyms, fitness clubs, and other workout facilities in the United States are mixed-sex, so [[exercise]] without a ''hijab'' or ''burqa'' can be difficult for many observant Muslim women. Maria Omar, director of media relations for the Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America (IFANCA), has advised Muslim women to avoid these complexes entirely. Some women decide to wear something [[colloquially]] known as the "sports ''hijab''". Similarly, Muslim women may feel uncomfortable around other women with traditionally revealing American outfits, especially during the summer "[[bikini]] season". An outfit colloquially known as the ''[[burqini]]'' allows Muslim women to swim without displaying any significant amount of skin.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Paris pool bans Muslim woman in 'burqini'|url=https://vancouversun.com/story_print.html?id=1885657&sponsor=|access-date=13 August 2010|newspaper=Agence France-Presse|date=12 August 2009}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Despite perceptions of social discrimination against Muslim women, there are no legal restrictions on Islamic modesty garb in the United States, due to universal religious freedom protections in American law. For example, the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] ruled against [[Abercrombie and Fitch]] in 2015 in ''[[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores]]'', regarding the store refusing to hire a woman named Samantha Elauf on account of her wearing hijab; the court stated that the dress code policy violated Elauf's religious freedom.<ref>{{cite web|title=Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc.|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-86_p86b.pdf|work=Supreme Court of the United States|access-date=26 July 2015|date=October 2014|archive-date=1 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601200505/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-86_p86b.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In January 2017, the [[New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division]] in [[Camden County, New Jersey|Camden County]] dismissed two suits filed by Linda Tisby in summer 2015 against her former employer, the county's Department of Corrections.{{clarify|date=October 2022}} The court decided that a [[New Jersey Superior Court]] was right to rule that it would have been an "undue hardship" for the agency to accommodate her religious beliefs by letting her wear a headscarf "because of overriding safety concerns, the potential for concealment of contraband, and the importance of uniform neutrality".<ref>{{cite web |last=Everett |first=Rebecca |date=19 January 2017 |title=Muslim jail employee fired for wearing headscarf loses appeal |url=http://www.nj.com/camden/index.ssf/2017/01/former_jail_employee_fired_for_wearing_headscarf_l.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026164540/http://www.nj.com/camden/index.ssf/2017/01/former_jail_employee_fired_for_wearing_headscarf_l.html |archive-date=26 October 2017 |access-date=26 October 2017 |website=NJ.com}}</ref>

In 2019, [[Ilhan Omar]] became the first woman to wear a [[hijab]] on the House floor, after a [[United States House of Representatives ban on head covering]] in the US House was modified.<ref name="Stolberg Dec 30">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/30/us/politics/ilhan-omar-minnesota-congress.html |title=Glorified and Vilified, Representative-Elect Ilhan Omar Tells Critics: 'Just Deal' |last=Stolberg |first=Sheryl Gay |date=December 30, 2018 |work=The New York Times |access-date=December 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202122641/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/30/us/politics/ilhan-omar-minnesota-congress.html |archive-date=February 2, 2019 |url-status=live |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Oceania==

===Australia===
{{Main|Burqa ban in Australia}}

[[File:Say no to Burqas mural in Newtown, New South Wales.jpg|thumb|Say No to Burqas mural in [[Newtown, New South Wales]]]]
In September 2011, [[Australia]]'s most populous state, [[New South Wales]], passed the Identification Legislation Amendment Act 2011 to require a person to remove a face covering if asked by a state official. The law is viewed as a response to a court case of 2011 where a [[Islam in Australia|Muslim]] woman in [[Sydney]] was convicted of falsely claiming that a traffic policeman had tried to sexually assault her by attempting to remove her ''niqab''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/05/australia-veil-law-burqa-ban_n_1320811.html|title=Australia Muslim Veil Law Requires Women To Remove Face-Covering Niqab In New South Wales, 3 May 2012|website=HuffPost|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310065535/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/05/australia-veil-law-burqa-ban_n_1320811.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The debate in Australia is more about when and where face coverings may legitimately be restricted.<ref name=Barker>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2012/6.pdf The Full Face Covering Debate: An Australian Perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104085621/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2012/6.pdf |date=4 January 2018 }} by Renae BARKER</ref> In a [[Western Australia|Western Australian]] case in July 2010, a woman sought to give evidence in court wearing a niqab. The request was refused on the basis that the jury needs to see the face of the person giving evidence.<ref name=Barker/>

=== New Zealand ===
{{Main|Islam in New Zealand}}
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Anjum Rahman MNZM (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Anjum Rahman]]
| image2 = Hafsa Ahmed MNZM (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Hafsa Ahmed]]
| total_width = 250
| footer = 2 Muslim personalities who were invested with the [[New Zealand Order of Merit]]
}}

[[File:NZ PM Jacinda Ardern - Kirk HargreavesCCC.jpg|thumb|[[Jacinda Ardern]] sporting a hijab in a show of support to New Zealand's Muslim community following the [[Christchurch mosque shooting]].]]
{{Expand section|April 2026|date=April 2026}}

Although no law explicitly prohibits Islamic veiling practices in New Zealand, there has been an recent surge in harassment of Muslim women sporting the hijab, burqa or other Islamic clothing by [[Far-right politics in New Zealand|far-right]] elements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/new-zealand/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam|Fashion}}
* [[Hijabophobia]]
* [[Women in Islam]]
* [[Islam in Europe]]
* [[Hijab and burka controversies in Europe|Hijab and burka controversies]]
* [[Clothing laws by country]]
* [[Multiculturalism]]
* [[Muslim feminist views on hijab]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Abu Saud |first=Abeer |title=Qatari Women: Past and Present |year=1984 |isbn=978-0582783720 |publisher=Longman Group |location=United Kingdom}}
* Scott, Joan Wallach (2007). "The Politics of the Veil". Princeton University Press.

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Hijabs by country}}
{{external links|date=October 2017}}
* [http://twocircles.net/2010aug17/burqa_ban_what_it_means_west.html Burqa ban: What it means for the West] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819062322/http://twocircles.net/2010aug17/burqa_ban_what_it_means_west.html |date=19 August 2010 }} – TCN News
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707130810/http://www.univie.ac.at/veil/Home3/index.htm VEIL Project] – Values, Equality and Differences in Liberal Democracies. Debates about Muslim Headscarves in Europe ([[University of Vienna]])
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3328277.stm Q&A: Muslim headscarves] from [[BBC News]]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/4832072.stm Shabina Begum case: School wins Muslim dress appeal] (22 March 2006)
* [https://ssrn.com/abstract=940025 The Veil and the British Male Elite]
* [http://www.turkishhijabaya.com Wholeasale turkish hijab fashion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224004840/https://turkishhijabaya.com/ |date=24 December 2022 }}

[[Category:History of Asian clothing]]
[[Category:Hijab]]
[[Category:Islamic female clothing]]
[[Category:Islamism]]
[[Category:Modesty]]
[[Category:Pan-Islamism]]
[[Category:Women's clothing]]
[[Category:Globalization]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Hammer throw

2026-05-14T12:29:01Z

JeffreyChallis6: made initial details with sources

{{Short description|Throwing event in track and field competitions}}
{{About|the event in regular track and field competitions|the similar [[Highland games]] event with a different type of hammer|Scottish hammer throw}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox athletics event
|event= Hammer throw
|image= 3A9A0218.jpg
|caption= Jack Dalton competing in Nunawading, Victoria
|WRmen= {{flagicon|URS}} [[Yuriy Sedykh]] {{T&FcalcR|86.74}} (1986)
|ORmen= {{flagicon|URS}} [[Sergey Litvinov (athlete, born 1958)|Sergey Litvinov]] {{T&FcalcR|84.80}} (1988)
|CRmen= {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Ethan Katzberg]] {{T&FcalcR|84.70}} (2025)
|WRwomen= {{flagicon|POL}} [[Anita Włodarczyk]] {{T&FcalcR|82.98}} (2016)
|ORwomen= {{flagicon|POL}} [[Anita Włodarczyk]] {{T&FcalcR|82.29}} (2016)
|CRwomen= {{flagicon|POL}} [[Anita Włodarczyk]] {{T&FcalcR|80.85}} (2015)
}}

The '''hammer throw''' (Abbreviated as '''HT'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/download/download?filename=175739a3-b6be-4e84-914c-15d7ce791665.pdf&urlslug=Terms%20and%20abbreviations |title=Terms and Abbreviations |publisher=World Athletics |date=September 2020 |access-date=12 August 2025 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718100405/https://www.worldathletics.org/download/download?filename=175739a3-b6be-4e84-914c-15d7ce791665.pdf&urlslug=Terms%20and%20abbreviations |url-status=live }}</ref>) is one of the four throwing events in regular outdoor [[track-and-field]] competitions, along with the [[discus throw]], [[shot put]] and [[Javelin throw|javelin]].

The hammer used in this sport is not like any of the tools also called by that name. It consists of a metal ball attached by a steel wire to a grip. These three components are each separate and can move independently. Both the size and weight of the ball vary between men's and women's events. The men's hammer weighs {{convert|7.26|kg|lb|0}} for college and professional meets; the women's hammer weighs {{convert|4|kg|lb}}.<ref name="mainpage"/>

==History==
Tradition traces it to the [[Tailteann Games (ancient)|Tailteann Games]] in [[Hill of Tara|Tara]], Ireland, around the year 1830 BC.<ref>[https://hammerthrow.org/what-is-the-hammer/origins/ 'Origins']. Hammer Throw, undated. Retrieved 28 January 2025</ref> Some time later the Celtic warrior [[Cú Chulainn|Culchulainn]] reputedly took a chariot axle with a wheel still attached, spun it around and hurled it a long way.<ref name="mainpage">{{Cite web |title=Hammer Throw |url=https://worldathletics.org/disciplines/throws/hammer-throw |website=worldathletics.org |access-date=12 August 2025 |archive-date=23 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623182804/https://worldathletics.org/disciplines/throws/hammer-throw |url-status=live }}</ref> The wheel was later replaced by a rock with a wooden handle attached.<ref name="mainpage" /> A [[sledgehammer]] began to be used for the sport in Scotland and England during the Middle Ages.<ref name="mainpage" /> In current times, the hammer has changed to the more modern 16 lb. ball attached to a wire and a handle, but the [[Scottish hammer throw]] as seen in [[Highland Games]] still feature the older style of hammer throw with the rock and the solid wood handle.

While the men's hammer throw has been part of the Olympics since 1900, the [[International Association of Athletics Federations]] did not start ratifying women's marks until 1995. Women's hammer throw was first included in the Olympics at the [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 summer games]] in [[Sydney]], Australia, after having been included in the [[World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] a year earlier.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

==Competition==

The men's hammer weighs {{convert|7.26|kg|0}} and the women's weighs {{convert|4|kg|abbr=on}}, with the wire in either case no more than {{convert|122|cm}} in length.<ref name="mainpage"/> Like the other throwing events, the competition is decided by who can throw the implement the farthest.

The throwing motion starts with the thrower swinging the hammer back-and-forth about two times to generate momentum. The thrower then makes three, four or (rarely) five full rotations using a complex heel-toe foot movement, spinning the hammer in a circular path and increasing its [[angular velocity]] with each rotation. Rather than spinning the hammer horizontally, it is instead spun in a plane that angles up towards the direction in which it will be launched. The thrower releases the hammer as its velocity is upward and toward the target.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johannsen |first1=Dana |title=Tokyo 2020: Why the Olympic hammer throw may become a new national obsession |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/olympics/125889648/tokyo-2020-why-the-olympic-hammer-throw-may-become-a-new-national-obsession |access-date=1 August 2021 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=1 August 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731215535/https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/olympics/125889648/tokyo-2020-why-the-olympic-hammer-throw-may-become-a-new-national-obsession |url-status=live }}</ref>

Throws are made from a ''throwing circle''. The thrower is not allowed to step outside the throwing circle before the hammer has landed and may only enter and exit from the rear of the throwing circle. The hammer must land within a 34.92º ''throwing [[circular sector|sector]]'' that is centered on the throwing circle. The sector angle was chosen because it provides a sector whose bounds are easy to measure and lay out on a field (10 metres out from the center of the ring, 6 metres across).<ref name="mainpage"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pntf.org/officials/ivars/Throwing_Event_Sector_Angles_Rev_F1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513053210/http://www.pntf.org/officials/ivars/Throwing_Event_Sector_Angles_Rev_F1.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-13 |url-status=live |title=Laying Out Sector Angles for the Track and Field Throwing Events |author= |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=USA Track & Field Pacific Northwest |quote=The shot, discus, hammer & weight throw sector is 34.92º. This angle was chosen due to its simple geometry.}}</ref> A violation of the rules results in a foul and the throw not being counted.{{citation needed|date = September 2022}}

{{As of|2025}} the men's hammer world record is held by [[Yuriy Sedykh]], who threw {{T&Fcalc|86.74}} at the [[1986 European Athletics Championships]] in [[Stuttgart]], [[West Germany]] on 30 August. The world record for the women's hammer is held by [[Anita Włodarczyk]], who threw {{T&Fcalc|82.98}} during the [[Kamila Skolimowska Memorial]] on 28 August 2016.{{citation needed|date = September 2022}} Sedykh's 1986 world record has been noted for its longevity, and for dating from "a time when track and field was starting to realize the scale of performance-enhancing drug use" (AP).<ref name="SedykhRecord">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=Yuriy Sedykh, hammer world record holder, dies at 66 |url=https://apnews.com/article/track-and-field-sports-europe-russia-moscow-62f7dd55278ba992439adf63ddfb0af1 |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=2 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102134946/https://apnews.com/article/track-and-field-sports-europe-russia-moscow-62f7dd55278ba992439adf63ddfb0af1 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Russian doping whistleblower [[Grigory Rodchenkov]], Sedykh was a heavy user of [[steroid]]s, which Sedykh denied.<ref name="SedykhRecord" />

The throwing distance depends on the velocity and height at which the hammer is released, but also on other factors that are not under the athlete's control.<ref name="rankChange">{{Cite journal |last1=Horváth |first1=Gábor |last2=Hegedűs |first2=Dénes |last3=Slíz-Balogh |first3=Judit |date=2023-06-27 |title=Change of world-record rankings of shot put and hammer throw due to the effects of Earth rotation and athlete's height |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=10409 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-36665-5 |pmid=37369722 |pmc=10300113 |bibcode=2023NatSR..1310409H |s2cid=259273858 |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> In particular, Earth's rotation affects it via the location's [[latitude]] (due to the [[centrifugal force]], the hammer will fly a bit further in a location closer to the equator) and to a lesser extent also via the throw's [[azimuth]] (i.e. its compass direction, due to [[Coriolis force]]s).<ref name="rankChange" /> According to a 2023 study, such effects are large enough that the top 20 world-record rankings for both men and women at the time could somewhat change if they were adjusted for latitude and azimuth.<ref name="rankChange" />

{{Gallery
|title=
|width=160 | height=170 |noborder=yes
|align=center
|File:Hammer throw.jpg
|The traditional [[Highland games]] version of the event
|File:2017 European Athletics U23 Championships, hammer throw women final2 15-07-2017.jpg
|Thrower inside a hammer cage, with the markings for the throwing circle and the throwing sector visible on the ground
|File:Scottish hammer throw illustration.jpg
|Scottish hammer throw illustration from Frank R. Stockton's book ''Round-about Rambles in Lands of Fact and Fancy''
|File:John Flanagan.jpg
|[[John Flanagan (hammer thrower)|John Flanagan]] in the hammer throw competition at the Summer Olympics 1908 in London
|File:Hammerthrow wire.jpg
|The contemporary version of the hammer throw
|File:Hammer Throw Practice.jpg
|Athlete practicing the hammer throw event
|File:Men's Hammer Throw Final - 28th Summer Universiade 2015 Gwangju.webm
|Men's Hammer Throw Final – [[Athletics_at_the_2015_Summer_Universiade_–_Men's_hammer_throw|28th Summer Universiade]]
}}

== Safety issues ==
Hammer throwing has been described as involving "inherent danger [...]. Athletes, coaches, and spectators participating in the event are at risk; steel hammers [...] are hurled through the air at great speeds, [travel] far distances, and [are] sometimes difficult to spot in flight."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Academy |first=U. S. Sports |date=2010-07-09 |title=An Analysis of Hammer Throw Facility Safety Factors in NCAA Division I |url=https://thesportjournal.org/article/an-analysis-of-hammer-throw-facility-safety-factors-in-ncaa-division-i/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=The Sport Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627022744/https://thesportjournal.org/article/an-analysis-of-hammer-throw-facility-safety-factors-in-ncaa-division-i/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For example, hammer throws resulted in four deaths in Europe in 2000 alone,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-12-29 |title=Catastrophic Injuries Pull Focus On Field Event Safety |url=https://www.athleticbusiness.com/facilities/outdoor-fields/article/15141454/catastrophic-injuries-pull-focus-on-field-event-safety |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Athletic Business |language=en-us |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627022743/https://www.athleticbusiness.com/facilities/outdoor-fields/article/15141454/catastrophic-injuries-pull-focus-on-field-event-safety |url-status=live }}</ref> and have caused deaths and permanent brain damage injuries in the United States too.<ref name=":0" />

To mitigate such risks, a C-shaped "hammer cage" was introduced, which is built around the throwing circle, preventing the hammer from flying off in unwanted directions.<ref name=":0" /> In 2004, the [[World Athletics|IAAF]] changed its rules to increase the mandatory height of hammer cages to 10m and reduce their "danger zone" angle to around 53°.<ref name=":0" /> The change also moved the cage gates further away from the throwing circle, thus reducing the risk of a misdirected hammer bouncing back on the thrower.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Laruel |first1=Benoit |last2=Wilson |first2=Denis |last3=Young |first3=Ray |date=2004 |title=Hammer throw safety cages |url=https://worldathletics.org/download/downloadnsa?filename=3bb61ca9-c2a4-49b5-bf3d-b56d1422d1f0.pdf&urlslug=hammer-throw-safety-cages |journal=New Studies in Athletics |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=47–51 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |access-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628075245/https://worldathletics.org/download/downloadnsa?filename=3bb61ca9-c2a4-49b5-bf3d-b56d1422d1f0.pdf&urlslug=hammer-throw-safety-cages |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Area records==
*Updated 11 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/throws/hammer-throw/outdoor/men |title=Men's Hammer Throw {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=11 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/throws/hammer-throw/outdoor/women |title=Women's Hammer Throw {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=11 May 2026}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2| Area
!scope="colgroup" colspan=2| Men
!scope="colgroup" colspan=2| Women
|-
!scope="col"| Mark
!scope="col"| Athlete
!scope="col"| Mark
!scope="col"| Athlete
|-
!scope="row"| [[Confederation of African Athletics|Africa]] {{small|(''[[List of African records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|81.27}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Mostafa Elgamel]]|EGY}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|77.64}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Anthonett Nabwe]]|LBR}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Asian Athletics|Asia]] {{small|(''[[List of Asian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|84.86}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Koji Murofushi]]|JPN}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|78.22}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Zhao Jie]]|CHN}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[European Athletic Association|Europe]] {{small|(''[[List of European records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|86.74}}''' '''{{AthAbbr|WR}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Yuriy Sedykh]]|URS}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|82.98}}''' '''{{AthAbbr|WR}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Anita Włodarczyk]]|POL}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association|North, Central America and Caribbean]] {{small|(''[[List of North, Central American and Caribbean records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|84.70}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Ethan Katzberg]]|CAN}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|81.13}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Camryn Rogers]]|CAN}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Oceania Athletics Association|Oceania]] {{small|(''[[List of Oceanian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|79.29}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Stuart Rendell]]|AUS}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|74.61}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Lauren Bruce]]|NZL}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Atletismo Sudamericano|South America]] {{small|(''[[List of South American records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|78.63}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Wagner Domingos]]|BRA}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|73.74}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Jennifer Dahlgren]]|ARG}}
|}

==All-time top 25==
{{See also|Men's hammer throw world record progression|Women's hammer throw world record progression}}
{| style="wikitable"
|Tables show data for two definitions of "Top 25" - the top 25 '''hammer throw marks''' and the top 25 '''athletes''':
|-
| style="background: #f6F5CE" |''- denotes top performance for '''athletes''' in the top 25 '''hammer throw marks'''''
|-
|''- denotes lesser performances, still in the top 25 '''hammer throw marks''', by repeat athletes''
|-
| style="background: #CCFFCC" |''- denotes top performance (only) for other top 25 '''athletes''' who fall outside the top 25 hammer throw marks''
|}

===Men===
*Correct as of September 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=All-time men's best hammer throw|url=https://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/throws/hammer-throw/outdoor/men/senior|publisher=IAAF|date=7 May 2017|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-date=12 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712020809/https://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/throws/hammer-throw/outdoor/men/senior|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! {{abbr|Ath.#|Athlete rank}} !! {{abbr|Perf.#|Performance rank}} !! Mark !! Athlete !! Nation !! Date !! Place !! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|1 || align=center|1 || {{T&FcalcR|86.74}} || [[Yuriy Sedykh]] || {{URS}} || 30 August 1986 || [[Stuttgart]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2| || align=center|2 || {{T&FcalcR|86.66}} || ''Sedykh #2'' || rowspan=2| || 22 June 1986 || [[Tallinn]] ||
|-
| align=center|3 || {{T&FcalcR|86.34}} || ''Sedykh #3'' || 3 July 1984 || [[Cork (city)|Cork]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|2 || align=center|4 || {{T&FcalcR|86.04}} || [[Sergey Litvinov (athlete, born 1958)|Sergey Litvinov]] || {{URS}} || 3 July 1986 || [[Dresden]] ||
|-
| rowspan=9| || align=center|5 || {{T&FcalcR|85.74}} || ''Litvinov #2'' || rowspan=9| || 30 August 1986 || [[Stuttgart]] ||
|-
| align=center|6 || {{T&FcalcR|85.68}} || ''Sedykh #4'' || 11 August 1986 || [[Budapest]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center|7 || rowspan=2|{{T&FcalcR|85.60}} || ''Sedykh #5'' || 13 July 1984 || [[London]] ||
|-
| ''Sedykh #6'' || 17 August 1984 || [[Moscow]] ||
|-
| align=center|9 || {{T&FcalcR|85.20}} || ''Litvinov #3'' || 3 July 1984 || [[Cork (city)|Cork]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center|10 || rowspan=2|{{T&FcalcR|85.14}} || ''Litvinov #4'' || 11 July 1986 || [[London]] ||
|-
| ''Sedykh #7'' || 4 September 1988 || [[Moscow]] ||
|-
| align=center|12 || {{T&FcalcR|85.02}} || ''Sedykh #8'' || 20 August 1984 || [[Budapest]] ||
|-
| align=center|13 || {{T&FcalcR|84.92}} || ''Sedykh #9'' || 3 July 1986 || [[Dresden]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|3 || align=center|14 || {{T&FcalcR|84.90}} || [[Vadim Devyatovskiy]] || {{BLR}} || 21 July 2005 || [[Minsk]] ||
|-
| || align=center|15 || {{T&FcalcR|84.88}} || ''Litvinov #5'' || || 10 September 1986 || [[Rome]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|4 || align=center|16 || {{T&FcalcR|84.86}} || [[Koji Murofushi]] || {{JPN}} || 29 June 2003 || [[Prague]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | || align=center|17 || {{T&FcalcR|84.80}} || ''Litvinov #6'' || rowspan="2" | || 26 September 1988 || [[Seoul]] ||
|-
| align=center|18 || {{T&FcalcR|84.72}} || ''Sedykh #10'' || 9 July 1986 || [[Moscow]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|5 || align="center|19 || {{T&FcalcR|84.70}} || [[Ethan Katzberg]] || {{CAN}} || 16 September 2025 || [[Tokyo]] || <ref name="WC2025">{{cite web|title=Men's Hammer Throw Final Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7190593/AT-HT-M-f----.RS6.pdf|website=World Athletics|date=16 September 2025|access-date=16 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|
| align="center" |20 || {{T&FcalcR|84.64}} || ''Litvinov #7''
| || 9 July 1986 || [[Moscow]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |6 || align="center" |21 || {{T&FcalcR|84.62}} || [[Igor Astapkovich]]|| {{flag|Belarus|1991}} || 6 June 1992 || [[Seville]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" | || align="center" |22 || {{T&FcalcR|84.60}} || ''Sedykh #11''|| rowspan="2" | || 14 September 1984 || [[Tokyo]] ||
|-
| align="center" |23 || {{T&FcalcR|84.58}} || ''Sedykh #12''|| 8 June 1986 || [[Leningrad]]||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |7 || align="center" |24 || {{T&FcalcR|84.51}} || [[Ivan Tsikhan]]|| {{BLR}} || 9 July 2008 || [[Grodno]]||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |8 || align="center" |25 || {{T&FcalcR|84.48}} || [[Igor Nikulin (hammer thrower)|Igor Nikulin]]|| {{URS}} || 12 July 1990 || [[Lausanne]]||
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |9
| rowspan="17" |
|{{T&FcalcR|84.40}}
|[[Jüri Tamm]] || {{URS}}
|9 September 1984
|[[Banská Bystrica]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align=center|10
|{{T&FcalcR|84.19}}
|[[Adrián Annus]]|| {{HUN}}
|10 August 2003
|[[Szombathely]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align=center|11
|{{T&FcalcR|83.93}}
|[[Paweł Fajdek]] || {{POL}}
|9 August 2015
|[[Szczecin]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Fajdek throws 83.93m in Szczecin|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/fajdek-wlodarczyk-61st-janusz-kusocinski-memo|publisher=IAAF|author=Phil Minshull|date=9 August 2015|access-date=10 August 2015|archive-date=19 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919022927/http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/fajdek-wlodarczyk-61st-janusz-kusocinski-memo|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align=center|12
|{{T&FcalcR|83.68}}
|[[Tibor Gécsek]] || {{HUN}}
|19 September 1998
|[[Zalaegerszeg]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align=center|13
|{{T&FcalcR|83.46}}
|[[Andrey Abduvaliyev]] || {{URS}}
|26 May 1990
|[[Adler, Russia|Adler]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align=center|14
|{{T&FcalcR|83.43}}
|[[Aleksey Zagornyi]] || {{RUS}}
|10 February 2002
|[[Adler, Russia|Adler]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align=center|15
|{{T&FcalcR|83.40}}
|[[Ralf Haber]] || {{GDR}}
|16 May 1988
|[[Athens]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align=center|16
|{{T&FcalcR|83.38}}
|[[Szymon Ziółkowski]] || {{POL}}
|5 August 2001
|[[Edmonton]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align=center|17
|{{T&FcalcR|83.30}}
|[[Olli-Pekka Karjalainen]] || {{FIN}}
|14 July 2004
|[[Lahti]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center" |18
|{{T&FcalcR|83.18}}
|[[Bence Halász|Bence Halasz]]
|{{HUN}}
|12 August 2025
|[[Budapest]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2025 |title=Gyulai István Memorial - Hungarian Athletics Grand Prix - Men's Hammer Throw Final |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7208615?eventId=10229621&gender=M |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |19
|{{T&FcalcR|83.16}}
|[[Rudy Winkler]]|| {{USA}}
|5 July 2025
|[[Hayward Field|Eugene]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 July 2025|title=Results Hammer Throw Men|url=https://ath-wdl-archive.azureedge.net/2025/eugene/ATHMHAMMER--ADDITIONALFNL-000100--_C73I2_1.0.PDF|access-date=6 July 2025|website=eugene.diamondleague.com|archive-date=6 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706133341/https://ath-wdl-archive.azureedge.net/2025/eugene/ATHMHAMMER--ADDITIONALFNL-000100--_C73I2_1.0.PDF|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |20
|{{T&FcalcR|83.04}}
|[[Heinz Weis]]|| {{GER}}
|29 June 1997
|[[Frankfurt]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |21
|{{T&FcalcR|83.00}}
|[[Balázs Kiss (athlete)|Balázs Kiss]]|| {{HUN}}
|4 June 1998
|[[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |22
|{{T&FcalcR|82.78}}
|[[Karsten Kobs]]|| {{GER}}
|26 June 1999
|[[Dortmund]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |23
|{{T&FcalcR|82.77}}
|[[Merlin Hummel]]
|{{GER}}
|16 September 2025
|[[Tokyo]]
|<ref name="WC2025"/>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |24
|{{T&FcalcR|82.69}}
|[[Krisztián Pars]]|| {{HUN}}
|16 August 2014
|[[Zürich]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |25
|{{T&FcalcR|82.64}}
|[[Günther Rodehau]]|| {{GDR}}
|3 August 1985
|[[Dresden]]
|
|}

====Annulled marks====
*[[Ivan Tsikhan]] of [[Belarus]] also threw 86.73 in [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] on 3 July 2005. This performance was annulled due to doping offences.

===Women===
*Correct as of April 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title=All-time women's best hammer throw|url=https://worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/throws/hammer-throw/outdoor/women/senior|publisher=World Athletics|access-date=25 May 2023|archive-date=25 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525094817/https://worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/throws/hammer-throw/outdoor/women/senior|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!scope="col"| {{abbr|Ath.#|Athlete rank}}
!scope="col"| {{abbr|Perf.#|Performance rank}}
!scope="col"| Mark
!scope="col"| Athlete
!scope="col"| Nation
!scope="col"| Date
!scope="col"| Place
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 1
| {{T&FcalcR|82.98}}
| [[Anita Włodarczyk]]
| {{POL}}
| 28 August 2016
| [[Warsaw]]
| <ref>{{cite news |date=28 August 2016 |title=Wlodarczyk extends hammer world record in Warsaw |url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/anita-wlodarczyk-hammer-world-record-warsaw |access-date=28 August 2016 |work=IAAF |archive-date=29 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829121705/https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/anita-wlodarczyk-hammer-world-record-warsaw |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |
| align=center | 2
| {{T&FcalcR|82.87}}
| ''Włodarczyk #2''
| rowspan="2" |
| 29 July 2017
| [[Władysławowo]]
|
|-
| align=center | 3
| {{T&FcalcR|82.29}}
| ''Włodarczyk #3''
| 15 August 2016
| [[Rio de Janeiro]]
|
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |4
|{{T&FcalcR|81.13}}
|[[Camryn Rogers]]
|{{CAN}}
|2 April 2026
|[[Austin, Texas|Austin]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Rogers throws North American hammer record of 81.13m in Austin |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/camryn-rogers-north-american-hammer-record-austin |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| align="center" | 5
| {{T&FcalcR|81.08}}
| ''Włodarczyk #4''
| rowspan="4" |
| 1 August 2015
| [[Władysławowo]]
|
|-
| align="center" | 6
| {{T&FcalcR|80.85}}
| ''Włodarczyk #5''
| 27 August 2015
| [[Beijing]]
|
|-
| align="center" | 7
| {{T&FcalcR|80.79}}
| ''Włodarczyk #6''
| 23 July 2017
| [[Białystok]]
|
|-
| align="center" | 8
| {{T&FcalcR|80.51}}
| ''Rogers #2''
| 15 September 2025
| [[Tokyo]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Women's Hammer Throw Final Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7190593/AT-HT-W-f----.RS6.pdf|website=World Athletics|date=15 September 2025|access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" | 3
| align="center" | 9
| {{T&FcalcR|80.31}}
| [[DeAnna Price]]
| {{USA}}
| 26 June 2021
| [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
| <ref>{{cite news |author=Roy Jordan |date=27 June 2021 |title=Holloway, Thomas, Benjamin and Price shine on superb day in Eugene |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/us-olympic-trials-eugene-holloway-thomas-benjamin-price |access-date=13 July 2021 |publisher=World Athletics |archive-date=3 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703135230/https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/us-olympic-trials-eugene-holloway-thomas-benjamin-price |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 10
| {{T&FcalcR|80.26}}
| ''Włodarczyk #7''
|
| 12 July 2016
| [[Władysławowo]]
|
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" | 4
| align="center" | 11
| {{T&FcalcR|80.17}}
| [[Brooke Andersen]]
| {{USA}}
| 20 May 2023
| [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://finishedresults.trackscoreboard.com/meets/11585/events/1/Final |title=Track Scoreboard |website=finishedresults.trackscoreboard.com |access-date=21 May 2023 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521111111/https://finishedresults.trackscoreboard.com/meets/11585/events/1/Final |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="12" align="center" |
| align="center" |12
|{{T&FcalcR|80.03}}
|''Rogers #3''
| rowspan="12" |
|24 April 2026
|[[Nairobi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2026 |title=Rogers, Thomas and Pathirage break meeting records in Nairobi |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-continental-tour/news/rogers-thomas-pathirage-meeting-records-kip-keino-nairobi |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 13
| {{T&FcalcR|79.92}}
| ''Andersen #2''
| 4 May 2024
| [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]
| <ref>{{cite web |date=4 May 2024 |title=Hammer Throw Result |url=https://finishedresults.trackscoreboard.com/meets/12372/events/10/Final |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=trackscoreboard.com |archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506205328/https://finishedresults.trackscoreboard.com/meets/12372/events/10/Final |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 14
| rowspan="2" | {{T&FcalcR|79.80}}
| ''Włodarczyk #8''
| 15 August 2017
| [[Warsaw]]
|
|-
| ''Andersen #3''
| 20 April 2023
| [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]]
| <ref>{{cite web |date=20 April 2023 |title=Hammer Throw Result |url=https://results.flashresults.com/2023_04-20_UVAChallenge/019-1.pdf |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Flash Results |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421204350/https://results.flashresults.com/2023_04-20_UVAChallenge/019-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align=center | 16
| {{T&FcalcR|79.73}}
| ''Włodarczyk #9''
| 6 May 2017
| [[Doha]]
|
|-
| align=center | 17
| {{T&FcalcR|79.72}}
| ''Włodarczyk #10''
| 27 June 2017
| [[Ostrava]]
|
|-
| align="center" |18
|{{T&FcalcR|79.63}}
|''Rogers #4''
|10 April 2026
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Oklahoma Throws Series World Invitational |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7236488?eventId=10229532&gender=W |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 19
| {{T&FcalcR|79.61}}
| ''Włodarczyk #11''
| 18 June 2016
| [[Szczecin]]
|
|-
| align="center" | 20
| {{T&FcalcR|79.59}}
| ''Włodarczyk #12''
| 22 July 2018
| [[Lublin]]
|
|-
| align="center" | 21
| {{T&FcalcR|79.58}}
| ''Włodarczyk #13''
| 31 August 2014
| [[Berlin]]
|
|-
| align="center" | 22
| {{T&FcalcR|79.48}}
| ''Włodarczyk #14''
| 21 May 2016
| [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]]
|
|-
| align="center" | 23
| {{T&FcalcR|79.45}}
| ''Włodarczyk #15''
| 29 May 2016
| [[Forbach]]
|
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" | 5
| align="center" | 24
| {{T&FcalcR|79.42}}
| [[Betty Heidler]]
| {{GER}}
| 21 May 2011
| [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]]
|
|-
| align="center" |
| align="center" |25
|{{T&FcalcR|79.29}}
|''Andersen #4''
|
|24 May 2025
|[[Tucson]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Hammer Throw Results|url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7225563?eventId=10229532&gender=W|website=World Athletics|access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 6
| rowspan="20" |
| {{T&FcalcR|78.80}}
| [[Rachel Richeson]]
| {{USA}}
| 11 April 2025
| [[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-continental-tour/news/valarie-allman-north-american-discus-record-ramona |title=Allman throws 73.52m North American discus record in Ramona | REPORTS | World Athletics |access-date=30 May 2025 |archive-date=25 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625150735/https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-continental-tour/news/valarie-allman-north-american-discus-record-ramona |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align=center | 7
| {{T&FcalcR|78.51}}
| [[Tatyana Lysenko]]
| {{RUS}}
| 5 July 2012
| [[Cheboksary]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 8
| {{T&FcalcR|78.22}}
| [[Zhao Jie]]
| {{CHN}}
| 3 April 2026
| [[Chengdu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2026 |title=Throws Invitational Meeting 2 |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7237482?eventId=10229532 |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 9
| {{T&FcalcR|78.00}}
| [[Janee' Kassanavoid]]
| {{USA}}
| 21 May 2022
| [[Tucson]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2022 |title=Kassanavoid climbs to No.6 all time with 78.00m hammer throw |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-continental-tour/news/janee-kassanavoid-hammer-oblique-seville |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=World Athetlics |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615200351/https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-continental-tour/news/janee-kassanavoid-hammer-oblique-seville |url-status=live}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 10
| {{T&FcalcR|77.78}}
| [[Gwen Berry]]
| {{USA}}
| 8 June 2018
| [[Chorzów]]
| <ref>{{cite news |author=Jon Mulkeen |date=8 June 2018 |title=Berry and Nowicki topple hammer favourites in Chorzow |url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/janusz-kusocinski-memorial-2018-berry |access-date=11 June 2018 |publisher=IAAF |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612105515/https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/janusz-kusocinski-memorial-2018-berry |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 11
| {{T&FcalcR|77.68}}
| [[Wang Zheng (athlete)|Wang Zheng]]
| {{CHN}}
| 29 March 2014
| [[Chengdu]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |12
|{{T&FcalcR|77.64}}
|[[Anthonett Nabwe]]
|{{LBR}}
|23 April 2026
|[[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Hammer Throw Results|url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7237033?eventId=10229532|website=World Athletics|access-date=11 May 2026}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 13
| {{T&FcalcR|77.33}}
| [[Zhang Wenxiu]]
| {{CHN}}
| 28 September 2014
| [[Incheon]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 14
| {{T&FcalcR|77.32}}
| [[Aksana Miankova]]
| {{BLR}}
| 29 June 2008
| [[Minsk]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 15
| {{T&FcalcR|77.26}}
| [[Gulfiya Agafonova]]
| {{RUS}}
| 12 June 2006
| [[Tula, Russia|Tula]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 16
| {{T&FcalcR|77.24}}
| [[Zhang Jiale]]
| {{CHN}}
| 2 August 2025
| [[Quzhou]]
| <ref>{{cite web |date=2 August 2025 |title=Karalis clears 6.08m in Volos as records fall around the world, athletes target Tokyo |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/national-championships-2025-cardoso-bonfim/ |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=worldathletics |archive-date=2 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802175448/https://worldathletics.org/news/report/national-championships-2025-cardoso-bonfim |url-status=live}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 17
| {{T&FcalcR|77.14}}
| [[Krista Tervo]]
| {{FIN}}
| 11 June 2025
| [[Lahti]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Women's Hammer Throw Final |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7218928?eventId=10229532 |website=World Athletics |access-date=23 June 2025}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 18
| {{T&FcalcR|77.13}}
| [[Oksana Kondratyeva]]
| {{RUS}}
| 30 June 2013
| [[Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast|Zhukovskiy]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 19
| {{T&FcalcR|77.10}}
| [[Hanna Skydan]]
| {{AZE}}
| 23 August 2023
| [[National Athletics Centre (Budapest)|Budapest]]
| <ref>{{cite web |date=23 August 2023 |title=Hammer Throw Qualification Results |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-championships/budapest23/results/women/hammer-throw/qualification/result |access-date=23 August 2023 |work=World Athletics |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821213354/https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-championships/budapest23/results/women/hammer-throw/qualification/result |url-status=live}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 20
|{{T&FcalcR|77.07}}
|[[Silja Kosonen]]
|{{FIN}}
|15 March 2025
|[[Nicosia]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Hammer Throw Results|url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7173257?eventId=10229532&gender=W|website=World Athletics|access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 21
| {{T&FcalcR|76.90}}
| [[Martina Hrašnová]]
| {{SVK}}
| 16 May 2009
| [[Trnava]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 22
| {{T&FcalcR|76.85}}
| [[Malwina Kopron]]
| {{POL}}
| 26 August 2017
| [[Taipei City]]
| <ref>{{cite web |date=26 August 2017 |title=Women's Hammer Final Results |url=https://data.2017.gov.taipei/atos/prod/resTP2017/pdf/TP2017/AT/TP2017_AT_C73S_ATW054101.pdf |access-date=26 August 2017 |publisher=2017.taipei}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 23
| {{T&FcalcR|76.83}}
| [[Kamila Skolimowska]]
| {{POL}}
| 11 May 2007
| [[Doha]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 24
| {{T&FcalcR|76.72}}
| [[Mariya Bespalova]]
| {{RUS}}
| 23 June 2012
| [[Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast|Zhukovsky]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 25
| {{T&FcalcR|76.66}}
| [[Volha Tsander]]
| {{BLR}}
| 21 July 2005
| [[Minsk]]
|
|}

====Annulled marks====
The following athletes had their performances (over 77.00 m) annulled due to doping offences:
*[[Tatyana Lysenko]] ([[Russia]]) 78.80 (2013) and 78.15 (2013).
*[[Aksana Miankova]] ([[Belarus]]) 78.69 and 78.19 (both 2012).
*[[Gulfiya Agafonova]] ([[Russia]]) 77.36 (2007).

==Olympic medalists==
===Men===
{{Olympic medalists in men's hammer throw}}

===Women===
{{Olympic medalists in women's hammer throw}}

==World Championships medalists==
===Men===
{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in men's hammer throw}}

===Women===
{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in women's hammer throw}}

==World leading marks==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{Sticky header}}
===Men===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders sticky-header" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Mark
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1971 in the sport of athletics|1971]]
|{{T&FcalcR|76.40}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Walter Schmidt (hammer thrower)|Walter Schmidt]]|FRG}}
|[[Lahr]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1972 in the sport of athletics|1972]]
|{{T&FcalcR|75.88}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anatoliy Bondarchuk]]|URS}}
|[[Kyiv]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1973 in the sport of athletics|1973]]
|{{T&FcalcR|75.20}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anatoliy Bondarchuk]]|URS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1974 in the sport of athletics|1974]]
|{{T&FcalcR|76.66}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Aleksey Spiridonov (athlete)|Aleksey Spiridonov]]|URS}}
|[[Munich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1975 in the sport of athletics|1975]]
|{{T&FcalcR|79.30}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Walter Schmidt (hammer thrower)|Walter Schmidt]]|FRG}}
|[[Frankfurt]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1976 in the sport of athletics|1976]]
|{{T&FcalcR|78.86}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yuriy Sedykh]]|URS}}
|[[Sochi]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1977 in the sport of athletics|1977]]
|{{T&FcalcR|77.60}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Karl-Hans Riehm]]|FRG}}
|[[Gelsenkirchen]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1978 in the sport of athletics|1978]]
|{{T&FcalcR|80.32}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Karl-Hans Riehm]]|FRG}}
|[[Heidenheim an der Brenz|Heidenheim]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1979 in the sport of athletics|1979]]
|{{T&FcalcR|79.82}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Litvinov (athlete, born 1958)|Sergey Litvinov]]|URS}}
|[[Leipzig]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1980 in the sport of athletics|1980]]
|{{T&FcalcR|81.80}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yuriy Sedykh]]|URS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1981 in the sport of athletics|1981]]
|{{T&FcalcR|80.56}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Klaus Ploghaus]]|FRG}}
|[[Obersühl]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1982 in the sport of athletics|1982]]
|{{T&FcalcR|83.98}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Litvinov (athlete, born 1958)|Sergey Litvinov]]|URS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1983 in the sport of athletics|1983]]
|{{T&FcalcR|84.14}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Litvinov (athlete, born 1958)|Sergey Litvinov]]|URS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1984 in the sport of athletics|1984]]
|{{T&FcalcR|86.34}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yuriy Sedykh]]|URS}}
|[[Cork (city)|Cork]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1985 in the sport of athletics|1985]]
|{{T&FcalcR|84.08}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jüri Tamm]]|URS}}
|[[Budapest]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1986 in the sport of athletics|1986]]
|{{T&FcalcR|86.74}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yuriy Sedykh]]|URS}}
|[[Stuttgart]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1987 in the sport of athletics|1987]]
|{{T&FcalcR|83.48}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Litvinov (athlete, born 1958)|Sergey Litvinov]]|URS}}
|[[Karl-Marx-Stadt]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1988 in the sport of athletics|1988]]
|{{T&FcalcR|85.14}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yuriy Sedykh]]|URS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1989 in the sport of athletics|1989]]
|{{T&FcalcR|82.84}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heinz Weis]]|FRG}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1990 in the sport of athletics|1990]]
|{{T&FcalcR|84.48}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Igor Nikulin (athlete)|Igor Nikulin]]|URS}}
|[[Lausanne]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1991 in the sport of athletics|1991]]
|{{T&FcalcR|84.26}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Igor Astapkovich]]|BLR|1991}}
|[[Reims]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1992 in the sport of athletics|1992]]
|{{T&FcalcR|84.62}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Igor Astapkovich]]|BLR|1991}}
|[[Seville]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1993 in the sport of athletics|1993]]
|{{T&FcalcR|82.78}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Andrey Abduvaliyev]]|TJK}}
|[[Nitra]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1994 in the sport of athletics|1994]]
|{{T&FcalcR|83.36}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Andrey Abduvaliyev]]|TJK}}
|[[Budapest]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1995 in the sport of athletics|1995]]
|{{T&FcalcR|83.10}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Andrey Abduvaliyev]]|TJK}}
|[[Tashkent]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1996 in the sport of athletics|1996]]
|{{T&FcalcR|82.52}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Lance Deal]]|USA}}
|[[Milan]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1997 in the sport of athletics|1997]]
|{{T&FcalcR|83.04}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heinz Weis]]|GER}}
|[[Frankfurt]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1998 in the sport of athletics|1998]]
|{{T&FcalcR|83.68}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tibor Gécsek]]|HUN}}
|[[Zalaegerszeg]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1999 in the sport of athletics|1999]]
|{{T&FcalcR|82.78}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Karsten Kobs]]|GER}}
|[[Dortmund]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2000 in the sport of athletics|2000]]
|{{T&FcalcR|82.58}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Igor Astapkovich]]|BLR}}
|[[Staiki]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2001 in the sport of athletics|2001]]
|{{T&FcalcR|83.47}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Koji Murofushi]]|JPN}}
|[[Toyota]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2002 in the sport of athletics|2002]]
|{{T&FcalcR|83.43}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Aleksey Zagornyi]]|RUS}}
|[[Adlersky City District|Adler]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2003 in the sport of athletics|2003]]
|{{T&FcalcR|84.86}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Koji Murofushi]]|JPN}}
|[[Prague]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2004 in the sport of athletics|2004]]
|{{T&FcalcR|84.46}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ivan Tsikhan]]|BLR}}
|[[Minsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2005 in the sport of athletics|2005]]
|{{T&FcalcR|84.90}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vadim Devyatovskiy]]|BLR}}
|[[Minsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2006 in the sport of athletics|2006]]
|{{T&FcalcR|82.95}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vadim Devyatovskiy]]|BLR}}
|[[Minsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2007 in the sport of athletics|2007]]
|{{T&FcalcR|83.63}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ivan Tsikhan]]|BLR}}
|[[Osaka]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2008 in the sport of athletics|2008]]
|{{T&FcalcR|84.51}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ivan Tsikhan]]|BLR}}
|[[Grodno]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2009 in the sport of athletics|2009]]
|{{T&FcalcR|82.58}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Primož Kozmus]]|SLO}}
|[[Celje]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2010 in the sport of athletics|2010]]
|{{T&FcalcR|80.99}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Koji Murofushi]]|JPN}}
|[[Rieti]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2011 in the sport of athletics|2011]]
|{{T&FcalcR|81.89}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Krisztián Pars]]|HUN}}
|[[Szombathely]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2012 in the sport of athletics|2012]]
|{{T&FcalcR|82.81}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ivan Tsikhan]]|BLR}}
|[[Brest, Belarus|Brest]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2013 in the sport of athletics|2013]]
|{{T&FcalcR|82.40}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Krisztián Pars]]|HUN}}
|[[Dubnica]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2014 in the sport of athletics|2014]]
|{{T&FcalcR|83.48}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Pawel Fajdek]]|POL}}
|[[Warsaw]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2015 in the sport of athletics|2015]]
|{{T&FcalcR|83.93}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Pawel Fajdek]]|POL}}
|[[Szczecin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2016 in the sport of athletics|2016]]
|{{T&FcalcR|81.87}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Pawel Fajdek]]|POL}}
|[[Bydgoszcz]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2017 in the sport of athletics|2017]]
|{{T&FcalcR|83.44}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Pawel Fajdek]]|POL}}
|[[Ostrava]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2018 in the sport of athletics|2018]]
|{{T&FcalcR|81.85}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Wojciech Nowicki]]|POL}}
|[[Székesfehérvár]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2019 in the sport of athletics|2019]]
|{{T&FcalcR|81.74}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Wojciech Nowicki]]|POL}}
|[[Poznań]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2020 in the sport of athletics|2020]]
|{{T&FcalcR|80.70}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Rudy Winkler]]|USA}}
|[[Wallkill, Orange County, New York|Wallkill]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2021 in the sport of athletics|2021]]
|{{T&FcalcR|82.98}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Pawel Fajdek]]|POL}}
|[[Chorzów]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2022 in the sport of athletics|2022]]
|{{T&FcalcR|82.00}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Wojciech Nowicki]]|POL}}
|[[Munich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2023 in the sport of athletics|2023]]
|{{T&FcalcR|81.92}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Wojciech Nowicki]]|POL}}
|[[Oslo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2024 in the sport of athletics|2024]]
|{{T&FcalcR|84.38}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ethan Katzberg]]|CAN}}
|[[Nairobi]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2025 in the sport of athletics|2025]]
|{{T&FcalcR|84.70}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ethan Katzberg]]|CAN}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|}
{{col-2}}

===Women===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders sticky-header" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Mark
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1988 in the sport of athletics|1988]]
|{{T&FcalcR|58.94}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Carol Cady]]|USA}}
|[[Los Gatos]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1989 in the sport of athletics|1989]]
|{{T&FcalcR|61.50}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Pichugina]]|URS}}
|[[Bishkek|Frunze]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1990 in the sport of athletics|1990]]
|{{T&FcalcR|61.96}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Larisa Baranova]]|URS}}
|[[Adlersky City District|Adler]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1991 in the sport of athletics|1991]]
|{{T&FcalcR|64.44}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Alla Davydova]]|URS}}
|[[Adlersky City District|Adler]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1992 in the sport of athletics|1992]]
|{{T&FcalcR|65.40}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Olga Kuzenkova]]|RUS}}
|[[Bryansk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1993 in the sport of athletics|1993]]
|{{T&FcalcR|64.64}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Olga Kuzenkova]]|RUS}}
|[[Krasnodar]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1994 in the sport of athletics|1994]]
|{{T&FcalcR|67.34}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Svetlana Sudak]]|BLR|1991}}
|[[Minsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1995 in the sport of athletics|1995]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.16}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Olga Kuzenkova]]|RUS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1996 in the sport of athletics|1996]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.46}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Olga Kuzenkova]]|RUS}}
|[[Sydney]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1997 in the sport of athletics|1997]]
|{{T&FcalcR|73.10}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Olga Kuzenkova]]|RUS}}
|[[Munich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1998 in the sport of athletics|1998]]
|{{T&FcalcR|73.80}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Olga Kuzenkova]]|RUS}}
|[[Tolyatti]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1999 in the sport of athletics|1999]]
|{{T&FcalcR|76.07}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mihaela Melinte]]|ROM}}
|[[Rüdlingen]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2000 in the sport of athletics|2000]]
|{{T&FcalcR|75.68}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Olga Kuzenkova]]|RUS}}
|[[Tula, Russia|Tula]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2001 in the sport of athletics|2001]]
|{{T&FcalcR|73.62}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Olga Kuzenkova]]|RUS}}
|[[Adlersky City District|Adler]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2002 in the sport of athletics|2002]]
|{{T&FcalcR|73.07}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Olga Kuzenkova]]|RUS}}
|[[Annecy]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2003 in the sport of athletics|2003]]
|{{T&FcalcR|75.14}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yipsi Moreno]]|CUB}}
|[[Savona]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2004 in the sport of athletics|2004]]
|{{T&FcalcR|75.18}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yipsi Moreno]]|CUB}}
|[[Havana]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2005 in the sport of athletics|2005]]
|{{T&FcalcR|77.06}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tatyana Lysenko]]|RUS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2006 in the sport of athletics|2006]]
|{{T&FcalcR|77.80}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tatyana Lysenko]]|RUS}}
|[[Tallinn]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2007 in the sport of athletics|2007]]
|{{T&FcalcR|77.30}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tatyana Lysenko]]|RUS}}
|[[Adlersky City District|Adler]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2008 in the sport of athletics|2008]]
|{{T&FcalcR|77.32}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Aksana Miankova]]|BLR}}
|[[Minsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2009 in the sport of athletics|2009]]
|{{T&FcalcR|77.96}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anita Włodarczyk]]|POL}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2010 in the sport of athletics|2010]]
|{{T&FcalcR|78.30}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anita Włodarczyk]]|POL}}
|[[Bydgoszcz]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2011 in the sport of athletics|2011]]
|{{T&FcalcR|79.42}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Betty Heidler]]|GER}}
|[[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2012 in the sport of athletics|2012]]
|{{T&FcalcR|78.69}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Aksana Miankova]]|BLR}}
|[[Minsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2013 in the sport of athletics|2013]]
|{{T&FcalcR|78.80}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tatyana Lysenko]]|RUS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2014 in the sport of athletics|2014]]
|{{T&FcalcR|79.58}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anita Włodarczyk]]|POL}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2015 in the sport of athletics|2015]]
|{{T&FcalcR|81.08}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anita Włodarczyk]]|POL}}
|[[Władysławowo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2016 in the sport of athletics|2016]]
|{{T&FcalcR|82.98}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anita Włodarczyk]]|POL}}
|[[Warsaw]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2017 in the sport of athletics|2017]]
|{{T&FcalcR|82.87}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anita Włodarczyk]]|POL}}
|[[Cetniewo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2018 in the sport of athletics|2018]]
|{{T&FcalcR|79.59}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anita Włodarczyk]]|POL}}
|[[Lublin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2019 in the sport of athletics|2019]]
|{{T&FcalcR|78.24}}
|{{flagathlete|[[DeAnna Price]]|USA}}
|[[Des Moines]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2020 in the sport of athletics|2020]]
|{{T&FcalcR|75.45}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Hanna Malyshik]]|BLR}}
|[[Minsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2021 in the sport of athletics|2021]]
|{{T&FcalcR|80.31}}
|{{flagathlete|[[DeAnna Price]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2022 in the sport of athletics|2022]]
|{{T&FcalcR|79.02}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brooke Andersen]]|USA}}
|[[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2023 in the sport of athletics|2023]]
|{{T&FcalcR|80.17}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brooke Andersen]]|USA}}
|[[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2024 in the sport of athletics|2024]]
|{{T&FcalcR|79.92}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brooke Andersen]]|USA}}
|[[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2025 in the sport of athletics|2025]]
|{{T&FcalcR|80.51}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Camryn Rogers]]|CAN}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|}
{{col-end}}

==See also==
{{portal|Sport of athletics}}
* [[List of hammer throwers]]
* [[Keg-tossing]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://iaaf.gekko.de/?a=throws&d=hammer-throw IAAF list of hammer-throw records in XML] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613111901/https://iaaf.gekko.de/?a=throws&d=hammer-throw |date=13 June 2018 }}
*[http://www.hammerthrow.org/ HammerThrow.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204153339/http://hammerthrow.org/ |date=4 February 2011 }} (information about the event, coaching tips and resources)
*[http://www.apulanta.fi/matti/yu/ytbyeve_Men.html#Hammer_throw Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610025947/http://www.apulanta.fi/matti/yu/ytbyeve_Men.html#Hammer_throw |date=10 June 2009 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090727165812/http://trackfieldevents.com/history/hammer-throw-history Hammer Throw History] (archived)
*[https://worldathletics.org/disciplines/throws/hammer-throw World Athletics Hammer Throw] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926164602/https://worldathletics.org/disciplines/throws/hammer-throw |date=26 September 2023 }}

{{Athletics events}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hammer throw}}
[[Category:Hammer throw| ]]
[[Category:Individual sports]]
[[Category:Events in track and field]]
[[Category:Sports originating in Scotland]]
[[Category:Throwing sports]]
[[Category:Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

C. Sivakumar

2026-05-07T17:59:21Z

JeffreyChallis6:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = C. Sivakumar
| office = [[Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Vikravandi (state assembly constituency)|Vikravandi]]
| term_start = 6 May 2026
| predecessor = [[Anniyur Siva]]
| constituency1 = [[Mailam (state assembly constituency)|Mailam]]
| term_start1 = 12 May 2021
| term_end1 = 6 May 2026
| predecessor1 = [[Dr. R. Masilamani]]
| successor1 = [[C. Ve. Shanmugam]]
| father = Chakkaravarthi
| occupation = Politician, Agricultural Services
| party = [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1974}}
|birth_place = [[Viluppuram District|Viluppuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
}}

'''C. Sivakumar''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Mailam Assembly constituency|Mailam]] as a [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222104241/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC071.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC071.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mailam Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a071|access-date= 30 Apr 2022}}</ref> In 2025, Sivakumar declared support for PMK President [[Anbumani Ramadoss]], which resulted in him being censured by party founder [[S. Ramadoss]], and, along with 2 other PMK MLAs, later joined the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|faction of the PMK]] led by Anbumani.<ref>{{cite news|title=Three PMK MLAs and party general secretary back Anbumani in leadership row|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jun/01/three-pmk-mlas-and-party-general-secretary-back-anbumani-in-leadership-row-2902473.html|access-date=19 September 2025|work=The New Indian Express|date=1 June 2025}}</ref> In [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]], he contested from [[Vikravandi Assembly constituency|Vikravandi]] and won by a margin of 910 votes<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S2275.htm</ref>.

== Elections contested ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Mailam Assembly constituency|Mailam]] || [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] || Won ||46.02% || Dr. R. Masilamani || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || 44.75%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivakumar, C}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pattali Makkal Katchi politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

A. M. Shahjahan

2026-05-07T16:07:16Z

JeffreyChallis6: Started First Page W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. M. Shahjahan
| office = Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
| predecessor = M. H. Jawahirullah
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''A. M. Shahjahan''' is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]] representing the [[Indian Union Muslim League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A.M. Shahjahan(Indian Union Muslim League):Constituency- PAPANASAM(THANJAVUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=776 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A.M. Shahjahan, PAPANASAM constituency, IUML, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/a-m-shahjahan-776/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Shahjahan won the [[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]] seat in the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of the [[Indian Union Muslim League]]. He received 69,284 votes and defeated Azarudeen Uduman Ali of [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] by a margin of 1,065 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Papanasam election results 2026: IUML’s AM Shahjahan wins by 1,065 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/papanasam-election-results-2026-dmks-m-h-jawahirullah-faces-off-against-m-h-jawahirullah/articleshow/130628710.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahjahan, A. M.}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]

Hindi

2026-05-07T04:47:07Z

JeffreyChallis6: reworked structure to improve readability

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language}}
{{About|Modern Standard Hindi}}
{{Distinguish|Hindus{{!}}Hindu|Sindhi (disambiguation){{!}}Sindhi}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Hindi
| altname = Modern Standard Hindi
| nativename = {{lang|hi|हिन्दी}}, {{translit|hi|ISO|Hindī}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|hi|ˈɦɪndiː|}}
| states = [[India]]
| ethnicity =
| region = [[Hindi Belt]]
| speakers_label = Speakers
| speakers = [[First language|L1]]: {{sigfig|345.365030|3}} million{{efn|speakers of Hindi and various related languages who reported their language as 'Hindi'}} 
| date = 2011 census
| speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|263.760000|3}} million (2020)<ref name="e28|hin">{{e28|hin}}</ref> Total: {{sigfig|609.125030|2}} million (2011–2020)<ref name="e28|hin">{{e28|hin}}</ref>
| ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=29 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="e28|hin">{{e28|hin}}</ref>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Indo-Aryan]]
| fam5 = [[Western Hindi languages|Western Hindi]]<ref name=ELL2/>
| fam6 = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]<ref name=ELL2>{{ELL2|Hindustani}}</ref>
| ancestor = [[Shauraseni Prakrit]]
| ancestor2 = [[Apabhraṃśa]]
| ancestor3 = [[Old Hindi]]
| ancestor4 = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| ancestor5 = [[Rekhta]]
| script = *[[Devanagari]] (official)
*[[Kaithi]] (historical)
*[[Mahajani]] (historical)
*[[Laṇḍā scripts|Laṇḍā]] (historical)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gangopadhyay|first=Avik|title=Glimpses of Indian Languages|publisher=Evincepub publishing|year=2020|isbn=978-93-90197-82-8|page=43}}</ref>
*[[Devanagari Braille]]
| nation = *India
** [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
** [[Bihar]]
** [[Chandigarh]]
** [[Chhattisgarh]]
** [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
** [[Delhi]]
** [[Gujarat]]
** [[Haryana]]
** [[Himachal Pradesh]]
** [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
** [[Jharkhand]]
** [[Ladakh]]
** [[Madhya Pradesh]]
** [[Rajasthan]]
** [[Uttar Pradesh]]
** [[Uttarakhand]]
** [[West Bengal]] (additional)
*[[Fiji]]
| minority = {{bulleted list
| [[South Africa]] (protected language)<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|website=www.gov.za|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref>
|[[United Arab Emirates]] (official court language)<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/abu-dhabi-includes-hindi-as-third-official-court-language/article26229023.ece|title=Abu Dhabi includes Hindi as third official court language|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 February 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|[[Mauritius]] (as a cultural language)<ref>{{ cite web| title = Hindi Speaking Union Act |url=https://culture.govmu.org/Pages/Legislations/The%20Hindi%20Speaking%20Union%20%20Act%201994.pdf|website=www.culture.govmu.org}}</ref>}}
| agency = [[Central Hindi Directorate]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/english/aboutus/aboutus.html |title= About Us |website=Central Hindi Directorate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504043836/http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/english/aboutus/aboutus.html |archive-date=4 May 2012 |access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref>
| iso1 = hi
| iso2 = hin
| iso3 = hin
| lingua = 59-AAF-qf
| image = Hindi.svg
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| imagescale = 1.2
| imagecaption = The word "Hindi" in [[Devanagari]] script
| map = Hindi 2011 Indian Census by district.svg
| mapcaption = Distribution of L1 self-reported speakers of Hindi in India as per the 2011 Census
| notice = Indic
| sign = [[Indian Signing System]]
| glotto = hind1269
| glottorefname = Hindi
}}
{{Hindustani_language}}

'''Modern Standard Hindi''' ({{langx|hi|आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी|Ādhunik Mānak Hindī|translit-std=ISO}}),<ref>Singh, Rajendra, and Rama Kant Agnihotri. Hindi morphology: A word-based description. Vol. 9. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1997.</ref> commonly referred to as '''Hindi''', is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] written in the [[Devanagari script]]. It is an [[official language of India|official language]] of the [[government of India]], and is the ''[[lingua franca]]'' for most of the northern half of India.<ref>Hindi is used as a lingua franca for the northern, central, western, eastern, and parts of northeast.</ref>

Hindi is an [[Languages with official status in India|official language]] in ten states ([[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]]), and six [[Union territory|union territories]] ([[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Ladakh]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]) and an additional official language in the state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Saravanan |first=Depak |date=9 October 2018 |title=Hindi and the North-South divide |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/perspective/hindi-and-north-south-divide-696931.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123052133/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/perspective/hindi-and-north-south-divide-696931.html |archive-date=23 November 2022 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |title=India's Evolving Linguistic Landscape |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/07/indias-evolving-linguistic-landscape/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601181209/https://thediplomat.com/2018/07/indias-evolving-linguistic-landscape/ |archive-date=1 June 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=The Diplomat}}</ref> Hindi is also one of the 22 [[Languages with official status in India|scheduled languages of the Republic of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PART A Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule (Scheduled Languages) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190612/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 |website=Census of India}}</ref>

Apart from the script and formal vocabulary, Modern Standard Hindi is [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] with standard [[Urdu]].<ref name="GubeGao2019">{{cite book |last1=Gube |first1=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkWHDwAAQBAJ |title=Education, Ethnicity and Equity in the Multilingual Asian Context |last2=Gao |first2=Fang |date=2019 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=978-981-13-3125-1 |language=en |quote=The national language of India and Pakistan 'Standard Urdu' is mutually intelligible with 'Standard Hindi' because both languages share the same Indic base and are all but indistinguishable in phonology and grammar (Lust et al. 2000).}}</ref><ref name="ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997">{{cite book |last1=Chatterji |first1=Suniti Kumar |title=Suniti Kumar Chatterji: a centenary tribute |last2=Siṃha |first2=Udaẏa Nārāẏana |last3=Padikkal |first3=Shivarama |date=1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0353-2 |language=en |quote=High Hindi written in Devanagari, having identical grammar with Urdu, employing the native Hindi or Hindustani (Prakrit) elements to the fullest, but for words of high culture, going to Sanskrit. Hindustani proper that represents the basic Khari Boli with vocabulary holding a balance between Urdu and High Hindi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Primary Language Impact on Second Language and Literacy Learning |date=15 January 2023 |publisher=Lexington Books |editor1-last=Yoon |editor1-first=Bogum |page=198 |language=English |quote=In terms of cross-linguistic relations, Urdu's combinations of Arabic-Persian orthography and Sanskrit linguistic roots provides interesting theoretical as well as practical comparisons demonstrated in table 12.1. |editor2-last=Pratt |editor2-first=Kristen L.}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed2024">{{cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Ties between Urdu & Sanskrit deeply rooted: Scholar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ties-between-urdu-sanskrit-deeply-rooted-scholar/articleshow/108415962.cms |access-date=8 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=The linguistic and cultural ties between Sanskrit and Urdu are deeply rooted and significant, said Ishtiaque Ahmed, registrar, Maula Azad National Urdu University during a two-day workshop titled "Introduction to Sanskrit for Urdu medium students". Ahmed said a substantial portion of Urdu's vocabulary and cultural capital, as well as its syntactic structure, is derived from Sanskrit.}}</ref> The common base of the two languages is sometimes referred to as ''Hindi–Urdu'' or [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], and Hindi is considered a [[Sanskritisation (linguistics)|Sanskritised]] [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]<ref name="Constitution of India">{{cite web |title=The Constitution of India |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=21 March 2012 |website=lawmin.nic.in}}</ref> of Hindustani.<ref name="NCSU-Hindustani">{{Cite web |url=http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm |title=About Hindi-Urdu |publisher=[[North Carolina State University]] |access-date=9 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815023328/http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm |archive-date=15 August 2009 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Hindi is also spoken, to a lesser extent, in other parts of India (usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] or [[Haflong Hindi]]).<ref name="fulllangdatacensus 2011">{{cite news |last=Kawoosa |first=Vijdan Mohammad |date=22 November 2018 |title=How languages intersect in India |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-languagesintersect-in-india/story-g3nzNwFppYV7XvCumRzlYL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015014438/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-languagesintersect-in-india/story-g3nzNwFppYV7XvCumRzlYL.html |archive-date=15 October 2022 |work= Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=How many Indians can you talk to? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/iframes/language_probability_interactive/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216113014/https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/iframes/language_probability_interactive/index.html |archive-date=16 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Outside India, several other languages are recognised officially as "Hindi" but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other nearby languages, such as [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 September 2018 |title=How Hindi travelled to these five countries from India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/hindi-diwas-2018-hindi-travelled-to-these-five-countries-from-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229020952/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/hindi-diwas-2018-hindi-travelled-to-these-five-countries-from-india/ |archive-date=29 December 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Examples of this are Bhojpuri-Hindustani, which is spoken in [[South Africa]] and [[Mauritius]]; [[Fiji Hindi]], spoken in Fiji; and [[Caribbean Hindustani]], spoken in [[Suriname]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], and [[Guyana]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Sequence of events with reference to official language of the Union |url=http://rajbhasha.nic.in/IIContent.aspx?t=enevents8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110802071514/http://rajbhasha.nic.in/IIContent.aspx?t=enevents |archive-date=2 August 2011 |website=Department of Official Language}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=रिपब्लिक ऑफ फीजी का संविधान (Constitution of the Republic of Fiji, the Hindi version) |url=http://www.fiji.gov.fj/getattachment/5912a2ce-0260-4df5-98b9-955360cd3aad/Click-here-to-download-the-Fiji-Constitution-(Hind.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101180254/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/getattachment/5912a2ce-0260-4df5-98b9-955360cd3aad/Click-here-to-download-the-Fiji-Constitution-(Hind.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2013 |website=Fiji Government}}</ref><ref name="uniw">{{cite web|url=http://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2139/41235/Caribbean%20Heritage%20Ferreira%202012.pdf?sequence=1|title=Caribbean Languages and Caribbean Linguistics|format=PDF|access-date=16 July 2016|publisher=[[University of the West Indies Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220080555/http://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2139/41235/Caribbean%20Heritage%20Ferreira%202012.pdf?sequence=1|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Mau">{{cite journal|title=The cultural significance of Hindi in Mauritius|date=8 May 2007|author=Richard K. Barz|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|doi=10.1080/00856408008722995|volume=3|pages=1–13}}</ref>

Hindi is the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|fourth-most-spoken first language]] in the world, after [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[English language|English]].<ref name="Nationalencyklopedin">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''. Asterisks mark the [http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010 2010 estimates] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111051518/http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010 |date=11 November 2012 }} for the top dozen languages.</ref> When counted together with the mutually intelligible Urdu, it is the third-most-spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English.<ref name="Gambhir1995">{{cite book |last1=Gambhir |first1=Vijay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mB7TQc_OpdcC |title=The Teaching and Acquisition of South Asian Languages |date=1995 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |isbn=978-0-8122-3328-5 |language=en |quote=The position of Hindi-Urdu among the languages of the world is anomalous. The number of its proficient speakers, over three hundred million, places it in third of fourth place after Mandarin, English, and perhaps Spanish.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literary-terms/language-and-linguistics/hindustani|title=Hindustani|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|via=encyclopedia.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729004822/http://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literary-terms/language-and-linguistics/hindustani|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> According to reports of ''Ethnologue'' (2025), Hindi is the [[List of languages by total number of speakers#Ethnologue (2022, 25th edition)|third most-spoken language]] in the world when including [[first language|first]] and [[second language]] speakers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages? |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/ |access-date=31 March 2023 |website=Ethnologue (Free All)}}</ref>

Hindi is the fastest-growing [[Languages of India|language of India]], followed by [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]], according to the [[2011 census of India]].<ref>—{{Cite news |last=R |first=Aishwaryaa |date=6 June 2019 |title=What census data reveals about use of Indian languages |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/what-census-data-reveals-about-use-of-indian-languages-738340.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=16 November 2023}} —{{Cite news |last=Pallapothu |first=Sravan |date=28 June 2018 |title=Hindi Added 100Mn Speakers In A Decade; Kashmiri 2nd Fast Growing Language |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/hindi-added-100mn-speakers-in-a-decade-kashmiri-2nd-fast-growing-language-93096/ |website=Indiaspend.com |access-date=16 November 2023}} —{{Cite news |last=IndiaSpend |date=2 July 2018 |title=Hindi fastest growing language in India, finds 100 million new speakers |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hindi-fastest-growing-language-in-india-finds-100-million-new-speakers-118070200029_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=16 November 2023}} —{{cite magazine |last1=Mishra |first1=Mayank |last2=Aggarwal |first2=Piyush |date=11 April 2022 |title=Hindi grew rapidly in non-Hindi states even without official mandate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/hindi-grows-in-non-hindi-states-without-official-mandate-1936196-2022-04-11 |magazine=India Today |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref>

==Terminology==
The term ''Hindī'' was originally used to refer to inhabitants of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. It was borrowed from [[Persian language#Classical Persian|Classical Persian]] {{lang|fa|هندی}} ''Hindī'' ([[Iranian Persian]] pronunciation: ''Hendi''), meaning {{gloss|of or belonging to ''[[Hindustan|Hind]]'' (India)}} (hence, {{gloss|Indian}}).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Steingass|first1=Francis Joseph|title=A comprehensive Persian-English dictionary|date=1892|publisher=Routledge & K. Paul |location=London|page=1514|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.7:1:6823.steingass|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621060529/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.7:1:6823.steingass}}</ref>

Another name ''Hindavī'' (ہندوی/{{lang|hi|हिन्दवी}}) ({{ety|fa|هندوی|of or belonging to the Indian people}}) was often used in the past, for example, by [[Amir Khusrau]] in his poetry.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Rajak|title=Indo-Persian Literature and Amir Khusro|url=http://vle.du.ac.in/mod/book/print.php?id=11660|publisher=[[Delhi University]]|access-date=17 February 2018}}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yexgmTQIYhUC|title=In the Bazaar of Love: The Selected Poetry of Amir Khusrau|first=Paul E.|last=Losensky|date=15 July 2013|publisher=Penguin UK|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-8475-522-0}}</ref>

The terms ''Hindi'' and ''Hindu'' trace back to Old Persian, which derived these names from the [[Sanskrit]] name ''Sindhu'' ({{lang|sa|सिन्धु}}), referring to the [[Indus River]]. The Greek cognates of the same terms are ''Indus'' (for the river) and ''India'' (for the land of the river).<ref name="Bose2006">{{cite book|author=Mihir Bose|title=The Magic of Indian Cricket: Cricket and Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gyAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|date=18 April 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24924-4|pages=1–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/india|title=India|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref>

The term ''Modern Standard Hindi'' is commonly used to specifically refer to the modern literary Hindi language, as opposed to colloquial and regional varieties that are also referred to as [[Hindi belt|''Hindi'' in a wider sense]].<ref name="kachru"/>

==History==
{{further|History of Hindustani}}

===Middle Indo-Aryan to Hindi===
Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi is a direct descendant of an early form of [[Vedic Sanskrit]] (not to be confused with the later variety of [[Classical Sanskrit]]). This early variety transitioned in [[medieval India]] into [[Shauraseni Prakrit]] and [[Apabhraṃśa|Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa]] (from Sanskrit ''apabhraṃśa'' "corrupt"), which emerged in the 7th century CE.<ref name="de">{{cite web|url=http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/english/hindi_orgin/briefhistory.html|work=Central Hindi Directorate|title=Brief History of Hindi|access-date=21 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306085510/http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/english/hindi_orgin/briefhistory.html|archive-date=6 March 2014}}</ref>

The sound changes that characterised the transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to Hindi are:<ref>Masica, pp. 187–211</ref>
* [[Compensatory lengthening]] of vowels preceding [[geminate]] consonants, sometimes with spontaneous nasalisation: Skt. ''hasta'' "hand" > Pkt. ''hattha'' > ''hāth''
* Loss of all word-final vowels: ''rātri'' "night" > ''rattī'' > ''rāt''
* Formation of nasalised long vowels from nasal consonants (-VNC- > -V̄̃C-): ''bandha'' "bond" > ''bā̃dh''
* Loss of unaccented or unstressed short vowels (reflected in [[schwa deletion]]): ''susthira'' "firm" > ''sutthira'' > ''suthrā''
* Collapsing of adjacent vowels (including separated by a hiatus: ''apara'' "other" > ''avara'' > ''aur''
* Final ''-m'' to ''-ṽ'': ''grāma'' "village" > ''gāma'' > ''gāṽ''
* Intervocalic ''-ḍ-'' to ''-ṛ-'' or ''-l-'': ''taḍāga'' "pond" > ''talāv'', ''naḍa'' "reed" > ''nal''.
* ''v'' > ''b'': ''vivāha'' "marriage" > ''byāh''

===Hindustani===
During the period of [[Delhi Sultanate]] in [[medieval India]], which covered most of today's north India, eastern Pakistan, southern Nepal and Bangladesh<ref>Chapman, Graham. "Religious vs. regional determinism: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as inheritors of empire." Shared space: Divided space. Essays on conflict and territorial organization (1990): 106–134.</ref> and which resulted in the [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb|contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures]], the [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]] base of [[Old Hindi]] became enriched with loanwords from [[Persian language|Persian]], evolving into the present form of Hindustani.<ref name="Rekhta2020">{{cite web |title=Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture – Rekhta Foundation |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/women-of-the-indian-sub-continent-makings-of-a-culture-rekhta-foundation/dwJy7qboNi3fIg?hl=en |publisher=[[Google Arts & Culture]] |access-date=25 February 2020 |language=en |quote=The "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb" is one such instance of the composite culture that marks various regions of the country. Prevalent in the North, particularly in the central plains, it is born of the union between the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Most of the temples were lined along the Ganges and the Khanqah (Sufi school of thought) were situated along the Yamuna river (also called Jamuna). Thus, it came to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, with the word "tehzeeb" meaning culture. More than communal harmony, its most beautiful by-product was "Hindustani" which later gave us the Hindi and Urdu languages.}}</ref><ref name="MatthewsShackleHusain1985">{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=David John |last2=Shackle |first2=C. |last3=Husain |first3=Shahanara |title=Urdu literature |date=1985 |publisher=Urdu Markaz; Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies |isbn=978-0-907962-30-4 |language=en |quote=But with the establishment of Muslim rule in Delhi, it was the Old Hindi of this area which came to form the major partner with Persian. This variety of Hindi is called Khari Boli, 'the upright speech'.}}</ref><ref name="Dhulipala2000">{{cite book |last1=Dhulipala |first1=Venkat |title=The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis |date=2000 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] |page=27 |language=en |quote=Persian became the court language, and many Persian words crept into popular usage. The composite culture of northern India, known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and Islam.}}</ref><ref name="IJSW1943">{{cite book |title=Indian Journal of Social Work, Volume 4 |date=1943 |publisher=[[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] |page=264 |language=en |quote=... more words of Sanskrit origin but 75% of the vocabulary is common. It is also admitted that while this language is known as Hindustani, ... Muslims call it Urdu and the Hindus call it Hindi. ... Urdu is a national language evolved through years of Hindu and Muslim cultural contact and, as stated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, is essentially an Indian language and has no place outside.}}</ref><ref name="Mody2008">{{cite book |last1=Mody |first1=Sujata Sudhakar |title=Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900–1920 |date=2008 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |page=7 |language=en |quote=...Hindustani, Rekhta, and Urdu as later names of the old Hindi (a.k.a. Hindavi).}}</ref><ref name="Kesavan1997">{{cite book |last1=Kesavan |first1=B. S. |title=History Of Printing And Publishing In India |date=1997 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |isbn=978-81-237-2120-0 |page=31 |language=en |quote=It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.}}</ref> Hindi achieved prominence in India after it became the official language of the [[Government of the Mughal Empire|imperial court]] during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Uday|last=Kumar|title=Status of Hindi in India|publisher=Readworthy |isbn=978-93-5018-149-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QlWmycTKh0C|quote="During the period of Mughal Empire, Hindi was used as an additional official language" (Kansal 1991:48).}}</ref> It is recorded that Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] spoke in [[Hindustani language|Hindvi]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xOGJAAAAMAAJ&q=aurangzeb+hindi+language |title= Language Problem in India |page= 138 |publisher= Institute of Objective Studies |date= 1997 |isbn= 978-81-85220-41-3 }}</ref> The Hindustani vernacular became an expression of Indian national unity during the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence movement]],<ref name="Hock1991">{{cite book |author1=Hans Henrich Hock |title=Principles of Historical Linguistics |date=1991 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-012962-5 |page=475 |language=en |quote=During the time of British rule, Hindi (in its religiously neutral, 'Hindustani' variety) increasingly came to be the symbol of national unity over against the English of the foreign oppressor. And Hindustani was learned widely throughout India, even in Bengal and the Dravidian south. ... Independence had been accompanied by the division of former British India into two countries, Pakistan and India. The former had been established as a Muslim state and had made Urdu, the Muslim variety of Hindi–Urdu or Hindustani, its national language.|author1-link=Hans Henrich Hock }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=masica|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|last=Masica|first=Colin P.|date=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29944-2|pages=430 (Appendix I)|language=en|quote=Hindustani - term referring to common colloquial base of HINDI and URDU and to its function as lingua franca over much of India, much in vogue during Independence movement as expression of national unity; after Partition in 1947 and subsequent linguistic polarization it fell into disfavor; census of 1951 registered an enormous decline (86–98 per cent) in no. of persons declaring it their mother tongue (the majority of HINDI speakers and many URDU speakers had done so in previous censuses); trend continued in subsequent censuses: only 11,053 returned it in 1971...mostly from S India; [see Khubchandani 1983: 90–1].}}</ref> and continues to be spoken as the common language of the people of the northern Indian subcontinent,<ref name="Ashmore1961">{{cite book |last1=Ashmore |first1=Harry S. |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11 |date=1961 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |page=579 |language=en |quote=The everyday speech of well over 50,000,000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in West Pakistan is the expression of a common language, Hindustani.}}</ref> which is reflected in the [[Hindustani vocabulary]] of [[Bollywood]] films and songs.<ref name="Tunstall2008">{{cite book |last1=Tunstall |first1=Jeremy |title=The media were American: U.S. mass media in decline |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-518146-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mediawereamerica0000tuns/page/160 160] |language=en |quote=The Hindi film industry used the most popular street level version of Hindi, namely Hindustani, which included a lot of Urdu and Persian words. |url=https://archive.org/details/mediawereamerica0000tuns/page/160 }}</ref><ref name="Hiro2015">{{cite book |last1=Hiro |first1=Dilip |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan |date=2015 |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]] |isbn=978-1-56858-503-1 |page=398 |language=en|quote=Spoken Hindi is akin to spoken Urdu, and that language is often called Hindustani. Bollywood's screenplays are written in Hindustani.}}</ref>

Standard Hindi is based on the [[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]] dialect, spoken in the [[Western Uttar Pradesh|Ganges-Yamuna Doab]] ([[Delhi]], [[Meerut]], and [[Saharanpur]]);<ref name="de"/><ref name="Britannica2000">{{cite book |title=Students' Britannica India |date=2000 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=299 |language=en |quote=Hindustani developed as lingua franca in the medieval ages in and around Delhi, Meerut and Saharanpur because of the interaction between the speakers of ''Khariboli'' (a dialect developed in this region out of Shauraseni Prakrit) and the speakers of Persian, Turkish, and various dialects of Arabic who migrated to North India. Initially it was known by various names such as ''Rekhta'' (mixed), ''Urdu'' (language of the camp) and ''Hindvi'' or ''Hindustani'' (language of Hindustan). Though ''Khariboli'' supplied its basic vocabulary and grammar, it borrowed quite a lot of words from Persian and Arabic}}</ref> the vernacular of [[Delhi]] and the surrounding region gradually replaced earlier prestige languages such as [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] and [[Braj]]. Standard Hindi was developed by supplanting foreign loanwords from the Hindustani language and replacing them with [[Sanskrit]] words, though Standard Hindi does continue to possess several Persian loanwords.<ref name="JainCardona2007"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Michael C. Shapiro|title=A PRIMER OF MODERN STANDARD HINDI|work=South Asia Center |url=https://jsis.washington.edu/southasia/publication/a-primer-of-modern-standard-hindi/}}</ref><ref name="Gumperz1971">{{cite book|author=John Joseph Gumperz|title=Language in Social Groups|url=https://archive.org/details/languageinsocial0000gump|url-access=registration|access-date=26 June 2012|year=1971|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-0798-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/languageinsocial0000gump/page/53 53]}}</ref> Modern Hindi became a literary language in the 19th century. Earliest examples could be found as ''Prēm Sāgar'' by [[Lallu Lal]], ''Batiyāl Pachīsī'' of Sadal Misra, and ''Rānī Kētakī Kī Kahānī'' of [[Insha Allah Khan]] which were published in [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]] during the early 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=RAHMAN |first=TARIQ |title=From Hindi to Urdu A Social and Political History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |location=Karachi, Pakistan. |page=41 |language=en}}</ref>

[[John Gilchrist (linguist)|John Gilchrist]] was principally known for his study of the [[Hindustani language]], which was adopted as the [[lingua franca]] of northern India (including what is now present-day [[Pakistan]]) by Britons and Indians alike. He compiled and authored ''An English-Hindustani Dictionary'', ''A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language'', ''The Oriental Linguist'', and many more. His [[lexicon]] of Hindustani was published in the [[Perso-Arabic script]], [[Nāgarī script]], and in [[Romanisation|Roman transliteration]]. In the late 19th century, a movement to further develop Hindi as a standardised form of Hindustani separate from Urdu took form. In 1881, [[Bihar]] accepted Hindi as its sole official language, replacing Urdu, and thus became the first state of India to adopt Hindi.<ref>Parthasarathy, Kumar, p.120</ref> However, in 2014, Urdu was accorded second official language status in the state.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Bihar: The language tussle – Indiascope News – Issue Date: Jul 31, 19…
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800731-decision-to-make-urdu-second-official-language-in-bihar-provokes-furore-from-maithil-brahmins-821314-2014-01-17
| date = 16 June 2022
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20220616083954/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800731-decision-to-make-urdu-second-official-language-in-bihar-provokes-furore-from-maithil-brahmins-821314-2014-01-17
| archive-date = 16 June 2022 }}</ref>

===Independent India===

On 14 September 1949, the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] adopted Hindi written in the Devanagari script as the [[Official languages of Union govt of India|official language of the Republic of India]] replacing the previous usage of Hindustani in the Perso-Arabic script in the [[British Indian Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ieMgAAAAQBAJ|title=Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations|last=Clyne|first=Michael|date=24 May 2012|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-088814-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QuEmDAAAQBAJ|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution|last1=Choudhry|first1=Sujit|last2=Khosla|first2=Madhav|last3=Mehta|first3=Pratap Bhanu|date=12 May 2016|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-105861-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew|url-access=registration|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|last=Grewal|first=J. S.|date=8 October 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63764-0|language=en}}</ref> To this end, several stalwarts rallied and lobbied pan-India in favour of Hindi, most notably [[:hi:व्यौहार राजेन्द्र सिंह|Beohar Rajendra Simha]] along with [[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]], [[Kaka Kalelkar]], [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]] and [[Seth Govind Das]] who even debated in Parliament on this issue. As such, on the 50th birthday of Beohar Rajendra Simha on 14 September 1949, the efforts came to fruition following the adoption of Hindi as the official language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/news/jabalpur/know-hindi-had-the-status-of-national-language-1398330|title=हिन्दी दिवस विशेष: इनके प्रयास से मिला था हिन्दी को राजभाषा का दर्जा|work=Patrika News |date=8 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204803/https://www.patrika.com/news/jabalpur/know-hindi-had-the-status-of-national-language-1398330/|archive-date=11 September 2017}}</ref> Now, it is celebrated as [[Hindi Day]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/research/hindi-diwas-celebration-how-it-all-began/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|title=Hindi Diwas celebration: How it all began|date=14 September 2016|access-date=7 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208134226/http://indianexpress.com/article/research/hindi-diwas-celebration-how-it-all-began/|archive-date=8 February 2017}}</ref>

==Official status==

===India===
Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with the official language of the Indian Union. Under Article 343, the official languages of the Union have been prescribed, which includes Hindi in Devanagari script and English:

<blockquote>(1) The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals.<ref name="auto" /> 
(2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), for a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, the English language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement: Provided that the President may, during the said period, by order authorise the use of the Hindi language in addition to the English language and of the Devanagari form of numerals in addition to the international form of Indian numerals for any of the official purposes of the Union.<ref name="NIC2008">{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |title=The Constitution of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref></blockquote>

It was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the Union Government by 1965 (per directives in Article 344 (2) and Article 351),<ref name=eighthschedule>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/govt/documents/hindi/PARTXVII.pdf |title=Rajbhasha |publisher=india.gov.in |language=hi, en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131084820/http://www.india.gov.in/govt/documents/hindi/PARTXVII.pdf |archive-date=31 January 2012 }}</ref> with state governments being free to function in the language of their own choice. However, widespread resistance to the [[imposition of Hindi]] on non-native speakers, especially in [[South India]] (such as [[anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|those in Tamil Nadu]]) led to the passage of the Official Languages Act of 1963, which provided for the continued use of English indefinitely for all official purposes, although the constitutional directive for the Union Government to encourage the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced its policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/en/official-languages-act-1963|title=The Official Languages Act, 1963 (as Amended, 1967) (Act No. 19 of 1963)|website=Department of Official Language|access-date=9 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216142842/http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/en/official-languages-act-1963|archive-date=16 December 2016}}</ref>

[[s:Constitution of India/Part XVII|Article 344 (2b)]] stipulates that the official language commission shall be constituted every ten years to recommend steps for the progressive use of Hindi language and impose restrictions on the use of the English language by the union government. In practice, the official language commissions are constantly endeavouring to promote Hindi but not imposing restrictions on English in official use by the union government.

At the state level, Hindi is the official language of the following Indian states: [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=26 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016}}</ref> Hindi is an official language of [[Gujarat]], along with [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].<ref name="Benedikter2009">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89|title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India|last=Benedikter|first=Thomas|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|year=2009|isbn=978-3-643-10231-7|page=89|access-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425230812/https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89|archive-date=25 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It acts as an additional official language of [[West Bengal]] in blocks and sub-divisions with more than 10% of the population speaking Hindi.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roy|first1=Anirban|title=West Bengal to have six more languages for official use |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/west-bengal-mamata-banerjee-recognizes-six-non-bengali-languages-134507-2011-05-27 |access-date=10 January 2020 |work=India Today |date=27 May 2011 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Indiatoday:1>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-1179890-2018-02-28 |title=Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi make it to list of official languages in |last=Roy |first=Anirban |date=28 February 2018 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=16 March 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143710/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-1179890-2018-02-28 |archive-date=30 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hindi-the-first-choice-of-people-in-only-12-states/article27459774.ece|title=Hindi the first choice of people in only 12 States|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 June 2019|last1=Sen|first1=Sumant}}</ref> Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of official language in the following [[Union Territories]]: [[Delhi]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].

Although there is no specification of a national language in the constitution, it is a widely held belief that Hindi is the national language of India. This is often a source of friction and contentious debate.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Sushmita |last2=Sharma |first2=Rajesh |date=15 September 2021 |title=70 years on, India is still fighting over a national language |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/70-years-on-india-is-still-fighting-over-a-national-language/articleshow/86196740.cms |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Swaddle |first=The |date=12 June 2021 |title=Hindi Isn't India's National Language. Why Does the Myth Continue? |url=https://theswaddle.com/hindi-isnt-indias-national-language-why-does-the-myth-continue/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=The Swaddle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/why-hindi-isnt-the-national-language-6733241.html|title=Why Hindi isn't the national language|date=31 May 2019 |work=Firstpost |access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref> In 2010, the [[Gujarat High Court]] clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as such.<ref name="National TOI">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Theres-no-national-language-in-India-Gujarat-High-Court/articleshow/5496231.cms|title=There's no national language in India: Gujarat High Court|last=Khan|first=Saeed|date=25 January 2010|location=Ahmedabad|access-date=5 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318040319/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Theres-no-national-language-in-India-Gujarat-High-Court/articleshow/5496231.cms|archive-date=18 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="National PTI">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hindi-not-a-national-language-court/article94695.ece|title=Hindi, not a national language: Court|date=25 January 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Ahmedabad|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]|access-date=23 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704084339/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hindi-not-a-national-language-court/article94695.ece|archive-date=4 July 2014}}</ref>

===Fiji===
Hindi is an official language in Fiji as per the 1997, 2012 and 2013 constitution's of Fiji. Two dialects of Hindi are spoken in Fiji, Standard Hindi and [[Fiji Hindi]]. The latter dialect traces its origins to [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], an eastern Hindi dialect. However, Standard Hindi is the official variant of Hindi recognized by the constitution and used in all official purposes, education, media and businesses due to Fiji Hindi's lack of standardisation.<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/hif/|title=Hindi, Fiji|work=[[Ethnologue]]|access-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075826/http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/hif/|archive-date=11 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/fijihindi.htm|title=Fiji Hindi alphabet, pronunciation and language|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=22 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608100818/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/fijihindi.htm|archive-date=8 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fj00000_.html |title=Section 4 of Fiji Constitution |publisher=servat.unibe.ch |access-date=3 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609110318/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fj00000_.html |archive-date=9 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiji.gov.fj/govt--publications/constitution.aspx|title=Constitution of Fiji|work=Official site of the Fijian Government|access-date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011085543/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/govt--publications/constitution.aspx|archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> Hindi is spoken by 380,000 people in Fiji.<ref name="ethnologue.com"/>

===Nepal===
Hindi is spoken as a first language by about 77,569 people in [[Nepal]] according to the [[2011 Nepal census]], and further by 1,225,950 people as a second language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf |title=Population Monograph of Nepal, Vol. 2 |year=2014 |place=Kathmandu |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> A Hindi proponent, Indian-born [[Paramananda Jha]], was elected vice-president of Nepal. He took his oath of office in Hindi in July 2008. This created protests in the streets for 5 days; students burnt his effigies, and there was a general strike in 22 districts. Nepal Supreme Court ruled in 2009 that his oath in Hindi was invalid and he was kept "inactive" as vice-president. An "angry" Jha said, "I cannot be compelled to take the oath now in Nepali. I might rather take it in English."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nalankilli |first1=Thanjai |title=Hindi in Nepal – An Analysis |url=http://www.tamiltribune.com/11/0901.html |website=Tamiltribune.com |access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318051111/http://www.tamiltribune.com/11/0901.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

===South Africa===
Hindi is a protected language in [[South Africa]]. According to the [[Constitution of South Africa]], the [[Pan South African Language Board]] must promote and ensure respect for Hindi along with other languages.<ref name="auto1"/> According to a doctoral dissertation by Rajend Mesthrie in 1985, although Hindi and other Indian languages have existed in South Africa for the last 125 years, there are no academic studies of any of them – of their use in South Africa, their evolution and current decline.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Mesthrie |first1=Rajend |title=A history of the Bhojpuri (or "Hindi") language in South Africa |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/19511 |website=[[University of Cape Town]] |year=1985 |access-date=17 December 2022|type=Doctoral Thesis }}</ref>

===United Arab Emirates===
Hindi was adopted as the third official court language in the [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="thehindu.com"/> As a result of this status, the Indian workforce in UAE can file their complaints to the labour courts in the country in their own mother-tongue.<ref>{{cite news |title=UAE introduces Hindi as third official language |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/uae-introduces-hindi-as-third-official-language-119021200048_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=12 February 2019 |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref>

==Geographical distribution==
{{Main|Hindustani-speaking world}}

Hindi is the [[lingua franca]] of [[northern India]] (which contains the [[Hindi Belt]]), as well as an official language of the Government of India, along with English.<ref name="NIC2008"/>

In [[Northeast India]] a pidgin known as [[Haflong Hindi]] has developed as a ''lingua franca'' for the people living in [[Haflong]], [[Assam]] who speak other languages natively.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Kothari|editor1-first=Ria|title=Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish|date=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341639-5|page=128}}</ref> In [[Arunachal Pradesh]], Hindi emerged as a lingua franca among locals who speak over 50 dialects natively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/675419/how-hindi-became-the-language-of-choice-in-arunachal-pradesh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211120138/http://scroll.in/article/675419/how-hindi-became-the-language-of-choice-in-arunachal-pradesh|title=How Hindi became the language of choice in Arunachal Pradesh|first=Abhimanyu|last=Chandra|archive-date=11 December 2016|website=Scroll.in |date=22 August 2014 }}</ref>

Hindi is quite easy to understand for many [[Pakistan]]is, who speak Urdu, which, like Hindi, is a standard register of the Hindustani language; additionally, Indian media are widely viewed in Pakistan.<ref name="Gandapur2012">{{cite news |last1=Gandapur |first1=Khalid Amir Khan |title=Has Hindi become our national language? |url=https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/13807/has-hindi-become-our-national-language |newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]] |access-date=24 January 2020 |language=en |date=19 September 2012 |archive-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731213305/https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/13807/has-hindi-become-our-national-language/ }}</ref>

A sizeable population in [[Afghanistan]], especially in [[Kabul]], can also speak and understand Hindi-Urdu due to the popularity and influence of [[Bollywood]] films, songs and actors in the region.<ref name="Hakala2012">{{cite magazine|url=http://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/asia_8.pdf|title=Languages as a Key to Understanding Afghanistan's Cultures|last=Hakala|first=Walter N.|year=2012|magazine=[[National Geographic]]|language=en|access-date=13 March 2018|quote=In the 1980s and '90s, at least three million Afghans—mostly Pashtun—fled to Pakistan, where a substantial number spent several years being exposed to Hindi- and Urdu-language media, especially Bollywood films and songs, and being educated in Urdu-language schools, both of which contributed to the decline of Dari, even among urban Pashtuns.|archive-date=14 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314042412/http://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/asia_8.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Krishnamurthy2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.gatewayhouse.in/kabul-diary-discovering-the-indian-connection/|title=Kabul Diary: Discovering the Indian connection|last=Krishnamurthy|first=Rajeshwari|date=28 June 2013|publisher=Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations|language=en|access-date=13 March 2018|quote=Most Afghans in Kabul understand and/or speak Hindi, thanks to the popularity of Indian cinema in the country.}}</ref>

Hindi is also spoken by a large population of [[Madheshi]]s (people having roots in north-India but having migrated to Nepal over hundreds of years) of [[Nepal]]. Apart from this, Hindi is spoken by the large [[Indian diaspora]] which hails from, or has its origin from the "Hindi Belt" of India. A substantially large North Indian diaspora lives in countries like the [[United States of America]], the United Kingdom, the [[United Arab Emirates]], Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, South Africa, Fiji and [[Mauritius]], where it is natively spoken at home and among their own Hindustani-speaking communities.

Outside India, Hindi speakers are 8 million in [[Nepal]]; 863,077 in the [[United States|United States of America]];<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hindi-most-spoken-indian-language-in-us-telugu-speakers-up-86-in-8-years/articleshow/65893224.cms|title=Hindi most spoken Indian language in US, Telugu speakers up 86% in 8 years |website=The Times of India|date=21 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/us|title=United States- Languages|work=Ethnologue|access-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075837/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/us|archive-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> 450,170 in Mauritius; 380,000 in Fiji;<ref name="ethnologue.com"/> 250,292 in South Africa; 150,000 in Suriname;<ref name="bookcitation">Frawley, p. 481</ref> 100,000 in [[Uganda]]; 45,800 in the United Kingdom;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB|title=United Kingdom- Languages|work=Ethnologue|access-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201044623/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB|archive-date=1 February 2017}}</ref> 20,000 in [[New Zealand]]; 20,000 in [[Germany]]; 26,000 in Trinidad and Tobago;<ref name="bookcitation"/> 3,000 in [[Singapore]].

== Comparison with Standard Urdu ==
{{Main|Hindi–Urdu controversy|Hindustani phonology|Hindustani grammar}}

[[Linguistics|Linguistically]], Hindi and Urdu are two registers of the same language and are mutually intelligible.<ref name="Daniyal2016">{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/809102/the-death-of-urdu-in-india-is-greatly-exaggerated-the-language-is-actually-thriving|title=Hindi and Urdu are classified as literary registers of the same language|date=June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602104222/http://scroll.in/article/809102/the-death-of-urdu-in-india-is-greatly-exaggerated-the-language-is-actually-thriving|archive-date=2 June 2016|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> Both Hindi and Urdu share a core vocabulary of native Prakrit and Sanskrit-derived words.<ref name="GubeGao2019"/><ref name="Kuiper2010">{{cite book |last1=Kuiper |first1=Kathleen |title=The Culture of India |date=2010 |publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-61530-149-2 |language=en |quote=Urdu is closely related to Hindi, a language that originated and developed in the Indian subcontinent. They share the same Indic base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one language.}}</ref><ref name="ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997"/> However, Hindi is written in the Devanagari script and contains more direct ''tatsama'' [[Sanskrit]]-derived words than Urdu, whereas Urdu is written in the [[Perso-Arabic]] script and uses more Arabic and Persian loanwords compared to Hindi.<ref name="JainCardona2007">{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Danesh |last2=Cardona |first2=George |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |language=en |quote=The primary sources of non-IA loans into MSH are Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Turkic and English. Conversational registers of Hindi/Urdu (not to mentioned formal registers of Urdu) employ large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords, although in Sanskritized registers many of these words are replaced by ''tatsama'' forms from Sanskrit. The Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic administrative rule over much of north India in the centuries before the establishment of British rule in India. Although it is conventional to differentiate among Persian and Arabic loan elements into Hindi/Urdu, in practice it is often difficult to separate these strands from one another. The Arabic (and also Turkic) lexemes borrowed into Hindi frequently were mediated through Persian, as a result of which a thorough intertwining of Persian and Arabic elements took place, as manifest by such phenomena as hybrid compounds and compound words. Moreover, although the dominant trajectory of lexical borrowing was from Arabic into Persian, and thence into Hindi/Urdu, examples can be found of words that in origin are actually Persian loanwords into both Arabic and Hindi/Urdu.}}</ref> Because of this, as well as the fact that the two registers share an identical grammar,<ref name="PeterDass2019">{{cite book |last1=Peter-Dass |first1=Rakesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxmvDwAAQBAJ |title=Hindi Christian Literature in Contemporary India |date=2019 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-00-070224-8 |language=en |quote=Two forms of the same language, Nagarai Hindi and Persianized Hindi (Urdu) had identical grammar, shared common words and roots, and employed different scripts.}}</ref><ref name="GubeGao2019"/><ref name="Kuiper2010"/> a consensus of linguists consider them to be two standardised forms of the same language, [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] or Hindi-Urdu.<ref name="Daniyal2016"/><ref name="PeterDass2019"/><ref name="GubeGao2019"/><ref name="Basu2017">{{cite book |last1=Basu |first1=Manisha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7gtDQAAQBAJ |title=The Rhetoric of Hindutva |date=2017 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-14987-8 |language=en |quote=Urdu, like Hindi, was a standardized register of the Hindustani language deriving from the Delhi dialect and emerged in the eighteenth century under the rule of the late Mughals.}}</ref> Hindi is the most commonly used scheduled language in India and is [[Official languages of india|one of the two official languages of the union]],<ref>{{cite web |title=THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE POLICY OF THE UNION |url=https://rajbhasha.nic.in/en/official-language-policy-union |website=Department of Official Language - Governemtn of India |access-date=7 November 2023}}</ref> the other being English. Urdu is the [[Languages of Pakistan#Major regional languages|national language]] and ''lingua franca'' of [[Pakistan]] and is [[Scheduled languages of India|one of 22 scheduled languages of India]], also having official status in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Delhi]], [[Telangana]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-official-languages-of-indian-states-and-union-territories-1624022980-1 |title=List of Official Languages of Indian States and Union Territories |first=Arfa |last=Javaid |orig-date=18 June 2021 |date=23 June 2021 |website=jagranjosh.com |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127162819/https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/amp/list-of-official-languages-of-indian-states-and-union-territories-1624022980-1 }}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=23 March 2022 |title=Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bill-recognising-urdu-as-second-official-languagepassed/article65252966.ece |access-date=4 March 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Farzand |title=Decision to make Urdu second official language in Bihar provokes furore from Maithil Brahmins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800731-decision-to-make-urdu-second-official-language-in-bihar-provokes-furore-from-maithil-brahmins-821314-2014-01-17 |website=India Today |date=17 January 2014 |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref>

==Script==
{{Main|Devanagari}}

Hindi is written in the Devanagari script, an [[abugida]]. Devanagari consists of 11 [[Devanagari script#Vowels|vowels]] and 33 [[Devanagari script#Consonants|consonants]] and is written from left to right. Unlike Sanskrit, Devanagari is not entirely phonetic for Hindi, especially failing to mark [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa deletion]] in spoken Standard Hindi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhatia|first1=Tej K.|title=A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition: Hindi-Hindustani Grammar, Grammarians, History and Problems|date=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07924-3}}</ref>

===Romanisation===
{{main|Devanagari transliteration}}

The [[Government of India]] uses [[Hunterian transliteration]] as its official system of writing Hindi in the Latin script. Various other systems also exist, such as [[IAST]], [[ITRANS]] and [[ISO 15919]].

[[Romanised Hindi]], also called [[Hinglish]], is the dominant form of Hindi online. In an analysis of [[YouTube]] comments, Palakodety et al., identified that 52% of comments were in Romanised Hindi, 46% in English, and 1% in [[Devanagari]] Hindi.<ref name="Palakodety">{{cite book |last1=Palakodety |first1=Shriphani |date=2021 |chapter=Low Resource Machine Translation |title=Low Resource Social Media Text Mining |pages=7–9 |location=Singapore |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-16-5624-8 |last2=KhudaBukhsh |first2=Ashiqur R. |last3=Jayachandran |first3=Guha |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-5625-5_5 |s2cid=244313560}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
{{Main|Hindustani phonology}}

{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6" | [[Consonant]]s
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! colspan="3" | Examples
! rowspan="2" | Devanagari representation
! rowspan="2" | English approximation
|-
! [[Devanagari|Hindi]]
! [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]
! [[ISO 15919]]
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
|{{lang|hi|कमज़ोर}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|کمزور}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''k'''amzor}}
|क्
|s'''c'''ab
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|kʰ}}</big>
|{{lang|hi|खाल}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|کھال}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''kh'''āl}}
|ख्
|'''c'''ab
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|गोल}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|گول}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''g'''ol}}
|ग्
|a'''g'''o
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|घर}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|گھر}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''gh'''ar}}
|घ्
| lo'''gh'''ouse
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big>
|{{lang|hi|रंग}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|رن٘گ}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|ra'''ṅ'''g}}
|ङ्
|ba'''ng'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|चोर}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|چور}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''c'''or}}
|च्
| ca'''tch'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|छोड़ना}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|چھوڑنا}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''ch'''oṛnā}}
|छ्
| a'''ch'''oo
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|जान}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جان}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''j'''ān}}
|ज्
| bu'''dg'''ing
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|झड़ना}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جھڑنا}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''jh'''aṛnā}}
|झ्
|he'''dgeh'''og
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʈ}}</big><ref name="coronal">Hindi and Urdu contrast dental {{IPAblink|t̪|t}} and {{IPAblink|d̪|d}} with apical postalveolar {{IPAblink|ʈ}} and {{IPAblink|ɖ}} (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like {{IPAc-en|t}} and {{IPAc-en|d}} to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English {{IPAc-en|θ}} and {{IPAc-en|ð}} for some speakers with [[th-stopping]].</ref>
|{{lang|hi|टमाटर}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|ٹماٹر}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''ṭ'''amā'''ṭ'''ar}}
|‌‌‌ट्
|s'''t'''ub (but retroflex)
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}</big><ref name="coronal" />
|{{lang|hi|ठंड}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|ٹھنڈ}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''ṭh'''anḍ}}
|ठ्
|'''t'''ub (but retroflex)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| {{lang|hi|डालना}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ڈالنا}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''ḍ'''ālnā}}
|ड्
|[[American English|American]] bir'''d'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| {{lang|hi|ढक्कन}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ڈھکّن}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''ḍh'''akkan}}
|ढ्
|American bir'''dh'''ouse
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɳ}}</big><ref name="Hindi">Mainly phonemes of Hindi. Urdu speakers usually replace [ɳ] and [ʂ] with [n] and [ʃ] respectively.</ref>
|{{lang|hi|किरण}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|کرن}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|kira'''ṇ'''}}
|ण्
|American bur'''n'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big><ref name="coronal" />
|{{lang|hi|तालाब}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|تالاب}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''t'''ālāb}}
| rowspan="2" |त्
| rowspan="2" |similar to ou'''t'''think, Spanish '''t'''omar
|-
|लतीफ़ा
|{{Nq|لطیفہ}}
|''la'''t̤'''īfā''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|tʰ}}</big><ref name="coronal" />
| {{lang|hi|थैला}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|تھیلا}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''th'''ailā}}
|थ्
|'''t'''ub (but dental)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|d̪|d}}</big><ref name="coronal" />
| {{lang|hi|दाल}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|دال}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''d'''āl}}
|द्
|'''th'''e
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʱ}}</big><ref name="coronal" />
| {{lang|hi|धूप}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|دھوپ}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''dh'''ūp}}
|ध्
|a'''dh'''ere (but dental)
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|n}}</big>
|{{lang|hi|नहीं}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|نہیں}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''n'''ahī̃}}
|न्
|pa'''n'''ther
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
|{{lang|hi|पल}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|پل}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''p'''al}}
|प्
|s'''p'''ot
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|pʰ}}</big>
|{{lang|hi|फल}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|پھل}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''ph'''al}}
|फ्
|'''p'''ot
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
|{{lang|hi|बीस}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|بیس}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''b'''īs}}
|ब्
|ca'''bb'''ie
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|bʱ}}</big>
|{{lang|hi|भालू}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|بھالو}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''bh'''ālū}}
|भ्
|clu'''bh'''ouse
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
|{{lang|hi|मगर}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|مگر}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''m'''agar}}
|म्
|'''m'''uch
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
|{{lang|hi|याद}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|یاد}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''y'''ād}}
|य्
|'''y'''uck
|-
| rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA link|r}}</big><ref name="rhotic">{{IPA|/ɾ/}} can surface as a trill {{IPA|[r]}} in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate {{IPA|/ɾː/}} is always a trill.</ref>
|{{lang|hi|रस}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|رس}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''r'''as}}
| rowspan="3" |र्
| rowspan="2" |Trilled '''r'''ing
|-
|{{lang|hi|ज़र्रा}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|ذرّہ}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|za'''rr'''a}}
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɾ}}</big><ref name="rhotic" />
|{{lang|hi|ज़रा}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|ذرا}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|za'''r'''ā}}
|American a'''t'''om
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
|{{lang|hi|लब}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|لب}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''l'''ab}}
|ल्
|'''l'''eaf
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʋ}}</big><ref name="V">{{IPA|[w]}} occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|[ʋ]}} when /{{lang|hi|व}} {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|و}}}}/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while {{IPA|[ʋ]}}, which may phonetically be {{IPAblink|v}}, occurs otherwise.</ref>
|{{lang|hi|वर्ज़िश}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|ورزش}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''v'''arziś}}
| rowspan="2" |व्
|'''v'''at
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|w}}</big><ref name="V" />
|{{lang|hi|पकवान}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|پكوان}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|pak'''v'''ān}}
|'''w'''ell
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
|{{lang|hi|काश}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|کاش}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|kā'''ś'''}}
|श्
|'''sh'''oe
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big><ref name="Hindi" />
|{{lang|hi|नष्ट}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|نشٹ}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|na'''ṣ'''ṭ}}
|ष्
|'''shr'''ew
|-
| rowspan="3" |<big>{{IPA link|s}}</big>
|{{lang|hi|सब}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|سب}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''s'''ab}}
| rowspan="3" |स्
| rowspan="3" |'''s'''un
|-
|{{lang|hi|साफ़}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|صاف}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''s̤'''āf}}
|-
|{{lang|hi|साबित}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|ثابت}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''s̱'''ābit}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|हम}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ہم}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''h'''am}}
| rowspan="2" |ह्
| rowspan="2" | a'''h'''ead
|-
|{{lang|hi|हुक्म}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|حکم}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''h̤'''ukm}}
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|q}}</big><ref name="Urdu">Mainly phonemes of Urdu. Hindi speakers may replace [x], [z], [ʒ], [ɣ] and [q] with [kʰ], [dʒ], [dʒʱ], [g] and [k] respectively.</ref>
| {{lang|hi|क़रीब}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|قریب}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''q'''arīb}}
|‌‌‌क़्
|somewhat like '''c'''aught
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|x}}</big><ref name="Urdu" />
|{{lang|hi|ख़राब}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|خراب}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''k͟h'''arāb}}
|ख़्
|[[Scottish English|Scottish]] lo'''ch'''
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɣ}}</big><ref name="Urdu" />
|{{lang|hi|बाग़}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|باغ}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|bā'''ġ'''}}
|ग़्
|Similar to the French R
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|z}}<ref name="Urdu" /></big>
| {{lang|hi|काग़ज़}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کاغذ}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|kāġa'''z'''}}
|ज़्
|'''z'''oo
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big><ref name="Urdu" /><ref name="Morelli2019">{{cite book |last1=Morelli |first1=Sarah |title=A Guru's Journey: Pandit Chitresh Das and Indian Classical Dance in Diaspora |date=20 December 2019 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-05172-2 |language=en |quote=Hindi has a nasal sound roughly equivalent to the ''n'' in the English sa''n''g, transliterated here as ''ṅ'' or ''ṁ'', and has two slightly differing ''sh'' sounds, transliterated as ''ś'' and ''ṣ''. ... A few words contain consonants…from Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, and English: क़ (ق) is transliterated as q, ख़ (خ) as kh, ग़ (غ) as g, ज़ (ظ ,ز, or ض) as z, झ़ (ژ) as zh, and फ़ (ف) as f.}}</ref>
| {{lang|hi|अझ़दहा}}<ref name="Rekhta2023">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Meaning of azhdaha in English |url=https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-azhdahaa?lang=en |access-date=12 December 2023 |publisher=[[Rekhta Dictionary]] |language=en}}</ref>
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|اژدہا}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|a'''ž'''dahā}}
|झ़्
|plea'''s'''ure<ref name="PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013">{{Cite book |last1=Pandey |first1=Dipti |title=2013 International Conference Oriental COCOSDA held jointly with 2013 Conference on Asian Spoken Language Research and Evaluation (O-COCOSDA/CASLRE) |last2=Mondal |first2=Tapabrata |last3=Agrawal |first3=S. S. |last4=Bangalore |first4=Srinivas |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-4799-2378-6 |page=3 |chapter=Development and suitability of Indian languages speech database for building watson based ASR system |doi=10.1109/ICSDA.2013.6709861 |quote=Only in Hindi 10 Phonemes व /v/ क़ /q/ ञ /ɲ/ य /j/ ष /ʂ/ ख़ /x/ ग़ /ɣ/ ज़ /z/ झ़ /ʒ/ फ़ /f/ |s2cid=26461938}}</ref>
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|लड़ना}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|لڑنا}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|la'''ṛ'''nā}}
|ड़
|American ga'''rt'''er
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|पढ़ाई}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پڑھائی}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|pa'''ṛh'''āī}}
|ढ़
|no English equivalent
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|f}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|ख़िलाफ़}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|خلاف}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|k͟hilā'''f'''}}
|फ़्
|'''f'''uss
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʔ}}</big>
|{{lang|hi|एतबार}}
|{{lang|ur|{{nq|اعتبار}}}}
|{{transliteration|inc|ISO|iʻtibār}}
|
|The pause in ''"uh-oh!"'', bu'''tt'''er "bu'er" ([[T-glottalization|t-glottalizing dialects]])
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6" | [[Vowel]]s
|-
! rowspan="2"| [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! colspan="3" | Examples
! rowspan="2" | Devanagari representation
! rowspan="2" | English approximation
|-
! [[Devanagari|Hindi]]
! [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]
! [[ISO 15919]]
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ə}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|कल}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کَل}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|k'''a'''l}}
| rowspan="2" |अ
|'''a'''bout
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big><ref>{{IPA|[ɛ]}} occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}} near an {{IPA|/ɦ/}} that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an {{IPA|[ɛ]}} preceding an {{IPA|/ɦ/}}.</ref>
| {{lang|hi|रहना}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|رہنا}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|r'''ê'''hnā}}
|p'''e'''n
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|äː|aː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|काम}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کام}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|k'''ā'''m}}
|आ or ा
|f'''a'''ther
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|i}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|जितना}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جِتنا}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|j'''i'''tnā}}
|इ or ि
|s'''i'''t
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|जीतना}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جیتنا}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|j'''ī'''tnā}}
|ई or ी
|s'''ea'''t
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|उन}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|اُن}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''u'''n}}
|उ or ु
|b'''oo'''k
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|ऊन}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|اُون}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|'''ū'''n}}
|ऊ or ू
|m'''oo'''n
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|जेब}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جیب}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|j'''e'''b}}
|ए or े
|m'''ai'''l
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɛː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|कैसा}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کیسا}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|k'''ai'''sā}}
|ऐ or ै
|f'''ai'''ry
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|बोलो}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|بولو}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|b'''o'''l'''o'''}}
|ओ or ो
|gr'''ow'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɔː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|कौन}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کَون}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|k'''au'''n}}
|औ or ौ
|j'''o'''b
|-
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|◌̃}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|हँस}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ہن٘س}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|ha'''m̐'''s}}
| rowspan="2" |ँ
| rowspan="2" | nasal vowel fa'''un''' ({{IPA|[ãː, õː]}}, etc.)
|-
| {{lang|hi|मैं}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|مَیں}}}}
| {{transliteration|inc|ISO|ma'''ī̃'''}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | [[Suprasegmental]]s
|-
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! Example
! Notes
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ˈ|ˈ◌}}</big>
| {{IPA|[ˈbaːɦər]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | stress (placed before stressed syllable)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ː|◌ː}}</big>
| {{IPA|[ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | doubled consonant (placed after doubled consonant)
|}
|}

==Vocabulary==
{{further|Hindustani etymology|List of Sanskrit and Persian roots in Hindi}}
Traditionally, Hindi words are divided into five principal categories according to their etymology:

* '''[[Tatsama|Tatsam]]''' ({{lang|hi|तत्सम}} {{Translation|"same as that"}}) words: These are words which are spelled the same in Hindi as in Sanskrit (except for the absence of final case inflections).<ref name="sirysq">Masica, p. 65</ref> They include words inherited from Sanskrit via [[Prakrit]] which have survived without modification (e.g. Hindi {{lang|hi|नाम}} ''nām'' / Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नाम}} ''nāma'', "name",<ref>Masica, p. 66</ref> as well as forms borrowed directly from Sanskrit in more modern times (e.g. {{lang|hi|प्रार्थना}} ''prārthanā'', "prayer").<ref>Masica, p. 67</ref> Pronunciation, however, conforms to Hindi norms and may differ from that of classical Sanskrit. Amongst nouns, the ''tatsam'' word could be the Sanskrit non-inflected word-stem, or it could be the nominative singular form in the Sanskrit nominal declension.
* '''Ardhatatsam''' ({{lang|hi|अर्धतत्सम}} {{Translation|"semi-tatsama"}}) words: Such words are typically earlier loanwords from Sanskrit which have undergone sound changes subsequent to being borrowed. (e.g. Hindi {{lang|hi|सूरज}} ''sūraj'' from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|सूर्य}} ''sūrya'')
* '''[[Tadbhava|Tadbhav]]''' ({{lang|hi|तद्भव}} {{Translation|"born of that"}}) words: These are native Hindi words derived from Sanskrit after undergoing phonological rules (e.g. Sanskrit {{lang|sa|कर्म}} ''karma'', "deed" becomes [[Shauraseni Prakrit]] {{lang|psu-Deva|कम्म}} ''kamma'', and eventually Hindi {{lang|hi|काम}} ''kām'', "work") and are spelled differently from Sanskrit.<ref name = "sirysq"/>
* '''Deshaj''' ({{lang|hi|देशज}} {{Translation|"of the country"}}) words: These are words that were not borrowings from non-indigenous languages but do not derive from attested Indo-Aryan words either. Belonging to this category are [[onomatopoetic]] words or ones borrowed from local non-[[Indo-Aryan languages]].
* '''Videshī''' ({{lang|hi|विदेशी}} {{Translation|"foreign"}}) words: These include all [[loanwords]] from non-indigenous languages. The most frequent source languages in this category are [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic]], [[English language|English]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. Examples are {{lang|hi|क़िला}} ''qila'' "fort" from Persian, {{lang|hi|कमेटी}} ''kameṭī'' from English ''committee''.

===Prakrit===
Hindi has naturally inherited a large portion of its vocabulary from [[Shauraseni Prakrit]], in the form of ''tadbhava'' words.<ref name="ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997"/> This process usually involves [[compensatory lengthening]] of vowels preceding consonant clusters in Prakrit, e.g. Sanskrit ''tīkṣṇa'' > Prakrit ''tikkha'' > Hindi ''tīkhā''.

===Sanskrit===
Much of Standard Hindi's vocabulary is borrowed from Sanskrit as ''tatsam'' borrowings, especially in technical and academic fields. The formal Hindi standard, from which much of the Persian, Arabic and English vocabulary has been replaced by [[neologism]]s compounding ''tatsam'' words, is called ''Śuddh Hindi'' (pure Hindi), and is viewed as a more prestigious dialect over other more colloquial forms of Hindi.

Excessive use of ''tatsam'' words sometimes creates problems for native speakers. They may have Sanskrit consonant clusters which do not exist in Hindustani, causing difficulties in pronunciation.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ohala|first1=Manjari|title=Aspects of Hindi Phonology|date=1983|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=978-0-89581-670-2|page=38}}</ref>

As a part of the process of [[Sanskritisation]], new words are coined using Sanskrit components to be used as replacements for supposedly foreign vocabulary. Usually these neologisms are [[calque]]s of English words already adopted into spoken Hindi. Some terms such as ''dūrbhāṣ'' "telephone", literally "far-speech" and ''dūrdarśan'' "television", literally "far-sight" have even gained some currency in formal Hindi in the place of the English borrowings ''(ṭeli)fon'' and ''ṭīvī''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Arnold|first1=David|last2=Robb|first2=Peter|title=Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-10234-9|page=82}}</ref>

===Persian===
Hindi also features significant [[Persian language|Persian]] influence, standardised from spoken [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].<ref name="JainCardona2007"/><ref name="kachru">{{cite book|last1=Kachru|first1=Yamuna|title=Hindi|date=2006|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-3812-2}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2016}} Early borrowings, beginning in the mid-12th century, were specific to [[Islam]] (e.g. ''Muhammad'', ''Islām'') and so Persian was simply an intermediary for Arabic. Later, under the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]], Persian became the primary administrative language in the Hindi heartland. Persian borrowings reached a heyday in the 17th century, pervading all aspects of life. Even grammatical constructs, namely the [[izafat]], were assimilated into Hindi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhatia|first1=Tej K.|last2=Ritchie|first2=William C.|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookbilingua00bhat_489|url-access=limited|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-631-22735-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookbilingua00bhat_489/page/n797 789]}}</ref>

The status of Persian language then and thus its influence, is also visible in Hindi [[proverb]]s:

{{Verse transliteration-translation
|lang=hi
|हाथ कंगन को आरसी क्या,
पढ़े लिखे को फ़ारसी क्या।
|Hāth kaṅgan ko ārsī kyā,
Paṛhe likhe ko Fārsī kyā.
|What is mirror to a hand with bangles,
What is Persian to a literate.
}}

The emergence of Modern Standard Hindi in the 19th century went along with the Sanskritisation of its vocabulary,<ref>King, Christopher R. (1994). ''One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</ref> leading to a marginalisation of Persian vocabulary in Hindi, which continued after [[Partition of India|Partition]] when the Indian government co-opted the policy of Sanskritisation. However, many Persian words (e.g. ''bas'' "enough", ''khud'' "self") have remained entrenched in Standard Hindi, and a larger amount are still used in [[Urdu poetry]] written in the Devanagari script. Many words borrowed from Persian in turn were loanwords from Arabic (e.g. ''muśkil'' "difficult", ''havā'' "air", ''x(a)yāl'' "thought", ''kitāb'' "book").

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Loanwords from Persian derived from Arabic<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khalife |first1=Leyal |date=25 December 2016 |title=9 Hindi words that sound just like Arabic |url=https://stepfeed.com/9-hindi-words-that-sound-just-like-arabic-6921 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=Stepfeed.com}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2023}}
|-
! Perso-Arabic word !! Hindi word !! Gloss
|-
| {{lang|ar|وقت}} {{transliteration|ar|waqt}} || {{lang|hi|वक़्त}} {{transliteration|hi|vaqt}} || time
|-
| {{lang|ar|قميص}} {{transliteration|ar|qamīṣ}} || {{lang|hi|क़मीज़}} {{transliteration|hi|qamīz}} ||shirt{{Refn|group=Footnote|name=first|ultimately comes from the Latin "camisia" pronunciation reinforced by Portuguese "camisa".}}
|-
| {{lang|ar|كتاب}} {{transliteration|ar|kitāb}} || {{lang|hi|किताब}} {{transliteration|hi|kitāb}} || book
|-
| {{lang|ar|نصيب}} {{transliteration|ar|naṣīb}} || {{lang|hi|नसीब}} {{transliteration|hi|nasīb}} || destiny
|-
| {{lang|ar|كرسي}} {{transliteration|ar|kursiyy}} || {{lang|hi|कुर्सी}} {{transliteration|hi|kursī}} || chair
|-
| {{lang|ar|حساب}} {{transliteration|ar|ḥisāb}} || {{lang|hi|हिसाब}} {{transliteration|hi|hisāb}} || calculation
|-
| {{lang|ar|قانون}} {{transliteration|ar|qānūn}} || {{lang|hi|क़ानून}} {{transliteration|hi|qānūn}} || law{{Refn|group=Footnote|name=second|ultimately comes from the Greek κανών (kanōn)}}
|-
| {{lang|ar|خبر}} {{transliteration|ar|ḵabar}} || {{lang|hi|ख़बर}} {{transliteration|hi|xabar}} || news
|-
| {{lang|ar|دنيا}} {{transliteration|ar|dunyā}} || {{lang|hi|दुनिया}} {{transliteration|hi|duniyā}} || world
|}

=== English ===
{{See also|Englishisation#South Asia}}
Hindi also makes extensive use of [[loan translation]] ([[calqueing]]) and occasionally [[phono-semantic matching]] of [[English language|English]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arnold |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tN0rBgAAQBAJ |title=Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader |last2=Robb |first2=Peter |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-10234-9 |page=79}}</ref>

===Portuguese===
{{unref section|date=January 2026}}
Many Hindustani words were derived from Portuguese due to interaction with colonists and missionaries:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Hindi !! Meaning !! Portuguese
|-
| ''anānās'' (अनानास) || pineapple || ananás
|-
| ''pādrī'' (पाद्री) || priest || padre
|-
| ''bālṭī'' (बाल्टी) || bucket || balde
|-
| ''čābī'' (चाबी) || key || chave
|-
| ''girjā'' (गिर्जा) || church || igreja
|-
| ''almārī'' (अलमारी) || cupboard || armário
|-
| ''botal'' (बोतल) || bottle || botelha
|-
| ''aspatāl'' (अस्पताल) || hospital || hospital
|-
| ''olandez'' (ओलंदेज़) || Dutch || holandês
|-
|}

==Media==

===Literature===
{{Main|Hindi literature}}

Hindi literature is broadly divided into four prominent forms or styles, being ''[[Bhakti]]'' (devotional – [[Kabirdas|Kabir]], [[Raskhan]]); ''Śṛṇgār'' (beauty – [[Keshav]], [[Bihari (poet)|Bihari]]); ''Vīgāthā'' (epic); and ''Ādhunik'' (modern).

Medieval Hindi literature is marked by the influence of [[Bhakti movement]] and the composition of long, epic poems. It was primarily written in other [[Hindi languages|varieties of Hindi]], particularly [[Avadhi]] and [[Braj Bhasha]], but to a degree also in [[Dehlavi dialect|Dehlavi]], the basis for Standard Hindi. During the [[British Raj]], Hindustani became the prestige dialect.

[[Chandrakanta (novel)|''Chandrakanta'']], written by [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]] in 1888, is considered the first authentic work of prose in modern Hindi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/756105/stop-outraging-over-marathi-hindi-and-english-chauvinism-is-much-worse-in-india|title=Stop outraging over Marathi – Hindi and English chauvinism is much worse in India|date=18 September 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919230723/http://scroll.in/article/756105/stop-outraging-over-marathi-hindi-and-english-chauvinism-is-much-worse-in-india|archive-date=19 September 2015}}</ref> The person who brought realism in Hindi prose literature was [[Munshi Premchand]], who is considered the most revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement. Literary, or ''Sāhityik'', Hindi was popularised by the writings of [[Swami Dayananda Saraswati]], [[Bhartendu Harishchandra]] and others. The rising numbers of newspapers and magazines made Hindustani popular with educated people.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

The ''Dvivedī Yug'' ("Age of Dwivedi") in Hindi literature lasted from 1900 to 1918. It is named after [[Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi]], who played a major role in establishing Standard Hindi in poetry and broadening the acceptable subjects of Hindi poetry from the traditional ones of religion and romantic love.

In the 20th century, Hindi literature saw a romantic upsurge. This is known as ''[[Chhayavaad|Chāyāvād]]'' (''shadow-ism'') and the literary figures belonging to this school are known as ''Chāyāvādī''. [[Jaishankar Prasad]], [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']], [[Mahadevi Varma]] and [[Sumitranandan Pant]], are the four major ''Chāyāvādī'' poets.

''Uttar Ādhunik'' is the post-modernist period of Hindi literature, marked by a questioning of early trends that copied the West as well as the excessive ornamentation of the ''Chāyāvādī'' movement, and by a return to simple language and natural themes.

===Internet===
Hindi literature, [[music]], and [[Bollywood|film]] have all been disseminated via the internet. In 2015, Google reported a 94% increase in Hindi-content consumption year-on-year, adding that 21% of users in India prefer content in Hindi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hindi content consumption on internet growing at 94%: Google|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/hindi-content-consumption-on-internet-growing-at-94-google/articleshow/48528347.cms|access-date=14 February 2018|agency=The Economic Times|date=18 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215085102/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/hindi-content-consumption-on-internet-growing-at-94-google/articleshow/48528347.cms|archive-date=15 February 2018}}</ref> Many Hindi [[newspaper]]s also offer digital editions.

==Sample text==
{{see also|Urdu#Sample text}}{{unref section|date=January 2026}}
The following is a sample text in High Hindi, of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (by the United Nations):
;Hindi in Devanagari Script
:
:{{Langx|hi|अनुच्छेद १(एक): सभी मनुष्य जन्म से स्वतन्त्र तथा मर्यादा और अधिकारों में समान होते हैं। वे तर्क और विवेक से सम्पन्न हैं तथा उन्हें भ्रातृत्व की भावना से परस्पर के प्रति कार्य करना चाहिए।|label=none}}
;;Transliteration ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]):
:{{transliteration|hi|ISO|Anucchēd 1 (ēk): Sabhī manuṣya janma sē svatantra tathā maryādā aur adhikārō̃ mē̃ samān hōtē haĩ. Vē tark aur vivēk sē sampanna haĩ tathā unhē̃ bhrātr̥tva kī bhāvanā sē paraspar kē pratī kārya karnā cāhiē.}}
;Transcription ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]):
:{{IPA|[ənʊtːʃʰeːd eːk {{!}} səbʰiː mənʊʂjə dʒənmə seː sʋət̪ənt̪ɾə t̪ətʰaː məɾjaːd̪aː ɔːɾ əd̪ʰɪkaːɾõː mẽː səmaːn hoːteː hɛ̃ː‖ ʋeː t̪əɾk ɔːɾ ʋɪʋeːk seː səmpənːə hɛ̃ː t̪ətʰaː ʊnʰẽː bʰɾaːtɾɪt̪ʋə kiː bʰaːʋənaː seː pəɾəspəɾ keː pɾət̪iː kaːɾjə kəɾnaː tʃaːhɪeː‖]}}
;Gloss (word-to-word):
:Article 1 (one) ''–'' All humans birth from independent and dignity and rights in equal are. They logic and conscience from endowed are and they fraternity in the spirit of each other towards work should.
;Translation (grammatical):
:Article 1 ''–'' All humans are born independent and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with logic and conscience and they should work towards each other in the spirit of fraternity.

==See also==

*[[Hindi Belt]]
*[[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)]]
*[[Hindi Divas]] – the official day to celebrate Hindi as a language.
*[[Languages of India]]
*[[Languages with official status in India]]
* [[Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages]]
*[[List of English words of Hindi or Urdu origin]]
*[[List of Hindi channels in Europe]] (by type)
*[[List of languages by number of native speakers in India]]
*[[List of Sanskrit and Persian roots in Hindi]]
*[[World Hindi Secretariat]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Footnote}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book|last=Bhatia|first=Tej K.|title=Colloquial Hindi: The Complete Course for Beginners|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7chEAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT6|access-date=19 July 2014|date=11 September 2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-83534-8}}
* [[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson, G. A.]] [[Linguistic Survey of India|''Linguistic Survey of India'' Vol I-XI]], Calcutta, 1928, {{ISBN|81-85395-27-6}} [http://joao-roiz.jp/LSI/ (searchable database)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509170342/https://www.joao-roiz.jp/LSI/ |date=9 May 2023 }}.
* {{cite book|last1=Koul|first1=Omkar N.|author-link1=Omkar N. Koul|title=Modern Hindi grammar|date=2008|publisher=Dunwoody Press|location=Springfield, VA|isbn=978-1-931546-06-5|url=http://v2winners.com/Ebooks/spoeng/Spoken%20English/ModernHindiGrammar.pdf|access-date=19 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726150424/http://v2winners.com/Ebooks/spoeng/Spoken%20English/ModernHindiGrammar.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2014}}
* {{cite book|last1=McGregor|first1=R.S.|author-link=R. S. McGregor|title=Outline of Hindi grammar: With exercises|date=1995|publisher=Clarendon Pr.|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-870008-1|edition=3.|url=https://archive.org/details/OutlineOfHindiGrammar|access-date=19 July 2014}}
* {{cite book|last=Frawley|first=William|author-link=William Frawley|year=2003|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE-Esparanto. Vol.1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC|isbn=978-0-195-13977-8|page=481|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book|last1=Parthasarathy|first1=R.|last2=Kumar|first2=Swargesh|year=2012|title=Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect|page=120|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSZ987-0Fb8C|isbn=978-8-180-69799-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Masica|first=Colin|author-link=Colin Masica|year=1991|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29944-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC}}
* {{cite book|first=Manjari|last=Ohala|chapter=Hindi|editor=[[International Phonetic Association]]|year=1999|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: a Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet|pages=100–103|publisher=Cambridge University Press|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33BSkFV_8PEC&pg=PA100|isbn=978-0-521-63751-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Sadana|first=Rashmi|year=2012|title=English Heart, Hindi Heartland: the Political Life of Literature in India|publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2WNfFpT14IC|access-date=19 July 2014|isbn=978-0-520-26957-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|year=2001|chapter=Hindi|editor1-last=Garry|editor1-first=Jane|editor2-last=Rubino|editor2-first=Carl|title=An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present|publisher=New England Publishing Associates|pages=305–309}}
* {{cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|year=2003|chapter=Hindi|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT311|editor1-last=Cardona|editor1-first=George|editor2-last=Jain|editor2-first=Dhanesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5|pages=250–285}}
* {{cite book|last1=Snell|first1=Rupert|last2=Weightman|first2=Simon|year=1989|title=Teach Yourself Hindi|publisher=McGraw-Hill|edition=2003|isbn=978-0-07-142012-9|title-link=Teach Yourself}}
* {{cite book|last=Taj|first=Afroz|year=2002|url=http://taj.chass.ncsu.edu/|title=A door into Hindi|access-date=8 November 2005}}
* {{cite book|last=Tiwari|first=Bholanath|year=2004|orig-date=1966|title=हिन्दी भाषा|trans-title=Hindī Bhasha|publisher=Kitab Pustika|location=Allahabad|isbn=81-225-0017-X}}

===Dictionaries===
* {{Citation
| last= McGregor
| first= R.S.
| year= 1993
| title= Oxford Hindi–English Dictionary
| publisher= Oxford University Press, USA
| edition= 2004
}}.
* {{Citation|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/bahri/|title=Learners' Hindi-English dictionary|author=Hardev Bahri|year=1989|publisher=Rajapala|location=Delhi}}
* {{Citation|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/caturvedi/|title=A practical Hindi-English dictionary|author=Mahendra Caturvedi|year=1970|publisher=National Publishing House|location=Delhi}}
* Academic Room Hindi Dictionary Mobile App developed in the Harvard Innovation Lab (iOS, Android and Blackberry)
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDtbAAAAQAAJ|title=A dictionary of Urdū, classical Hindī, and English|author=John Thompson Platts|year=1884|publisher=H. Milford|edition=reprint|location=LONDON|page=1259|access-date=6 July 2011}}

{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{EI3 |last=Bangha |first=Imre |year=2018 |title=Hindi |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hindi-COM_30475?s.num=4&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=dynasty+india}}
* Bhatia, Tej K. (1987). ''A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition''. Leiden, Netherlands & New YorkY: E.J. Brill. {{ISBN|90-04-07924-6}}.

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=hi}}
{{Wiktionary|Category:Hindi language}}
{{Wikivoyage|Hindi phrasebook|Hindi|a phrasebook}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140308231234/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=33 The Union: Official Language]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140901145421/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf Official Unicode Chart for Devanagari (PDF)]

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Kushmandi Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T06:22:25Z

JeffreyChallis6: put up new pg...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{About|the Assembly constituency in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake community development block|Kushmandi|2 its namesake village|Kushmandi, Dakshin Dinajpur}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kushmandi
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Kushmandi.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kushmandi Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]]
| constituency_no = 37
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Rekha Roy]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 219,921
}}
'''Kushmandi''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Dakshin Dinajpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 37 Kushmandi Assembly constituency (SC) covers [[Kushmandi (Community development block)|Kushmandi]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Belbari II, Jahangirpur and Sukdebpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Gangarampur (Community development block)|Gangarampur]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Kushmandi Assembly constituency is part of No. 6 [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Khalil Sayed]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="4" | Jatindra Mohan Roy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" | Dhirendra Nath Sarkar
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Narmada Chandra Roy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Rekha Roy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kushmandi}}
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}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the 2021 election, [[Rekha Roy]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] defeated her nearest rival, Ranjit Kumar Roy of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kushmandi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Rekha Roy
|votes = 89,968
|percentage = 48.88
|change = +7.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ranjit Kumar Roy
|votes = 77,384
|percentage = 42.04
|change = +29.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Narmada Chandra Roy
|votes = 12,576
|percentage = 6.83
|change = -36.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,598
|percentage = 0.87
|change = -1.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Biswanath Sarkar
|votes = 1,436
|percentage = 0.78
|change = -0.52
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bhimnal Sarkar
|votes = 1,118
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 184,075
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, Narmada Chandra Roy of RSP defeated Rekha Roy of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Kushmandi (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=37| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714115455/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=37| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 14 July 2014|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Kushmandi | publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 8 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Narmada Chandra Roy
|votes = 68,965
|percentage = 43.20
|change = -4.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Rekha Roy
|votes = 65,436
|percentage = 41.00
|change = -3.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ranjit Kumar Roy
|votes = 20,183
|percentage = 12.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,941
|percentage = 2.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jaydeb Mondal
|votes = 2,009
|percentage = 1.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anil Kumar Singha
|votes = 1,495
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jagannath Roy
|votes = 1,468
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 159,556
|percentage = 85.80
|change = -4.88
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on LF+Congress vote percentages taken together in 2016.

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Narmada Chandra Roy of RSP defeated Partha Sarathi Sarkar of Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Kushmandi (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=37| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714115455/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=37| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 14 July 2014|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Kushmandi | publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 8 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Narmada Chandra Roy
|votes = 66,368
|percentage = 47.42
|change = +0.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Parthasarathi Sarkar
|votes = 62,725
|percentage = 44.82
|change = -1.46#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ranjit Kumar Roy
|votes = 5,286
|percentage = 3.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raghunath Sarkar
|votes = 2,306
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Prasanta Mandal
|votes = 1,295
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Subesh Sarkar
|votes = 1,057
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gouranga Barman
|votes = 915
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 139,952
|percentage = 89.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing = 2.02#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> state assembly elections Narmada Chandra Roy of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] won the 37 Kushmandi (SC) assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals, Rajib Lochan Sarkar of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], Jitendra Nath Sarkar of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]], Krishna Chandra Sarkar of Congress, Jitendra Nath Sarkar of Congress and Dhirendra Nath Sarkar of Congress respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Dhirendra Nath Sarkar of Congress defeated Narmada Chandra Roy of RSP in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and Jogendra Nath Roy of RSP in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp33.htm | title = 33 – Kushmandi (SC) Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1962–1972===
Jatindra Mohan Roy of Congress won in 1972,<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> [[Khalil Sayed]] of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> The seat did not exist prior to that.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dakshin Dinajpur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Dakshin Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]

Chembirika

2026-05-03T09:12:35Z

JeffreyChallis6: Adding Article

{{Short description|Tourist place in India}}
{{no footnotes|date=January 2020}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2018}}
'''Chembirika''' '''ചെമ്പിരിക്ക''' (also known as '''Chembarika-ചെമ്പരിക്ക''') is a village in [[Chemmanad grama panchayath]], [[Kasaragod]] district, [[Kerala]] State, [[India]].
It is situated {{convert|6.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Kasaragod Municipality]] and {{convert|59.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Mangaluru]] City, spread across the shores of the Arabian Sea ([[Chembirika beach]])
It is situated near [[Melparamba]] and is bordered by a river that separates it from the [[Udma]] region. To the east lies [[Kizhur]], another neighboring village. Known for its beach, Chembirika is a popular destination for both locals and tourists.

==Location and Geography==

Chembirika is located along the coast of the Arabian Sea and offers a stunning view of the coastline. The river bordering the village adds to its scenic beauty and makes it a fertile and lush area. The village is approximately 15 km away from Kasaragod town.

==Beach and Economy==

Chembirika is famous for its beach, which is one of the main attractions of the village. The beach, with its golden sands and clear waters, is largely untouched by commercial development. However, the beach also supports a thriving local economy, with beach-based shops and small businesses that cater to the thousands of visitors who come every month. These shops offer local seafood, snacks, and souvenirs, contributing to the village's economy.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Fishing is a major livelihood for the people of Chembirika, and many villagers depend on traditional fishing techniques. The beach plays a key role in this, as it provides easy access for fishermen and is central to the local economy. The abundance of fish in the area has also led to the growth of small businesses related to the seafood industry.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==History==
Historically, the area was part of the Kolathiri Rajas' kingdom, known as Kolathunadu, and was a hub for maritime trade due to its proximity to the Arabian Sea. The coastline, including Chembirika, has long been inhabited by traditional fishing communities, and these communities continue to play a vital role in the local economy.

Nearby, Bekal Fort, built in the 17th century by the Kolathiri Rajas, stands as a significant historical landmark. The fort was strategically constructed to protect the region from invaders and played an important military role in the area. The region also saw influences from the Sultanate of Mysore and, later, the British Empire.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Tourism==
The beach requires a well-planned beautification and development package from the side of Tourism department of Kerala.

A railway tunnel called Kalanad Tunnel, also known as '''Chembirika Tunnel''' is situated at the eastern part of Chembirika. It is the longest tunnel in Kerala which was constructed by the British government 110 years ago.

The view of Chembirika Beach and the Noombil River (also known as Chembirika River), which is considered to be the smallest river in Kerala, in which the river reaches to sea over here and it is often visited by tourists from nearby localities and from other districts of Kerala and sometimes it is rarely visited by tourists from other states of India and from the rest of the world. {{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

[[Melparamb]] is the nearest urban locality to Chembirika, at a distance of 2–3; km. There are some basic facilities like medics, education, shopping etc.

[[Kasaragod]] is the nearest major urban city to Chembirika, located 7 km away from it.

==Schools==

* GUPS Chembirika
* Chembirika Jama-ath English Medium School

==Madrasas==
* Dirayathul Islam Madrasa
* Sirajul Huda Sunni Madrasa
* Mubarak Madrasa

==Places of worship==

===Mosques===
* Chembirika Juma Masjid, Chembirika
* Mubarak Masjid, Chembirika
* Badar Masjid, Chembirika
* Noor Masjid, Chembirika
* Mubarak Masjid, Kallamvalappu
* Maani Masjid
* Chathangai Juma Masjid

===Temples===
* Chandragiri Shri Chandrashekhara Temple.
* Chathankai Puthukood Tharavadu
* Kizhakekara Sree Valliyodan Tharavad

==Clubs and organizations==
* Framez of Chembirika
* NASC Chembirika
* Naya Padosi Chembirika
* Safdar Hashmi Chembirika
* Gally Boys Chembirika
* STORE JUNCTION Chembirika

==Shops==
* C M A Merchant (grocery shop)
* Al-Ameen Store
* K H Centre
* Hotel Chembirika
* Top Tailors
* Chembirika Flour Mills
* Rajan merchant
* Kerala State Ration Shop
* Raheem Thattukada Kadappuram
* Al Mudees Store

== Political information ==
* Chembirika comes under [[Udma]] assembly constituency for [[Kerala]] State and it is a part of Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency after the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliament seats in India both are led by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].
* Chembirika belongs to [[Chemnad]] Grama panchayath led by [[Indian Union Muslim League]].
* Other Political parties like [[Indian National League]], [[Indian Union Muslim League]], [[Communist Party of Indiav(Marxist)]], [[Indian National Congress]], [[Social Democratic Party of India]], [[Aam Aadmi Party]], [[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|People's Democratic Party]] and [[Welfare Party of India]] have their prominent and respective presence in Chembirika.

== Transport ==
Chembirika is easily accessible by road from Kasaragod and Melparamba. The nearest major railway station is in Kasaragod, and the Mangalore International Airport, about 65 km away, serves as the closest airport for travelers. The village's coastal location, combined with its well-connected roads, makes it convenient for both locals and tourists to visit.
* The nearest railway station is [[Kalanad]] which is located 1.5 km away from Chembirika, in which the passenger (local) trains stop.
* The [[Kotikulam railway station|Kotikulam]] railway station is located within a short distance of 8 km.
* The major railway station is [[Kasaragod railway station]], which is located 1.5 km away from Chembirika, which is commonly used for long journeys.
* The nearest airports are at [[Bajpe Airport]] in Karnataka State, also known as [[Mangaluru International Airport]] (IXE), which is 65 km away from Chembirika and [[Kannur Airport]] in Kerala state, also known as [[Kannur International Airport]] (CCJ), Which is 112 km away from Chembirika.
* Government transport ([[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]]) bus is the only bus transportation covering Chembirika. There are no private bus services in the area.
* Different types of taxis are available in nearby Melparamb Junction.

== Tourist landmarks ==
* [[Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|Chandragiri Fort]] (2 km away from Chembirika)
The Chandragiri Fort is situated at [[Melparamb
]]. The fort is being damaged day by day because of its age in nature and negligence and dereliction by the authorities. From here we can catch a mindblowing view of nature. The fort is listed in the list of Kerala's heritage forts.
* Kalanad Tunnel (0.5  km away from Chembirika)
It is the largest and oldest Tunnel in Kerala. The old tunnel was constructed in 1905 by the British. There is also a newer tunnel near to it, which was constructed in 2002.
* [[Chembirika Beach]], located 0.7 km away from Chembirika town.
* Chembirika Rocks, which is also located in [[Chembirika Beach]].
* Kallamvalappu Beach (another beach South to Chembirika Beach) with one side surrounded by [[Arabian Sea]] and the other side surrounded by [[Noombil River]].
* Chembirika river (Noombil River)
It is a famous landmark in which the two sides of this river are two resorts, Lalit Resorts and Holiday Resorts. The river meets the sea right here. The bird's eye view of this area got a chance to feature in Kerala's tourist spot pictures.
* The [[Holyday Bekal Resorts]] Ltd(1.5 km from Chembirika)
* [[The Lalith]] Resorts Ltd (5 km from Chembirika)
* [[Bekal Fort]] (30 minutes from Chembirika)
* Chembirika Maqam Sherif, located 1.33 km away from Chembirika and 3 km away from Melparamba.
* Paisavali River (30 mins from Chembirika)

== References ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/chembirika/timeline]
* [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Chembirika-photographes/398993326889645?ref=br_rs]

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Kasaragod]]

Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-30T02:13:51Z

JeffreyChallis6:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Vijayawada {{Small|AP-12}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Vijayawada.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Tiruvuru Assembly constituency|Tiruvuru]] [[Vijayawada West Assembly constituency|Vijayawada West]] [[Vijayawada Central Assembly constituency|Vijayawada Central]] [[Vijayawada East Assembly constituency|Vijayawada East]] [[Mylavaram Assembly constituency|Mylavaram]] [[Nandigama Assembly constituency|Nandigama]] [[Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency|Jaggayyapeta]]
| electors =
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Kesineni Chinni|Kesineni Sivanath (Chinni)]]
|incumbent_image = Kesineni Chinni.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| preceded_by = [[Kesineni Srinivas]]
}}

'''Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments and belongs to [[NTR district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=31 |format=PDF |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|value1 = 58
|value2 = 32
|value3 = 5
|value4 = 5
|label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (11 terms)]]
|label2 = [[Telugu Desam Party|'''TDP''' (6 terms)]]
|label3 = [[Indian National Congress (I)|'''INC(I)''' (1 term)]]
|label4 = [[Independent (politician)|'''Independent''' (1 term)]]
|color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|color2 = {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|color3 = {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|color4 = {{party color|Independent (politician)}}
|caption = Most successful political parties}}

== Assembly segments ==
Vijayawada constituency presently comprises the following [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name=loksabha>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
!colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|69
|[[Tiruvuru Assembly constituency|Tiruvuru (SC)]]
| rowspan="7" |[[NTR district|NTR]]
|[[Kolikapudi Srinivasa Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|79
|[[Vijayawada West Assembly constituency|Vijayawada West]]
|[[Sujana Chowdary]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|80
|[[Vijayawada Central Assembly constituency|Vijayawada Central]]
|[[Bonda Umamaheswara Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|81
|[[Vijayawada East Assembly constituency|Vijayawada East]]
|[[Gadde Rama Mohan]]
|-
|82
|[[Mylavaram Assembly constituency|Mylavaram]]
|[[Vasantha Krishna Prasad]]
|-
|83
|[[Nandigama Assembly constituency|Nandigama (SC)]]
|[[Tangirala Sowmya]]
|-
|84
|[[Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency|Jaggayyapeta]]
|[[Rajagopal Sreeram]]
|}

== Members of parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Harindranath Chattopadhyaya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Dr. Komarraju Atchamamba]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kanuri Lakshmana Rao]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Godey Murahari]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Chennupati Vidya]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Vadde Sobhanadreeswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Chennupati Vidya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Vadde Sobhanadreeswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[P. Upendra|Parvathaneni Upendra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Gadde Rama Mohan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajagopal Lagadapati]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kesineni Srinivas|Kesineni Srinivas (Nani)]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Kesineni Chinni|Kesineni Sivanath (Chinni)]]
|}

== Election results ==
===General Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: Vijayawada}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Vidya Chennupati]]
| votes = 423,867
| percentage = 53.01
| change = +6.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Vadde Sobhanadreeswarra Rao
| votes = 365,663
| percentage = 45.73
| change = -5.24
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 58,204
| percentage = 6.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 799,626
| percentage = 72.29
| change = +0.09
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Vijayawada}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Vadde Sobhanadreeswarra Rao
| votes = 326,890
| percentage = 48.89
| change = +3.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Vidya Chennupati]]
| votes = 290,669
| percentage = 43.47
| change = -9.54
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 36,211
| percentage = 5.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 668,647
| percentage = 60.53
| change = +0.09
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Vijayawada}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[P. Upendra]]|votes=397,709|percentage=45.16|change=+1.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Vadde Sobhanadreeswarra Rao|votes=283,435|percentage=32.18|change=-16.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)|candidate=Rajasekhar Devineni|votes=169,199|percentage=19.21|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=114,274|percentage=12.98|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=880,741|percentage=65.19|change=+4.66}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Vijayawada}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[P. Upendra]]|votes=405,062|percentage=45.02|change=-0.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Jai Ramesh Dasari|votes=374,995|percentage=41.68|change=+9.50}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Vadde Ramakrishna Prasad|votes=104,630|percentage=11.63|change=+10.27}}
{{Election box majority|votes=30,067|percentage=3.34|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=899,683|percentage=66.88|change=+1.69}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Vijayawada}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Gadde Ramamohan]]|votes=482,968|percentage=51.96|change=+10.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[P. Upendra]]|votes=395,902|percentage=42.59|change=-2.43}}
{{Election box majority|votes=87,096|percentage=9.37|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=929,476|percentage=67.14|change=+0.26}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Vijayawada}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Rajagopal Lagadapati]]
| votes = 519,624
| percentage = 54.95
| change = +12.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Aswani Dutt]]
| votes = 405,037
| percentage = 42.84
| change = -9.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Nandeti Prabhakar Rao
| votes = 6,472
| percentage = 0.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Pyramid Party of India
| candidate = Koneru Vara Lakshmi
| votes = 5,105
| percentage = 0.54
| change = +0.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Someswara Rao Madala
| votes = 3,039
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Syed Moinuddin
| votes = 1,443
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = J Ramchandra Rao
| votes = 1,268
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ravi Kumar Domakonda
| votes = 1,005
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jakka Taraka Mallikarjuna Rao
| votes = 637
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Apparao Damalapati
| votes = 549
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Gatla Venkata Narayana Reddy
| votes = 493
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Donepudi Srinivas
| votes = 482
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Gottumukkala Siva Prasadaraju
| votes = 396
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 114,487
| percentage = 12.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 945,550
| percentage = 64.56
| change = -2.58
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing = +12.36
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Vijayawada}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Rajagopal Lagadapati]]
| votes = 429,394
| percentage = 39.46
| change = -15.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Vamsi Mohan Vallabhaneni]]
| votes = 416,682
| percentage = 38.30
| change = -4.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = Rajiv Chanumolu
| votes = 164,666
| percentage = 15.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Satta Party
| candidate = Devineni Kishore Kumar
| votes = 20,880
| percentage = 1.92
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Laka Vengala Rao
| votes = 15,951
| percentage = 1.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Boppa Venkateswara Rao
| votes = 6,978
| percentage = 0.64
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bolisetty Haribabu
| votes = 5,608
| percentage = 0.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Veerla Sanjeeva Rao
| votes = 4,615
| percentage = 0.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Sistla Narasimha Murthy
| votes = 4,585
| percentage = 0.42
| change = -0.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Pyramid Party of India
| candidate = Raghava Rao Jakka
| votes = 3,227
| percentage = 0.30
| change = -0.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Senapathi Chiranjeevi
| votes = 2,803
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jakka Taraka Mallikharjuna Rao
| votes = 2,419
| percentage = 0.22
| change = +0.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Appikatla Jawahar
| votes = 1,931
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shaik Mastan
| votes = 1,884
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Deverasetty Ravindra Babu
| votes = 1,596
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Baipudi Nageswara Rao
| votes = 1,400
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Venkata Rao P.
| votes = 1,033
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Perupogu Venkateswara Rao
| votes = 927
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Krishna Murthy Sunkara
| votes = 868
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Devireddy Ravindranatha Reddy
| votes = 850
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 12,712
| percentage = 1.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,088,297
| percentage = 77.61
| change = +13.05
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections|General Election, 2014: Vijayawada]]<ref>[http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/vijayawada.html VIJAYAWADA LOK SABHA (GENERAL) ELECTIONS RESULT]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kesineni Srinivas (Nani)]]
|votes = 592,696
|percentage = 49.59
|change = +11.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Koneru Rajendra Prasad
|votes = 517,834
|percentage = 43.72
|change = +43.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Avinash Devineni
|votes = 39,751
|percentage = 3.33
|change = -36.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Harmohinder Singh Sahni
|votes = 3,088
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 5,290
|percentage = 0.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 74,862
| percentage = 6.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,195,075
| percentage = 76.39
| change = -1.22
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Vijayawada]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Kesineni Srinivas (Nani)]]
| votes = 575,498
| percentage = 45.04
| change = -4.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Prasad V Potluri]]
| votes = 566,772
| percentage = 44.36
| change = 0.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = Muthamsetti Sudhakar
|votes = 81,650
|percentage = 6.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 8,726
| percentage =0.68%
| change = -5.87%
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 12,77,775
| percentage = 77.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,52,994
|ref= }}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Vijayawada<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Vijayawada">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Vijayawada |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0112.htm |access-date=10 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610162835/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0112.htm |archive-date=10 June 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kesineni Sivanath (Chinni)]]|votes=7,94,154|percentage=58.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Kesineni Srinivas]]|votes=5,12,069|percentage=37.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Valluru Bhargav|votes=24,106|percentage=1.77|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=9,193|percentage=0.67|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=2,82,085|percentage=20.68|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=13,71,102|percentage=80.44|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner =Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{NTR district}}
{{coords|16.5|80.6|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]

Pranayavarnangal (TV series)

2026-04-17T11:11:24Z

JeffreyChallis6: Added A Stub

{{short description|Indian Malayalam-language soap opera}}
{{About|the 2021 Malayalam soap opera|the 1998 Malayalam film|Pranayavarnangal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Pranayavarnangal.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator = Shashi Mittal
| based_on = ''[[Ki Kore Bolbo Tomay]]''
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = {{ubl|Prashant Rathi|Manali Karia}}
| director = [[K. K. Rajeev]]
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Richard N. J.|Richard Jose]]
* [[Swathy Nithyanand]]
}}
| voices =
| narrated =
| music =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 341
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Divyadarshan]]
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-25 minutes
| company = [[Divyadarshan|Kalidasa Video Division]]
| budget =
| network = [[Zee Keralam]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|10|18|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|12|23|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Pranayavarnangal''''' ({{Translation|Colours of love}}) is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[soap opera]] directed by [[K. K. Rajeev]]. The show premiered on 18 October 2021 on [[Zee Keralam]] and streams on-demand through [[ZEE5]].<ref name="Zee5">{{cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/pranayavarnangal/0-6-4z528023|title=Pranayavarnangal|website=ZEE5|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref> The show is an official remake of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] series ''[[Ki Kore Bolbo Tomay]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sreemoyees-hindi-remake-anupamaa-to-mithais-tamil-version-ninaithale-inikkum-hit-bengali-shows-which-were-remade-in-other-languages/photostory/85920132.cms?picid=85921053|title=Sreemoyee's Hindi remake Anupamaa to Mithai's Tamil version Ninaithale Inikkum: Hit Bengali shows which were remade in other languages|work=The Times of India|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref> It portrays the love story of a fashion tycoon, Siddharth ([[Richard N. J.|Richard Jose]]) and his creative head, Aparna ([[Swathy Nithyanand]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/romance-drama-pranayavarnangal-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/89447593.cms|title=Romance drama 'Pranayavarnangal' completes 100 episodes|work=The Times of India|date=9 February 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/pranayavarnangal-to-valkkannadi-heres-a-quick-look-at-upcoming-malayalam-tv-shows-set-to-entertain-soon/etphotostory/87021713.cms|title=Pranayavarnangal to Valkkannadi: Here's a quick look at upcoming Malayalam TV shows set to entertain soon|work=The Times of India|date=14 October 2021|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Richard N. J.|Richard Jose]] as Siddharth Narayanan (Siddhu)
* [[Swathy Nithyanand]] as Aparna Murali (Appu)

===Recurring===
* [[Divyadarshan]] as Balu Shankar (Balu)
* Ameya Nair as Riya<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ameya-nair-on-playing-a-male-auto-rickshaw-driver-in-pranayavarnangal-its-a-good-opportunity-to-showcase-my-talent-really-thankful-to-kk-rajeev-sir/articleshow/93596892.cms | title=Ameya Nair on playing a male auto-rickshaw driver in 'Pranayavarnangal': It's a good opportunity to showcase my talent; really thankful to KK Rajeev sir - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=16 August 2022 }}</ref>
* Jismy as Thanusree (Thanu)
* Manju Satheesh as Amala Shankar (Aami)
* [[Lishoy]] as Sethupathi Narayan
* [[Manju Pathrose]] as Swayam Prabha
* E .A. Rajendran as Madhu Shankar
* [[Chinthu P]] as Sharath Das
* Joobi as Rukmini
* Sreelakshmi as Prathibha
* Jayachandran as Sathyardha Narayanan
* Greeshma as Swetha
* Shifa Yaazir
* Sajna Firoz as Bhavana <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ex-bigg-boss-contestants-firoz-khan-and-sajina-firoz-give-sandhya-manoj-a-surprise-visit/articleshow/88415797.cms|title=Ex-Bigg Boss contestants Firoz Khan and Sajina Firoz give Sandhya Manoj a surprise visit|work=The Times of India|date=21 December 2021 |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref>
* Fawas as Shivakumar
* Veda Biju as Diya
* Shylaja Sreedharan Nair as Manju Sethupathi Narayan
* Kripa as Kripa
* [[Vijayakumari]]

===Guest===
* [[Ajay Vasudev]] as Himself
* [[Arun G Raghavan]] as Dev Krishna (DK)
* [[Meghna Vincent]] as Jyothirmayi (Jyothi)

==Production==
===Development===
Pranayavarnangal is an official remake of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television show ''[[Ki Kore Bolbo Tomay]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/i-am-happy-that-karna-radhikas-story-will-continue-its-journey-swastika-dutta-on-kkbts-malayalam-remake/articleshow/85862433.cms|title=I am happy that Karna-Radhika's story will entertain the audience yet again: Swastika Dutta on KKBT's Malayalam remake|work=The Times of India|date=2 September 2021 |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

===Casting===
Lead actor [[Richard N. J.|Richard Jose]] lost almost 7 kg and grew his hair to transform as his character. He played Siddharth, a leading fashion designer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/exclusive-richard-jose-on-his-new-show-pranayavarnangal-some-characters-are-worth-the-wait-sidharth-is-one-such-role/articleshow/86842422.cms|title=Exclusive! Richard Jose on his new show 'Pranayavarnangal': Some characters are worth the wait, Sidharth is one such role|work=The Times of India|date=7 October 2021 |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref> Swathy Nithyanand plays the female lead, Aparna. The show is directed by [[K. K. Rajeev]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/swathi-nithyanand-shared-the-news-about-new-serial-pranayavarnangal-r0wy2t|title=അപർണ്ണയും സിദ്ധാർത്ഥും എത്തുന്നു; പുത്തൻ വിശേഷം പങ്കുവച്ച് സ്വാതി|work=Asianet News|language=ml|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

===Integration episodes===
Lead actors [[Richard N. J.|Richard Jose]] and Swathy Nithyanand made guest appearances as their characters, Siddharth and Aparna in soap operas ''[[Kaiyethum Doorath (TV series)|Kaiyethum Doorath]]'' and ''[[Mrs. Hitler]]'', both in 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kaiyethum-doorath-actress-lakshmi-gopalaswamy-to-play-a-cameo-in-the-haldi-special-episode/articleshow/91308657.cms|title=Kaiyethum Doorath: Actress Lakshmi Gopalaswamy to play a cameo in the Haldi special episode|work=The Times of India|date=4 May 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mrs-hitler-preview-dk-to-get-stabbed-during-the-wedding-anniversary-celebration/articleshow/92749936.cms|title=Mrs. Hitler Preview: DK to get stabbed during the wedding anniversary celebration?|work=The Times of India|date=8 July 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline = Original Songs<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/pranayavarnangals-title-song-is-out-heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-alphons-musical/articleshow/86961195.cms|title=Pranayavarnangal's title song is out; here's everything you need to know about the Alphons' musical|work=The Times of India|date=12 October 2021 |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 3:10

| title1 = Mazhanananja Ravil
| extra1 = [[Mridula Warrier]], [[Arvind Venugopal]]
| music1 = Alphonse Joseph
| length1 = 3:10

}}

==Reception==
Reviewing the first episode of the show, a reviewer from ''[[The Times of India]]'' defined the show as, "a romantic tale in the backdrop of the stylish fashion industry". The reviewer praised the introduction scenes of the two leads, Aparna and Siddharth and also appreciated the other castings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/pranayavarnangal-review-a-romantic-tale-in-the-backdrop-of-the-stylish-fashion-industry/articleshow/87132109.cms|title=Pranayavarnangal review: A romantic tale in the backdrop of the stylish fashion industry|work=The Times of India|date=19 October 2021 |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

In a poll conducted on the official Instagram account of ETimes TV to pick the best entertainer between ''[[Thumbapoo]]'' and ''Pranayavarnangal'', 69% of the respondents voted in favour of Pranayavarnangal.<ref>{{Cite news|title=ETimes TV poll: Netizens prefer 'Pranayavarnangal' over 'Thumbapoo'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/etimes-tv-poll-netizens-prefer-pranayavarnangal-over-thumbapoo/articleshow/87336305.cms|work=The Times of India|date=28 October 2021 |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin-right:0;"
|- style:"color:white"
! style="background:Pink; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:Pink; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:Pink; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:Pink; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Pink; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Pink; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Ki Kore Bolbo Tomay]]'' কি কোরে বলবো তোমায়
| 16 December 2019
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 6 August 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Pranayavarnangal'' പ്രണയവർണ്ണങ്ങൾ
| 18 October 2021
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 23 December 2022
| Remake
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com Official website] {{in lang|en}}
* {{IMDb title|id=18313506}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Keralam original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Bengali-language television series]]

Kandukur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:27:04Z

JeffreyChallis6: put up a info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kandukur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (109-Kandukur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Kandukur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
| established = 1951
| constituency_no = 109
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 218,859
| mla = [[Inturi Nageswara Rao]]
| type = SLA
}}

'''Kandukur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Prakasam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/ElectionStatistics.aspx |title=Welcome to Election Commission of India |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=7 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207005023/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/ElectionStatistics.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Inturi Nageswara Rao]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 218,859 electors in the constituency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{update after|2024}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==

The five mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2008 Delimitation of Parliament and Assembly Act |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/
| access-date=12 Dec 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Lingasamudram]]
|-
| [[Voletivaripalem]]
|-
| [[Kandukur]]
|-
| [[Gudluru]]
|-
| [[Ulavapadu]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
!colspan="2" | Political party
|-
|[[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Nalamothu Chenchurama Naidu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
|Divi Kondaiah Chowdary
|-
|[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|rowspan=2 |Nalamothu Chenchurama Naidu
|-
|[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|M. Audinarayana Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Divi Kondaiah Chowdary
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|rowspan=2 |M. Audinarayana Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Manugunta Maheedhar Reddy
|-
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|rowspan=2|Divi Sivaram
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|rowspan=2 |Manugunta Maheedhar Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|Potula Ramarao
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|Manugunta Maheedhar Reddy
|-
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Inturi Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandukur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nalamothu Chenchurama Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,101 |percentage=17.40% |change=17.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chukka Kotilingam|party=Independent politician|votes=16,922|percentage=14.65%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Guntapalli Venkatasubbiah|party=Independent politician|votes=16,038|percentage=13.88%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Divi Kondiah Chowdary|party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|votes=15,740|percentage=13.62%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. Anandam|party=Republican Party of India|votes=9,546|percentage=8.26%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ellamugu Sundara Rao|party=Independent politician|votes=4,818|percentage=4.17%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bathineni Perumalla Naidu|party=Independent politician|votes=4,495|percentage=3.89%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bathula Sankara Reddi|party=Socialist Party (India)|votes=4,420|percentage=3.83%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nathulapati Ekasi|party=Independent politician|votes=3,702|percentage=3.20%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=337 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,15,546|percentage=80.80%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,42,998 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandukur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1955 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4042-andhra-pradesh-1955/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Divi Kondaiah Chowdary|votes=21,506|percentage=57.42|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Ravi Pati Vankaiah|votes=14,409|percentage=38.47|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=7,097|percentage=18.95|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=37,453|percentage=62.05|change=|}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=60,357|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandukur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1962 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4044-andhra-pradesh-1962/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=N. Chenchu Rama Naidu|votes=23,905|percentage=50.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Swatantra Party|candidate=Divi Kondaiah Chowdary|votes=22,233|percentage=47.02|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,672|percentage=3.54|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=488,36|percentage=71.94|change=|}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=67,880|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandukur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1967 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=N. Chenchu Rama Naidu|votes=34,927|percentage=54.62|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Swatantra Party|candidate=V.Y.K.Reddy|votes=29,015|percentage=45.38|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=5,912|percentage=9.25|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=66,113|percentage=80.08|change=|}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=82,561|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandukur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1972 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=M. Audinarayana Reddy|votes=36892|percentage=54.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=N. Chenchu Rama Naidu|votes=31,459|percentage=46.09|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=5,433|percentage=7.96|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=70,060|percentage=74.33|change=|}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=94,258|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Independent (politician)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandukur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1978 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress (I)|candidate=Divi Kondaiah Chowdary|votes=35,361|percentage=46.68|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Party|candidate=Audinarayana Reddy Manugunta|votes=23,056|percentage=30.44|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Bataarusetty Kondaiah|votes=9,571|percentage=12.64%|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Angirekula Venkateswara Rao|votes=5862|percentage=7.74%|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=12,305|percentage=16.24|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=77,536|percentage=73.36|change=|}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=105,692|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Indian National Congress (I)|loser=Independent (politician)|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandukur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1983 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4048-andhra-pradesh-1983/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Adinarayana Reddy Manugunta|votes=29,134|percentage=37.29%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Venkatasubbaiah Gutha|votes=26,293|percentage=33.65%|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kondaiah Chowdary Divi|votes=22,704|percentage=29.06%|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=2,841|percentage=3.64|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=79,420|percentage=68.24|change=|}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=116,376|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Independent (politician)|loser=Indian National Congress (I)|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandukur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1985 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Audinarayana Reddy Manugunta|votes=45,765|percentage=49.51|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Venkatasubbaiah Gutta|votes=44,480|percentage=48.12|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,285|percentage=1.39|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=93,670|percentage=72.74|change=|}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=128,782|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Telugu Desam Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandukur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1989 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4050-andhra-pradesh-1989/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Manugunta Maheedhar Reddy|votes=56,626|percentage=54.81|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Moruboyina Malakondaiah|votes=46,428|percentage=44.94|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=10,198|percentage=9.87|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=155,210|percentage=68.22|change=|}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=155,210|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandukur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1994 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Divi Sivaram|votes=52,376|percentage=48.54%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Manugunta Maheedhar Reddy|votes=46,351|percentage=42.95%|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bhattarusetty Kondaiah|votes=5916|percentage=5.48|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Matle Venkatasubbaiah|votes=2151|percentage=1.99|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=6,025|percentage=5.58|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=109,427|percentage=73.60|change=|}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=148,677|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Telugu Desam Party|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandukur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Divi Sivaram|votes=63,964|percentage=50.47%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Maheedhar Reddy|votes=62,439|percentage=49.26%|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,525|percentage=1.20|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=129,328|percentage=73.16|change=|}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=176,773|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Telugu Desam Party|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandukur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2004 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Manugunta Maheedhar Reddy|votes=67,207|percentage=52.56|change=+3.30}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Divi Sivaram|votes=59,328|percentage=46.40|change=-4.07|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=7,879|percentage=6.16|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=127,896|percentage=83.38|change=+11.68|}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=153,392|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Telugu Desam Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandukur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2009 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Manugunta Maheedhar Reddy|votes=74,553|percentage=48.22|change=-4.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Divi Sivaram|votes=70,310|percentage=45.47|change=-0.93|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Vallepu Raghavulu|votes=5,885|percentage=3.81|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=4,243|percentage=2.75|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=154,613|percentage=83.52|change=+0.16|}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=185,120|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandukur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2014 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Pothula Ramarao|votes=84,538|percentage=48.83|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Divi Sivaram|votes=80,732|percentage=46.64|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ekula Venkateswarlu|votes=4572|percentage=2.64|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=3,806|percentage=2.19|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=173,113|percentage=88.95|change=+15.43|}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=194,679|change=}}
{{Election box gain||winner=[[YSR Congress Party]]|loser=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|swing=}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandukur<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 2019 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Manugunta Maheedhar Reddy|votes=101275|percentage=51.69%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Pothula Ramarao|votes=86339|percentage=44.07%|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janasena Party|candidate=Puli Mallikarjuna Rao|votes=2322|percentage=1.19%|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=14936|percentage=7.66|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=196,510|percentage=89.75|change=|}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=218,961|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=YSR Congress Party|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandukur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Inturi Nageswara Rao]]
|votes = 1,09,173
|percentage = 52.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Burra Madhusudhan Rao
|votes = 90,615
|percentage = 43.82
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gouse Mohiddin Syed
|votes = 2,300
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,025
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,558
|percentage = 8.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,06,773
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Coord|15.22|79.90|display=title}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nellore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Syed Azeempeer Khadri

2026-04-12T14:14:33Z

JeffreyChallis6: created first info w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Syed Azeempeer Khadri
| image = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|6|1}}
| birth_place = Karnataka, India
| occupation = Politician, Businessman
| office = Chairman of Hubballi Electricity Supply Company Limited (HESCOM)
| term_start = 26 November 2024
| predecessor = 
| constituency = Shiggaon
| parents = Sayed Khadar Basha (father)
| children = Sayed Momin Badshah Khadri
| office1 = Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly
| term_start1 = 1999
| term_end1 = 2004
| party = Indian National Congress
| alma_mater = 12th Pass
| profession = Agriculturist, Businessman
}}

'''Syed Azeempeer Khadri''' (born 1 June 1964) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]], India. He is currently serving as the '''Chairman of Hubballi Electricity Supply Company Limited (HESCOM)''', a position he assumed on 26 November 2024 following a government order issued soon after the Model Code of Conduct was lifted.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-MLA Khadri takes charge as HESCOM chairman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ex-mla-khadri-takes-charge-as-hescom-chairman/article68928402.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 November 2024 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

Khadri previously served as a [[Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Shiggaon]] constituency from 1999 to 2004.

He is affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]] and has been an active figure in state politics, particularly in the [[Haveri district]]. In the 2024 by-election, Khadri initially filed as an independent candidate after being denied a Congress ticket but later withdrew his nomination and extended support to the party’s official candidate following discussions with senior leaders.<ref>{{cite news |title=Key Congress ally Khadri appointed as HESCOM chairman |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/key-congress-ally-khadri-appointed-as-hescom-chairman-1841279 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=27 November 2024 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

Apart from his political career, Khadri has a background in agriculture and business.

He fought 2008, 2013 and 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election but lost to [[Basavaraj Bommai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiggaon Assembly Karnataka Election 2023 Results Live: Shiggaon constituency Results, Winner list and vote share |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/shiggaon-1075 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Shiggaon Election Result 2023 Live Updates: Can CM Basavaraj Bommai win fourth consecutive term? |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/politics/story/shiggaon-election-result-2023-can-cm-basavaraj-bommai-win-fourth-consecutive-term-381134-2023-05-13 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiggaon Election Results 2018, Full list of Shiggaon Candidates for Karnataka Elections 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/section/elections/karnataka-election-constituencies-list-2018/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Haveri district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Mr. Celebrity (2024 film)

2026-04-12T04:54:26Z

JeffreyChallis6: Created Basic Pg More To Come!

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by Chandina Ravi Kishore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mr. Celebrity (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Chandina Ravi Kishore
| writer = Chandina Ravi Kishore
| producer = {{plain list|
* N. Pandurangarao
* Chinna Reddaiah
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
* Paruchuri Sudarshan
* Sri Deeksha
}}
| cinematography = Shiva Kumar Dewarakonda
| editing = Shiva Sharvani
| music = Vinod Yajamanya
| studio = RP Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|2024|10|4|df=y|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mr. Celebrity''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by Chandina Ravi Kishore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-02 |title=The makers of Mr. Celebrity drop the thrilling teaser for the film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/02/the-makers-of-mr-celebrity-drop-the-thrilling-teaser-for-the-film |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927191153/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/02/the-makers-of-mr-celebrity-drop-the-thrilling-teaser-for-the-film |url-status=live}}</ref> The film features [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]], Paruchuri Sudarshan and Sri Deeksha in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2024-09-26 |title=Mr Celebrity: అక్టోబర్ 4న 'మిస్టర్ సెలెబ్రిటీ'గా దిగుతున్న పరుచూరి వారసుడు |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/cinema-news/sudarshan-paruchuris-debut-film-mr-celebrity-releasing-on-october-4-683417.html |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927195213/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/cinema-news/sudarshan-paruchuris-debut-film-mr-celebrity-releasing-on-october-4-683417.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was released on 4 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-26 |title=Mr Celebrity makers set a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/26/mr-celebrity-makers-set-a-release-date |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927161554/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/26/mr-celebrity-makers-set-a-release-date |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Lalita, a fearless activist who claims she was raped in her dreams, with physical marks as proof. As the investigation unfolds, a mysterious masked figure traps Lalita, a YouTuber, and a cop in a suspenseful game that tests their wits, emotions, and family ties, blending elements of thriller and comedy.

==Cast==
* [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
* Paruchuri Sudarshan as Lucky
* Sri Deeksha as Lalitha
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Ramachandrayya
* [[Raghu Babu]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Narahari
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]
* [[Aamani]] as Janaki

== Music ==
The background score and soundtrack is composed by Vinod Yajamanya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gajanana from Mr. Celebrity: Varalaxmi Sarathkumar stuns in a massy festive number |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/gajanana-from-mr-celebrity-varalaxmi-sarathkumar-stuns-in-a-massy-festive-number/0c260456d7354 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Vinod Yajamanya
| title1 = Nee Jathaga
| length1 = 3:35
| lyrics1 = Ganesh
| extra1 = [[Javed Ali]]
| title2 = Nee Valle Nee Valle
| length2 = 2:48
| lyrics2 = Rambabu Gosala
| extra2 = Bhavana
| title3 = Do Lucky
| length3 = 3:14
| lyrics3 = Ganesh
| extra3 = [[Nakash Aziz]]
| title4 = Gajanana
| length4 = 3:10
| lyrics4 = Ganesh
| extra4 = [[Mangli]]
}}

== Release ==
''Mr. Celebrity'' was released on 4 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=What's in theatres this Friday? [October 4]: Watch Mr Celebrity, Dhakshina and more! |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/friday-theatre-movie-releases-4-october-2024-mr-celebrity-koon-dhakshina-and-more-2712644 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=News9live |language=en-US |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003125314/https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/friday-theatre-movie-releases-4-october-2024-mr-celebrity-koon-dhakshina-and-more-2712644 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' gave a rating of 2.75 out of 5 and stated that, "''Mr. Celebrity'' tackles the theme of "Freedom of Speech" and the impact of media attention", while appreciating the performance of Paruchuri Sudarshan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-10-04 |title='Mr. Celebrity' review: A thrilling debut of Paruchuri Sudarshan |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/mr-celebrity-review-a-thrilling-debut-of-paruchuri-sudarshan-912061 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006005609/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/mr-celebrity-review-a-thrilling-debut-of-paruchuri-sudarshan-912061 |url-status=live}}</ref> Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and wrote "''Mr. Celebrity'' is a message oriented social drama that addresses various corrupt issues in the society".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Celebrity: Varalxmi Sarathkumar saves the day with her emotional final act |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/mr-celebrity-a-social-drama-that-clicks-due-to-varalaxmi-sarathkumars-final-act/9f50e81846630 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> ''[[News18 Telugu]]'' also gave the same rating.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-04 |title=Mister Celebrity Review: మిస్టర్ సెలబ్రిటీ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. కలలో హత్యాచారం జరగడం ఏంటీ...? |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/mr-celebrity-movie-review-bh-2599785.html |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|33311713}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mister Celebrity}}
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]

Faridkot railway station

2026-04-11T15:51:49Z

JeffreyChallis6:

{{short description|Train station in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Faridkot
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]]
| image = Faridkot railway station1.jpg
| image_caption = Faridkot Railway Station
| address = Station Rd, Faridkot, Punjab
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.68263|N|74.76221|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| elevation = {{convert|204|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| line = Firozpur-Bathinda line
| platform = 3
| tracks = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| structure = Standard on ground
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| accessible =
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = FDK
| division = {{rwd|Firozpur}}
}}
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_type = India Punjab
| map_dot_label = Faridkot railway station
| map_size = 280
| map_caption = Location in Punjab
}}
'''Faridkot''' (station code: '''FDK''') is a railway station located in [[Faridkot district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and serves [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]] city. Faridkot station falls under [[Firozpur railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Passenger amenities details of Faridkot railway station|url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=FDK|accessdate=24 August 2020|publisher=Rail Drishti}}</ref>

== The railway station ==
Faridkot railway station is at an elevation of {{convert|204|m|ft}} and was assigned the code – FDK.<ref>{{cite web|title=Faridkot railway station|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/faridkot-fdk/106#st|accessdate=24 August 2020|publisher=India Rail Info}}</ref> The station is located on the single track, {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] Bhatinda–Firozpur railway line. It is well connected to a number of major cities.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to reach Faridkot|url=https://faridkot.nic.in/tourism/how-to-reach/|accessdate=24 August 2020|publisher=Faridkot district official website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Faridkot Train Station|url=https://www.cleartrip.com/trains/stations/FDK/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 August 2020|website=[[Cleartrip]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Trains passing FARIDKOT (FDK) Station|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/faridkot-fdk-station|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 August 2020|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Electrification ==
The electrification of the single track, 87 km Bhatinda–Firozpur railway sector was sanctioned at a cost of Rs 223.93 crore in September, 2018. The completion of electrification is expected by March 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=Under-utilised, no plan of doubling Bathinda–Ferozepur rail link|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/under-utilised-no-plan-of-doubling-bathinda-ferozepur-rail-link-centre-803534|accessdate=24 August 2020|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune India]]}}</ref>

== Amenities ==
Faridkot railway station has computerized reservation counters, and all basic amenities.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Faridkot Railway Station Trains Schedule and Station information.|url=https://www.goibibo.com/trains/faridkot-railway-station-fdk/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 August 2020|website=[[Ibibo|goibibo]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/testnr.jsp?DIVISION_ID=1&STATION_ID=FARIDKOT Pictures of Faridkot station]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Railway stations in the Punjab, India}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Faridkot district]]
[[Category:Firozpur railway division]]

Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year

2026-04-06T10:28:57Z

JeffreyChallis6: Created Basic Article Needs Work!

{{short description|Indian music award for Hindi films}}
The '''Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year''' is given yearly by [[Radio Mirchi]] as a part of its annual [[Mirchi Music Awards]] for [[Hindi films]], to recognise a lyricist who has delivered an outstanding performance in a film song.

==Superlatives==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Superlative
! Singer
! Record
|-
|Most awards
|[[Javed Akhtar]]
|3
|-
|Most nominations
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|11
|-
|Most nominations without ever winning
|Niranjan Iyengar [[Neelesh Misra]] [[Anvita Dutt Guptan]]
|2
|-
|Most nominations in a single year
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|4 (2016)
|}

==List of winners==
* '''2009 [[Javed Akhtar]] - "Jashn-e-Bahara''' from '''''[[Jodha Akbar]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma/winners.php|title=1st Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Prasoon Joshi]] - "Behka" from ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]''
** [[Prasoon Joshi]] - "Guzarish" from 'Ghajini
** [[Anvita Dutt Guptan]] - "Khuda Jaane" from ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
** [[Prasoon Joshi]] - "Kaise Mujhe" from Ghajini
* '''2010 [[Prasoon Joshi]] - "[[Masakali]]"''' from '''''[[Delhi-6]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2009/hindi/winners.html|title=2nd Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
* '''2011 [[Gulzar]] - "Dil To Bachcha Hai"''' from '''''[[Ishqiya]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2010-Winners/articleshow/7378687.cms|title=3rd Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** Niranjan Iyengar - "Sajdaa" from ''[[My Name is Khan]]''
** Faaiz Anwaar - "[[Tere Mast Mast Do Nain]]" from ''[[Dabangg]]''
** Niranjan Iyengar - "Tere Naina" from ''[[My Name is Khan]]''
** Gulzar - "Surili Akhiyon Wale" from ''[[Veer (2010 film)|Veer]]''
* '''2012 [[Javed Akhtar]] - "Khwabon Ke Parindey"''' from '''''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/winners.php|title=4th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** Rajat Aroraa - "Ishq Sufiyana" from ''[[The Dirty Picture]]''
** [[Irshad Kamil]] - "Nadaan Parinde" from ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
** [[Javed Akhtar]] - "[[Senorita (Farhan Akhtar, Hrithik Roshan, Abhay Deol and Maria del Mar Fernandez song)|Senorita]]" from ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''
** [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] & [[Neelesh Misra]] -"Teri Meri" from ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''
* '''2013 [[Javed Akhtar]] - "Jee Le Zara"''' from '''''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within|Talaash]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/hindi/winners_list.html|title=5th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] - "[[Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin]]" from ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''
** [[Neelesh Misra]] - "Kyon" from ''[[Barfi!]]''
** Sameer Anjaan - "Dagabaaz Re" ''[[Dabangg 2]]''
** [[Gulzar]] - "Saans" from ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''
* '''2014 [[Prasoon Joshi]] - "Maston Ka Jhund"''' from '''''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/mirchi-music-awards-2014-winners-shahrukh-khan-farhan-akhtar-honoured-aashiqui-2-wins-7-trophies-17842/|title=6th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Mithoon]] - "[[Tum Hi Ho]]" from ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
** [[Prasoon Joshi]] - "Zinda" from ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]''
** [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] - "Sawar Loon" from ''[[Lootera]]''
** [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] - "Kabira" from ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
* '''2015 [[Irshad Kamil]] - "[[Manwa Laage]]"''' from '''''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi2014/winners/|title=7th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Kausar Munir]] - "[[Suno Na Sangemarmar]]" from ''[[Youngistaan]]''
** [[Gulzar]] - "Bismil" from ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''
** [[Manoj Muntashir]] - "[[Galliyan]]" from ''[[Ek Villain]]''
** [[Rashmi Virag|Rashmi Singh]] - "[[Muskurane]]" from ''[[CityLights (2014 film)|CityLights]]''
* '''2016 [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] - "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage"''' from ''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/winners/|title=8th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Irshad Kamil]] - "Agar Tum Saath Ho" - ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''
** [[Javed Akhtar]] - "Phir Bhi Yeh Zindagi" from ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
** Siddharth-Garima, [[Nasir Faraaz]] & Ganesh Chandanshive - "Dewaani Mastani" from ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
** [[Mayur Puri]] - "Chunar" from ''[[ABCD 2]]''
* '''2017 [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] - "[[Channa Mereya]]"''' from '''''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/winners/|title=9th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] - "[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil (song)|Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]" from ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''
** [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] - "Bulleya" from ''Ae Dil Hai Mushkil''
** [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] - "Haanikaraak Bapu" from ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]''
** [[Irshad Kamil]] - "[[Jag Ghoomeya]]" from ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]''
* '''2018 [[Irshad Kamil]] - "Hawayein"''' from '''''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=10th Mirchi Music Awards Nominations}}</ref>
** [[Anvita Dutt Guptan|Anvita Dutt]] - "Sahiba" from ''[[Phillauri (film)|Phillauri]]''
** [[Kumaar]] - "Pyar Ho" from ''[[Munna Michael]]''
** [[Kausar Munir]] - "Maana Ke Hum Yaar Nahin" from ''[[Meri Pyaari Bindu]]''
** [[Irshad Kamil]] - "Safar" from ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]''
** Arafat Mehmood & [[Tanishk Bagchi]] - "[[Baarish (song)|Baarish]]" from ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]''
* '''2019 [[Gulzar]] - "[[Ae Watan]] (Male)"''' from '''''[[Raazi]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2018/winners-hindi-2018/|title=11th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Kumaar]] - "Tera Yaar Hoon Main" from ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]''
** [[A. M. Turaz]] - "Ek Dil Ek Jaan" from ''[[Padmaavat]]''
** [[Gulzar]] - "Dilbaro" from ''[[Raazi]]''
** [[Irshad Kamil]] - "Aahista" from ''[[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|Laila Majnu]]''
* '''2020 [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] - "Kalank"''' from '''''[[Kalank]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2020/winners-hindi-2020/|title=12th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Irshad Kamil]] - "Bekhayali" from ''[[Kabir Singh]]''
** [[Manoj Muntashir]] - "[[Teri Mitti]]" from ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]''
** [[Prasoon Joshi]] - "Bharat" from ''[[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi]]''
** [[Raj Shekhar]] - "Beh Chala" from ''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]''
* '''2021 [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] (Lyricist of the Decade) - "[[Channa Mereya]]" '''from "''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-15 |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2021 brings the best of the decade with ‘Dus Saal Bemisaal’ |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/mirchi-music-awards-2021-brings-the-best-of-the-decade-with-dus-saal-bemisaal/articleshow/81512789.cms#:~:text=The%2013th%20edition%20of%20the,of%20the%20most%20scintillating%20performances |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''2022 [[Tanishk Bagchi]] – "Raataan Lambiyan" '''from ''[[Shershaah]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidharth Malhotra's Shershaah wins big at 14th Mirchi Music Awards, check out winners' list |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/sidharth-malhotras-shershaah-wins-big-at-14th-mirchi-music-awards-check-out-winners-list-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-90133595 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Anvita Dutt]] – "Ranjha" from ''[[Shershaah]]''
** [[Gulzar]] – "Chhapaak (Title Track)" from ''[[Chhapaak]]''
** [[Irshad Kamil]] – "Chaka Chak" from ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
** [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] – "Mann Bharryaa 2.0" from ''[[Shershaah]]''
* '''2023 [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] – "Tur Kalleyan" '''from ''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2023 Celebrates India's Musical Excellence |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/mirchi-music-awards-2023-celebrates-indias-musical-excellence-277983.html}}</ref>
** [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] – "Kesariya" from ''[[ Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
** [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] – "Ghodey Pe Sawar" from ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]''
** [[Kausar Munir]] – "Phero Na Najariya" from ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]''
** [[A. M. Turaz]] – "Jab Saiyaan" from ''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]''

==See also==
* [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mirchi Music Awards}}

[[Category:Mirchi Music Awards]]

Priyanka Sarkar

2026-03-29T16:51:47Z

JeffreyChallis6:

{{Short description|Bengali actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyanka Sarkar
| native_name =
| image = Priyanka Sarkar recent shoot.jpg
| caption = Sarkar in 2024
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|12|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress
| children = 1
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]]|2010| 2026| reason=his death}}
}}

'''Priyanka Sarkar''' (born 31 December 1990) is an Indian film and television actress who mostly works in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] films. She started her career working in the Bengali television industry in 2003 while she was only 12 years old. Later she worked in several serials like ''Swapner Rong Nil'', ''Aastha'', ''Khela'', and ''Nana R angar Dinguli'' as a teenager. She also worked as a child actor in the movie ''Dadar Adesh'' along with [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]].
Her big career breakthrough came when she got the opportunity to star in the movie ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar]]'' as the leading actress. The film released in 2008 and went on to become one of the biggest blockbusters in the Bengali film industry.

== Personal life ==
Sarkar was born on 31 December 1990 in West Bengal, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ব্যক্তিগত জীবন থেকে কেরিয়ার, জন্মদিনে রইল প্রিয়াঙ্কার কিছু অজানা তথ্য |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/photo/actress-priyanka-sarkar-birthday-special-personal-life-career-some-unknown-facts-about-her-257435-2020-12-31 |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref> She married actor [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] in 2010 and has a son named Shohoj since 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul is perfect: Priyanka |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |work=The Times of India |date=13 November 2010 |access-date=18 August 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Rahul-is-perfect-Priyanka/articleshow/6942158.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=TV9 |date=3 August 2023 |title=Rahul-Priyanka: পোস্ট দেখেই খুশির মেজাজ ভক্তমনে, বিয়ের স্মৃতিতে ভাসলেন রাহুল |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/television/rahul-banerjee-post-on-his-marriage-grab-everyone-attention-872406.html |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
Her husband Banerjee died whilst filming in [[Talsari]], on 29 March 2026, at the age of 42.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=A. B. P. |date=2026-03-29 |title=দুঃসংবাদ ! মারা গেলেন রাহুল অরুণোদয়, কী হয়েছিল অভিনেতার ? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/tollywood-actor-rahul-arunoday-banerjee-died-1171331 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Banerjee no more {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/news/actor-rahul-banerjee-dies-after-drowning-during-shoot-4138501 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2026-03-29 |title=Rahul Banerjee, popular Bengali actor, dies after falling into sea during shoot |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/rahul-banerjee-popular-bengali-actor-dies-after-falling-into-sea-during-shoot-2026-03-29-1035537 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tollywood in shock as Bengali actor Rahul Arunoday Banerjee dies at 43; drowns in sea while shooting |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/celebrities/tollywood-in-shock-as-bengali-actor-rahul-arunoday-banerjee-dies-at-43-drowns-in-sea-while-shooting/ar-AA1ZF9AN |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=MSN}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sarkar debuted with the film ''[[Dadar Adesh]]'' (2005). Her breakthrough performance came in ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar]]'' (2008), in which she was paired opposite [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]]. The film was well received by audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |title='প্রথম প্রেমের…,' ১৫ বছর পরেও ভক্তদের মনে 'চিরদিনই তুমি যে আমার'এর স্মৃতি |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/raj-chakraborty-rahul-arunoday-banerjee-priyanka-sarkar-completed-15-years-in-the-tollywood-industry/articleshow/102777296.cms |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"|

|Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:67%;"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Director
! Notes
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Dadar Adesh]]''
| Titli Roy
| [[Anup Sengupta]]
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar]]''
| Pallavi
| [[Raj Chakraborty]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2009
| ''[[Ei Prithibi Tomar Aamar]]''
| Purnima
| [[Swapan Saha]]
|
|-
| ''[[Risk(film)|Risk]]''
| Mithie
| [[Riingo Banerjee]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bhalobasha Zindabad]]''
| Kushum
| Reshmi Mitra
|
|-
| ''[[Kano Kichu Kotha Bolona]]''
| Rajashree
| Swapan Saha
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2010
| ''[[Love Circus]]''
| Riya
| Dulal Bhowmick
|
|-
| ''[[Shono Mon Boli Tomay]]''
|
| Pradip Saha
|
|-
| ''Pratidwandi''
| Sharmila
| [[Anup Sengupta]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bor Bou Khela]]''
|
| Jagannath Guha
|
|-
| ''[[Game (2010 Bengali film)|Game]]''
|
| Sudipto Ghatak, Ajay Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Hangover (2010 film)|Hangover]]''
| Herself
| [[Prabhat Roy]]
|
|-
| ''[[Run (2010 film)|Run]]''
| Megha
| Swapan Saha
|
|-
| ''[[Jodi Ekdin]]''
| Nikita
| Riingo Banerjee
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
| ''[[Get 2 Gether]]''
| Riya
| Arindam Chakraborty
|
|-
| ''[[Kagojer Bou]]''
| Ketuki
| [[Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]]
|
|-
| ''[[Moubone Aaj]]''
| Payel
| [[Raja Sen]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Na Hannyate]]''
|
| Riingo Banerjee
|
|-
| ''[[Hemlock Society]]''
| Hiya
| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
| ''[[Damadol]]''
| Riya
| [[Manoj Michigan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Hoi Choi]]''
| Tupur
| Debarati Gupta
|
|-
| ''[[A Political Murder]]''
|
| [[Agnidev Chatterjee]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[The Royal Bengal Tiger]]''
| Aparna
| Rajesh Ganguly
|
|-
| ''[[Obhishopto Nighty]]''
| Jhumi
| [[Birsa Dasgupta]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2015
| ''[[Swade Ahlade]]''
|
| [[Arindam Sil]]
|
|-
| ''[[13 No. Tarachand Lane]]''
|
| [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
|
|-
| ''[[Rajkahini]]''
| Lata
| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|
|-
| ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (2015 film)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]''
| Indira
| [[Anjan Dutt]]
|
|-
| ''[[Abby Sen]]''
| Sreeroopa
| [[Atanu Ghosh]]
|
|-
| ''[[Arshinagar]]''
| Mrs. Gupta / Herself
| [[Aparna Sen]]
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2016
| ''[[Tadanto]]''
|
| [[Nitish Roy]]
|
|-
| ''Jenana''
|
| Barshali Chatterjee
|
|-
| ''[[It's Basonto]]''
|
| Aditya Roy Banerjee
|
|-
| ''[[9 No. Peyara Bagan Lane]]''
|
| Pallab Mukherjee Ratri Ghatak
|
|-
| ''[[Pichutaan]]''
|
| Ayan Chakraborty
|
|-
| ''[[Selfie'r Phande]]''
| Srabani
| Manas Basu
|
|-
| ''[[Byomkesh O Chiriyakhana]]''
| Banalakshi
| [[Anjan Dutt]]
|
|-
| ''[[Romantic Noy]]''
|
| [[Rajib Choudhury]]
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2017
| ''[https://www.addatimes.com/show/ghostana Ghostana]''<ref name="Ghostana Web Series">"Priyanka Sarkar as Roxy in Ghostana Web-Series; A Modern Hot and Sexy Ghost "</ref>
|
| Saptarshi Majumdar
|
|-
|''[https://www.addatimes.com/show/dil-se/ping Ping]''
|
|Saptarshi Majumdar
|
|-
| ''[[Baje Chobi]]''
|
| [[Arnab Paria]]
|
|-
|''[[Amar Sahor]]''
|[[Dipayan Jenny]]
|[[Sourav Chakraborty (actor)|Sourav Chakraborty]], [[Samadarshi Dutta]], Priyanka Sarkar, [[Sampurna Lahiri]], [[Shilajit Majumdar]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]]
|-
| ''[[Amar Aponjon]]''
| Piya
| [[Raja Chanda]]
|
|-
| ''[[Chaamp]]''
| Shwati
| [[Raj Chakraborty]]
|
|-
| ''[[Jawker Dhan]]''
|
| [[Sayantan Ghosal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Chaya O Chobi]]''
| Moumita
| [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|
|-
| ''[[Cockpit (2017 film)|Cockpit]]''
| Afreen Hamidi
| [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
|
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2018
| ''[[Kaya-The Mystery Unfold]]''
|
| [[Rajib Chowdhury]]
|
|-
| ''[[Hoyto Manush Noy]]''
|
| Koustav Bhattacharya and Arunava Gangopadhyay
|
|-
| ''[[Kabir (2018 film)|Kabir]]''
| Damayanti
| [[Aniket Chattopadhyay]]
|
|-
| ''[[E Tumi Kemon Tumi]]''
|
| [[Nehal Dutta]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sultan: The Saviour]]''
| Disha
| [[Raja Chanda]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bhagshesh]]''
|
| [[Maahirii Bose]]
|
|-
| ''[[Aaleya]]''
|
| [[Dr. Humayun Kabir]]
|
|-
| ''[[Crisscross (2018)|Crisscross]]''
| Suzy
| [[Birsa Dasgupta]]
|
|-
| ''[[Byomkesh Gotro]]''
| Emily
| [[Arindam Sil]]
|
|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''[[Andar Kahini]]''
|
| Arnab Middya
|
|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''[[Neelanjana]]''
| Neelanjana
| [[Orko Sinha]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[Bibaho Obhijaan]]''
| Malati
| [[Birsa Dasgupta]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bornoporichoy]]''
| Malini Chatterjee
| [[Mainak Bhowmick]]
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Hridoy Jurey]]''
| Nilima
| [[Rafique Sikder]]
|[[Dhallywood|Bangladeshi film]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| ''Pratighat''
|
| [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
| Zee5 Release
|-
| [[Nirbhaya (2021 film)|''Nirbhaya'']]
|Aratrika
| Anshuman Pratyush
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
| ''[[Kolkatar Harry]]''
|
| Rajdeep Ghosh
|
|-
| ''[[Toke Chhara Banchbo Na]]''
|
| [[Sujit Mondal]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Manobjomin]]''
|Kuhu
|[[Srijato]]
|
|-
|''[[Abar Bibaho Obhijaan]]''
|Malati
|Soumik Halder
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2023 |title='Abar Bibaho Obhijaan': The comedy caper promises a laugh riot this summer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/abar-bibaho-obhijaan-the-comedy-caper-promises-a-laugh-riot-this-summer/articleshow/98441994.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |access-date=18 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kurban (film)|Kurban]]''
|Hijol
|Saibal Mukherjee
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=A. B. P. |date=25 August 2023 |title=বড়পর্দায় এবার অঙ্কুশ-প্রিয়ঙ্কা জুটি, প্রকাশ্যে শৈবাল মুখোপাধ্যায়ের 'কুরবান' ছবির প্রথম লুক |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/saibal-mukherjee-directed-kurbaan-to-feature-ankush-hazra-and-priyanka-sarkar-together-for-the-first-time-1003605 |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''Aahalya''
|
|Abhimanyu Mukherjee
|
|-
|''Robins Kichen''
|
|Bappa
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Mrigaya: The Hunt]]''
|
| [[Abhirup Ghosh]]
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Bike Ambulance Dada]]''
|
| Vinay M Mudgil
| 5th Film with [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]
|}

== Television ==
* ''[[Aastha]]''
* ''Khela'' ([[Zee Bangla]])
* ''Raat Bhor Brishti'' ([[Zee Bangla]])
* ''Nana Ranger Dinguli''
* ''Ebar Jalsha Rannaghare''
* ''[[Mahanayak (TV series)|Mahanayak]]''
* ''Ebar Jalsha Rannaghare'' (season 2)
* ''Abhyamangal'' ([[Mahalaya]] special TV program for [[Star Jalsha]])
* ''Sun Bangla Super Family'' (reality game show for [[Sun Bangla]])

== Web series ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:67%;
|-
! Year
! Series
! OTT
! Character
!Ref
|-
| 2017 - 2021 || ''[[Hello (web series)|Hello!]]'' || Hoichoi || Deboleena Shome/ Neena
|
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Rahasya Romancha Series]]'' || Hoichoi ||
|
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Mahabharat Murders]]'' || Hoichoi || Ruksana Ahmed
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka Sarkar Exclusive: 'ছেলেরা গা ঝেড়ে ফেলতে পারে, মেয়েরা...'কেন বললেন প্রিয়াঙ্কা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/ott/video/priyanka-sarkar-aka-ruksana-mahabharat-murders-web-series-says-men-can-let-go-things-easily-women-are-more-vulnerable-and-overthinks-exclusive-suc-soc-372850-2022-05-11 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Lojja]]'' || Hoichoi ||
|
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Chhotolok]]'' || Zee5 || Mallika Das
|
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Lojja Season 2]]'' || Hoichoi ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|3357605}}
{{Commons category}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Priyanka}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Falakata

2026-03-25T04:34:11Z

JeffreyChallis6: quick update

{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Falakata
| official_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline = Falakatacommunityhall.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = COMMUNITY HALL
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|26.53|N|89.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = [[Falakata Municipality]]
| leader_title1 = Chairman
| leader_name1 = Pradip Muhuri ([[Trinamool Congress|AITC]])
| leader_title2 = Vice Chairman
| leader_name2 = Ruma Ray Sarkar ([[Trinamool Congress|AITC]])
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]]
| leader_name3 = [[Manoj Tigga]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title4 = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name4 = [[Dipak Barman]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 67.73
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 88
| population_total = 55,039
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 812
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code of Falakata|735211]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency|Alipurduars]]
| website = {{URL|falakatamunicipality.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Falakata Assembly constituency|Falakata]]
}}

'''Falakata''' is a city and a municipality near [[Jaldhaka River]] in the [[Alipurduar subdivision]] of the [[Alipurduar district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/new-civic-bodies-for-jalpaiguri-and-alipurduar-districts/cid/1821504|title=Two new civic bodies for Jalpaiguri and Alipurduar districts}}</ref><ref>[http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm District-wise list of statutory towns] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041827/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

==Civic administration==
Falakata is governed mainly by Falakata municipality. Falakata Municipality covers Falakata-I & II panchayats and parts of Parengerpar and Guabarnagar panchayats of Falakata block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/west-bengal/north-bengal/district-of-jalpaiguri-got-2-new-municipalities-in-falakata-and-mathabhanga/cid/1291302|title=District of Jalpaiguri got 2 new municipalities in Falakata and Mathabhanga}}</ref>

===Police station===
Falakata police has jurisdiction over Falakata CD block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 7 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
Headquarters of Falakata CD block is at Falakata.<ref name=map>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, Fifth page, map of Jalpaiguri district| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 7 July 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Falakata had a population of 19716 of which 10,022 are males while 9,694 are females. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Falakata has an average literacy rate of 86.01%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 89.48%, and female literacy is 82.42%. In Falakata, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

In 2021, Falakata municipality was formed covering Falakata-I & II panchayats and parts of Parengerpar and Guabarnagar panchayats of Falakata block. The population of the newly formed municipality was 55,039.
===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Falakata Town (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1= 93.9
|color1 = red
|label2= [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2 = 4.86
|color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Bhojpuri language | Bhojpuri]]
|value3 = 0.29
|color3 = yellow
|label4 = Others
|value4 =0.58
|color4 = white
}}

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=390| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|40|0|N|89|19|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the western portion of Alipurdar subdivision (including Madarihat-Birpara, Falakata and Alipuduar I CD blocks) in Alipurduar district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|31|31|N|89|32|36|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Alipurduar Railway Junction| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Alipurduar Railway Junction]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|31|12|N|89|33|36|E}}| label-pos2=bottom|label2=Bholar Dabri| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Bholar Dabri]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|32|24|N|89|32|24|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3=Chechakhata| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Chechakhata]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|31|48|N|89|12|0|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Falakata| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= Falakata (CT)|shape-color4=black| label-size4=13|label-color4=black 
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|41|55|N|89|4|57|E}}| label-pos5=bottom|label5=Jagijhora Barabak| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Jagijhora Barabak]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|36|52|N|89|8|36|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Jateswar| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Jateswar]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|42|0|N|89|17|0|E}}| label-pos7=top|label7=Madarihat| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Madarihat]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|32|37|N|89|11|40|E}}| label-pos8=top|label8=Parangarpar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Parangarpar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|33|21|N|89|32|5|E}}| label-pos9=top|label9=Paschim Jitpur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Paschim Jitpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|43|10|N|89|4|39|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10= Sisha Jumrha| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Sisha Jumrha]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|30|0|N|89|30|0|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Birpara| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Birpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|27|30|N|89|31|37|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Alipurduar| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Alipurduar]] (M) | shape-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|43|40|N|89|8|11|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Birpara TG| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Birpara Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|28|35|N|89|24|20|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Pachkalguri| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Pachkalguri]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|49|48|N|89|18|36|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Totopara| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Totopara]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|29|54|N|89|22|32|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16=Sonapur| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Sonapur, Alipurduar]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|39|35|N|89|15|27|E}}| label-pos17= left |label17= Aryaman TE | numbered17=TE| mark-title17= [[Aryaman Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color17=#87A96B
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|39|27|N|89|16|34|E}}| label-pos18=bottom|label18=Jaldapara |labela18= National| labelb18= Park| numbered18=NP| mark-title18= [[Jaldapara National Park]] (NP)| shape-color18=#228B22
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|33|0|N|89|16|0|E}}| label19= Khairbari |labela19= Reserved |labelb19= Forest| label-color19 = #C42222 | label-angle19=0| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|46|20|N|89|16|30|E}}| label20= Titi |labela20= Reserved |labelb20= Forest| label-color20 = #C42222 | label-angle20=0| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|46|50|N|89|19|0|E}}|label21= Torsha River| label-color21 = #77A1CB| label-angle21=95| label-pos21=top| label-size21=10| mark-size21=0| mark-title21=none
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|29|0|N|89|6|0|E}}|label22= Jaldhaka River| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=30| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22=none
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|47|2|N|89|6|20|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Bandapani TG| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Bandapani Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color23= #A42222
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|46|5|N|89|6|17|E}}| label-pos24=right|label24=Dheklapara TG| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Dheklapara Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color24= #A42222
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|52|30|N|89|15|30|E}}|arc-textA= BHUTAN| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=0 | arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=1.5}}

===Location===
Falakata is located at {{Coord|26.53|N|89.2|E|}} It has an average elevation of 88 metres (288 feet). Mujnai is the main river. Falakata is surrounded by rich forests, corn fields and the nearby Kunjanagar Eco-Park.

===Area overview===
Alipurduar district is covered by two maps. It is an extensive area in the eastern end of the [[Dooars]] in West Bengal. It is undulating country, largely forested, with numerous rivers flowing down from the outer ranges of the [[Himalayas]] in Bhutan. It is a predominantly rural area with 79.38% of the population living in the rural areas. The district has 1 municipal town and 20 census towns and that means that 20.62% of the population lives in urban areas. The scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, taken together, form more than half the population in all the six community development blocks in the district. There is a high concentration of tribal people (scheduled tribes) in the three northern blocks of the district.<ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 29 June 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, page 13 Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 18 June 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Education==
[[Falakata College]] is an arts college. There is a government Polytechnic College at Baganbari, Falakata. Falakata High School is the oldest school of Falakata, nearly 2500 students studies every year, offering science, commerce, and arts streams at 10+2 levels. Falakata Girls' High School, Parangerpar Shishu Kalyan High School, Falakata Subhash Girls' High School, Jadav Pally High School are the other school in Falakata Town. All schools are recognized by West Bengal State Board ([[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|WBBSE]]/[[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|WBCHSE]]). Raymond Memorial Higher Secondary School is an English medium, Christian minority school, with almost 2,200 students, run by the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] since 1949. It is a co-educational day-boarding school with classes from nursery to 12th grade, offering science, commerce and arts streams at the +2 levels. The school is recognized by The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, New Delhi ([[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|ICSE]]/[[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|ISC]]). Falakata has two more co-ed English medium schools, one being Techno India and the other being Morning Star. There are many government primary schools provides free education for poor children. On another hand, private primary schools are growing day by day. Usha Academy, Kidzee and Little Laurates are the kindergarten schools at Falakata.

==Healthcare==
Falakata Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Falakata, is the major government medical facility in the Falakata CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 July 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

Falakata Super Specialty Hospital, with 30 beds each male and female, is the major Government medical facility in the Falakata CD block now.

==Transport==
[[Falakata Railway Station]] serves the town. Trains available for [[Kolkata]], Delhi, Guwahati, Siliguri, Agartala etc. Buses and Public Transportation available for Alipurduar, Cooch Behar, Siliguri, Jalpaiguri, Tufanganj, Dinhata, Jorai, Barobisa, Jaigaon, Mathabhanga, Jaldapara, Maynaguri, Birpara, [[Banarhat]], [[Malbazar]], [[Sevoke]]. NBSTC bus depot is one of the popular bus station in this area. Buses for Kolkata, Malda, Berhampore, Farakka Assam, available from here. Falakata Taxi Stand is also available for Private Journeys.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Alipurduar district}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Alipurduar district]]

Attara Kacheri

2026-03-22T14:44:30Z

JeffreyChallis6: Started Initial Article From Scratch

{{short description|Seat of the High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox building
| former_names = Public Offices Building
| alternate_names = Karnataka High Court Building
| image = High_Court_of_Karnataka,_Bangalore_MMK.jpg
| caption = West [[façade]], facing Dr. B R Ambedkar Road
| name = Attara Kacheri
| native_name_lang = kn
| location = [[Cubbon Park]], [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| construction_start_date = 1864
| completion_date = 1868
| architect = [[Richard Hieram Sankey]]
| cost = {{INR convert|427980}}
| public_transit = {{Plainlist|
*'''[[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]] bus stops:''' Vidhana Soudha Vidhana Soudha metro station M. S. Building
*'''[[Namma Metro]]:'''
{{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|broute|X}} [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Station, Vidhana Soudha metro station]]
}}
| architectural_style = [[Neoclassical architecture|Neo-classical]]
| main_contractor = [[Arcot Narrainswamy Mudaliar]]
| material = [[Gneiss]] and [[brick]] in [[chunam]]
}}

'''Attara Kacheri''' ({{IPA|kn|ˌʌˈtɑːrɑː kəˈtʃeːrɪ|audio=Attara Kacheri pronunciation.ogg}}, formerly the '''Old Public Offices Building''') in [[Bangalore]], [[India]], is the seat of the principal [[Bench (law)|bench]] of the [[Karnataka High Court]], the highest judicial authority in the state of [[Karnataka]]. It is a [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] red-painted stone-and-brick building in [[Cubbon Park]], located on Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Road opposite the [[Vidhana Soudha]]. It previously housed the secretariat of the [[princely state]] of [[Kingdom of Mysore#Princely state|Mysore]] and then that of independent [[India]]'s [[Mysore State]].

== Name ==
In 1699, [[Chikka Devaraja|Chikka Devaraja Wadiyar]], King of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], sent an embassy to the court of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]], then at [[Ahmednagar]], to ensure the continuity of friendly relations between the two states after the death of Kasim Khan, the Mughal governor of [[Sira Subah|Sira]], with whom the Wadiyar had had a personal friendship. At Aurangzeb's court the ambassadors observed that administrative functions were divided into eighteen departments; inspired by this, the Wadiyar reorganised his own government similarly.{{sfn|M. Fazlul Hasan|1970|pp=121-122}} The secretariat thus came to be called ''Attara Kacheri'', with ''Attara'' meaning 'eighteen' and ''Kacheri'' meaning 'department' in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].<ref name="ET" />{{sfn|A. Satyanarayana|1996|p=103}}

The Mysore secretariat moved into the building, which was called the Public Offices Building, upon its completion in 1868.<ref name="Nair2002">{{Cite journal |last=Nair |first=Janaki |date=November 2002 |title=Past Perfect: Architecture and Public Life in Bangalore |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0021911800007683/type/journal_article |url-status=live |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=1205–1236 |doi=10.2307/3096440 |issn=0021-9118 |jstor=3096440 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105165103/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/past-perfect-architecture-and-public-life-in-bangalore/39533D65176FFCE200EF1E3972972600 |archive-date=2021-01-05 |access-date=2021-01-03|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Over time, the building itself began to be called Attara Kacheri.<ref name="ET">{{Cite news|title=Attara Kacheri: Building that housed 18 public departments made way for Karnataka High Court|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/attara-kacheri-building-that-housed-18-public-departments-made-way-for-karnataka-high-court/articleshow/48713221.cms|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-date=2020-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306030513/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/attara-kacheri-building-that-housed-18-public-departments-made-way-for-karnataka-high-court/articleshow/48713221.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The building was also called 'Bowring Buildings' and 'Bowring Attara Kacheri', after the British commissioner of Mysore, [[Lewin Bentham Bowring]], who ordered its construction.<ref name="ET" />

== History ==
[[Nagar revolt|A revolt]] occurred in many parts of the Kingdom of Mysore in 1830, as a consequence of which [[Lord William Bentinck]], the [[East India Company]]'s governor-general, deprived the Wadiyar of Mysore of administrative powers in 1831, and vested the government in a British Commission. Ten of the eighteen departments of Mysore's secretariat – the Commissioner's office, the Petition Department, the Judicial Court, the treasury, the cavalry, the infantry, the Police Department, the Postal Department, the Huzur office, and the department of sandalwood – were shifted to Bangalore, where they functioned in [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu Sultan's]] [[Tipu Sultan's Summer Palace|summer palace]], which was the only building large enough to accommodate them all. The remaining eight departments, which exclusively concerned royal affairs, stayed at Mysore.<ref name="ET" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Shekhar|first=Divya|title=How the majestic Tipu Sultan Palace was once the hub of administration and management activities|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-the-majestic-tipu-sultan-palace-was-once-the-hub-of-administration-and-management-activities/articleshow/66542173.cms|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-date=2019-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922101318/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-the-majestic-tipu-sultan-palace-was-once-the-hub-of-administration-and-management-activities/articleshow/66542173.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|M. Fazlul Hasan|1970|pp=239, 240}}

Over time, the palace was found unsuitable due to lack of space, as the offices had grown significantly since they were first shifted there, and because of fears of the building collapsing. [[Lewin Bentham Bowring]], who took charge as Commissioner in 1862, was concerned about the safety of the treasury (worth ten lakh rupees) stored in the aging palace.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBDkVEmLf0cC&q=athara+cutchery&pg=PA12 |title=Bangalore – Mysore |date=1994 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-0-86311-431-1 |language=en |access-date=2021-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105165038/https://books.google.com/books?id=cBDkVEmLf0cC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA12&dq=athara+cutchery&hl=en |archive-date=2021-01-05 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|M. Fazlul Hasan|1970|p=242}}{{sfn|Ba. Na. Sundara Rao|1985|p=372}} Additionally, the palace was at a distance from [[Bangalore Cantonment|the British cantonment]], and the scattered nature of offices in the palace campus was considered a nuisance.<ref name="Sankey">{{Cite book|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=PaEEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&pg=GBS.PA11-IA8|title=Professional Papers on Indian Engineering (Second series)|publisher=Thomason College Press|year=1873|isbn=|editor-last=Lang|editor-first=A. M.|location=|pages=1–7|chapter=''No. LXIII—Offices of the Mysore Government at Bangalore by [[Richard Hieram Sankey|Lieut-Col. R. H. Sankey]], [[Royal Engineers|R.E.]], Chief Engineer, Mysore''|access-date=2021-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630173946/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=PaEEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&pg=GBS.PA11-IA8|archive-date=2021-06-30|url-status=live|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
[[File:RH Sankey.jpg|thumb|Richard Hieram Sankey, the chief engineer of the project]]
Plans for a new building housing all offices under one roof had been drawn up in 1857, but the project could not proceed because of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] that year. Further plans had been drawn up in 1860, but were rejected by the Government of India. A revised plan by [[Richard Hieram Sankey|Richard Sankey]], the chief engineer of Mysore, was accepted, and Bowring ordered the construction to begin.<ref name="Sankey" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2012-02-13|title=Why we shouldn't forget Sankey...|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/226898/why-we-shouldnt-forget-sankey.html|access-date=2021-01-01|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=2020-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102064352/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/226898/why-we-shouldnt-forget-sankey.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Shekhar|first=Divya|title=Bengaluru's Sankey Tank: The water body built to beat famine in 1870s|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bengalurus-sankey-tank-the-water-body-built-to-beat-famine-in-1870s/articleshow/49756164.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105165104/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bengalurus-sankey-tank-the-water-body-built-to-beat-famine-in-1870s/articleshow/49756164.cms|archive-date=2021-01-05}}</ref>

The contract for building the structure was awarded to Messrs. Wallace and Co., who sub-contracted the work to [[Arcot Narrainswamy Mudaliar]] and Bansilal Ramrathan.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2012-08-13|title=A journey from rags to riches|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/271338/a-journey-rags-riches.html|access-date=2021-01-01|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=2020-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201061837/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/271338/a-journey-rags-riches.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction began in October 1864. The site, originally chosen by [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]], facing the parade grounds of the [[Bangalore Cantonment]], had several boulders and nullahs (large ravines), and Sankey initially found it seemingly "hopeless to do more than provide standing ground for the work". Solutions were found in building a foundation fourteen feet deep where the nullahs once were, and using large stone slabs (each around six to nine feet long) to distribute the weight of the building. Sankey reported facing some difficulties with the workers on the site, who poured mortar down the plumbing "once or twice... when the walls were well up, thus giving most serious trouble".<ref name="Sankey" /> Nevertheless, construction was completed in April 1868, at a total cost of Rs. 4,27,980,<ref name="ET" /> of which Rs. 3,68,981 was for the construction and the rest for purchase and levelling of the land.<ref name="Sankey" /><ref name=":3" /> An [[equestrian statue of Mark Cubbon]] was installed in front of the building during construction, in March 1866.{{sfn|M. Fazlul Hasan|1970|p=242}} There were two expansions of the building — an annex was built in 1917 and a major extension of the entire building took place in 1995, in the same architectural style as the original.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Dasharathi|first=Poornima|date=2008-11-10|title=Reminder of a bygone era|url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/596-high-court-attara-kacheri-596|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Citizen Matters, Bengaluru|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107043940/https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/596-high-court-attara-kacheri-596|url-status=live}}</ref> Cubbon's equestrian statue was moved to the Band Stand inside Cubbon Park in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fathima |first=Iffath |date=2019-10-29 |title=Lord Cubbon’s new home will now be park bandstand |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/Oct/29/lord-cubbons-new-home-will-now-be-park-bandstand-2054128.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Use ===
[[File:Attara_Katcheri,_Bangalore_(Early_1900s),_Tucks_Post_Card.jpg|thumb|271x271px|Attara Kacheri in the early 1900s|left]]
Upon the completion of construction in 1868, the administrative departments of the princely state were shifted to the building, and Tipu's palace was turned over to the city's municipality. Apart from the secretariat, the building housed the Chief Court of Mysore and the office of the Commissioner of Mysore. In 1881 came 'Rendition' — the British Indian government returned the administration of the Mysore state to the Wadiyars. The responsibilities of the Commissioner were taken over by the [[List of Diwans of Mysore|''Dewans'' of Mysore]], who maintained their office in Attara Kacheri.<ref name="Sankey" /><ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gopakumar|first=Govind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6TXDwAAQBAJ&q=offices+of+the+mysore+government&pg=PA44|title=Installing Automobility: Emerging Politics of Mobility and Streets in Indian Cities|date=2020|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-53891-6|language=en|access-date=2021-02-10|archive-date=2021-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630174014/https://books.google.com/books?id=n6TXDwAAQBAJ&q=offices+of+the+mysore+government&pg=PA44|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|M. Fazlul Hasan|1970|pp=244, 245}} The Mysore Legislative Council was carved out of the hitherto unicameral Mysore Representative Assembly as an [[upper house]] in 1907; it held its meetings on the third floor of Attara Kacheri.<ref name="Nair2002" /><ref name="gazetteer">Rao, C. Hayavadana (ed.). (1929). ''Mysore Gazetteer'', Vol. IV, Bangalore: Government Press, pp.96-97.</ref>{{sfn|M. Fazlul Hasan|1970|p=245}}

Eventually, the government offices outgrew Attara Kacheri as well; some of them were moved to another building – the [[New Public Offices, Bengaluru|New Public Offices]] on Nrupathunga Road – which was opened in 1921.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Meera |date=9 February 2023 |title=How this secretariat building came to be |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/how-this-secretariat-building-came-to-be-1189204.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501134510/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/how-this-secretariat-building-came-to-be-1189204.html |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

==== After Indian independence ====
The building continued to house the High Court and secretariat after Mysore acceded to India in 1947.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|last=Shekhar|first=Divya|title=The story behind Vidhana Soudha|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/the-story-behind-vidhana-soudha/articleshow/60950153.cms|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-date=2018-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408112713/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/the-story-behind-vidhana-soudha/articleshow/60950153.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Bangalore became the capital of the new Mysore State; on 24 October 1947, Attara Kacheri was a site of great public jubilation as a new cabinet composed of elected representatives was sworn in.{{sfn|M. Fazlul Hasan|1970|pp=245-246}} Each house of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of Mysore]] held its sessions in the third floor of Attara Kacheri, with joint sessions being held in the [[Bangalore Town Hall]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kushalappa |first=Mookonda |date=24 October 2017 |title=The people's palace |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/639023/peoples-palace.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026090539/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/639023/peoples-palace.html |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> The court occupied the entire building after the legislature and the secretariat shifted to the newly built Vidhana Soudha in 1956.{{sfn|M. Fazlul Hasan|1970|p=242}}

The court was renamed the High Court of Karnataka when the name of the state of Mysore was changed to ''Karnataka'' in 1973.<ref name="ET" />

=== Threats of demolition ===

==== 1950s ====
In the early 1950s, [[K. Hanumanthaiah|Kengal Hanumanthaiah]], [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister of Mysore]], wanted to demolish the Attara Kacheri, seeing it as a vestige of [[colonialism]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Bar & Bench|title=Reporter's Diary: The Indianness and Wisdom of the Constitution|url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/reporters-diary-the-indianness-and-wisdom-of-the-constitution|access-date=2021-01-01|website=Bar and Bench – Indian Legal news|date=18 December 2018 |language=en|archive-date=2021-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105165100/https://www.barandbench.com/columns/reporters-diary-the-indianness-and-wisdom-of-the-constitution|url-status=live}}</ref> Lacking the requisite permission, he instead ordered the building of the monumental [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian-style]] [[legislature]] building, the [[Vidhana Soudha]], at a slight elevation directly opposite the Attara Kacheri.<ref name="Nair2002" /><ref name=":10" /> A government committee probing concerns of overspending on the Vidhana Soudha deduced that Hanumanthaiah did so in order to "vanquish visually the Attara Kacheri building, a symbol of imperial power, in length, height and majesty."<ref name="Nair2002" />

==== 1980s ====
{{Quote box
| quote = "[The Attara Kacheri is] precious cultural heritage and a part of an ancient legacy which any city would treasure... a symbolic connecting chord for the future, and its destruction snaps an emotional experience vital to a sense of belonging to this beautiful city."
| source = The petitioners in ''B. V. Narayan Reddy v. State of Karnataka''
| align = right
| width = 20%
| bgcolor = AliceBlue
}}

On 24 March 1982, the Government of Karnataka approved the demolition of the Attara Kacheri and the construction of a new court building on the site.<ref name="Nair2002" /> A [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] (PIL) was filed in the Karnataka High Court, pleading for the demolition to be cancelled. The case – ''B. V. Narayan Reddy v. State of Karnataka'' – was heard in the same building that was slated to be demolished.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Paramand |date=1985 |title=Public Interest Litigation |url=http://14.139.60.116:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3486/1/008_1985_Public%20Interest%20Litigation.pdf |journal=[[Annual Survey of Indian Law]] |volume=XXI |issue= |page=171 |access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite news|title=Will take legal route if Telangana government tries to dismantle Osmania General Hospital: INTACH|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-take-legal-route-if-telangana-government-tries-to-dismantle-osmania-general-hospital-intach/articleshow/48412041.cms|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-date=2021-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105165137/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-take-legal-route-if-telangana-government-tries-to-dismantle-osmania-general-hospital-intach/articleshow/48412041.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The High Court struck down the petition on the basis that it could not change the law to make it a duty for the government to protect heritage buildings. Hearing the appeal against the High Court's decision, the [[Supreme Court of India]] asked the state government to reconsider its proposal. In 1985, the proposal to demolish the building was dropped, and repair and expansion work begun.<ref name="ET" /><ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-05|title=The battle for Attara Kacheri – BANG – The Hindu|website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-battle-for-attara-kacheri/article3191027.ece|access-date=2021-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105110344/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-battle-for-attara-kacheri/article3191027.ece|archive-date=2021-01-05}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
[[File:High_Court_of_Karnataka.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Rear facade]]
The Attara Kacheri has two storeys. The walls of the bottom story are built of [[Gneiss|gneiss stone]] in [[chunam]] (a kind of Indian [[cement]]), and those of the upper story are built of [[brick]] in chunam. The main structure of the building is surrounded on all sides by [[portico]]es and [[veranda]]hs. The entire building is surfaced with [[plaster]] and painted with red [[ochre]]. The verandahs prevent direct sunlight from reaching much of the main body of the building; despite this, the rooms are well-lit and well-ventilated.<ref name="Sankey" />

The building is built in the [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] style, with [[Ionic order|Ionic]] porticoes on the facades of every wing, and with the wings connected by [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade-style]] lengths.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gadagkar|first=Rajita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olVuAAAAMAAJ&q=attara+kacheri|title=Bangalore & Karnataka|date=2005|publisher=Infinitum Pub.|isbn=978-81-902505-0-4|language=en|access-date=2021-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105165058/https://books.google.com/books?id=olVuAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=attara+kacheri&q=attara+kacheri&hl=en|archive-date=2021-01-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jayapal|first=Maya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEluAAAAMAAJ&q=Attara+Kacheri+ionic+porticos|title=Bangalore: The Story of a City|date=1997|publisher=Eastwest Books (Madras)|isbn=978-81-86852-09-5|language=en|access-date=2021-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105165056/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEluAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Attara+Kacheri+ionic+porticos&q=Attara+Kacheri+ionic+porticos&hl=en|archive-date=2021-01-05|url-status=live}}</ref> The porticoes on either sides of the central wing each have twelve Ionic columns.<ref name="Nair2002" /><ref name=":9" /> The tops of the roof tiles of the wings are modelled in the style of Grecian tiles.<ref name="Sankey" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book
|last = M. Fazlul Hasan
|title = Bangalore Through The Centuries
|date = 1970
|publisher = Historical Publications (Republished in 2023 by Metaform Design)
|isbn = 978-81-963415-0-3
|location = Bangalore}}
*{{Cite book
|last = A. Satyanarayana
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3jduAAAAMAAJ&q=athara+kacheri
|title = History of the Wodeyars of Mysore, 1610–1748
|date = 1996
|publisher = Directorate of Archaeology and Museums
|language = en
|archive-date = 2021-01-05
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210105165112/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jduAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=athara+kacheri&q=athara+kacheri&hl=en
|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Ba. Na. Sundara Rao
|title = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಇತಿಹಾಸ
|publisher = Ankita Pustaka
|year = 1985
|location = Bangalore
|language = Kannada
|trans-title = A History of Bengaluru
|lccn = 2012351011
|author-link = Ba. Na. Sundara Rao}}

[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures designed by Richard Hieram Sankey]]
[[Category:Karnataka High Court]]

Thappida Thala

2026-03-21T06:52:17Z

JeffreyChallis6: created first article needs work

{{short description|1978 film by K. Balachander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thappida Thala Thappu Thalangal
| image = Thappida Thala.jpg
| caption = VCD cover in Kannada
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| writer = K. Balachander
| producer = '''Kannada:''' B. A. Ramanujacharya Pandit B M. Venkatesh [[Chandulal Jain]] Prasanna Kumar '''Tamil:''' R. Venkataraman
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Rajinikanth]]|[[Saritha]]}}
| cinematography = [[B. S. Lokanath]]
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| studio = Lalitha Lakshmi Combines (Kannada) Premaalaya (Tamil)
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1978|10|06|Kannada|1978|10|30|Tamil|ref2=}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada Tamil
}}

'''''Thappida Thala''''' ({{audio|Kn-ತಪ್ಪಿದ ತಾಳ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{Translation|Wrong [[Tala (music)|talas]], figuratively "Impractial desires"}}) is a 1978 Indian [[romance film|romantic]] [[crime drama film]] directed by [[K. Balachander]], starring [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Saritha]] in her film debut.<ref name="news18">{{Cite web |date=1 November 2023 |title=Rajinikanth-starrer Thappu Thalangal Completes 45 Years Of Release |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rajinikanth-starrer-thappu-thalangal-completes-45-years-of-release-8643541.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106012626/https://www.news18.com/movies/rajinikanth-starrer-thappu-thalangal-completes-45-years-of-release-8643541.html |archive-date=6 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> It was simultaneously shot in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] with the latter version titled as '''''Thappu Thalangal''''' ({{IPA|ta|tappu taːɭaŋɡaɭ|pron}} {{Translation|Wrong talas}}).<ref name="NamanRamachandran">{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=83 |orig-date=2012}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Kazhukan]]'' (1979).<ref name="news18" /> The film was widely appreciated for the performances of Rajinikanth and Saritha.

== Plot ==
Sarasu is a prostitute and Devu is a hitman. On one of his nightly rounds, Devu is pursued by a cop and seeks refuge at Sarasu's house. They slowly fall in love with each other. Devu's has a rough relationship with his half-brother Soma, who keeps changing his partners and treats them bad.

Devu's assault on a trade union leader delivering medicine to a critically ill worker leads to a mishap. Watching the wailings of the widow of the worker, Devu is traumatised and breaks down at Sarasu's place. In an inspired moment, he suggests they remap their lives and chart a moral course. Sarasu is attracted by the notion of giving up prostitution and leading a normal life as Devu's wife, though she wonders if they'll be able to pull it off.

The couple go to great lengths to secure a job for Devu and lead a normal life, but there are too many skeletons in the closet. Devu is no longer feared for his might, and Sarasu's past clientele continue to haunt her. Sarasu gets a loan for Devu from Soma, who continues to harass her on that pretext. In a particularly traumatic sequence of events, Sarasu is raped by Soma as a helpless Devu watches, pinned down by Soma's henchmen. The couple resolve to repay Soma's loan, and Devu undertakes a botched robbery attempt. Devu is imprisoned and in his absence, Sarasu has an abortion. Soma, however, has a change of heart and tries to meet Devu in jail, but Devu refuses to talk to him.

Devu gets out of jail and finds out his child was stillborn because of Somu raping Sarasu. Sarasu has taken up prostitution again. Enraged, Devu goes to Soma's house and kills him. He then realises Soma is a changed man now and married to one of his previous partners. He gets arrested and on his way to jail, the police see Sarasu fighting with one of her "customers" and they arrest her too.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Devu<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Hari |date=20 July 2016 |title=Rajini's Big B-eautiful career |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thread/entertainment-variety/article8876672.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401152645/http://www.thehindu.com/thread/entertainment-variety/article8876672.ece |archive-date=1 April 2018 |access-date=1 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Saritha]] as Sarasu<ref name="NamanRamachandran" />
* [[Sundar Raj]] as Soma<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=24 December 2014 |title=K. Balachander left a mark on Kannada cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/k-balachander-left-a-mark-on-kannada-cinema/article6720093.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507051922/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/k-balachander-left-a-mark-on-kannada-cinema/article6720093.ece |archive-date=7 May 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* Shantaram<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shantaram-passes-away/articleshow/52500955.cms|title=Shantaram passes away|author=[[Bangalore Mirror]] Bureau|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 January 2017|access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref>
* [[M. S. Umesh|Umesh]]
* [[Pramila Joshai]] as Soma's wife
;Uncredited
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Amrit Lal<ref name="NamanRamachandran" />
* [[R. Sundaramoorthy]] as Sarasu's customer<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Thappida Thala |type=motion picture |language=kn |publisher=Lalitha Lakshmi Combines |year=1978}}</ref>{{rp|23:40:18–24:29}}
}}

== Soundtrack ==
All songs were written by [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]] in Kannada and [[Kannadasan]] in Tamil,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thapputhalangal Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Vijayabhaskar |url=https://mossymart.com/product/thapputhalangal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-vijayabhaskar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218132824/https://mossymart.com/product/thapputhalangal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-vijayabhaskar/ |archive-date=18 February 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=Mossymart |date=9 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 1978 |title=Thappu Thaalangal (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – Single |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/thappu-thaalangal-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1377695601 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231111095641/https://music.apple.com/us/album/thappu-thaalangal-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1377695601 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en-US}}</ref> and composed by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thappida Thala |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thappida-thala/EU,ltZAJNjQ_ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218132824/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thappida-thala/EU,ltZAJNjQ_ |archive-date=18 February 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Kannada
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thappida Thalagalu
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Yaathara Vichithra Baalu
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title3 = Olavinda Nalle
| extra3 = [[Vani Jairam]]
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Azhagana Ilamangai
| length1 = 3:25
| extra1 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| title3 = Thappu Thalangal
| length3 = 4:44
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title2 = Ennada Polladha
| length2 = 3:31
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| total_length = 11:40 
}}

== Reception ==
While ''Thappida Thala'' was a box office success,<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2013 |title=Deepika impresses Soundarya with her dedication |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/deepika-impresses-soundarya-with-her-dedication/articleshow/24341951.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411102734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/deepika-impresses-soundarya-with-her-dedication/articleshow/24341951.cms |archive-date=11 April 2024 |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2023 |title=ರಜನಿಕಾಂತ್ ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಭಿನಯಿಸಿದ ಕೊನೆಯ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಯಾವುದು? ಕನ್ನಡ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳಿಂದ ದೂರ ಉಳಿದಿದ್ದೇಕೆ ರಜನಿ? |url=https://kannadanews.today/sandalwood-news/actor-rajinikanth-last-acted-kannada-movie-why-he-stay-away-from-kannada-films/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606203810/https://kannadanews.today/sandalwood-news/actor-rajinikanth-last-acted-kannada-movie-why-he-stay-away-from-kannada-films/ |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=kannadanews.today |language=kn}}</ref> ''Thappu Thalangal'' was an average grosser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=1 November 2020 |title=எஸ்.பி.பி.யின் 'இதுக்குப் போயி அலட்டிக்கலாமா?'; பாலசந்தரின் சரியான தாளங்கள்... 'தப்புத்தாளங்கள்'! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/597096-42-years-of-thappputthalangal-6.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124130507/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/597096-42-years-of-thappputthalangal-6.html |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2019 |title=75ல் ஆரம்பம்; 78ல் 15 படங்கள் - ரஜினி வளர்ச்சியின் முதல் பாய்ச்சல் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/523287-1978-rajini-15-films.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502072405/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/523287-1978-rajini-15-films.html |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Reviewing the latter version, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 52 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2020 |title=விகடன் பொக்கிஷம்: ஒரு தீபாவளி... 11 படங்கள்! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/vikatan-pokkisham-11-pictures-to-a-diwali |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815135708/https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/vikatan-pokkisham-11-pictures-to-a-diwali |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that Rajinikanth "departs from his usual gimmicks, and gestures, proving himself to be an actor of great maturity".<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2025 |title=50 years of Rajinikanth: What 'The Hindu' film critics wrote about the superstar's performances |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/50-years-of-rajinikanth-from-apoorva-raagangal-to-coolie-what-the-hindu-critics-have-said-about-the-superstar-over-the-years/article69927797.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250814040245/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/50-years-of-rajinikanth-from-apoorva-raagangal-to-coolie-what-the-hindu-critics-have-said-about-the-superstar-over-the-years/article69927797.ece |archive-date=14 August 2025 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0155257|Thappu Thalangal}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|thappu_thalangal|Thappu Thalangal}}

{{K. Balachander}}

[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1978 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1978 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
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[[Category:Tamil-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Battle of Kandalur Salai

2026-03-16T10:18:48Z

JeffreyChallis6: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian naval battle off south Kerala c. 988 CE}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Kandalur salai Capture of Kandalur salai
| partof = Chola Expansions under Rajaraja I (late 10th century CE)
| image = Suchindram inscription of Rajaraja I.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Inscription of Chola emperor Rajaraja from [[Suchindram]], [[Kanyakumari]] (15th regnal year)
| date = {{circa}} 988 CE<ref name=":32" />
| place = Kandalur, south [[Kerala]]
| casus =
| territory = Fall of Kandalur salai and annexation by Cholas
| result = Decisive [[Chola]] victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Chola_flag.png}}[[Chola Empire]]
| combatant2 = * Members of Kandalur salai
* [[Chera Perumal dynasty|Chera Kingdom (Mahodayapuram)]] (?) or {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}}[[Pandya dynasty|Pandya Kingdom]] (?)
| commander1 = * {{flagicon image|Chola_flag.png}}[[Rajaraja Chola I]]
| commander2 = * Pandya ruler (?)
* Bhaskara Ravi "Manukuladitya" (?)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yE85EAAAQBAJ&dq=chola+army+sri+lanka+garrisons&pg=PT189 |title=A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare |date= |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |isbn=9781000432121 |pages=189-90}}</ref>
| units1 = * {{flagicon image|Chola_flag.png}} [[Chola army|Chola Army]] (?)
*{{flagicon image|Chola_flag.png}} [[Chola Navy]]
| units2 = * Chera Army (?)
* Chera Navy (?)
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Destruction of Kandalur Salai
| notes =
}}

'''The battle of Kandalur salai''' (c. 988 CE<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=115–117 and 135 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>), also spelled '''Kanthaloor salai''', was a decisive military assault carried out the [[Chola Empire|Cholas]] under [[Raja Raja Chola I|Rajaraja I]] (985—1014 CE) against the "salai" at Kandalur in south [[Kerala]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772?cc=us&lang=en& |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |editor-last=Karashima |editor-first=Noburu |pages=125-26 |chapter=The Balance of Two Powers}}</ref> The exact location of Kandalur, somewhere south [[History of Kerala|Kerala]], is a subject of scholarly debate.<ref name=":32" /> The phrase "Kandalur salai kalamaruttaruli" is again used to refer to the same feat in the reigns of three later Chola rulers — [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra]], [[Rajadhiraja Chola|Rajadhiraja]] and [[Kulottunga I|Kulottunga]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |date=1970 |title=Kandalur Salai: New Light on the Nature of Aryan Expansion in South India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141058 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=32 |pages=125–136 |issn=}}</ref>

The battle is sometimes assumed to be identical with the "conquest of [[Vizhinjam]] by a general of [[Rajaraja I|Rajaraja [I]]]", which occurred prior to the "burning of [[History of Sri Lanka|Lanka]]", as described in the Tiruvalangadu Plates.<ref name=":32" />

== Assessment of the phrase ==

=== Different interpretations ===
Early scholars expressed differing views regarding the character of the Kandalur salai, variously identifying it as a Brahmin feeding house, a royal hall, or a naval base.<ref name=":32" /> Consequently, the meaning of the phrase "Kandalur salai kalamaruttaruli" was also interpreted in different ways.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":s24">{{Cite book |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-early-medieval-in-south-india-9780198069140 |title=The Early Medieval in South India |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |pages=159-60 |chapter=Epigraphy in the Historiography of Kerala}}</ref>
# [[E. Hultzsch]]<ref name=":0" />
#* "Destroyed ships [kalam] at Kandalur"<ref name=":0" /> or
#* "Cut the vessel [kalam] in the hall at Kandalur"<ref name=":0" /> or
#* "Built a jewell-like hall at Kandalur"<ref name=":0" />
# [[T. A. Gopinatha Rao]] -
#* "Transferred the kalam [Brahmin feeding] at Kandalur Feeding House [salai]"<ref name=":0" />
#* "Discontinued the kalam [Brahmin feeding] at Kandalur Feeding House [salai]"<ref name=":0" />
# Desikavinayakam Pillai - "Regulated of the kalam [Brahmin feeding] at Kandalur Feeding House [salai]"<ref name=":0" />
#[[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] - "Destroyed ships [kalam] at Kandalur" (?)<ref name=":0" />
# Elamkulam P. N. Kunjan Pillai - "Discontinued/Destroyed the Brahmin feeding [kalam] at Kandalur"<ref name=":0" />
# M. G. S. Narayanan/[[Kesavan Veluthat]] - "Destroyed the Brahmin ghatika [=salai; military training centre] at Kandalur".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":s24" /> Narayanan identified the Tamil term "kalam" with Sanskrit "ghatika" or "ghataka" (also kazhakam/kalam in Tamil or Malayalam). The salai, or the ghatika, was a distinctive medieval institution — a multipurpose training centre for celibate, arms-bearing [[Brahmins]] (called "Chathar" or "Chathirar"), providing instruction in both material and spiritual fields.<ref name=":0" /> This included military training to prepare them for service under a chieftain or king, as well as Vedic and sastraic studies.<ref name=":0" /> The "salais" were considered prized possessions, as they are said to have been sacked by many medieval rulers of southern India.<ref name=":32" />
# Chengam hero stone inscription - "Destroyed ships [kalam] at Kandalur"<ref name="hindu1" />

== Location of Kandalur Salai ==
The exact location of Kandalur remains a subject of scholarly debate. It is possible that the original Kandalur salai was situated near the [[Ay dynasty|Ay]] headquarters at [[Vizhinjam]], and that the deity (the Kandalur Mahadeva) was later relocated to [[Trivandrum]] following the Chola raids of the tenth and eleventh centuries.<ref name=":32" />

* Original (?) location:— A village approximately 20 km east of Vizhinjam, with a [[Valiyasala Mahadeva Temple|Shiva temple]] known as "Kandalur Salai".<ref name=":32" />
* Shifted (?) location:— Within the city of [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]] (Valiya Salai or Valiassala Temple).<ref name=":32" />

== Raid by Rajaraja I (c. 988 CE) ==
The capture of the Kandalur salai on the Malabar Coast was the first military success of emperor [[Rajaraja I|Rajaraja]]'s reign. This victory was commemorated in the well-known phrase "Kandalur salai kalamarutta", which precedes Rajaraja's name in several of his inscriptions from the 4th regnal year (988 CE) onwards.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4293/page/n8/mode/1up |title=The Colas |publisher=University of Madras |year=1955 |edition=Revised 2nd |location=Madras |pages=169-70}}</ref>

* The Kandalur salai belonged to the [[Ay dynasty|Ay ruler]], a vassal of the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] king at [[Madurai]], in the mid-860s (865 CE).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":S">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vp0SW6Gj3IC |title=Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala |publisher=Kerala Historical Society |year=1972 |location=Trivandrum |pages=10–13, 45 |chapter=Vikramaditya Varaguna and Srimulavasa Vihara}}</ref> It is possible that, at the time of the Chola raid, the salai was under the control of the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|medieval Chera ruler of Kerala]], Bhaskara Ravi. If so, the battle may be viewed as part of Rajaraja's early campaigns against the Cheras, the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]], and the rulers of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=":42" />
* However, some historians argue that the Kandalur salai, which is claimed in later Chola inscriptions (c. 1048 CE) to have belonged to the Cheras of Kerala, may in fact have been held by the Pandyas when it was attacked by Rajaraja I.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/history-south-india-prehistoric-times-fall-vijayanagar |title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagara |date=1955 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=164-9}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Venkayya |first=V. |title=Introduction |journal=South Indian Inscriptions |location=Madras |volume=2 |page=2}}</ref>

=== Chengam hero stone inscription ===
A hero-stone inscription, dated to the fourteenth regnal year of Rajaraja I, was unearthed at Chengam in [[Tiruvannamalai]] in November 2009. It supports the view that a military engagement did indeed take place at Kandalur.<ref name="hindu1">{{cite web |last=Subramanian |first=T. S. |date=2009-11-27 |title=Unearthed Stone Ends Debate |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Unearthed-stone-ends-debate/article15940697.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624131513/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Unearthed-stone-ends-debate/article15940697.ece |archive-date=24 June 2018 |website=The Hindu |publisher=}}</ref> The inscription contains a eulogy describing Rajaraja I as having "beheaded the Malai Alarkal of Kandalur Salai".<ref name="hindu1" /> According to the newspaper report, it also states that Rajaraja I built a mantapa platform there, split in two a naval vessel belonging to the Chera king, and destroyed a number of "boats".<ref name="hindu1" />

== References to Kandalur salai ==
A range of inscriptional and literary sources refer to the Kandalur salai. The earliest reference occurs in 865/66 CE in the Trivandrum Huzur Office or Parthivapuram Plates of the [[Ay dynasty|Ay]] ruler Karunanthadakkan Srivallabha, a vassal of the Pandya king [[Srimara Srivallabha]].<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":0" /> The first Chola reference to the fall of the Kandalur salai appears in 988 CE, in the phrase "Kandalur salai kalamarutta".<ref name=":32" />

Inscriptional references to Chola campaigns in Kerala under [[Rajadhiraja Chola|Rajadhiraja]] or [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra]], dated to around 1018–19 CE, state that the Cholas "confined the undaunted king of Venatu to Che[ra]natu … and put on a fresh garland of [[Thiruvanchikulam Temple|Vanchi]] after capturing Kantalur Salai, while the strong Villavan [the Chera king] hid himself in terror inside the jungle".''<ref name=":34" />'' The Velur and Tiruppangili inscriptions of Rajadhiraja I Chola mention the Kandalur salai as "Cheralan Velaikkelu Kantalur Chalai" (30th regnal year; 1048 CE).''<ref name=":342">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=135-36 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>'' The Kalingattupparani (III.21) notably records [[Kulottunga I|Kulottunga Chola]]'s victory over the Chera Bow Emblem and the Chola capture of Kandalur Salai, while the inscriptions of Jatavarman Parakrama Pandya refer to the capture of Kandalur Salai (c. 1102–c. 1118 CE) on behalf of his Chola overlord, [[Vikrama Chola]].''<ref name=":34">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=125–130 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:988]]
[[Category:10th century in India]]
[[Category:Medieval Kerala]]
[[Category:980s conflicts|Kandalur Salai]]
[[Category:Naval history of India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Chera dynasty]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Chola Empire|Kandalur Salai]]
[[Category:Military orders (monastic society)]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving the Chola Empire]]

2012 Durand Cup

2026-03-11T03:27:57Z

JeffreyChallis6: Started New Page With Sources

{{Short description|125th season of the Durand Cup}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = Durand Cup
| other_titles =
| image =
| caption =
| country = India
| num_teams = 12
| winners = [[Air India FC|Air India]]
| count = 1
| second = [[Dodsal F.C.|Dodsal]]
| matches = 27
| goals = 43
| scoring_leader = {{flagicon|IND}} M. Kamei (3)
| prev_season = [[2011 Durand Cup|2011]]
| next_season = [[2013 Durand Cup|2013]]
}}

The '''2012 Durand Cup''' was the 125th season of the [[Durand Cup]], the third oldest football tournament in the world, which is a knock-out competition held in [[India]]. [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] were the current holders, having beaten [[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]] in the [[2011 Durand Cup#Finals|2011 Final]].

The tournament was held from 16 August to 1 September with all matches at the [[Ambedkar Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=DurandCupStart>{{cite web|last=Choudhury|first=Arunava|title=125th Durand Cup: Problems at the start of India's oldest tournament|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/2012/08/16/125th-durand-cup-problems-at-the-start-of-indias-oldest-tournament/|work=Sportskeeda|date=16 August 2012 |access-date=16 August 2012}}</ref>

[[Air India FC|Air India]] won the 2012 Durand Cup in the [[2012 Durand Cup Final|final]] after beating [[Dodsal F.C.|Dodsal]] 3–2 on penalties after the match ended 0–0 after 120 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India win Durand Cup|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Air-India-win-Durand-Cup/articleshow/16160571.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103124019/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-02/top-stories/33548200_1_durand-cup-dodsal-mumbai-air-india|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 September 2012 |access-date=2 September 2012}}</ref>

==Preliminary round==

===Round 1===
{{football box collapsible
|bg=eeeeee
|date = 16 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = [[Delhi United FC|Delhi United]]
|score = 2–2
|aet =yes
|penaltyscore=7–6
|report = [http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/durand_cup_2012/preliminary.html Report]
|team2 = '''[[Indian Navy Sports Club|Indian Navy]]'''
|goals1 = [[Monu Choudhury|Choudhury]] {{goal|32}} [[Manoj Joshi (footballer)|Joshi]] {{goal|51}}
|goals2 = [[Dalraj Singh|Singh]] {{goal|28}} [[P.S. Sumesh|Sumesh]] {{goal|52}}
|penalty1=
|penalty2=
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 16 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = [[Army Green football team|Army Green]]
|score = 2–0
|aet =
|report = [http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/durand_cup_2012/preliminary.html Report]
|team2 = '''[[J&K Bank Football Club|J&K Bank]]'''
|goals1 = [[Jonathan Singh|Singh]] {{goal|75||87}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|bg=eeeeee
|date = 17 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = [[JCT Football Academy|JCT Academy]]
|score = 2–1
|report = [http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/durand_cup_2012/preliminary.html Report]
|team2 = '''ARTY Central'''
|goals1 = [[Amandeep Singh (footballer)|A. Singh]] {{goal|16}} [[Gagandeep Singh (footballer)|G. Singh]] {{goal|24}}
|goals2 = [[Lawrence (footballer)|Lawrence]] {{goal|56}}
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 17 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = [[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
|score = 4–1
|report = [http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/durand_cup_2012/preliminary.html Report]
|team2 = '''ASC Centre'''
|goals1 = [[Ballu Jigdung|Jigdung]] {{goal|11||14||34}} [[C. Lalrinkeima|Lalrinkeima]] {{goal|80}}
|goals2 = [[N. Karthik|Karthik]] {{goal|45}}
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|bg=eeeeee
|date = 18 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = '''BEG Kirkee'''
|score = 0–1
|report = [http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/durand_cup_2012/preliminary.html Report]
|team2 = [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Unknown
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 18 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = '''Uttrakhand Police'''
|score = 0–6
|report = [http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/durand_cup_2012/preliminary.html Report]
|team2 = [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Sugesh (footballer)|Sugesh]] {{goal|38}} [[V. Shibu|Shibu]] {{goal|53||57||89}} [[Varinder (footballer)|Varinder]] {{goal|47}} [[Athoiba (footballer)|Athoiba]] {{goal|74}}
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|bg=eeeeee
|date = 19 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = [[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|score = 7–1
|report = [http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/durand_cup_2012/preliminary.html Report]
|team2 = '''Subrata Academy'''
|goals1 = [[Harinder Singh (footballer)|Hi. Singh]] {{goal|10}} [[Jaswinder Singh (footballer)|J. Singh]] {{goal|23||25}} [[Harpreet Singh (Punjab Police footballer)|Hp. Singh]] {{goal|60||67}} [[Harjinder Singh (footballer)|Hj. Singh]] {{goal|76||79}}
|goals2 = [[Dilliram Shnyasi|Shnyasi]] {{goal|85}}
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 19 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = '''[[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]]'''
|score = 0–0
|penaltyscore=3–4
|aet =yes
|report = [http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/durand_cup_2012/preliminary.html Report]
|team2 = [[Garhwal Heroes FC|Garhwal Heros]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

===Round 2===
{{football box collapsible
|bg=eeeeee
|date = 20 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF]]
|score = 0–0
|aet = yes
|penaltyscore=5–3
|report = [http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/durand_cup_2012/preliminary.html Report]
|team2 = '''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]'''
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 20 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = '''[[Army Green football team|Army Green]]'''
|score = 0–2
|aet =
|report = [http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/durand_cup_2012/preliminary.html Report]
|team2 = [[Delhi United FC|Delhi United]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Ajit Singh (footballer)|Singh]] {{goal|8}} [[Rishi Kapur|Kapur]] {{goal|26}}
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|bg=eeeeee
|date = 21 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = '''[[Garhwal Heroes FC|Garhwal Heros]]'''
|score = 1–2
|aet =
|report = [http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/durand_cup_2012/preliminary.html Report]
|team2 = [[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|goals1 = [[Alihassan Bala|Bala]] {{goal|80}}
|goals2 = [[Harjinder Singh (footballer)|Singh]] {{goal|52}} [[Vijay Kumar (footballer)|Kumar]] {{goal|65}}
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 21 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = [[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
|score = 3–0
|aet =
|report = [http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/durand_cup_2012/preliminary.html Report]
|team2 = '''[[JCT Football Academy|JCT Academy]]'''
|goals1 = [[Ajit Kumar Singh (footballer)|Singh]] {{goal|7||53}} [[M. Kamei|Kamei]] {{goal|33}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

==Quarter-finals==
{{main article|2012 Durand Cup quarter-finals}}

The quarter-finals of the Durand Cup shall be played between 12 teams. Five of the teams currently play in [[2012–13 I-League]], two played in the [[2012 I-League 2nd Division]] and one currently play in the [[Mumbai Football League]]. The other four spots would have been taken up by the top three teams from the preliminary round plus one service team. However, on 22 August 2012 it was announced that [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL SC]] would withdraw from the tournament (along with [[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers SC]] who withdrew before the initial list of teams was released) and thus freeing an extra space. So in order to fill it up the Durand Football Committee decided to qualify the four teams remaining in the preliminary rounds.<ref name=DurandSponsor>{{cite web|last=Basu|first=Indranil|title=Durand gets sponsor but Churchill pull out|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Durand-gets-sponsor-but-Churchill-pull-out/articleshow/15591758.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126195008/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-22/top-stories/33321844_1_durand-football-tournament-society-durand-cup-new-sponsors|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 August 2012 |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> Therefore, [[Delhi United FC]], [[Punjab Police FC|FC Punjab Police]], [[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles FC]], and CRPF FC will qualify directly for the quarter-finals.<ref name=DurandSponsor/>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Group A===
{{:2012 Durand Cup quarter-finals|transcludesection=Group A}}
{{col-2}}

===Group B===
{{:2012 Durand Cup quarter-finals|transcludesection=Group B}}
{{col-end}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Group C===
{{:2012 Durand Cup quarter-finals|transcludesection=Group C}}
{{col-2}}

===Group D===
{{:2012 Durand Cup quarter-finals|transcludesection=Group D}}
{{col-end}}

==Semi-finals==
{{football box collapsible
| bg=eeeeee
| date = 30 August 2012
| time = 16:00 IST
| team1 = [[Air India FC|Air India]]
| score = 2–2
|aet=yes
| penaltyscore = 7–6
| report = [http://www.dailypioneer.com/sports/91224-air-india-mumbai-in-final.html Report]
| team2 = '''[[SESA F.A.|SESA Football Academy]]'''
| goals1 = [[Pradeep Mohanraj|Mohanraj]] {{goal|55}} G.Singh {{goal|90+4}}
| goals2 = S. Singh {{goal|35}} Chukwuma {{goal|44}}
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 30 August 2012
| time = 18:00 IST
| team1 = '''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]'''
| score = 1–1
|aet=yes
| penaltyscore = 5–6
| report = [http://www.dailypioneer.com/sports/91224-air-india-mumbai-in-final.html Report]
| team2 = [[Dodsal FC|Dodsal]]
| goals1 = Kamei {{goal|72}}
| goals2 = Kumar {{goal|80}}
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee =
}}

==Final==
{{main article|2012 Durand Cup final}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 1 September 2012
| time = 18:30 IST
| team1 = [[Air India FC|Air India]]
| score = 0–0
|aet=yes
| report = [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Air-India-win-Durand-Cup/articleshow/16160571.cms Report]
| team2 = '''[[Dodsal F.C.|Dodsal]]'''
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
|penalties1=[[Pradeep Mohanraj|Mohanraj]] {{pengoal}} Shetty {{pengoal}} Meher {{penmiss}} Chaudhari {{penmiss}} [[Ramandeep Singh (footballer)|R. Singh]] {{pengoal}}
|penaltyscore=3–2
|penalties2={{penmiss}} [[Pappachen Pradeep|Pradeep]] {{pengoal}} Kumar {{pengoal}} Diakhate {{penmiss}} Ghosh {{penmiss}} [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Rafi]]
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee =
}}

==Scorers==
''All goals from tournament proper. Goals from qualifiers are not counted in this list.''
{{col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
;3 goals
* {{flagicon|IND}} M. Kamei ([[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]])

;2 goals
* {{flagicon|NGA}} Michael Okwudiu ([[Delhi United FC|Delhi United]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]] ([[Dodsal FC|Dodsal]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]] ([[Dodsal FC|Dodsal]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pappachen Pradeep]] ([[Dodsal FC|Dodsal]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Sunil Kumar ([[Dodsal FC|Dodsal]])
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Ogba Kalu Nnanna]] ([[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pradeep Mohanraj]] ([[Air India FC|Air India]])
* {{flagicon|NGA}} Chukwudi Chukwuma ([[SESA F.A.|SESA Football Academy]])

;1 goal
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] ([[Pune F.C.|Pune]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Holicharan Narzary]] ([[Pailan Arrows]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Milan Singh]] ([[Pailan Arrows]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Avinabo Bag]] ([[Pailan Arrows]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Souvik Chakraborty]] ([[Air India FC|Air India]])
* {{flagicon|CMR}} [[Bong Bertrand]] ([[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Victorino Fernandes]] ([[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pratesh Shirodkar]] ([[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kailash Patil]] ([[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Yogesh Kadam ([[SESA F.A.|SESA Football Academy]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Inacio Colaco ([[SESA F.A.|SESA Football Academy]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Don Bosco Andrew ([[SESA F.A.|SESA Football Academy]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Sunny Singh ([[SESA F.A.|SESA Football Academy]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} P. Soumerjit ([[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|Central Reserve Police Force]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Sugesh ([[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|Central Reserve Police Force]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Herojit Singh ([[Army Red football team|Army Red]])
* {{flagicon|Senegal}} Demba Diakhaté ([[Dodsal FC|Dodsal]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Nawab Zeeshan ([[Dodsal FC|Dodsal]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Ong Lepcha ([[Air India FC|Air India]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Neil Gaikwad ([[Air India FC|Air India]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Gagandeep Singh ([[Air India FC|Air India]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Bulu Jidung ([[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Ajit Kumar Singh ([[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]])
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Durand Cup}}
{{2012-13 in Indian football}}
{{2012 in Asian football (AFC)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Durand Cup 2012}}
[[Category:2012 Durand Cup| ]]
[[Category:2012–13 in Indian football]]
[[Category:2012 in domestic association football cups]]
[[Category:Durand Cup seasons|2012]]

Mirattal

2026-03-09T12:16:05Z

JeffreyChallis6: small changes

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by R. Madhesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mirattal Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Madhesh]]
| screenplay = R. Madhesh
| story = [[Kona Venkat]] ({{abbr|unc.|uncredited}}) [[Gopimohan]] ({{abbr|unc.|uncredited}})
| based_on = ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]''
| producer = [[Sunanda Murali Manohar]]
| starring = [[Vinay Rai|Vinay]] [[Sharmila Mandre]]
| cinematography = D. Kannan
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]
| music = [[Pravin Mani]]
| studio = Majestic Multimedia Limited
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|08|02}}
| runtime = 137 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirattal – 100% Thillu Mullu |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/mirattal-100-thillu-mullu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzq3nze |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260309090303/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/mirattal-100-thillu-mullu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzq3nze |archive-date=9 March 2026 |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Mirattal''''' ({{translation|Threatening}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy]] film directed by [[R. Madhesh]] starring [[Vinay Rai|Vinay]], [[Sharmila Mandre]] and [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] in the lead roles, [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]], [[Pandiarajan]], and [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] in supporting roles, and [[Rishi (Tamil actor)|Rishi]] in a cameo. A remake of the Telugu film, ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=14 January 2011 |title=Actor Vinay Rai ready to kick start |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_actor-vinay-rai-ready-to-kick-start_1494332 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116074404/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_actor-vinay-rai-ready-to-kick-start_1494332 |archive-date=16 January 2011 |access-date=17 January 2011 |website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref> the film was released on 2 August 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2012 |title=Tamil movie Mirattal releases on August 2 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/tamil-movie-mirattal-releases-on-august-2-112054-2012-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260309093110/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/tamil-movie-mirattal-releases-on-august-2-112054-2012-08-01 |archive-date=9 March 2026 |access-date=9 March 2026 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=March 2026}}
Babloo is a happy-go-lucky person who gets sent by his father to Shankar Dhadha, a big don in the city. Shankar has a vengeance on Soori. Babloo meets Deepika, Shankar's sister, and love blossoms between them. One day, they get married in a temple, and some goons sent by Soori attack Babloo and Deepika. Babloo fights them, and Shankar comes there. Comedy takes place as Deepika's engagement occurs, when suddenly, some goons kidnap her. Shankar and Babloo kill the goons and Soori and rescue Deepika.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vinay Rai|Vinay]] as Ashok (Babloo)
* [[Sharmila Mandre]] as Deepika
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Shankar Dhadha
* [[Rishi (Tamil actor)|Rishi]] as Gautham (cameo)
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Soori
* [[Pandiarajan]] as Narayanan; Babloo's father
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Chari iyengar
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Shankar's father
* [[Ganja Karuppu]] as Kathi
* [[Uma (Tamil actress)|Uma]] as Rajalakshmi;Babloo's mother
* [[Yuvarani]] as Shankar's wife
* Viju Kailas as Ghani
* [[Bosskey]] as Councillor
* [[Master Bharath]] as James Camaron
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha]]
* [[Mahanadi Shankar]]
* [[Munnar Ramesh]] as Shankar Dhadha's henchman
* Bagla
* [[Imman Annachi]] as Police officer
}}

==Production==
[[Sharmila Mandre]] was signed on as the lead actress and made her debut in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daithota |first=Madhu |date=26 July 2010 |title=Sharmila Mandre's in dilemma |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-26/news-interviews/28274864_1_tamil-film-roles-kannada-industry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104114416/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-26/news-interviews/28274864_1_tamil-film-roles-kannada-industry |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=1 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In September 2010, filming of the songs were held across regions in [[England]] with scenes filmed near castles in [[Richmond, London|Richmond]] and [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]] in [[London]]. The team also shot at [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], becoming the first Indian film to do so.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2010 |title=Indian filmmakers shooting in 'exotic' city |url=http://www.thisisbath.co.uk/Indian-filmmakers-shooting-exotic-city/story-11326537-detail/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404083030/http://www.thisisbath.co.uk/Indian-filmmakers-shooting-exotic-city/story-11326537-detail/story.html |archive-date=4 April 2012 |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=This is Bath |language=en}}</ref> Other locations in England where the songs where filmed include [[Eastbourne]] near Brighton, [[Oxfordshire]] and [[Surrey]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shankaran Malini |date=19 December 2011 |title=K-Town goes to Europe |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-19/news-interviews/30533751_1_shot-shooting-songs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202193336/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-19/news-interviews/30533751_1_shot-shooting-songs |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=18 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's title was changed from ''Thillu Mullu'' to ''Mirattal'' in late 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 2011 |title=Vinay Rai and Sharmila Mandre's 'Mirattal' completed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vinay-rai-and-sharmila-mandreamp39s-amp39mirattalamp39-completed/articleshow/11142811.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260309090336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vinay-rai-and-sharmila-mandreamp39s-amp39mirattalamp39-completed/articleshow/11142811.cms |archive-date=9 March 2026 |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Pravin Mani]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2012 |title=Mirattal (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/mirattal-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/541902449 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260309090328/https://music.apple.com/in/album/mirattal-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/541902449 |archive-date=9 March 2026 |access-date=9 March 2026 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Radio Radio
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Suchitra]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Kalla Paravai
| extra2 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[SuVi]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Whistle Poodu
| extra3 = [[Benny Dayal]] & SuVi
| length3 =
| title4 = Muga Moodi
| extra4 = [[Aalap Raju]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Zumba
| extra5 = [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Thillu Mullu
| extra6 = Pravin Mani, Benny Dayal
| length6 =
}}

==Reception==
Vivek Ramz of ''[[In.com]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5, and added that it "lacks in the action department but makes up for it by scoring on the entertainment front".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramz |first=Vivek |date=3 August 2012 |title=Review: Mirattal is a one-time watch! |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/review-mirattal-is-a-onetime-watch-50132736-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709193911/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/review-mirattal-is-a-onetime-watch-50132736-in-1.html |archive-date=9 July 2013 |access-date=3 August 2012 |work=[[In.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "'Hundred per cent Thillu Mullu' is the tagline – 'and zero per cent logic' would have described ''Mirattal'' better."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangajaran |first=Malathi |date=4 August 2012 |title=Mirattal: In jest |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mirattal-in-jest/article3727480.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430021527/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mirattal-in-jest/article3727480.ece |archive-date=30 April 2022 |access-date=4 June 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "It's almost as though director Madhesh felt compelled to direct the movie and did so, bored out of wits. Watch at your own risk".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=2 August 2012 |title=Review: Mirattal is a waste of time |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-mirattal/20120802.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260309093505/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-mirattal/20120802.htm |archive-date=9 March 2026 |access-date=9 March 2026 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "with no punch, novelty or excitement in the screenplay, the film is an average entertainer, at the most".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=4 August 2012 |title='Mirattal' (Tamil) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/Aug/04/mirattal-tamil-393748.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260309120948/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/Aug/04/mirattal-tamil-393748.html |archive-date=9 March 2026 |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "Go in with minimum expectations and you will not be disappointed".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirattal Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Mirattal by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mirattal/movie-review/15362110.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260309121257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mirattal/movie-review/15362110.cms |archive-date=9 March 2026 |access-date=9 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{R. Madhesh}}

[[Category:2012 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Madhesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in England]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Lashkar-e-Taiba

2026-03-08T10:53:10Z

JeffreyChallis6:

{{Short description|Islamist-Jihadist Pakistani militant organization}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Redirect|LeT|other uses|Let (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox War Faction
| name = Lashkar-e-Taiba
| native_name = {{nq|لشکرِ طیبہ}}
| other_name = {{Nobold|{{lang|ur|{{nq|جماعت الدعوہ}}}}}}
| image = [[File:Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg|border|200px]]
| native_name_lang = ur
| caption = Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba
| dates = 1985/1986<ref name=reuters20090706 /><ref name="satp">{{cite web |title=Lashkar-e-Toiba 'Army of the Pure' |publisher=South Asia Terrorism Portal |year=2001 |url=http://satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/lashkar_e_toiba.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117041048/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/lashkar_e_toiba.htm |archive-date=17 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=cronin />–present
| headquarters = [[Muridke]], [[Punjab Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| allegiance = {{flag|Pakistan}}<ref name="Winchell">{{citation |title=Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government |first=Sean P. |last=Winchell |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |volume=16 |pages=374–388 |number=3 |year=2003 |doi=10.1080/713830449 |s2cid=154924792 |ref={{sfnref|Winchell, Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government|2003}}}}</ref><ref name="eastasiaforum.org"/><ref name="Didier Chaudet"/><ref name="tankel201104"/>
| founders = {{unbulleted list|[[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed]]|Zafar Iqbal Shehbaz|[[Abdullah Yusuf Azzam]]{{Assassinated}}|[[Amir Hamza (Lashkar-e-Taiba)|Amir Hamza]]|[[Abdul Rehman Makki]]{{Natural Causes}}|[[Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi]]}}
| leader1_title = [[Emir|Ameer]]
| leader1_name = [[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed]]
| leader2_title = [[Naib]] [[Emir|Ameer]]
| leader2_name = Zafar Iqbal<ref name="Zafar Iqbal">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1267/aq_sanctions_list/summaries/individual/zafar-iqbal |title=Zafar Iqbal |publisher=[[United Nations]] |date=14 March 2012}}</ref> (co-founder of ''Jamaat-ud-Dawa'')
| leader3_title = Spokesman
| leader3_name = Muhammad Yahya Mujahid<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Yahya Mujahid – United Nations Security Council |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1267/aq_sanctions_list/summaries/individual/mohammed-yahya-mujahid |access-date=29 June 2009}}</ref>
| motives = Integration of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] with Pakistan<ref name="Harvey">Encyclopedia of Terrorism, pp. 212–213, By [[Harvey W. Kushner]], Ill. Ed., Sage, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-7619-2408-1}}</ref><ref name="Dawn-Who is Lashkar-e-Tayyiba">{{cite news |url=http://www.dawn.net/wps/wcm/connect/Dawn%20Content%20Library/dawn/news/world/who-are-the-lashkar-e-tayiba-yn |title=Who is Lashkar-e-Tayiba |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|location=[[Pakistan]]|date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706221147/http://www.dawn.net/wps/wcm/connect/Dawn%20Content%20Library/dawn/news/world/who-are-the-lashkar-e-tayiba-yn |archive-date=6 July 2017}}</ref>
| partof = [[United Jihad Council]]<ref name="map"/>
| status = Active
| clans = *[[The Resistance Front]]{{efn|TRF is active in the [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]. Lashkar-e-Taiba and [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] leaders form the core of the TRF. United Liberation Front, a group of [[Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)|Al-Badr]], also works with the TRF.<ref name="hindustantimes20200508">{{Cite web |title=Pak launches terror's new face in Kashmir, Imran Khan follows up on Twitter |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pak-launches-terror-s-new-face-in-kashmir-imran-khan-follows-up-on-twitter/story-vDmvByzkeowrW8OKruhS3M.html |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=8 May 2020 |website=Hindustan Times }}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |title='Pakistan trying to securalise Kashmir militancy': Lashkar regroups in Valley as The Resistance Front |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-kashmir-lashkar-regroups-as-the-resistance-front-6394158/ |date=5 May 2020 |website=The Indian Express }}</ref><ref name="Gupta">{{Cite web |title=New J&K terror outfit run by LeT brass: Intel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-j-k-terror-outfit-run-by-let-brass-intel/story-wLZ5ACFQJMHVa8kt7weTPO.html |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=8 May 2020 |website=Hindustan Times }}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite news |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |last2=Chaudhury |first2=Dipanjan Roy |date=29 April 2020 |title=The Resistance Front: New name of terror groups in Kashmir |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/the-resistance-front-new-name-of-terror-groups-in-kashmir/articleshow/75440416.cms }}</ref><ref name="CNN News18">{{cite news |title=Security Forces Have Eliminated Over 100 Militants in Jammu and Kashmir This Year, Say Officials |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/security-forces-have-eliminated-over-100-militants-in-jammu-and-kashmir-this-year-say-officials-2659491.html |publisher=CNN News18 |date=8 June 2020}}</ref>}}
*[[Virginia jihad network]]<ref name="Markon">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/25/AR2006082500460.html |title=Teacher Sentenced for Aiding Terrorists |last=Markon |first=Jerry |date=26 August 2006 |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108055542/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/25/AR2006082500460.html |archive-date=8 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*Jamaat-ud-Dawa<ref name="map">[http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingresistance/cgi-bin/maps/view/pak Pakistan]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Mapping Militants''. [[Stanford University]].</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Treasury Issues Sanctions Against Lashkar-E Tayyiba Financial Facilitators |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm448 |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref>
*[[Milli Muslim League]]<ref name="Ishfaq-2019">{{cite web |last1=Ishfaq |first1=Sarmad |title=South Asia's Most Notorious Militant Groups |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/south-asias-most-notorious-militant-groups/ |website=The Diplomat |date=31 December 2019}}</ref>
*[[Jamaat al-Dawah ila al-Quran wal-Sunnah]] (negated)<ref name=DatelineAu2009>{{cite news |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/dateline/story/transcript/id/600462/n/The-Terror-Trail |title=The Terror Trail |publisher=[[Dateline (Australian TV program)|Dateline]] |year=2009 |author=Evan Williams |archive-date=25 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525105717/http://www.sbs.com.au/dateline/story/transcript/id/600462/n/The-Terror-Trail |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kaur Sandhu|first1=Kamaljit|title=Kashmir: High alert around Uri power plant after intel inputs of possible terror plot|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-uri-high-alert-power-plant-terror-plot-nhpc-981299-2017-06-06|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=6 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2024-07-01 |title=AJK prison break mastermind was wanted by India: sources |url=https://english.aaj.tv/news/330367807/ajk-prison-break-mastermind-was-wanted-by-india-sources |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=[[Aaj TV]] |language=en}}</ref>
| area = Worldwide, predominantly in the [[Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Pakistan]]<ref name="Harvey" />
* [[India]]<ref name="tankel201104"/>
* [[Afghanistan]]<ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref name="satp"/><ref name="cronin">{{cite report |last=Kurth Cronin |first=Audrey |author2=Huda Aden |author3=Adam Frost |author4=Benjamin Jones |date=6 February 2004 |title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations |url=https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32223.pdf |url-status=live |publisher=Congressional Research Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304065259/http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RL32223.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/pakistan-based-terror-group-jem-let-maintain-training-camps-in-afghanistan-un-report-399496 |title=Pakistan-based terror group JeM, LeT maintain training camps in Afghanistan: UN report |work=[[The Tribune]] |date=30 May 2022 |quote=The report cites a UN Member State as saying that JeM ‘maintains eight training camps in Nangarhar, three of which are directly under Taliban control’ |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607171809/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/pakistan-based-terror-group-jem-let-maintain-training-camps-in-afghanistan-un-report-399496 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Australia]]<ref name=hogan>Shandon Harris-Hogan. "The Australian Neojihadist network: Origins, evolution and structure." ''Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict'', Volume 5, Issue 1. Global Terrorism Research Centre. Monash University. Victoria: Australia. (2012): pp. 18–30.</ref><ref name=Koschade>Koschade, Stuart Andrew. "The internal dynamics of terrorist cells: a social network analysis of terrorist cells in an Australian context." (2007).</ref>
* [[United States]]<ref name="cia.gov">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/press-release-archive-1997-1/pr61797.html |title=Statement by CIA and FBI on Arrest of Mir Aimal Kansi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926231331/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/press-release-archive-1997-1/pr61797.html |archive-date=26 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Bangladesh]]<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0805/Pakistani-militants-expand-abroad-starting-in-Bangladesh |title=Pakistani militants expand abroad, starting in Bangladesh |journal=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=5 August 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Nepal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Militants hiding in Poonch forests getting help from Nepal? |date=28 October 2021 |via = [[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcK5wvvVsdA&ab_channel=HindustanTimes |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/BcK5wvvVsdA |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| active = 1985/1986-present
| ideology = {{Plain list|
* [[Ahl-e-Hadith]]{{sfnp|Fair, Understanding Lashkar-e-Tayyaba|2018|p=91}}
* [[Salafi jihadism]]<ref name=haqqani /><ref name=Salafi >{{cite web |last1=Stephen |first1=Tankel |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba in Perspective |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/04/23/lashkar-e-taiba-in-perspective/ |publisher=[[Foreign Policy Magazine]] |date=2010}}</ref>
* [[Sunni Islamism]]<ref name=haqqani>{{cite journal |last1=Haqqani |first1=Husain |year=2005 |title=The Ideologies of South Asian Jihadi Groups |journal=[[Current Trends in Islamist Ideology]] |publisher=[[Hudson Institute]] |volume=1 |pages=12–26 |url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/Ideologies.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412080139/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/Ideologies%2Epdf |archive-date=12 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Globalecco">{{Cite web |url=https://globalecco.org/ctx-v1n1/lashkar-e-taiba |title=The Financing of Lashkar-e-Taiba |date=June 2018 |website=Global Ecco |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111065644/https://globalecco.org/ctx-v1n1/lashkar-e-taiba |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Pan-Islamism]]<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |title=Hafiz Saeed asks govt to curb foreign bid to bolster ISIS in Pak for targeting shia minority. He also urged the Shia and Sunni sects to shun their differences and live in peace and unite for Muslim rule in the region |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=17 October 2015 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/hafiz-saeed-asks-govt-to-curb-foreign-bid-to-bolster-is-in-pak/articleshow/49429890.cms?from=mdr }}</ref>
* [[Shia–Sunni relations|Sunni–Shia unity]]<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com"/>
* [[Islamic fundamentalism]]<ref name=hindu20081206/><ref name=saAnalysis>{{cite news |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers4/paper374.html |title=The Lashkar-e-Toiba (LET) |author=Raman, B. |date=15 December 2001 |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613182244/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers4/paper374.html |archive-date=13 June 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Ghazwa-e-Hind]]<ref name="Haqqani2015">{{cite web |last1=Haqqani |first1=Husain |title=Prophecy & the Jihad in the Indian subcontinent |url=https://www.hudson.org/research/11167-prophecy-the-jihad-in-the-indian-subcontinent |publisher=Hudson Institute |date=27 March 2015 |quote=For example, Lashkar-e-Taiba has often spoken of Ghazwa-e-Hind as a means of liberating Kashmir from Indian control. The group's founder, Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, has declared repeatedly that '[i]f freedom is not given to the Kashmiris, then we will occupy the whole of India including Kashmir. We will launch Ghazwa-e-Hind. Our homework is complete to get Kashmir.' Pakistani propagandist Zaid Hamid has also repeatedly invoked Ghazwa-e-Hind as a battle against Hindu India led from Muslim Pakistan. According to Hamid, 'Allah has destined the people of Pakistan' with victory and 'Allah is the aid and helper of Pakistan.'}}</ref>
* [[Anti-Hindu sentiment|Anti-Hindu]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ashley |first1=J. Tellis |title=The Menace That Is Lashkar-e-Taiba |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/files/LeT_menace.pdf |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MMP: Lashkar-e-Taiba |url=https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/lashkar-e-taiba |publisher=Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), Stanford University |access-date=5 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kozak |first=Warren |title=Warren Kozak: Remembering the Terror in Mumbai |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204630904577055863900368528.html |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=24 November 2011}}</ref>
* [[Anti-Communism]]<ref name="tellis2010f">{{cite news |author=Ashley J. Tellis |url=http://carnegieendowment.org/files/0311_testimony_tellis.pdf |title=Bad Company – Lashkar-e-Tayyiba and the Growing Ambition of Islamist Mujahidein in Pakistan |date=11 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411035030/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/0311%5Ftestimony%5Ftellis%2Epdf |archive-date=11 April 2010 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |quote=The group's earliest operations were focused on the Kunar and Paktia provinces in Afghanistan, where LeT had set up several training camps in support of the jihad against the Soviet occupation.}}</ref>
* [[Anti-Sovietism]]<ref name="Tellis Bad Company" />
* [[Anti-Zionism]]<ref name="adl.org">Anti-Defamation League, [http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/LET_Targets_Jews_West.htm "LET Targets Jewish and Western Interests" 2 December 2009] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006083239/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/LET_Targets_Jews_West.htm |date=6 October 2012}})</ref><ref name="AP">[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/29/nyregion/29chabad.html Jewish Zionist Center Is Stormed by Pak-backed Lashkar-e-Taiba Islamist Group, and 6 Israeli Hostages Died] The New York Times (28 November 2008)</ref><ref name="Remembering the Terror in Mumbai">Warren Kozak, [https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204630904577055863900368528 Remembering the Terror in Mumbai] The Wall Street Journal</ref>
* [[Antisemitism]]<ref name="adl.org"/><ref name="AP"/>
* [[Pakistani nationalism]]<ref name="Winchell">{{citation |title=Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government |first=Sean P. |last=Winchell |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |volume=16 |pages=374–388 |number=3 |year=2003 |doi=10.1080/713830449 |s2cid=154924792 |ref={{sfnref|Winchell, Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government|2003}}}}</ref><ref name="eastasiaforum.org"/><ref name="Didier Chaudet"/><ref name="tankel201104"/>
}}
| position = [[Far-right politics|Far-right]]<ref name="eastasiaforum.org">{{cite web |date=27 December 2017 |title=Democracy between military might and the ultra-right in Pakistan |url=http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2017/12/27/democracy-between-military-might-and-the-ultra-right-in-pakistan/ |website=East Asia Forum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202435/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2017/12/27/democracy-between-military-might-and-the-ultra-right-in-pakistan/ |archive-date=5 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Didier Chaudet">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Didier Chaudet |date=3 July 2012 |title=L'extrême-droite pakistanaise est-elle une menace pour les Etats-Unis? |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/didier-chaudet/difa-e-pakistan--extreme-droite-menace-etats-unis_b_1633325.html |website=Huffington Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307022859/https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/didier-chaudet/difa-e-pakistan--extreme-droite-menace-etats-unis_b_1633325.html |archive-date=7 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| attacks = * [[2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort|December 2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort]]
* [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]]
* [[2005 Delhi bombings]]
* [[August 2007 Hyderabad bombings]]<ref name = "IBN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/3-held-for-hyd-blasts-centre-points-fingers-at-let-jem/47558-3.html |title=3 held for Hyd blasts; Centre points fingers at LeT, JeM |publisher=PTI/ IBN Live |date=27 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184506/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/3-held-for-hyd-blasts-centre-points-fingers-at-let-jem/47558-3.html |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[2008 Mumbai attacks|2008 Mumbai attacks (26/11)]]
* [[2010 Pune bombing]]
*[[2025 Pahalgam attack]]
| designated_as_terror_group_by = {{hlist|
|[[United States]]
|[[Canada]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Currently listed entities |date=21 December 2018 |url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx#43}}</ref>
|[[Australia]]
|[[India]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[Russia]]
|[[Japan]]<ref>[https://www.moj.go.jp/psia/ITH/organizations/SW_S-asia/LeT.html 公安調査庁 – ラシュカレ・タイバ（LeT）]. [[Ministry of Justice (Japan)]].</ref>
|[[Israel]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|[[EU]]
|[[UN]]<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2016 |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba |url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/79#designated |website=Stanford University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726031820/https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/79#designated |archive-date=26 July 2018 |url-status=live}}
</ref>}}
| size = Unknown
| war = {{tree list}}
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
** [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Afghan conflict]]
** [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War (1979-1989)]]<ref name="Tellis Bad Company">{{cite news |author=Ashley J. Tellis |url=http://carnegieendowment.org/files/0311_testimony_tellis.pdf |title=Bad Company – Lashkar-e-Tayyiba and the Growing Ambition of Mujahidein in Pakistan |date=11 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411035030/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/0311%5Ftestimony%5Ftellis%2Epdf |archive-date=11 April 2010 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |quote=The group's earliest operations were focused on the Kunar and Paktia provinces in Afghanistan, where LeT had set up several training camps in support of the jihad against the Soviet occupation.}}</ref><ref name="tellis2010">{{cite news |author=Ashley J. Tellis |url=http://carnegieendowment.org/files/0311_testimony_tellis.pdf |title=Bad Company – Lashkar-e-Tayyiba and the Growing Ambition of Islamist Mujahidein in Pakistan and Afghanistan |date=11 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411035030/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/0311%5Ftestimony%5Ftellis%2Epdf |archive-date=11 April 2010 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |quote=The group's earliest operations were focused on the Kunar and Paktia provinces in Afghanistan, where LeT had set up several training camps in support of the jihad against the Soviet occupation.}}</ref>
** [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)]]<ref name="Tellis Bad Company"/><ref name="tellis2010"/><ref name="Shaffer 2006 267">{{cite book |last=Shaffer |first=Brenda |title=The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEOd-cDWVwQC&pg=PA267 |year=2006 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-19529-4 |page=267 |quote=Pakistani involvement in creating the movement is seen as central}}</ref>
** [[Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)]]<ref name="Shaffer 2006 267">{{cite book |last=Shaffer |first=Brenda |title=The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEOd-cDWVwQC&pg=PA267 |year=2006 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-19529-4 |page=267 |quote=Pakistani involvement in creating the movement is seen as central}}</ref>
** [[Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)]]<ref name="SAGE"/>
** [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]<ref name="Khaama Press">{{cite news |url=https://www.khaama.com/8-foreign-terrorists-killed-wounded-as-afghan-forces-target-lashkar-e-taiba-compound-03612/ |title=8 foreign terrorists killed, wounded as Afghan forces target Lashkar-e-Taiba compound |newspaper=The Khaama Press News Agency |publisher=Khaama Press |date=13 June 2019 |last1=Says |first1=Amail Khan Yar}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |title=Militant Group Expands Attacks in Afghanistan Indian Targeted by Laskar-e-taiba |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/16/world/asia/16lashkar.html |last1=Rubin |first1=Alissa J.}}</ref>
{{tree list/end}}
| allies = '''Non-state allies'''
* {{flagicon image|Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg}} [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg}} [[Pakistani Taliban]]<ref name="Taliban mock">{{Cite web |title='Failed To Liberate Kashmir': Taliban mock 'incompetent' Pak Army; Refute Indian proxy charge |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=4 April 2023 |via=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdC3IKY-fgk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TTP condemned the Indian attack and expressed soldiery with Masood Azhar TTP also slams Pakistan Army over killing of Masood Azhar's family |date=8 May 2025 |url=https://newsvibesofindia.com/ttp-slams-pakistan-army-over-killing-of-masood-azhars-family-members-in-indian-attack/}}</ref>
* [[Hizbul Mujahideen]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg}} [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]]
* {{flagicon image|Al-Badr flag.svg}} [[Al-Badr (India)|Al-Badr]]
* [[Al Rashid Trust]]
* [[Indian Mujahideen]]<ref name="START Indian Mujahideen">{{cite web |title=Indian Mujahideen |publisher=[[National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism]] |year=2012 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/indian-mujahideen-2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909070625/https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/indian-mujahideen-2012 |archive-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
* [[People’s Anti-Fascist Front]]<ref name="Tracking Terrorism">{{cite web |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/peoples-anti-fascist-front-paff-jammu-and-kashmir/ |title=People's Anti-Fascist Front (PAFF) – Jammu & Kashmir |website=Tracking Terrorism}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Islamic State}} [[Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam]]<ref name="archives.dawn.com">[http://archives.dawn.com/archives/34839 Sri Lankan report links LTTE with LeT] ''Dawn'' – 9 March 2009</ref>
* {{tree list}}
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Al-Qaeda]]
*** {{flagicon image|Flag of AQIS.svg}} [[Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent|AQIS]]
**** {{flagicon image|Flag of Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind.svg}} [[Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind|AGH]]{{tree list/end}}
'''State allies'''
* {{flag|Pakistan}}
* {{flag|China}} (politically)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riedel |first=Bruce |date=26 June 2015 |title=The China–Pakistan axis and Lashkar-e-Taiba |url=https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-china-pakistan-axis-and-lashkar-e-taiba/ |website=Brookings}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lashkar-e-Tayyaba: China's Handmaid in Balochistan |publisher=Hudson Institute |url=https://www.hudson.org/national-security-defense/lashkar-e-tayyaba-china-s-handmaid-in-balochistan |access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>
| opponents = '''State opponents'''
* {{flag|India}}
* {{flag|United States}}<ref name="Markon"/><ref name="cia.gov"/><ref name="AD">Anti-Defamation League, [http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/tarek_mehanna_arrest.htm "Massachusetts Man Arrested for Attempting to Wage ‘Violent Jihad’ against America" 22 October 2009] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109083826/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/tarek_mehanna_arrest.htm |date=9 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="FBI – Help Us Catch a Terrorist">{{cite web |title=FBI – Help Us Catch a Terrorist |publisher=Fbi.gov |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2012/october/help-us-catch-a-terrorist/help-us-catch-a-terrorist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007005531/http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2012/october/help-us-catch-a-terrorist/help-us-catch-a-terrorist/ |archive-date=7 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fox 2012">{{cite web |last=Miller|first=Joshua Rhett |title=FBI offering $50G reward for Massachusetts man wanted for supporting Al Qaeda |publisher=Fox News Channel |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/fbi-offering-50g-reward-for-massachusetts-man-wanted-for-supporting-al-qaeda/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006155313/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/10/03/massachusetts-man-sought-for-supporting-al-qaeda-50g-reward-offered/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Israel}}<ref name="Remembering the Terror in Mumbai"/>
''Formerly'':
* {{flagdeco|Soviet Union}} Soviet Union (1987–1989)<ref name="Tellis Bad Company" />
* {{flagdeco|Republic of Afghanistan (1987–1992)}} Republic of Afghanistan (1987–1992)
* {{flagdeco|Islamic State of Afghanistan}} [[Afghan Northern Alliance|Northern Alliance]]<ref name="SAGE">{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Gus |title=The Sage Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Second Edition |publisher=SAGE |page=341 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAVqklkq2uUC&pg=PA341 |isbn=978-1-4129-8016-6 |date=2011}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=October 2021}}
* {{flagdeco|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}} [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] (until 2021)<ref name="Khaama Press"/>
}}
{{Salafi}}
'''Lashkar-e-Taiba''' ('''LeT'''){{efn|{{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|لشکرِ طیبہ}}}} {{IPA|hns|ˈləʃkəɾ eː ˈtəjjɪbaː|}}; literally 'Army of the Good', translated as '''Army of the Righteous''' or '''Army of the Pure''', and alternatively spelled as ''Lashkar-e-Tayyiba'', ''Lashkar-e-Toiba'', ''Lashkar-i-Taiba'', ''Lashkar-i-Tayyeba''.}} is a Pakistani [[Islamism|Islamist]] [[Jihadism|Jihadist]] [[militant]] organization driven by a [[Salafi jihadism|Salafi jihadist]] ideology.<ref name="Gunaratna">{{Cite book |last1=Gunaratna |first1=Rohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3XQDAAAQBAJ |title=Handbook Of Terrorism In The Asia-pacific |last2=Kam |first2=Stefanie Li Yee |date=2016-06-22 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-1-78326-997-6 |pages=341}}</ref><ref name="Freeman">{{Cite book |editor-last=Freeman |editor-first=Michael |title=Financing Terrorism: Case Studies |date=2016-04-15 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-13506-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfUGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT111}}</ref> The organisation's primary stated objective is to merge the whole of [[Kashmir]] with Pakistan.<ref>John Moore, [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/target/etc/modern.html The evolution of Islamic Terrorism] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912020220/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/target/etc/modern.html |date=12 September 2017}}, PBS</ref> It also seeks the destruction of [[India]], [[Hinduism]], and [[Judaism]] through [[jihad]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It was founded in 1985–1986 by [[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed|Hafiz Saeed]], Zafar Iqbal Shehbaz, [[Abdullah Yusuf Azzam|Abdullah Azzam]] and several other Islamist [[Afghan mujahideen|mujahideen]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America and the Future of Global Jihad |url=http://www.brookings.edu/events/2011/0118_pakistan_america.aspx |publisher=Brookings.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127080018/http://www.brookings.edu/events/2011/0118_pakistan_america.aspx |archive-date=27 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Riedel |first=Bruce |title=The 9/11 Attacks' Spiritual Father |publisher=Brookings.edu |date=26 January 2012 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/0911_riedel.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127015845/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/0911_riedel.aspx |archive-date=27 January 2012}}</ref> with funding from [[Osama bin Laden]]<ref name="Atkins">{{cite book |last1=Atkins |first1=Stephen E. |author-link=Stephen E. Atkins |title=Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups |date=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0313324857 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atki/page/173 173] |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atki |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Globalecco" /> during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]. It has been [[List of designated terrorist groups|designated as a terrorist group]] by the [[United Nations]] and numerous other countries and been responsible for terrorist attacks on civilians in India, such as the [[2000 Red Fort attack]], [[2005 Delhi bombings]], [[2006 Mumbai train bombings]], [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] and the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]].

It has been supported by Pakistan’s intelligence agency, the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI), and is often viewed as a proxy militant organization used by [[Pakistan]] against [[India]] in the [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency]] in Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Tellis |first=Ashley J. |title=The Menace That Is Lashkar-e-Taiba |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2012/03/the-menace-that-is-lashkar-e-taiba?lang=en |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=13 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>C. Christine Fair, In Their Own Words: Understanding Lashkar-e-Tayyaba, Oxford University Press (2018), pp. 3</ref>

Its affiliated front organisations include the [[Milli Muslim League]], a political party, and Jamat-ud-Dawa (JuD), the group's "charity wing". The group differs from most other militant groups in Pakistan in following the Islamic interpretation of [[Ahl-i Hadith]] (which is similar to [[Wahhabism]] and [[Salafism]]), and in foreswearing attacks on the government of Pakistan and sectarian attacks on Pakistanis "who have professed faith" in Islam.<ref name="tankel201104" /><ref name="Ishfaq-2019" /><ref name="Macander-CSIS-2021" />

==Objectives==

While the primary area of operations of LeT's jihadist activities is the [[Kashmir Valley]], their professed goal is not limited to challenging India's sovereignty over [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. LeT sees the issue of [[Kashmir Conflict|Kashmir]] as part of a wider global struggle.<ref name=randjan2009>{{cite book |first=Angel |last=Rabasa |author2=Robert D. Blackwill |author3=Peter Chalk |author4=Kim Cragin |author5=C. Christine Fair |author6=Brian A. Jackson |author7=Brian Michael Jenkins |author8=Seth G. Jones |author9=Nathaniel Shestak |author10=Ashley J. Tellis |title=The Lessons of Mumbai |publisher=The [[RAND Corporation]] |year=2009 |url=http://rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP249/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120091831/http://rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP249/ |archive-date=20 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Once Kashmir is liberated, LeT seeks to use it "as a base of operations to conquer India and force Muslim rule to the Indian subcontinent."<ref name="tankel201104"/>

LeT’s ideology is fundamentally anti-Western, with the [[British Raj]] held responsible for the decline of the [[Mughal Empire]]. Consequently, LeT opposes any form of Western or British influence in Pakistan and the broader South Asian region. In its publications and on various platforms, the organization has consistently articulated its primary political goals, which include the destruction of India, [[Hinduism]], and [[Judaism]]. The organization considers jihad a religious duty for all Muslims, with the establishment of a caliphate as its central religious and political objective.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Riedel |first=Bruce |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7864/j.ctt4cg8f4 |title=Avoiding Armageddon: America, India, and Pakistan to the Brink and Back |date=2013 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=978-0-8157-2408-7 |pages=16 |jstor=10.7864/j.ctt4cg8f4 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Goertz |first1=Stefan |title=The new terrorism: actors, strategies and tactics |last2=Streitparth |first2=Alexander E. |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-14591-0 |location=Cham |pages=68}}</ref>

[[C. Christine Fair]], who has analyzed LeT propaganda since 1995, notes that the militant organization has consistently condemned what it describes as a "Brahmanic-Talmudic-Crusader" alliance of Hindus, Jews, and Christians, whom it accuses of collaborating to undermine the [[Ummah]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanian |first=V. S. |title=Computational analysis of terrorist groups: Lashkar-e-Taiba |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4614-4769-6 |location=New York, NY |pages=33}}</ref>

Its followers are proponents of the South Asian group Ahl-e-Hadith (AeH) Islam, which is considered Salafist.<ref name="Macander-CSIS-2021">{{cite news |last1=Macander |first1=Michelle |title=Examining Extremism: Lashkar-e-Taiba |url=https://www.csis.org/blogs/examining-extremism/examining-extremism-lashkar-e-taiba |agency=CSIS |date=28 October 2021}}</ref>
It has adopted maximalist agenda of global [[jihad]] including attacks on civilians. The group justifies its ideology on [[Jihad verse|verse 2:216]] of the [[Quran]].
{{blockquote |Fighting has been made obligatory upon you ˹believers˺, though you dislike it. Perhaps you dislike something which is good for you and like something which is bad for you. Allah knows and you do not know.<ref name="Q.2:216">{{cite web |title=Surah al-Baqarah, 216. [Translation by Mustafa Khattab, the Clear Quran] |url=https://quran.com/al-baqarah/216 |website=Quran.com |access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref>}}
Extrapolating from this verse, the group asserts that military jihad is a religious obligation of all Muslims and defines the many circumstances under which it must be carried out. In a pamphlet entitled "Why Are We Waging Jihad?", the group states that all of India along with many other countries were once ruled by Muslims and were Muslim lands, which is their duty to take it back from the non-Muslims. It declared United States, India, and Israel as "existential enemies of Islam".<ref name=haqqani /><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4416771.stm Who are the Kashmir militants] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228011213/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4416771.stm |date=28 February 2017}}, [[BBC News]], 6 April 2005</ref> LeT believes that jihad is the duty of all Muslims and must be waged until eight objectives are met: Establishing Islam as the dominant way of life in the world, forcing disbelievers to pay [[jizya]], exacting revenge for killed Muslims, punishing enemies for violating oaths and treaties, defending all Muslim states, and recapturing occupied Muslim territory. The group construes lands once ruled by Muslims as Muslim lands and considers it as their duty to get them back. It embraces a pan-Islamist rationale for military action.<ref name="tankel201104">{{citation |first=Stephen |last=Tankel |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba: Past Operations and Future Prospects |series=National Security Studies Program Policy Paper |publisher=New America Foundation |place=Washington, DC |date=27 April 2011 |url=http://newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Tankel_LeT_0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507114538/http://newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Tankel_LeT_0.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=haqqani />

In the wake of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] investigations of computer and email accounts revealed a list of 320 locations worldwide deemed as possible targets for attack. Analysts believed that the list was a statement of intent rather than a list of locations where LeT cells had been established and were ready to strike.<ref>
{{cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Randeep |title=Mumbai attackers had hit list of 320 world targets |work=The Guardian |date=19 February 2009|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/19/mumbai-attacks-list-targets |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906045003/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/19/mumbai-attacks-list-targets |archive-date=6 September 2013 |url-status=live}}
</ref>

Unlike other Pakistan-based Salafi-jihadist militant organizations, LeT has "publicly [renounced] sectarian violence against other Islamic sects".<ref name="Macander-CSIS-2021"/> While it has waged violent jihad outside of Pakistan, ''inside'' the country, the group has spent considerable effort and resources on "preaching and social welfare".<ref name="tankel201104"/> This along with its professed opposition to not fighting "those who have professed Faith" in Islam (where [[Sectarian violence in Pakistan|thousands of Muslims have been killed in sectarian attacks]]), has built up significant goodwill among Pakistanis, especially pious Muslims and the poor (helping to protect the group from foreign pressure on the Pakistan government to stop LeT's killing of foreigners).<ref name="tankel201104"/> Although it views Pakistan's ruling powers as hypocrites (self-proclaimed but insincere Muslims), it doesn't support revolutionary jihad at home because the struggle in Pakistan "is not a struggle between Islam and disbelief". The pamphlet "Why do we do Jihad?" states, "If we declare war against those who have professed Faith, we cannot do war with those who haven’t." The group instead seeks to reform errant Muslims through [[Dawah|dawa]]. It aims to bring Pakistanis to LeT's interpretation of Ahl-e-Hadith Islam and thus, transforming the society in which they live.<ref name="tankel201104"/>

LeT's leaders have argued that Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was the closest occupied land, and observed that the ratio of occupying forces to the population there was one of the highest in the world, meaning this was among the most substantial occupations of Muslim land. Thus, LeT cadres could volunteer to fight on other fronts but were obligated to fight in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref name="tankel201104"/>

In January 2009, LeT publicly declared that it would pursue a peaceful resolution in the Kashmir issue and that it did not have global jihadist aims, but the group is still believed to be active in several other spheres of anti-Indian militancy.<ref name="Roul-A">{{cite journal |last=Roul |first=Animesh |title=Pakistan's Lashkar-e-Taiba Chooses Between Kashmir and the Global Jihad |journal=Terrorism Focus |volume=6 |issue=3 |publisher=Jamestown Foundation |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2009 |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=34421 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208061011/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=34421 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The disclosures of [[Abu Jundal]], who was sent to India by the Saudi Arabian government, however, revealed that LeT is planning to revive militancy in Jammu and Kashmir and conduct major attacks in India.

==Leadership==
* [[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed]] – founder of LeT and ''aamir'' of its political arm, JuD.<ref name=TimesofIndia-2008-12-05-Lashkar-chief>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/We-didnt-attack-Mumbai-says-Lashkar-chief/articleshow/3794903.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103080104/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-05/india/27905413_1_terror-attacks-terror-list-muridke |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=We didn't attack Mumbai, says Lashkar chief |date=5 December 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Shortly after the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] Saeed denied any links between the two groups: "No Lashkar-e-Taiba man is in Jamaat-ud-Dawa and I have never been a chief of Lashkar-e-Taiba." On 25 June 2014, the United States declared JuD an affiliate of LeT.<ref name = 'PatrikaGroup'>{{cite news |title=US names jud as terror outfit, sanctions 2 let leaders |url=http://www.patrika.com/news/us-names-jud-as-terror-outfit-sanctions-2-let-leaders/1014377 |work=Patrika Group |language=hi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628223538/http://www.patrika.com/news/us-names-jud-as-terror-outfit-sanctions-2-let-leaders/1014377 |archive-date=28 June 2014}}</ref>
* [[Abdul Rehman Makki]] – second in command of LeT. Until his death, he was the brother-in-law of [[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed]].<ref name=toi_brother-in-lawc>{{cite news |last=Parashar |first=Sachin |title=Hafiz Saeed's brother-in-law Abdul Rehman Makki is a conduit between Lashkar-e-Taiba and Taliban |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Hafiz-Saeeds-brother-in-law-Abdul-Rehman-Makki-is-a-conduit-between-Lashkar-e-Taiba-and-Taliban/articleshow/12539443.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103074453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-05/pakistan/31293871_1_hafiz-saeed-indian-agencies-mullah-omar |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 April 2012}}</ref> The US has offered a reward of $2 million for information leading to the location of Makki.<ref name=rewardsforjustice.net>{{cite web |title=Hafiz Abdul Rahman Makki |url=http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/index.cfm?page=makki&language=english |work=Articles |publisher=Rewards for Justice Website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424071335/http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/index.cfm?page=makki&language=english |archive-date=24 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Walsh>
{{cite news |last=Walsh |first=Declan |title=U.S. Offers $10 Million Reward for Pakistani Militant Tied to Mumbai Attacks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/04/world/asia/us-offers-10-million-reward-for-pakistani-militant.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629213147/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/04/world/asia/us-offers-10-million-reward-for-pakistani-militant.html |archive-date=29 June 2017 |url-status=live}}
</ref>
* [[Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi]] – released on bail from custody of Pakistan military<ref name="LakhviArrestWaPo">
{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/08/AR2008120800331.html |title=Pakistan Arrests Suspected Mastermind of Mumbai Attacks |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=9 December 2008 |first=Candace |last=Rondeaux |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217232147/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/08/AR2008120800331.html |archive-date=17 February 2011 |url-status=live}}
</ref> – senior member of LeT. Named as one of the masterminds of the 2008 Mumbai attacks.<ref name=IndianExpress-2008-12-04>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-Lakhvi-and-Muzammil-of-LeT-masterminded-Mumbai-attacks-/394219 |title=Lakhvi, Yusuf of LeT planned Mumbai attack |agency=Associated Press |date=4 December 2008 }}</ref><ref name=buncombe>{{cite news |last=Buncombe |first=Andrew |title='Uncle' named as Mumbai terror conspirator |work=The Independent |date=8 December 2008 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/uncle-named-as-mumbai-terror-conspirator-1057699.html |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211104909/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/uncle-named-as-mumbai-terror-conspirator-1057699.html |archive-date=11 December 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 December 2014 (two days after the [[2014 Peshawar school massacre|Peshawar school attack]]), the Pakistani anti-terrorism court granted Lakhvi bail against payment of surety bonds worth Rs. 500,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=ATC approves bail of Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi in Mumbai attacks case |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan |date=18 December 2014 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151617/atc-approves-bail-of-zakiur-rehman-lakhvi-in-mumbai-attacks-case |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223121845/http://www.dawn.com/news/1151617/atc-approves-bail-of-zakiur-rehman-lakhvi-in-mumbai-attacks-case |archive-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Yusuf Muzammil – senior member of LeT and named as a mastermind of the 2008 Mumbai attacks by surviving gunman [[Ajmal Kasab]].<ref name=IndianExpress-2008-12-04 />
* [[Zarrar Shah]] – in Pakistani custody – one of LeT's primary liaisons to the ISI. A US official said that he was a "central character" in the planning behind the 2008 Mumbai attacks.<ref name="ZarrarShahMention">
{{cite news |last=Schmitt |first=Eric |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/08/world/asia/08terror.html |title=Pakistan's Spies Aided Group Tied to Mumbai Siege, Eric Schmitt, et al., NYT, 7 December 2008 |location=Mumbai (India);Pakistan |work=The New York Times |date=7 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110221217/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/08/world/asia/08terror.html |archive-date=10 November 2012 |url-status=live}}
</ref> Zarrar Shah has boasted to Pakistani investigators about his role in the attacks.<ref name="NYTZarrarRole">
{{cite news |last=Oppel |first=Richard A. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/world/asia/01pstan.html |title=Pakistani Militants Admit Role in Siege, Official Says, Richard Oppel, Jr., NYT, 2008-12-31 |location=India;Pakistan |work=The New York Times |date=31 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215130506/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/world/asia/01pstan.html |archive-date=15 December 2018 |url-status=live}}
</ref>
* Muhammad Ashraf – LeT's top financial officer. Although not directly connected to the Mumbai plot, after the attacks he was added to the UN list of people that sponsor terrorism.<ref name="NYTUNSanctions">{{cite news |last=Worth |first=Robert F. |title=Indian Police Name 2 More Men as Trainers and Supervisors of Mumbai Attackers |work=The New York Times |date=10 December 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/11/world/asia/11mumbai.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115547/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/11/world/asia/11mumbai.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Geo TV reported that six years earlier Ashraf became seriously ill while in custody and died at Civil Hospital on 11 June 2002.<ref name=UNdeclares4>{{cite news |title=Four Pakistani militants added to UN terrorism sanctions list |publisher=UN News Center |date=11 December 2008 |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29272&Cr=terror&Cr1= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223150428/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29272&Cr=terror&Cr1= |archive-date=23 December 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq]] – the leader of LeT in Saudi Arabia and one of its financiers. Although not directly connected to the Mumbai plot, after the attacks he was added to the UN list of people that sponsor terrorism.<ref name="NYTUNSanctions" /><ref name=UNdeclares4 />
* [[Nasr Javed]] – a Kashmiri senior operative, is on the [[list of individuals banned from entering the United Kingdom]] for "engaging in unacceptable behaviour by seeking to foment, justify or glorify terrorist violence in furtherance of particular beliefs."<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://press.homeoffice.gov.uk/press-releases/hate-promoters-banned-UK-named |title=Home Office name hate promoters excluded from the UK |date=5 May 2009 |publisher=UK Home Office |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507181855/http://press.homeoffice.gov.uk/press-releases/hate-promoters-banned-UK-named |archive-date=7 May 2009}}</ref>
* Abu Nasir (Srinagar commander)
* Zafar Iqbal<ref name="Zafar Iqbal"/> is a senior leader<ref name="Zafar Iqbal"/> and co-founder of Lashkar-e-Tayyiba.<ref name="Zafar Iqbal"/> Born in one of the Pakistani, well-known, prosperous [[landlord]],(zamindar) of Gujrat Sardar Ali Khan's house. He formed in the late 1980s with current LeT emir Hafiz Muhammad Saeed and LeT financier and senior member Mahmoud Mohammad Bahaziq. Zafar Iqbal has served in various Lashkar-e-Tayyiba/Jamaat-ud-Dawa (LeT/JuD) senior leadership positions. Zafar Iqbal<ref name="Zafar Iqbal"/> has also been involved in LeT/JuD fundraising activities. Iqbal traveled to [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]] to request financial support from former [[Al-Qaida]] leader [[Osama bin Laden]].
As of late 2010, Iqbal was in charge of the LeT/JuD finance<ref name="Zafar Iqbal"/> department.<ref name="Zafar Iqbal"/>
As of early 2010, Iqbal was also the director of the LeT/JuD education.
As of 2010, Iqbal<ref name="Zafar Iqbal"/> was also the president of the LeT/JuD medical wing and secretary of a university trust created by LeT/JuD to carry out unspecified activities on behalf of the group.

==History==

===Formation===
In 1985, [[Hafiz Mohammed Saeed]] and Zafar Iqbal<ref name="Zafar Iqbal"/> formed the ''Jamaat-ud-Dawa'' (Organization for Preaching, or JuD) as a small missionary group dedicated to promoting an [[Ahl-e-Hadith]] version of Islam. In the next year, Zaki-ur Rehman Lakvi merged his group of anti-Soviet jihadists with the JuD to form the ''Markaz-ud Dawa-wal-Irshad'' (Center for Preaching and Guidance, or MDI). The MDI had 17 founders originally, and notable among them was [[Abdullah Azzam]]. Azzam would be killed in a [[car bomb]]ing orchestrated by [[KHAD|Khad]] in 1989.

The LeT was formed in Afghanistan's [[Kunar province]] in 1990<ref name="satp" /> and gained prominence in the early 1990s as a military offshoot of MDI.<ref name="cronin"/> MDI's primary concerns were [[dawah]] and the LeT focused on jihad although the members did not distinguish between the two groups' functions. According to Hafiz Saeed, "Islam propounds both dawa[h] and jihad. Both are equally important and inseparable. Since our life revolves around Islam, therefore both dawa and jihad are essential; we cannot prefer one over the other."<ref name="tankel201104"/>

Most of these training camps were located in [[North-West Frontier Province]] (NWFP) and many were shifted to Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]] for the sole purpose of training volunteers for terrorism in India. From 1991 onward, militancy surged in India, as many Lashkar-e-Taiba volunteers were infiltrated into Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] from Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir with the help of the [[Pakistan Army]] and ISI.<ref name="tellis2010f"/> As of 2010, the degree of control that Pakistani intelligence retains over LeT's operations is not known.

===Designation as terrorist group===
On 28 March 2001, in Statutory Instrument 2001 No. 1261, British [[Home Secretary]] [[Jack Straw]] designated the group a [[Terrorism Act 2000|Proscribed Terrorist Organization]] under the [[Terrorism Act 2000]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo020116/text/20116w06.htm |title=Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards |date=16 January 2002 |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605032943/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo020116/text/20116w06.htm |archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2001/1261/contents/made |title=Statutory Instrument 2001 No. 1261: The Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organizations) (Amendment) Order 2001 |date=28 March 2001 |publisher=legislation.gov.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218033836/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2001/1261/contents/made |archive-date=18 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 5 December 2001, the group was added to the [[Patriot Act Terrorist Exclusion List|Terrorist Exclusion List]]. In a notification dated 26 December 2001, [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]], designated Lashkar-e-Taiba a [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|Foreign Terrorist Organization]].<ref name=satp />

Lashkar-e-Taiba was banned in Pakistan on 12 January 2002.<ref name=bbcprofile>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3181925.stm |title=Profile: Lashkar-e-Toiba |date=4 December 2008 |publisher=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205062329/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3181925.stm |archive-date=5 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

It is banned in India as a designated terrorist group under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]].

It was [[Designated terrorist organisations in Australia|listed as a terrorist organization]] in Australia under the ''Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Act 2002'' on 11 April 2003 and was re-listed on 11 April 2005 and 31 March 2007.<ref name="ANS1">{{cite web |title=Listed terrorist organizations |url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025195553/https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=25 October 2016 |publisher=Australian National Security}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_reg_es/ccar200712n267o2007414.html |title=Criminal Code Amendment Regulations 2007 (No. 12) (SLI No 267 of 2007) |publisher=Austlii.edu.au |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025225804/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_reg_es/ccar200712n267o2007414.html |archive-date=25 October 2012 |url-status=live}}
</ref>

On 2 May 2008, it was placed on the Consolidated List established and maintained by the committee established by the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1267]] as an entity associated with [[al-Qaeda]]. The report also proscribed Jamaat-ud-Dawa as a front group of the LeT.<ref>[http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/12/un_declares_jamaatud.php UN declares Jamaat-ud-Dawa a terrorist front group] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023430/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/12/un_declares_jamaatud.php |date=2 February 2017}} ''Long War Journal'' – 11 December 2008</ref> [[Bruce Riedel]], an expert on terrorism, believes that LeT with the support of its Pakistani backers is more dangerous than al-Qaeda.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/NorthAmerica/Lashkar-e-Taiba-now-more-dangerous-than-al-Qaeda-US-expert/Article1-886143.aspx |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba now more dangerous than al Qaeda: US expert |date=10 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713013200/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/NorthAmerica/Lashkar-e-Taiba-now-more-dangerous-than-al-Qaeda-US-expert/Article1-886143.aspx |archive-date=13 July 2012}}</ref>

===Aftermath of Mumbai attacks===
[[File:Lashkar e Taiba Wall.jpg|thumb|Pakistani street art of the Lashkar e Taiba]]
According to a media report, the US accused JuD of being the front group for the prime suspects of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], the Lashkar-e-Taiba, the organization that trained the 10 gunmen involved in these attacks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/04/201243111015364712.html |title=Hafiz Saeed rejects US terrorism accusations |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910092436/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/04/201243111015364712.html |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Listen
| filename = Talk Nation Radio - 2008-12-09 Journalist Graham Usher in Islamabad, Pakistan.vorb.oga
| title = A report for Canada's Talk Nation Radio on the regional tensions arising from the Mumbai attacks
| description = Journalist [[Graham Usher (journalist)|Graham Usher]] discusses the tensions between Pakistan and India arising from the attacks. In the report from Islamabad, broadcast on 9 December 2008, he also discusses the regional role of the United States.
| pos =
}}

On 7 December 2008, under pressure from the US and India, [[Pakistan Army]] launched an operation against LeT and raided a ''markaz'' (center) of the LeT at Shawai Nullah, 5 km from [[Muzaffarabad]] in Pakistan administered [[Azad Kashmir]]. The army arrested more than twenty members of the LeT including [[Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi]], the alleged mastermind of the Mumbai attacks. They are said to have sealed off the center, which included a [[madrasah]] and a mosque alongside offices of the LeT according to the government of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/09/stories/2008120960721300.htm |title=Shut down LeT operations, India tells Pakistan |author=Subramanian, Nirupama |work=The Hindu |date=8 December 2008 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212105203/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/09/stories/2008120960721300.htm |archive-date=12 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 10 December 2008, India formally requested the [[United Nations Security Council]] to designate JuD as a terrorist organization. Subsequently, Pakistan's ambassador to the United Nations Abdullah Hussain gave an undertaking, saying,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pakistan-likely-to-ban-Jamaat-ud-Dawa/articleshow/3817081.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126031320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-10/india/27910122_1_ban-jamaat-ud-dawa-consequential-actions-jud |url-status=live |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Pakistan likely to ban Jamaat-ud-Dawa |work=The Times of India |date=10 December 2008 }}</ref>
{{blockquote |After the designation of Jamaat-ud-Dawah (JUD) under (resolution) 1267, the government on receiving communication from the Security Council shall proscribe the JUD and take other consequential actions, as required, including the freezing of assets.}}

A similar assurance was given by Pakistan in 2002 when it clamped down on the LeT; however, the LeT was covertly allowed to function under the guise of the JuD. While arrests have been made, the Pakistani government has categorically refused to allow any foreign investigators access to Hafiz Muhammad Saeed.

On 11 December 2008, the United Nations Security Council imposed sanctions on JuD, declaring it a global terrorist group. Saeed, the chief of JuD, declared that his group would challenge the sanctions imposed on it in all forums. Pakistan's government also banned the JuD on the same day and issued an order to seal the JuD in all [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|four provinces]], as well as Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-bans-Jamaat-arrests-Hafiz-Saeed/articleshow/3824291.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716054724/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-12/pakistan/27919623_1_jamaat-leaders-johar-town-exit-control-list |url-status=live |archive-date=16 July 2012 |title=Pakistan bans Jamaat-ud-Dawa, shuts offices |work=The Times of India |date=11 December 2008 }}</ref> Before the ban JuD, ran a weekly newspaper named ''Ghazwah'', two monthly magazines called ''Majalla Tud Dawaa'' and ''Zarb e Taiba'', and a fortnightly magazine for children, ''Nanhe Mujahid''. The publications have since been banned by the Pakistani government. In addition to the prohibition of JuD's print publications, the organization's websites were also shut down by the Pakistani government.

After the UNSC ban, [[Hindu]] minority groups in Pakistan came out in support of JuD. At protest marches in [[Hyderabad (Pakistan)|Hyderabad]], Hindu groups said that JuD does charity work such as setting up water wells in desert regions and providing food to the poor.<ref name="Reuters_Pak_Hindus_Rally">{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-37059320081216 |title=Pakistani Hindus rally to support Islamic charity |author=Hamid Shaikh |date=16 December 2008 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508111114/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-37059320081216 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Hindus rally for Muslim charity">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7786495.stm |title=Hindus rally for Muslim charity |date=16 December 2008 |publisher=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216231427/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7786495.stm |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, according to the [[BBC]], the credibility of the level of support for the protest was questionable as protesters on their way to what they believed was a rally against price rises had been handed signs in support of JuD.<ref name="Hindus rally for Muslim charity" /> The JuD ban has been met with heavy criticism in many Pakistani circles,{{By whom|date=February 2010}} as JuD was the first to react to the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake|Kashmir earthquake]] and the [[2008 Ziarat earthquake|Ziarat earthquake]]. It also ran over 160 schools with thousands of students and provided aid in hospitals as well.<ref name=aj20100218>{{cite news |title=Jamaat chief rejects Indian charges |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=18 February 2010 |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/02/201021785121810598.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203110956/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2010/02/201021785121810598.html |archive-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2009, JuD spokesperson, [[Abdullah Muntazir]], stressed that the group did not have global jihadist aspirations and would welcome a peaceful resolution of the Kashmir issue. He also publicly disowned LeT commanders Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi and [[Zarrar Shah]], who have both been accused of being the masterminds behind the Mumbai attacks.<ref name="Roul-A" />

In response to the UN resolution and the government ban, the JuD reorganized itself under the name of Tehreek-e-Tahafuz Qibla Awal (TTQA).<ref name="Roul-A" />

On 25 June 2014, the United States added several of LeT affiliates including Jamaat-ud-Dawa, Al-Anfal Trust, Tehrik-e-Hurmat-e-Rasool, and Tehrik-e-Tahafuz Qibla Awwal to the list of foreign terrorist organizations.<ref>{{cite web |title=US adds LeT's parent Jama'at-ud-Dawa to list of Terror Organizations |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/us-adds-lets-parent-jamaat-ud-dawa-to-list-of-terror-organizations/ |work=IANS |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708055744/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/us-adds-lets-parent-jamaat-ud-dawa-to-list-of-terror-organizations/ |archive-date=8 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Stephen Tankel, writing in 2011, {{blockquote |despite the "chorus" of diplomats, security officials and military officers" calling for Pakistan to clamp down on LeT, Pakistan has and will continue to resist. This is because LeT is "one of the few militant outfits that officially refrain from launching attacks in Pakistan", which, with the group's trained fighters and resources would be very bad for the stability of Pakistan if it did. Secondly, the Pakistani army and its powerful [[Inter-Services Intelligence |Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate]] (ISI) have long considered LeT to be the country’s most reliable proxy against India and the group still provides utility in this regard as well as the potential for leverage at the negotiating table. Thus, the consensus is that, at least in the short-term, taking steps to dismantle the group would chiefly benefit India, while Pakistan would be left to deal with the costs.<ref name="tankel201104"/>}}

===Milli Muslim League===
{{main|Milli Muslim League}}

[[Jamaat-ud-Dawa]] members on 7 August 2017 announced the creation of a [[political party]] called ''Milli Muslim League''. Tabish Qayoum, a JuD activist working as the party spokesman, stated they had filed registration papers for a new party with Pakistan's electoral commission.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-politics-jihad/charity-run-by-hafiz-saeed-launches-political-party-in-pakistan-idINKBN1AN1IN |title=Charity run by Hafiz Saeed launches political party in Pakistan |work=Reuters |first=Asif |last=Shahzad |date=7 August 2017 }}</ref> Later in August, JuD under the banner of the party fielded a candidate for the 2017 by-election of [[Constituency NA-120]]. Muhammad Yaqoob Sheikh filed his nomination papers as an independent candidate.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.com.pk/national/13-Aug-2017/na-120-by-polls-jud-fields-candidate |title=NA-120 by-polls: JUD fields candidate |newspaper=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|4=The Nation]] |date=13 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909094952/http://nation.com.pk/national/13-Aug-2017/na-120-by-polls-jud-fields-candidate |archive-date=9 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The registration application of the party was rejected by ECP on 12 October.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/milli-muslim-league-registration-rejected-ecp-171012072803257.html |title=Milli Muslim League registration rejected by ECP |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012085514/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/milli-muslim-league-registration-rejected-ecp-171012072803257.html |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hafiz Saeed]] announced in December, a few days after release from house arrest on 24 November, that his organization will contest the [[2018 Pakistani general election|2018 elections]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/hafiz-saeed-backed-mml-to-contest-elections-in-2018/article21256381.ece |title=Hafiz Saeed-backed MML to contest polls |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 December 2017}}</ref>

===Name changes===
In February 2019, after the Pulwama attack, the Pakistan government placed the ban once again on Jamat-ud-Dawa and its charity organisation [[Falah-e-Insaniat Foundation]] (FIF).<ref name="TH_Feb2019">{{cite news |title=Jamat-ud-Dawa, its charity arm Falah-e-Insaniyat Foundation change name, bypass ban |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/jud-fif-change-name-bypass-ban/article26358300.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 February 2019 }}</ref> To evade the ban, their names were changed to Al Madina and Aisar Foundation respectively and they continued their work as before.<ref name="DailyTimesRename">{{cite news |title=Ban not fully enforced |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/357982/ban-not-fully-enforced/ |work=Daily Times |date=23 February 2019}}</ref>

===People's Anti-Fascist Front===
{{Main|People's Anti-Fascist Front}}

The PAFF was originally thought to be a faction of Lashkar-e-Taiba according to Indian officials.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/peoples-anti-fascist-front-paff-jammu-and-kashmir/ |title=People's Anti-Fascist Front (PAFF) – Jammu & Kashmir }}</ref> The Indian police claimed it is an offshoot of [[Jaish-e-Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/4/kashmir-police-arrest-suspect-in-murder-of-top-prison-official |title=Kashmir police arrest suspect in murder of top prison official }}</ref> The PAFF was created during the wake of the [[2019 Kashmir Protests]] after the [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revocation of autonomy]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1713436 |title=Prison chief killed in India-occupied Kashmir as Amit Shah visits |date=4 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1034232/jammu-and-kashmir-director-general-prisons-found-dead-at-home-police-suspect-murder |title=Jammu and Kashmir police deny any terror link in murder case of DGP Hemant Lohia |date=4 October 2022 }}</ref> The PAFF has claimed responsibility of many attacks in Kashmir against Indian forces.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/jks-new-terror-outfit-peoples-anti-fascist-front-releases-attention-grabbing-video-watch/628324 |title=J&K's new terror outfit 'People's Anti-Fascist Front' releases attention-grabbing video |date=28 July 2020}}</ref>

===Influence in Kashmir===
{{Main|Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir}}

After the [[Mujahideen]] victory against the [[Soviet-Afghan war|Soviet Union occupation in Afghanistan]], Lashkar-e-Taiba and Mujahideen fighters, with the aid of [[Pakistan]], slowly infiltrated [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] with the goal of spreading a radical [[Islamism|Islamist Ideology]] to [[Jihad]] against [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Indian administration in Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Dawn-Who is Lashkar-e-Tayyiba"/>

In July 2025, [[Indian Security Forces|Indian security forces]] carried out a high-profile counter-terrorism operation near [[Srinagar]], killing three [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] terrorists affiliated with Lashkar-e-Taiba. Among those neutralised was Suleiman Shah, also known as Hashim Moosa, identified as the mastermind behind the 22 April [[Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam terror attack]] that claimed 26 civilian lives. The operation, codenamed Operation Mahadev, also eliminated two other LeT operatives—Abu Hamza and Yasir, both linked to the same attack.

Suleiman, a former [[Pakistan Army]] soldier, had a ₹20 lakh{{nbsp}}({{lakh | 20}}) bounty on his head and was classified as a high-value target. The joint operation was launched by the [[Indian Army]], [[CRPF Valley QAT|CRPF]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] based on specific intelligence in the Mulnar area of Harwan. The success of the operation is seen as a significant setback to Lashkar-e-Taiba, coming shortly after the [[United Nations]] banned [[The Resistance Front]] (TRF), a proxy outfit of LeT.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Pahalgam Mastermind Suleiman Shah Among 3 Terrorists Killed in Op Mahadev: Sources|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-attack-terrorists-killed-encounter-breaks-out-in-srinagars-lidwas-army-says-operation-mahadev-underway-8964904?pfrom=home-ndtv_topscroll}}</ref>

==Activities==
The group operates terrorist training camps and does humanitarian work. Across Pakistan, the organization runs 16 Islamic institutions, 135 secondary schools, an ambulance service, mobile clinics, blood banks and seminaries according to the South Asia Terrorism Portal.<ref name="satp" />

In 2002, the group's annual religious congregation (''[[ijtema]]'') was the second-largest gathering among Pakistan's religious parties, with around 1 million participants, after [[Tablighi Jamaat]] (2 million) but ahead of other traditional Islamist parties such as the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] (500,000).<ref name="shafqat2002">{{cite book |last=Shafqat |first=Saeed |title=Pakistan: Nationalism Without a Nation |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |year=2002 |isbn=9781842771174 |editor=[[Christophe Jaffrelot]] |location=London |pages=131 |chapter=From Official Islam to Islamism: The Rise of Dawat-ul-Irshad and Lashkar-e-Taiba}}</ref>

The group actively carries out suicide attacks on [[Indian Armed Forces]] in Jammu and Kashmir.

Some breakaway Lashkar-e-Taiba members have been accused of carrying out attacks in Pakistan, particularly in [[Karachi]], to mark its opposition to the policies of former president [[Pervez Musharraf]].<ref name=bbcprofile /><ref>
[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indians-in-pak-ready-to-work-for-let-headley/160600-2.html Indians in Pak ready to work for LeT: Headley] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620022822/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indians-in-pak-ready-to-work-for-let-headley/160600-2.html |date=20 June 2011}}, Press Trust of India, 18 June 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/some-karachibased-indians-willing-to-work-with-let-headley/805527/ Some Karachi-based Indians willing to work with LeT: Headley], Agencies, Sat 18 June 2011</ref>

===Publications===
[[Christine Fair]] estimates that, through its editing house Dar al Andalus, "LeT is perhaps the most prolific producer of ''[[jihadi]]'' literature in Pakistan." By the end of the 90s, the Urdu monthly magazine ''Mujallah al-Dawah'' had a circulation of 100 000, another monthly magazine, ''Ghazwa'', of 20 000, while other weekly and monthly publications target students (''Zarb-e-Tayyaba''), female students (''Tayyabaat''), children and those who are literate in English (''Voice of Islam'' and ''Invite'') or Arabic (''al-Ribat''). It also published, every year, around 100 booklets, in many languages.<ref>C. Christine Fair, ''In Their Own Words: Understanding Lashkar-e-Tayyaba'', Oxford University Press (2018), pp. 86–87</ref> It has been described as a "profitable department, selling [[lakh|lacs]] of books every year."<ref>[[Muḥammad_ʻĀmir_Rānā]] & Amir Mir, ''A to Z of Jehadi Organizations in Pakistan'', Mashal Books (2004), p. 327</ref>

===Antisemitism===
Lashkar-e-Taiba, the Pakistan-based [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist]] group, has also expressed antisemitic views. The organization declares the [[Jews|Jewish people]] to be "Enemies of [[Islam]]" and designates Israel as an "Enemy of Pakistan".<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071226011450/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2001/01/05/stories/040555ra.htm Lashkar-e-Toiba: Spreading the jehad]}} Accessed 8 October 2006</ref>

The [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jewish]] ([[Chabad]]) religious centre [[Nariman House]] in [[Mumbai]] was hit by Lashkar-e-Taiba militants during the 2008 Mumbai attacks in India. The sole surviving perpetrator of the attack, [[Ajmal Kasab]], was eventually captured by Indian security forces.<ref name="PakAdmitsNYT">[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/08/world/asia/08pstan.html "Gunman in Mumbai Siege a Pakistani"], ''New York Times'', 7 January 2009</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2009|title=Surviving gunman's identity established as Pakistani|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.net/wps/wcm/connect/Dawn%20Content%20Library/dawn/news/pakistan/surviving-gunmans-identity-established-as-pakistani-ss|url-status=dead|access-date=7 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320220451/http://www.dawn.net/wps/wcm/connect/Dawn%20Content%20Library/dawn/news/pakistan/surviving-gunmans-identity-established-as-pakistani-ss|archive-date=20 March 2017}}</ref> Antisemitic views were evident from the testimonies of Kasab following his arrest and trial.<ref name="Rubenstein2011">{{cite book|last=Rubenstein|first=Richard L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UyNR4AAevwIC&pg=PA181|title=Jihad and Genocide|date=16 May 2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-6203-5|pages=181–182|access-date=8 January 2012}}</ref>

===Training camps===
The LeT militant training camps are in a number of locations in Pakistan. These camps, which include the base camp, Markaz-e-Taiba in [[Muridke]] near [[Lahore]] and the one near Manshera, are used to impart training to militants. In these camps, the following trainings are imparted:
* the 21-day religious course (''Daura-e-Sufa'')<ref name=telegraphManipur />
* the 21-day basic combat course (''Daura-e-Aam'')<ref name="hindu20081206">{{cite news |last=Swami |first=Praveen |date=2 December 2008 |title=A journey into the Lashkar |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/02/stories/2008120259961000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205005025/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/02/stories/2008120259961000.htm |archive-date=5 December 2008}}</ref>
* the three-month advanced combat course (''Daura-e-Khaas'')<ref name=hindu20081206/><ref name="saAnalysis" />

A [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11]] conspirator, [[Zabiuddin Ansari]], alias Abu Jundal, was arrested in 2012 by Indian intelligence agencies and was reported to have disclosed that paragliding training was also included in the training curriculum of LeT cadres at is camps in [[Muzaffarabad]] in Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Paragliding-part-of-LeT-training-camp-Jundal/Article1-880615.aspx |title=Paragliding part of LeT training camp: Jundal |date=29 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617024138/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Paragliding-part-of-LeT-training-camp-Jundal/Article1-880615.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2013}}</ref>

These camps have been tolerated since inception by Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) agency because of their usefulness against India and in Afghanistan although as of 2006 they had been instructed not to mount any operations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=7141272 |title=The trouble with Pakistan by Economist |newspaper=The Economist |date=6 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202022548/http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=7141272 |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Update after|2010|09|23}} A French anti-terrorism expert, Jean-Louis Bruguière, in his ''Some Things that I Wasn't Able to Say'' has stated that the regular Pakistani army officers trained the militants in the LeT militant training camps until recently. He reached this conclusion after interrogating a French militant, Willy Brigitte, who had been trained by the LeT and arrested in Australia in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_pakistani-army-ran-muslim-extremist-training-camps-anti-terrorist-expert_1311559 |title=Pakistani Army ran Muslim extremist training camps: Anti-terrorist expert |date=14 November 2009 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117111832/http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_pakistani-army-ran-muslim-extremist-training-camps-anti-terrorist-expert_1311559 |archive-date=17 November 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6916408.ece |title=Pakistani Army ran Muslim extremist training camps, says anti-terrorist expert |last=Bremner |first=Charles |date=14 November 2009 |work=[[The Times]] }}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

====Muridke base camp====
The LeT base camp called ''[[Markaz-e-Taiba]]'' is in Nangal Saday, about 5 km north of [[Muridke]], on the eastern side of the G.T. road; about 30 km from Lahore. Established in 1988, it is spread over {{convert|200|acre|km2}} and contains a madrassa, hospital, market, residences, a fish farm and agricultural tracts. The initial sectarian religious training, ''Daura-e-Sufa'' is imparted here to the militants.<ref name=telegraphManipur>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061228/asp/guwahati/story_7192271.asp |title=Lid off Lashkar's Manipur mission |author=Dholabhai, Nishit |work=The Telegraph |date=28 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021165839/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061228/asp/guwahati/story_7192271.asp |archive-date=21 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Supporters of Pakistan-based terror groups, including Lashkar-e-Taiba and the al-Qaeda-linked '''313 Brigade''', posted videos on TikTok, YouTube, and Google from here. The videos, verified and geolocated by [[Sky News]], showed armed men and children engaging in martial arts training, and captions promoting jihad. Hashtags like "#313" and terms such as "mujahid" were used to signal affiliation with banned groups. Analysts noted that the posts formed part of a coordinated propaganda campaign aimed at recruitment and spreading extremist ideology.<ref name="Sky 12 May 2025">{{Cite web |title=Terror group supporters posted on TikTok, YouTube and Google from site targeted in Indian airstrikes |url=https://news.sky.com/story/terror-group-supporters-posted-on-tiktok-youtube-and-google-from-site-targeted-in-indian-airstrikes-13363716 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Sky News }}</ref>

In May 2025, the [[Indian Air Force|Indian Airforce]] bombed the camp as part of [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|Operation Sindoor]] in retaliation for the [[Pahalgam attack]].<ref name="Sky 12 May 2025"/><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP0adf772Qo On the ground from Muridke's Markaz-e-Taiba in Pakistan after India's air strike], BBC News India, via YouTube, 7 May 2025.</ref> In a viral video, Lashkar-e-Taiba commander Qaasim vowed to rebuild the destroyed Markaz camp in Muridke "even bigger" following its destruction. Standing amid the rubble, he admitted the camp's role in training numerous Mujahideen and Talaba, and declared that they would reconstruct the facility on a larger scale, reaffirming its importance in producing fighters who, according to him, had achieved “Faiz (Victory).”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-19 |title=‘We will rebuild even bigger’: On video, Lashkar commander admits Operation Sindoor destroyed Pak's Muridke camp |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/we-will-rebuild-even-bigger-on-video-lashkar-commander-admits-operation-sindoor-destroyed-pak-muridke-camp-101758265830124.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

====Other training camps====
In 1987, LeT established two militant training camps in [[Afghanistan]]. The first one was the Muaskar-e-Taiba at [[Jaji District|Jaji]] in [[Paktia Province]] and the second one was the Muaskar-e-Aqsa in [[Kunar Province]].<ref>Rao, Aparna, Michael Bollig & Monika Böck. (ed.). (2008) ''The Practice of War: Production, Reproduction and Communication of Armed Violence'', Oxford: Berghahn Books, {{ISBN|978-1-84545-280-3}}, pp. 136–137</ref> US [[intelligence analysts]] justify the [[extrajudicial]] detention of at least one [[Guantanamo Bay detainment camp|Guantanamo detainee]] because they allege he attended a LeT training camp in Afghanistan. A memorandum summarising the factors for and against the continued detention of [[Saudi detainees at Guantanamo Bay|Bader Al Bakri Al Samiri]] asserts that he attended a LeT [[Afghan training camp|training camp]].

[[Mariam Abou Zahab]] and [[Olivier Roy (political scientist)|Olivier Roy]] in their ''Islamist Networks: The Afghan-Pakistan Connection'' (London: [[C. Hurst & Co.]], 2004) mentioned three training camps in Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]], the principal one is the Umm-al-Qura training camp at [[Muzaffarabad]]. Every month five hundred militants are trained in these militant camps. Muhammad Amir Rana in his ''A to Z of Jehadi Organizations in Pakistan'' (Lahore: Mashal, 2004) listed five training camps. Four of them, the Muaskar-e-Taiba, the Muaskar-e-Aqsa, the Muaskar Umm-al-Qura and the Muaskar Abdullah bin Masood are in Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and the Markaz Mohammed bin Qasim training camp is in [[Sanghar District]] of [[Sindh]]. Ten thousand militants had been trained in these militant camps up to 2004.

As of 2022, Lashkar-e-Taiba maintains multiple training camps in Afghanistan alongside [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] which are used for both training and recruitment.<ref name="JG">{{cite web |date=9 October 2024 |title=Many Jihadi Groups In Asia & Africa Pledge Allegiance To Taliban Leader, Group Sources |url=https://www.afintl.com/en/202410090797}}</ref><ref name="UR">{{cite news |date=30 May 2022 |title=Pakistan-based terror group JeM, LeT maintain training camps in Afghanistan: UN report |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/pakistan-based-terror-group-jem-let-maintain-training-camps-in-afghanistan-un-report-399496 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607171809/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/pakistan-based-terror-group-jem-let-maintain-training-camps-in-afghanistan-un-report-399496 |archive-date=7 June 2022 |work=[[The Tribune]] |quote=The report cites a UN Member State as saying that JeM ‘maintains eight training camps in Nangarhar, three of which are directly under Taliban control’}}.</ref>

===Funding===
The government of Pakistan began to fund the LeT during the early 1990s and by around 1995 the funding had grown considerably. During this time the army and the ISI helped establish the LeT's military structure with the specific intent to use the militant group against Indians. The LeT also obtained funds through efforts of the MDI's Department of Finance.<ref name="tankel201104"/>

Until 2002, the LeT collected funds through public fundraising events usually using charity boxes in shops. The group also received money through donations at MDI offices, through personal donations collected at public celebrations of an operative's martyrdom, and through its website.<ref name="tankel201104"/> The LeT also collected donations from the Pakistani immigrant community in the [[Persian Gulf]] and United Kingdom, Islamic Non-Governmental Organizations, and Pakistani and Kashmiri businessmen.<ref name="satp" /><ref name="tankel201104"/><ref>[https://fas.org/irp/world/para/lashkar.htm Lashkar-e-Taiba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723125658/http://fas.org/irp/world/para/lashkar.htm |date=23 July 2015}}, Federation of American Scientists Intelligence Resource Program</ref> LeT operatives have also been apprehended in India, where they had been obtaining funds from sections of the Muslim community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jul/28lashkar.htm |title=Meet the Lashkar-e-Tayiba's fundraiser |work=Rediff.com |date=31 December 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120000114/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jul/28lashkar.htm |archive-date=20 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Although many of the funds collected went towards legitimate uses, e.g. factories and other businesses, a significant portion was dedicated to military activities. According to US intelligence, the LeT had a military budget of more than $5 million by 2009.<ref name="tankel201104"/>

==== Drug and arms trade ====
The group also maintains a vast smuggling network, smuggling weapons and drugs from Afghanistan, through Pakistan, to India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rahmati |first=Fidel |date=2025-04-24 |title=India uncovers major drug-terror network linked to Lashkar-e-Taiba |url=https://www.khaama.com/india-uncovers-major-drug-terror-network-linked-to-lashkar-e-taiba/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |work=Khaama Press |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="TI"/> These are likely brought from Lashkar-e-Taiyaba training camps in Afghanistan<ref name="JG"/><ref name="UR"/> and stored in their Pakistani counterparts before being brought to India.<ref name="TI">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=How arms for Nato are ending up with gangs and terrorists in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-punjab-terrorism-arms-ammunitions-for-nato-us-made-america-afghanistan-gangs-terrorist-india-2593339-2024-09-04 |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Lashkar-e-Taiba's drugs include [[Heroin|herion]] and [[Methamphetamine|meth]] while weapons include American-made [[M4 carbine|M4 Carabine assault rifles]] among other drugs and weapons.{{efn|<ref name="M4">{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=2024-08-21 |title=US-made M4 carbine assault rifles in J&K terrorists' hands a serious threat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Aug/21/us-made-m4-carbine-assault-rifles-in-jk-terrorists-hands-a-serious-threat |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohananey |first=Avinash |date=2025-04-24 |title=Pakistan terror groups have limitless America-made M4 rifles |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-terror-groups-have-limitless-america-made-m4-rifles/articleshow/120572092.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/operation-keller-in-kashmir-lashkar-e-taiba-command-cell-busted-huge-arms-seizure-follows-encounter/ar-AA1ELokD?ocid=weather-verthp-feeds |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref name="HC">{{Cite web |last=Online {{!}} |first=E. T. |date=2025-05-14 |title=J&K: Huge cache of arms, ammunition recovered after 3 Lashkar terrorists gunned down |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/jk-huge-cache-of-arms-ammunition-recovered-after-3-lashkar-terrorists-gunned-down/videoshow/121159533.cms |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=2024-08-19 |title=US-made M4 carbine assault rifles in terrorists' hands in Jammu pose serious threat says security officials |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Aug/19/us-made-m4-carbine-assault-rifles-in-terrorists-hands-in-jammu-pose-serious-threat-says-security-officials |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>}} Indian security forces have been seizing arms cashes almost daily.{{efn|<ref name="M4"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-14 |title=Operation Keller in Kashmir: Lashkar-e-Taiba command cell busted, huge arms seizure follows encounter |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/operation-keller-in-kashmir-lashkar-e-taiba-command-cell-busted-huge-arms-seizure-follows-encounter-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/121164300.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="IU">{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2025-05-19 |title=2 terrorist associates arrested in J&K's Shopian, arms recovered, investigation underway |url=https://theprint.in/india/2-terrorist-associates-arrested-in-jks-shopian-arms-recovered-investigation-underway/2630144/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="HC"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-29 |title=2 Lashkar terrorists arrested in J&K's Shopian, arms and grenades recovered |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/terrorists-arrested-in-jammu-and-kashmir-shopian-arms-hand-grenades-recovered-army-crpf-2732240-2025-05-29 |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TI"/>}} The investigations done by India's NIA (National Intelligence Agency) have exposed major drug operations conducted by Lashkar-e-Taiba.<ref name="IU"/><ref name="TI"/>

This smuggling has only strengthened the group's relation's with the Indian [[D-Company]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dawood is a terrorist, has 'strategic alliance' with ISI, says US |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dawood-is-a-terrorist-has-strategic-alliance-with-ISI-says-US/articleshow/5418149.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003232824/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dawood-is-a-terrorist-has-strategic-alliance-with-ISI-says-US/articleshow/5418149.cms |archive-date=3 October 2017 |access-date=2017-06-07 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="TI"/>

====Use of charity aid to fund relief operations====
LeT assisted victims after the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]].<ref name="bbc20061005">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5402756.stm |title=UN quake aid went to extremists |publisher=BBC News |date=5 October 2006 |author=Kate Clark |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528142916/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5402756.stm |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live |author-link=Kate Clark (journalist)}}</ref> In many instances, they were the first on the scene, arriving before the army or other civilians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-461/i.html |title=Jihadis in Kashmir: The Politics of an Earthquake |last=McGirk |first=Jan |date=October 2005 |publisher=Qantara |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201170519/http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-461/i.html |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A large amount of funds collected among the Pakistani expatriate community in Britain to aid victims of the earthquake were funnelled for the activities of LeT although the donors were unaware. About [[Pound sterling|£]]5 million were collected, but more than half of the funds were directed towards LeT rather than towards relief efforts. Intelligence officials stated that some of the funds were used to prepare for [[2006 transatlantic aircraft plot|an attack that would have detonated explosives on board transatlantic airflights]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Partlow |first=Joshua |author2=Kamran Khan |title=Charity Funds Said to Provide Clues to Alleged Terrorist Plot |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=15 August 2006 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/14/AR2006081401196.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006081254/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/14/AR2006081401196.html |archive-date=6 October 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other investigations also indicated the aid received for earthquake relief was used to increase fighter recruitment.<ref>{{usurped |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080103021234/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/11/17/stories/2005111705951200.htm Quake came as a boon for Lashkar leadership]}}, ''The Hindu'', 17 November 2005</ref>

===Notable incidents===
* [[1998 Wandhama massacre]]: 23 Kashmiri [[pandit]]s were murdered on 25 January 1998.<ref name="bbc20011214">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/865818.stm |title=Violent 'army of the pure' |date=14 December 2001 |publisher=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227093323/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/865818.stm |archive-date=27 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* In March 2000, Lashkar-e-Taiba militants are claimed to have been involved in the [[Chittisinghpura massacre]], where 35 [[Sikhs]] in the town of [[Chittisinghpura]] in [[Kashmir]] were killed. An 18-year-old male, who was arrested in December of that year, admitted in an interview with a ''[[New York Times]]'' [[correspondent]] to the involvement of the group and expressed no regret in perpetrating the anti-Sikh massacre. In a separate interview with the same correspondent, Hafiz Muhammad Saeed denied knowing the young man and dismissed any possible involvement of LeT.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/31sikh.htm |title=Lashkar militant admits killing Sikhs in Chittisinghpura |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018141614/http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/31sikh.htm |archive-date=18 October 2012 |url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bearak |first=Barry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/20001231mag-kashmir.html |title=A Kashmiri Mystery |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=31 December 2000 }}</ref> In 2010, the Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) associate [[David Headley]], who was arrested in connection with the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], reportedly confessed to the [[National Investigation Agency]] that the LeT carried out the Chittisinghpura massacre.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Lashkar-behind-Sikh-massacre-in-Kashmir-in-2000-says-Headley/Article1-617459.aspx |title=Lashkar behind Sikh massacre in Kashmir in 2000, says Headley |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114013820/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Lashkar-behind-Sikh-massacre-in-Kashmir-in-2000-says-Headley/Article1-617459.aspx |archive-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> He is said to have identified an LeT militant named Muzzamil as part of the group which carried out the killings apparently to create communal tension just before Clinton's visit.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101026/j&k.htm#2 Chittisinghpura Massacre: Obama’s proposed visit makes survivors recall tragedy ] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116225028/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101026/j%26k.htm#2 |date=16 November 2017}}. ''The Tribune'', Chandigarh. 25 October 2010.</ref>
* The LeT was also held responsible by the government for the [[2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort]], New Delhi.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001228/main1.htm Red Fort attackers’ accomplice shot] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226190316/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001228/main1.htm |date=26 February 2007}},''The Tribune''</ref> LeT confirmed its participation in the Red Fort attack.<ref name=reuters20090706>{{cite news |title=Q+A – Who is Pakistan's Hafiz Mohammad Saeed? |work=Reuters |date=6 July 2009 |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40835920090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=11584&sp=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225072104/https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40835920090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=11584&sp=true |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 February 2019 }}</ref>
* LeT claimed responsibility for an attack on the [[Srinagar Airport]] that left five Indians and six militants dead.<ref name=reuters20090706 />
* The group claimed responsibility for an attack on Indian security forces along the border.<ref name=reuters20090706 />
* The Indian government blamed LeT, in coordination with [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], for a 13 December 2001 [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|assault on parliament]] in Delhi.<ref name=prashant>{{cite news |last=Prashant |first=Pandey |title=Jaish, Lashkar carried out attack with ISI guidance: police |work=The Hindu |date=17 December 2001 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/12/17/stories/2001121700210100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114073003/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/12/17/stories/2001121700210100.htm |archive-date=14 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[2002 Kaluchak massacre]] 31 killed 14 May 2002. Australian government attributed this massacre to Lashkar-e-Taiba when it designated it as a terrorist organization.
* [[2003 Nadimarg Massacre]] 24 Kashmiri pandits gunned down on the night of 23 March 2003.
* [[29 October 2005 Delhi bombings|2005 Delhi bombings]]: During [[Diwali]], Lashkar-e-Taiba bombed crowded festive Delhi markets killing 60 civilians and maiming 527. It claimed the attack under the pseudonym of "Islami Inqilabi Mahaz" (Islamic Revolutionary Front) on a jihadist website.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Sanjoy |last=Majumder |date=31 October 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4390460.stm |title=Who is behind the Delhi bombings? |location=[[Delhi]] |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=31 October 2005 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/30/AR2005103000900.html |title=Group Says It Staged Indian Blasts |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/nov/15dblast.htm |title=Delhi Metro was in LeT's cross-hairs |work=Rediff.com |date=15 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118194110/http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/nov/15dblast.htm |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[2006 Varanasi bombings]]: Lashkar-e-Taiba was involved in serial blasts in [[Varanasi]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. 37 people died and 89 were seriously injured.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/09up.htm |title=Lashkar behind blasts: UP official |work=Rediff.com |date=9 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703201047/http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/09up.htm |archive-date=3 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[2006 Doda massacre]] 34 Hindus were killed in Kashmir on 30 April 2006.
* [[11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings|2006 Mumbai train bombings]]: The investigation launched by Indian forces and US officials have pointed to the involvement of Lashkar-e-Taiba in Mumbai serial blasts on 11 July 2006. The Mumbai serial blasts on 11 July claimed 211 lives and maimed about 407 people and seriously injured another 768.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060714/main1.htm |title=350 rounded up in Maharashtra |work=The Tribune |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717032627/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060714/main1.htm |archive-date=17 July 2006 }}</ref>
* On 12 September 2006 the propaganda arm of the Lashkar-e-Taiba issued a [[fatwa]] against [[Pope Benedict XVI]] demanding that Muslims assassinate him for [[Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy|his controversial statements]] about [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Raman, B. |date=2 October 2006 |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group (SAAG) |title=LeT Issues Fatwa to Kill the Pope (Paper no. 1974) |url=http://www.saag.org/papers20/paper1974.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012053305/http://www.saag.org/papers20/paper1974.html |archive-date=12 October 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* On 16 September 2006, a top Lashkar-e-Taiba militant, Abu Saad, was killed by the troops of 9-Rashtriya Rifles in Nandi Marg forest in Kulgam. Saad belongs to [[Lahore]] in Pakistan and also oversaw LeT operations for the past three years in Gul Gulabhgash as the outfit's area commander. Apart from a large quantity of arms and ammunition, high denomination Indian and Pakistani currencies were also recovered from the slain militant.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top Lashkar-e-Taiba militant killed |date=16 September 2007 |newspaper=NDTV |url=http://www.ndtv.com/morenews/showmorestory.asp?category=National&slug=Top+Lashkar-e-Toiba+militant+killed+++++%0D&id=93264 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311134440/http://www.ndtv.com/morenews/showmorestory.asp?category=National&slug=Top%2BLashkar-e-Toiba%2Bmilitant%2Bkilled%2B%2B%2B%2B%2B%0D&id=93264 |archive-date=11 March 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]: Between 26 and 29 November 2008, Lashkar-e-Taiba was the primary suspect behind the terrorist attacks Mumbai, which included hostage taking, bombing, and mass shootout, but the outfit denied any part.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2008/11/27/le-bilan-des-attentats-de-bombay-s-alourdit_1124194_3216.html#ens_id=1123577 |title=Chaos reigns throughout Bombay |date=27 November 2008 |work=[[Le Monde]] |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204063537/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2008/11/27/le-bilan-des-attentats-de-bombay-s-alourdit_1124194_3216.html#ens_id=1123577 |archive-date=4 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The lone surviving gunman, [[Ajmal Amir Kasab]], captured by Indian authorities admitted the attacks were planned and executed by the organization, with the support from Pakistan Army and ISI.<ref name=Reuters>{{cite news |title=Three Pakistani militants held in Mumbai |work=Reuters |date=28 November 2008 |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idINSP20287920081128 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203073550/http://in.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idINSP20287920081128 |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Hindu>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/28/stories/2008112862080100.htm |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba responsible for Mumbai terroristic act |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |date=28 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201100010/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/28/stories/2008112862080100.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> United States intelligence sources confirmed that their evidence suggested Lashkar-e-Taiba is behind the attacks.<ref>{{cite news |title=US Intelligence focuses on Pakistani Group |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times |author=Mark Mazzetti |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/29/world/asia/29intel.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113205354/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/29/world/asia/29intel.html |archive-date=13 January 2018 |url-status=live |author-link=Mark Mazzetti}}</ref> A July 2009 report from Pakistani investigators confirmed that LeT was behind the attack.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hussain |first=Zahid |title=Islamabad Tells of Plot by Lashkar |location=Islamabad |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=28 July 2009 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124872197786784603?mod=googlenews_wsj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009144837/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124872197786784603?mod=googlenews_wsj |archive-date=9 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* On 7 December 2008, under pressure from USA and India, the Pakistan Army launched an operation against LeT and Jamat-ud-Dawa to arrest people suspected of 26/11 Mumbai attacks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/08/pakistan.india.mumbai.arrests/index.html#cnnSTCText |publisher=CNN |title=Pakistan raids camp over Mumbai attacks |date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121063238/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/08/pakistan.india.mumbai.arrests/index.html#cnnSTCText |archive-date=21 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* In August 2009, LeT issued an ultimatum to impose [[Hijab|Islamic dress code]] in all colleges in Jammu and Kashmir, sparking fresh fears in the tense region.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videoshow/4944357.cms |title=Impose Islamic dress code in colleges: LeT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830225457/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videoshow/4944357.cms |archive-date=30 August 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* In September and October 2009, Israeli and Indian intelligence agencies issued alerts warning that LeT was planning to attack Jewish religious places in Pune, India and other locations visited by Western and Israeli tourists in India. The gunmen who attacked the Mumbai headquarters of the Chabad Lubavitch movement during the November 2008 attacks were reportedly instructed that, "Every person you kill where you are is worth 50 of the ones killed elsewhere."<ref name="adl.org"/>
* News sources have reported that members of LeT were planning to attack the U.S. and Indian embassies in Dhaka, Bangladesh, on 26 November 2009, to coincide with the one-year anniversary of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks. At least seven men were arrested in connection to the plot, including a senior member of LeT.<ref name="adl.org" />
* [[2016 Uri attack|2016 Uri Attack]]: According to India's [[National Investigation Agency]], LeT also had a hand in the terrorist attack against an [[Indian Army]] brigade headquarters near the town of [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2017-01-19 |title=NIA says LeT behind Uri, Handwara attacks |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/Jan/19/nia-says-let-behind-uri-handwara-attacks-1561321.html |website=The New Indian Express }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-19 |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba behind Uri, Handwara terror attacks, says NIA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lashkar-e-taiba-behind-uri-handwara-terror-attacks-says-nia/articleshow/56667690.cms? |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* On 6 October 2016, three militants who attempted to storm an Indian Army camp in [[Handwara]], located in the border district of Kupwara in Jammu and Kashmir, were killed by security forces. According to a senior official from India's [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], the attackers were identified as members of LeT.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-19 |title=Lashkar hand seen in Handwara attack |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Lashkar-hand-seen-in-Handwara-attack/article16075900.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== The Resistance Front (TRF) ===
{{main|The Resistance Front}}

[[The Resistance Front]] (TRF) is believed to be a proxy organization associated with the Lashkar-e-Taiba. Established in 2019, TRF has been accused by the [[Government of India|Indian government]] of engaging in various activities that threaten peace and security in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] region. These activities include planning attacks on security forces and civilians, coordinating weapon transportation for proscribed terrorist groups, recruitment of militants, infiltration across borders, and smuggling of weapons and narcotics. In January 2023, TRF was banned under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] (UAPA), and its commander, [[Sheikh Sajjad Gul]], was designated as a terrorist. This action followed suspicions of TRF's involvement in the conspiracy to assassinate Kashmiri journalist [[Shujaat Bukhari]] in June 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lavania |first=Sudeep |title=Terrorist outfit lays claim to J & K tourist attack: What is The Resistance Front |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/terrorist-outfit-pahalgam-jammu-and-kashmir-attack-the-resistance-front-9960086/ |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref> In April 2025, TRF claimed responsibility for [[2025 Pahalgam attack]]<ref>{{Cite web |title='Act of war': What happened in Kashmir attack that killed 26 tourists? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/23/act-of-war-what-happened-in-kashmir-attack-that-killed-26-tourists |website=Al Jazeera }}</ref><ref name="aljazeera20250423">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Yashraj |date=23 April 2025 |title=What is The Resistance Front, the group claiming the deadly Kashmir attack? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/23/what-is-the-resistance-front-the-group-behind-the-deadly-kashmir-attack |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423160643/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/23/act-of-war-what-happened-in-kashmir-attack-that-killed-26-tourists |archive-date=23 April 2025 |website=Al Jazeera }}</ref><ref name="cnn20250424">{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Iyer |first2=Aishwarya |last3=Saifi |first3=Sophia |date=24 April 2025 |title=A tourist massacre in Kashmir is escalating tensions between India and Pakistan. Here's what we know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/24/india/pahalgam-india-pakistan-attack-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html |website=CNN }}</ref> and they later retracted their claim of responsibility.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2025 |title='False, hasty & part of an orchestrated campaign': LeT terror proxy TRF backtracks; denies responsibility of Pahalgam attack |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/false-hasty-part-of-an-orchestrated-campaign-let-terror-proxy-trf-backtracks-denies-responsibility-of-pahalgam-attack/articleshow/120642326.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Loss of leadership and key figures ==
#[[David Headley]] (born Daood Sayed Gilani) - he performed surveillance missions in [[Mumbai]] to scout targets for the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], and in [[Copenhagen |Copenhagen, Denmark]] to help plot an attack against the [[Denmark|Danish]] newspaper ''[[Jyllands-Posten]]'', which had [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|published cartoons of Muhammad]]. Arrested at [[O'Hare International Airport]] in [[Chicago]] in October 2009 while trying to leave for Pakistan to deliver Denmark footage. Currently serving 35 years in prison for his role in Mumbai and Copenhagen.<ref name="SweeneySentence">{{cite news |last=Sweeney |first=Annie |date=24 January 2013 |title=Chicago man gets 35 years in Mumbai terror attack |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-sentencing-today-for-chicago-man-in-mumbai-terror-attack-20130124,0,3301876.story |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124183315/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-sentencing-today-for-chicago-man-in-mumbai-terror-attack-20130124,0,3301876.story |archive-date=24 January 2013 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS EASTERN DIVISION |url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/iln/chicago/2009/pr1207_01a.pdf |website=justice.gov}}</ref>
#[[Tahawwur Hussain Rana]] - a Canadian citizen of Pakistan origin and former [[Pakistan Army]] captain, he provided material support to David Headley.<ref name="NYT181109">{{cite news |last1=Johnston |first1=David |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |title=Ex-Military Officer in Pakistan Is Linked to 2 Chicago Terrorism Suspects |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/19/world/asia/19mumbai.html |work=The New York Times |date=18 November 2009}}</ref> Arrested in Chicago along with Headley, while trying to deliver Denmark footage. Sentenced to 14 years for providing material support for the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] in 2013, but released in 2020 due to COVID-19.<ref name="LAT20130117">{{cite web |date=17 January 2013 |title=Businessman Tahawwur Rana gets 14 years for role in terrorism plots |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-tahawwur-rana-terrorism-plots-20130117,0,37764.story |work=The Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Arrested again in May 2023 following extradition request to India.<ref name="bbc180523">{{cite news |title=Tahawwur Rana: US court approves extradition of 26/11 Mumbai attack accused |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65630608 |date=18 May 2023}}</ref> Extradited to India in April 2025 and currently in custody of [[National Investigation Agency]] for interrogation and sentencing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Shekhar |date=11 April 2025 |title=Delhi court sends 26/11 attack accused Tahawwur Hussain Rana to 18-day NIA custody |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/10/delhi-court-sends-2611-attack-accused-tahawwur-hussain-rana-to-18-day-nia-custody |website=The New Indian Express }}</ref>
#Abrar, Intelligence Chief of LeT in Afghanistan was arrested and 8 other militants were killed by [[National Directorate of Security|NDS]] in Nangarhar Province.<ref name="Khaama Press"/>
#Abu Dujana, Chief of Lashkar-e-taiba in [[Kashmir Valley]] was killed by Indian security forces on 2 August 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/abu-dujana-ruthless-terrorist-with-a-weakness-for-women-10-points-1732103 |title=Abu Dujana, Ruthless Terrorist with a Weakness For Women: 10 Points |publisher=NDTV |access-date=2 August 2017}}</ref>
#Abu Qasim, operations commander of the militant group, was killed in a joint operation by the Indian army and the special operations group of the [[Jammu and Kashmir police]] on 30 October 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/nMpIgp1DTqw7pRJ2WBK0BO/LashkareTaiba-leader-Abu-Qasim-killed-by-army-JK-police.html%3ffacet=amp |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba leader Abu Qasim killed by army, J&K police |newspaper=LiveMint |access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref>
#Junaid Mattoo, Lashkar-e-Taiba commander for Kulgam was killed in an encounter with security forces in Arvani.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/top-lashkar-terrorist-junaid-matoo-killed-in-jammu-and-kashmir-encounter-say-forces-1713388 |title=Top Lashkar Terrorist Junaid Mattoo Killed in Jammu And Kashmir Encounter, Say Police |work=NDTV.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005195022/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/top-lashkar-terrorist-junaid-matoo-killed-in-jammu-and-kashmir-encounter-say-forces-1713388 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
#Waseem Shah, responsible for recruiting fresh cadres and involved in many attacks on security forces in south Kashmir was killed on 14 October 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/let-commander-waseem-shah-another-militant-killed-in-pulwama-encounter-1546103.html |title=LeT Commander Waseem Shah, The Don of Heff, Killed in Pulwama Encounter |date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014234538/http://www.news18.com/news/india/let-commander-waseem-shah-another-militant-killed-in-pulwama-encounter-1546103.html |archive-date=14 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
# Six top LeT commanders including Owaid, son of [[Abdul Rehman Makki]] and nephew of Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, wanted commanders Zargam and Mehmood, were killed on 18 November 2017. Mehmood was responsible for killing a constable on 27 September and two [[Garud Commando Force|Garud commandos]] on 11 October.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-zaki-ur-rehman-lakhvi-s-nephew-among-six-terrorists-killed-in-kashmir-2560957 |title=Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi's nephew among six terrorists killed in Kashmir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927040803/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-zaki-ur-rehman-lakhvi-s-nephew-among-six-terrorists-killed-in-kashmir-2560957 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |url-status=live |date=19 November 2017}}</ref>
# [[Azam Cheema]], main conspirator of the [[2006 Mumbai train bombings|2006 bombings]] on the [[Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]] of [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai Suburban Rail Network]]. Died of a heart attack on 28 February 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=LeT intel chief Cheema, 26/11 key conspirator, dies in Pakistan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/let-intel-chief-cheema-26/11-key-conspirator-dies-in-pakistan/articleshow/108149016.cms |access-date=30 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=2 March 2024}}</ref>
# [[Abdul Rehman Makki]], the second-in-command of LeT, died of a heart attack in December 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 December 2024 |title=LeT Deputy Leader Makki dies in Pakistan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/26/11-mastermind-and-lets-deputy-leader-abdul-rehman-makki-dies-in-pakistan/articleshow/116706190.cms }}</ref>
# Faisal Nadeem, also known as Zia-ur-Rehman and Abu Qatal, was a top LeT commander linked to several major attacks in Jammu and Kashmir, including the 2023 Dhangri massacre and the 2024 Reasi bus attack. A close aide of Hafiz Saeed, he coordinated LeT operations across Kashmir and maintained militant networks in India. According to Indian sources, Nadeem had infiltrated the Jammu region in the early 2000s and again in 2005. He was reportedly shot dead by unidentified assailants in Jhelum, Pakistan, on 16 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajwa |first=Harpreet |date=2025-03-16 |title=Top LeT commander Zia-ur-Rehman shot dead in Pakistan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2025/Mar/16/top-let-commander-zia-ur-rehman-shot-dead-in-pakistan |website=The New Indian Express }}</ref>
# Shahid Kuttay, a top LeT commander, was among three terrorists killed in an encounter with Indian security forces in Shopian district of Jammu and Kashmir on 13 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-14 |title=Operation Keller: Top LeT chief Shahid Kuttay & two more terrorists killed in an encounter in J&K's Shopian |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/encounter-between-terrorists-security-forces-underway-in-jks-shopian/articleshow/121129624.cms? |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Three suspected LeT terrorists killed in encounter Kashmir's Shopian |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir/three-let-terrorists-killed-in-encounter-in-kashmirs-shopian-3537808? |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Deccan Herald }}</ref>
# Abu Saifullah Khalid, also known as Razaullah Nizamani, the mastermind of the 2006 attack on the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] headquarters in Nagpur, who headed the LeT’s operations from Nepal since 2000, was reportedly killed by three gunmen in Pakistan’s Sindh province on 18 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Lashkar man behind attacks on RSS HQ, IISc gunned down in Pakistan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lashkar-e-taiba-terrorist-razaullah-nizamani-killed-gunmen-pakistan-10014381/ |website=The Indian Express }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-05-18 |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba terrorist Razaullah Nizamani killed by unidentified gunmen in Sindh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lashkar-e-taiba-terrorist-razaullah-nizamani-killed-by-unidentified-gunmen-in-sindh/article69590616.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After Indian agencies dismantled Lashkar’s Nepal module, Khalid shifted to Pakistan, where he maintained coordination with senior LeT and Jamaat-ud-Dawah (JuD) leaders, including Yusuf Muzammil, Muzammil Iqbal Hashmi, and Muhammad Yusuf Taibi. In the years prior to his death, he was reportedly tasked with recruiting operatives and raising funds for LeT in Sindh’s Badin and Hyderabad districts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Who was Saifullah Khalid, LeT's elusive shadow commander killed in Pak |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/razaullah-nizamani-khalid-abu-saifullah-lashkar-terrorist-killed-pakistan-nepal-sindh-rss-office-crpf-camp-attack-2726766-2025-05-19 |website=India Today}}</ref>

==External relationships==

===Support from Saudi Arabia===
{{see also|Saudi Arabia and terrorism|State-sponsored terrorism#Saudi Arabia}}

According to a secret December 2010 paper signed by the US secretary of state, "[[Saudi Arabia]] remains a critical financial support base for [[Al-Qaeda]], the [[Taliban]], LeT and other terrorist groups."<ref>{{cite web |title=US embassy cables: Hillary Clinton says Saudi Arabia 'a critical source of terrorist funding' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/220186 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221111314/https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/220186 |archive-date=21 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> LeT used a Saudi-based front company to fund its activities in 2005.<ref name="Guardian-WikiLeaks">{{cite web |last=Walsh |first=Declan |title=WikiLeaks cables portray Saudi Arabia as a cash machine for terrorists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/05/wikileaks-cables-saudi-terrorist-funding |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023137/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/05/wikileaks-cables-saudi-terrorist-funding |archive-date=15 December 2016 |url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=US embassy cables: Lashkar-e-Taiba terrorists raise funds in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/220186 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221111314/https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/220186 |archive-date=21 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Role in India-Pakistan relations===
LeT attacks have increased tensions in the already contentious [[India–Pakistan relations|relationship between India and Pakistan]].<ref name="cfrprofile">{{cite web |author=Jayshree Bajoria |date=14 January 2010 |title=Profile: Lashkar-e-Taiba (Army of the Pure) (a.k.a. Lashkar e-Tayyiba, Lashkar e-Toiba; Lashkar-i-Taiba) |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/17882/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605151918/http://www.cfr.org/publication/17882/ |archive-date=5 June 2010 |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |publisher=National Counterterrorism Center, United States |title=Groups |url=https://www.dni.gov/nctc/groups/lt.html |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=www.dni.gov}}</ref> Part of the LeT strategy may be to deflect the attention of Pakistan's military away from the tribal areas and towards its border with India. Attacks in India also aim to exacerbate tensions between India's Hindu and Muslim communities and help LeT recruitment strategies in India.<ref name=randjan2009 />

LeT cadres have also been arrested in different cities of India. On 27 May, a LeT militant was arrested from Hajipur in Gujarat. On 15 August 2001, a LeT militant was arrested from [[Bhatinda]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Lashkar militant arrested |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010817/punjab1.htm |agency=Tribune News Service |date=16 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207033049/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010817/punjab1.htm |archive-date=7 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mumbai police's interrogation of LeT operative, Abu Jundal revealed that LeT has planned 10 more terror attacks across India and he had agreed to participate in these attacks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/LeT-has-planned-10-terror-strikes-in-India-Jundal/Article1-902877.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728062826/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/LeT-has-planned-10-terror-strikes-in-India-Jundal/Article1-902877.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 July 2012 |title=LeT has planned 10 terror strikes in India: Jundal |work=Hindustan Times }}</ref> A top US counter-terrorism official, Daniel Benjamin, in a news conference on 31 July 2012, told that LeT was a threat to the stability in South Asia urging Pakistan to take strong action against the terror outfit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/Americas/LeT-a-threat-to-stability-in-South-Asia-Pak-should-act-against-it-US/Article1-906292.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801101651/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/Americas/LeT-a-threat-to-stability-in-South-Asia-Pak-should-act-against-it-US/Article1-906292.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2012 |title=LeT a threat to stability in South Asia, Pak should act against it: US |work=Hindustan Times }}</ref> Interrogation of Jundal revealed that LeT was planning to carry out aerial attacks on Indian cities and had trained 150 paragliders for this. He knew of these plans when he visited a huge bungalow in eastern Karachi where top LeT men, supervised by a man called Yakub were planning aerial and sea route attacks on India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/abu-jundal-lashkar-planning-aerial-attacks-on-cities-in-india-253673?pfrom=home-india |title=Abu Jundal: Lashkar planning aerial attacks on Indian cities, has trained paragliders |date=11 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812010046/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/abu-jundal-lashkar-planning-aerial-attacks-on-cities-in-india-253673?pfrom=home-india |archive-date=12 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Inter-Services Intelligence involvement====
The [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] have provided financial and material support to LeT.<ref name="Atkins"/> In 2010, [[Interpol]] issued warrants for the arrest of two serving officers in the Pakistan Army for alleged involvement in the 2008 Mumbai attacks.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dean |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8050866/Interpol-issues-Pakistan-army-arrest-warrants-over-Mumbai-attacks.html |title=Interpol issues Pakistan army arrest warrants over Mumbai attacks |work=The Telegraph |date=8 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022052608/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8050866/Interpol-issues-Pakistan-army-arrest-warrants-over-Mumbai-attacks.html |archive-date=22 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The LeT was also reported to have been directed by the ISI to widen its network in the Jammu region where a considerable section of the populace comprised Punjabis. The LeT has a large number of activists who hail from Indian Punjab and can thus effectively penetrate into Jammu society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eyespymag.com/terrorgroupsL-M.htm |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba |work=Eyespymag |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212222910/http://www.eyespymag.com/terrorgroupsL-M.htm |archive-date=12 February 2012}}</ref> A 13 December 2001 news report cited a LeT spokesperson as saying that LeT wanted to avoid a clash with the Pakistani government. He claimed a clash was possible because of the suddenly conflicting interests of the government and of the militant outfits active in Jammu and Kashmir even though the government had been an ardent supporter of Muslim freedom movements, particularly that of Kashmir.

Pakistan denies giving orders to LeT's activities. However, the Indian government and many non-governmental think-tanks allege that the Pakistani ISI is involved with the group.<ref name="satp" /> The situation with LeT causes considerable strain in [[Indo-Pakistani relations]], which are already mired in suspicion and mutual distrust.

===Role in Afghanistan===
The LeT was created to participate in the [[Mujahideen]] conflict against the [[Mohammad Najibullah|Najibullah]] regime in [[Afghanistan]]. In the process, the outfit developed deep linkages with Afghanistan and has several Afghan nationals in its cadre. The outfit had also cultivated links with the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|first Taliban regime]] in Afghanistan and also with [[Osama bin Laden]] and his [[Al Qaeda|al-Qaeda]] network. Lashkar-e-Taiba is also a Punjabi group, but its [[Ahl-e Hadith]] faith ([[Salafi movement|Salafi]]) and close relationship with the Pakistani military establishment have contributed to a historically rocky relationship with Deobandi militant groups and other Anti-Salafi Taliban elements,<ref name=Salafi /> thus, the Taliban has a less ideological interest in letting LeT operate from Afghan soil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taliban's Kashmir policy: Rhetoric, ideology, and interests |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/talibans-kashmir-policy |publisher=Observer Research Foundation |date=21 September 2022 |quote=LeT is looked upon with scepticism by several Deobandi outfits. This is for two reasons: ideological contradictions between the LeT’s Ahl-i-Hadith ideology and Deobandism; and LeT’s closeness to the ISI and acting as its proxy on several occasions. Relatively, the Taliban, thus, has a less ideological interest in letting LeT operate from Afghan soil, but the LeT’s proximity to the ISI ensures some bargaining and leveraging power to the Taliban.}}</ref> Even while refraining from openly displaying these links, the LeT office in [[Muridke]] was reportedly used as a transit camp for third country recruits heading for Afghanistan.

Guantanamo detainee [[Khalid Bin Abdullah Mishal Thamer Al Hameydani]]'s [[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]] said that he had received training via Lashkar-e-Taiba.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wid.ap.org/documents/detainees/khalidmishalalhameydani.pdf |title=Khalid Bin Abdullah Mishal Thamer Al Hameydani's Combatant Status Review Tribunal |archive-date=31 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031181730/http://wid.ap.org/documents/detainees/khalidmishalalhameydani.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Lashkar-e-Taiba's directed attacks against Indian targets in Afghanistan. Three major attacks occurred against Indian government employees and private workers in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Militant Group Expands Attacks in Afghanistan |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/16/world/asia/16lashkar.html |last1=Rubin |first1=Alissa J.}}</ref>

The Combatant Status Review Tribunals of [[Taj Mohammed (Guantanamo detainee)|Taj Mohammed]] and [[Rafiq Bin Bashir Bin Jalud Al Hami]], and the [[Administrative Review Board]] hearing of [[Abdullah Mujahid]] and [[Zia Ul Shah]] allege that they too were members or former members of Lashkar-e-Taiba.<ref name=CsrtMohammed>{{cite web|url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/operation_and_plans/Detainee/csrt_arb/Set_36_2493-2577.pdf |title=Summarized transcripts (pdf), from Taj Mohammed's ''Combatant Status Review Tribunal'' |pages=49–58 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016203619/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/operation_and_plans/Detainee/csrt_arb/Set_36_2493-2577.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref><ref name=CsrtAlHami>[http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/operation_and_plans/Detainee/csrt_arb/Set_34_2426-2457.pdf Summarized transcripts (.pdf), from Rafiq Bin Bashir Bin Jalud Al Hami's ''Combatant Status Review Tribunal''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210224227/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/operation_and_plans/Detainee/csrt_arb/Set_34_2426-2457.pdf |date=10 February 2013}} – pages 20–22</ref><ref name=ArbMujahid>[http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/operation_and_plans/Detainee/csrt_arb/ARB_Transcript_Set_11_21662-22010..pdf Summarized transcript (.pdf), from Abdullah Mujahid's ''Administrative Review Board hearing'']{{Dead link |date=July 2015}} – page 206</ref><ref name=ArbShah>[http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/operation_and_plans/Detainee/csrt_arb/ARB_Transcript_Set_5_20000-20254.pdf Summarized transcript (.pdf), from Zia Ul Shah's ''Administrative Review Board hearing''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408032048/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/operation_and_plans/Detainee/csrt_arb/ARB_Transcript_Set_5_20000-20254.pdf |date=8 April 2013}} – page 1</ref>

After the Taliban's restoration in 2021, it cracked down on Salafi groups in Afghanistan due to the conflict with the [[Islamic State]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Fate of Salafis Under Taliban: From Imam Removal To Mysterious Killings |url=https://www.afintl.com/en/202501203473 |publisher=Afghanistan International |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> Unlike the Deobandi group Jaish-e-Mohammed, despite claims of Taliban links, the LeT's ties to Salafism have led to evidence of a strengthened alliance with [[IS-KP]], a sworn enemy of the Taliban.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abhinandan |first1=Mishra |title=Pakistan’s covert ISKP–LeT alliance confirms Ehsanullah Ehsan’s warning |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/pakistans-covert-iskplet-alliance-confirms-ehsanullah-ehsans-warning-s-154950/ |access-date=7 October 2025 |agency=The Sunday Guardian}}</ref>

=== Role in Nepal ===
At the seminar held in July 2025 titled "Terrorism in South Asia: Challenges to Regional Peace and Security", organized by the Nepal Institute for International Cooperation and Engagement in Kathmandu, [[Sunil Bahadur Thapa]], Advisor to the [[President of Nepal]], warned that groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], pose serious threats to India and could potentially use Nepal as a transit route.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-08 |title="Terrorism knows no borders": Experts call for joint regional efforts to combat its menace |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/terrorism-knows-no-borders-experts-call-for-joint-regional-efforts-to-comba-21-76.html |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Experts in Nepal underscore greater collaboration among South Asian nations to combat terrorism |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2025/07/09/fes36-nepal-terrorism-experts.html |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-09 |title=LeT-Jaish terrorists from Pakistan may use Nepal as transit to enter India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/let-jaish-terrorists-from-pakistan-may-use-nepal-as-transit-to-enter-india/articleshow/122347480.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

===Links with other militant groups===
While the primary focus for the Lashkar is the operations in Indian Kashmir, it has frequently provided support to other international terrorist groups. Primary among these is the al-Qaeda Network in Afghanistan. LeT members also have been reported to have engaged in conflicts in the [[Philippines]], [[Bosnia]], the Middle East and [[Chechnya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LT) |publisher=Center for Defense Information (CDI) |date=12 August 2002 |url=http://www.cdi.org/program/issue/document.cfm?DocumentID=1620&IssueID=56&StartRow=21&ListRows=10&appendURL=&Orderby=DateLastUpdated&ProgramID=39&issueID=56 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211212410/http://www.cdi.org/program/issue/document.cfm?DocumentID=1620&IssueID=56&StartRow=21&ListRows=10&appendURL=&Orderby=DateLastUpdated&ProgramID=39&issueID=56 |archive-date=11 February 2009}}</ref> There are also allegations that members of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] conducted arms transfers and made deals with LeT in the early 1990s.<ref name="archives.dawn.com">[http://archives.dawn.com/archives/34839 Sri Lankan report links LTTE with LeT] ''Dawn'' – 9 March 2009</ref>

====Al-Qaeda====
* The Lashkar is claimed to have operated a military camp in post–11 September Afghanistan, and extending support to the ousted Taliban regime. The outfit had claimed that it had assisted the Taliban militia and Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network in Afghanistan during November and December 2002 in their fight against the US-aided [[Afghan Northern Alliance|Northern Alliance]].<ref name="SAGE"/>
* A leading al-Qaeda operative [[Abu Zubaydah]], who became operational chief of al-Qaeda after the death of [[Mohammed Atef]], was caught in a [[Al-Qaeda guest houses, Faisalabad|Lashkar safehouse at Faisalabad]] in Pakistan.<ref name=cfrprofile/><ref name=wsj2008124>
{{cite news |last=Schmidt |first=Susan |author2=Siobhan Gorman |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba Served as Gateway for Western Converts Turning to Jihad |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=4 December 2008 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122834970727777709?mod=googlenews_wsj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022051604/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122834970727777709?mod=googlenews_wsj |archive-date=22 October 2017 |url-status=live}}
</ref>
* A news report in the aftermath of [[11 September attacks]] in the U.S. has indicated that the outfit provides individuals for the outer circle of bin Laden's personal security.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}
* Other notable al-Qaeda operatives said to have received instruction and training in LeT camps include [[David Hicks]], [[Richard Reid (shoe bomber)|Richard Reid]] and [[Dhiren Barot]].<ref name=wsj2008124 />

====Jaish-e-Mohammed====
News reports, citing security forces, said that the latter suspect that on 13 December 2001 [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|attack]] on India's Parliament in New Delhi, a joint group from the LeT and the [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM) were involved. The attack precipitated the [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff]].

====Hizb-ul-Mujahideen====
The Lashkar is reported to have conducted several of its major operations in tandem with the [[Hizb-ul-Mujahideen]].They conducted various operations together and it's believed that they still work together in Jammu and Kashmir.

==== Ties to Khalistan militants ====
In the aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks, India submitted a list of 20 individuals to Pakistan, including known members of the Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Khalistani militant outfits such as the [[International Sikh Youth Federation]] (ISYF). Among them was ISYF chief [[Lakhbir Singh Rode]], based in Lahore, wanted for arms smuggling and inciting communal violence. The ISYF, along with [[Babbar Khalsa|Babbar Khalsa International]] (BKI), had reportedly maintained ties with Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and received training and logistical support from Islamist groups like LeT since the early 2000s.<ref name="Jamestown Sikh Militants">{{Cite web |title=India's Sikh Militants Forming Ties with Lashkar-e-Taiba and Pakistani Intelligence |url=https://jamestown.org/program/indias-sikh-militants-forming-ties-with-lashkar-e-taiba-and-pakistani-intelligence/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=jamestown.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

Beginning in the mid-1990s, ISYF operatives are believed to have trained alongside LeT cadres, with both groups sharing facilities and resources in Pakistan. By 2005, Indian intelligence warned of renewed militancy, citing collaboration between ISYF, LeT, and ISI in training militants for infiltration and attacks in Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir. The ISYF is believed to have been the first Sikh militant group to establish contact with ideologues from Markaz-e-Dawat-ul-Irshad, the Salafist organization that served as the parent body of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT).<ref name="Jamestown Sikh Militants" />

====Ties to attacks in the United States====
* The Markaz campus at Muridke in Lahore, its headquarters, was used as a hide-out for both [[Ramzi Yousef]], involved in the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]], and [[Mir Aimal Kansi]], convicted and executed for the January 1993 killing of two [[Central Intelligence Agency]] officers outside the agency's headquarters in [[Langley, Virginia]].<ref name="cia.gov" />
* A group of men dubbed the [[Virginia Jihad Network]] attended LeT training camps and were convicted in 2006 of conspiring to [[provide material support to the LeT]].<ref name="Markon" /> The leader of the group, [[Ali al-Timimi]], urged the men to attend the LeT camps and to "go abroad to join the mujahideen engaged in jihad in Afghanistan." The men also trained with weapons in Virginia.<ref>
Anti-Defamation League, [http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/chicago_men_denmark_attack.htm "Chicago Men Charged with Plotting Terrorist Attack in Denmark" 2 December 2009] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201133550/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/chicago_men_denmark_attack.htm |date=1 December 2009}}
</ref>
* Two U.S. citizens, [[Syed Haris Ahmed]] and [[Ehsanul Sadequee]] were arrested in 2006 for attempting to join LeT. Ahmed traveled to Pakistan in July 2005 to attend a [[terrorist training camp]] and join LeT. The men also shot videos of U.S. landmarks in the Washington, D.C. area for potential terrorist attacks. They were convicted in Atlanta during the summer of 2009 for conspiring to [[provide material support to terrorists]].<ref>
Anti-Defamation League, [http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/syed_haris_ahmed_conviction.htm "Americans Convicted on Terrorism Charges in Atlanta" 12 June 2009] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006083302/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/syed_haris_ahmed_conviction.htm |date=6 October 2012}}
</ref>
* U.S. citizen [[Ahmad Abousamra]] was indicted in November 2009 for providing material support to terrorists. He allegedly went to Pakistan in 2002 to join the Taliban and LeT, but failed.<ref name="AD"/> The [[F.B.I.]] issued a $50,000 reward for his capture on 3 October 2012.<ref name="FBI – Help Us Catch a Terrorist" /><ref name="Fox 2012" />

=== Impact on Pakistani external relations ===
In 2015 the Pakistan Army ordered 12 [[Bell AH-1Z Viper|Bell AH-Z Viper]] attack helicopters, with an option of 3 more to replace its ageing [[AH-1F Cobra]]s and were to be delivered by 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2018-09-15 |title=US orders nine AH-1Z Viper attack helicopters for Pakistan |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/us-orders-nine-ah-1z-viper-attack-helicopters-for-pakistan-1.1704712 |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Bilal |date=2016-12-27 |title=Lockheed Martin awarded TSS contract for Pakistani AH-1Z - Quwa |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/lockheed-martin-awarded-tss-contract-for-pakistani-ah-1z/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Following cancellation of $300 million military aid to Pakistan by the US government in 2018, the helicopters were put into storage at [[Davis–Monthan Air Force Base|Davis-Monthan AFB]], [[Arizona]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iqbal |first1=Anwar |date=23 February 2017 |title=Pakistan recalibrating capabilities to fight terrorists |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1316454 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083824/https://www.dawn.com/news/1316454 |archive-date=27 January 2018 |access-date=26 January 2018 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 December 2018 |title=Pakistan Army attack helicopter options |url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2018/12/pakistan-army-attack-helicopter-options/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209212722/https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2018/12/pakistan-army-attack-helicopter-options/ |archive-date=9 December 2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=asianmilitaryreview.com}}</ref> The reasoning for this cancellation by Trump was due Pakistan's support for groups like Lashkar-e-Tayyiba. In 2020 Pakistan considered ditching the Bell AH-Z Viper deal for either Turkish or Chinese helicopters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Quwa |date=2020-03-08 |title=Pakistan May Revise Attack Helicopter Procurement Plans - Quwa |url=https://quwa.org/quwa-premium-excerpt/pakistan-may-revise-attack-helicopter-procurement-plans-2/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> By 2022 Pakistan fully ditched this deal for Turkish [[TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK|T129 ATAK]] and Chinese [[Changhe Z-10|Z-10ME]] Helicopters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan junks deal for Turkish helicopters, 'hopeful' of getting Chinese gunships |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2022/01/06/pakistan-junks-deal-for-turkish-helicopters-hopeful-of-getting-chinese-gunships.html |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chavez |first=Leilani |date=2024-02-20 |title=China unveils export version of attack helicopter |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2024/02/20/china-unveils-export-version-of-attack-helicopter/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref> The 12 Bell AH-Z Vipers which were meant for Pakistan, are now planned to be sold to Ukraine instead as of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malyasov |first=Dylan |date=2024-09-15 |title=Ukraine in talks to buy 12 Viper helicopters |url=https://defence-blog.com/ukraine-in-talks-to-buy-12-viper-helicopters/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=defence-blog.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2025 Germany turned down Pakistan’s request for AIP technology for its submarines due to its support for Lashkar-e-Taiba. Germany instead, sold this technology to India for the submarines of its own navy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ritu |date=2025-01-24 |title=Germany Snubbed Pakistan For AIP-Tech; Now Set To Boost Indian Navy's Might With Cutting-Edge Submarines |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/germany-snubbed-pakistan-for-aip-tech-now/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=EURASIAN TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany snubs Pakistan, refuses to provide hi-tech submarines; will jointly build same with India; submarines are…, capable of… |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/germany-snubs-pakistan-refuses-to-provide-hi-tech-submarines-will-jointly-build-same-with-india-submarines-are-capable-of-7566367/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Pakistan}}
{{colbegin}}
* [[Ghazwa-e-Hind]]
* [[Abdul Rauf Asghar]]
* [[Al-Qaeda]]
* [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]]
* [[Burhan Wani]]
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[Lascar]]
* [[List of designated terrorist groups]]
* [[List of organizations banned by the Government of India]]
* [[Afzal Guru]]
* [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]]
{{colend}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist |refs=
<ref name="Winchell">{{citation |title=Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government |first=Sean P. |last=Winchell |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |volume=16 |pages=374–388 |number=3 |year=2003 |doi=10.1080/713830449 |s2cid=154924792 |ref={{sfnref|Winchell, Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government|2003}}}}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last1=Bacon |first1=Tricia |title=Preventing the Next Lashkar-e-Tayyiba Attack |journal=The Washington Quarterly |volume=42 |pages=53–70 |year=2019 |s2cid=159406934 |doi=10.1080/0163660X.2019.1594135 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/23854299 }}
* {{citation |last=Davis |first=Anthony |chapter=Lashkar-e-Taiba |title=Global Jihadist Terrorism |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2021 |pages=84–105 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/downloadpdf/edcollchap-oa/edcoll/9781800371293/9781800371293.00012.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Davis, Lashkar-e-Taiba|2021}}}}
* {{citation |first=C. Christine |last=Fair |author-link=C. Christine Fair |title=In Their Own Words: Understanding Lashkar-e-Tayyaba |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=9780190062033 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zR2DDwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Fair, Understanding Lashkar-e-Tayyaba|2018}}}}
* {{citation |last=Tankel |first=Stephen |title=Storming the World Stage: The Story of Lashkar-e-Taiba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iu1wBAAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-023803-2 |ref={{sfnref|Tankel, Storming the World Stage|2014}}}}
* {{citation |last=Yasmin |first=Samina |title=Jihad and Dawah: Evolving Narratives of Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jamat Ud Dawah |location=London |publisher=Hurst |year=2017 |isbn=9781849047104 |ref={{sfnref|Yasmin, Jihad and Dawah|2017}}}}

==External links==
{{External links|section|date=December 2023}}
* [https://rewardsforjustice.net/rewards/lashkar-e-tayyiba-let/ Lashkar-e Tayyiba (LeT)]. [[Rewards for Justice Program|Rewards for Justice]].
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/05/AR2008120501582.html Profile of Lashkar-e-Taiba], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 2008-12-05
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3181925.stm Profile: Lashkar-e-Taiba] – [[BBC News]]
* [https://www.c-span.org/video/?296999-2/lashkar-taibi-pakistan Lashkar-e-Taibi and Pakistan] (conference video), Jamestown Foundation, [[C-SPAN]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060911224716/http://www.adl.org/terrorism/symbols/lashkaretaiba.asp Report on the Lashkar-e-Toiba by the Anti-Defamation League]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120513000855/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/lashkar_e_toiba.htm Report on Lashkar-e-Toiba by the South Asia Terrorism Portal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061021173831/http://saag.org/papers20/paper1972.html Should Mohd. Afzal Guru be executed?] International Terrorism Monitor—Paper # 132.
* [http://www.sacw.net/DC/CommunalismCollection/ArticlesArchive/sikand20Nov2003.html Islamist Militancy in Kashmir: The Case of the Lashkar-i Tayyeba] by Prof. [[Yoginder Sikand]]
* [http://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2008/12/the-fidayeen-of-lashkaretaiba.html Background on the ''fidayeen'' tactics of Lashkar-e-Toiba]
* [https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/blog/2006/11/kashmir_quake_a.html PBS report about Jamat-ud-Dawa's relief work in Kashmir]
* [http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/10/17/MNGJEF9G0M1.DTL ''San Francisco Chronicle'' article about the Ad-Dawa relief work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204023100/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/10/17/MNGJEF9G0M1.DTL |date=4 December 2008 }}
* [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo44805 Protecting the Homeland Against Mumbai-Style Attacks and the Threat from Lashkar-E-Taiba: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence of the Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, 12 June 2013]

{{2008 Mumbai attacks}}
{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{Kashmir separatist movement}}
{{Militant Islamism in South Asia}}
{{al-Qaeda direct franchises}}
{{War on Terrorism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lashkar-E-Taiba}}
[[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba| ]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ahl-i Hadith]]
[[Category:Al-Qaeda allied groups]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Israeli sentiment in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Anti-Israeli sentiment in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Far-right politics and Islam]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Groups affiliated with the Taliban]]
[[Category:Hafiz Muhammad Saeed]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in India]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by Australia]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by the European Union]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Israel]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by Japan]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by Pakistan]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Russia]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by the United Nations]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1987]]
[[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Supraorganizations]]

Thodallullu

2026-03-03T20:18:20Z

JeffreyChallis6: created the entry needs work.

{{more citations needed|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thodallullu
| image = Thodallullu.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Kaasi Viswanath {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Relangi Narasimha Rao Kaasi Viswanath
| screenplay = Relangi Narasimha Rao
| producer = G. V. G. Raju
| director = [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] [[Gautami]]
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cinematography = B. Koteswara Rao
| editing = D. Rajagopal
| studio = Vijaya Lakshmi Movies<ref>{{cite web |url=http://telugucineblitz.blogspot.in/2013/04/thodallullu-1988.html |title=Thodallullu (Overview) |work=Telugu Cinema Prapancham |access-date=23 June 2016 |archive-date=9 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809140201/http://telugucineblitz.blogspot.in/2013/04/thodallullu-1988.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1988|7|15}}
| runtime = 136 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Thodallullu''''' ({{translation|''Co-Brothers''}}) is a 1988 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]], produced by G.V.G. Raju under the Vijaya Lakshmi Movies banner and directed by [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]. It stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Gautami]] and music composed by [[Raj–Koti]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/thodallullu-movie/17749 |title=Thodallullu (Cast & Crew) |work=gomolo.com |access-date=23 June 2016 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205232224/http://www.gomolo.com/thodallullu-movie/17749 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/thodallullu-1988-telugu-movie/cast-crew |title=Thodallullu (Review) |work=Filmiclub |access-date=23 June 2016 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720170248/https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/thodallullu-1988-telugu-movie/cast-crew |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins in a bourgeoisie compound where three families reside: Bhaskar, a bus conductor. Narasimham, a typist, and Dharma Rao, an accountant. Narasimham has three daughters, Lakshmi, Uma & Aruna. Lakshmi knitted to a lazy burg & gambler, Mohan, who lives on them and pesters for his lavish expenses. Narasimham is seeking an alliance with Uma, but it is hog-tying because of dowry. Aruna is a lavish who imagines a separate rich world and aspires to splice a Mr. Moneybag. Exploiting it, a vicious shark, Ramesh, a driver, clutches her by forging as a tycoon. Besides, Dharma Rao is candid, but his wife Varalakshmi is accustomed to spending life for vanity. Eventually, Bhaskar feels an affinity with his neighbors and falls for Aruna, but she is hostile. Once, Narasimham & Uma attempt suicide due to frequent refusals of the matches when Bhaskar guards them. Moreover, he couples Aruna with the adjoin LIC Agent Sudhakar, discerning his endearment of her. Dharma Rao endures a fiscal crisis, so he takes bribes but terminates, and his daughter Rani dies in that mishap. Hereupon, Bhaskar aids by retrieving his job, which transforms Varalakshmi, too, and they leave the town. Once, Mohan was at fault for perjury in the judiciary, which penalized him. Bhaskar reforms him to take the right path. Being conscious of his sweetheart on Aruna, everyone appeals to her for wedlock, which she denies, scorning his status. Whereat, Bhaskar senses Ramesh’s claw on Aruna. At last, he ceases him and shields her with the aid of Mohan & Sudhakar when she comprehends his virtue. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Bhaskar & Aruna.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Bhaskar
*[[Gautami]] as Aruna
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Mohan
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Narasimham
*[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as [[Life Insurance Corporation|LIC]] Agent Sudhakar
*[[Suthi Velu]] as Dharma Rao
*Vinod as Ramesh
*Vijaya Rangaraju as Mangal Singh
*[[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]] as Manager
*Bhimeswara Rao as Venkatraju
*K. K. Sarma as Marriage Broker
*Gadiraju Subba Rao as House Owner
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Srilakshmi]] as Lakshmi
*[[Rajyalakshmi]] as Uma
*[[P. R. Varalakshmi]] as Varalakshmi
*[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] in [[item number]]
*[[Rajitha]] as Rani
*[[Nirmalamma]] as Papayamma
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thodallullu
| type = film
| artist = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1988
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 20:38
| label = LEO Audio
| producer = [[Raj–Koti]]
| prev_title = [[Samsaram (1988 film)|Samsaram]]
| prev_year = 1988
| next_title = [[Jeevana Jyothi (1988 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]
| next_year = 1988
}}

Music composed by [[Raj–Koti]]. Music released on LEO Audio Company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bollywoodvinyl.in/products/thodallullu-1988-telugu-vinyl-l-p|title=Thodallullu 1988 Telugu Vinyl LP|access-date=22 July 2020|archive-date=22 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722105646/https://bollywoodvinyl.in/products/thodallullu-1988-telugu-vinyl-l-p|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Ammalara Kalyanam"
|[[Jonnavithhula Ramalingeswara Rao|Jonnavithhula]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Madhavpeddi Ramesh
|4:13
|-
|2
|"A Aa E Ee"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
|4:15
|-
|3
|"Jadalo Chamthidanda"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
|3:52
|-
|4
|"Hey Gundu"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
|4:23
|-
|5
|"Chaligavundi Raraa"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Ramana, S. Janaki
|3:55
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Relangi Narasimha Rao}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Relangi Narasimha Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:1988 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1988 comedy films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]

Mathimaran

2026-03-03T02:31:17Z

JeffreyChallis6: Created Some Post From Scratch!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mathimaran.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Mantra Veerapandian
| writer = Mantra Veerapandian
| producer = Lenin Babu
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Venkat Senguttuvan
* [[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]]
* Aradhya
}}
| cinematography = Parvaez K
| editing = [[Sathish Suriya]]
| music = [[Karthik Raja]]
| studio = GS Cinema International
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|12|29|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mathimaran''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime drama film]] written and directed by Mantra Veerapandian and produced by Lenin Babu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 December 2023 |title=Mathimaran clears censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/dec/27/mathimaran-clears-censorship-formalities-50743.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231021159/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/dec/27/mathimaran-clears-censorship-formalities-50743.html |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]}}</ref> It stars Venkat Senguttuvan and [[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]] as the titular characters and Aradhya with [[M. S. Bhaskar]] in a supporting role. The music was composed by [[Karthik Raja]] with cinematography by Parvaez K and editing by [[Sathish Suriya]]. The film was released in theatres on 29 December 2023 and received mixed to positive reviews after releasing in OTT.

The movie centres on a man confronting discrimination due to his physical deformity, exploring how he navigates societal pressures stemming from it.

== Plot ==
A man who faces discrimination based on a physical deformity grapples with the societal pressures that arise because of it.

== Cast ==
* Venkat Senguttuvan as Nedumaaran
* [[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]] as Mathi, Nedumaaran's twin
* Aradhya as Sub-Inspector Prabhavathy, Nedumaaran's love interest
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Sundaram, Nedumaaran and Mathi's father
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Police Commissioner Kattabomman
* [[Bava Chelladurai]] as Karuppasamy, watchman
* E. Praveen Kumar
* Sudarshan Govind as Sudarshan IPS, Kattabomman's son

== Production ==
The film began production in 2021 and was initially titled ''Complex''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2022 |title=First single for Complex, composed by Karthik Raaja, releases online |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/nov/02/first-single-for-complex-composed-by-karthik-raaja-releases-online-36198.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424141050/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/nov/02/first-single-for-complex-composed-by-karthik-raaja-releases-online-36198.html |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mathimaran
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Karthik Raja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2023
| recorded = 2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:36
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Web (2023 film)|Web]]
| prev_year = 2023
| year = 2023
| next_title = [[Mysskin|Pisaasu II]]
| next_year = 2024
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| OepqKvePfL4| Mathimaran – Full Album}}
}}
{{Singles
| name = Mathimaran
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Kaththi Koovudhu Kadhal
| single1date = 2 November 2022
}}
}}
The music was composed by [[Karthik Raja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Mathimaran (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/za/album/mathimaran-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1721891031 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_lyrics = Gnanakaravel and Bala Seetharaman.
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Boologame
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length1 = 3:25
| title2 = Kaththi Koovudhu Kadhal
| extra2 = [[Saindhavi]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| length2 = 3:30
| title3 = Billion Kudhiraigal
| extra3 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| length3 = 4:07
| title4 = Ithu Nyayamo Iraiva
| extra4 = [[Venkat Prabhu]]
| length4 = 2:17
| title5 = Aarariro Chellakanne
| extra5 = Karthik Raja
| length5 = 2:17
| total_length = 15:36
}}

== Reception ==
Narayani M from ''[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]'' wrote that the film was "Partly jarring, partly preachy tale on downsides to being vertically challenged".<ref name="C">{{Cite news |last=M. |first=Narayani |date=30 December 2023 |title=Mathimaran Movie Review: Partly jarring, partly preachy tale on downsides to being vertically challenged |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/dec/30/mathimaran-movie-review-partly-jarring-partly-preachy-tale-on-downsides-to-being-vertically-challe-50807.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231021201/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/dec/30/mathimaran-movie-review-partly-jarring-partly-preachy-tale-on-downsides-to-being-vertically-challe-50807.html |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Raiza Nazreen from ''[[Times Now]]'' wrote that the film breaks "Stereotypes With Compelling Tale Of Love And Intrigue".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nazreen |first=Raiza |date=29 December 2023 |title=Mathimaran Movie Review: Breaking Stereotypes With Compelling Tale Of Love And Intrigue |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/mathimaran-movie-review-breaking-stereotypes-with-compelling-tale-of-love-and-intrigue-review-106370102 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231021159/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/mathimaran-movie-review-breaking-stereotypes-with-compelling-tale-of-love-and-intrigue-review-106370102 |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=Times Now}}</ref> Roopa Radhakrishnan from ''[[The Times of India]]'' called the film "relevant but also overly reliant on dialogues".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Roopa |date=29 December 2023 |title=Mathimaran Movie Review : A film that's relevant but also overly reliant on dialogues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mathimaran/movie-review/106396463.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231021159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mathimaran/movie-review/106396463.cms |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' wrote that "The director keeps the newcomers and budding actors entertained by giving a compelling story. Among the many films that released this week, this film is one that gives hope to newbies. The story and characters taken by the director is the reason for that. Only some cinematic scenes could have been avoided".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2023 |title=மதிமாறன் |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=3381 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104074320/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=3381 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Karthik Raja]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

2026-02-28T06:55:36Z

JeffreyChallis6:

{{Short description|Private university in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
| native_name =
| image = Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham - Logo Icon.svg
| other_name = Amrita University
| motto = {{native phrase|sa|śhraddhāvān labhate jñānaṁ|italics=on}}
| motto_lang = [[Sanskrit]]
| mottoeng = The earnest aspirant gains supreme wisdom
| type = [[Private University|Private]], [[Deemed University]]
| established = {{Start date and age|1994}}
| founder = [[Mata Amritanandamayi]]
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] (A++)
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[AICTE]]
| chancellor = Mata Amritanandamayi
| head_label = [[President (education)|President]]
| head = Swami Amritaswarupananda Puri
| vice_chancellor = [[P. Venkat Rangan]]
| faculty = 2000+
| students = 30,000+ <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amrita.edu/nirf/ | title=NIRF - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham | date=10 March 2021 }}</ref>
| undergrad =
| address = [[Ettimadai]]
| city = [[Coimbatore]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|10.9038|N|76.9003|E|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = multiple sites, 10 campuses across India
| campus_size = {{Convert|1300|acre}}
| colours = {{color box|#A4123F}} AM Maroon (Pantone 7426C)
| logo = Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham - Logo.svg
| website = {{URL|https://www.amrita.edu}}
}}

'''Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham''' (or '''Amrita University''') is a multi-campus private [[deemed university]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2019 |title=About Amrita University {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/about/ |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> It currently has 19 constituent schools spread across ten campuses in [[Coimbatore]], [[Amritapuri]] (Kollam), [[Kochi]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Amaravati]], [[Chennai]], [[Faridabad]], [[Mysore]], [[Nagercoil]] and [[Haridwar]]. Accredited with the highest possible ‘A++’ grade by NAAC and ranked as 7th best university in India in [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

[[File:Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham coimbatore campus.jpg|thumb|310x310px|Coimbatore campus]]

It is headquartered in [[Ettimadai]], Coimbatore. The other ten campuses are satellite [[Satellite campus|off-campuses]] of the same university as per section 3 of the [[University Grants Commission Act, 1956]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=UGC |first=UGC portal |title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham - UGC |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/ecreportdu/amritavishwavidyapeetham.pdf }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=12 November 2023 |title=AEEE 2024 to be held in two phases in more than 125 cities in India and the UAE in two-phases, register now |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/admissions/aeee-2024-to-be-held-in-two-phases-in-more-than-125-cities-in-india-and-the-uae-in-two-phases-register-now-101699611718814.html |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=AEEE 2024 registration begins; check eligibility, fee |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/aeee-2024-registration-begins-check-eligibility-fee-amrita-edu-9021600/ |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="amrita.edu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus|title=Campuses {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|website=amrita.edu|access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref> It offers over 300 undergraduate, postgraduate, integrated-degree, dual-degree, doctoral programs in [[Engineering education|engineering]], [[Medical school|medicine]], [[Business education|management]], architecture & planning, natural sciences, Ayurveda & health sciences, agriculture & life sciences, commerce, Arts & humanities, social sciences, media & communication, law, fine arts and cultural studies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2019 |title=About Amrita University {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/about/ |access-date=5 July 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> As of 2023, the university had a faculty strength of over 2000 and over 30,000 students.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2022 |title=IPN India Forumin association with Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham to HONOUR 100 SCHOOL LEADERS from PAN India |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/ipn-india-forumin-association-with-amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham-to-honour-100-school-leaders-from-pan-india/1215880/ |access-date=10 June 2023 |work=The Print |agency=ANI}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amritapuri Campus.jpg|thumb|328x328px|Amritapuri campus]]

The university was founded with the opening of [[Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore]] as college under [[Anna University]] at [[Ettimadai]] village in 1994 by [[Mata Amritanandamayi]] and is managed by her international humanitarian organisation [[Mata Amritanandamayi Math]]. On 17 May 1998, [[Amrita School of Medicine|Amrita School of Medicine, Kochi]] along with [[Amrita Hospital, Kochi]] was established at Ponekkara near [[Edappally|Edapally]], [[Kochi]] and was inaugurated by the then [[Prime Minister]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. Later in 2002, two campuses with engineering and business schools were opened affiliated to state universities, one urban campus at [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], and one rural campus in [[Amritapuri]] village, which also hosts the headquarters of the Mata Amritanandamayi Math that runs the university.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2019 |title=Amritapuri Campus {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/amritapuri |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=www.amrita.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2019 |title=Bengaluru Campus {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/bengaluru |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=www.amrita.edu}}</ref> In 2003, it became one of the youngest institutes to be accredited as a [[deemed university]] by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] with all its campuses and schools as constituents and was named as Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/deemed_uniinfo.aspx?id=130 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=ugc.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2021 |title=About - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/coimbatore/about/ |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PDF Report |first=UGC |title=Amrita Deemed University |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/ecreportdu/amritavishwavidyapeetham.pdf |website=UGC Official gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=UGC |first=MoE, GoI |title=Amrita University - Detail of HEI |url=https://deemed.ugc.ac.in/Home/DetailOfUniversity/CEFE3PaUTzT%20l64Ob006lw== |website=UGC Official}}</ref> In 2017, extension campus with school of agricultural sciences was started in Arasampalayam, Coimbatore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=14 Amrita University Jobs and Vacancies in Arasampalayam, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu - 9 August 2025 {{!}} Indeed |url=https://in.indeed.com/q-amrita-university-l-arasampalayam,-tamil-nadu-jobs.html |access-date=9 August 2025 |website=in.indeed.com}}</ref> In 2019, an engineering school campus was opened in Vengal, [[Chennai]]. In 2021, a full-fledged campus at [[Amaravati]] city was opened.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Ch. R. S |date=8 February 2018 |title=Naidu lays foundation stone for Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham in Amaravati |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/naidu-lays-foundation-stone-for-amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham-in-amaravati/article22687423.ece |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=Businessline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=P. |first=Abhiraj |date=26 May 2022 |title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham's new off-campus centre at Amaravati to offer 8 courses |url=https://news.careers360.com/amrita-vishwa-vidyapeethams-new-off-campus-centre-at-amaravati-offer-8-courses |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=Careers360.com}}</ref> In 2022, a medical school campus along with [[Amrita Hospital, Faridabad]] was inaugurated by the [[Prime Minister]], [[Narendra Modi]] at [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHealthworld.com |title=Haryana CM lays foundation stone for 2000 bed hospital in Faridabad – ET HealthWorld |url=http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hospitals/haryana-cm-lays-foundation-stone-for-2000-bed-hospital-in-faridabad/52197688 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Amrita Hospital in Faridabad, commends Haryana govt's work |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/modi-amrita-hospital-faridabad-commends-haryana-work-8109574/ |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, new campus was started at [[Erachakulam]], [[Nagercoil]] by acquiring [[Amrita College of Engineering & Technology|Sun College of Engineering & Technology]] campus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrita College of Engineering and Technology |url=https://www.amrita.edu.in/about-acet.php |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu.in}}</ref> In 2025, new multi-disciplinary STEM campus was started at [[Haridwar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrita University opens new campus at Haridwar Misarpur |url=https://www.collegementor.com/news/amrita-proposes-to-launch-new-campus-in-haridwar |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=www.collegementor.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Janani |date=28 May 2025 |title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Haridwar Campus, Uttarakhand Wanted Assistant Professor/ Associate Professor/ Professor {{!}} FacultyPlus |url=https://www.facultyplus.com/amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham-haridwar-campus-uttarakhand-wanted-assistant-professor-associate-professor-professor/ |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=www.facultyplus.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Organization and administration ==
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham is run and managed by [[Mata Amritanandamayi Math]], governed and administered under the leadership of its founder and chancellor, Mata Amritanandamayi, and its vice-chancellor, [[P. Venkat Rangan|Dr. P. Venkat Rangan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benu |first=Parvathi |date=6 March 2021 |title=Amrita University VC Venkat Rangan: We focus on research, not NIRF rankings |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2021/Mar/06/amrita-university-vc-venkat-rangan-we-focus-on-research-not-nirf-rankings-18820.html |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=EdexLive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2018 |title=Dr. P Venkat Rangan, Vice Chancellor of Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Recognised as 'Visionary Eduleader of India' |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/dr-p-venkat-rangan-vice-chancellor-amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham-recognised-visionary-eduleader-india/ |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |language=en-US}}</ref> The board of management includes Swami Amritaswarupananda Puri as President, Swami Abhayamritananda Puri as Pro-Chancellor and Swami Ramakrishnananda Puri as a member.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham {{!}} Organizational Structure |url=https://amrita.edu/governance/?page=1 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=amrita.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2019 |title=Leadership - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/about/leadership/ |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrita University |url=https://amma.org/project/amrita-university/ |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=Amma.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=UGC |first=UGC gov |title=UGC - About Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://deemed.ugc.ac.in/Home/DetailOfUniversity/CEFE3PaUTzT%20l64Ob006lw== |website=UGC deemed university}}</ref>

All campuses are centrally administered with uniformity and all [[Satellite campus|off-campuses]] are part of same university as per section 3 of [[University Grants Commission Act, 1956]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name="amrita.edu" /><ref name=":5" />

Academically, each faculty is led by a dean, and each school within a campus has a principal. Under each school, Academic departments are overseen by chairpersons, with vice chairpersons and heads managing specific functions.<ref name=":4" />

Administratively, key directorates manage functions such as examinations, admissions & scholarship, accreditation & rankings, patents, communications, ICT & library services, student affairs & anti-ragging, corporate relations, placement, [[National Policy on Education|National Education Policy]] initiatives, online programs, various cells & committees, physical education, and campus planning & development. These directorates are each headed by a director.<ref name=":4" />

Functional portfolios including [[Human resource management|HR]] and finance are headed by managers.<ref name=":4" />

== Campuses ==
As of 2024, the university has ten campuses, with 19 constituent schools in rural and urban sites in six Indian states – Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand and Karnataka.<ref name="amrita.edu" />

{{Location map+|India|places={{Location map~|India|label='''[[Coimbatore]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=10.9037|long=76.8987}}

{{location map~|India|label='''[[Kollam]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=9.0955|long=76.4907}}

{{location map~|India|label='''[[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=12.8948|long=77.6753}}

{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Kochi]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=10.0355|long=76.2920}}

{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Mysore|Mysuru]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=12.3022|long= 76.6042}}

{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Chennai]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=13.2619|long=80.0259}}

{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Amaravati]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|lat=16.4585|long=80.5341}}

{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Faridabad]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=28.4280|long=77.3417}}

{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Nagercoil]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=8.228044|long=77.415839}}

{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Haridwar]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=29.894896|long=78.136800}}|caption=Locations of Amrita University campuses<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amrita.edu/tags/amrita-campuses | title=All Amrita Campuses to Remain Closed until further notice - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham | date=17 March 2020 }}</ref>|width=390}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
Campuses of Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
!Campus
!Location
!Founded
!Campus area (in acres)
!Schools
|-
| rowspan="2" |Coimbatore
|[[Ettimadai]], near [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|1994
|450 acres<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=SimpliCity News |date=25 August 2021 |title=Amrita University's Coimbatore campus bags 'One District One Green Champion' Award for 2020-21 |url=https://simplicity.in/coimbatore/english/news/87662/Amrita-Universitys-Coimbatore-campus-bags-One-District-One-Green-Champion-Award-for-2020-21 |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=simplicity.in |language=en}}</ref>
|
* School of Computing & Artificial Intelligence
* School of Physical Sciences
* School of Business
* School of Engineering
* School of law<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2025 |title=International School of Law - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/school/law/ |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Arasampalayam, [[Kinathukadavu]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|2019<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2019 |title=School of Agricultural Sciences Opened in Coimbatore - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/news/school-agriculture-sciences-opened-coimbatore/ |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>
|50 acres
|
* School of Architecture & Planning
* School of Agricultural Sciences
* School of Arts & Humanities
* School of Media & Communication
* School of Social & Behavioral Sciences
|-
| rowspan="2" |Kochi
|Ponekkara, [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact Us - Get in Touch with Amrita Hospital, Kochi |url=https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/contact-us |access-date=22 August 2025 |website=www.amritahospitals.org}}</ref>
|1998
|125 acres<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2021 |title=Infrastructure Kochi Campus - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/kochi/infrastructure-kochi-campus/ |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2021 |title=Health Sciences Campus, Kochi - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/health-sciences-campus-kochi/ |access-date=22 August 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
* School of Allied Health Science
* School of Life Sciences
* School of Dentistry
* School of Medicine
* School of Nano Sciences
* School of Nursing
* School of Pharmacy
* School of Business
|-
|Kunnumpuram, [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Deemed University in Kochi, Kerala {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/kochi/ |access-date=22 August 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|1998<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2019 |title=About - Amrita School of Arts & Sciences, Kochi Brahmastanam |url=https://amrita.edu/school/asas/kochi/ |access-date=22 August 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|
* School of Arts & Humanities
* School of Media & Communication
* School of Commerce
* School of Physical Sciences
|-
|Amritapuri
|[[Amritapuri]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Kerala]]
|2002
|80 acres<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2021 |title=About - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/amritapuri/about/ |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
* School of Arts & Humanities
* School of Physical Sciences
* School of Computing & AI
* School of Engineering
* School of Life Sciences
* School of Business
* School of Sustainable Development
* School of Ayurveda
* School of Biotechnology
* School of Social & Behavioral Sciences
* School of Spiritual & Cultural Studies
|-
|Bengaluru
|Kasavanahalli, [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|2002
|50 acres<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2019 |title=Leading Deemed University in Bengaluru {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/bengaluru/ |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
* School of Business
* School of Engineering
* School of Computing & AI
|-
|Mysore
|[[Bhogadi]], [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]]
|2002
|5 acres<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2021 |title=About Mysuru Campus - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/about-mysuru/ |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
* School of Computing
* School of Physical Sciences
* School of Arts, Humanities & Commerce
|-
|Chennai
|Vengal, near [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|2019
|16 acres<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2019 |title=Top Deemed University in Chennai {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/chennai/ |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
* School of Engineering
* School of Computing & AI
|-
|Amaravati<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham's New Campus in Amaravati {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|url=https://www.amrita.edu/press-media/amrita-vishwa-vidyapeethams-new-campus-amaravati|access-date=8 April 2021|website=www.amrita.edu}}</ref>
|Kuragallu, [[Amaravati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2022
|200 acres<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2016 |title=Cabinet allots 200 acres for Amrita University |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/Cabinet-allots-200-acres-for-Amrita-University/article16643677.ece |access-date=5 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2018 |title=Andhra Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu lays foundation stone of Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham's 200-acre campus at Amaravati |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/andhra-chief-minister-chandrababu-naidu-lays-foundation-stone-amrita-vishwa-vidyapeethams-200-acre-campus-amaravati/ |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
* School of Engineering
* School of Business<ref name="360_Oct2023">{{Cite news |last=Ujjwal |first=Kirti |date=20 October 2023 |title=Amrita Business School MBA admissions 2024 open; apply through ACAT |url=https://news.careers360.com/amrita-business-school-mba-admissions-2024-open-apply-through-acat |work=Careers360 |access-date=29 April 2024}}</ref>
* School of Sciences
|-
|Faridabad
|Palwali (RPS City sector 88), [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]]
|2022
|133 acre<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inauguration Amrita Hospital Faridabad |url=https://www.vriendenvanamma.be/amritahospitalfaridabad/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Vrienden van Amma België |language=nl-NL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2022 |title=Mata Amritanandamayi Math's second hospital in Faridabad soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/faridabad/mata-amritanandamayi-maths-second-hospital-in-faridabad-soon/articleshow/92271060.cms |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|
* School of Allied Health Science
* School of Dentistry
* School of Medicine
* School of Nursing
* School of Pharmacy<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2023 |title=Amrita School of Medicine Faridabad to receive first batch of MBBS students in August |url=https://news.careers360.com/amrita-school-of-medicine-faridabad-receive-first-batch-of-mbbs-students-in-august |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Faridabad - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/faridabad/ |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Nagercoil
|[[Erachakulam]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|2024
|110 acres<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2024 |title=Best Deemed University in Nagercoil {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/nagercoil/ |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
* School of Engineering
* School of Computing & AI
* School of Business<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2024 |title=Nagercoil* - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/nagercoil/ |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Haridwar
|Missarpur, [[Haridwar]], [[Uttarakhand]]
|2025
|100 acres<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2025 |title=Haridwar (Proposed Campus) - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/haridwar/ |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=B.Tech 2025 – Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Haridwar. |url=https://spotlight.amrita.edu/haridwar/ |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=spotlight.amrita.edu}}</ref>
|
* School of Engineering
* School of Computing & AI<ref name=":6" />
|}

== Academics and schools ==

=== Amrita School of Architecture and Planning ===
School of Architecture at Coimbatore Campus offers [[Bachelor of Architecture]] (BArch - 5yrs), [[Bachelor of Design]] in Interior design programs approved by [[Council of Architecture]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=Architecture - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/school/architecture/ |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Amrita Schools of Arts and Humanities ===
The schools of Arts and Humanities offers [[Bachelor of Arts]], [[Master of Arts]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in English language & literature in Mysuru, Kochi, Coimbatore and Amritapuri campuses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2019 |title=Top Arts, Humanities & Commerce Colleges in India {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/school/arts-humanities-commerce/mysuru/ |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2022 |title=Arts, Humanities & Commerce - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/school/arts-humanities-commerce/coimbatore/ |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> Amritapuri campus offers Online, Certificate, Masters and PhD programs under the departments of Philosophy, Spirutual & Cultural Studies, Hindu Studies, Fine Arts and Sculpting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2023 |title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham to introduce certificate course on Hindu Studies |url=https://news.careers360.com/amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham-introduce-certificate-course-on-hindu-studies |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2023 |title=Amrita University launches certificate course on Hindu Studies {{!}} How to apply |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/amrita-university-launches-certificate-course-on-hindu-studies-how-to-apply-2430730-2023-09-04 |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2022 |title=Spiritual & Cultural Studies - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/school/spiritual-cultural-studies/amritapuri/ |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Amrita Schools of Business===
{{Main|Amrita Schools of Business}}
The school of Business was started in 1996 in Coimbatore campus and currently 6 campuses - [[Coimbatore]], [[Bangalore]], [[Kochi]], [[Amritapuri|Amritapuri (Kollam)]], [[Amaravati]] and [[Nagercoil]] has school of business.<ref name="360_Oct2023"/> The schools offers [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]] accredited residential two-year [[MBA]] degree program. In addition, it offers a [[dual degree]] program leading to an MS in information technology and [[MBA]] in collaboration with [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York|State University of New York at Buffalo]], for working professionals at the Bangalore campus.<ref name="mites">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/03/stories/2006010302200200.htm|title=Amrita – New York Universities Launch Joint Programs|date=3 January 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922152808/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/03/stories/2006010302200200.htm|archive-date=22 September 2008 |url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 September 2008}}</ref> Admission and aid to MBA programs is via [[Common Admission Test|IIM CAT]], [[Common Management Admission Test|CMAT]], [[Graduate Management Admission Test|GMAT]] and [[Management Aptitude Test|MAT]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Amrita Business School MBA admissions 2024 open; apply through ACAT |url=https://news.careers360.com/amrita-business-school-mba-admissions-2024-open-apply-through-acat |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Amrita School of Engineering Kollam1.jpg|alt=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham - Kollam|thumb|271x271px|Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham - Kollam]]

Amrita School of Commerce in Coimbatore, Kochi, Mysuru and Amritapuri offer [[Bachelor of Commerce]], [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] (BBA), [[Master of Commerce]] (MCom) in Accounting, Taxation and Finance.<ref name="ref01">{{Cite web |date=25 June 2022 |title=Social and Behavioural Sciences - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/school/social-and-behavioural-sciences/ |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Amrita School of Biotechnology===
The school under faculty of life sciences was started in September 2004 and offers B.Sc. and M.Sc. in [[Biotechnology]], B.Sc. and M.Sc. in [[Microbiology]], and M.Sc. in [[Bioinformatics]], as well as Ph.D. [[degree programs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amrita.edu/research/centers/Biotechnology|title=Amrita University Research Centers|website=amrita.edu}}</ref> Its research spans a wide spectrum including Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Cancer Biology, Cell-line Engineering, Wound Healing, Computational Neuroscience, Neurophysiology, Phytochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Proteomics, RNAi, Analytical Chemistry, Snake Venoms, Sanitation Biotechnology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amrita.edu/research/centers/Biotechnology|title=Amrita University Research Centers|website=amrita.edu}}</ref>

The Amrita School of Biotechnology is approved as a Center of Relevance and Excellence (CORE) in Biomedical Technology under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, TIFAC Mission REACH programs. The School of Biotechnology was selected by the [[Department of Biotechnology|DBT-BIRAC]] (Government of India) and the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] as one of the top six innovators in India to develop next generation sanitation solutions using bacteriophages and other biocontrol agents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amrita.edu/center/sanitation-biotechnology|title=Sanitation Biotechnology|website=amrita.edu|date=10 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/?mode=details&id=38706|title=Indian Researchers Selected to Develop Next Generation Toilets|work=The Telegraph|access-date=30 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726095100/http://www.telegraphindia.com/external/display.jsp?mode=details&id=38706|archive-date=26 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham coimbatore campus.jpg|alt=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Coimbatore|thumb|255x255px|Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Coimbatore]]

===Amrita School of Mass Communication===
The school at Coimbatore campus offers B.A. and M.A. degree programs in Communication for careers in journalism, [[new media]]/animation, and short film making and advertising, based on the [[UNESCO]] model curriculum.<ref name="journalism UNESCO">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2008/04/28/stories/2008042850360500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619164807/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2008/04/28/stories/2008042850360500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2008|title=Media Course with UNESCO Model Curriculum|date=28 April 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 September 2008}}</ref>

Mysore campus offers Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Visual Media,<ref>{{cite web |title=B.Sc. (Honours) in Visual Media and Communication - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/program/bsc-honours-in-visual-media-and-communication/ |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu}}</ref> Integrated M.Sc. in Visual Communication, Master of Science in Visual Communication (M.Sc.), Master of Arts (M.A) in Journalism and Mass Communication and Master of Arts in Visual Media and Communication, Digital Film Making & Media Production, Animation and Design programs.

Kochi campus offers B.Sc. (Honours) in Visual Media & Communication, [[Bachelor of Design|B.Des]](Honours) in Communication Design, M.A. Visual Media & Communication, M. A. Journalism and Mass Communication, M.F.A. (Visual Media) Animation & VFX, [[Master of Fine Arts|M.F.A.]] Visual Media (Applied Art and Advertising).<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2022 |title=Best Arts Colleges in Kerala {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/school/arts-humanities-commerce/kochi/ |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Amrita Schools of Engineering===
{{Main|Amrita School of Engineering}}
The university has schools of engineering in seven of its ten campuses, and offers undergraduate, post-graduate and doctoral programs under the departments of [[Computer science and engineering]], [[Electronics and Communication engineering]], [[Electrical and electronic engineering]], [[Artificial intelligence]], [[Mechanical engineering]], [[Civil engineering]], [[Chemical engineering]] and [[Aerospace engineering]]. The [[Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore]] was opened as private college in 1994 and predates the deemed university by 7 years. Other campuses include Bengaluru, Amritapuri (Kollam), Chennai, Amaravati, Nagercoil and Haridwar. Admission to [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] programs are based on Amrita Engineering Entrance Exam (AEEE), [[SAT]] (for NRI) and [[Joint Entrance Examination - Main|JEE Main]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.Tech. Admissions 2021 {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|url=https://www.amrita.edu/admissions/btech-2021#aeee-2021|access-date=19 September 2021|website=www.amrita.edu}}</ref> Admission to the [[Master of Engineering|MTech]] Programs are based on the [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] (GATE).

Alongside seven schools of Engineering & Computing, The Kochi campus school of Nanotechnology offers MTech in Nanomedicine, Molecular Medicine and Nanotechnology and Renewable Energy. The Faridabad campus school of health sciences offers MTech in Artificial Intelligence and Medical Engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Kavi |date=31 May 2024 |title=An AI And Healthcare Education Initiative |url=https://bwhealthcareworld.com/article/an-ai-and-healthcare-education-initiative-521568 |website=BW Health |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref>

=== Amrita International school of law ===
Amrita School of Law in Coimbatore campus offers 5-year integrated B.A. LL.B., B.B.A. LL.B., and LL.M. programs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2025 |title=International School of Law - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/school/law |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Amrita School of Sciences ===
Amrita School of sciences in Coimbatore, Amaravati, Amritapuri, Kochi, Mysuru offers [[Bachelor of Computer Applications]] (BCA), [[Master of Computer Applications]] (MCA), BSc, MSc & PhD programs under the departments of Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Data Science, Environmental Science, Computing & IT, Food Science and Agriculture<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2019 |title=Amritapuri Campus {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/amritapuri/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2019 |title=Kochi Campus {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/kochi/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2022 |title=School of Physical Sciences - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/school/physical-sciences/ |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Amrita School of Social & Behavioral Sciences ===
Amrita School of Social Sciences in Coimbatore, Faridabad, Mysuru and Amritapuri offers BA, MA and PhD programs under the departments of Psychology, Cognitive Sciences, Economics, Social Work and Social Policy.<ref name="ref01"/>

===Amrita health campuses===
Amrita has two healthcare campuses in [[Kochi]] and [[Faridabad]] attached to the [[Amrita Hospital, Kochi]] and [[Amrita Hospital, Faridabad]], super-specialty hospitals in India.<ref name="aims hospital">
{{cite web
| date = 1 September 2007
| url = http://www.expresshealthcaremgmt.com/200709/coverstory30.shtml
| title = Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi
| publisher = Express Healthcare
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080705152950/http://www.expresshealthcaremgmt.com/200709/coverstory30.shtml
| archive-date = 5 July 2008
| url-status = usurped
| df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> It contains schools of medicine, dentistry, health sciences, nursing, pharmacy, Ayurveda and physiotherapy. Kochi hospital with 1300-beds is the university's healthcare initial campus. A second medical school and 2,000 bed hospital campus was set up in Faridabad in 2021.<ref name="aims DELHI hospital">{{cite web
| url = http://www.amritapuri.org/64258/16-super-hospital.aum
| title = Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi
| date = 10 May 2016
| publisher =Amritapuri.org MA Math
| access-date = 5 September 2016 }}</ref> The campuses offer [[MBBS]], [[Dental degree|Bachelor of Dental Surgery]], MD, MS, DM, MCh in medicine, MHA (Masters in Hospital Administration), undergraduate/graduate programs in nursery, pharmacy & allied health sciences programs.

Amritapuri campus offers [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery]] and MS, MD in AYUSH. The [[School of Medicine]] offers graduate programs including M.Sc. in disciplines, [[Diplomate of National Board]] (DNB), and PhD. In 2008, the first batch of [[MBBS]] students graduated with [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] presiding over the graduation ceremony.<ref name="mbbs graduates">{{cite web
| date = 5 February 2008
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/05/stories/2008020561020300.htm
| title = Kalam's Charter for Doctors
| access-date = 30 September 2008
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080926053101/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/05/stories/2008020561020300.htm| archive-date= 26 September 2008 | work = [[The Hindu]]
| url-status= dead}}</ref>

=== Amrita Online ===
In 2021, the university introduced various online degree programs under the center name Amrita Online.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=9 February 2021 |title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham launches online degree courses |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham-launches-online-degree-courses/article33796574.ece |access-date=4 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amrita AHEAD is rebranded as Amrita Online |url=https://onlineamrita.com/ |website=Amrita Online |access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref> Amrita Online serves students from 50+ countries and all 28 Indian states, demonstrating its extensive global and national reach.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amrita Online expands global footprint to 50+ countries |url=https://etedge-insights.com/trending/amrita-online-expands-global-footprint-to-50-countries-hosts-future-skills-conclave-to-addr |website=ET Edge Insights |date=20 January 2026 |access-date=22 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amrita Online Official Website |url=https://onlineamrita.com |website=Amrita Online |access-date=22 January 2026}}</ref> The online programs are UGC entitled. Some of the prominent online programs include Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com), Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Commerce (M.Com), M.Com in International Finance and Accounting (Benchmarked with CPA, USA),<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2023 |title=Online MBA Course Fee, Syllabus, Admission 2024 {{!}} MBA Degree Online - Amrita AHEAD |url=https://onlineamrita.com/program/master-of-business-administration/ |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=onlineamrita.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA), Master Computer Applications (MCA) with specialisations in Artificial Intelligence, Data science, Cyber Security and Software Engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Online MCA Course Fee, Syllabus, Admission 2024 {{!}} Master of Computer Application Degree Online - Amrita AHEAD |url=https://onlineamrita.com/program/master-of-computer-applications/ |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=onlineamrita.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2023 |title=Bachelor of Computer Application - Online BCA Course Fee, Syllabus, Admission 2024 - Amrita AHEAD |url=https://onlineamrita.com/program/bachelor-of-computer-applications/ |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=onlineamrita.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2025, new MBA specialisations in Business Analytics, Financial Technology (FinTech), and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) were introduced in academic partnership with Grant Thornton.<ref>{{cite web |title=Online MBA in Business Analytics |url=https://onlineamrita.com/program/online-mba-in-business-analytics/ |website=Amrita Online |date=20 May 2025 |access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Online MBA FinTech |url=https://onlineamrita.com/program/online-mba-fintech/ |website=Amrita Online |date=16 May 2025 |access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Online MBA ESG (Environmental, Social & Governance) |url=https://onlineamrita.com/program/online-mba-esg/|website=Amrita Online |date=16 May 2025 |access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref>

==Research==
Amrita University conducts extensive research across various disciplines, collaborating with industry, government bodies, hospitals, organisations, and foreign universities.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 May 2024 |title=CRISP, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham strengthen partnership to advance social data science and policy |url=https://www.edexlive.com/campus/2024/May/14/crisp-amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham-partnership-advance-social-data-science-policy |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=EdexLive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=13 June 2024 |title=Amrita tops Times Higher Education Impact Rankings |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jun/13/amrita-tops-times-higher-education-impact-rankings |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, 27 researchers from Amrita were recognised among the world's top 2% of scientists by [[Stanford University]], up from 22 in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=News Edu |first=Careers360 |title=22 Amrita University scientists top world's top 2% scientist |url=https://news.careers360.com/22-amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham-researchers-in-worlds-top-2-percent-scientists-stanford-university/amp |work=Careers360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Covaimail |first=Covai News |date=25 September 2024 |title=Amrita Faculty Tops in the Global Stage - The Covai Mail |url=https://covaimail.com/amrita-faculty-tops-in-the-global-stage/ |access-date=8 October 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrita Hospital, Faridabad Doctors Shine In Stanford's 2023 Top 2 % Scientists List |url=https://bwhealthcareworld.com/article/amrita-hospital-faridabad-doctors-shine-in-stanfords-2023-top-2-scientists-list-503218 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=BW Health |language=en}}</ref> Amrita has over 70 interdisciplinary Centers of excellence across all campuses, has currently involved in over 500 active research projects, has published more than 16,000 research papers, received over USD 100M funding and has been granted over 150 patents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patents Assigned to Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham - Justia Patents Search |url=https://patents.justia.com/assignee/amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=patents.justia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ph.D. - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/admissions/doctoral/ |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2023 |title=Research - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/research/ |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Research Centers - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/research/centers/ |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

Nobel laurate [[Kailash Satyarthi]] and global economist [[Jeffrey Sachs]] are only people to receive Honorary Doctorate from Amrita University.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2022 |title=Nobel laureate Kailash Satyarthi, global economist Dr. Jeffrey Sachs receive honorary doctorates from Amrita University |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/nobel-laureate-kailash-satyarthi-dr-jeffrey-sachs-honorary-doctorates-amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham-1899790-2022-01-13 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrita to Confer its First Honorary Doctorates - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/events/honorary-phd/ |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Rankings and accreditation ==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University
| THE_W_2022=801–1000
| QS_A_2023=301-350
|NIRF_O_2024=18|NIRF_R_2024=33|NIRF_U_2024=7|NIRF_E_2024=23|NIRF_M_2024=8|NIRF_B_2024=28|NIRF_P_2024=13|NIRF_D_2024=14}}
According to the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) by the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Indian Ministry of Education]], Amrita University was ranked 7th among universities, 23rd in engineering, 8th in medical, 28th in management, 33rd in Research, 13th in pharmacy, 14th in dental and 18th position in overall category in India for the year 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

In the 12th edition of [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]], Amrita has been placed in the list of 601-800 category. It is also in Top 200 in Young University Rankings 2020 and in Top 90 in BRICS & Emerging Economies Rankings 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=Panjab University slips three spots to rank seven in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/panjab-university-slips-three-spots-to-rank-seven-in-india-7485775/ |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 September 2018 |title=New institutions outrank old powerhouses in Times list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/new-institutions-outrank-old-powerhouses-in-times-list/articleshow/65973094.cms |access-date=22 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[QS World University Rankings]] ranked Amrita in band 801-1000 and 168th in BRICS University Rankings 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2022 |title=QS World University Rankings 2023: List of top universities in India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/qs-world-university-rankings-2022-list-of-top-universities-in-india-101654749505390.html |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Aditi |date=1 June 2023 |title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham in Coimbatore tops university Impact Rankings 2023 for India |url=https://theprint.in/world/amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham-in-coimbatore-tops-university-impact-rankings-2023-for-india/1606498/ |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2022 |title=QS World University Rankings 2023: 7 new entries from India, 3 varsities rule top spots for eleventh year straight |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/qs-world-university-rankings-2023-top-10-universities-globally-and-top-10-in-india-1960806-2022-06-10 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Amrita has been ranked among the Top 50 in the world by [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|THE University Impact Rankings]]. It is also 1st in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2023 |title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham India's highest ranked varsity: THE Impact Ranking 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/the-impact-ranking-2023-amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham-secures-overall-52nd-rank-iit-guwahati-8641171/ |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2 June 2023 |title=Amrita varsity tops University Impact Rankings in India |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/amrita-varsity-tops-university-impact-rankings-in-india-716203 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>

Amrita School of Business has got accreditation from [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]] (AACSB).<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 February 2023 |title=AMET 2023 is on February 25 and March 5: All you need to know about the MBA course, scholarship, placements and more |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/amet-2023-is-on-february-25-and-march-5-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-mba-course-scholarship-placements-and-more/articleshow/97546409.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 June 2023 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Amrita's B.Tech and B.Pharm programs are accredited by [[National Board of Accreditation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=e - NBA |url=https://enba.nbaind.org/sartemplates/esarugtieriprint.aspx?appid=4337&progid=641 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=enba.nbaind.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2019 |title=Academic & Research Excellence: Global & National Rankings, Accreditation {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/rankings/ |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Amrita School of Medicine]] is the first institute in India to get accredited by [[National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers]]. All of its labs are accredited by [[National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories]]. It is also accredited by [[International Organization for Standardization]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (NABH) |url=https://www.nabh.co/hos-accr22.aspx |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=www.nabh.co}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2021 |title=National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (NABH) - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/ranking/national-accreditation-board-for-hospitals-healthcare-providers-nabh/ |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NABL Amrita Labs |url=https://nabl-india.org/CertificateFile/medical.php?appid=MjM1Nzg=&check=lbanelif&Phase=MA== |website=NABL gov}}</ref>

== Student life ==

===Student bodies===
Every campus has various academic and extra curricular student clubs. Team Bi0s, Amritapuri campus CSE student body works on Cyber security and aspire students to take part in Hackathons and competitions.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first=|date=28 June 2024 |title=Amrita's Team bi0s wins international cyber security competition |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/amritas-team-bi0s-wins-international-cyber-security-competition/article68344841.ece |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Festivals===
Every school in each campus hoists various tech and cultural fests annually. ''Anokha'' tech fest at Coimbatore campus, ''Vidyuth'' multi fest at Amritapuri campus, ''Dastaan'' multi fest at Bengaluru campus, ''Tantrotsav'' tech fest at Chennai campus are few of the popular fests in South India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=19 October 2022 |title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Celebrated Gokulashtami 2022- an annual cultural festival – APN News |url=https://www.apnnews.com/amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham-celebrated-gokulashtami-2022-an-annual-cultural-festival/ |access-date=3 August 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=10 March 2023 |title=Cinerama 2023: national-level short film festival inaugurated |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/cinerama-2023-national-level-short-film-festival-inaugurated/article66604480.ece |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 2014 |title=Creativity unleashed at Anokha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/creativity-unleashed-at-anokha/article5814012.ece |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2011 |title='Anokha 2011' witnesses convergence of unique engineering talents |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lsquoAnokha-2011-witnesses-convergence-of-unique-engineering-talents/article15133128.ece |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Physical education===
All campuses have facilities for multiple indoor and outdoor sports, gym and synthetic playfields. The Coimbatore campus houses an Olympic standard swimming pool.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2021 |title=Infrastructure - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/coimbatore/infrastructure/ |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[RJ Balaji]], Indian RJ and commentator
* [[Lijomol Jose]], Indian actress
* [[Muhammed Muhsin]], politician - [[Communist Party of India]]

==See also==
* [[Amrita Vidyalayam]], network of CBSE schools in India

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscatinline}}
* {{Official website|http://www.amrita.edu}}

{{Coimbatore district}}
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Education in Kerala}}
{{Health in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Universities in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Kochi]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Mata Amritanandamayi Math]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in India]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Kochi]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1994]]

Ruknuddin Barbak Shah

2026-02-27T03:10:32Z

JeffreyChallis6: Added Entry

{{Short description|Sultan of Bengal from 1459 to 1474}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Ruknuddin Barbak Shah
|title = as-Sulṭān al-ʿĀdil Rukn ad-Dunyā wa ad-Dīn Abū al-Mujāhid Bārbak Shāh<ref>The Philological Secretary, ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 43'' (1874), p.295</ref><ref name=dani/>
|image =
|caption =
|succession = 10th [[Sultan of Bengal]]
|reign = 1459–1474
|coronation = 1459
|predecessor = [[Mahmud Shah of Bengal|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]]
|successor = [[Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah]]
|regent =
|spouses=
|issue = [[Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah|Yusuf]]
|house = [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty|Ilyas Shahi]]
|father = [[Mahmud Shah of Bengal|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]]
|mother =
|birth_name = Bārbak bin Maḥmūd
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Satgaon]], [[Bengal Sultanate]]
|death_date = 1474
|death_place = [[Lakhnauti|Gaur]], [[Bengal Sultanate]]
|burial_date = 1474
|burial_place = [[Lakhnauti|Gaur]], [[Bengal Sultanate]]
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''Ruknuddīn Bārbak Shāh''' ({{langx|bn|রোকনউদ্দীন বারবক শাহ}}, {{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|رکن الدین باربک شاه}}}}; {{reign}} 1459–1474) was the son and successor of Sultan [[Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Bengal)|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]]. Initially appointed as the governor of [[Satgaon]] during the reign of his father, Barbak ascended the throne of the [[Bengal Sultanate]] in 1459. He was the first ruler to give prominent roles in the Sultanate's administration to the [[Habshi|Abyssinian]] community.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jairath |first=Vinod K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sffCgAAQBAJ |title=Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India |date=2013-04-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-19680-5 |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref> Historian [[Aniruddha Ray]] credits Barbak Shah as the pioneer of urbanisation in [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Gaur, City|author=[[Aniruddha Ray|Ray, Aniruddha]]}}</ref>

==Early life and ascension==
Barbak was born into an aristocratic [[Bengali Muslim]] [[Sunni]] family known as the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] that had founded the [[Bengal Sultanate]] in 1352 CE. Despite his family's long presence in the region, Barbak's ancestors were of [[Sistan]]i origin, hailing from what is now eastern [[Iran]] and southern [[Afghanistan]]. His father, Sultan [[Mahmud Shah of Bengal|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]], ruled Bengal for over twenty years.

During his father's reign, Barbak served as the governor of [[Satgaon]] (Arsah Sajla Mankhbad).<ref name=sarkar>{{cite book |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=II: Muslim Period, 1200-1757|chapter=VI: Later Ilyās Shahis and the Abyssinian Regime|location=Patna |publisher=Academica Asiatica |oclc=924890|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n153/mode/2up}}</ref> During his governorship in 1455, [[Ulugh Ajmal Khan]] erected a inscription at [[Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque and Dargah|Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque]] in [[Tribeni, Hooghly|Tribeni]].<ref name=dani>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126929/page/n29|title=Asiatic Society Of Pakistan Vol-ii|author=Ahmad Hasan Dani|author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani|chapter=Analysis of the Inscriptions|year=1957 |pages=21–28}}</ref> Barbak inherited the throne of the country in 1459 CE, after his father's death.<ref>{{cite book|last=Salim|first=Gulam Hussain|author2=tr. from Persian |author3=Abdus Salam |title=Riyazu-s-Salatin: History of Bengal|url=https://archive.org/details/riyazussalatinhi00saliuoft/page/120/mode/2up|year=1902|publisher=Asiatic Society, Baptist Mission Press|pages=119}}</ref>

==Reign==
[[File:মজিদবাড়িয়া শাহী মসজিদ, সম্মুখ দৃশ্য.jpg|thumb|The [[Majidbaria Shahi Mosque]], built during Barbak Shah's reign, is the first mosque and brick building in the [[Barisal Division|Bakla]] (Barisal) region.]]{{Bengal Sultanate}}
In 1459, Barbak upgraded Mahisantosh into a [[Mint (facility)|mint]] town known as Barbakabad. This acquisition helped his kingdom extended to the [[Buriganga]] river in north. In 1474, he re-established his authority in [[Chittagong]].<ref name=bpedia/> The extent of Barbak Shah's kingdom can be discovered through various inscriptions commemorating the construction of [[jame mosque]]s and royal gates across [[Malda division|Malda]], [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]], [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]], [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]], [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]] and for the first time, [[Barisal Division|Barisal]].<ref name=dani/>

Barbak Shah was a patron of [[Bengali literature|Bengali]] and [[Persian literature]]. During his time [[Zainuddin (poet)|Zainuddin]] wrote his ''Rasul Bijay'' and Ibrahim Qawwam Faruqi composed a Persian lexicon ''Farhang-i-Ibrahim'' (known as ''Sharafnamah''). Raimukuta Brhaspati Mishra, [[Maladhar Basu]], [[Krittibas Ojha]] and Kuladhar were the most noted Hindu scholars that time.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=ABM Shamsuddin |year=2012 |chapter=Ruknuddin Barbak Shah |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ruknuddin_Barbak_Shah |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

===Warfare===
{{Main|Conquest of Mandaran}}
Barbak was the first ruler in Bengal to recruit large numbers of [[Siddi|Habshis]] (Abyssinians) to the administration of the royal palace and army, which would eventually lead to a Habshi usurp permanently ending the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] several years after Barbak's death.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=History|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Islam, Bengal|author=[[Abdul Karim (historian)|Abdul Karim]]}}</ref> According to the 17th-century work ''Risalat ash-Shuhada'', Raja [[Kapilendra Deva]] (r. 1434–1467) of the [[Gajapati Kingdom]] (present-day [[Orissa]]) invaded southern Bengal during the early years of Sultan Barbak's reign and managed to capture the fort of [[Mandaran]]. Barbak sent his military general, the Muslim missionary [[Shah Ismail Ghazi]], who defeated the Gajapati army and recovered Fort Mandaran.<ref name=sarkar/>

The Sultanate's next expedition was against Kameshwar of [[Kamrup region|Kamarupa]] who had gained control of eastern Dinajpur. Barbak's army, again led by general Ismail Ghazi, suffered a heavy defeat in [[Dhamoirhat Upazila|Mahisantosh]], although Kameshwar was impressed by the general's spiritual characteristics and [[Conversion to Islam|embraced Islam]]. In January 1474 CE however, Barbak executed Ismail Ghazi after a malicious instigation led by Bhandsi Rai, who commanded the Sultanate's [[Ghoraghat Upazila|Ghoraghat]] frontier. Rai had accused Ghazi of attempting to establish a separate independent kingdom with Kameshwar in the regained territory.<ref name=bpedia/><ref name=sarkar/>

Barbak Shah was also known to have invaded [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] (present-day [[Janakpur]]) and conquered the region. He appointed Kedar Rai as the governor of that region. He also invaded [[Hajiganj Fort]] and surroundings at [[Tirhut]] in 1468.{{fact|date=June 2024}}

==Death==
Rukunuddin Barbak Shah died in 1474 after ruling [[Bengal]] for 15 years.

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Ilyas Shahi dynasty|Ilyas Shahi]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Bengal)|Mahmud Shah I]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Sultanate of Bengal|Sultan of Bengal]]|years=1459–1474}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah|Yusuf Shah]]}}
{{end}}

==See also==
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[History of Bengal]]
* [[History of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ilyas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rukunuddin Barbak Shah}}
[[Category:1474 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Ilyas Shahi dynasty]]
[[Category:Sunni monarchs]]
[[Category:15th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian Muslims]]

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University Delhi

2026-02-22T20:46:51Z

JeffreyChallis6: Adding New Data...

{{Short description|Public funded university in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University Delhi<ref>http://it.delhigovt.nic.in/writereaddata/egaz20175719.11.16.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
| native_name =
| image_size =
| caption = The University logo with a [[Bodhi tree]] motif
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date and age|2008}}
| closed =
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| endowment =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor = [[Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]]
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor = [[Anu Singh Lather]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aud.ac.in/upload/2018/announcement/22feb2019/vc-aud.pdf|title=Archived copy|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140202/http://aud.ac.in/upload/2018/announcement/22feb2019/vc-aud.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| principal =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| students = 2,979 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2022 |url=https://aud.ac.in/uploads/8/page/quality-assurance/nirf/nirf-2022-overall-category-2022.pdf |publisher=Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University Delhi }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| undergrad = 1,509 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad = 1,300 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 170 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| other =
| city = [[Old Delhi]]
| state =
| province = [[Delhi]]
| country = India
| campus = Urban Old Delhi (Kashmere Gate campus) - 16 acres West Delhi (Karampura campus) South Delhi (Lodi Road campus) - 2 acres North Delhi (Dheerpur campus - under construction) - 110 acres North-West Delhi (Rohini campus) Qutub Institutional Area (School of Heritage Research & Management)
| former_name = Bharat Ratna Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University Delhi, Ambedkar University Delhi
| athletics =
| colours =
| sports =
| other_name = AUD
| mascot =
| website = {{url|https://aud.delhi.gov.in/}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| footnotes =
| image = Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University Delhi logo.png
| academic_affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]], [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]
| faculty = 168 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| staff =
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|39|51|N|77|13|57|E|display=title}}
| colors =
}}

[[File:Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University Delhi.jpg|thumb|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Kashmere Gate Campus, Delhi]]

'''Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University Delhi''', formerly '''Bharat Ratna Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University Delhi''' and '''Ambedkar University Delhi''', and simply '''AUD''', is a [[State university (India)|state university]] established by the Government of the [[NCT of Delhi]] through an Act of the Delhi Legislature.<ref>http://it.delhigovt.nic.in/writereaddata/egaz20175719.11.16.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> The university began functioning in August 2008. It is a Unitary non-affiliating University whose main focus is on undergraduate and postgraduate studies and on research in the [[Humanities]] and the [[Social Sciences]]. It is completely funded by the State Government of the NCT of Delhi.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aud.ac.in/aboutus/ | title=About AUD | access-date=2011-02-17 | archive-date=30 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630155229/http://aud.ac.in/aboutus | url-status=dead }}</ref> The university is now declared eligible to receive Central Government Assistance.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://old.aud.ac.in/Downloads/UGC%2012%20B%20Notification.pdf| title=Ambedkar University, Delhi| access-date=2013-01-17| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114041104/http://old.aud.ac.in/Downloads/UGC%2012%20B%20Notification.pdf| archive-date=14 November 2013| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref> The university has been graded 'A' by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://aud.ac.in/upload/NAAC%20Certificate%20two%20page.pdf| title=NAAC acrreditation Certificate| access-date=2015-05-17| archive-date=15 March 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315014810/http://aud.ac.in/upload/NAAC%20Certificate%20two%20page.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> It is named after the polymath [[B. R. Ambedkar]], the architect of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] and one of the founding fathers of India.

== Campuses ==
AUD is a multi-campus University with planned facilities across the city. AUD presently has three campuses - in [[Kashmiri Gate, Delhi|Kashmere Gate]], Karampura and, Lodi Road, where 40 undergraduate, postgraduate and research programmes are currently on offer.

The Kashmere Gate campus is housed in the erstwhile [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]] campus, along with [[Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women]]. The historical campus originally built for [[Delhi College of Engineering]] also houses the 300-year-old [[Dara Shikoh]] library.

The Directorate of Higher Education, Government of the NCT of Delhi handed over the old campus of [[Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College]] of University of Delhi in the Karampura area of West Delhi to AUD. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College will move to its new campus in Dwarka.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://aud.ac.in/upload/admissions2016/Admissions%20in%20Karampura%20Campus.pdf/ | title=Admission to Karampura Campus | access-date=2016-05-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807133457/http://aud.ac.in/upload/admissions2016/Admissions%20in%20Karampura%20Campus.pdf | archive-date=7 August 2016 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

As of 2024 the university planned two new campuses, in Rohini and in Dheerpur.<ref>https://aud.delhi.gov.in/upcoming-campuses</ref>

==Schools==
* School of Undergraduate Studies
* School of Development Studies
* School of Global Affairs
* School of Human Ecology
* School of Human Studies
* School of Culture and Creative Expressions
* School of Design
* School of Management
* School of Public Policy
* School of Educational Studies
* School of Law, Governance and Citizenship
* School of Liberal Studies
* School of Vocational Studies

== Centres ==
* Centre for Community Knowledge
* Centre for Development Practice
* Centre for Social Science Research Methods
* Centre for Early Childhood Education and Development
* Centre for Psychotherapy and Clinical Research
* Centre for Urban Ecology and Sustainability
* AUD Centre for Incubation, Innovation and Entrepreneurship
*Centre for English Language Education

== See also ==
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Delhi]]
* [[Government of Delhi]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://agracollegeagra.org.in/index.html Agra College Agra Official Site]
* {{Cite news |last=College |first=Agra |title=CUT OFF MERIT LIST FOR B.A.LL.B & LL.B ADMISSION 2023-24 |work=Agra College Agra Official |url=http://agracollegeagra.org.in/notices/2023/ballb_llb_cutoff_1712.pdf}}
* {{Cite news |title=III rd CUT OFF INDEX OF PG STUDENTS (M.A. / M.Sc.) |work=Agra College Agra |url=http://agracollegeagra.org.in/notices/2023/pg_cutoff_2012.pdf}}
{{Universities in the Delhi}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ambedkar University Delhi]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:Environmental studies institutions in India]]

Sri Adwayananda Public School

2026-02-22T11:23:55Z

JeffreyChallis6: further update structure after review and improved wording based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox school
| native_name =
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'''Sri Adwayananda Public School''', administered by Alliance Educational Foundation, is a private, English-medium school in Malakkara, Kerala, [[India]], that conducts classes from kindergarten to twelfth standard and also offers nursery.

==About the school==
[[File:Sri Atmananda Memorial School, Malakara, Kerala.jpg|thumb|Sri Adwayananda Public School]]
A non-denominational school serving students from kindergarten through 12th grade operates two campuses in Malakkara village, near [[Chengannur]], Kerala, India. Founded in 1987, the school accepts children from diverse socioeconomic and religious backgrounds. It is affiliated with both the Council for the [[Indian School Certificate]] Examinations and Cambridge (IGCSE/AS/A).

==Milestones==
* Inauguration of School by Sri Adwayananda {{nowrap|(Sri K. Padmanabha Menon)}} (1987) <ref>Sri O. C. Vincent, [[District collector|District Collector]], Pathanamathitta District, [http://www.avef.org/file9 speech given on occasion of inauguration] of the School, Malakara (5 October 1987); retrieved 19 July 2008.</ref>
* Described by Sir [[Bernard Ledwidge]], Chairman of Britain Committee for [[UNICEF]], as "the best school I have seen in all my career" (1991)<ref>Sir Bernard Ledwidge, KCMG, [http://www.avef.org/files8 speech given] 8 November 1991, at Sri Adwayananda Public School, India; retrieved 19 July 2008.</ref>
* Invited to present teaching approach to Mikhail Gorbachev's State of the World Forum (USA), 1997, 1999, 2000<ref>Mary Thomajan, [http://www.avef.org/file10 "New Visions from Ancient Traditions"] paper given at The State of the World Forum, San Francisco, 1997.</ref>
* Received the KANFED 2000 Award for Best High School for Innovation<ref>Kerala Association for Non-Formal Education and Development</ref>
* First graduating class (2001)
* Rated by ''The Week'' magazine as “one of the top ten innovative schools in India” (2003)<ref>[http://www.avef.org/file11 “I-School, My School”], ''The Week'' (February 9, 2003), pp. 16-19.</ref>
* Rated one of the top three schools in [[South India]] by ''Vishukani'' magazine (published by ''Malayala Manorama'') (2007)<ref name="Nisha">Nisha Nair K. "They Learn Through Play and Play While They Learn," ''Malayala Manorama Vishukani'' (April 2007), pp. 72-76. See also [http://www.avef.org/file3.pdf "I-School, My School"] ''The Week'' (9 February 2003), pp. 16-19.</ref>
* Celebration of the 25th anniversary of the School (2012)
* Annual International Colloquium on the Teacher-Student Relationship in Education series launched in August 2013
* Partnership with Decathlon India where senior students from the school have the opportunity to attend professional workshops and internships.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Education in Kerala}}

[[Category:1987 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Schools in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Private schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kanpur Nagar

2026-02-21T23:53:22Z

JeffreyChallis6: put up a entry...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kanpur Nagar
| picture = Jnvkanpur2.jpg
| picture_caption =
| motto = Pragyanam Brahma
| established = {{start date|1987}}
| type = School
| affiliation = [[Central Board for Secondary Education|C.B.S.E.]]
| grades = Class 6 - 12
| principal = Manoj Mishtri
| campus_type = Township
| houses = Arawali, Neelgiri, Shivalik, Udaygiri
| campus_size = {{convert|35|acre|m2|adj=on}}
| location = Sarsaul, Kanpur Nagar -209402, UP
| coordinates = {{coord|26|15|59.90|N|80|29|56.89|E|display=title,inline}}
| country = India
| website = http://www.jnvkanpurnagar.com
| alumni = http://jnvkanpuralumni.com
}}

'''Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Kanpur Nagar''' (also known as '''JNV Kanpur''' or '''JNVK''') is a boarding school, set up in [[Kanpur Nagar]], [[India]], in 1987. It is an autonomous body which works under the Department of Education, [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)]]. The concept of opening a boarding school, called Navodaya Vidyalaya, in every district of India was born as a part of the section 5.15 in [[New Policy on Education]](NPE86). Jawahar Nava Kanpur Nagar has a campus of 35 acres, close to national highway (NH-2) ([[GT Road]]) near Navodaya Nagar, Sarsaul, Kanpur Nagar( 26°16'6"N, 80°30'1"E). It

==History==
JNV Sarsaul Kanpur Nagar was established in 1987. The school sprawls over 35 acre of land, full of lush green trees. It educates children mainly from a rural background. Affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] the school imparts education in the streams of [[Science]] and [[Commerce]]. Promotes national integration through migration policy from Kanpur Nagar, a hindi speaking area, to [[Jnv beejapur|Jnv Beejapur]] Karnatak, a kannada speaking areas and vice versa. The third language of the school is [[Kannada]].

==Academics==
The results of class X and XII examinations of the Vidyalayas have been consistently better than the overall CBSE national averages.

==Infrastructure==
The campus is on 35 acre of land, with two boys hostels, two girls hostels, 42 staff apartments, administrative block, academic building, one multipurpose hall and two dining halls where more than 500 students take their breakfast, lunch and dinner, a library with approximately 6500 books and magazines, including magazine and news papers in [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]] and [[Kannada]] languages. The Career Corner has books for exams and professional courses.

* There is a [[Computer]] lab having 25 computers with one server connected with [[LAN]] also including broad band Internet facility.
* There is a playground with a 400 metre 8 lane track, two basketball grounds, one handball ground, five volleyball grounds, two Kho-Kho grounds, two Kabbadi grounds, one football ground, multiple TT tables and a gymnasium.
* [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]] and [[Biology]] laboratories.
*

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.nvshq.org/news_home.php Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti]
* [http://www.jnvkanpurnagar.com Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Sarsaul Kanpur]
* [http://www.jnvkanpuralumni.com JNV Kanpur Alumni Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110035607/http://jnvkanpuralumni.com/ |date=10 January 2016 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150726233721/http://www.navodaya.nic.in/ Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti]
* [http://www.navodaya.net All India Navodaya Alumni Association ( AINAA)]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]]

{{Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya}}

[[Category:Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Schools in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

N. Mathrubootham

2026-02-08T17:58:21Z

JeffreyChallis6: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian psychiatrist, writer, actor and director (1944-2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = N. Mathrubootham
| image = Dr. Mathrubootham.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1944|07|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2004|11|18|1944|07|02|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| other_names =
| known_for = sex education and counseling, film roles
| education =
| employer =
| occupation = medical practitioner, counselor, psychiatrist
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| footnotes =
}}

'''N. Mathrubootham''' (2 July 1944 – 18 November 2004) was an Indian psychiatrist, writer, actor and director who was known for his work on [[sex education]]. He also acted as a [[comedian]] in some Tamil films.

== Early life ==

Mathrubootham was born in [[Tiruchirappalli]] on 2 July 1944.<ref name="thehindu_20041119">{{cite news|title=Mathrubootham dead|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/19/stories/2004111908840500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121044808/http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/19/stories/2004111908840500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2004|date=19 November 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He had his early education in Tiruchirappalli and obtained his M. B. B. S. degree from the [[Stanley Medical College]], [[Chennai]] in 1966.<ref name="thehindu_20041119" /> Mathrubootham went on to pursue his master's degree and obtained a [[doctorate]] in [[psychiatry]].<ref name="thehindu_20041119" /> On completion of his doctorate studies, he joined Institute of Mental Health, Chennai as a lecturer.

== Career ==

Joining the Institute of Mental Health as a lecturer, Mathrubootham rose to become Professor of Psychiatry.<ref name="thehindu_20041119" /> He also served simultaneously as Psychiatry Professor at Kilpauk Medical College.<ref name="thehindu_20041119" /> Mathrubootham was awarded the Dr. Marfatia award by the Indian Psychiatrists Association for his research on alcohol addiction and the Pinnacle award for his multilingual sex education film "''Puthira Punithama"''.<ref name="thehindu_20041119" />

== Death ==

In his later life, Mathrubootham suffered from [[arthritis]] and renal diseases.<ref name="thehindu_20031229">{{cite news|title=Laugh your blues away|date=29 December 2003|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/29/stories/2003122901340300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040530005111/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/29/stories/2003122901340300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=T. Saravanan}}</ref> He died on 18 November 2004 due to [[cardiac arrest]].<ref name="thehindu_20041119" />

== Filmography ==

Mathrubootham also acted in summary roles as comedian in a few Tamil films along with [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]].<ref name="thehindu_20031229" />

;Director
*''[[Puthira Punithama]]'' (2000)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/08-07-99/mathrubo.htm |title=Dinakaran |website=www.dinakaran.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041124021920/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/08-07-99/mathrubo.htm |archive-date=24 November 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/22-08-99/karppaka.htm |title=Dinakaran |website=www.dinakaran.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041116232458/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/22-08-99/karppaka.htm |archive-date=16 November 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

;Actor
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]'' || Himself || Uncredited role
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000 || ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' || Manohar's father ||
|-
| ''[[Puthira Punithama]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || ''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]'' || Prof. Das alias Lord Labakkudaas ||
|-
| ''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]'' || Dr. M. Das ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Thullal (film)|Thullal]]'' || Das/Giri/Chand/Pillai/3 || Uncredited role
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathrubootham, N.}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Indian psychiatrists]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli]]

Kannur Rajan

2026-02-07T23:23:48Z

JeffreyChallis6: correct lead based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian musician (1940–1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kannur Rajan
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|06|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kakkad, Kannur|Kakkad]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present day [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1995|04|07|1940|06|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| resting_place =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Music Composer]]
| yearsactive = 1974{{endash}}1995
| spouse = Swarnalatha
| children = 3
| parents =
| relatives = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Sharreth]] (son-in-law)|[[K. K. Haridas]] (brother-in-law)}}
| known for = ''[[Chithram]]'' (1988)
| awards =
| website =
}}
'''Kannur Rajan''' (24 June 1940 – 7 April 1995) was a music [[composer]] from [[Kerala]],<ref>{{cite web|title=All Great Music|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/All-Great-Music-is-Melancholy-Says-Music-Critic-Shaji-Chennai/2015/05/16/article2816381.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030191907/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/All-Great-Music-is-Melancholy-Says-Music-Critic-Shaji-Chennai/2015/05/16/article2816381.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> [[India]]. Though his songs are less in numbers, they are noted as emotional and [[nostalgic]] in the [[Malayalam]] film songs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://imdb.com/name/nm1818716/ |title=Kannur Rajan |publisher=IMDB database}}</ref> He was the father-in-law of celebrated music director, [[Sharreth]].

== Early life ==

Rajan was born in a poor family in Kakkad near [[Kannur]]. He entered [[Malayalam cinema]] in 1974 with his first music composition for the film ''Mister Sundary''. He then composed music for around 50 films, working with all major lyricists and singers of Malayalam film industry. He was married twice. He had 3 sons in the first marriage with Swarnalatha. Then he married Vilasini and had three children. He died suddenly due to a massive [[heart attack]] while composing for a film titled ''Kokkarakko'' on 7 April 1995, aged 55. Malayalam film director [[K. K. Haridas]] was his brother-in-law.

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Lyrics
|-
| 1974 || Mister Sundari || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]]
|-
| 1976 || Abhinandanam || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
|-
| 1977 || Pallavi || [[P. Bhaskaran]]
|-
| 1977 || Choondakkari || Monu
|-
| 1977 || Oru Jathi Oru Matham || S Babu
|-
| 1978 || Padakkuthira || [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]]
|-
| 1978 || Beena || [[Bichu Thirumala]]
|-
| 1978 || Soundaryam || [[Yusuf Ali Kecheri]]
|-
| 1978 || Kshethram || Bharanikkavu Sivakumar
|-
| 1983 || Karyam Nissaram || Konniyoor Bhas
|-
| 1984 || Appunni || Bichu Thirumala
|-
| 1984 || Swantham Sharika || P Bhaskaran
|-
| 1985 || Akkare Ninnoru Maran || [[Priyadarshan]]
|-
| 1985 || Kiratham || Bharanikkavu Sivakumar
|-
| 1985 || Paara || Ilanthoor Vijayakumar
|-
| 1985 || Ente Ammu Ninte Thulasi Avarude Chakki || [[O.N.V. Kurup]]
|-
| 1985- || Ushasse Unaroo || [[Poovachal Khader]]
|-
| 1985 || Bheekararathri || Ilanthoor Vijayakumar
|-
| 1986 || Surabhiyamangal || Madhu Alappuzha
|-
| 1986 || Bharya Oru Manthri || [[Pappanamkodu Lakshmanan]]
|-
| 1986 || [[Ninnishtam Ennishtam]] || Bichu Thirumala
|-
| 1986 || [[Poovinu Puthiya Poonthennal]] || Bichu Thirumala
|-
| 1986 || Katturumbinu Kathukuthu || Panthalam Sudakaran
|-
| 1986 || Ahalya || K. Jayakumar
|-
| 1988 || Onninu Purake Mattonnu || Puvachal Khader
|-
| 1988 || [[Chithram]] || [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
|-
| 1989 || Ayiram Chirakulla Moham || George Thomas
|-
| 1989 || Omale Aromale || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan
|-
| 1987 || Puzhayorathoru Pujari || [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]
|-
| 1990 || Shankaran Kuttikku Pennu Venam || Padmanabhan
|-
| 1990 || Thaalam || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan
|-
| 1993 || [[Kanyakumariyil Oru Kavitha]] || Chunakkara Ramankutty
|-
| 1994 || [[Vardhakya Puranam]] || S. Rameshan Nair, IS Kundoor
|-
| 1994 || [[Vadhu Doctoranu]] || [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]
|-
| 1994 || Kadalponnu || Gireesh Puthenchery
|-
| 1995 || Kokkarakko || Gireesh Puthenchery
|}

==Albums==
* Hridayanjali (1983)
* Ragaveena (1984)
* Swathanthrya Samara Gatha (1985) -Two songs
* Karvarnan (1992)
* Sreerama Ganamrutham (1992)
* Sruthilaya Tharangini (1993)
* Krishnanamam (1995)

== External links ==
* [http://play.raaga.com/malayalam/music/Kannur-Rajan raaga.com]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajan, Kannur}}
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kannur]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]

{{India-musician-stub}}

J. A. K. Tareen

2026-02-07T22:56:34Z

JeffreyChallis6: put up stub...

{{Short description|Indian geologist and university vice-chancellor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Jalees Ahmed Khan Tareen
| image = Prof. J A K Tareen.jpg
| alt = J. A. K. Tareen
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| footnotes =
| birth_date = 1947
| field = [[Geologist]], Experimental Mineralogy and Solid State Chemistry
| workplaces = [[B. S. Abdur Rahman University]], [[Pondicherry University]], [[University of Mysore]], [[University of Kashmir]]
| prizes = [[Padma Shri]] (2009)
}}

'''Jalees Ahmed Khan Tareen''', also known as J.A.K. [[Tareen]], was born in [[Mysore, Karnataka]], India in 1947. He was the vice-chancellor of [[B. S. Abdur Rahman University]], in [[Chennai]], [[India]] from 2013 to 31 March 2015.<ref name="bsauniv.ac.in">{{Cite web |url=http://bsauniv.ac.in/info.aspx?id=7&mid=27 |title=B.s.abdur Rahman University |access-date=6 February 2013 |archive-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123082118/http://bsauniv.ac.in/info.aspx?id=7&mid=27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the recipient of the [[Padma Shri]] award 2009 for the Literature & Education given by the Government of India.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-12/mysore/28051644_1_national-awards-outstanding-contribution-professor|title=UOM alumnus honoured with Padmashree - Times Of India|date=3 January 2013|website=archive.ph|access-date=3 November 2024|archive-date=3 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103073612/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-12/mysore/28051644_1_national-awards-outstanding-contribution-professor|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is one of the current advisory board member of South Asia Foundation (SAF) from India.<ref>[http://www.southasiafoundation.org/abm_india.htm South Asia Foundation - SAF Advisory Board Members - India]</ref>

==Education==

Tareen has received his master of science (Geology, 1967), and PhD (Experimental Mineralogy, 1977) from [[Mysore University]], India and second PhD from [[Bordeaux University]], France (Solid State Chemistry, 1987). He was also a visiting scientist at Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, Bordeaux University, France, [[University of Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]] and Mekele University-Ethiopia.

==Professional career ==

Tareen has served the university of Mysore for 33 years (1967–2000) at department of geology as a lecturer, professor, professor and head, and finally as a director of mineralogical institute. He has published notable research papers<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=rqZnW5-MD5UC |title=J A k tareen - Google Scholar Citations |access-date=14 November 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216050821/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=rqZnW5-MD5UC |url-status=dead }}</ref> and two fundamental crystallography books, namely "A Basic Course in Crystallography" and "Fundamentals of Crystal Chemistry".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UBR_5B6KUv4C&dq=university+of+mysore+and+Tareen&pg=PA208|title=A Basic Course in Crystallography|first1=J. A. K.|last1=Tareen|first2=T. R. N.|last2=Kutty|date=3 November 2001|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-360-6 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pdRYnvL5mQC&dq=university+of+mysore+and+Tareen&pg=PA88|title=Fundamentals of Crystal Chemistry|first1=T. R. N.|last1=Kutty|first2=J. A. K.|last2=Tareen|date=3 July 2001|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-297-5 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

In 2001 he has become the vice-chancellor of [[Kashmir University]] (2001–2004). Kashmir, India.

Later, he served as CEO of South Asia Foundation and active member of university grants commission (UGC), India. He was involved in preparing the XII plan document on higher education on issues of Quality and increasing Access.<ref>[http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/psearch/QResult15.aspx?qref=91931 Untitled Page]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/article/ncher-%E2%80%93-alone-can-bring-success-higher-education-during-xii-plan-there-are-issues |title=NCHER – Alone can bring success in Higher Education during XII Plan: But there are issues {{!}} India Education Review |access-date=23 August 2012 |archive-date=3 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703031025/http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/article/ncher-%E2%80%93-alone-can-bring-success-higher-education-during-xii-plan-there-are-issues |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/news/ugc-consider-new-norms-teacher-student-ratio |title=UGC to consider new norms for Teacher Student Ratio {{!}} India Education Review |access-date=23 August 2012 |archive-date=15 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115065149/http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/news/ugc-consider-new-norms-teacher-student-ratio |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He then served as the vice-chancellor of [[Pondicherry University]] (2007-2013),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pondiuni.edu.in/content/prof-jaktareen-vice-chancellor|title=Prof. J.A.K.Tareen, Vice-Chancellor | Pondicherry University}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080903042445/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2008/09/01/stories/2008090150190200.htm The Hindu : Education Plus : On the path to becoming a world class university]</ref><ref>[http://210.212.230.219/downloads/vc_meet/vc_meeting261208.htm Example How To Use Flash]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3753118.ece|title=The Hindu : NATIONAL / TAMIL NADU : Two more facilities at university|website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3424309.ece|title=The Hindu : NATIONAL / TAMIL NADU : Pondicherry University plans hospital, hostels and new courses|website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indcareer.com/2012/05/09/60014-pondicherry-university-will-be-adding-15-new-departments |title=Pondicherry University will be adding 15 new departments - India Career Guide - IndCareer.com |access-date=23 August 2012 |archive-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311070658/https://www.indcareer.com/2012/05/09/60014-pondicherry-university-will-be-adding-15-new-departments |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://2011cscapplicants.wikispaces.com/file/view/Applicant+63_Supporting+documents.pdf Unknown]{{Dead link|date=March 2022 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

He served as the vice-chancellor of [[B. S. Abdur Rahman University]], in [[Chennai]], [[India]], from 2013 to 2015.<ref name="bsauniv.ac.in"/>

==Awards and honors==
Tareen is a recipient of several state as well as national awards.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Taking into account of his contribution as a scientist and educationalist, Indian government has awarded the [[Padma Shri]] to him in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-03/mysore/28015763_1_national-award-padma-shri-mysore-university|title=J A K Tareen awarded Padma Shri - Times Of India|date=3 January 2013|website=archive.ph|access-date=3 November 2024|archive-date=3 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103072113/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-03/mysore/28015763_1_national-award-padma-shri-mysore-university|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has also received the National Mineral award, the golden Jubilee Science & Technology award of Mysore University, and Mineralogical Society Gold Medal award.

== Other activities ==
Tareen has published his memoirs of Kashmir as a book, ''Fire under the Snowflakes - The return of Kashmir University''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2FxkgHJBcoC&dq=fire+under+snowflakes&pg=PR12|title=Fire Under Snowflakes: The Return of Kashmir University|first=Jalees Ahmed Khan|last=Tareen|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-067-3 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theindianbooks.com/books.php?id=24617 |title=Theindianbooks.com |access-date=23 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220108/http://www.theindianbooks.com/books.php?id=24617 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His ideas on education is revealed by his talks and interviews which includes ‘higher education’, ‘education for all’, ‘making Indian universities globally competitive’, etc.<ref>{{YouTube|id=AKjZzElDPks&list=UUyOJjdayEF7wcCBOrysazmA|title=A Documentary on the Pondicherry University .mpg}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|id=L7rgbp3WJIU&list=UUyOJjdayEF7wcCBOrysazmA|title=An Interview with Prof. J. A. K. Tareen on 'Education for All'}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|id=s1OTwWlQa-U|title='Tareen Speaks' on "Mainstreaming Kashmiri Youth"}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|id=hcBn7PFPtQw|title=Making Indian Universities Globally Competitive.mp4}}</ref>

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.pondiuni.edu.in/content/prof-jaktareen-vice-chancellor Pondicherry University]
* [http://www.pondiuni.edu.in/content/vcs-profile Pondicherry University]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AKjZzElDPks&feature=bf_next&list=UUyOJjdayEF7wcCBOrysazmA A Documentary on the Pondicherry University .mpg]
* {{Cite web | url=http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/interviews/india-lacks-ranking-mechanism-distinguish-between-performing-and-non-performing-vc | title=India lacks ranking mechanism to distinguish between performing and a non performing VC | work=India Education Review | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430231835/http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/interviews/india-lacks-ranking-mechanism-distinguish-between-performing-and-non-performing-vc | archive-date=2013-04-30}}
* {{Cite web | url=http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/article/mhrd-ugc-and-universities-are-we-really-connected | title=MHRD, UGC and Universities: Are we really connected? | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310164640/http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/article/mhrd-ugc-and-universities-are-we-really-connected | archive-date=10 March 2013 }}
* {{Cite web | url=http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/article/bold-structural-changes-needed-indian-higher-education-system-during-xii-plan | title=Bold Structural Changes Needed in Indian Higher Education System during XII Plan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422032329/http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/article/bold-structural-changes-needed-indian-higher-education-system-during-xii-plan | archive-date=2012-04-22}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tareen, J A K}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Mysore]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Pondicherry University]]

Charles Boddam

2026-01-29T18:55:41Z

JeffreyChallis6: Adding New Data

'''Charles Boddam''' (1762–1811) was born in India, the son of [[Rawson Hart Boddam]]. He joined the [[East India Company]] as a writer in 1780. In 1793, Boddam was appointed to [[Saran district]] as Judge of Diwani Adawlut and Magistrate. He died at [[Fort William, India]] on 13 August 1811.

Between April 1794 and April 1806 he lived in an impressive neo-classical house in [[Chhapra]], [[Bihar]]. A watercolour of the house, belonging to about 1810, is preserved in the [[British Library]], number Add.Or.3203.<ref>British Library, published online at: http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0003203u00000000.html.</ref>

Boddam was a scholar of Persian and made a translation of the ''Rāmāyaṇa'' from Persian, the latter in turn prepared from the Sanskrit in about 1794 by Anand G'yan, a Professor at the [[Benares Sanskrit College]]. The English translation is preserved among Boddam's papers in the [[British Library]].<ref>British Library, Mss Eur C215, catalogued online at: https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/bb796feb-b5a9-4be3-93bd-9bda3103507a.</ref>

Boddam also collected Arabic manuscripts, some of which he acquired from the collection of [[Henry Vansittart]]. Among these is a copy of the commentary ''at-Talwih fi Kashfi Haqaiq at Tanqih'' (التلويح إلى کشف حقائق التنقيح) of [[Al-Taftazani]], which carries Boddam's signature and the date “Calcutta, May 1st, 1787.” The manuscript was cataloged by Otto Loth in his ''Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office''.<ref>Otto Loth, ''Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office'' (London: Printed by order of the Secretary of State for India in Council, 1887), no. 323.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3923636 Loth, Otto. (1887). A Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boddam, Charles}}
[[Category:1762 births]]
[[Category:1811 deaths]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Peranbu (soundtrack)

2026-01-29T02:23:23Z

JeffreyChallis6: Added A Data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Peranbu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover = Peranbu (soundtrack).png
| alt =
| released = {{start date|2018|07|15|df=y}}
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:24
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Raja Ranguski]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal (soundtrack)|Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]
| next_year = 2018
}}

'''''Peranbu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2019 film [[Peranbu|of the same name]] directed by [[Ram (director)|Ram]] and produced by [[P. L. Thenappan]] starring [[Mammootty]] and [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]. The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] with lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]], [[Sumathy Ram]] and Karunakaran. The soundtrack was released under the [[Saregama]] record label on 15 July 2018 to positive reviews from critics and Yuvan won the [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Music Director]] and was nominated for the [[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|SIIMA Award for Best Music Director]].

== Development ==
For the film's musical score and soundtrack, Ram renewed his association with Yuvan Shankar Raja who previously worked with him in ''[[Kattradhu Thamizh]]'' (2007), ''[[Thanga Meenkal]]'' (2013) and ''[[Taramani (film)|Taramani]]'' (2017).<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author=Ashameera Aiyappan |date=16 July 2018 |title=It took me 20 years to make a film with Mammootty: Ram at Peranbu audio launch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mammootty-peranbu-audio-launch-5261698/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709083524/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mammootty-peranbu-audio-launch-5261698/ |archive-date=9 July 2023 |accessdate=17 July 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Their norm lyricist [[Na. Muthukumar]] died in August 2016. As a result, the film's four-song soundtrack featured lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]], [[Sumathy Ram]] and Karunakaran who would collaborate with the director-composer in their maiden associations.

Yuvan started working on the film's music and background score during September 2017, when the film was under post-production.<ref>{{cite web |author=S. Subhakeerthana |date=15 September 2017 |title=Ram not doing a film with Vikram |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/sep/15/ram-not-doing-a-film-with-vikram-2149.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907194038/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/sep/15/ram-not-doing-a-film-with-vikram-2149.html |archive-date=7 September 2018 |accessdate=15 July 2018 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref name="sify">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/director-ram-s-peranbu-with-mammootty-is-ready-news-malayalam-rjvklccgiidfg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924100641/http://www.sify.com/movies/director-ram-s-peranbu-with-mammootty-is-ready-news-malayalam-rjvklccgiidfg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2017|title=Director Ram's 'Peranbu' with Mammootty is ready|work=[[Sify]]|date=21 September 2017|accessdate=15 June 2018}}</ref> Since Ram wanted the music to sound different from the previous collaborations, he showcased the edited footage to Yuvan and told him that the script is close to nature. Hence, Yuvan reduced the instrumentation and used natural ambient music for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team FC |date=2019-02-05 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja On The Difference Between The Working Styles Of Selvaraghavan And Ram |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/yuvan-shankar-raja-on-the-difference-between-the-working-styles-of-selvaraghavan-and-ram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001090308/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/yuvan-shankar-raja-on-the-difference-between-the-working-styles-of-selvaraghavan-and-ram |archive-date=2023-10-01 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=[[Film Companion South]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K10vD6xA_aw |title=I wanted High on Love to reach today's youngsters {{!}} Yuvan Shankar Raja |date=2018-08-09 |last=Baradwaj Rangan |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |type=Interview |language=ta |publisher=[[Film Companion South]] |access-date=2024-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214152520/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K10vD6xA_aw |archive-date=2022-02-14 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> For composing the tune for "Vaanthooral" he envisioned it as "a stream that flows everywhere. Till the tabla beat starts, you won't even know the ''[[Tala (music)|thaalam]]''."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Arunkumar Sekhar |date=2018-08-12 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja: I will soon be directing a film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/Aug/12/yuvan-shankar-raja-i-will-soon-be-directing-a-film-7397.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121164448/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/Aug/12/yuvan-shankar-raja-i-will-soon-be-directing-a-film-7397.html |archive-date=2024-01-21 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> He also admitted that he and Ram felt the absence of Muthukumar at several instances while working on the film.<ref name=":1" />

== Release ==
The track list of the film's soundtrack was released on 14 July 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 July 2018 |title=Director Ram's Peranbu songs tracklist video |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/director-rams-peranbu-songs-tracklist-video.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709082017/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/director-rams-peranbu-songs-tracklist-video.html |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The following day, the album was launched at the [[Kalaivanar Arangam]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mammootty plays doting dad to 13-year-old autistic child in Peranbu|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mammootty-plays-doting-dad-to-13-year-old-autistic-child-in-peranbu-news-tamil-shqkXRhdijcif.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718032233/http://www.sify.com/movies/mammootty-plays-doting-dad-to-13-year-old-autistic-child-in-peranbu-news-tamil-shqkXRhdijcif.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 July 2018|access-date=19 November 2020|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2018 |title=Ram's Peranbu audio launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/rams-peranbu-audio-launched/articleshow/65009966.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709125904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/rams-peranbu-audio-launched/articleshow/65009966.cms |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> With the film's cast and crew, the event also saw the attendance of actors [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Vasanth Ravi]], directors [[Bharathiraja]], [[K. S. Ravikumar]], [[Mysskin]], [[Vetrimaaran]], [[Bala (director)|Bala]], [[Karu Palaniappan]], [[Ameer Sultan]], [[Samuthirakani]], [[Adhik Ravichandran]], [[A. L. Vijay]], Gopi Nainaar, producers [[J. Satish Kumar]], [[G. Dhananjayan]], [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]] and writers [[Anand Neelakantan]], Bava Bhaskar amongst others.<ref name=":0" /> The record label [[Saregama]] distributed the album in digital formats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-15 |title=Peranbu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/peranbu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1423248638 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325211646/https://music.apple.com/in/album/peranbu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1423248638 |archive-date=2022-03-25 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=iTunes}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The soundtrack album and score received positive response from critics.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kaushik L. M. |date=16 July 2018 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja gets mass response at Mammootty's Peranbu audio launch |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/mollywood/yuvan-shankar-raja-gets-mass-response-at-mammoottys-peranbu-audio-launch-160501.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716204639/https://www.in.com/entertainment/mollywood/yuvan-shankar-raja-gets-mass-response-at-mammoottys-peranbu-audio-launch-160501.htm |archive-date=16 July 2018 |accessdate=16 July 2018 |work=[[In.com]]}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' rated the album 3.25 out of 5 and stated "Another Musical experience from Ram and Yuvan Shankar Raja's magical combo."<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2018 |title=Peranbu (aka) Perannbu songs review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/peranbu/peranbu-songs-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306040918/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/peranbu/peranbu-songs-review.html |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' gave the album a rating of 4 out of 5 and summarised "Yuvan Shankar Raja delivers another brilliant soundtrack for director Ram, easily the composer’s best in a long time."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vipin Nair |date=26 July 2018 |title=Peranbu – Music Review (Tamil Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2018/07/26/peranbu-music-review-tamil-soundtrack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926143046/https://www.musicaloud.com/2018/07/26/peranbu-music-review-tamil-soundtrack/ |archive-date=26 September 2018 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=Music Aloud}}</ref>

[[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''Milliblog'' reviewed it as "Director Ram and Yuvan Shankar Raja reach their ''Katradhu Tamizh'' high once again".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik Srinivasan |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=16 July 2018 |title=Peranbu (Music review), Tamil – Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=https://milliblog.com/2018/07/16/peranbu-music-review-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/comment-page-1/#comments |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120122944/https://milliblog.com/2018/07/16/peranbu-music-review-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/comment-page-1/#comments |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref> Suhansid Srikanth of ''Moviecrow'' gave the album 4 out of 5 and stated "Peranbu, the rain of compassion adds stubbornness to the statement that it is silly to say 'Yuvan's come-back' as he has never gone anywhere else. Also it reminds us of the sin we are doing to the abundantly blessed artists like Vairamuthu or Yuvan most of the times with films that hold no content to feed their thrive to excel."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suhansid Srikanth |date=16 July 2018 |title=Peranbu Songs – Music Review |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/20778/peranbu-songs---music-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709083519/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/20778/peranbu-songs---music-review |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref>

Janani K. of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "If the characters in Peranbu give the film its soul, composer Yuvan Shankar Raja's score infuses life into it."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janani K. |date=2019-01-30 |title=Peranbu Movie Review: Mammootty is excellent in path-breaking film by Ram |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/peranbu-movie-review-mammootty-is-excellent-in-path-breaking-film-by-ram-1442802-2019-01-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709082020/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/peranbu-movie-review-mammootty-is-excellent-in-path-breaking-film-by-ram-1442802-2019-01-30 |archive-date=2023-07-09 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion South]]'' wrote "Yuvan Shankar Raja's music is quiet, with the barest acoustic guitar strumming".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baradwaj Rangan |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=2019-01-30 |title=Peranbu Movie Review: Mammootty Plays The Gentlest "Ram Hero" In Ram's Least Angry, Most Moving Drama |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/peranbu-movie-review-mammootty-plays-the-gentlest-ram-hero-in-rams-least-angry-most-moving-drama |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203161832/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/peranbu-movie-review-mammootty-plays-the-gentlest-ram-hero-in-rams-least-angry-most-moving-drama |archive-date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=[[Film Companion South]] |language=en}}</ref> Lakshmi Subramanian of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' wrote "Composer Yuvan Shankar Raja is technically at his best. As the mist moves on and off the lake, Yuvan's music tugs at your heartstrings."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi Subramanian |date=2019-01-30 |title='Peranbu' review: Mammootty at his best; subtlety, not machoism, steals the show |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2019/01/30/peranbu-review-mammootty-at-his-best-subtlety-steals-show.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214034709/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2019/01/30/peranbu-review-mammootty-at-his-best-subtlety-steals-show.html |archive-date=2019-02-14 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' stated that Yuvan's music "elevate the film several notches. Yuvan’s rerecording warrants mention and songs appeasing to aural nerves."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anupama Subramanian |date=2019-02-01 |title=Peranbu movie review: Intense and hard hitting |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/010219/peranbu-movie-review-intense-and-hard-hitting.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209131741/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/010219/peranbu-movie-review-intense-and-hard-hitting.html |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote "Yuvan Shankar Raja's background score intrudes a bit too much in the scenes when Amudhavan and Paapa are getting to know each other, but it is quieter, more involved as the film progresses."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sowmya Rajendran |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=1 February 2019 |title='Peranbu' review: Ram's father-daughter tale is a delicately crafted must-watch film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/peranbu-review-ram-s-father-daughter-tale-delicately-crafted-must-watch-film-96046 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921114723/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/peranbu-review-ram-s-father-daughter-tale-delicately-crafted-must-watch-film-96046 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' praised the "unobtrusive nature" of Yuvan's music adding that: "A quiet piano bit, once in a while. A guitar being strummed about. Or sometimes, just ambient music. So meditative is ''Peranbu'' that I found the occasional song quite offputting."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhir Srinivasan |date=2019-02-01 |title=Peranbu Review: A beautiful meditation on life and love |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/Feb/01/peranbu-movie-review-mammootty-sadhana-ram-9905.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129225330/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/Feb/01/peranbu-movie-review-mammootty-sadhana-ram-9905.html |archive-date=2023-11-29 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Peranbu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)'' track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 16:24
| title1 = Dhooramaai
| extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| length1 = 4:08
| title2 = Anbe Anbin
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Yuvan Shankar Raja
| lyrics2 = [[Sumathy Ram]]
| length2 = 3:09
| title3 = Vaanthooraal
| extra3 = [[Sriram Parthasarathy]]
| lyrics3 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Setthu Pocchu Manasu
| extra4 = [[Madhu Iyer]]
| lyrics4 = Karunakaran
| length4 = 4:29
}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Accolades for ''Peranbu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
! scope="col" | Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in Alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row"| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[13th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|11 January 2020]]
| Best Music Director
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2020 |title=Vikatan Awards 2019: Taapsee Pannu wins 'Best Actor' for Game Over, shares surreal moment with Dhanush and Vetrimaaran |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikatan-awards-2019-taapsee-pannu-wins-best-actor-game-shares-surreal-moment-dhanush-vetrimaaran-1502844173.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053304/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikatan-awards-2019-taapsee-pannu-wins-best-actor-game-shares-surreal-moment-dhanush-vetrimaaran-1502844173.html |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2019 |url=https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731120558/https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/ |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Male
| [[Sriram Parthasarathy]] – ("Vanthooral")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| [[Madhu Iyer]] – ("Sethupochu Manasu")
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row"| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|18 September 2021]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2021 |title=Dhanush, Manju Warrier, Chetan Kumar, others: SIIMA Awards announces nominees |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830151926/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Manjusha Radhakrishnan |date=19 September 2021 |title=SIIMA 2021: The big winners from the South Indian movie awards night |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/siima-2021-the-big-winners-from-the-south-indian-movie-awards-night-1.1632033334078 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113804/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/siima-2021-the-big-winners-from-the-south-indian-movie-awards-night-1.1632033334078 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |website=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=Manju Warrier, Suriya, others win at SIIMA Awards: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921174049/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] – ("Anbe Anbin")
| {{won}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Yuvan Shankar Raja}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2018 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Saregama soundtracks]]
[[Category:Yuvan Shankar Raja soundtracks]]

2023 Golden Temple blasts

2026-01-18T06:15:03Z

JeffreyChallis6: Started New Location W/ Refs

{{Short description|2023 building bombings in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2023 Golden Temple blasts
| image = 
| caption = 
| location = Heritage Street, near the [[Golden Temple]], [[Amritsar]], Punjab, India
| coordinates = 
| date = 7–10 May 2023
| time = 
| timezone = 
| type = Bombing
| fatalities = 0
| injuries = 6
| perpetrator = Unknown
| motive = Unknown
| numparts = Unknown 5 arrested as of 11 May 2023
| weapons = Low-grade explosives packed in "Hell" energy drink cans
| convictions = None
| verdict = Investigation ongoing
}}

The [[Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]], India, was damaged by the first blast that happened on 7 May 2023, and by the second blast that happened on 8 May 2023. At midnight on 10 May 2023 a third blast occurred.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yeung |first1=Jessie |last2=Suri |first2=Manveena |date=11 May 2023 |title=Five suspects arrested in India after bomb blasts near Golden Temple |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/11/india/amritsar-golden-temple-blasts-arrests-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> The explosions were triggered by low-grade explosives without detonators, despite the police's initial claim that they could have been unintentional.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/national-security-guard-team-at-amritsar-twin-blast-site20230509091226 | title=National Security Guard team at Amritsar twin blast site }}</ref>

==The blasts==
The explosives used in the two explosions, according to police sources, were housed in two 250 ml cans of the health drink "Hell." When these were dropped from a height or hurled, the cans burst. There was no sign of a detonator, and the explosives appeared to have been locally built and were unsophisticated.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Jupinderjit |last2=Jaiswar |first2=Pawan |date=8 May 2023 |title=Amritsar blasts: Explosives used on Heritage Street were packed in 'Hell' energy cans, say police |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/another-blast-in-amritsar-explosive-packed-in-can-506071 |website=The Tribune India}}</ref>

The explosives can appear to have been put atop a structure in the first event and had a string attached to it that was thrown over the wall. Unknowingly pulling the line, a person, whose identity police have suppressed, caused the can to fall down and set off the explosion. In the second event, it appears that the can was tossed from a height when the explosion occurred.<ref>{{cite web |title=Golden temple Amritsar: At least five people injured in a blast near Amritsar's Golden temple |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/toi-original/punjab-at-least-five-people-injured-in-a-blast-near-amritsars-golden-temple/videoshow/100062765.cms?from=mdr |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Reactions==
After the explosions, senior police officers as well as members of the Bomb Detection and Disposal Squad arrived at the scene. [[Harjinder Singh Dhami]], the president of the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (SGPC), urged the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab government]] and the police to fully examine these instances and unearth the truth so that pilgrims could offer their respects without fear.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/golden-temple-explosions-sgpc-urges-punjab-government-to-investigate-and-ensure-safety-for-pilgrims-and-visitors-101683560937936.html | title=Bring out truth behind Amritsar blasts: SGPC chief | work=Hindustan Times | date=8 May 2023 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Golden Temple blasts, 2023}}
[[Category:Religious building bombings in India|Golden Temple blasts]]
[[Category:2023 building bombings]]
[[Category:May 2023 in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:History of Amritsar]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2023]]
[[Category:May 2023 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents by unknown perpetrators]]

Lakhwinder Wadali

2026-01-18T05:14:30Z

JeffreyChallis6: Created First Bio More To Come!

{{Short description|Indian musician and singer}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Lakhwinder Wan
Wadali
| image_size =
| honorific_suffix =
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
* [[Sufi music]]
* [[Romance (music)|Romantic]]
* [[Folk (music)|Folk]]
* [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]}}
| birth_name = Lakhwinder Singh Wadali
| origin = Indian
| image =
| caption =
| label = {{flatlist|
* Wadali Music
* Human Music
* Moviebox Record
* [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
* Speed Record}}
}}

'''Lakhwinder Wadali''' is an Indian musician and singer, who hails from a family of musicians from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/Lakhwinder-Wadali-to-release-Deedar/articleshow/31463456.cms| title = Lakhwinder Wadali to release Deedar| date= March 4, 2014 | work = Times of India}}</ref> His grandfather Thakur Dass Wadali was a renowned vocalist and his father and uncle formed a [[Sufi]] [[qawwali]] duo, the [[Wadali brothers]]. Lakhwinder received extensive training and guidance in classical music from his father [[Puran Chand Wadali]]. His songs blend classical and current trends in music. His repertoire includes renditions of [[Sufism|Sufi Saints]], [[Romance (music)|romantic]], [[Folk music|Folk]] numbers, [[ghazals]], [[bhajans]] and [[bhangra (music)|bhangra]]. [[Alap|Alaaps]] and [[Taan (music)|taans]] are the vital aspects of his music.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/folk-and-sufi-music-belongs-to-everyone-lakhwinder-wadali/articleshow/67804438.cms| title = Folk and Sufi music belongs to everyone- Lakhwinder Wadali| date= February 1, 2019 | work = Times of India}}</ref>

His albums include ''Unpredictable'' (2007), featuring [[Mukhtar Sahota]], and ''Naina De Buhe''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lakhwinder Wadali New Song JUGNI featuring Tigerstyle|url=http://punjabgold.com/lakhwinder-wadali-new-song-jugni-featuring-tigerstyle.html|work=Punjab Gold|accessdate=28 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019031731/http://punjabgold.com/lakhwinder-wadali-new-song-jugni-featuring-tigerstyle.html|archive-date=19 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Discography ==
*2021: ‘’Rabb Manneya’’ (Koi Jaane Na)
* 2017: ''Glow Away In Tokyo'' (Music By: Tru-Skool) (MovieBox/Speed Records)
* 2014: ''Ranjhanna'' (Wadali Music)
* 2013: ''Ishqe Daa Jaam'' (Speed Records)
* 2011: ''Naina De Buhe'' (Speed Records)
* 2007: ''Unpredictable'' (Internalmusic)
* 2004: ''Bulla'' (Music Waves)
* 2002: ''Baba Jabbal''
* 2015: ''Laggian Zora Zori'' (Music By: Aar Bee)
* 2018: ''Tappe 2'' (Music By: Aar Bee)
* 2018: ''Rangi Gayi'' (Lakhwinder Wadali) (Music By: Aar Bee)
* 2018: ''Kangana'' (Lakhwinder Wadali) (Music By: Aar Bee)
* 2018: ''Raam'' (Lakhwinder Wadali) (Music By: Aar Bee)
* 2018: ''Balma'' (Lakhwinder Wadali) (Music By: Aar Bee)
* 2020: ''Sohni Kande Te'' (Lakhwinder Wadali) (Music By: Aar Bee)
* 2022: ''Mahiya'' (The Wadalis) (Music By: Aar Bee) (Speed Records)
* 2021: ''Jinde'' (Lakhwinder Wadali) (Music By: Aar Bee)
* 2020: ''Ho Jaave Je Pyar '' (Lakhwinder Wadali) (Music By: Aar Bee)
* 2021: ''Nazaara'' (Ustad Puran Chand Wadali, Lakhwinder Wadali) (Music By: Aar Bee)
* 2020: ''Ranjha Palle Paade'' (Lakhwinder Wadali) (Music By: Aar Bee)
* 2021: ''Sahi Sahi'' (Lakhwinder Wadali) (Music & Composer By: Aar Bee) (Zee Music Originals)
* 2020: ''Gulabi'' (Lakhwinder Wadali) (Music By: Aar Bee)
* 2017: ''Apna Pyara'' (Lakhwinder Wadali) (Music By: Aar Bee)
* 2019: ''Kulli'' (Lakhwinder Wadali) (Music By: Aar Bee)
* 2020: ''Maula'' (Ustad Puran Chand Wadali, Lakhwinder Wadali) (Music By: Aar Bee)
* 2024: ''Nasha'' (Lakhwinder Wadali) (Lyrics By: M.S. Abid)<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch The New Punjabi Music Video For Nasha Sung By Lakhwinder Wadali {{!}} Punjabi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/watch-the-new-punjabi-music-video-for-nasha-sung-by-lakhwinder-wadali/videoshow/109538963.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
* 2014: ''Sheesha Yaar Da (With [[Sarbjit Cheema]])''
* 2010: ''Chhevan Dariya''
* 2009: ''Akhiyan Udeekdiyan''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.lakhwinderwadali.com/ Lakhwinder Wadali, Official Website]
* {{IMDb name|3947430}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wadali, Lakhwinder}}
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Sufi music]]
[[Category:Ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Bhangra (music) musicians]]
[[Category:Bhajan singers]]

Haraltari

2025-12-22T05:03:36Z

JeffreyChallis6: put up stub...

{{short description|Village in Assam, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=December 2024}}
{{notability|1=Places|date=December 2024}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Haraltari
| native_name = হৰলটাৰী
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhubri district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Sub-division
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bilasipara]]
| governing_body = Sonamayi Gaon Panchayat
| area_total_km2 = 0.9096
| population_total = 508
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 783337
| registration_plate = AS
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest town
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sapatgram]]
}}

'''Haraltari''' is a small rural village located in the [[Bilasipara]] sub-division of [[Dhubri district]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. The village falls under the administrative jurisdiction of the ''Sonamayi Gaon Panchayat'' and is part of the ''[[Bilasipara]] East Development Block''.<ref name="assamgov" /> It is located approximately 6 km from the town of [[Sapatgram]] and 15 km from [[Bilasipara]] town.<ref name="indiatv" />

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Census of India, Haraltari has a total population of 508 individuals residing in around 101 households.<ref name="census" /> The literacy rate is moderate, and Assamese is the official language.

==Geography==
Haraltari spans a total area of 0.9096 square kilometers. It lies close to the Assam–West Bengal border and is situated near the Sankosh River, which plays an important role in local agriculture and livelihood.<ref name="assamgov" />

==Connectivity==
The nearest town, [[Sapatgram]], serves as a local hub for trade and communication. Haraltari is connected via rural roads and is accessible by public and private transport from Sapatgram.<ref name="indiatv" />

==Education and Infrastructure==
Haraltari village has access to basic educational infrastructure, including a lower primary school. For higher education, students usually travel to nearby towns. The village also has access to rural health services and public distribution systems under state schemes.<ref name="assamgov" />

==References==
<references>
<ref name="indiatv">{{Cite web |title=Haraltari Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Haraltari, Dhubri, Assam, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/assam/dhubri/haraltari |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=India TV News}}</ref>
<ref name="census">{{Cite web |title=List of Villages in Bilasipara East Block |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/25823/download/29021/DDW_PCA1802_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |website=Census India |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2025-07-28}}</ref>
<ref name="assamgov">{{Cite web |title=Village List – Dhubri District |url=https://dhubri.assam.gov.in/frontimpotentdata/village-list |website=Dhubri District Administration |access-date=2025-07-28}}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Villages in Dhubri district]]

Shammi Akter (politician)

2025-12-22T02:58:47Z

JeffreyChallis6: updated page

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shammi Akter
| office = Member of Bangladesh Parliament
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2014
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
}}
'''Shammi Akter''' is a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician and a former member of the [[Jatiya Sangsad|Bangladesh Parliament]] from a reserved seat.

==Early life==
Akter was born on 2 November 1973 and she has a M.S.S. degree.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituency 338 |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-9th-parliament-members-bangla?layout=edit&id=1282 |website=Bangladesh Parliament |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221044710/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-9th-parliament-members-bangla?layout=edit&id=1282 |archive-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Akter was elected to parliament from a [[Reserved seats|reserved seat]] as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=45 woman MPs elected |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-80498 |accessdate=2 April 2020 |work=The Daily Star |date=20 March 2009 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akter, Shammi}}
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jatiya Sangsad]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Chunarughat Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Sylhet Division]]

{{BangladeshNationalistParty-politician-stub}}

Martand Sun Temple

2025-12-04T19:23:21Z

JeffreyChallis6: updated page

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Martand Sun Temple
| image = Martand Sun Temple Central shrine (6133772365).jpg
| caption = Central shrine of the temple ruins
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| map_caption = Location within Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir##Location within India
| coordinates = {{coord|33|44|44|N|75|13|13|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = {{flagicon image|Government of Jammu and Kashmir.svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Anantnag district]]
| location = [[Mattan, Jammu and Kashmir|Mattan]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Surya]] (''[[Mārtanda|Martand]]'')
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 8th century CE
| creator = [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]]
| website =
| native_name_lang = sa
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| date_demolished = 15th century CE
| architecture_type = [[Ancient Indian architecture|Ancient Indian]]}}

'''The Martand Sun Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Mattan, Jammu and Kashmir|Mattan]], in the [[Anantnag district]] of the [[Kashmir Valley]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It dates back to the eighth century CE and was dedicated to [[Surya]], the [[solar deity]] in [[Hinduism]]; Surya is also known by the [[Sanskrit]]-language synonym ''[[Mārtanda|Martand]]'' ({{Langx|sa|मार्तण्ड|translit=Mārtaṇḍa|label=none}}). The temple was destroyed by [[Sikandar Shah Miri]].

==History==

=== Establishment ===
According to Kalhana, the Martand Sun Temple was commissioned by [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]] in the eighth century CE.

=== Destruction ===
According to [[Jonaraja]] (fl. 1430) as well as Hasan Ali, the temple was destroyed by [[Sikandar Shah Miri]] (1389-1413) in a zeal to Islamise society under the advice of Sufi preacher Mir Muhammad Hamadani;{{efn|Son of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani (1314-1384), a Sufi preacher of the [[Kubrawiya|Kubrawiya order]] who had migrated from Huttalàn (present-day [[Tajikistan]]) in the wake of Timurid invasions to Shibu'd-Din's Kashmir.}} Jonaraja pinned the blame on his chief-counsel Suhabhatta, a Brahman neo-convert who was held to have manifested a reign of intense persecution for the local Hindus, whereas Ali particularly affirmed Sikandar's convictions in these aspects.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Slaje |first=Walter |url=https://www.academia.edu/42710523 |title=Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD 1148‒1459) From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-'Ābidīn |publisher= |year=2014 |isbn=978-3869770888 |series=Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis - 7 |location=Germany |pages=28–29, 36, 155–173, 185–189, 201–203, 213–215}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=Kashinath |url=https://archive.org/details/AChronicleOfMedievalKashmirKashinathPandit |title=Baharistan-i-shahi: A chronicle of mediaeval Kashmir |publisher=Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd. |year=1991 |location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Slaje |first=Walter |url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/543660 |title=Encountering Buddhism and Islam in Premodern Central and South Asia |date=19 August 2019 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-063168-5 |location= |pages= 128–160|language=en |chapter=Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rājataraṅgiṇī Authors |doi=10.1515/9783110631685-006 |s2cid=204477165 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/book/9783110631685/10.1515/9783110631685-006.xml}}</ref>

Scholars caution against accepting these sources at face value — Jonaraja was appointed by Sikandar's son, who sought to bring back the Brahminical elite into the royal fold, while later Muslim chroniclers had their motives to fit the past into an idealist tale of orthodox Islamic morality. According to [[Chitralekha Zutshi]] and [[Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies)|Richard G. Salomon]], Sikandar's policies were guided by [[realpolitik]]<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |last2=Slaje |first2=Walter |date=2016 |title=Review of Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD1148–1459). From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26546259 |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=393–401 |doi=10.1163/15728536-05903009 |jstor=26546259 |issn=0019-7246|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and, like with the previous Hindu rulers, an attempt to secure political legitimacy by asserting state power over Brahmans and gaining access to wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |title=This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. It exposes its own biases instead |url=https://scroll.in/article/855050/this-book-claims-to-expose-the-myths-behind-kashmirs-history-it-exposes-its-own-biases-instead |access-date=1 February 2021 |website=Scroll.in |date=24 October 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> J. L. Bhan notes a stone sculpture—a four-armed Brahma, sculpted by the son of a Buddhist ''Sanghapati'' and dedicated to Sikandar—to challenge simplistic notions of religious persecution.<ref name=":132">{{Cite book |last=Bhan |first=Jawahar Lal |title=Kashmir Sculptures: An Iconographical Study of Brāhmanical Sculptures |publisher=Readworthy Publications |year=2010 |volume=1 |location=Delhi, India |pages=68–69}}</ref> Slaje disagrees about the absence of religious motivations but notes the aversion of Brahmin chroniclers to be, largely, the result of resistance to the gradual disintegration of caste-hierarchy under Muslim influence.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Slaje |first=Walter |url=https://www.academia.edu/42709412 |title=Brahma's Curse : Facets of Political and Social Violence in Premodern Kashmir |publisher= |year=2019 |isbn=978-3-86977-199-1 |series=Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis - 13 |location= |pages=30–40 |chapter=What Does it Mean to Smash an Idol? Iconoclasm in Medieval Kashmir as Reflected by Contemporaneous Sanskrit Sources}}</ref>

=== Degradation ===
The ruins and the remnants of the structure suffered further damage from several earthquakes.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bilham |first1=Roger |last2=Bali |first2=Bikram Singh |last3=Bhat |first3=M. Ismail |last4=Hough |first4=Susan |title=Ancient Earthquakes |date=1 October 2010 |chapter=Historical earthquakes in Srinagar, Kashmir: Clues from the Shiva Temple at Pandrethan |chapter-url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.orghttps//pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/626/chapter/3805836/Historical-earthquakes-in-Srinagar-Kashmir-Clues |language=en |doi=10.1130/2010.2471(10) |isbn=9780813724713 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The Martand temple was built on top of a plateau from where one can view the whole of the [[Kashmir Valley]]. From the ruins and related archaeological findings, it can be said that it was an excellent specimen of Kashmiri architecture, which had blended the [[Gandharan art|Gandharan]], [[Gupta architecture|Gupta]], [[Chinese architecture|Chinese]] and possibly [[Syrian architecture|Syrian]]-[[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]] forms of architecture.<ref>{{cite book|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Volume 1 By André Wink|year=1991|pages=250–51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&q=martand+sun+temple&pg=PA250|isbn=9004095098|last1=Wink|first1=André|publisher=BRILL }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Arts Of India By Krishna Chaitanya|pages=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EGUpX1O0hoC&q=martand+sun+temple&pg=PA7|isbn=9788170172093|last1=Chaitanya|first1=Krishna|year=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications}}</ref>

The temple has a colonnaded courtyard, with its primary shrine in its center and surrounded by 84 smaller shrines, stretching 220 feet long and 142 feet broad in total and incorporating a smaller temple that was previously built.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge: Volume 12, pp:965</ref> The temple turns out to be the largest example of a [[peristyle]] in [[Kashmir]] and is complex due to its various chambers that are proportional in size and aligned with the overall perimeter of the temple. In [[Hindu temple architecture]], the primary entrance to the temple is situated on the western side of the quadrangle and is the same width as the temple itself, creating grandeur. The entrance is highly reflective of the temple as a whole due to its elaborate decoration and allusion to the deities worshiped inside. The primary shrine is located in a centralised structure (the temple proper) that is thought to have had a [[Pyramid|pyramidal top]] - a common feature of the [[:Category:Hindu temples in Jammu and Kashmir|temples in Kashmir]]. Various wall carvings in the [[antechamber]] of the temple proper depict other gods, such as [[Vishnu]], and [[List of water deities#Hindu|river goddesses]], such as [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Yamuna]], in addition to the sun-god [[Surya]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.koausa.org/Monuments/Chapter5.html | title=Ancient Monuments of Kashmir | access-date=8 November 2014 | author=Kak, Ram Chandra | website=koausa.org | author-link=Ram Chandra Kak | archive-date=28 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628064225/http://www.koausa.org/Monuments/Chapter5.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150" caption="Martand Sun Temple">
File:KITLV 100455 - Unknown - Martand Temple on the plateau above the Kashmir Valley in British India - Around 1870.tif|Ruins in c. 1870
File:Restored Martand Sun temple India 1870.jpg|Restored impression by J. Duguid (1870–73)
Martand Sun Temple enclosure (6134371538).jpg|Panorama of the ruins in the summer of 2011
File:Martand Sun Temple in the Winter (6741284235).jpg|Ruins in winter of 2012
</gallery>[[File:Martand Ruins.JPG|thumb|Inscriptions within the temple [[ruins]]]]{{wide image|Martand - Sun Temple Panorama.jpg|1000px|alt=Temple ruins as seen from the entrance to the main temple structure|Temple ruins as seen from the entrance to the main temple structure}}

== Conservation ==
The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] has declared the Martand Sun Temple as a site of national importance in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Archaeological survey of India protected monuments |url=http://www.heritageofkashmir.org/heritage-tourism/asi-protected-monuments.html |publisher=heritageofkashmir.org |access-date=11 August 2012}}</ref> The temple appears in the list of centrally protected monuments as ''Kartanda (Sun Temple)''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Protected monuments in Jammu & Kashmir |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_jk.asp |publisher=asi.nic.in, Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507130954/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_jk.asp |archive-date=7 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Details - Martand Temple.JPG|thumb|Details sign — ASI]]

==Restoration==
In March 2024, the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] government initiated efforts to restore the temple.<ref>{{cite news |title=J&K govt initiates efforts to restore 8th century Martand Sun temple |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jk-govt-initiates-efforts-to-restore-8th-century-martand-sun-temple-101711783006368.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 March 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
*1970: The Hindi film ''[[Man Ki Aankhen]]'' starring [[Dharmendra]] and [[Waheeda Rahman]] has Martand Temple as background for the [[Mohammed Rafi|Rafi]]-[[Lata Mangeshkar|Lata]] song ''Chala Bhi Aa Aaja Rasiya''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ul3wufPJ4UE|title=Chala Bhi Aa Aaja Rasiya | Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi | Man Ki Aankhen 1970 Songs | Dharmendra|access-date=4 February 2020|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
*1975: The Hindi film ''[[Aandhi]]'' starring [[Sanjeev Kumar]] and [[Suchitra Sen]] has Martand Temple as background for the [[Kishore Kumar|Kishore]]-[[Lata Mangeshkar|Lata]] song "Tere Bina Zindagi Se Koi Shikwa Nahiin".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-HnmVg0-O8|title=Tere Bina Zindagi Se Koi Shikwa To Nahin | Lata Mangeshkar, Kishore Kumar | Aandhi 1975 Songs|access-date=4 February 2020|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
*2014: The temple was selected as the background for the song "Bismil", in the Hindi film ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]'', modelled on [[Hamlet]] in the backdrop of the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Certain [[Kashmiri Pandits]] claimed that the site was depicted as a "den of evil"—hurting their sentiments in the process—and sought a ban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2014 |title=Kashmiri Pandits seek ban on film Haider for misrepresenting ancient temple |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kashmiri-pandits-seek-ban-on-film-haider-for-misrepresenting-ancient-temple/ |access-date=4 April 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Sun Temple, Martand}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161030091809/http://ignca.nic.in/asp/showbig.asp?projid=mst0005 Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts] – Martand Sun Temple Site Photos (archived)
* [http://sarsonkekhet.in/2012/01/23/martand-sun-temple-in-the-winter/ Martand Sun Temple in winter] – Pics of Surya Sun Temple under snow
* [http://www.trodly.com/destination/4892/martand-sun-temple Martand Sun Temple and around]

{{Navagraha}}
{{Hindu Temples in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Sun temples}}

[[Category:8th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Surya temples]]
[[Category:Anantnag district]]
[[Category:756 establishments]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in the 750s]]
[[Category:Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Karkota dynasty]]

Madho Singh (ruler)

2025-11-13T21:37:53Z

JeffreyChallis6: Created Some Bio Basic Info!

{{short description|Maharaja of Panna (1898 – 1902)}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharaja]] [[Mahendra]]
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]]
| reign = {{circa|1898}} – {{circa|1902}}
| predecessor = [[Lokpal Singh]]
| successor = [[Yadvendra Singh Judeo|Yadvendra Singh]]
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]
| full name = Madho Singh Ju Deo
| house = [[Panna State|Panna]]
| father = [[Lokpal Singh]]
}}
'''Madho Singh''' was the [[maharaja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]] from 1892 until his deposition in 1902.

==Biography==
Upon the death of his father, [[Lokpal Singh]], in 1897, he succeeded him as the [[maharaja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=614 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ruling_Chiefs_Nobles_and_Zamindars_o/LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=306 |language=en}}</ref> When his uncle, Khuman Singh, died under suspicious circumstances on 25 June 1901, an inquiry was conducted into the cause of his death.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=India |first=Central |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Report_on_the_Political_Administration_o/M9Q_AQAAMAAJ |title=Report on the Political Administration of the Territories Within the Central India Agency |date=1903 |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Desai_s_Hand_book_of_Criminal_Cases/xpFCAQAAMAAJ |title=Desai's Hand-book of Criminal Cases: Being a Verbatim Reprint of All Criminal Cases Reported in the Indian Law Reports for the Years 1900 to 1906 |date=1907 |publisher=Lakshmi Vilas and Vidya Vilas Printing Presses |pages=529–531 |language=en}}</ref> The findings revealed that Khuman had been poisoned, either at Madho's instigation or with his connivance.<ref name=":0" /> As a result, Madho was removed from the seat of government, and a commission was appointed by the [[British government of India|Government of India]] to examine the case in greater detail.<ref name=":0" /> This commission consisted of two judges assigned to handle the matter, and the [[British government of India|Government of India]] sanctioned Rs. 30,000 for his defense.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Parliament |first=Great Britain |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Parliamentary_Debates/ngAZAAAAMAAJ? |title=The Parliamentary Debates |date=1903 |publisher=Reuter's Telegram Company |pages=1173–1778 |language=en}}</ref> A court similar to the Indian Criminal Court convened at [[Panna, Madhya Pradesh|Panna]], where Madho was tried along with four other accomplices.<ref name=":2" /> The commissioners found that Madho had a motive to kill his uncle and submitted their report, along with a memorial from Madho’s counsel, to the [[British government of India|Government of India]].<ref name=":2" /> The [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General of India]] concurred with the commission’s judgment and proposed that Madho be deposed and placed under surveillance on a fixed allowance.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Consequently, he was deposed in 1902 and succeeded by Yadvendra Singh.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Madhya_Pradesh_Panna/ok9DAAAAYAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh: Panna |date=1994 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Dethroned monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Rajas of Panna]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

English, August

2025-11-11T00:54:03Z

JeffreyChallis6: Adding New Article...

{{short description|Book by Upamanyu Chatterjee}}
{{about|the novel|the film adaptation|English, August (film)}}
{{Infobox book | 
| name = English, August
| image = Image:Book cover english august.jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Upamanyu Chatterjee]]
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| genre =
| publisher = [[Faber & Faber]]
| release_date = January 1988
| pages = 296 pp
| isbn = 0571151019
| oclc = 630591196
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[The Last Burden]]
}}

'''''English, August: An Indian Story''''' is a novel by Indian author [[Upamanyu Chatterjee]]. It is written in English and first published in 1988. The novel was adapted into [[English, August (film)|a film of the same name]] in 1994. The novel portrays the struggle of a civil servant who is posted in a rural area and is considered to be a very authentic portrayal of the state of Indian youth in the 1980s. Chatterjee, who became a civil servant in 1983,<ref name="loc" /> provides key insight into the disparity between rural and urban lived experiences witnessed in his generation. The key character, Agastya Sen, can also be seen in the sequel of this novel ''[[The Mammaries of the Welfare State]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=English, August by Upamanyu Chatterjee: 9781590171790 {{!}} PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/26542/english-august-by-upamanyu-chatterjee-introduction-by-akhil-sharma/|access-date=2020-10-26|website=PenguinRandomhouse.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Plot summary==
''"Agastya Sen is a young Indian civil servant whose imagination is dominated by women, literature, and soft drugs."''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Upamanyu |title=ENGLISH, AUGUST: An Indian Story |publisher=faber and faber |year=1989 |isbn=9780571153190 |location=London |type=Back Cover |author-link=Upamanyu Chatterjee}}</ref>

Agastya, a city boy, initially struggles with the culture shock of being posted to the provincial town of Madna. However, his time there develops into a long philosophical journey and a process of self discovery.

Agastya Sen's sense of dislocation is only compounded by his extreme lack of interest in the bizarre ways of government and administration, while his mind is dominated by the ''[[Meditations]]'' of [[Marcus Aurelius]] and images from his previous urban life. His work in Madna would ideally require him to be a devoted servant of the people.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kapur|first=Akash|date=2006-07-02|title=Up in Smoke (Published 2006)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/02/books/review/02kapur.html|access-date=2020-10-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
''[[Kirkus Reviews]]'' writes, "Excellent stuff. Let's have Chatterjee's other novels, please."<ref>{{cite news |title=ENGLISH, AUGUST |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/upamanyu-chatterjee/english-august/ |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |date=March 1, 2006}}</ref> Michael Dirda of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' writes,"Upamanyu Chatterjee himself served in the Indian Administrative Service, and clearly knows both its ways and the disconnect felt between young Indians and their past."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dirda |first1=Michael |title=ENGLISH, AUGUST |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/20/AR2006042001651.html |access-date=30 July 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 23, 2006}}</ref> ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' describes the novel as "a comic, entertaining portrayal of an administrator's life in the sticks."<ref>{{cite news |title=English, August: An Indian Story |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-59017-179-0 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[Publishers Weekly]] |date=February 2, 2006}}</ref> Akash Kapur writes in ''[[The New York Times]]'', "His book displays a world rarely seen in modern Indian writing, revealing a detailed knowledge of the heartland that can result only from personal experience."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kapur |first1=Akash |title=Up in Smoke |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/02/books/review/02kapur.html |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 2, 2006}}</ref>

According to the [[Library of Congress|Library of Congress New Delhi Office]], "This vivid account of "real India" by the young officer posted to the small provincial town of Madna is "a funny, wryly observed account of Agastya Sen's year in the sticks," as described by a reviewer in ''[[The Observer]]'', and "A review in ''Punch'' described the book as "Beautifully written … ''English, August'' is a marvelously intelligent and entertaining novel, and especially for anyone curious about modern India."<ref name=loc>{{cite web|last=Library of Congress New Delhi Office|title=Upamanyu Chatterjee, 1959–|url=https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/upamanyuchatterjee.html|work=The South Asian Literary Recordings Project|publisher=US Library of Congress}}</ref>

In 2018, on the occasion of the 30-year anniversary reprinting, Supriya Nair writes for ''[[Scroll.in]]'', "It remains to be seen if a new generation of readers laugh at the jokes. ''English, August'' was first published in a time when the Indian novel in English was the subject of knock-down-drag-out fights over which language really represented (for a given value of “really” and “represented”) India."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Supriya |title='English, August' is getting a special 30-year edition. But does it still hold up in 2018? |url=https://scroll.in/article/891724/english-august-is-getting-a-special-thirtieth-year-edition-but-does-it-still-hold-up-in-2018 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=August 25, 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[English, August (film)|English, August]]'', 1994 film adaptation

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive|englishaugustind00chat}}
* {{OL work|15970048W}}

[[Category:1988 debut novels]]
[[Category:1988 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian philosophical novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]
[[Category:Novels set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Fiction about bureaucracy]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Faber & Faber books]]
[[Category:NYRB Classics]]

Darrangamela

2025-10-19T21:42:58Z

JeffreyChallis6: Adding A Pg...

{{Short description|Village in Assam, India}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Darrangamela
| other_name = Darangamela, Darranga
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.7875|91.4955|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tamulpur district|Tamulpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = Tamulpur
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1123
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781360<ref>{{cite web |title=DARANGAMELA Pin Code |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/assam/nalbari/darangamela-pincode-781360.html |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03623
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 304602
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = [[Tamulpur district]]
| area_total_ha = 44.52
| registration_plate = AS-28
}}

'''Darrangamela''', commonly known as '''Darranga mela''' or '''Darangamela''' or '''Darranga''', is a census village in [[Tamulpur district]], [[Assam]], [[India]]. As per the [[2011 Census of India]] the village has a total population of 1,123 people including 584 males and 539 females with a literacy rate of 73.02%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Assam - District Baksa - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41003/download/44634/PCA_CDB-1825-F-Census.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717212558/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41003/download/44634/PCA_CDB-1825-F-Census.xlsx |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner}}</ref>

The Darrangamela village is located in [[Bhutan–India border|India-Bhutan border]] area.<ref>{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Shajid |title=India-Bhutan border sealed from today |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/coronavirus-pandemic-india-bhutan-border-sealed-from-today/cid/1758522 |access-date=25 July 2022 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Border Trade Centre: Volume of trade between Assam and Bhutan crosses Rs 500 crore a month |url=https://nenow.in/neighbour/bhutan/border-trade-centre-volume-trade-assam-bhutan-crosses-rs-500-crore-month.html |access-date=25 July 2022 |work=NORTHEAST NOW |date=1 December 2018}}</ref> The Darrangamela village carries a long history of militancy-affected areas with activities of both the militants and security forces.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Ved |title=Terrorism in India's North-east : A Gathering Storm |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7835-660-0 |volume=2 |location=Delhi |pages=458 |language=English}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamulpur district]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Giriraj Kishore (writer)

2025-09-28T09:03:18Z

JeffreyChallis6: added references

{{Short description|Indian writer (1937–2020)}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Giriraj Kishore
| image =File:Giriraj Kishore (2016).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth-date|8 July 1937}}
| birth_place = [[Muzzafarnagar, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{death-date and age|9 February 2020|8 July 1937}}
| occupation = Writer, essayist
| period = 1960’s–2020
| notableworks = The Girmitiya Saga, parishisht, Baa
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], [[Vyas Samman]], [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Giriraj Kishore''' (8 July 1937 – 9 February 2020) was an Indian writer,<ref>{{cite web |title=Writers hurt by Sahitya Akademi's silence on killings: Giriraj Kishore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/writers-hurt-by-sahitya-akademis-silence-on-killings-giriraj-kishore/articleshow/49275627.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=9 September 2018 |date=8 October 2015}}</ref> who was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the president of India in 2007.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pratiyogita Darpan |date=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ugDAAAAMBAJ&q=Padma+Shri+Giriraj+Kishore&pg=PT26 |access-date=9 September 2018 |language=en|last1=Darpan |first1=Pratiyogita }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gandhian writes to President for returning Padma Shri — Rediff.com India News |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/auction-issue-gandhian-writes-to-president-for-returning-padmashree/20120418.htm |website=www.rediff.com |access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> He lived in Kanpur and served as the registrar of [[IIT Kanpur]]. He was given the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1992, the [[Vyas Samman]] in 2000, and an honorary Ph.D. by [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]] in 2002. A road has been named after him in the Civil Lines area of Kanpur known as Padmashri Giriraj Kishore Marg.

== Biography ==

Giriraj Kishore was born in [[Muzzafarnagar]] in 1937. His father was a [[zamindar]], but because of his socialist principles and lack of interest in zamindari system Giriraj left home at a young age and became a Gandhian. He completed his master's degree in social work from The [[Institute of Social Sciences, Agra]]. He completed an emeritus fellowship by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], Government of India in 1998–1999. He also did a fellowship at [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]], [[Simla]] from 1999 to 2001.

He had worked at different posts as an officer in the government, including as registrar of Kanpur University ([[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]]) and the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] in a career spanning more than 30 years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dora.iitk.ac.in/dora/data/grapevine_III_2006_07.pdf |title=Grapevines - IIT Kanpur |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913092600/https://dora.iitk.ac.in/dora/data/grapevine_III_2006_07.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was formerly a member of the [[Sahitya Akademi]] working committee, and the [[Railway Board]] of GOI.

He was married to Mrs. Meera Kishore and has 2 daughters and a son. Both his daughters are married. After his retirement from IIT KANPUR he resided in [[Kanpur]] .<ref>{{cite web |title=Authors of Rajkamal Prakashan {{!}} Giriraj Kishore |url=https://www.rajkamalprakashan.com/default/jmproducts/filter/index/?author=137 |access-date=9 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811231405/https://www.rajkamalprakashan.com/default/jmproducts/filter/index/?author=137 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also wrote articles regularly in newspapers and was the editor of a Hindi magazine ''Aakar''.

== Awards ==
* Sahitya Akademi – 1992
* [[Vyas Samman]] – 2000
* Padma Shri – 2007

== Selected works ==

* ''Pahla Girmitiya'' (The Girmitiya Saga), for which he received the [[Padma Shri]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Giriraj Kishore: Amitabh invited to Hindi meet but writers, historians sidelined |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/writer-why-was-amitabh-invited-to-hindi-meet/article7637799.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=9 September 2018 |language=en-IN |date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Don't auction blade of grass with Gandhi's blood, he urges |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kanpur-news/dont-auction-blade-of-grass-with-gandhis-blood-he-urges-475949 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Quenching a thirst for Hindi {{!}} Guardian Weekly {{!}} guardian.co.uk |url=https://www.theguardian.com/guardianweekly/story/0,,1649051,00.html |website=www.theguardian.com |access-date=9 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
*Baa (Kasturba Gandhi- a bio fiction)
*Dhai Ghar
*Parishishta
*Aanjaney jayate etc.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishore, Giriraj}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarnagar]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]

Kodaikanal Golf Club

2025-06-18T23:44:12Z

JeffreyChallis6: put up new pg...

{{Short description|Golf club in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox golf facility
|golf_facility_name = Kodaikanal Golf Club
|image = Kodaikanal Golf Club logo.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption = Club logo
|location = [[Kodaikanal]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[South India]] {{Coord|10|12|49|N|77|28|15|E|}}
|establishment = 17 June 1895
|owner = Kodaikanal Golf Club
|operator = Kodaikanal Golf Club
|holes = 18
|tournaments = Palani Hill Open, Veday Cup, Rudrappan Memorial Cup, Contessa Open, TAKE Solutions World Corporate Golf Challenge and A.V. Thomas Tournament
|website = [http://kodaigolf.com Kodaikanal Golf Club]
|course1 =
|designer1 =
|par1 = 71
|length1 = {{convert|6426|yd}}
|rating1 = 72
}}
'''Kodaikanal Golf Club''' is a [[Country club#Golf club|private membership club]] with an 18-hole, par 71 [[Golf course]]. It is located about {{convert|6|km|0}} southwest from the center of [[Kodaikanal]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[South India]] at an elevation of {{convert|2220|m}}.
<ref name=KGC>Play The Game, Kodaikanal Golf Club, [http://kodaigolf.com/beginning.htmlThe Beginning]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The club is on Golf links Road near the popular view point 'Green Valley View' and {{convert|3|km|0}} before the 'Pillar Rocks' viewpoint and flower garden.

This club is notable for its age and the [[Wildlife of Tamil Nadu|wildlife]] frequently seen on the course. The club logo is two crossed golf clubs behind an [[indian tiger]] on a round yellow field, framed with "''Kodaikanal Golf Club * Play the Game''" imprinted in white on a dark green border.<ref name=IGT/>

==History==
The club was established on 17 June 1895<ref name=GT>Golf Today Course Guide, [http://www.golftoday.co.uk/clubhouse/coursedir/world/india/southernindia/kodaikanai.html Kodaikanal Golf Club], 2008</ref> by twelve British golfers. They were also the [[Golf course#Design|architects]] of the course. In the early years, members were British and American civil servants and missionaries. During the fifties it became a club tradition for the annual [[Chief operating officer|Captaincy]] to rotate between an Indian, an American and a Commonwealth citizen. This tradition continued until the late 70's, when the local [[expatriate]] population diminished.<ref name=KGC/> Originally there were only 9 holes and the putting surfaces were browns. In the early fifties the course was extended to 18 holes. In 1986 the putting surfaces were relaid with [[Putting green|greens]].<ref name=KO>Kodaikanal.org, Places of special interest in Kodaikanal, [http://www.kodaikanal.org/places_of_special_interest_in_kodaikanal.html Kodaikanal Golf Club]</ref>
The clubhouse, named the Centenary Building, was renovated in 1995.<ref name="vid">
{{citation
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkDzTBEBDVw|title=The Kodaikanal Golf Club
|author=mohanakanna
|publisher=UTube
|page=1:41/3:46
|accessdate=2011-02-27
}}</ref>

==Facilities==
[[File:Kodai GC groomed green.JPG|thumb|250px|Groomed green at KGC]]
The Kodaikanal Golf club is a private membership [[Country club#Golf club|club]] with over 600 members.<ref name=KGC/>
The club has a range of facilities available for the recreation, entertainment and comfort of its guests. The main facility is the 18 hole golf course described below. There is a practice net for [[Golf swing#List of shots|driving]] practice and a designated [[Golf swing#List of shots|putting]] practice area.

Inside the clubhouse, for group activities there is a 12-seat [[Conference hall|conference room]], a [[card game]]s room, a [[English billiards|billiards]] Room, a members lounge with fireplace, a [[BYOB]] [[Bar (counter)#Bar .28counter.29|bar]] and a [[restaurant|dining hall]]. For members visiting from a distance, there is [[lodging]] available, including 2 super deluxe rooms, 2 deluxe rooms and 2 standard rooms.<ref name="vid"/><ref name=FAC>Play The Game, Kodaikanal Golf Club, [http://kodaigolf.com/facilities.html Facilities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113071858/http://www.kodaigolf.com/facilities.html |date=13 January 2011 }}</ref>

==Golf Course==
Non-members are allowed to play the full 18 holes by becoming temporary members or by paying the required green fees. Non-members must have a [[Golf handicap|handicap]] or take lessons before they play here.<ref name=KO/> The course is closed 15 April to 15 June.<ref name=GT/>

This 18 hole, par 71 course covers about {{convert|150|acre}}. Total length of the course is {{convert|6426|yd}} Some holes have interesting alternative names, depending on the challenges they offer to golfers. The 4th hole is also called the ''Devil's Dip'', as the [[Golf course#Fairway and rough|fairway]] from the tee-box to the green is a solid dip, which runs on as far as the eye can see. The 6th hole is named ''Tiger Hole'' because [[Indian tiger|Tigers]] used to be sighted near it. The 12th hole is called the ''Cardiac Hole'', due to the strenuousness of the walk. A "hard hitters" course, the 13th ''Twister'' green is not visible from the tee box. The 15th hole (''New Long'un'') which has the longest yardage of {{convert|587|yd}}, needs two long shots to sight the green.<ref name=IGT/>
[[File:Kodaikanal Golf Club, Saddle-10th hole.JPG|thumb|250px|Saddle-10th hole, 304/244 yards, par 4, ST Index 8]]
[[File:Hole No.12, Kodaikanal Golf Club.JPG|thumb|250px|Sentinel, 12th hole, 256/226 Yards, Par 4, ST Index 12]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
!rowspan=2| Hole
!rowspan=2| Name
!colspan=2| Gents
!colspan=2| Ladies
!rowspan=2| Par
|-
!yards
!metres
!yards
!metres
|-
|1
|Old Long'un
|{{convert|350|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|292|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|4
|-
|2
|Plateau
|{{convert|218|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|203|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|3
|-
|3
|Hoping
|{{convert|231|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|184|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|3
|-
|4
|Devil's Pit
|{{convert|383|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|333|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|4
|-
|5
|Pulpit
|{{convert|322|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|260|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|4
|-
|6
|Tiger
|{{convert|441|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|372|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|4
|-
|7
|Hill Side
|{{convert|489|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|462|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|5
|-
|8
|Punch Bowl
|{{convert|167|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|161|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|3
|-
|9
|Pimples
|{{convert|496|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|458|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|5
|-
|10
|Saddle
|{{convert|304|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|244|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|4
|-
|11
|Overhill
|{{convert|162|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|145|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|3
|-
|12
|Sentinel
|{{convert|256|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|226|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|4
|-
|13
|Twister
|{{convert|344|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|302|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|4
|-
|14
|Majestic
|{{convert|175|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|171|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|3
|-
|15
|New Long'un
|{{convert|561|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|516|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|5
|-
|16
|Roadside
|{{convert|524|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|388|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|5
|-
|17
|Sure Shot
|{{convert|160|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|143|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|3
|-
|18
|Home
|{{convert|526|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|437|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|5
|-
|<ref>Play The Game, Kodaikanal Golf Club, [http://kodaigolf.com/thecourse.html The Course] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010205036/http://kodaigolf.com/thecourse.html |date=10 October 2009 }}</ref>
|Total:
|{{convert|6109|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|5297|yd|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|align=right|71
|}

It takes about 3 hours to play the entire course.<ref name=IGT/>

==Tournaments==
In 2008 fifty-six tournaments were conducted daily between mid-April and early June.<ref>Play The Game, Kodaikanal Golf Club, [http://kodaigolf.com/1.pdf Tournament Calendar-2008]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (large file)</ref> Palani Hill Open, Veday Cup, Rudrappan Memorial Cup, Contessa Open and A V Thomas Tournament (introduced recently), are some of the major tournaments.<ref name=IGT>India Golf Courses, IndiaTravelNet, [http://www.india-golf-tours.com/golf-course-india.html#kodaikanal Kodaikanal Golf Course]</ref> The 2008 Addicts Golfing Society of Southern India 3 day Kodaikanal meet had 108 entries and 5 competitions.<ref name="AGS">{{cite web|url=http://www.addictsgolfing.com/ag_results.html |title=Kodaikanal Meet |publisher=Addicts Golfing Society of Southern India |accessdate=2009-08-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522090528/http://addictsgolfing.com/ag_results.html |archivedate=22 May 2009 }}</ref> The first regional round of the 'TAKE Solutions World Corporate Golf Challenge' was played in Kodaikanal on 29 December 2010.<ref name="Take">
{{citation
|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-Take-Solutions-World-Corporate-Golf-Challenge--to-tee-off-at-Kodaikanal/729049
|title=Take Solutions World Corporate Golf Challenge' to tee off at Kodaikanal
|publisher=The Indian Express Limited
|date=2010-12-22
|accessdate=2010-02-27
}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Kodaikanal Golf Club, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkDzTBEBDVw Video, 3:45]

{{Golf clubs in India}}
{{Sport venues in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Golf clubs and courses in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1895]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in India]]

2nd Jharkhand Assembly

2025-05-20T20:03:44Z

JeffreyChallis6: Started First Post Needs Work...

{{Short description|Unicameral legislature of the India state of Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}<section begin="Infobox"/>
{{Infobox legislature
|name = Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
|legislature = 2nd Jharkhand Assembly
|coa_pic =
|coa_res =
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_length = 2005-2009
| body =
| houses = [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| foundation =2005
| disbanded =
| preceded_by = [[1st Jharkhand Assembly]]
| succeeded_by = [[3rd Jharkhand Assembly]]
|term_limits = 5 years
|leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|leader1 = -
|party1 = -
|election1 =
|leader3_type =Leader of the House ([[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand|Chief Minister]])
|leader3 = -
|party3 = -
|election3 =
|leader5_type = [[Leader of the Opposition]]
|leader5 =
| election5 = 24 February 2020
|party5 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|members = '''81'''
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
|political_groups1 =


|voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
|last_election1 = [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|next_election1 = [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|session_room =
|session_res =
|meeting_place =
|session_room2 =
|session_res2 =
|meeting_place2 =
|website = {{URL|jharkhandvidhansabha.nic.in}}
|footnotes =
}}<section end="Infobox"/>
'''2nd Jharkhand Assembly''' was constituted after the [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]. The 2005 election was the first Jharkhand state assembly election conducted in Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 February 2005 |title=First-ever assembly election in Jharkhand |url=https://rediff.com/election/2005/feb/03jhar1.htm |website=[[Rediff]] |accessdate=25 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Munda, 5 others sworn in, To seek trust vote tomorrow |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050313/main1.htm |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=tribuneindia.com |issue=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News |date=12 March 2005}}</ref>

==Composition==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!#
!Party
! Seats Won
!Alliance
|-
| 1
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 30
|NDA
|-
| 2
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 17
|UPA
|-
| 3
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 9
|UPA
|-
| 4
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 7
|NONE
|-
| 5
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 6
|NDA
|-
| 6
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 3
|NONE
|-
| 7
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 2
|NONE
|-
| 7
| [[United Goans Democratic Party]]
| 2
|NONE
|-
| 7
| [[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
| 2
|NONE
|-
| 8
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 1
|NONE
|-
| 8
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
| 1
|NONE
|-
| 8
| [[Jharkhand Party]]
| 1
|NONE
|-
|
| '''Total'''
| '''81'''
|}

<section end="Composition"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Jharkhand Legislative Assembly}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Terms of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|2nd]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2005–2009| ]]

Delhi Premier League (football)

2025-04-01T20:07:08Z

JeffreyChallis6: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Delhi Football League#Delhi Premier League]]

Bengaluru Urban district.

2024-12-01T06:39:56Z

JeffreyChallis6: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Bengaluru Urban district]]

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Gothangam railway station

2024-07-30T04:23:07Z

JeffreyChallis6: added references

{{short description|Railway Station in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Gothangam railway station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway Station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Gothangam, [[Surat district]], [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| elevation =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.290774|72.879111|format=dms|display=inline}}
| line = [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line]] [[Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (On Ground)
| platform = 3
| tracks = 3
| entrances =
| parking = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| acessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = GTX
| zone = [[Western Railway Zone|Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Vadodara}}
}}
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway Zone|Western Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India#India Gujarat
| map_dot_label = Gothangam railway station
| map_size = 300
}}

'''Gothangam railway station''' is a small railway station on the [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] network in the state of [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/gothangam-gtx/3178| title=GTX/Gothangam| website=India Rail Info}}</ref> It serves Gothangam village. Gothangam railway station is 10 km from {{rws|Surat}}. Passenger and MEMU trains halt here.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=GTX| title=GTX:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018 Division : Vadodara| website=Raildrishti}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.patrika.com/ahmedabad-news/alertness-trackman-avoid-accident-3768799/| title=ट्रैकमेन की सतर्कता से टला हादसा| website=Patrika}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.patrika.com/surat-news/one-passenger-injured-after-hitting-stone-on-bandra-bhagat-s-kothi-exp-5274960/| title=बान्द्रा-भगत की कोठी एक्सप्रेस पर पथर मारने से एक यात्री घायल भर्ती| website=Patrika}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/DGUJ-SUR-HMU-MAT-a-mobile-passenger-trying-to-rob-a-passenger-on-a-train-near-gothan-072528-5796882-NOR.html| title=ગોથાણગામ પાસે ટ્રેનમાં મુસાફરને પથ્થર મારી મોબાઈલ લૂંટનો પ્રયાસ| website=Divyabhaskar}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Gujarat|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Surat district]]
[[Category:Vadodara railway division]]

{{Gujarat-railstation-stub}}

Kanneboyina Nagaraju

2024-05-21T15:36:34Z

JeffreyChallis6: put up entry...

{{Short description|Indian medical scientist and immunologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Kanneboyina Nagaraju
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| residence =
| nationality =
| education = [[Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University]]
[[Indian Veterinary Research Institute]]
[[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| occupation =
| years_active =
| workplaces = [[National Institute of Health]]
[[Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine]]
[[Children's National Medical Center]]
[[George Washington University School of Medicine]] [[Binghamton University]]
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| home_town =
| salary =
| net_worth = 
| height = 
| weight = 
| television =
| title = Dean and SUNY Distinguished Professor
| term =
| boards =
| religion = 
| denomination = 
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kanneboyina Nagaraju''' is the Dean of the School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the [[Binghamton University|State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton]]. He holds the prestigious title of SUNY Distinguished Professor, the highest faculty rank awarded by the State University of New York system.

Nagaraju is a renowned medical scientist and immunologist, known for developing the MHC Class I transgenic mouse model for autoimmune myositis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nagaraju|first1=K.|last2=Raben|first2=N.|last3=Loeffler|first3=L.|last4=Parker|first4=T.|last5=Rochon|first5=P. J.|last6=Lee|first6=E.|last7=Danning|first7=C.|last8=Wada|first8=R.|last9=Thompson|first9=C.|date=2000-08-01|title=Conditional up-regulation of MHC class I in skeletal muscle leads to self-sustaining autoimmune myositis and myositis-specific autoantibodies|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=97|issue=16|pages=9209–9214|issn=0027-8424|pmid=10922072|pmc=16847|doi=10.1073/pnas.97.16.9209|doi-access=free}}</ref> He played a pivotal role in the identification and development of [[Vamorolone|Vamorolone (AGAMREE)]], a potent anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizing dissociated glucocorticoid with fewer side effects, in collaboration with Eric Hoffman and John McCall. Vamorolone has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration, the European Medicines Agency, and the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency for the treatment of children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Additionally, Nagaraju has led global initiatives to improve the rigor and reproducibility of preclinical drug trials and phenotyping in neuromuscular disease models.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Willmann|first1=Raffaella|last2=De Luca|first2=Annamaria|last3=Benatar|first3=Michael|last4=Grounds|first4=Miranda|last5=Dubach|first5=Judith|last6=Raymackers|first6=Jean-Marc|last7=Nagaraju|first7=Kanneboyina|last8=TREAT-NMD Neuromuscular Network|date=January 2012|title=Enhancing translation: guidelines for standard pre-clinical experiments in mdx mice|journal=Neuromuscular Disorders|volume=22|issue=1|pages=43–49|doi=10.1016/j.nmd.2011.04.012|issn=1873-2364|pmc=3227750|pmid=21737275}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Willmann|first1=Raffaella|last2=Luca|first2=Annamaria De|last3=Nagaraju|first3=Kanneboyina|last4=Rüegg|first4=Markus A.|date=2015-05-14|title=Best Practices and Standard Protocols as a Tool to Enhance Translation for Neuromuscular Disorders|journal=Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases|volume=2|issue=2|pages=113–117|doi=10.3233/jnd-140067|pmid=27858730|issn=2214-3599|url=https://edoc.unibas.ch/58525/1/20170120134508_5882065487522.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gordish-Dressman|first1=Heather|last2=Willmann|first2=Raffaella|last3=Dalle Pazze|first3=Laura|last4=Kreibich|first4=Arati|last5=van Putten|first5=Maaike|last6=Heydemann|first6=Ahlke|last7=Bogdanik|first7=Laurent|last8=Lutz|first8=Cathleen|last9=Davies|first9=Kay|date=2018|title="Of Mice and Measures": A Project to Improve How We Advance Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Therapies to the Clinic|journal=Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases|volume=5|issue=4|pages=407–417|doi=10.3233/JND-180324|issn=2214-3599|pmc=6218134|pmid=30198876}}</ref>

== Education and career ==
Nagaraju began his academic journey with veterinary training at [[Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University]] and the [[Indian Veterinary Research Institute]]. He then pursued a PhD in Immunology at the [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences]] and completed postdoctoral training in immunology at the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH). His academic career includes tenure-track and tenured positions at [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine|Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine]], [[Children's National Hospital|Children's National Medical Center]], and [[George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences|George Washington University School of Medicine]]. At SUNY Binghamton, he is a Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Founding Chair of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. He has also served as Vice Dean of the School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.

Beyond academia, Nagaraju is an accomplished entrepreneur, co-founding ReveraGen BioPharma, which develops Vamorolone for inflammatory diseases, including muscular dystrophy, and AGADA BioSciences, which provides preclinical and clinical trial support services for therapeutics targeting rare neuromuscular diseases.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Ff5ZxYoAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao At Google Scholar]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagaraju, Kanneboyina}}
[[Category:Indian immunologists]]
[[Category:Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences faculty]]

Chillum (pipe)

2024-03-04T20:25:45Z

JeffreyChallis6: quick update

#REDIRECT [[Chillum]]

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