Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Indian diaspora in the United Arab Emirates

2026-05-04T15:39:52Z

Jeep Safari: added a post basic info...

{{Short description|Indian expatriate community in the United Arab Emirates}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indian diaspora in the United Arab Emirates
| image = Flag of India.svg
| pop = Approximately 4 million (2025 est.)<ref name="siasat2024">{{cite web |title=Indian population in UAE reaches nearly 4 million: Reports |url=https://www.siasat.com/indian-population-in-uae-reaches-nearly-4-million-reports-3148134/ |publisher=Siasat |date=14 December 2024 |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="gmi2025">{{cite web |title=United Arab Emirates (UAE) Population Statistics 2025 |url=https://www.globalmediainsight.com/blog/uae-population-statistics/ |publisher=Global Media Insight |date=7 April 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref>
| region1 = [[Dubai]]
| pop1 = ~2,000,000
| region2 = [[Abu Dhabi]]
| pop2 = ~800,000
| region3 = [[Sharjah]]
| pop3 = ~720,000
| region4 = [[Ajman]]
| pop4 = ~200,000
| region5 = [[Ras Al Khaimah]]
| pop5 = ~120,000
| region6 = [[Fujairah]]
| pop6 = ~100,000
| region7 = [[Umm Al Quwain]]
| pop7 = ~60,000
| langs = [[Malayalam]], [[Hindi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[English language|English]], [[Arabic]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]]
| related = [[Indian diaspora]], [[Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin|Non-resident Indian]], [[Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin|Person of Indian Origin]], [[South Asian diaspora]], [[Desi]]
}}

The '''Indian diaspora in the United Arab Emirates''' (UAE) is the largest expatriate community in the country, significantly shaping its economic, cultural, and social landscape. As of 2025, approximately 4 million [[Indian people|Indians]] reside in the [[United Arab Emirates]], constituting about 35.25% of the total population of 11.346 million.<ref name="siasat2024"/><ref name="gmi2025"/> This article provides a comprehensive overview of the Indian diaspora, covering their [[History of the United Arab Emirates|history]], [[Demographics of the United Arab Emirates|demographics]], contributions, cultural presence, challenges, and role in [[India–United Arab Emirates relations]].

== History ==

=== Pre-oil era (before 1960s) ===
Indian migration to the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] dates back centuries through [[maritime trade]]. Historical ties between [[India]] and the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian Gulf]] are traced to the 3rd millennium BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last=Onley |first=James |title=The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |pages=32–39}}</ref> Indian merchants played significant roles in the pearling industry and early commerce.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Al-Sayegh |first=Fatma |title=Merchants' Role in a Changing Society |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=34 |issue=1 |year=1998 |pages=87–102}}</ref>

=== Post-independence period (1947–1970s) ===
Following [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] in 1947, Indian businesses began flourishing in [[Dubai]] and [[Abu Dhabi]]. The [[Gulf rupee]], issued by the [[Reserve Bank of India]], remained in circulation until the UAE introduced the [[United Arab Emirates dirham|dirham]] in the 1960s, reflecting continued economic ties.<ref>{{cite book |last=Heard-Bey |first=Frauke |title=From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates |publisher=Longman |year=1996 |pages=248–250}}</ref>

=== Oil boom migration (1970s–1990s) ===
Following the discovery of [[petroleum|oil]], large-scale [[labour migration]] from India surged, particularly from [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Workers were recruited for the [[construction industry]], [[shipping]], and [[energy sector]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vora |first=Neha |title=Impossible Citizens |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2013 |pages=41–68}}</ref>

=== Contemporary period (2000s–2025) ===
Indian migration diversified in the 21st century to include [[Information technology in India|IT professionals]], [[healthcare in India|healthcare workers]], entrepreneurs, and international [[students]]. Although the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] caused significant return migration, population numbers rebounded post-2022.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Khadria |first=Binod |title=Skilled Labour Migration |publisher=ILO |year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pethiyagoda |first=Kadira |title=COVID-19 and the Indian Exodus |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/covid-19-and-the-indian-exodus-from-the-gulf/ |publisher=The Diplomat |date=22 July 2020}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

=== Population overview ===
As of 2025, [[Indian people|Indians]] comprise 35.25% of the [[Demographics of the United Arab Emirates|UAE’s population]] of 11.346 million.<ref name="siasat2024"/><ref name="gmi2025"/> According to the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], 3.57 million [[Overseas Indians]] were documented in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Population by Country 2025 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/indian-population-by-country |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Geographic distribution ===
* '''[[Dubai]]''': ~50% (2 million)
* '''[[Abu Dhabi]]''': ~20% (800,000)
* '''[[Sharjah]]''': ~18% (720,000)
* '''Other [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|Emirates]]''': ~12% (480,000)<ref name="embassy">{{cite web |title=Indian Community in UAE |url=https://www.indembassyuae.gov.in/indian-com-in-uae.php |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Regional and linguistic composition ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Regional Composition of Indians in the UAE (2025 estimates)
|-
! [[States and union territories of India|State of Origin]] !! Percentage !! Approximate Number
|-
| [[Kerala]] || 35% || 1,400,000
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || 15% || 600,000
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Telangana]] || 14% || 560,000
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || 10% || 400,000
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || 8% || 320,000
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || 7% || 280,000
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Bihar]] || 6% || 240,000
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || 3% || 120,000
|-
| Other States || 2% || 80,000
|}

=== Socioeconomic profile ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Socioeconomic Composition
|-
! Category !! Percentage !! Description
|-
| [[Blue-collar worker]]s || 65% || [[Construction]], [[Logistics]], [[Manufacturing]]
|-
| [[White-collar worker|White-collar (non-professional)]] || 20% || [[Clerical work|Clerical]], [[Retail|sales]], administrative roles
|-
| [[Professional]]s & [[entrepreneur]]s || 15% || [[Engineer]]s, [[Physician|doctors]], [[Information technology in India|IT specialists]], business owners
|-
| [[Dependent]]s || ~10% || Non-working family members
|}

== Economic contribution ==

=== Remittances ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indian Remittances from UAE
|-
! Year !! Total to India (USD bn) !! UAE Share (%) !! UAE Contribution (USD bn)
|-
| 2023–24 || 118.7 || 19.2 || 22.8
|-
| 2024 || 129 || ~19.2 || ~24.8
|-
| 2025 (est.) || ~133 || ~19.2 || ~25.5
|}<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Remittance Trends 2024 |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-remittance-trends-2024 |date=20 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Entrepreneurship and business ===
* Over 40,000 [[List of Indian entrepreneurs|Indian entrepreneurs]] own [[small and medium-sized enterprises]] (SMEs) in the UAE, contributing approximately $37 billion in investments.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian SMEs in the UAE |url=https://www.ibef.org/archives/detail/12345 |date=February 2025}}</ref>
* Prominent Indian-led [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]]s include [[LuLu Group International|Lulu Group]], [[Landmark Group]], [[Thumbay Group]], [[Aster DM Healthcare]], and [[NMC Health]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 10 Indian Business Groups in the UAE |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/lists/top-10-indian-business-groups-in-the-uae |date=17 March 2024}}</ref>
* Over 200 Indian-founded [[startup companies|technology startups]] since 2020 have raised more than $1.2 billion in funding.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Founders Lead UAE's Technology Startup Scene |url=https://magnitt.com/research/indian-founders-lead-uaes-technology-startup-scene |date=April 2025}}</ref>

== Education and institutions ==

The [[United Arab Emirates]] hosts over 75 schools affiliated with Indian curricula, primarily the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) and [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE). These institutions serve the educational needs of the Indian diaspora while also attracting students from other expatriate communities due to their academic standards and affordability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Schools in the UAE |url=https://gulfnews.com/living-in-uae/education/indian-schools-in-the-uae |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Notable Indian schools in the UAE ===
* [[The Indian High School, Dubai]] – Established in 1961, it is the oldest and largest Indian curriculum school in the UAE.
* Delhi Private School – A network of CBSE-affiliated institutions operating in [[Delhi Private School, Dubai|Dubai]] and [[Delhi Private School, Sharjah|Sharjah]].
* [[Our Own English High School]] – Part of [[GEMS Education]], it is one of the most recognized Indian schools in the region.
* [[GEMS Our Own Indian School]] - A leading well-established affordable institution under the [[GEMS Education|GEMS]] "Our Own" network.
* Woodlem Park School, Dubai – Offers CBSE curriculum and is part of the wider Woodlem Education network.
* [[Sharjah Indian School]] – Operated by the Indian Association of Sharjah, serving a large student population.
* The Emirates National School,Sharjah- Economical CBSE School thats privately owned

These schools are recognized for their role in preserving Indian educational values abroad while integrating with the multicultural educational landscape of the UAE.

== Culture and community ==

The Indian diaspora has made a significant cultural impact on the [[United Arab Emirates]], maintaining vibrant traditions and contributing to the country’s multicultural fabric.

=== Religious institutions ===
Several religious centers across the UAE cater to the spiritual needs of the Indian community:

* [[BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi]] – The largest Hindu temple in the Middle East, inaugurated in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.mandir.ae/}}</ref>
* [[Shiva]] and [[Krishna]] temples – Historic Hindu temples located in [[Bur Dubai]], serving worshippers since the 1950s.
* [[Guru Nanak Darbar, Dubai]] – A major [[Gurdwara]] serving the Sikh community.
* [[Markaz, Dubai]] – An Islamic center active in religious education, interfaith engagement, and youth activities.
* Jamia Sa'diya Center – An Indian-run Islamic educational and cultural center operating in the UAE, promoting [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholarly tradition and Arabic learning.

=== Festivals and associations ===
* Major [[Indian festivals]] such as [[Diwali]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]], [[Holi]], [[Onam]], and [[Navratri]] are widely celebrated through public events and community gatherings.
* Prominent community organizations include the '''Indian Social and Cultural Centre''' in [[Abu Dhabi]] and the '''Indian Association Sharjah''', which organize social, educational, and welfare initiatives.
* Indian culture is also represented in national heritage platforms such as the Saadiyat Cultural District, where Indian exhibitions and partnerships have been prominently featured.<ref>{{cite web |title=India in focus at UAE cultural district |work=The Times of India |date=30 May 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-in-focus-as-uae-set-to-open-cultural-district-in-2025/articleshow/110543994.cms}}</ref>

== Challenges ==

Despite their vital contributions to the UAE economy, many members of the Indian diaspora—particularly low-income migrant workers—continue to face structural and legal challenges.

* [[Labour rights in the United Arab Emirates|Labour issues]]: Migrant workers, especially those in [[construction]], domestic work, and other blue-collar sectors, often face issues related to unpaid wages, occupational safety, long working hours, and limited access to legal recourse.<ref>{{cite news |title=UAE migrant workers: Rights concerns persist |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-60165860 |date=22 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Kafala system]] and visa dependency: The UAE’s residency framework ties legal status to employer sponsorship under a modified form of the [[Kafala system]], limiting mobility and bargaining power for many workers.
* '''Labour law reforms (2024–25)''': Recent updates to the UAE [[Labour Law]] include:
** [[Maternity leave]] increased to 60 days.
** Introduction of flexible work models (e.g., remote work, part-time, temporary, and job-sharing roles).
** Expedited dispute resolution: The [[Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation|Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation (MOHRE)]] decisions are now legally enforceable for claims up to AED 50,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=UAE Labor Laws 2025 |url=https://truein.com/gcc/blogs/uae-labor-laws/ |date=24 April 2025}}</ref>

== India–UAE relations ==
{{Main|India–United Arab Emirates relations}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Recent Bilateral Initiatives
|-
! Initiative !! Year !! Details
|-
| CEPA || 2022 || Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement aimed at $100 billion in non-oil trade.
| UPI–AANI || 2024 || Integration of India’s UPI with UAE’s AANI for cross-border digital payments.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dubai Conclave on UPI–AANI |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/dubai-conclave-unveils-major-advancements-in-india-uae-digital-payments}}</ref>
| GIFT City Fund || 2024 || UAE pledged $4–5 billion in investments in India's GIFT City and infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web |title=India–UAE Investment Profile |url=https://www.indiabriefing.com/news/india-uae-bilateral-trade-and-investment-profile-2023-2024-32092.html}}</ref>
|}

== Notable people ==
* [[Yusuff Ali M.A.]] – Chairman of Lulu Group
* [[B. R. Shetty]] – Founder of NMC Health and UAE Exchange
* [[Firoz Merchant]] – Businessman and philanthropist
* [[Rushdi Bin Rasheed]]
* Noufal Ahmed

== See also ==
* [[Indian diaspora in the Middle East|Indians in the Middle East]]
* [[India–United Arab Emirates relations]]
* [[South Asian diaspora]]
* [[Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.indembassyuae.gov.in/ Embassy of India, Abu Dhabi]
* [https://www.mea.gov.in/ Ministry of External Affairs, India]
* [https://www.khaleejtimes.com/tag/indians-in-uae Indians in UAE – Khaleej Times]

[[Category:Indian diaspora in Asia]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:India–United Arab Emirates relations]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country]]
[[Category:Immigration to the United Arab Emirates]]

Munmun Dhalaria

2026-05-04T13:36:16Z

Jeep Safari:

{{Short description|Indian documentary filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Munmun Dhalari
| image = File:Munmun Dhalaria Filmmaker.jpg
| caption = Munmun Dhalaria presenting her work at National Geographic Headquarters at Washington DC, USA in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|07|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = Dhinjon, Assam
| citizenship = Indian
| education = Delhi University, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Kendriya Vidyalaya (Bangalore)
| alma_mater = Tata Institute of Social Sciences
| known_for = Documentary Filmmaker
| parents = Father:Gp. Capt. Jagdish Chand Dhalaria
Mother:Manjula Dhalaria
| website = https://www.munmundhalaria.com/
}}

'''Munmun Dhalaria''' is a documentary filmmaker<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dia Mirza lends her voice to climate change documentary 'No Water No Village' - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/dia-mirza-lends-her-voice-to-climate-change-documentary-no-water-no-village/articleshow/88668806.cms |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Femina Miss India}}</ref> from [[Dharamshala]], currently based in [[Bangalore]] India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here is a unique list of ecofeminist films you should watch |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2022/04/02/here-is-a-unique-list-of-ecofeminist-films-you-should-watch.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> She is known for making documentaries on wildlife conservation,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhalaria, Munmun |url=https://dceff.org/filmmaker/dhalaria-munmun/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Environmental Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> gender and human rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wildlife special: Munmun Dhalaria & Kartick Satyanarayan chat about COVID-19, Earth Day and a new Nat Geo show |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2020/apr/21/wildlife-special-munmun-dhalaria--kartick-satyanarayan-chat-about-covid-19-earth-day-and-a-new-na-24250.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |date=21 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Filmmaker Munmun Dhalaria's documentaries are a peek into the Himalayan communities' response to COVID-19 |url=https://www.edexlive.com/beinspired/2020/sep/12/filmmakernbspmunmunnbspdhalarias-documentariesnbspare-a-peek-into-the-himalayan-communities-re-14585.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Edex Live |date=12 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Her films have been broadcast on networks like National Geographic,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-15 |title=The western tragopan dresses the part when pursuing a mate |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/western-tragopan-bird-shows-colorful-feathers-while-pursuing-a-mate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313033548/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/western-tragopan-bird-shows-colorful-feathers-while-pursuing-a-mate |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2021 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Animals |language=en}}</ref> Hotstar and [[Vice News|Vice World News]]. Since 2017,

Dhalaria has been associated with the [[National Geographic Society]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Tragopan: Quest for the Colourful Pheasant |url=https://sustain.round.glass/photo-story/western-tragopan/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=RoundGlass {{!}} Sustain |language=en-US}}</ref> as a [[National Geographic Explorer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munmun Dhalaria - National Geographic Society |url=https://explorer-directory.nationalgeographic.org/munmun-dhalaria |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> Her photographs have been published internationally in various scientific journals<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/publications/english/exsitu_update_vol1_issue_2.pdf}}</ref> and magazines like [[National Geographic Magazine]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=National Geographic Magazine |journal= |volume=September 2019}}</ref> She has also worked as an assistant producer in [[Bristol]], UK with Wildstar films, working for Emmy awarded shows like ‘Queens’, ‘Animals up close with Bertie Gregory’, and Disney’s ‘Tigers on the Rise’. She is also a Hatha Yoga teacher.

== Early life and education ==
Munmun is the daughter of (retd.) Gp. Capt. Jagdish Chand Dhalaria,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Group Captain Jagdish Chand Dhalaria 17501 ADM at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/17501 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref> officer with the Indian Air Force. She belongs to a small hamlet called Gahra in [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]] district of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in [[Western Himalayas|Western Himalaya]]. Her mother Manjula Dhalaria belongs to [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]] district and primarily grew up in Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh. She grew up with one sibling- her elder brother Rishabh Dhalaria, who is a manager at [[Bank of Baroda]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

She studied in several Air Force schools and Kendriya Vidyalayas at different places in India owing to her fathers’ job. During her high school at Kendriya Vidyalaya, Yelahanka, Bangalore she was selected for AFS foreign exchange program in [[Massachusetts]], US, which involved in radio telemetry research on coy apart from her other high school activities. Dhalaria has done her bachelor's degree in mass media and mass communication from Delhi University and MA in media and cultural studies from [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Munmun |first1=Dhalaria |url=http://opac.tiss.edu/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=350084&query_desc=su:%22Livelihoods%20%22 |title=Padmini my love |last2=Ruchi |first2=Sawardekar |last3=Silja |first3=Würgler |last4=Sriram |first4=Mohan |date=2015 |publisher=School of Media and Cultural Studies, TISS |location=Mumbai}}</ref> She has also done her Basic Mountaineering Course with the Indian Army.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Genre
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2026
|In The Heart Of The Tide
|Director
|Documentary for [[Aga Khan Development Network]]
|
|
|-
|2025
|Guardians: Snow Leopard Of The Himalayas
|Director
|Documentary
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|Hungry For Love ~ Simranpreet’s Story
|Director
|Documentary
|
|
|-
|Seeing Red ~ Saving Red Pandas
|Director
|Documentary for [[Aga Khan Development Network]]
Broadcast on [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|Heroin In The Himalayas
|Director
|Documentary for Vice Media
|
|
|-
|Written Out Of History
|Director
|Documentary
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021
|No Water No Village (Chhu Med Na Yul)<ref>{{Cite web|title=MYIFFI {{!}} Detail|url=https://filmguide.iffigoa.org/detail/?id=5441|website=filmguide.iffigoa.org|access-date=2026-01-24}}</ref>
|Director
|Documentary
|International Film Festival of India, 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1879182&reg=3&lang=2|title=}}</ref>
Alt Eff Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web|title=No Water, No Village|url=https://www.alteff.in/film-archive/v/no-water-no-village|website=ALT EFF|access-date=2026-01-24|language=en-US}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-27 |title=Experts anticipate water woes in Himalayan ranges |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2335783/no-water-no-village-experts-anticipate-water-woes-in-himalayan-ranges |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Tenzin Tsundue
|Director
|News Documentary for Vice
|
|<ref name="auto" />
|-
|<nowiki>Inside The Opioid Crisis Gripping This Himalayan State | Trouble in Paradise</nowiki>
|Director, editor
|Documentary
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=BROADCAST {{!}} Munmun Dhalaria |url=https://www.munmundhalaria.com/broadcast |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Munmundhalaria |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|Written out of History- Forgotten Indian Scientists<ref>{{Cite web |last=Films |first=Moon Peak |title=Video: The Serendipities and Struggles of Sipra Guha Mukherjee – The Wire Science |url=https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/sipra-guha-mukherjee-story-video/ |access-date=2022-04-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|Director, DOP
|Documentary Series
|
|
|-
|Ladakh Pashmina
|Director
|Documentary for [[Nature Conservation Foundation]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-13 |title=Meet Munmun Dhalaria, Documentary Filmmaker |url=https://wildmediajournal.com/2021/12/munmun-dhalaria-documentary-filmmaker/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Wild Media Journal |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|Jujurana's Kingdom<ref name="nationalgeographic.com">{{Cite web |date=2019-08-15 |title=The western tragopan dresses the part when pursuing a mate |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/western-tragopan-bird-shows-colorful-feathers-while-pursuing-a-mate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313033548/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/western-tragopan-bird-shows-colorful-feathers-while-pursuing-a-mate |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2021 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Animals |language=en}}</ref>
|Director
|Documentary for [[National Geographic]]<ref name="nationalgeographic.com"/>
|[[Indian Mountaineering Foundation|IMF Mountain Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.indmount.org/IMF/download?filePath=/imffs01/imfdocs/2020/newsSection/76/supportDoc.pdf}}</ref> BANFF Mountain Film and Book Festival, 2020.
|<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=The final edition of the Rising Gardens festival has films about solidarity between women |url=https://scroll.in/reel/992510/the-final-edition-of-the-rising-gardens-festival-has-films-about-solidarity-between-women |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Scroll.in |date=17 April 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kahlon |first=Sukhpreet |title=The Jujurana's Kingdom review: Following the trail of the King of Birds |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/the-jujurana-s-kingdom-45863 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420203850/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/the-jujurana-s-kingdom-45863 |url-status=live |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|On the Brink, season 2
|Assistant director, Camera
|TV series for Hotstar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 FEMALE FILMMAKERS FROM INDIA WHO ARE DOCUMENTING THE WILD ON LENS |url=http://thevibe.asia/7-female-filmmakers-from-india-who-are-documenting-the-wild-on-lens/}}</ref>
|-
|Covid Response ~ A Himalayan Story<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmmaker Munmun Dhalaria's documentaries are a peek into the Himalayan communities' response to COVID-19 |url=https://www.edexlive.com/beinspired/2020/sep/12/filmmakernbspmunmunnbspdhalarias-documentariesnbspare-a-peek-into-the-himalayan-communities-re-14585.html |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Edex Live |date=12 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|Director<ref>{{Cite web |last=Priyadarshini |first=Anna |title=Watch: A famed Himalayan town comes to grips with the pandemic |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/10/30/watch-how-a-famed-himalayan-town-came-to-grips-with-the-pandemic |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Newslaundry|date=30 October 2020 }}</ref>
|Documentary for [[National Geographic]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Roshni Chakrabarty |date=23 April 2020 |title=How the human-animal conflict gave rise to Covid-19: Explorers speak on animals affected in lockdown |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/earth-day-2020-human-animal-conflict-gave-rise-to-covid-19-1669896-2020-04-22 |access-date=2022-04-08 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|Liberation Docfest Bangladesh 2021
Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 2021
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Priyadarshini |first=Anna |title=Watch: A famed Himalayan town comes to grips with the pandemic |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/10/30/watch-how-a-famed-himalayan-town-came-to-grips-with-the-pandemic |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Newslaundry|date=30 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhalaria |first=Munmun |date=2020-11-21 |title=COVID Warriors' Fight Against the Pandemic in Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/covid-hero-himachal-pradesh-coronavirus-lockdown |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=All Events {{!}} U-M LSA Asian Languages and Cultures |url=https://lsa.umich.edu/asian/news-events/all-events.detail.html/82550-21116098.html |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=lsa.umich.edu |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|Tayiya Kanasu
|Director, Camera
|Documentary
|Best Documentary at the 6th Aarogya Film Festival
Health Systems research global symposium 2018, Liverpool, UK

Honorable mention, Public Health Film Festival, Oxford

India Heritage walks Film festival
|<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://tiss.edu/uploads/files/AnnualReport2016-2017-online.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|An Uncertain Winter
|Director
|Documentary for
SPS Community Media<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://samajpragatisahayog.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Annul-Report-2018-19.pdf}}</ref> / PSBT
|Winner of [[ICIMOD|ICIMOD Mountain film Award]] at KIMFF, Kathmandu, Nepal<ref>{{Cite web |title= Proceedings of the Koshi Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Knowledge Hub Inception Workshop, 11–12 December 2018, Kathmandu, Nepal|date=2019 |url=https://lib.icimod.org/record/34694/files/icimodKoshiDRRKH_P.pdf}}</ref>
[[Indian Mountaineering Foundation|IMF mountain film festival]], New Delhi

Pakistan International Mountain Film Festival

CMS Vatavaran Film festival, New Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nomination National {{!}} CMS VATAVARAN |url=https://cmsvatavaran.org/vat2019/nominated-national-2019.php |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=cmsvatavaran.org}}</ref>

[[Kathmandu International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Kathmandu International Mountain Film Festival 2018 |url=https://kimff.org/kimff-18/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Kathmandu International Mountain Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|-
|2016
|Raag Aur Bhraag (Music And Leopards)
|
|
|
|
|-
|2014
|Padmini My love (Padmini meri jaan)
|
|
|
|
|-
|2013
|Mahatma Phule Vyayam Shala
|
|
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhalaria, Munmun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:People from Dharamshala]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Social Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:1991 births]]

Dhandai Devi

2026-04-30T06:38:24Z

Jeep Safari:

{{cleanup|reason=unencyclopedic and incomprehensible text|date=July 2022}}
{{Short description|Hindu Temple}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = ShreeDhandaiMata.jpg
| caption = [[Murti|Statue ]] of [[Dhandai Devi]].<ref>http://dhandaidevi.org/</ref>
| name = Adi Shakti Dhandai Devi
(Mahalakshmi)
| script_name = Devanagari
| script = श्री धनदाई माता
| Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|śrī dhanadā'ī mātā}}
| consort =
| affiliation = [[Adi Shakti]], [[Mahalakshmi]], [[Durga]], [[Mahishasuramardini]], [[Grāmadevatā]], [[Tutelary deity]], [[Kuladevata]]
| deity_of = Mother Goddess & Guardian of Mhasdi in [[Sakri Taluka]] in [[Maharashtra]],
| abode = Shree Mhasdi Niwasini Dhandai Devi (Mahalakshmi) Mandir
| mantra = (१) या देवी सर्वभूतेषु महालक्ष्मी-रूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै धनदाई नमो नमः ॥

(२)‌ सिद्धी बुद्धिप्रदे देवी, भुक्तिमुक्ति प्रदायिनी । मंत्र, यंत्र, मूर्ती सदा देवि, धनदाई नमोस्तुते ।।

(३) यथा करवीरनिवासिनी महालक्ष्मी-रूपेण आई अम्बाबाई, तथा च म्हस्दीनिवासिनी महालक्ष्मी-रूपेण आई धनदाई।।
| weapon = Red Trident ( Front Right Hand),
Yellow Trident (Front Left Hand),

Fire Torch/Mashaal (Back Right Hand),
Sword with Lemon (Back Left Hand)
| mount = [[Mahishasura]] (a [[Water buffalo|buffalo]] [[demon]])
| image_upright =
| alt =
}}

'''Adi Shakti Dhandai Devi (Mahalakshmi)''' Mandir is a Hindu temple located at Mhasdi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/vruthanta/mhasai-tirthstan-220587/|title=म्हसदीच्या धनदाई मंदिराची विकासाकडे वाटचाल}}</ref> near [[Sakri Taluka]] in Maharashtra,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esakal.com/uttar-maharashtra/marathi-news-dhule-dhandaidevi-navratri-festival-bms86|title=धनदाईदेवी नवरात्रोत्सवाची जय्यत तयारी; भाविकांमध्ये उत्साह|website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper}}</ref> India. Here, the worship of the goddess Shree Dhandai Devi is carried on right next to the Dhandai Plane, once a center of [[Hinduism]].

The temple is a prime spot of worship for the [[Marathi people]] of Khandesh region. But along with the [[Marathi people|Marathi]] Family Kulswamini Dhandai Devi is worshipped by many other caste, people especially those belonging to the [[Marathi Brahmin]]s, [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha-Kunbi]] and somewhat [[Lonari]] and [[Mali caste|Marathi Mali]] caste as their presiding family deity, [[Kuldevi]] or [[Kuldevta]] in Khandesh region of Maharashtra.

The devotees throng the temple on all occasions of [[Navaratri]] and [[Chaitri Navratra]] to worship and celebrate. It is believed that the Goddess has magical powers.

Shree Mhasdi Niwasini Dhandai Devi is [[Kuldevi]] of [[Dhanurkar Shinde|Shinde/Scindia]] of [[Khandesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/gramdevta-in-dhule-sakri-shree-dhandai-devi-304847|title=ग्रामदेवता: धुळ्याच्या साक्री तालुक्यातील श्रीधनदाई देवी|first=एबीपी माझा वेब|last=टीम|date=October 24, 2016|website=marathi.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lokmat.com/dhule/dhanadai-and-peddakai-goddess-yatra/ | title=धनदाई व पेडकाई देवी यात्रोत्सव | date=12 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saamtv.com/maharashtra/dhule-news-navratri-utsav-ashtami-dhandai-devi-one-lakh-bhavik-prey-rds84|title=धनदाईदेवीच्या चरणी सव्वा लाख भाविक नतमस्तक|first=साम टिव्ही|last=ब्युरो|website=Latest and Breaking News in Marathi | Live Marathi News Updates | live tv streaming in Marathi | Saam TV}}</ref> Who came from [[Rajasthan]] as [[Samanta]] of [[Khandesh|North-West Khandesh]] in [[8th century]]. In [[1500s (decade)|1500s]] The [[Shinde]], [[Deora (clan)|Deore]] and [[Bedse (Maratha Clan)|Bedse]] etc Clan came from [[Rajasthan]] from different towns and has same clan deity [[Mahalakshmi]] in past. they made a stone architecture marathi temple and started worship as [[Kuldevi]]. Dhandai Devi also worshiped in Marathi caste like [[Kshatriya]] ([[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]], [[Rajput]], [[Gurjar]]), [[Mali caste|Mali]] ([[Mahajan]]), [[Marathi Brahmin|Brahmin]], [[Koli people|Koli]], [[Bhoi]] etc.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]

Blyxa japonica

2026-04-26T05:16:43Z

Jeep Safari: Done - done

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Blyxa_japonica.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = As drawn by Michio Murakoshi, 1925
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=Zhuang |first1=X. |year=2011 |title=''Blyxa japonica'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T168803A6539301 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T168803A6539301.en |access-date=23 March 2025}}</ref>
| genus = Blyxa
| species = japonica
| authority = ([[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]) [[Karl Maximovich|Maxim.]] ex [[Paul Friedrich August Ascherson|Asch.]] & [[Max Gürke|Gürke]]
| subdivision = {{Species list
|Blyxa japonica var. alternifolia|(Miq.) [[Christopher David Kentish Cook|C.D.K.Cook]] & [[Ruth Lüönd|Luond]]
|Blyxa japonica var. japonica|}}
| subdivision_ranks = Varieties
| subdivision_ref = <ref name=POWO>{{cite POWO |id=431629-1 |title=''Blyxa japonica'' (Miq.) Maxim. ex Asch. & Gürke |access-date=23 March 2025}}</ref>
| synonyms = {{Species list
|Hydrilla japonica|Miq.}}
{{Species list
|hidden=yes
|header=var. ''alternifolia''<ref>{{cite POWO |id=921835-1 |title=''Blyxa japonica'' var. ''alternifolia'' (Miq.) C.D.K.Cook & Luond |access-date=23 March 2025}}</ref>
|Hydrilla alternifolia|Miq.
|Enhydrias angustipetala|[[Henry Nicholas Ridley|Ridl.]]
|Blyxa angustipetala|(Ridl.) [[Genkei Masamune|Masam.]]
|Blyxa alternifolia|(Miq.) [[Cornelis den Hartog|Hartog]]}}
{{Species list
|hidden=yes
|header=var. ''japonica''<ref>{{cite POWO |id=77171272-1 |title=''Blyxa japonica'' var. ''japonica'' |access-date=23 March 2025}}</ref>
|Blyxa caulescens|Maxim. ex [[Jinzō Matsumura|Matsum.]]
|Blyxa leiocarpa|Maxim. ex Matsum.
|Diplosiphon caulescens|Maxim. ex Matsum.
|Diplosiphon leiocarpa|Maxim. ex Matsum.
|Blyxa laevissima|[[Bunzō Hayata|Hayata]]
|Enhydrias angustipetala var. latifolia|Ridl.
|Blyxa angustipetala var. laevissima|(Hayata) Masam.}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO/>
}}

'''''Blyixa japonica''''' is a species of plant in the family [[Hydrocharitaceae]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borthakur |first1=Sashin Kumar |title=Rediscovery of Blyxa japonica (Miquel) Maximowicz ex Ascherson et Gürke -a hydrophyte from Lakhimpur district of Assam, India |journal=Pleione |date=2012 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=435–437 |url=https://www.academia.edu/32918811 |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref> It is known as '''Japanese blyxa''' or '''dwarf Asian grass'''.<ref name=kasselman2020/>

==Description==
The flowers are bisexual, [[actinomorphic]] and have numerous [[ovule]]s. It has whorled leaves.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Sai-chun |last2=Wang |first2=Yu-guo |last3=Xia |first3=Nian-he |last4=Liu |first4=Yang |last5=Wei |first5=Fa-nan |last6=Wen |first6=He-qun |title=Floral Organogenesis of Blyxa japonica (Hydrocharitaceae) |journal=Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany |date=2002 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=139–144 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-3395.2002.2.007 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |url=http://jtsb.ijournals.cn/jtsb_en/article/abstract/200202007?st=article_issue |access-date=3 September 2023 |language=en |issn=1005-3395}}</ref> It can be told from the genus ''[[Limnobium]]'' by its pollen, which has spine-like projections.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=D.K. Cook |first1=Christopher |last2=Lüönd |first2=Ruth |title=A revision of the genus Blyxa (Hydrocharitaceae) |journal=Aquatic Botany |date=1 January 1983 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–52 |doi=10.1016/0304-3770(83)90098-0 |bibcode=1983AqBot..15....1D |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0304377083900980 |access-date=3 September 2023 |issn=0304-3770|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Distribution==
The species is native to [[China]], [[Taiwan]], [[Japan]], and [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref name="tfh">{{cite web |last1=Millar |first1=Bryce |title=Blyxa japonica |url=https://www.tfhmagazine.com/articles/aquatic-plants/blyxa-japonica |website=Tropical Fish Hobbyist Magazine |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref> It has naturalized in [[Italy]]. In the wild, the species is found in shallow, stagnant water such as [[rice paddies]].<ref name=kasselman2020>{{cite book |last1=Kasselmann |first1=Christel |title=Aquarium Plants |date=2020 |location=[[Teltow]], Germany |isbn=978-3-00-064912-7 |page=180}}</ref>

==Cultivation==
The species, along with other members of the genus such as ''[[Blyxa aubertii]]'', are common in the aquarium trade. ''B. japonica'' is difficult and demanding to grow.<ref name=kasselman2020/>

''B. japonica'' var. ''japonica'', ''B. j.'' var. ''alternifolia'', and ''B. j.'' var. ''recurvifolia'' are all found in cultivation.<ref name=kasselman2020/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4411322}}

[[Category:Hydrocharitaceae]]
[[Category:Aquatic plants]]
[[Category:Least concern flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Least concern flora of Papuasia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1866]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel]]

{{alismatales-stub}}

List of Padma Shri award recipients in art

2026-04-25T22:30:32Z

Jeep Safari: Started A Article W/ Infobox...

{{Sources exist|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|Recipients of a civilian award in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

This is a list of recipients of the [[Padma Shri]] award in the field of Art. The Padma Shri is the fourth-highest civilian award of the [[Republic of India]], after the [[Bharat Ratna]], the [[Padma Vibhushan]] and the [[Padma Bhushan]]. Instituted in 1954, the award is conferred by the [[President of India]] at ceremonial functions which are held at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards Dashboard |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in |url-status= |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=padmaawards.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (Govt. of India)}}</ref>

As of 2026, a total of 952 individuals have been awarded Padma Shri for their contributions to art.

== 1950–1959 ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!State/Country
|-
|1954
|[[Nandalal Bose]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1954
|[[M. S. Subbulakshmi|Madurai Shanmugavadivu Subbalakshmi]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1954
|[[Jamini Roy]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1955
|[[Omkarnath Thakur|Thakore Pandit Onkar Nath]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1956
|[[Rukmini Devi Arundale]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1956
|[[Sthanam Narasimha Rao]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1957
|[[Pt. Shrikrishna N. Ratanjankar]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1957
|[[T. Balasaraswathi]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1957
|[[Ustad Mushtaq Husain Khan]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|1957
|[[Dwaram Venkataswami Naidu]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1957
|[[Sudhir Ranjan Khastgir]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1958
|[[Debi Prosad Roy-Choudhry]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1958
|[[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1958
|[[Ustad Allauddin Khan]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1958
|[[Nargis|Kum. Nargis ( Fatima A Rasheed )]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1958
|[[Debaki Kumar Bose]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1958
|[[Satyajit Roy]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1958
|[[Shambhoo Maharaj]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1958
|[[Devika Rani]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1959
|[[Mysore Vasudevachar|Kankanhalli Vasudevacharya]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1959
|[[Pammal Sambanda Mudaliar]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1959
|[[Sisir Kumar Bhaduri]]
|West Bengal
|}

== 1960–1969 ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!State/Country
|-
|1960
|[[Ustad Hafiz Ali Khan]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|1960
|[[Vir Vati]]
|Delhi
|-
|1961
|[[Svetoslav Roerich]]
|Russia
|-
|1961
|[[Bismillah Khan]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1961
|[[Kattingeri Krishna Hebbar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1961
|[[Raghunath Krishna Phadke]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|1962
|[[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1962
|[[Ashok Kumar Ganguly]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1963
|[[Mehboob Khan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1963
|[[Melville DeMellow]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|1964
|Narayanrao Shripad Rajhans alias [[Bal Gandharva]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1964
|[[Adi Marzban]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1964
|[[Pratul Chandra Sorcar]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1964
|[[Vinayak Pandurang Karmarkar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1965
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1965
|[[Guru Kunju Kurup]]
|Kerala
|-
|1965
|[[Ravishanker Mahashanker Raval]]
|Gujarat
|-
|1965
|[[Vuppalathadiyam Nagayya]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1965
|[[Mrinalini Sarabhai]]
|Gujarat
|-
|1966
|[[Shankar Pillai]]
|Delhi
|-
|1966
|[[Zubin Mehta]]
|Canada
|-
|1966
|[[Eswara Iyer Krishna Iyer]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1966
|[[Maqbool Fida Husain]]
|Delhi
|-
|1966
|[[Sivaji Ganesan|Villupuram Chinnaiya Ganesan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1966
|[[Bhanumati Ramakrishna]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1966
|[[Sumitra Charat Ram]]
|Delhi
|-
|1967
|[[Ali Akbar Khan]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1967
|[[Ravi Shankar]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1967
|[[M. L. Vasanthakumari|Madras Lalithangi Vasanthakumari]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1967
|[[Krishnachandra Moreshwar alias Daji Bhatawadekar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1967
|[[Mohammad Rafi]]
|Punjab
|-
|1967
|[[Sasadhar Mukerji]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1967
|[[Vasant Desai]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1967
|[[Vinjamuri Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1967
|[[Siddheshwari Devi]]
|Delhi
|-
|1968
|[[Bismillah Khan]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1968
|[[Yamini Krishnamurti]]
|Delhi
|-
|1968
|[[Ayodhya Prasad]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1968
|[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1968
|[[Devi Lal Samar]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|1968
|[[Jaikishan Dahyabhai Panchal]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1968
|[[Joseph Harold]]
|Delhi
|-
|1968
|[[Murlidhar Ramchandra Achrekar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1968
|[[Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1968
|[[Nikhil Banerjee]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1968
|[[Shankar Singh Raghuvanshi]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1968
|[[Sunil Dutt]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1968
|[[Akhtari Bai Faizabadi (Begum Akhtar)]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1968
|[[Durga Khote]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1968
|[[Vyjayanthimala]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1968
|[[Sharan Rani Backliwal]]
|Delhi
|-
|1969
|[[Lata Mangeshkar|Lata Dinanath Mangeshkar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1969
|[[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
|Punjab
|-
|1969
|[[Rahim-ud-din Khan Dagar]]
|Delhi
|-
|1969
|[[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1969
|[[S. S. Vasan|Subramaniam Sreenivasan Vasan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1969
|[[Kesarbai Kerkar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1969
|[[Narayan Sridhar Bendre]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1969
|[[Balraj Sahni]]
|Punjab
|-
|1969
|[[David Abraham Cheulkar|David Abraham]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1969
|[[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1969
|[[Sukhdev]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1969
|[[Sachin Dev Burman]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1969
|[[Sadashiva Rath Sharma]]
|Odisha
|-
|1969
|[[Singannachar Narasimha Swamy]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1969
|[[B. Saroja Devi|Byrappa Saroja Devi]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1969
|[[Indrani Rehman]]
|Delhi
|}

== 1970–1979 ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!State/Country
|-
|1970
|[[Ahmad Jan Thirkawa]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1970
|[[Ramkinkar Baiz]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1970
|[[Sombhu Mitra]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1970
|[[Hirabai Barodekar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1970
|[[Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair|Kamala]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1970
|[[Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1970
|[[Avinash Anandrai Vyas]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1970
|[[Ezra Mir]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1970
|[[Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1970
|[[Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair]]
|Kerala
|-
|1970
|[[Karl Jamshed Khandalavala]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1970
|[[M. Krishnan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1970
|[[Maisnam Amubi Singh]]
|Manipur
|-
|1970
|[[Mallikarjun Mansur]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1970
|[[Pankaj Kumar Mullick]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1970
|[[Prem Dhawan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1970
|[[Rajendra Kumar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1970
|[[Ram Chatur Mallik]]
|Bihar
|-
|1970
|[[Gemini Ganesan|Ramaswamy Ganesan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1970
|[[Relangi Venkataramaiah]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1970
|[[Ritwik Ghatak]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1970
|[[Sukumar Bose]]
|Delhi
|-
|1970
|[[T. R. Mahalingam (flautist)|T.R. Mahalingam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1970
|[[Vedantam Satyanarayana Sarma]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1970
|[[Vijaya Raghava Rao]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1970
|[[Damayanti Joshi]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1970
|[[K. B. Sundarambal|Kodumudi Balambal Sundarambal]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1970
|[[Ratna Fabri]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|1971
|[[Uday Shankar]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1971
|[[Ustad Allauddin Khan]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|1971
|[[Pichu Sambamoorthi]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1971
|[[Amir Khan (singer)|Amir Khan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1971
|[[Jaishankar Sundari]]
|Gujarat
|-
|1971
|[[Krishnarao Phulambrikar alias Krishnarao]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1971
|[[Musiri Subramania Iyer]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1971
|[[Nisar Husain Khan]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1971
|[[Palghat Tiruvillvamalai Seshan Mani Iyer]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1971
|[[Poyippilli Kalathil Kunju Kurup]]
|Kerala
|-
|1971
|[[Raj Kapoor]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1971
|[[Rasipuram Krishnaswami Laxman]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1971
|[[Damal Krishnaswami Pattamal]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1971
|[[Gangubai Hanagal]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1971
|[[Pt. Siyaram Tiwari]]
|Bihar
|-
|1971
|[[Chengannur Raman Pillai]]
|Kerala
|-
|1971
|[[Karaola; Natesa Pillai Dhandayuthapani Pillai]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1971
|[[Mangalampalli Balamurali Krishna]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1971
|[[Manna Dey]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1971
|[[Qadri Ragi Aziz Ahmed Khan Warsi]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1971
|[[Ravi Shankar Sharma]]
|Haryana
|-
|1971
|[[Sankho Chaudhuri]]
|Delhi
|-
|1971
|[[Trivandrum Kandaswami Pillai Shanmugam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1971
|[[Vazhenkata Kunchu Nair]]
|Kerala
|-
|1971
|[[Shanta Rao]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1971
|[[Tripti Mitra]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1972
|[[Vinayakbuwa Patwardhan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1972
|[[B. N. Sircar]]
|Bihar
|-
|1972
|[[Papanasam Sivan|Papanasam Ramayya Sivan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1972
|[[Gubbi Veeranna|Gubbi Hampanna Veeranna]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1972
|[[Waheeda Rahman]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1972
|[[Bhimsen Joshi|Bhim Sen Joshi]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1972
|[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1972
|[[Krishna Reddy (artist)|Krishna Reddy]]
|France
|-
|1972
|[[Lalgudi Jayaraman]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1972
|[[Madras Kandaswamy Radha]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1972
|[[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1972
|[[Chiranjit]]
|Delhi
|-
|1972
|[[Raghu Rai]]
|Delhi
|-
|1972
|[[Ram Kumar (artist)|Ram Kumar]]
|Delhi
|-
|1972
|[[Samta Prasad]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1972
|[[Sunil Janah]]
|Delhi
|-
|1972
|[[Surendra Nath Banerjee]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1972
|[[Takhelehangbam Amudon Sharma]]
|Manipur
|-
|1972
|[[Vasudeo Santu Gaitonde]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1972
|[[Vazhuvoor Bagyalakshmi Ramiah Pillai]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1972
|[[Girija Devi]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1972
|[[Juthika Ray]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1972
|[[Savitri Indrajit Parekh]]
|Gujarat
|-
|1972
|[[Suchitra Sen]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1973
|[[Chembai|Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar]]
|Kerala
|-
|1973
|[[Krishna Rao Shankar Pandit]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|1973
|[[Maqbool Fida Husain]]
|Delhi
|-
|1973
|[[Kum. Uma Sharma]]
|Delhi
|-
|1973
|[[Balasubramania Sastrigal alias Balu Bhagvathar]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1973
|[[Chellasami Sirchabai Murugabhupathy]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1973
|[[Kishan Maharaj]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1973
|[[S.G. Thakar Singh]]
|Punjab
|-
|1973
|[[Shakoor Khan]]
|Delhi
|-
|1973
|[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]
|Kerala
|-
|1973
|[[Tripunittura Narayanan Krishnan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1973
|[[Sitara Devi]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1974
|[[Binode Behari Mukherjee]]
|Uttarakhand
|-
|1974
|[[Alice Bonner]]
|Italy
|-
|1974
|[[B. Narsimha Reddy]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1974
|[[Chintamani Kar]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1974
|[[Dhiren Ganguli]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1974
|[[Thakur Jaideva Singh]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1974
|[[Mogubai Kurdikar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1974
|[[Shriram Lagoo]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1974
|[[Ali Hasan @ Kalloo Hafiz]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1974
|[[Emani Sankara Sastri]]
|Delhi
|-
|1974
|[[Ghulam Qadir Lalla]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|1974
|[[Girish Karnad]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1974
|[[Kelucharan Mohapatra]]
|Odisha
|-
|1974
|[[Kirpal Singh Shekhawat]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|1974
|[[Manjapara Devesa Bhagavathar Ramanathan]]
|Kerala
|-
|1974
|[[Mani Madhava Chakyar]]
|Kerala
|-
|1974
|[[Thiruvizhimazhalai Subramania Pillai]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1974
|[[Manik Amar Varma]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1974
|[[Muryam Begum]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|1974
|[[Nina Ripjit Singh @ Naina Devi]]
|Delhi
|-
|1974
|[[Nutan|Nutan Bahl]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1975
|[[M. S. Subbulakshmi|Madurai Shanmugavadivu Subbalakshmi]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1975
|[[Begum Akhtar (posthumous)]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1975
|[[Kalpatthi Ganapathi Subramanyan]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1975
|[[Jasraj]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1975
|[[Amjad Ali Khan]]
|Delhi
|-
|1975
|[[Basavaraj Rajguru|Basava Raja Mahanthaswamy Rajaguru]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1975
|[[Gitchandra Tongbra]]
|Manipur
|-
|1975
|[[Gopi Krishna (dancer)|Gopi Krishna]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1975
|[[Kettassery Joseph Jesudas]]
|Kerala
|-
|1975
|[[Kalyanam Raghu Ramaiah]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1975
|[[M. S. Sathyu]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1975
|[[Madras Sundaram Iyer Gopalakrishnan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1975
|[[Jagdamba Devi]]
|Bihar
|-
|1975
|[[Sanjukta Panigrahi]]
|Odisha
|-
|1976
|[[Keshav Shankar Pillai]]
|Delhi
|-
|1976
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1976
|[[Mallikarjun Mansur|Mallikarjuna Bhimarayappa Mansoor]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1976
|[[Pandit Ram Narayan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1976
|[[Balkrishna Raghunath Deodhar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1976
|[[Madurai S. Somasundaram]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1976
|[[Nimai Charan Harichandan]]
|Odisha
|-
|1976
|[[Palghat Kollengode Viswanath Narayanaswamy]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1976
|[[Raghunath Mahapatra]]
|Odisha
|-
|1976
|[[R. Nagendra Rao|Rattehalli Nagendra Rao]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1976
|[[Shyam Benegal]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1976
|[[Parveen Sultana]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1976
|[[Ustad Fayyaz Ahmed Khan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1977
|[[T. Balasaraswati]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1977
|[[Koduvayur Sivarama Narayanaswami]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1977
|[[Paramsukh J. Pandya]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1977
|Shivputra Sidhram Komkali Alias [[Kumar Gandharva]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|1977
|[[Annapurna Ravi Shankar]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1977
|[[Bhupen Hazarika|Bhupendra Kumar Hazarika]]
|Assam
|-
|1977
|[[Sheik Chinna Moulana]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1977
|[[Dhan Raj Bhagat]]
|Delhi
|-
|1977
|[[Gulam Rasul Santosh]]
|Delhi
|-
|1977
|[[Jehangir Ardeshir Sabavala]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1977
|[[Alla Rakha|Ustad Allarakha Khan Qureshi]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|}

== 1980–1989 ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!State/Country
|-
|1980
|[[Bismillah Khan]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1981
|[[Ravi Shankar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1981
|[[Mrinal Sen]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1981
|[[Padma Subrahmanyam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1981
|[[B. V. Karanth|Babukudi Venkataramana Karanth]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1981
|[[Dashrath Patel]]
|Gujarat
|-
|1981
|[[Gambhir Singh Mura]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1981
|[[Namagiripettai Kathasamy Krishnan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1981
|[[Sayed Haider Raza]]
|France
|-
|1981
|[[Sita Devi (painter)|Sita Devi]]
|Delhi
|-
|1982
|[[S. Balachander]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1982
|[[Ustad Khadim Husain Khan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1982
|[[Jabbar Patel|Jabbar Razak Patel]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1982
|[[Ammannur Madhava Chakyar]]
|Kerala
|-
|1982
|[[Gautam Vaghela]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1982
|[[Virendra Prabhakar]]
|Delhi
|-
|1982
|[[Sushree Hajjan Allah Jilai Bai]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|1983
|[[Dr. Rajkumar|Sringanellur Puttaswamaiah Muthuraj (Raj Kumar)]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1983
|[[V. Doreswamy Iyengar]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1983
|[[Pt Vishnu Govind Jog]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1983
|[[Prem Nazir]]
|Kerala
|-
|1983
|[[Richard Attenborough|Sir Richard Samuel Attenborough]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|1983
|[[Isai Mani' Seerkhazi S. Govindarajan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1983
|[[Miss Pamela Cullen]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|1983
|[[Sardar Sohan Singh]]
|Punjab
|-
|1983
|[[Gulam Mohammed Sheikh]]
|Gujarat
|-
|1983
|[[Habib Tanvir]]
|Delhi
|-
|1983
|[[Narain Singh Thapa]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1983
|[[Nepal Mahto]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1983
|[[Prabhu Handel Manuel]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1983
|[[Raghubir Singh (photographer)|Raghubir Singh]]
|France
|-
|1983
|[[Sobha Singh (painter)|Sobha Singh]]
|Himachal Pradesh
|-
|1983
|[[Kanwal Sidhu (Nee Randhawa)]]
|Punjab
|-
|1983
|[[Ustad Sharafat Hussain Khan]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1984
|[[Sripada Pinakapani]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1984
|[[Bhavesh Chandra Sanyal]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|1984
|[[Jnan Prakash Ghosh]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1984
|[[Vijay Tendulkar|Vijay Dhondopant Tendulkar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1984
|Villupuram Chinniah Ganesan ([[Shivaji Ganesan]])
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1984
|[[(Smt.) N. Rajam]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1984
|[[Miss Roshan Kumari Faqir Mohammed]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1984
|[[Pt. Purushottam Das Pakhawaji]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|1984
|[[Pt. Vinaya Chandra Maudalya]]
|Delhi
|-
|1984
|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
|Kerala
|-
|1984
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1984
|[[Ben Kingsley]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|1984
|[[Bhupen P. Khakhar]]
|Gujarat
|-
|1984
|[[Hari Krishna Wattal]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1984
|[[Mavelikkara Krishnankutty Nair]]
|Kerala
|-
|1984
|[[Nek Chand]] Saini
|Chandigarh
|-
|1984
|[[Raja Reddy]]
|Delhi
|-
|1984
|[[Ramgopal Vijaiwargiya]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|1984
|[[Ganga Devi]]
|Bihar
|-
|1984
|[[Radha Reddy]]
|Delhi
|-
|1985
|[[Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1985
|[[Santidev Ghose]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1985
|[[Kalanidhi Narayanan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1985
|[[Miss Elizabeth Brunner]]
|Delhi
|-
|1985
|[[Smita Patil|Miss Smita Shivajirao Patil]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1985
|[[Asa Singh Mastana]]
|Delhi
|-
|1985
|[[Laxman Pai]]
|Goa
|-
|1985
|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1985
|[[Palghat Ramaswami Raghu]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1985
|[[Shanti Dave]]
|Gujarat
|-
|1986
|[[Birju Maharaj]]
|Delhi
|-
|1986
|[[Ustad Nasir Aminuddin Dagar]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1986
|[[Hisamudin Usta]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|1986
|[[Rajkumar Singhajit Singh]]
|Delhi
|-
|1986
|[[S.M. Shinde @ Shankar Bapuji Appegaonkar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1986
|[[Shaik Nazar]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1986
|[[Subrata Mitra]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1986
|[[Kanika Bandyopadhyaya]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1987
|Late Shri [[Nikhil Ranjan Banerjee]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1987
|[[Kishori Ravindra Amonkar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1987
|[[Natesan Ramani]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1987
|[[Badri Narayan]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1987
|[[K. Balachander|Kailasam Balachander]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1987
|[[Naresh Sohal]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|1987
|[[Aparna Sen]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1987
|[[Kumudini Lakhia]]
|Gujarat
|-
|1987
|[[Vijaya Farrokh Mehta]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1988
|[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
|Telangana
|-
|1988
|[[Kelu Charan Mohapatra]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1988
|[[Bikash Bhattacharjee]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1988
|[[Jitendra Bhikaji Abhisheki]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1988
|[[Kudrat Singh]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|1988
|[[Sudarshan Sahoo]]
|Odisha
|-
|1988
|[[Umayalpuram Kasiviswanatha Sivaraman]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1988
|[[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]
|United States of America
|-
|1988
|[[Chindodi Leela]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1988
|[[Shabana Azmi]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1988
|[[Sudharani Raghupathy]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1988
|[[Teejan Bai]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|1989
|Ustad [[Ali Akbar Khan]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1989
|[[Kattingeri Krishna Hebbar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1989
|[[Girija Devi]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1989
|[[L. Subramaniam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1989
|[[Adyar K. Lakshman]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1989
|[[Hakubhai Vajubhai Shah]]
|Gujarat
|-
|1989
|[[Ratan Thiyam]]
|Manipur
|-
|1989
|[[Sheikh Shams Uddin]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1989
|[[Upendra Jethalal Trivedi]]
|Gujarat
|}

== 1990–1999 ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!State/Country
|-
|1990
|[[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer|Sammangudi Radhakrishnier Srinivasier]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1990
|Shivputra Sindhram Komkali Alias [[Kumar Gandharva]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|1990
|[[Pt. Jasraj]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1990
|[[Pt. Nikhil Ghosh]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1990
|[[Purushottam Laxman Deshpande]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1990
|[[(Smt.) Kanak Yatindra Rele]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1990
|[[(Smt.) Kapila Vatsyayan]]
|Delhi
|-
|1990
|[[Mohan Mahadeo Agashe]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1990
|[[Dr.(Smt.) Prabha Atre]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1990
|[[Kum. Leela Samson]]
|Delhi
|-
|1990
|[[Pandit Balwantrai Gulabrai Bhatt 'Bhavrang']]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1990
|[[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1990
|[[Bishamber Khanna]]
|Delhi
|-
|1990
|[[G. Aravindan]]
|Kerala
|-
|1990
|[[Jagdish Chandra Mittal]]
|Telangana
|-
|1990
|[[Kamal Haasan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1990
|[[Krishen Khanna]]
|Delhi
|-
|1990
|[[Madurai Ponnusamy Natesan-Sethuraman]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1990
|[[Maharajapuram Viswanatha Santhanam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1990
|[[Om Puri]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1990
|[[Raj Risaria]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1990
|[[Sattanatha Muthaiah Ganapathy]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1990
|[[Tarun Majumder]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1990
|[[Asghari Bai]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|1990
|[[Diwaliben Punjabhai Bhil]]
|Gujarat
|-
|1990
|[[Gulab Bai]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1990
|[[Madhavi Mudgal]]
|Delhi
|-
|1991
|[[Mangalampalli Balamurali Krishna]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1991
|[[Maqbool Fida Hussain]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1991
|[[Basavaraj Rajguru]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1991
|[[Narayan Shridhar Bendre]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1991
|[[Pt. Ram Narayan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1991
|[[Pt. Samta Prasad alias Gudai Maharaj]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1991
|[[Amjad Ali Khan]]
|Delhi
|-
|1991
|[[Ebrahim Alkazi]]
|Delhi
|-
|1991
|Mohammad Yusuf Khan alias [[Dilip Kumar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1991
|[[Shyam Benegal]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1991
|[[Amala Shankar]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1991
|[[(Smt.) Shanno Khurana]]
|Delhi
|-
|1991
|[[Kum. Alarmel Valli]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1991
|[[Pandit Shiv Kumar Sharma]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1991
|Prof.(Smt.) [[Sharda Sinha]]
|Bihar
|-
|1991
|[[Sardar Gurcharan Singh]]
|Punjab
|-
|1991
|[[Bharat Gopy]]
|Kerala
|-
|1991
|[[Maharaj Krishan Kumar]]
|Delhi
|-
|1991
|[[Manu Parekh]]
|Delhi
|-
|1991
|[[Rajkumar Suddhendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
|Jharkhand
|-
|1991
|[[Ranbir Singh Bisht]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1991
|[[Mani Narayan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1991
|[[Pratima Barua Pandey]]
|Assam
|-
|1991
|[[Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1991
|[[Ustad Hafeez Ahmed Khan]]
|Delhi
|-
|1992
|[[Satyajit Ray]] (Posthumous)
|West Bengal
|-
|1992
|[[Mallikarjun Mansur|Mallikarjun Bheemarayappa Mansoor]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1992
|Shantaram Rajaram Vankudre Alias Dr. [[V. Shantaram]] (Posthumous)
|Maharashtra
|-
|1992
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao]]
|Telangana
|-
|1992
|Dr. [[K. Venkatalakshamma]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1992
|[[Trippunithura Narayan Krishnan]]
|Delhi
|-
|1992
|[[Pt. Chintaman Raghunath Vyas]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1992
|[[Pt. Devabrata Chaudhuri (Debu)]]
|Delhi
|-
|1992
|[[Pt. Hariprasad Chaurasia]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1992
|[[Adusumalli Radha Krishna]]
|Telangana
|-
|1992
|[[Girish Karnad]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1992
|[[Kongara Jaggaiah]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1992
|[[Naushad]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1992
|[[Talat Mahmood]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1992
|[[B. Saroja Devi|Byrappa Saroja Devi Sri Harsha]]
|Karnataka
|-
|1992
|[[Mrinalini Sarabhai]]
|Gujarat
|-
|1992
|[[Sonal Mansingh]]
|Delhi
|-
|1992
|[[Nataraja Ramakrishna]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1992
|[[Guru Pankaj Charan Das]]
|Odisha
|-
|1992
|[[Kum. Asha Bachubhai Parekh]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1992
|[[Kum. Srirangam Gopalarathnam]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1992
|[[Anandji Virji Shah]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1992
|[[Bhagaban Sahu]]
|Odisha
|-
|1992
|[[Biren De]]
|Delhi
|-
|1992
|[[Chittu Tudu]]
|Bihar
|-
|1992
|[[Kalyanji Virji Shah]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1992
|[[K. Viswanath|Kasinadhuni Vishwanath]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1992
|[[Madurai Narayanan Krishnan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1992
|[[Manoj Kumar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1992
|[[Muthu Muthiah Sthapathi]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1992
|[[Tadepalli Venkanna]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1992
|[[Tapan Sinha]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1992
|[[Chitra Visweswaran]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1992
|[[Jaya Bachchan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1992
|[[Meera Mukherjee]]
|West Bengal
|-
|1992
|[[Shovana Narayan]]
|Delhi
|-
|1992
|[[Sunita Kohli]]
|Delhi
|-
|1992
|[[Ustad Sabri Khan]]
|Delhi
|-
|1998
|[[M. S. Subbulakshmi|Madurai Shanmukhavadivu Subbalakshmi]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1998
|[[Vempati Chinna Satyam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1998
|[[Kongbrailatpam Ibomcha Sharma alias Abhiramshaba Sharma]]
|Manipur
|-
|1998
|[[Krishnarao Ganpatrao Sable alias Shahir Sable]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1998
|[[Kunja Bihari Meher]]
|Odisha
|-
|1998
|P.I. Mohammed Kutty ([[Mammootty]])
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1998
|[[Uppalapu Shrinivas]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1998
|[[Dipali Borthakur]]
|Assam
|-
|1998
|[[Zohra Segal]]
|Delhi
|-
|1999
|[[Ravi Shankar]]
|United States of America
|-
|1999
|[[Lata Mangeshkar|Lata Dinanath Mangeshkar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1999
|Pandit [[Bhimsen Joshi]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1999
|[[Satish Gujral]]
|Delhi
|-
|1999
|[[Damal Krishnaswamy Pattammal]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|1999
|[[Ashok Kumar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1999
|[[(Smt.) Sumati Mutatkar]]
|Delhi
|-
|1999
|[[Dr.(Smt.) Saryu Vinod Doshi]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1999
|[[Jaganmoy Mitra alias Jagmohan Sursagar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1999
|[[Javed Akhtar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1999
|[[Ram Vanji Sutar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|1999
|[[Tsering Wangdus]]
|Ladakh
|-
|1999
|[[Shobha Deepak Singh]]
|Delhi
|-
|1999
|[[Sulochana Shankarrao Latkar]]
|Maharashtra
|}

== 2000–2009 ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!State/Country
|-
|2000
|Guru [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]]
|Odisha
|-
|2000
|[[Pandit Hari Prasad Chaurasia]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2000
|Pandit [[Jasraj]] Motiram
|Maharashtra
|-
|2000
|[[Raja Reddy]]
|Delhi
|-
|2000
|[[Rajinikanth]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2000
|[[Radha Reddy]]
|Delhi
|-
|2000
|[[Sharan Rani Backliwal]]
|Delhi
|-
|2000
|[[Ramanand Sagar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2000
|[[Allah Rakha Rahman]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2000
|[[Alyque Padamsee]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2000
|[[Kanhai Chitrakar]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2000
|[[Shekhar Kapur]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2000
|[[Anjolie Ela Menon]]
|Delhi
|-
|2000
|[[Hema Malini]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2000
|[[Shubha Mudgal]]
|Delhi
|-
|2001
|[[Lata Mangeshkar|Lata Dinanath Mangeshkar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2001
|Ustad [[Bismillah Khan]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2001
|Pandit [[Shiv Kumar Sharma]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2001
|Ustad [[Amjad Ali Khan]]
|Delhi
|-
|2001
|[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2001
|[[Zubin Mehta]]
|United States of America
|-
|2001
|[[Yamini Krishnamurti]]
|Delhi
|-
|2001
|[[Bhupen Hazarika]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2001
|[[L. Subramaniam|Lakshminarayana Subramaniam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2001
|[[P. Bhanumathi|Dr.(Smt.) Paluvai Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2001
|[[Uma Sharma]]
|Delhi
|-
|2001
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2001
|[[Baldev Raj Chopra]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2001
|[[Dev Anand]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2001
|[[Lalgudi Jayaraman|Lalgudi Gopalaiyer Jayaraman]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2001
|[[Pran (actor)|Pran Sikand]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2001
|[[Raghunath Mohapatra]]
|Odisha
|-
|2001
|[[Avadhanam Sita Raman]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2001
|[[Nerella Venumadhav]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2001
|[[Siramdasu Venkata Rama Rao]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2001
|[[Sunil Manilal Kothari]]
|Delhi
|-
|2001
|[[Aamir Raza Husain]]
|Haryana
|-
|2001
|[[Daatla Venkata Suryanarayana Raju]]
|Telangana
|-
|2001
|[[Mohammed Tayab Khan]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2001
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2001
|[[Thota Tharani]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2001
|[[Mohanlal|Viswanathan Mohanlal]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2001
|[[Padmaja Phenany Joglekar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2001
|[[Sobha Naidu]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2002
|Dr.(Smt.) [[Gangubai Hangal]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2002
|Pandit [[Kishan Maharaj]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2002
|[[Kishori Amonkar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2002
|[[Prabha Atre]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2002
|[[Habib Tanvir|Habib Ahmed Khan Tanvir]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2002
|[[Ismail Merchant]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2002
|[[K. J. Yesudas|Kattassery Joseph Yesudas]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2002
|[[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2002
|[[Shobha V. Gurtu]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2002
|[[Kim Yang Shik]]
|South Korea
|-
|2002
|[[Saroja Vaidyanathan]]
|Delhi
|-
|2002
|[[Darshana Navnitlal Jhaveri]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2002
|[[Kiran Segal]]
|Delhi
|-
|2002
|Pandit [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2002
|[[Fazal Mohammad]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2002
|[[Govind Nihalani]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2002
|[[Mani Ratnam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2002
|[[Dr, Navaneetham Padmanabha Seshadri]]
|Delhi
|-
|2002
|[[Rajan Devadas]]
|United States of America
|-
|2002
|[[T. H. Vinayakram|Thettagudi Hariharasarma Vinayakram]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2002
|[[W. D. Amaradeva|Wannakuwattawaduge Don Amardeva]]
|Sri Lanka
|-
|2002
|[[Mani Krishnaswami]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2002
|[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2002
|[[Pushpa Bhuyan]]
|Assam
|-
|2002
|[[Raj Begum]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|2002
|[[Ustad Abdul Latif Khan]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2003
|[[Sonal Mansingh]]
|Delhi
|-
|2003
|Dr.(Kum.) [[Padma Subrahmanyam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2003
|[[Ammannur Madhava Chakyar]]
|Kerala
|-
|2003
|[[Balasubramania Rajam Iyer]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2003
|[[Jagjit Singh]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2003
|[[Madurai Narayanan Krishnan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2003
|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2003
|[[Puliyur Subramaniam Narayanaswamy]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2003
|[[Tiruvalangadu Vembu Iyer Sankaranarayanan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2003
|[[Trichur Vaidyanatha Ramachandran]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2003
|[[Umayalpuram Kasiviswanatha Sivaraman]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2003
|[[Swapnasundari]]
|Delhi
|-
|2003
|[[Teejan Bai]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2003
|[[Malavika Sarukkai]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2003
|[[Ranjana Gauhar]]
|Delhi
|-
|2003
|[[(Smt.) Rita Ganguly]]
|Delhi
|-
|2003
|[[Pandit Satish Chintaman Vyas]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2003
|[[Ram Gopal Bajaj]]
|Telangana
|-
|2003
|[[Aamir Khan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2003
|[[Danny Denzongpa]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2003
|[[Nemichandra Jain]]
|Delhi
|-
|2003
|[[Om Prakash Jain]]
|Delhi
|-
|2003
|[[Sadashiv Vasantrao Gorakshkar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2003
|[[T. M. Soundararajan|Thoguluva Meenakshi Iyengar Sounderarajan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2003
|[[Kshetrimayum Ongbi Thouranisabi Devi]]
|Manipur
|-
|2003
|[[Rakhee Gulzar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2003
|[[Sukumari|Sukumari Sathyabhama]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2003
|[[Ustad Shafaat Ahmed Khan]]
|Delhi
|-
|2004
|(Smt.) [[N. Rajam]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2004
|[[Komal Kothari]] (Posthumous)
|Rajasthan
|-
|2004
|[[Madurai Thirumalai Nambi Seshagopalan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2004
|[[Gulzar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2004
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2004
|[[Alarmel Valli]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2004
|[[Guru Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair]]
|Kerala
|-
|2004
|[[Guru Shri Veeranala Jayarama Rao]]
|Delhi
|-
|2004
|Pandit [[Bhajan Sopori]]
|Delhi
|-
|2004
|[[Pandit Surinder Singh]]
|Delhi
|-
|2004
|[[Pt. Damodar Keshav Datar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2004
|[[Hariharan (singer)|A. Hariharan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2004
|[[Anupam Kher|Anupam Pushkarnath Kher]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2004
|[[Bharathi Rajaa]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2004
|[[Haridwaramangalam A. Kumarvel Palanivel]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2004
|[[Heisnam Kanhailal]]
|Manipur
|-
|2004
|[[Kadri Gopalnath]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2004
|[[Kantibhai Baldevbhai Patel]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2004
|[[Krishn Kanhai]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2004
|[[Maguni Charan Das]]
|Odisha
|-
|2004
|[[Manoranjan Das]]
|Odisha
|-
|2004
|[[Morup Namgial]]
|Ladakh
|-
|2004
|[[Neyyattinkara Vasudevan]]
|Kerala
|-
|2004
|[[Purshottam Das Jalota]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2004
|[[Bharati Shivaji]]
|Delhi
|-
|2004
|[[Sikkil Natesan Neela]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2004
|[[Sikkil Venkatraman Kunjumani]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2004
|[[Sudha Raghunathan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2005
|Pandit [[Ram Narayan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2005
|[[R. K. Laxman|Rasipuram Krishnaswamy Laxman]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2005
|[[Yash Raj Chopra]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2005
|[[A. Ramachandran]]
|Delhi
|-
|2005
|[[Probodh Chandra Manna Dey]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2005
|[[Guru Kedar Nath Sahoo]]
|Jharkhand
|-
|2005
|[[Raasacharya Swami Ram Swaroop Sharma]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2005
|[[Chaturbhuj Meher]]
|Odisha
|-
|2005
|[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2005
|[[Manuel Santana Aguiar alias M. Boyer]]
|Goa
|-
|2005
|[[Muzaffar Ali]]
|Delhi
|-
|2005
|[[Punaram Nishad]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2005
|[[Puran Chand Wadali]]
|Punjab
|-
|2005
|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2005
|[[Sougaijam Thanil Singh]]
|Manipur
|-
|2005
|[[Kavita Krishnamurti]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2005
|[[Komala Varadan]]
|Delhi
|-
|2005
|[[K. S. Chithra|Krishnan Nair Santhakumari Chithra]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2005
|[[Kumkum Mohanty]]
|Odisha
|-
|2005
|[[Shameem Dev Azad]]
|Delhi
|-
|2005
|[[Yumlembam Gambhini Devi]]
|Manipur
|-
|2005
|[[Ustad Ghulam Sadiq Khan]]
|Delhi
|-
|2006
|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
|Kerala
|-
|2006
|Dr.(Smt.)[[Shanno Khurana]]
|Delhi
|-
|2006
|[[Porayath Leela]] (Posthumous)
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2006
|[[Sai Paranjpye]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2006
|[[Kalapathi Ganapathi Subramanyan]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2006
|[[A. K. Hangal]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2006
|[[Konidala Chiranjeevi]]
|Telangana
|-
|2006
|[[Ustad Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2006
|[[Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2006
|[[Ustad Sabri Khan]]
|Delhi
|-
|2006
|[[Yashodhar Mathpal]]
|Uttarakhand
|-
|2006
|Dr.(Ms.) [[Ileana Citaristi]]
|Odisha
|-
|2006
|[[Dr.(Smt.) Surinder Kaur]]
|Haryana
|-
|2006
|[[Shobana|Shobana Chandrakumar]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2006
|[[Pandit Guru Shyama Charan Pati]]
|Jharkhand
|-
|2006
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|Manipur
|-
|2006
|[[Kavungal Chathunni Panicker]]
|Kerala
|-
|2006
|[[Madhup Mudgal]]
|Delhi
|-
|2006
|[[Mahmood Dhaulpuri]]
|Delhi
|-
|2006
|[[Pankaj Udhas]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2006
|[[Prasad Sawkar]]
|Goa
|-
|2006
|[[Shree Lal Joshi]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2006
|[[Gayatri Sankaran]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2006
|[[Kanaka Srinivasan]]
|Delhi
|-
|2006
|[[Vasundhara Komkali]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2006
|[[Swami Harigovind]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2006
|[[Ustad Rashid Khan]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2007
|[[Somnath Hore]] (Posthumous)
|West Bengal
|-
|2007
|[[Pandit Rajan Misra]]
|Delhi
|-
|2007
|[[Pandit Sajan Misra]]
|Delhi
|-
|2007
|[[Kavalam Narayana Panikkar]]
|Kerala
|-
|2007
|[[Ramankutty Nair]]
|Kerala
|-
|2007
|[[Syed Haider Raza]]
|France
|-
|2007
|[[Tyeb Mehta]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2007
|[[(Smt.) Ananda Shankar Jayant|Ananda Shankar Jayant]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2007
|[[M. Mohan Babu]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2007
|[[Pandit Gajendra Narayan Singh]]
|Bihar
|-
|2007
|[[Rajmata Goverdan Kumarri]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2007
|[[Astad Aderbad Deboo]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2007
|[[P. Gopinathan]]
|Kerala
|-
|2007
|[[Pannuru Sripathy]]
|Telangana
|-
|2007
|[[Remo Fernandes]]
|Goa
|-
|2007
|[[S. Dakshinamurthy Pillai]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2007
|[[S. Balachandra Menon]]
|Kerala
|-
|2007
|[[Sonam Skalzang]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|2007
|[[Sonam Tshering Lepcha]]
|Sikkim
|-
|2007
|[[Thingbaijam Babu Singh]]
|Manipur
|-
|2007
|[[Valayapatti A.R. Subramaniyam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2007
|[[Waman Thakre]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2007
|[[Geeta Chandran]]
|Delhi
|-
|2007
|[[Naorem Ongbi Neelamani Devi]]
|Manipur
|-
|2007
|[[P.R. Thilagam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2007
|[[Pushpa Hans]]
|Delhi
|-
|2007
|[[Shanti Hiranand]]
|Delhi
|-
|2007
|[[Shashikala Jawalkar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2008
|(Smt.) [[Asha Bhosle]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2008
|(Smt.) [[P. Susheela]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2008
|[[Amar Nath Sehgal]] (Posthumous)
|Delhi
|-
|2008
|[[(Dr.) Sushil Kumar Saxena]]
|Delhi
|-
|2008
|[[Ustad Asad Ali Khan]]
|Delhi
|-
|2008
|[[Ustad Rahim Fahimuddin Khan Dagar]]
|Delhi
|-
|2008
|[[(Smt.) Helen Giri]]
|Meghalaya
|-
|2008
|Pandit [[Gokulotsavji Maharaj]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2008
|[[Sirkazhi G. Siva Chidambaram]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2008
|[[Guru Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar]]
|Kerala
|-
|2008
|[[Gennadi Mikhailovich Pechnikov]]
|Russia
|-
|2008
|[[Manoj N. Shyamalan]]
|United States of America
|-
|2008
|[[Pandit Pratap Pawar]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|2008
|[[Kochampilli Narayanan Nambiar]]
|Kerala
|-
|2008
|[[Yella Venkateswara Rao]]
|Telangana
|-
|2008
|[[Gangadhar Pradhan]]
|Odisha
|-
|2008
|[[Hans Raj Hans]]
|Punjab
|-
|2008
|[[Jatin Goswami]]
|Assam
|-
|2008
|[[Jawahar Wattal]]
|Delhi
|-
|2008
|[[John Martin Nelson]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2008
|[[Jonnalagadda Gurappa Chetty]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2008
|[[Kekoo M. Gandhy]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2008
|[[Mangala Prasad Mohanty]]
|Jharkhand
|-
|2008
|[[Tom Alter]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2008
|[[Heisnam Sabitri]]
|Manipur
|-
|2008
|[[Madhuri Dixit Nene]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2008
|[[Meenakshi Sabanayagam Chitharanjan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2008
|[[Sentila T. Yanger]]
|Nagaland
|-
|2009
| [[Bhimsen Joshi|Pandit Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2009
|[[G. Krishna]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2009
|[[Vaidyanathan Ganapati Sthapati]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2009
|[[R.C. Mehta]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2009
|[[V.P. Dhananjayan & Smt. Shanta Dhananjayan (Duo)]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2009
|[[Shamshad Begum]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2009
|[[Bhai Nirmal Singh 'Khalasa']]
|Punjab
|-
|2009
|[[(Smt.) Leela Omchery]]
|Delhi
|-
|2009
|[[Ameena Ahmad Ahuja]]
|Delhi
|-
|2009
|Kanneganti [[Brahmanandam]]
|Telangana
|-
|2009
|[[Kiran Seth]]
|Delhi
|-
|2009
|[[Pratapaditya Pal]]
|United States of America
|-
|2009
|[[S. Krishnaswamy]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2009
|[[Skendrowell Syiemlieh]] (Posthumous)
|Meghalaya
|-
|2009
|[[Tafazzul Ali]] (Posthumous)
|Assam
|-
|2009
|[[Geeta Kapur]]
|Delhi
|-
|2009
|[[Devayani]]
|France
|-
|2009
|[[Penaz Doli Masani]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2009
|Pandit [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2009
|[[Vivek (actor)|A. Vivekh]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2009
|[[Akshay Kumar|Akshay Kumar Hariom Bhatia]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2009
|[[Gobind Ram Nirmalkar]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2009
|[[Gurumayum Gourakishor Sharma]]
|Manipur
|-
|2009
|[[Hashmat Ullah Khan]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|2009
|[[Iravatham Mahadevan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2009
|[[K. P. Udayabhanu]]
|Kerala
|-
|2009
|[[Kalamandalam Gopi]]
|Kerala
|-
|2009
|[[Kumar Sanu]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2009
|[[Mattannoor Sankarankutty Marar]]
|Kerala
|-
|2009
|[[Thilakan]]
|Kerala
|-
|2009
|[[Niranjan Goswami]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2009
|[[Prakash Narain Dubey]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2009
|[[Ramkishore Chhipa (Derawala)]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2009
|[[Suresh Dutta]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2009
|[[Udit Narayan]] Jha
|Maharashtra
|-
|2009
|[[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2009
|[[Aruna Sairam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2009
|[[Helen Khan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2009
|[[Hemi Bawa]]
|Delhi
|-
|2009
|[[Saoli Mitra]]
|West Bengal
|}

== 2010–2019 ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!State/Country
|-
|2010
|[[Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2010
|[[Ebrahim Alkazi]]
|Delhi
|-
|2010
|[[Zohra Segal]]
|Delhi
|-
|2010
|[[Mallika Sarabhai]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2010
|[[Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2010
|[[Puttaraj Gawai|Pandit Puttaraj Kavi Gavaigalavaru]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2010
|Pandit [[Chhannulal Mishra]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2010
|[[Madhusudan Amilal Dhaky]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2010
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2010
|[[Aamir Khan Padma Bhushan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2010
|[[Akbar Padamsee]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2010
|[[Kuzhur Narayana Marar]]
|Kerala
|-
|2010
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2010
|[[Ram Kumar (artist)|Ram Kumar]]
|Delhi
|-
|2010
|[[Shrinivas Vinayak Khale]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2010
|[[Kumudini Lakhia]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2010
|[[Ustad Sultan Khan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2010
|[[Mukund Lath]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2010
|[[Ram Dayal Munda]]
|Jharkhand
|-
|2010
|[[Shobha Raju]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2010
|[[Guru Mayadhar Raut]]
|Delhi
|-
|2010
|[[Carmel Berkson]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2010
|[[Rekha (actress)|Rekha Ganeshan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2010
|[[Pandit Raghunath Panigrahi]]
|Odisha
|-
|2010
|[[Pandit Ulhas Kashalkar]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2010
|[[Arjun Prajapati]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2010
|[[Hari Uppal]]
|Bihar
|-
|2010
|[[K. Raghavan]]
|Kerala
|-
|2010
|[[Nemai Ghosh (photographer)|Nemai Ghosh]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2010
|[[Rajkumar Achouba Singh]]
|Manipur
|-
|2010
|[[Resul Pookutty]]
|Kerala
|-
|2010
|[[Saif Ali Khan]] Pataudi
|Maharashtra
|-
|2010
|[[Arundhati Nag]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2010
|[[Gul Bardhan]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2010
|[[Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi]]
|Manipur
|-
|2010
|[[Sumitra Guha]]
|Delhi
|-
|2010
|[[Ustad Faiyaz Wasifuddin Dagar]]
|Delhi
|-
|2011
|[[Kapila Vatsyayan]]
|Delhi
|-
|2011
|[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2011
|[[Homai Vyarawalla]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2011
|[[R. K. Srikantan|Rudrapatna Krishna Sastry Srikantan]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2011
|[[Arpita Singh]]
|Delhi
|-
|2011
|[[C. V. Chandrasekhar]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2011
|[[Dasharath Patel]] (Posthumous)
|Gujarat
|-
|2011
|[[Dwijen Mukherjee]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2011
|[[Krishen Khanna]]
|Haryana
|-
|2011
|[[Madavoor Vasudevan Nair]]
|Kerala
|-
|2011
|[[Khayyam]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2011
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2011
|[[Satyadev Dubey]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2011
|[[Shashi Kapoor]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2011
|[[Waheeda Rehman]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2011
|[[Girish Kasaravalli]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2011
|[[Neelam Man Singh Chowdhry]]
|Chandigarh
|-
|2011
|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2011
|[[S. R. Janakiraman]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2011
|[[Ajoy Chakrabarty]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2011
|[[Dadi Dorab Pudumjee]]
|Delhi
|-
|2011
|[[Gajam Govardhana]]
|Telangana
|-
|2011
|[[Jayaram)|Jayaram Subramaniam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2011
|[[Jiyva Soma Mhase]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2011
|[[Khangembam Mangi Singh]]
|Manipur
|-
|2011
|[[Makar Dhwaj Darogha]]
|Jharkhand
|-
|2011
|[[Peruvanam Kuttan Marar]]
|Kerala
|-
|2011
|[[Prahlad Singh Tipanya]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2011
|[[Irrfan Khan|Sahabzade Irrfan Ali Khan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2011
|[[Shaji N. Karun|Shaji Neelakantan Karun]]
|Kerala
|-
|2011
|[[Kajol Devgan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2011
|[[Kshemavathy Pavithran]]
|Kerala
|-
|2011
|[[Madras Kaderivelu Saroja]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2011
|[[Mahasundari Devi]]
|Bihar
|-
|2011
|[[Sunayana Hazarilal]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2011
|[[Usha Uthup]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2012
|[[Bhupendra Kumar Hazarika]] (Posthumous)
|Assam
|-
|2012
|[[Kalpathi Ganapathi Subramanyan]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2012
|[[Mario de Miranda]] (Posthumous)
|Goa
|-
|2012
|[[T. V. Gopalakrishnan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2012
|[[Shabana Azmi]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2012
|[[Anish Kapoor]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|2012
|[[Buddhadev Das Gupta]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2012
|[[Jatin Das]]
|Delhi
|-
|2012
|[[Khaled Choudhury]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2012
|[[M.S. Gopalakrishnan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2012
|[[Dharmendra]] Deol
|Maharashtra
|-
|2012
|[[Sunil Janah]]
|United States of America
|-
|2012
|[[Mira Nair]]
|Delhi
|-
|2012
|[[Minati Mishra]]
|Odisha
|-
|2012
|[[Laila Tyabji]]
|Delhi
|-
|2012
|[[Pandit Shri Gopal Prasad Dubey]]
|Jharkhand
|-
|2012
|[[Anup Jalota]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2012
|[[Kalamandalam Sivan Namboothiri]]
|Kerala
|-
|2012
|[[Mohan Lal Kumhar]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2012
|[[Moti Lal Kemmu]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|2012
|[[N. Muthuswamy]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2012
|[[Chittani Ramachandra Hegde|Ramachandra Subraya Hegde Chittani]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2012
|[[Umakant Gundeecha]] and [[Shri Ramakant Gundecha]] (Duo)
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2012
|[[Sakar Khan Manganiar]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2012
|[[Satish Vasant Alekar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2012
|[[Shahid Parvez Khan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2012
|Soman Nair [[Priyadarsan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2012
|[[Vanraj Bhatia]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2012
|[[Vijay Sharma (painter)|Vijay Sharma]]
|Himachal Pradesh
|-
|2012
|[[Joy Michael]]
|Delhi
|-
|2012
|[[Nameirakpam Ibemni Devi]]
|Manipur
|-
|2012
|[[R. Nagarathnamma]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2012
|[[Yamunabai Vikram Jawle (Waikar)]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2013
|[[Raghunath Mohapatra]]
|Odisha
|-
|2013
|[[Sayed Haider Raza]]
|Delhi
|-
|2013
|[[D. Ramanaidu]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2013
|[[Saroja Vaidyanathan]]
|Delhi
|-
|2013
|[[Dr.(Smt) Kanak Yatindra Rele]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2013
|[[Jaspal Singh Bhatti]] (Posthumous)
|Chandigarh
|-
|2013
|[[Rajesh Khanna]] (Posthumous)
|Maharashtra
|-
|2013
|[[Sharmila Tagore]]
|Delhi
|-
|2013
|[[Ustad Abdul Rashid Khan]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2013
|[[Maharukh Tarapor]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2013
|[[Pandit Suresh Talwalkar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2013
|[[Apurba Kishore Bir]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2013
|[[Balwant Thakur]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|2013
|[[Brahmdeo Ram Pandit]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2013
|[[Gajam Anjaiah]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2013
|[[Ghanakanta Bora Borbayan]]
|Assam
|-
|2013
|[[Kailash Chandra Meher]]
|Odisha
|-
|2013
|[[Nana Patekar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2013
|[[Madhu (actor)|P. Madhavan Nair (Madhu)]]
|Kerala
|-
|2013
|[[Pablo Bartholomew]]
|Delhi
|-
|2013
|[[Purna Chandra Das]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2013
|[[R. Nageswara Rao (Babji)]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2013
|[[Rajendar Kumar Tiku]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|2013
|[[Ramesh Sippy]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2013
|[[S. Lakshminarayana (Bapu)]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2013
|[[S. Shakir Ali]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2013
|[[B. Jayashree]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2013
|[[Hilda Mit Lepcha]]
|Sikkim
|-
|2013
|[[Jaymala Jayram Shiledar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2013
|[[Sridevi Kapoor]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2013
|[[Sudha Malhotra Motwane]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2013
|[[Swami G. C. D. Bharti (Bharti Bandhu)]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2013
|[[Ustad Ghulam Mohammed Saznawaz]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|2014
|[[Begum Parween Sultana]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2014
|[[Gulammohammed Sheikh]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2014
|[[Kamal Haasan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2014
|[[T. H. Vinayakram]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2014
|[[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2014
|[[Sooni Taraporevala]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2014
|[[Supriya Devi]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2014
|[[Vidya Balan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2014
|[[Pandit Vijay Ghate]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2014
|[[Biman Bihari Das]]
|Delhi
|-
|2014
|[[Kalamandalam Sathyabhama]]
|Kerala
|-
|2014
|[[Anuj (Ramanuj) Sharma]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2014
|[[Bansi Kaul]]
|Delhi
|-
|2014
|[[Mohammad Ali Baig]]
|Telangana
|-
|2014
|[[Musafir Ram Bhardwaj]]
|Himachal Pradesh
|-
|2014
|[[Paresh Maity]]
|Delhi
|-
|2014
|[[Paresh Rawal]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2014
|[[Ram Mohan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2014
|[[Santosh Sivan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2014
|[[Sudarsan Pattnaik]]
|Odisha
|-
|2014
|[[Sunil Das]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2014
|[[Elam Indira Devi]]
|Manipur
|-
|2014
|[[Geeta Mahalik]]
|Delhi
|-
|2014
|[[Naina Apte Joshi]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2014
|[[Rani Karnaa Nayak]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2014
|[[Ustad Moinuddin Khan]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2015
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2015
|Mohammed Yusuf Khan alias [[Dilip Kumar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2015
|Pandit [[Gokulotsavji Maharaj]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2015
|[[Jahnu Barua]]
|Assam
|-
|2015
|[[Sudha Ragunathan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2015
|[[Prafulla Kar]]
|Odisha
|-
|2015
|[[Kanyakumari Avasarala]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2015
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|Telangana
|-
|2015
|[[Mahesh Rajsoni]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2015
|[[Naresh Bedi]]
|Delhi
|-
|2015
|[[Neil Herbert Nongkynrih]]
|Meghalaya
|-
|2015
|[[Pran Kumar Sharma]] (Posthumous)
|Delhi
|-
|2015
|[[Prasoon Joshi]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2015
|[[Rahul Jain]]
|Delhi
|-
|2015
|[[Ravindra Jain]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2015
|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2015
|[[Shekhar Sen]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2015
|[[Tripti Mukherjee]]
|United States of America
|-
|2016
|[[Girija Devi]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2016
|[[Yamini Krishnamurti]]
|Delhi
|-
|2016
|[[Rajinikanth]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2016
|[[Anupam Kher]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2016
|[[Heisnam Kanhailal]]
|Manipur
|-
|2016
|[[Ram Vanji Sutar]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2016
|[[Udit Narayan]] Jha
|Maharashtra
|-
|2016
|[[Soma Ghosh]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2016
|[[Priyanka Chopra]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2016
|[[Pandit Tulsidas Borkar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2016
|[[M. Venkatesh Kumar]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2016
|[[Ajay Devgn]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2016
|[[Bhalu Mondhe]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2016
|[[Bhikhudan Govindbhai Gadhvi]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2016
|[[Jai Prakash Lakhiwal]]
|Delhi
|-
|2016
|[[Kalal Laxma Goud]]
|Telangana
|-
|2016
|[[Madhur Bhandarkar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2016
|[[Michel Postel]]
|France
|-
|2016
|[[Naresh Chander Lal]]
|Andaman And Nicobar Islands
|-
|2016
|[[Nila Madhab Panda]]
|Delhi
|-
|2016
|[[Prakash Chandji Surana]] (Posthumous)
|Rajasthan
|-
|2016
|[[S. S. Rajamouli]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2016
|[[Saeed Jaffrey]] (Posthumous)
|United Kingdom
|-
|2016
|[[Sribhas Chandra Supakar]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2016
|[[Gulabi Sapera]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2016
|[[Malini Awasthi]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2016
|[[Mamta Chandrakar]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2016
|[[Prathibha Prahlad]]
|Delhi
|-
|2017
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|Kerala
|-
|2017
|Pt. [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2017
|[[Aekka Yadagiri Rao]]
|Telangana
|-
|2017
|[[Kailash Kher]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2017
|[[Sadhu Meher]]
|Odisha
|-
|2017
|[[Tilak Gitai]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2017
|[[Chemancheri Kunhiraman Nair]]
|Kerala
|-
|2017
|[[Jitendra Haripal]]
|Odisha
|-
|2017
|[[Pt. Krishna Ram Choudhary]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2017
|[[Laishram Birendrakumar Singh]]
|Manipur
|-
|2017
|[[Mukund Nayak]]
|Jharkhand
|-
|2017
|[[Purushottam Upadhyay]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2017
|[[T K Murthy]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2017
|[[Wareppa Naba]]
|Manipur
|-
|2017
|[[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2017
|[[Aruna Mohanty]]
|Odisha
|-
|2017
|[[Baoa Devi]]
|Bihar
|-
|2017
|[[Basanti Bisht]]
|Uttarakhand
|-
|2017
|[[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2017
|[[Parassala B Ponnammal]]
|Kerala
|-
|2017
|[[Sukri Bommu Gouda]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2018
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2018
|[[Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2018
|[[Laxman Pai]]
|Goa
|-
|2018
|[[Pandit Arvind Parikh]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2018
|Dr.(Smt.) [[Sharda Sinha]]
|Bihar
|-
|2018
|[[Yogendra]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2018
|[[Mohan Swaroop Bhatia]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2018
|[[L.Subadani Devi]]
|Manipur
|-
|2018
|[[Doddarangegowda]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2018
|[[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2018
|[[Pran Kishore Kaul]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|2018
|[[Vijay Kumar Kichlu]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2018
|[[Pravakar Maharana]]
|Odisha
|-
|2018
|[[Sissir Purushottam Mishra]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2018
|[[Vijayalakshmi Navaneetha Krishnan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2018
|[[Gobardhan Panika]]
|Odisha
|-
|2018
|[[R. Sathyanarayana]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2018
|[[Bhajju Shyam]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2018
|[[Ibrahim Sutar]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2018
|[[Rudrapatnam Narayanaswamy Tharanathan]] and [[Shri Rudrapatnam Narayanaswamy Thyagarajan]] (Duo)
|Karnataka
|-
|2018
|[[Datuk Ramli Ibrahim]]
|Malaysia
|-
|2018
|[[Bapak Nyoman Nuarta]]
|Indonesia
|-
|2019
|[[Bhupen Hazarika|Bhupendra Kumar Hazarika]] (Posthumous)
|Assam
|-
|2019
|Dr.(Smt.)[[Teejan Bai]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2019
|[[Babasaheb alias Balwant Moreshwar Purandare]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2019
|[[Budhaditya Mukherjee]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2019
|[[Mohanlal|Viswanathan Mohanlal]]
|Kerala
|-
|2019
|[[Rajeshwar Acharya]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2019
|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2019
|[[Pritam Bhartwan]]
|Uttarakhand
|-
|2019
|[[Jyoti Manshanker Bhatt]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2019
|[[Swapan Chaudhuri]]
|United States of America
|-
|2019
|[[Dinyar R Contractor]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2019
|[[Thanga Darlong]]
|Tripura
|-
|2019
|[[Prabhu Deva]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2019
|[[Godawari Dutta]]
|Bihar
|-
|2019
|[[Joravarsinh Danubhai Jadav]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2019
|[[Fayaz Ahmad Jan]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|2019
|[[Kadamputharamadom Gopalan Thanthri Jayan]]
|Kerala
|-
|2019
|[[Waman Kendre]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2019
|[[Kader Khan]] (Posthumous)
|Canada
|-
|2019
|[[Abdul Gaful Khatri]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2019
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2019
|[[Narthaki Nataraj]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2019
|[[Anup Ranjan Pandey]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2019
|[[Anup Sah]]
|Uttarakhand
|-
|2019
|[[Milena Salvini]]
|France
|-
|2019
|[[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry Chembolu]]
|Telangana
|-
|2019
|Anandan [[Sivamani (percussionist)|Sivamani]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2019
|[[Rajeev Taranath]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2019
|[[Heera Lal Yadav]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|}

== 2020–2029 ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!State/Country
|-
|2020
|Pandit [[Chhannulal Mishra]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2020
|[[Pandit Ajoy Chakrabarty]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2020
|[[Shashadhar Acharya]]
|Jharkhand
|-
|2020
|[[Indira P. P. Bora]]
|Assam
|-
|2020
|[[Madan Singh Chauhan]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2020
|[[Lalitha Chidambaram and Smt. Saroja Chidambaram (Duo)]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2020
|[[Deshabandu (Dr.) Vajira Chitrasena]]
|Sri Lanka
|-
|2020
|[[Purushottam Dadheech (Puru Dadheech)]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2020
|[[Utsav Charan Das]]
|Odisha
|-
|2020
|[[Manohar Devadoss]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2020
|[[Yadla Gopala Rao]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2020
|[[Mitrabhanu Gountia]]
|Odisha
|-
|2020
|[[Madhu Mansuri Hasmukh]]
|Jharkhand
|-
|2020
|[[Shanti Jain]] (Posthumous)
|Bihar
|-
|2020
|[[Karan Johar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2020
|[[Sarita Joshi]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2020
|[[Ekta Kapoor]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2020
|[[Yazdi Naoshirwan Karanjia]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2020
|[[V. K. Munusamy]]
|Puducherry
|-
|2020
|[[Manmohan Mahapatra]] (Posthumous)
|Odisha
|-
|2020
|[[Ustad Anwar Khan Mangniyar]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2020
|[[Munna Master]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2020
|[[Pandit Manilal Nag]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2020
|[[Pankajakshi M.S.]]
|Kerala
|-
|2020
|[[Kangana Ranaut]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2020
|[[Dalavayi Chalapathi Rao]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2020
|[[Adnan Sami]] Khan
|Maharashtra
|-
|2020
|[[Shyam Sunder Sharma]]
|Bihar
|-
|2020
|[[Daya Prakash Sinha]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2020
|[[Kaleeshabi Mahaboob and Shri Sheik Mahaboob Subhani (Duo)]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2020
|[[Suresh Wadkar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2021
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] (Posthumous)
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2021
|[[Sudarshan Sahoo]]
|Odisha
|-
|2021
|[[K. S. Chithra|Krishnan Nair Shantakumari Chithra]]
|Kerala
|-
|2021
|[[Ustad Gulfam Ahmed]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2021
|[[Annavarapu Ramaswamy]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2021
|[[Subbu Arumugam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2021
|[[Bhuri Bai]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2021
|[[Radheshyam Barle]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2021
|[[Biren Kumar Basak]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2021
|[[Peter Brook]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|2021
|[[Gopiram Bargayn Burabhakat]]
|Assam
|-
|2021
|[[Narayan Debnath]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2021
|[[Dulari Devi (artist)|Dulari Devi]]
|Bihar
|-
|2021
|[[Hanjabam Ongbi Radhe Sharmi]]
|Manipur
|-
|2021
|[[(Dr.) I. Wayan Dibia]]
|Indonesia
|-
|2021
|[[Parshuram Vishram Gangavane]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2021
|[[Purnamasi Jani]]
|Odisha
|-
|2021
|Matha B. [[Manjamma Jogati]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2021
|[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
|Kerala
|-
|2021
|[[Mahesh Kumar Kanodia (Posthumous) and Shri Naresh Kanodia (Posthumous) (Duo)]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2021
|[[K Kesavasamy]]
|Puducherry
|-
|2021
|[[Haji Ghulam Rasool Khan]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|2021
|[[Lakha Khan Manganiar]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2021
|[[Sanjida Khatun]]
|Bangladesh
|-
|2021
|[[Vinayak Vishnu Khedekar]]
|Goa
|-
|2021
|[[Lajwanti]]
|Punjab
|-
|2021
|[[Ramachandra Manjhi]]
|Bihar
|-
|2021
|[[Dulal Manki]]
|Assam
|-
|2021
|[[Guru Rewben Mashangva]]
|Manipur
|-
|2021
|[[K K Ramachandra Pulavar]]
|Kerala
|-
|2021
|[[Kanaka Raju]]
|Telangana
|-
|2021
|[[Bombay Jayashri Ramnath]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2021
|[[Maitya Ram Reang]]
|Tripura
|-
|2021
|[[Kartar Singh]]
|Punjab
|-
|2021
|[[Kartar Singh Sonkhle]]
|Himachal Pradesh
|-
|2021
|[[K C Sivasankar]] (Posthumous)
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2021
|[[Dandamudi Sumathi Rama Mohan Rao]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2022
|[[Prabha Atre]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2022
|[[Victor Banerjee]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2022
|[[Gurmeet Bawa]] (Posthumous)
|Punjab
|-
|2022
|[[Rashid Khan]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2022
|[[Kamalini Asthana and Ms. Nalini Asthana (Duo)]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2022
|[[Madhuri Barthwal]]
|Uttarakhand
|-
|2022
|Pandit (Dr.) S. [[Ballesh Bhajantri]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2022
|[[Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia]]
|Sikkim
|-
|2022
|[[Sulochana Chavan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2022
|[[Lourembam Bino Devi]]
|Manipur
|-
|2022
|[[Shyamamani Devi]]
|Odisha
|-
|2022
|[[Arjun Singh Dhurwey]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2022
|[[Chandraprakash Dwivedi]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2022
|[[Gosaveedu Shaik Hassan Sahieb]] (Posthumous)
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2022
|[[Sowcar Janaki]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2022
|[[H. R. Keshavamurthy]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2022
|[[Pandit Shivnath Mishra]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2022
|[[Darshanam Mogilaiah]]
|Telangana
|-
|2022
|[[Kongampattu A. V. Murugaiyan]]
|Puducherry
|-
|2022
|[[R Muthukkannammal]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2022
|[[Tsering Namgyal]]
|Ladakh
|-
|2022
|[[A. K. C. Natarajan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2022
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2022
|[[Ram Sahay Pandey]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2022
|[[Sheesh Ram]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2022
|[[Sakini Ramachandraiah]]
|Telangana
|-
|2022
|[[Gaddam Padmaja Reddy]]
|Telangana
|-
|2022
|[[Pandit Ram Dayal Sharma]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2022
|[[Kaajee Singh 'Vidyaarthee']]
|West Bengal
|-
|2022
|[[Konsam Ibomcha Singh]]
|Manipur
|-
|2022
|[[Ajita Srivastava]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2022
|[[Lalita Vakil]]
|Himachal Pradesh
|-
|2022
|[[Durga Bai Vyam]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2023
|[[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2023
|[[Vani Jairam]] (Posthumous)
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2023
|[[Suman Kalyanpur]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2023
|[[Jodhaiya Bai Baiga]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2023
|[[Premjit Baria]]
|Dadra And Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
|-
|2023
|[[Usha Barle]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2023
|[[Hemant Chauhan]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2023
|[[Bhanubhai Chunilal Chitara]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2023
|[[Hemoprova Chutia]]
|Assam
|-
|2023
|[[Subhadra Devi]]
|Bihar
|-
|2023
|[[Hem Chandra Goswami]]
|Assam
|-
|2023
|[[Pritikana Goswami]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2023
|[[Ustad Ahmed Hussain and Ustad Mohd Hussain (Duo)]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2023
|[[Dilshad Hussain]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2023
|[[Mahipatrai Kavi]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2023
|[[M. M. Keeravani|Marakathamani Keeravaani]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2023
|[[Parshuram Komaji Khune]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2023
|[[Maguni Charan Kuanr]]
|Odisha
|-
|2023
|[[Domar Singh Kunvar]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2023
|[[Risingbor Kurkalang]]
|Meghalaya
|-
|2023
|[[Iymudiyanda Rani Machaiah]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2023
|[[Ajay Kumar Mandavi]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2023
| Pindipapanahalli Munivenkatappa
|Karnataka
|-
|2023
|[[Ramesh Parmar and Smt. Shanti Parmar (Duo)]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2023
|[[Krishna Patel]]
|Odisha
|-
|2023
|[[Guru Thiruvidaimarudur Kuppiah Kalyanasundaram]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2023
|[[Kapil Dev Prasad]]
|Bihar
|-
|2023
|[[Shah Rasheed Ahmed Quadri]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2023
|[[Chintalapati Venkatapathi Raju]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2023
|[[Paresh Rathwa]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2023
|[[Mangala Kanti Roy]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2023
|[[K C Runremsangi]]
|Mizoram
|-
|2023
|[[Pandit (Dr.) Ritwik Sanyal]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2023
|[[Kota Satchidananda Sastry]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2023
|[[Kakchingtabam Shanathoiba Sharma]]
|Manipur
|-
|2023
|[[Neihunuo Sorhie]]
|Nagaland
|-
|2023
|[[Moa Subong]]
|Nagaland
|-
|2023
|[[Raveena Tandon]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2023
|[[Coomi Nariman Wadia]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2023
|[[Ghulam Muhammad Zaz]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|2024
|[[Vyjayantimala]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2024
|[[Konidela Chiranjeevi]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2024
|[[Padma Subrahmanyam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2024
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2024
|Dattatray Ambadas Mayaloo alias [[Rajdutt]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2024
|[[Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2024
|[[Usha Uthup]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2024
|Captain [[Vijaykanth]] (Posthumous)
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2024
|[[Khalil Ahamad]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2024
|[[M. Badrappan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2024
|[[Kaluram Bamniya]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2024
|[[(Dr.) Rezwana Choudhury Bannya]]
|Bangladesh
|-
|2024
|[[Naseem Bano]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2024
|[[Ramlal Bareth]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2024
|[[Gita Ray Barman]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2024
|[[Som Datt Battu]]
|Himachal Pradesh
|-
|2024
|[[Takdira Begam]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2024
|[[Drona Bhuyan]]
|Assam
|-
|2024
|[[Ashok Kumar Biswas]]
|Bihar
|-
|2024
|[[Smriti Rekha Chakma]]
|Tripura
|-
|2024
|[[Velu Anandachari]]
|Telangana
|-
|2024
|[[Ghulam Nabi Dar]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|2024
|[[Mahabir Singh Guddu]]
|Haryana
|-
|2024
|[[Anupama Hoskere]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2024
|[[Janki Lal Bhand]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2024
|[[Ratan Kahar]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2024
|[[Dasari Kondappa]]
|Telangana
|-
|2024
|[[Jorden Lepcha]]
|Sikkim
|-
|2024
|[[Binod Maharana]]
|Odisha
|-
|2024
|[[Daliparthi Umamaheshwari]]
|Telangana
|-
|2024
|[[Pandit Ram Kumar Mallick]]
|Bihar
|-
|2024
|[[Pandit Surendra Mohan Mishra]] (Posthumous)
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2024
|[[Ali Mohammed and Shri Ghani Mohammed (Duo)]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2024
|[[Kiran Nadar]]
|Delhi
|-
|2024
|[[Narayanan E. P.]]
|Kerala
|-
|2024
|[[Bhagabat Padhan]]
|Odisha
|-
|2024
|[[Sanatan Rudra Pal]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2024
|[[Binod Kumar Pasayat]]
|Odisha
|-
|2024
|[[Silbi Passah]]
|Meghalaya
|-
|2024
|[[Shanti Devi and Shri Shivan Paswan (Duo)]]
|Bihar
|-
|2024
|[[Romalo Ram]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|2024
|[[Nirmal Rishi]]
|Punjab
|-
|2024
|[[Pran Sabharwal]]
|Punjab
|-
|2024
|[[Gaddam Sammaiah]]
|Telangana
|-
|2024
|[[Machihan Sasa]]
|Manipur
|-
|2024
|[[Pandit Omprakash Sharma]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2024
|[[Godawari Singh]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2024
|[[Seshampatti Thirthagiri Sivalingam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2024
|[[Urmila Srivastava]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2024
|[[Nepal Chandra Sutradhar]] (Posthumous)
|West Bengal
|-
|2024
|[[Guru Gopinath Swain]]
|Odisha
|-
|2024
|[[Pandit Shri Laxman Bhatt Tailang]] (Posthumous)
|Rajasthan
|-
|2024
|[[Jagdish Trivedi]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2024
|[[Sadanam Puthiyaveetil Balakrishnan]]
|Kerala
|-
|2024
|[[Baburam Yadav]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2025
|[[Kumudini Lakhia]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2025
|[[Lakshminarayana Subramaniam]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2025
|[[Sharda Sinha]] (Posthumous)
|Bihar
|-
|2025
|[[Anant Nag]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2025
|[[Jatin Goswami]]
|Assam
|-
|2025
|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2025
|[[Pankaj Udhas]] (Posthumous)
|Maharashtra
|-
|2025
|[[Ajith Kumar|S Ajith Kumar]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2025
|[[Shekhar Kapur]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2025
|[[Shobana|Shobana Chandrakumar]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2025
|[[Adwaita Charan Gadanayak]]
|Odisha
|-
|2025
|[[Achyut Ramchandra Palav]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2025
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2025
|[[Ashok Saraf]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2025
|[[Ashwini Bhide Deshpande]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2025
|[[Barry Godfray John]]
|Delhi
|-
|2025
|[[Begam Batool]]
|Rajasthan
|-
|2025
|[[Bharat Gupt]]
|Delhi
|-
|2025
|[[Bheru Singh Chouhan]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2025
|[[Bhimavva Doddabalappa Shillekyathara]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2025
|[[Durga Charan Ranbir]]
|Odisha
|-
|2025
|[[Farooq Ahmad Mir]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|2025
|[[Gokul Chandra Das]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2025
|[[Guruvayur Dorai]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2025
|[[Harchandan Singh Bhatty]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2025
|[[Harjinder Singh Srinagar Wale]]
|Punjab
|-
|2025
|Hassan Raghu
|Karnataka
|-
|2025
|[[Jaspinder Narula]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2025
|[[Joynacharan Bathari]]
|Assam
|-
|2025
|[[K Omanakutty Amma]]
|Kerala
|-
|2025
|[[Madugula Nagaphani Sarma]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2025
|[[Mahabir Nayak]]
|Jharkhand
|-
|2025
|[[Mamata Shankar]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2025
|[[Miriyala Apparao]] (Posthumous)
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2025
|[[Naren Gurung]]
|Sikkim
|-
|2025
|[[Nirmala Devi]]
|Bihar
|-
|2025
|[[P Datchanamoorthy]]
|Puducherry
|-
|2025
|[[Pandi Ram Mandavi]]
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2025
|[[Parmar Lavjibhai Nagjibhai]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2025
|[[Purisai Kannappa Sambandan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2025
|[[Radhakrishnan Devasenapathy]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2025
|[[Ranendra Bhanu Majumdar]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2025
|[[Ratan Kumar Parimoo]]
|Gujarat
|-
|2025
|[[Reba Kanta Mahanta]]
|Assam
|-
|2025
|[[Ricky Kej]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2025
|[[Shyam Bihari Agrawal]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2025
|[[Tejendra Narayan Majumdar]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2025
|[[Thiyam Suryamukhi Devi]]
|Manipur
|-
|2025
|[[Vasudeo Kamath]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2025
|[[Velu Aasaan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2025
|[[Venkappa Ambaji Sugatekar]]
|Karnataka
|-
|2026
|[[Anil Kumar Rastogi]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2026
|Arvind Vaidya
|Gujarat
|-
|2026
|Bharat Singh Bharti
|Bihar
|-
|2026
|Bhiklya Ladakya Dhinda
|Maharashtra
|-
|2026
|Bishwa Bandhu (Posthumous)
|Odisha
|-
|2026
|Chiranji Lal Yadav
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2026
|[[Deepika Reddy]]
|Telangana
|-
|2026
|Dharmiklal Chunilal Pandya
|Gujarat
|-
|2026
|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2026
|Gafruddin Mewati Jogi
|Rajasthan
|-
|2026
|[[Garimella Balakrishna Prasad]] (Posthumous)
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2026
|[[Ranjani–Gayatri]] (Duo)
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2026
|[[Hari Madhab Mukhopadhyay]] (Posthumous)
|West Bengal
|-
|2026
|Haricharan Saikia
|Assam
|-
|2026
|Jyotish Debnath
|West Bengal
|-
|2026
|[[Vimala Menon]]
|Kerala
|-
|2026
|[[Kumar Bose]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2026
|Lars-Christian Koch
|Germany
|-
|2026
|[[R. Madhavan]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2026
|[[Murali Mohan]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|-
|2026
|Mir Hajibhai Kasambhai
|Gujarat
|-
|2026
|Nuruddin Ahmed
|Assam
|-
|2026
|Othuvar Thiruthani Swaminathan
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2026
|[[Pokhila Lekthepi]]
|Assam
|-
|2026
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2026
|R Krishnan (Posthumous)
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2026
|Raghuveer Tukaram Khedkar
|Maharashtra
|-
|2026
|Rajastapathi Kaliappa Goundar
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2026
|Sangyusang S Pongener
|Nagaland
|-
|2026
|Sarat Kumar Patra
|Odisha
|-
|2026
|[[Satish Shah]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|2026
|[[Simanchal Patro]]
|Odisha
|-
|2026
|Taga Ram Bheel
|Rajasthan
|-
|2026
|[[Tarun Bhattacharya]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2026
|[[Thiruvarur Bakthavathsalam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|2026
|[[Tripti Mukherjee]]
|West Bengal
|-
|2026
|Yumnam Jatra Singh (Posthumous)
|Manipur
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Padma Shri award recipients]]

Harimurali

2026-04-25T18:47:04Z

Jeep Safari:

{{Infobox person
| name = Harimurali
| image = Cropped_Photo_of_Harimurali.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 1998
| death_date = 12 March 2026
| occupation = Actor
}}
{{Short description|Indian actor (1998–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
'''Harimurali''' (1998 – 12 March 2026) was an Indian [[Malayalam]] actor. He started as a child actor, who acted in ''[[Rasikan]]'' (2004), ''[[Annan Thampi]]'', and ''[[Madampi|Madambi]]'' (both 2008).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Nandakumar |first=Aswin |date=12 March 2026 |title=Ex-Malayalam Child Actor Harimurali Found Dead At Kerala Home |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ex-malayalam-child-actor-harimurali-found-dead-at-kerala-home-11204271 |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Harimurali was born in Annoor in [[Payyanur|Payyannur]], Kannur district, in 1998. He was known as Appus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-12 |title=Former child actor found dead in Payyannur in Kannur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/former-child-actor-found-dead-in-payyannur-in-kannur/article70734642.ece |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His father, KU Murali, was also a film actor and was popularly known as Payyannur Murali, and his mother was Prasanna. He had a brother, Sreemurali.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-12 |title=Actor Hari Murali passes away at 27; Child artist from 'Rasikan' and 'Annan Thambi' found dead at his residence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/129495367.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He also acted in ''[[Ulakam Chuttum Valiban]], [[The Don (2006 film)|The Don]], [[Ee Pattanathil Bhootham|Ee Pattanathil Bhootam]], and'' [[2 Harihar Nagar]], and he also had a small role in the 2015 film ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'', starring Prithviraj Sukumaran. In [[Annan Thampi]], he co starred with [[Mammootty]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-12 |title=നടൻ ഹരിമുരളി വീട്ടിൽ മരിച്ച നിലയിൽ; 'രസികനി'ലെ വേഷത്തിലൂടെ ശ്രദ്ധേയൻ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/actor-harimurali-passes-away-k4wiqaml |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=പൊന്നുമോനെ ഇങ്ങനെ ചെയ്യരുതായിരുന്നു, എങ്ങനെ സഹിക്കും: ഹരിമുരളിയെ ഓർത്ത് സീമ ജി. നായർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2026/03/12/actress-seema-g-nair-mourns-demise-of-young-actor-hari-murali.html |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=@manoramaonline |language=ml}}</ref>

Harimurali was found dead at his home in Payyannur on 12 March 2026, and his body was later moved to a hospital for tests.<ref name=":0" /> He was 27.<ref name=":1" /> It was reported he had committed suicide.<ref>[https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2026/03/12/hari-murali-death-news-child-actor-vfx-artist-rasikan-movie.html Actor-VFX artist Hari Murali, known for roles in 'Rasikan', 'Annan Thampi' found dead at 27]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:2026 suicides]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Artists who died by suicide]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male suicides]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:Suicides in India]]

Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-22T04:08:07Z

Jeep Safari: put up a entry

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ranchi {{Small|JH-8}}
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Jharkhand/Ranchi.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive map of Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| mp = [[Sanjay Seth (Jharkhand politician)|Sanjay Seth]] {{Small|[[Ministry of Defence|Minister of State for Defence]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Sanjay Seth.jpg
| assembly_cons = [[Ichagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ichagarh]] [[Silli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Silli]] [[Khijri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khijri]] [[Ranchi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]] [[Hatia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hatia]] [[Kanke (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanke]]
}}

'''Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 14 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Jharkhand]] state in eastern [[India]]. This constituency covers parts of [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]] and [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]] districts.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html|title=Parliamentary Constituency|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jharkhand website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226080317/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html|archivedate=2012-02-26}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|50
|[[Ichagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ichagarh]]
|[[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
|[[Sabita Mahato]]
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|61
|[[Silli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Silli]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
|[[Amit Mahto]]
|-
|62
|[[Khijri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khijri]] (ST)
|[[Rajesh Kachhap]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|63
|[[Ranchi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
|[[C. P. Singh (Indian politician)|C. P. Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|64
|[[Hatia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hatia]]
|[[Navin Jaiswal]]
|-
|65
|[[Kanke (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanke]] (SC)
|[[Suresh Kumar Baitha]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Abdul Ibrahim (politician)|Abdul Ibrahim]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Minoo Masani]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Prashant Kumar Ghosh]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Ravindra Varma]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shiv Prasad Sahu]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Subodh Kant Sahay]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Ram Tahal Choudhary]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Subodh Kant Sahay]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Ram Tahal Choudhary]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sanjay Seth (Jharkhand politician)|Sanjay Seth]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Ranchi]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Subodh Kant Sahay]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 310,499
|percentage = 42.88
|change = +2.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ram Tahal Choudhary]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 297,149
|percentage = 41.04
|change = +2.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Akhtar Ansari
|party = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|votes = 31,567
|percentage = 4.36
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajendra Singh Munda
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 21,996
|percentage = 3.04
|change = -2.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohammad Sarafuddin
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 10,994
|percentage = 1.52
|change = +0.50
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,350
|percentage = 1.84
|change = -0.38
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 724,106
|percentage = 44.56
|change = -5.88
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = +2.06
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Ranchi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ram Tahal Choudhary]]
|votes = 4,48,729
|percentage = 42.74
|change = +1.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Subodh Kant Sahay]]
|votes = 2,49,426
|percentage = 23.76
|change = -19.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All Jharkhand Students Union
|candidate = [[Sudesh Mahto|Sudesh Kumar Mahto]]
|votes = 1,42,560
|percentage = 13.58
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|candidate = Amitabh Choudhary
|votes = 67,712
|percentage = 6.45
|change = +2.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Bandhu Tirkey]]
|votes = 46,126
|percentage = 4.39
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 6,900
|percentage = 0.66
|change = New
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,99,303
|percentage = 18.98
|change = +17.14
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,49,787
|percentage = 63.68
|change = +19.13
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = -0.14
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Ranchi]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=General Election 2019 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |access-date=22 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[Sanjay Seth (Politician)|Sanjay Seth]]
|votes=7,06,828
|percentage=57.21
|change=+14.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=[[Subodh Kant Sahay]]
|votes=4,23,802
|percentage=34.3
|change=+10.54
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Ram Tahal Choudhary]]
|votes = 29,597
|percentage = 2.4
|change = 0.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bidyadhar Prasad
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 8,798
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,83,026|percentage=22.90|change=+3.92}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,35,614|percentage=64.49|change=+0.81}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +3.92
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Ranchi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sanjay Seth (Jharkhand politician)|Sanjay Seth]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=664,732|percentage=45.91|change={{down}}11.30}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yashaswini Sahay|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,44,220|percentage=37.59|change={{up}} 3.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Devendra Nath Mahto|votes=1,32,647|percentage=9.16|change={{up}}9.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=8153|percentage=0.56|change={{up}}0.56}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 1,20,512 |percentage=8.32|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 14,52,196 |percentage=65.93|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ranchi district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/jharkhand/ranchi/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Ranchi lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Jharkhand}}
{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|23.4|85.3|display=title}}

==References==

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Ranchi district]]

Sunil Bose

2026-04-21T22:47:19Z

Jeep Safari: new basic data and citations...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sunil Bose
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|08|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = Karnataka
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Chamarajanagar]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Srinivasa Prasad]]
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = [[H. C. Mahadevappa]], Mahadevamma
| source =
| relatives =
| year =
}}
'''Sunil Bose''' is an Indian politician.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2024-06-04 |title=Chamarajanagar Election Result 2024 Live Updates: Congress' Sunil Bose Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/chamarajanagar-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-karnataka-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> He has been elected to Lok Sabha from [[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Chamarajanagar, Karnataka Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Sunil Bose Wins the Seat by 43355 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/chamarajanagar-karnataka-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547745-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news | date=2024-06-04 |title=Sunil Bose wins Chamarajanagar, wrests seat from BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sunil-bose-wins-chamarajanagar-wrests-seat-from-bjp/article68251129.ece |access-date=2024-06-05 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas2">{{cite news|title=Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|accessdate=25 March 2025|publisher=India Today|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325141549/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|archivedate=25 March 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Sunil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Rampur Maniharan Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:02Z

Jeep Safari: put up a info...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rampur Maniharan
| map_image = 6-Rampur Maniharan.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 6
| mla = [[Devendra Kumar Nim]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| electors = 266,686 (2012)
}}
'''Rampur Maniharan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Saharanpur district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. First assembly election in this assembly constituency was conducted in 2012 after the constituency came into existence in the year 2008 as a result of the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008".<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=10 June 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf}}</ref><ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 ">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=10 June 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name=" All MLAs from Assembly constituency ">{{cite news|title= All MLAs from Assembly constituency |publisher=Elections.in|access-date=10 June 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rampur-maniharan.html}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Rampur Maniharan Assembly is Nagal, Rampur & Rampur Maniharan NP of Deoband tehsil; Landhora Gujjar, Chandena, Kankar Kooi, Sabdalpur Shivdaspur, Chhid Bana, Kapasa, Lakhnaur, Dabki Junnardar, Hasanpur Bhalaswa, Nalheda Gujjar, Sahajwa, Beetiya, Malhipur, Chunehti Gada, Mubarakpur & Sheikhpura Kadeem of [[Saharanpur district]].<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Rampur Maniharan Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rampur-maniharan.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Ravinder Kumar Molhu]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Devendra Kumar Nim]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rampur Maniharan<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Devendra Kumar Nim]]
|votes = {{formatnum:89109}}
|percentage = 38.37
|change = +3.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravindra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:68516}}
|percentage = 29.5
|change = -5.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Vivek Kant
|votes = {{formatnum:64864}}
|percentage = 27.93
|change = +27.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Brijpal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4606}}
|percentage = 1.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:670}}
|percentage = 0.29
|change = -0.1
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20593}}
|percentage = 8.87
|change = +8.6
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:232233}}
|percentage = 71.71
|change = -1.73
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2017 Assembly Elections: Rampur Maniharan<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Devendra Kumar Nim
|votes = {{formatnum:76465}}
|percentage = 34.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravinder Kumar Molhu
|votes = {{formatnum:75870}}
|percentage = 34.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vishva Dayal Chhotan
|votes = {{formatnum:61787}}
|percentage = 28.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:856}}
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:595}}
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:218831}}
|percentage = 73.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 Assembly Elections: Rampur Maniharan}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravinder Kumar Molhu
|votes = 77,274
|percentage = 39.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vinod Kumar Tejyan
|votes = 50,668
|percentage = 25.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Vishva Dayal Chhotan
|votes = 47,492
|percentage = 24.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Valmiki
|votes = 16,395
|percentage = 8.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remaining 6 candidates
|votes = 3,639
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 26,606
|percentage = 13.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 195,468
|percentage = 73.30
|change =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[Saharanpur district]]
*[[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Saharanpur district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Dharamkot Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:35Z

Jeep Safari: New

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dharamkot
| map_image = 74-Dharamkot.svg
| mla = [[Devinderjeet Singh|Devinderjit Singh Laddi Dhos]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Moga district|Moga]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Faridkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridkot]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:181612}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 74
}}
'''Dharamkot Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 74) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Moga district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Lachhman Singh Gill]]
|{{Full party name with color|Punjab Janta Party}}
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| rowspan=3|[[Seetal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Tota Singh]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Sukhjit Singh Kaka Lohgarh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Devinderjeet Singh|Devinderjit Singh Laddi Dhos]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Dharamkot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Devinderjeet Singh|Devinderjeet Singh Laddi Dhos]]
|votes = {{formatnum:65378}}
|percentage = 45.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukhjit Singh Kaka Lohgarh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:35406}}
|percentage = 24.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Tota Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:30495}}
|percentage = 21.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Balraj Singh Khalsa
|votes = {{formatnum:6200}}
|percentage = 4.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Harpreet Singh Hero
|votes = {{formatnum:1615}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Punjab Lok Congress
|candidate = Ravinder Singh Grewal
|votes = {{formatnum:753}}
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:746}}
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:29972}}
|percentage = 21.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:181612}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Dharamkot<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sukhjit Singh Kaka Lohgarh<ref>{{cite news |title=Members: Sukhjit Singh |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/157 |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=punjabassembly.nic.in|archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930210512/http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/157 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|votes =63238
|percentage =43.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Tota Singh]]
|votes =41020
|percentage =28.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate =Daljit Singh
|votes =34615
|percentage =24.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate =Surat Singh
|votes =1325
|percentage =0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate =Balraj Singh
|votes =1089
|percentage =0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =Jagga Singh
|votes =456
|percentage =0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate =Vikas
|votes =312
|percentage =0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = {{Tooltip|IKL|Indian Krantikari Lehar}}
|candidate =Baljit Singh
|votes =291
|percentage =0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aapna Punjab Party
|candidate =Sukhpal Singh
|votes =258
|percentage =0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate =Manjit Kaur
|votes =197
|percentage =0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate =Gurdeep Singh
|votes =186
|percentage =0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =1009
|percentage =0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:174148}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}} <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

===Previous results===
{|class="wikitable sortable" width="70%"
!Year||A C No.||Category||Name||Party||Votes||Runner Up||Party||Votes
|-
|2012||74||GEN||[[Tota Singh]]||SAD||62887||Sukhjit Singh||INC||58632
|-
|2007||97||Reserved||[[Sital Singh (politician)|Sital Singh]]||SAD||47277||Kewal Singh||INC||41577
|-
|2002||98||Reserved||[[Sital Singh (politician)|Sital Singh]]||SAD||35729||Mukhtiar Singh||IND||20200
|-
|1997||98||Reserved||[[Sital Singh (politician)|Sital Singh]]||SAD||57400||Kewal Singh||INC||30758
|-
|1992||98||Reserved||Baldev Singh||BSP||5753||Piara Singh||INC||4429
|-
|1985||98||Reserved||Gurdevsingh Gill||INC||16573||[[Sital Singh (politician)|Sital Singh]]||IND||16296
|-
|1980||98||Reserved||Sarwan Singh||CPI||26664||Mukhtiar Singh||INC (I)||12351
|-
|1977||98||Reserved||Sarwan Singh||CPI||15370||Mukhtiar Singh||IND||14389
|-
|1972||12||GEN||Kulwant Kaur||SAD||29234||Jagmohan Singh||INC||24266
|-
|1969||12||GEN||Lachhman Singh||PJP||29129||Sohan Singh||SAD||22742
|-
|1967||12||GEN||Lachhman Singh||ADS||22634||R. Singh||INC||16733
|-
|1962||85||Reserved||Kultar Singh||AD||23164||Mukhtiar Singh||INC||15289
|}

== Moga-Dharamkot constituency ==
During [[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], Moga-Dharamkot constituency was one of 21 two-member constituencies.

{{Election box begin no change| title = [[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] : Moga-Dharamkot<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report On General Election, 1951 To The Legislative Assembly Of Punjab |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3442-punjab-1951/ |publisher=Election Commission Of India |access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Davinder Singh
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| votes = 19,429
| percentage = 18.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Rattan Singh
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 18,492
| percentage = 18.05
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Mukhtair Singh
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| votes = 18,492
| percentage = 16.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Sohan Singh
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 15,907
| percentage = 15.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Mehar Singh
| party = Communist Party of India
| votes = 9,212
| percentage = 8.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Lal
| party = Independent
| votes = 6,100
| percentage = 5.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Roop Lal Sathi
| party = Socialist Party (India)
| votes = 3,641
| percentage = 3.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Sain Dass
| party = Bharatiya Jan Sangh
| votes = 2,464
| percentage = 2.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Lal Chand
| party = Socialist Party (India)
| votes = 2,358
| percentage = 2.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Bachitar Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 2,023
| percentage = 1.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Labh Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 1,555
| percentage = 1.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Anokh Singh
| party = All India Forward Bloc
| votes = 1,320
| percentage = 1.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Sandhu Ram
| party = Independent
| votes = 932
| percentage = 0.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Sikandar Lal
| party = Independent
| votes = 736
| percentage = 0.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Wazir Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 662
| percentage = 0.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Bakhtawar Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 648
| percentage = 0.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Sher Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 503
| percentage = 0.49
}}
{{Election box turnout no change|
|votes = 1,02,421
|percentage = 98.33
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change
|reg. electors = 1,04,163
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.94|75.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Moga district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in East Punjab]]

Hardeep Singh Dhillon

2026-04-15T05:17:31Z

Jeep Safari: added initial bio added tags...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Gidderbaha Assembly constituency|Gidderbaha]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| other_party = [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (1986-2024)
}}
'''Hardeep Singh Dhillon''', also known as '''Hardeep Singh Dimpy Dhillon''', is an [[India]]n politician from [[Punjab]]. He has been a member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] since 2024, representing the constituency of [[Gidderbaha Assembly constituency|Gidderbaha]] as a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gidderbaha Bypoll Election Result 2024 LIVE: Hardeep Singh Dimpy Dhillon of AAP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/gidderbaha-bypoll-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130417.html |website=News18 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In Gidderbaha: AAP makes inroad, setback for Warring |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/aaps-stunning-victory-over-congress-in-gidderbaha-a-setback-for-raja-warring/articleshow/115611982.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab bypoll result 2024: AAP's Hardeep Singh Dhillon wins in Gidderbaha seat, defeats Congress' Amrita Warring |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/punjab/gidderbaha-punjab-bypoll-result-2024/article68901895.ece/ |website=The Hindu |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN |date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhillon, Hardeep Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Tekka (film)

2026-04-10T16:45:50Z

Jeep Safari: new new stub from scratch

{{short description|2024 Bengali film by Srijit Mukherji}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tekka
| image = Tekka poster (2).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| producer = Gurupada Adhikari Dev
| screenplay = Bhaskar Chattopadhyay Srijit Mukherji
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Srijit Mukherji
}}
| story = Bhaskar Chattopadhyay
| starring = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] [[Swastika Mukherjee|Swastika Mukhopadhyay]] [[Rukmini Maitra]]
| music = [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]]
| cinematography = [[Modhura Palit]]
| editing = Pronoy Dasgupta
| studio = Dev Entertainment Ventures
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|10|08}}
| runtime = 135:29 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = {{INR|3}} crore<ref name="t2">{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |title=Srijit Mukherji talks about the success of the hostage thriller, Tekka |url=https://t2online.in/events/events-1/srijit-mukherji-talks-about-the-success-of-the-hostage-thriller-tekka/1198201 |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=30 October 2024}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|8}} crore<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Tekka Box Office Collection: ভারতজুড়ে ১৫ কোটি আয় বহুরূপীর! বর্তমানে কোথায় দাঁড়িয়ে টেক্কার আয়, জানালেন সৃজিত |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-shares-tekka-box-office-collection-day-39-dev-movie-crossed-5-crore-31731684441229.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127054018/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-shares-tekka-box-office-collection-day-39-dev-movie-crossed-5-crore-31731684441229.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
}}

'''''Tekka''''' ({{IPAc-en|t|ɛ|k|ə}} {{Translation|Ace}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[vigilante film| vigilante]] [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tekka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/tekka/movieshow/106291790.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref> co-written and directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]].<ref name="tg1">{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Tekka trailer: Dev kidnaps a girl to get his job back in Srijit Mukherji's hostage thriller |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tekka-trailer-dev-kidnaps-a-girl-to-get-his-job-back-in-srijit-mukherjis-hostage-thriller/cid/2051527 |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=28 September 2024 |location=Calcutta}}</ref> Produced by Gurupada Adhikari and [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] under the banner of Dev Entertainment Ventures,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srijit Mukherji calls it a wrap for Tekka, begins recce in Kashmir for Bhuswargo Bhoyonkor |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/srijit-mukherji-calls-it-a-wrap-for-tekka-begins-recce-in-kashmir-for-bhuswargo-bhoyonkor/039ea1701e993 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> the film is based on a story of the same name by Bhaskar Chattopadhyay,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-22 |title='টেক্কা'র সাফল্যে আপ্লুত ছবির চিত্রনাট্যকার, ভাস্কর কি ভবিষ্যতে টলিপাড়ায় কাজ করতে ইচ্ছুক? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-film-tekkas-script-writer-bhaskar-chattopadhyay-shares-his-experience-and-future-endeavors-in-tollywood-dgtl/cid/1554778 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=Anandabzar Online}}</ref> which itself is loosely inspired from the [[2022 West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam|West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam]] (2022). It stars an [[ensemble cast]] consisting of Dev, [[Swastika Mukherjee]], [[Rukmini Maitra]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay|Paran Bandyopadhyay]], [[Sujan Mukherjee (actor)|Sujan Mukherjee]], [[Aryann Bhowmik]], Sreeja Dutta and Aameya Bose in her debut, with [[Kaushik Sen]], [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]], [[Sudeshna Roy]] and Srijit Mukherji himself in special appearances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dev releases the official poster of his next film, 'Tekka' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/srijit-mukherji-to-direct-dev-rukmini-maitra-and-swastika-mukherjee-in-tekka-official-poster-out-for-durga-puja-2024-release/cid/1989525 |access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A plight for survival and a hostage situation take unpredictable turns in the trailer of 'Tekka'; Film to release on October 8 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/a-plight-for-survival-and-a-hostage-situation-take-unpredictable-turns-in-the-trailer-of-tekka-film-to-release-on-october-8/articleshow/113766647.cms |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=27 September 2024}}</ref> The film follows Iqlakh, a poor janitor, who kidnaps a little girl and takes her hostage for 48 hours in order to demand his lost job.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Tekka teaser: Dev plays a distraught kidnapper in Srijit Mukherji's thriller |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tekka-teaser-dev-plays-a-distraught-kidnapper-in-srijit-mukherjis-thriller/cid/2047735 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=13 September 2024 |location=Calcutta |language=en}}</ref>

The film was officially announced in August 2023 under the tentative title ''Dev 45'',<ref name="the-wall1" /> as it is the actor's 45th film as the lead actor,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Tekka makers urge viewers not to share spoilers |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tekka-makers-urge-viewers-not-to-share-spoilers/cid/2053789 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=7 October 2024}}</ref> and the official title was announced in December 2023. [[Principal photography]] commenced in January 2024 in [[Kolkata]]. The film marks Srijit Mukherji's second collaboration with Dev and fourth collaboration with Swastika Mukherjee. Music of the film is composed by [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]],<ref name="anandabazar2">{{cite news |title=ডামাডোলে সৃজিতের 'টেক্কা', বিশেষ কারণে বদলে যাচ্ছে ছবির সুরকার! অনুপমের জায়গায় কে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/will-ranajoy-bhattacharjee-replace-anupam-roy-as-music-composer-in-srijit-mukherjis-puja-release-film-tekka-dgtl/cid/1526412 |access-date=1 July 2024 |publisher=Anandabazar Online |date=25 Jun 2024 |location=Kolkata |language=bn}}</ref> with [[Kabir Suman]] as guest composer, and background score by Diptarka Bose, with lyrics penned by Suman and Bhattacharjee himself for their respective tracks, along with Barish. [[Modhura Palit]] handled the cinematography while Pranoy Dasgupta did the editing.

''Tekka'' was released worldwide on 8 October 2024 on the occasion of [[Durga Puja]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title='টেক্কা' মুক্তির ঠিক আগেই অনুরাগীদের কাছে বিশেষ অনুরোধ দেব-সৃজিতের |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-and-srijit-mukherjis-special-message-about-tekka-film/ |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=7 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ananda |first1=ABP |title='Tekka' Trailer Out: বড়লোকেদের 'অত্যাচার', চাকরি হারিয়ে কিডন্যাপার দেব! সন্তানের রক্ষার্থে স্বস্তিকার 'টেক্কা'! |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/tekka-trailer-out-dev-swastika-mukherjee-rukmini-maitra-starrer-srijit-mukherji-directorial-pujo-release-entertainment-news-1097656 |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=28 September 2024}}</ref> It opened to positive reviews from the audience as well as the critics alike, mainly noted as the biggest plot twist of 2024. Grossing over 8 crore, it became a box-office hit and emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2024|third highest grossing Bengali film of 2024]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=২০২৪ এর ব্লকবাস্টার ছবি 'খাদান', 'বহুরূপী' - সুপারহিট হল 'টেক্কা' ও 'সন্তান' - হিট ছবি হল 'অযোগ্য' এবং 'এটা আমাদের গল্প' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/superstar-dev-film-khadaan-see-the-15-days-box-office-report-31736007794978.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107050542/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/superstar-dev-film-khadaan-see-the-15-days-box-office-report-31736007794978.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2025 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Iqlakh Alam is a poor janitor who has lost his job. He realises that poor people have basically no existence for the rich. Disillusioned by the mistreatment of the poor by the rich, he plans his revenge against the rich strata.<ref>{{cite news |title=টেক্কা ট্রেলার |url=https://www.eimuhurte.com/entertainment/released-tekka-trailer/#google_vignette |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay|Ei Muhurte]] |date=28 September 2024 |lang=bn}}</ref> One day, he kidnaps Avantika, a schoolgirl, from St. Benjamin School while she was returning home. Pointing a gun at her head, he takes control of an office building in [[Salt Lake Sector-V|Sector V]] and holds her hostage on the ninth floor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first1=শ্রেয়শ্রী |title=টেক্কার ট্রেলারে মারকাটারি দেব |url=https://kolkatatvonline.in/scroll/tekkas-trailer-out-now-srijit-mukherji-all-set-for-puja-dhamaka-kolkatatv-online-entertainment-news/ |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=[[Kolkata TV]] |date=28 September 2024 |location=Kolkata}}</ref>

A team of cops from the crime branch led by [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Maya has been assigned the task to save the child from his hands. While Iqlakh negotiates his demands with Maya, it turns out that he does not want any ransom but just wants his job back.<ref name="tg1"/> She adheres to her duty, despite having pain due to injections for having a baby via [[IVF]]. She is struck between her dreams of motherhood and her high-stress job. She learns that Iqlakh used to work in that same office building. Due to a small argument with the higher authorities, he was fired. Tormented, he turned a kidnapper the next day and kidnapped the girl. Brishti is a young journalist and Tintin is her cameraman. Brishti and Tintin, coincidentally trapped in the same building and desperate to impress their boss, secretly film the events happening there.

Ira is the kidnapped girl's mother.<ref>{{cite news |last1=সাহা |first1=শ্যামশ্রী |title=এবার পূজায় স্বস্তিকা বনাম দেবের লড়াই! কে কাকে টেক্কা দেবেন? |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/25122/trailer_launch_of_tekka_directed_by_srijit_mukherji_starring_dev_swastika_mukherjee_rukmini_maitra_ent_ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929085520/https://aajkaal.in/story/25122/trailer_launch_of_tekka_directed_by_srijit_mukherji_starring_dev_swastika_mukherjee_rukmini_maitra_ent_ |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2024 |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=29 September 2024}}</ref> She is ready to pay any amount to save her daughter. But things take a turn when she kidnaps Iqlakh's son Guddu to get her daughter back. With Brishti and Tintin's help, she warns Iqlakh through a video message that whatever happens with her daughter, the same consequences will be faced by his son.<ref name="ht1"/> Iqlakh becomes desperate and demands that his job be returned to him by Anubrata Adhikary, the owner of the company. Anubrata Adhikary is a powerful business tycoon turned politician, who, though initially reluctant, agrees to do so under public pressure. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=Tekka Teaser: স্কুল ছাত্রী অপহরণ করে বিচার চাইছে দেব, থামাতে মরিয়া রুক্মিণী, অস্থির স্বস্তিকা, প্রকাশ্যে টেক্কা-র টিজার |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-tekka-teaser-featuring-rukmini-maitra-and-swastika-mukherjee-31726208648135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913070512/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-tekka-teaser-featuring-rukmini-maitra-and-swastika-mukherjee-31726208648135.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Shoma A. |date=2024-10-30 |title=TEKKA : A Thriller with a defeating twist |url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/tekka-a-thriller-with-a-defeating-twist#:~:text=The%20kidnap%20drama%20takes%20a,Iqlakh%20lets%20her%20daughter%20go. |website=North East Film Journal}}</ref>

In a final turn of events, it is revealed that the whole act was planned by Iqlakh and Ira together to avenge the murder of Ira's husband and Iqlakh's brother, Altaf Alam, a journalist who was killed by Anubrata for exposing his corruption of drugs smuggling. Anubrata confesses to his crimes, which is recorded live by Brishti and Tintin. The situation returns to normal, with Anubrata being tried for his crimes, Brishti leaving her toxic job to become a teacher, Maya successfully giving birth to her baby, and Iqlakh and Ira happily raising their respective kids, thus executing the vengeance.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as Iqlakh Alam, a janitor working in Diamond Developers([[Jack (playing card)|Jack]])<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Dev's character poster for Srijit Mukherji's Tekka out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/devs-character-poster-for-srijit-mukherjis-tekka-out/cid/2047041 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=10 September 2024}}</ref>
* [[Swastika Mukherjee]] as Ira Sengupta ([[Queen (playing card)|Queen]]), Iqlakh's elder sister-in-law<ref name="toi"/>
* [[Rukmini Maitra]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Maya Khastogir ([[King (playing card)|King]])<ref name="toi">{{cite news |title=After Rukmini Maitra's Maya, Swastika Mukherjee's Ira makes an appearance! Swastika's character poster from 'Tekka' is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/after-rukmini-maitras-maya-swastika-mukherjees-ira-makes-an-appearance-swastikas-character-poster-from-tekka-is-out/articleshow/113162923.cms |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=8 September 2024}}</ref>
* [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] as politician and industrialist Anubrata Adhikary, owner of Diamond Developers
* Aameya Bose as Avantika
* [[Aryann Bhowmik]] as Tintin
* Sreeja Dutta as Brishti
* Lokenath Dey as SI Kallol Guha
* [[Kamaleswar Mukherjee]] as JCP Rajat Majumdar
* [[Sujan Mukherjee (actor)|Sujan Neel Mukherjee]] as Mr Ghosh, News anchor and the owner of Sky News
* Anujoy Chatterjee as Anubrata Adhikari's maintenance manager
* Biswajit Ghosh as Joe
=== Special appearance ===
* [[Kaushik Sen]] as Altaf Alam, journalist
* [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] as Rajiv Sanyal, Maya's husband
* [[Srijit Mukherji]] as Mr. Arjun Puri, former ATS chief
* [[Sudeshna Roy]] as Mrs. Mitali Sharma
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In June 2023, it was reported that [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] would reunite with [[Srijit Mukherji]] for the biopic of [[Siraj-ud-Daulah|Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah]] in his second collaboration seven years after ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-07 |title=Finally official! Srijit Mukherji teaming up with Dev-Rukmini, deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/confirmed-srijit-mukherji-teaming-up-with-dev-rukmini-deets-inside/articleshow/101561982.cms |access-date=2025-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later it was clarified by Dev to be a rumour through the #AskDev session on Twitter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-07 |title=Dev confirms he’s not a part of Srijit Mukherji’s Siraj ud-Daulah biopic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-confirms-hes-not-a-part-of-srijit-mukherjis-siraj-ud-daulah-biopic/articleshow/100815927.cms |access-date=2025-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> According to him, he had no discussions with Mukherji about the biopic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |date=2024-06-07 |title=Dev is not doing Siraj ud-Daulah biopic with Srijit Mukherji; clarifies in AskDev twitter session |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-is-not-doing-siraj-ud-daulah-biopic-with-srijit-mukherji-clarifies-in-askdev-twitter-session/cid/1943048 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=The Telegraph Online |quote=In the session, Dev said, “it is not entirely true”. When another user asked him whether he was doing the biopic, he wrote, “I am not doing this. I don’t know about the rest.” He also said he has no upcoming projects with Srijit.}}</ref> He also confirmed that he had no plans of working with the director that time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-08 |title=Srijit wants Dev as Siraj ud-Daulah, Dev says no |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/srijit-wants-dev-siraj-ud-daulah-dev-says-no-3340851 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> On 7 July 2023, Dev revealed that he would be collaborating with Mukherji through a post on [[Twitter]], but not for that biopic, under his banner of Dev Entertainment Ventures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-07 |title=Finally official! Srijit Mukherji teaming up with Dev-Rukmini, deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/confirmed-srijit-mukherji-teaming-up-with-dev-rukmini-deets-inside/articleshow/101561982.cms |access-date=2025-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dev, Rukmini and Srijit come together for a mystery project |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/social/dev-srijit-mukherji-and-rukmini-maitra-join-hands-for-2024-project/cid/1950770 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241213055959/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/social/dev-srijit-mukherji-and-rukmini-maitra-join-hands-for-2024-project/cid/1950770 |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2025-01-04 |language=en}}</ref>

When asked about the subject matter of their film, Srijit Mukherji said that several scripts have been narrated to Dev, but nothing had been finalized.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dev, Rukmini and Srijit come together for a mystery project |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/social/dev-srijit-mukherji-and-rukmini-maitra-join-hands-for-2024-project/cid/1950770 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241213055959/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/social/dev-srijit-mukherji-and-rukmini-maitra-join-hands-for-2024-project/cid/1950770 |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2025-01-04 |language=en}}</ref> Initially it was rumoured to be a gangster drama on the life of Markus, the character portrayed by Dev in ''Zulfiqar''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karia |first=Vedant |date=2024-07-10 |title=Dev, Rukmini and Srijit come together for a mystery project |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/social/dev-srijit-mukherji-and-rukmini-maitra-join-hands-for-2024-project/cid/1950770 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=The Telegraph Online}}</ref> Later in December 2023, the film was revealed to be a hostage thriller. Coinciding with Dev's 40th birthday on 25 December 2023, the film's title was officially announced to be ''Tekka'' with a poster which previously had the working title ''Dev 45'', as it was his 45th film as an actor.<ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite news |title=Dev releases the official poster of his next film, ‘Tekka’ |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/srijit-mukherji-to-direct-dev-rukmini-maitra-and-swastika-mukherjee-in-tekka-official-poster-out-for-durga-puja-2024-release/cid/1989525 |access-date=1 July 2024 |publisher=The Telegraph Online |date=27 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Pre-production ===
''Tekka'' was originally based on a story of the same name written by Bhaskar Chattopadhyay, the teacher of screenwriting at [[York University]] of [[Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-30 |title=TEKKA : A Thriller with a defeating twist |url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/tekka-a-thriller-with-a-defeating-twist#:~:text=Tekka%20is%20no%20exception%20though,a%20writer%20in%20Bengali%20films. |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=North-East Film Journal}}</ref> Although he initially considered the story for a Hindi film, he later sold the rights for a Bengali film at Mukherji's request and unable to resist the temptation of working with Dev as a screenwriter. The screenplay of the film was taken down within five days by him, while Mukherji had done some minor changes to it.
{{Quote box
| quote = "Timing is the key to a successful screenplay. I wrote ''Tekka'' in the form of a novel about ten years ago. Later, it was transformed into a screenplay within five days due to the pre-production of the film[...] I wrote such an informative script within five days that Srijit didn't have to make any major changes to it later. After spending sleepless nights, unable to pass up the tempting opportunity to work with Dev, I stopped writing it completely.
| source = — Bhaskar Chattopadhyay in an interview to ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]''
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}

''Tekka''<nowiki/>'s pre-production began in December 2023, when Mukherji chose to work with cinematographer Soumik Halder, with whom he had frequently worked on his earlier films. Due to scheduling conflicts, Halder left the production and was replaced by [[Modhura Palit]], who had appeared in Dev Entertainment Ventures' previous projects ''[[Kishmish]]'' (2022) and ''[[Kachher Manush]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Srijit Mukherji to start shooting with Dev and Rukmini Maitra in January? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-srijit-mukherji-to-start-shooting-with-dev-and-rukmini-maitra-in-january/4ac439a39c616 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
The film's production house confirmed the collaboration between Mukherji and Dev by releasing the official poster of the film along with the pivotal names in the cast on their social media handles on 25 December 2023. Swastika Mukherjee was roped in to play the character of a police officer, but later she was selected to play the role of the kidnapped child's mother.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Tekka’ music launch: Songs of hope, love and more |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/tekka-music-launch-songs-of-hope-love-and-more-580800 |access-date=25 September 2024 |work=Millenium Post |date=24 September 2024}}</ref> Filming began in 2024. After being suspended for the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general elections]] in India; the rest of the filming was completed after the general elections.<ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite news |title=ঘাটালে ভোট মিটতেই ছবিতে মন দেবের, ‘টেক্কা’র শুটিং শুরু করবেন কবে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-actor-dev-shares-his-look-from-upcoming-film-tekka-directed-by-srijit-mukherji-dgtl/cid/1519568 |access-date=1 July 2024 |publisher=Anandabazar Online |date=26 May 2024 |location=Kolkata |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="the-wall1">{{cite news |title=জন্মদিনে 'টেক্কা' খেললেন দেব! প্রকাশ্যে সৃজিতের সঙ্গে পরের ছবির পোস্টার |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-announced-his-next-movie-with-srijit-mukherji-name-tekka-poster-/tid/120075 |access-date=1 July 2024 |work=TheWall |publisher=The Wall |date=25 December 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>
== Music ==
{{Main|Tekka (soundtrack)}}
The music of the film has been composed by [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]]. The lyrics have been penned by Ranajoy Bhattacharjee and Barish.

The first song "Tomay Chhere Jete Parlam Koi" was released on 23 September 2024.<ref name="ht">{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=Tekka Song: জন্মদিনে সৃজিতের উপহার, প্রকাশ্যে টেক্কা-র ১ম গান 'তোমায় ছেড়ে যেতে পারলাম কই' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tekka-movies-first-song-tomay-chhere-jete-parlam-koi-is-out-now-31727145909781.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924050253/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tekka-movies-first-song-tomay-chhere-jete-parlam-koi-is-out-now-31727145909781.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2024 |access-date=24 September 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 September 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The second single "Taasher Deshe" was released on 2 October 2024 on the occasion of [[Mahalaya]]. The third single "Tomay Chhere Jete Parlam Koi (Female Version)" was released on 8 October 2024.

== Marketing ==
The first look posters of the principle characters with their names in the movie were released in September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Tekka Poster: পরনে লেদার জ্যাকেট, চোখে চশমা! বন্দুক হাতে পথঘাট কাঁপাতে আসছে টেক্কার মায়া, প্রকাশ্যে রুক্মিণীর দাবাং লুক |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-first-look-of-rukminj-maitra-from-the-film-tekka-31725173654382.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915102416/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-first-look-of-rukminj-maitra-from-the-film-tekka-31725173654382.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 September 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Rukmini Maitra's first look poster, revealing her name "Maya" in the film was released on 1 September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Dev drops Rukmini Maitra's character poster for Tekka, announces release date |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-drops-rukmini-maitras-character-poster-for-tekka-announces-release-date/cid/2045162 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=The Telegraph |date=2 September 2024 |location=Calcutta}}</ref> Swastika Mukherjee's first look poster, introducing her as "Ira" was released on 8 September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Swastika Mukherjee's Ira makes an appearance! Her character poster from 'Tekka' is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/after-rukmini-maitras-maya-swastika-mukherjees-ira-makes-an-appearance-swastikas-character-poster-from-tekka-is-out/articleshow/113162923.cms |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=Times of India |date=8 September 2024}}</ref> Dev's first look poster was dropped on 10 September 2024, introducing him as "Iqlakh".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Dev's character poster for Srijit Mukherji's Tekka out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/devs-character-poster-for-srijit-mukherjis-tekka-out/cid/2047041 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=The Telegraph |date=10 September 2024}}</ref>

The release poster featuring the lead characters in the film was released on 11 September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title='চূড়ান্ত খেলা শুরু', 'টেক্কা'র কার্ড ফেলে বন্দুকধারী দেবের হুঁশিয়ারি |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-shares-final-tekka-poster-along-with-rukmini-swastika/ |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=11 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |title=Dev-Swastika-Rukmini: এবার হাতে বন্দুক... দুই 'রানি'-কে নিয়ে এবার কী বার্তা দিতে চান দেব? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/dev-rukmini-maitra-and-swastika-mukherjee-shares-new-teaser-poster-of-tekka-entertainment-news-tollywood-1094699 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=11 September 2024 |language=bn |quote=একসঙ্গে দেখা গেল দেব (Dev), রুক্মিণী মৈত্র (Rukmini Maitra), ও স্বস্তিকা মুখোপাধ্যায় (Swastika Mukherjee)-কে।}}</ref> The teaser was released on 13 September 2024 on Dev Entertainment Ventures official Youtube channel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tekka Teaser: 'পৃথিবীর সবথেকে বড় অপরাধ গরিব হওয়া'!, দেব-দর্শনই সৃজিতের পুজোর 'টেক্কা'... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/tekka-movie-teaser-out-dev-plays-a-role-of-kidnapper-directed-by-srijit-mukherjee_538688.html |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[Zee News|Zee 24 Ghanta]] |date=14 September 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title='খেলা শুরু!', 'টেক্কা'র ঝলকে সিস্টেম-সমাজের ভিত নড়িয়ে দেওয়ার হুঁশিয়ারি 'কমন ম্যান' দেবের |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/tekka-teaser-srijit-helmed-dev-rukmini-swastika-starrer-teaser-out/ |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=13 September 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> At the teaser launch event at a mall in [[South Kolkata]], the producers informed that for the first time in Bengal film industry, sync sound technology has been used in the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=সিঙ্ক সাউন্ডের ব্যবহারে অন্যরকম টেক্কা! টিজার লঞ্চে তারকাদের হাট - Tekka Teaser Launch |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/dev-and-rukmini-maitra-attends-tekka-teaser-launch-event-in-kolkata-west-bengal-news-wbs24091305990 |access-date=18 September 2024 |work=ETV Bharat |date=13 September 2024}}</ref> The first song was launched on 23 September 2024 at an event in [[South Kolkata]], on the director's birthday.<ref>{{cite news |title=Srijit Mukherji, Swastika Mukherjee, Dev grace song launch of Tekka |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tekka_(film)&action=edit&section=5 |access-date=25 September 2024 |work=India Blooms |date=24 September 2024}}</ref> The trailer was launched at a mall in [[Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Glimpses from trailer launch event of Dev, Swastika Mukherjee, Rukmini Maitra's Tekka |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/photos-details/SBZ/8660/glimpses-from-trailer-launch-event-of-dev-swastika-mukherjee-rukmini-maitra-s-tekka.html |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=India Blooms |date=29 September 2024}}</ref> on 28 September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title='চাকরি ফেরত দেবে কে?', 'টেক্কা'র ট্রেলারে মরচে ধরা সিস্টেম-সমাজের কড়া নাড়লেন দেব |url=https://m.sangbadpratidin.in/article/cinema/tekka-trailer-srijit-helmed-dev-rukmini-swastika-starrer-trailer-out/987909 |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=28 September 2024|lang=bn}}</ref><ref name="ht1">{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=Tekka Trailer: চাকরি ফেরত পেতে জমাদার থেকে কিডন্যাপার দেব! মেয়েকে বাঁচাতে বন্দুক হাতে টেক্কা স্বস্তিকার |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/devswastika-rukmini-starrer-tekkas-trailer-out-now-srijit-mukherji-all-set-for-puja-dhamaka-31727517079549.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930023953/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/devswastika-rukmini-starrer-tekkas-trailer-out-now-srijit-mukherji-all-set-for-puja-dhamaka-31727517079549.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2024 |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=28 September 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

As a part of the promotions, Dev and Srijit Mukherji sold tickets at the ticket counter of SVF Baruipur.<ref>{{cite news |title=এটাই দেখার বাকি ছিল? টেক্কার প্রমোশনের খাতিরে টিকিট বিক্রি করছেন হার্টথ্রব দেব |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/bengali-actor-dev-selling-tickets-for-tekka-promotion-tollywood-news-7286195 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=6 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The film also marked the reopening of the iconic [[Globe Cinema (Kolkata)|Globe Cinemas]] in [[New Market, Kolkata]],<ref>{{cite news |title=পুজোর আগে 'ডাবল স্ক্রিন' নিয়ে ফিরছে গ্লোব, প্রেক্ষাগৃহে টিকিট বিক্রি করবেন সৃজিত-দেব |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/distributer-shatadeep-saha-says-that-newly-globe-multiplex-starts-its-journey-with-bengali-movies-before-puja-dgtl/cid/1551091 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=5 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> after being shut down for 20 years.<ref>{{cite news |title=The iconic Globe Cinema is returning in a new avatar! |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/visit/globe-cinema-reopens-with-srijit-mukherji-dev-adhikari-swastika-mukherjee-rukmini-maitra-anupam-roy-support-for-tekka/cid/2053974 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=8 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='টেক্কা'র ছোঁয়ায় স্বমহিমায় 'গ্লোব' সিনেমা, ফের পথচলা কলকাতার অন্যতম প্রেক্ষাগৃহের |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/video/globe-cinema-reopening-the-theatre-opens-with-tekka-movies-cast-dev-and-director-srijit-mukherji/ |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=6 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> On the reopening ceremony, Dev and Srijit Mukherji sold the tickets for ''Tekka'' from the hall counter.<ref>{{cite news |title='খুলবে ইলোরা, চিত্রা, নটরাজ প্রেক্ষাগৃহও', গ্লোব ফিরিয়ে দিয়ে ঘোষণা করলেন পরিবেশক শতদীপ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/entertainment/satadeep-saha-announced-that-he-will-open-100-cinema-halls-more-after-globe-in-future-dgtl/cid/1551282 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=6 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Globe Cinema: গ্লোব ফিরল নতুন সাজে, খুলবে ইলোরা-চিত্রার মত প্রেক্ষাগৃহ? টেক্কা - বহুরূপী ছাড়া দেখানো হবে হিন্দি ছবিও... |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/globe-cinema-back-in-kolkata-with-the-release-of-tekka-and-bohurupi-tollywood-news-7287929 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=6 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released in the theatres on 8 October 2024, on the occasion of [[Durga Puja]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Dev aka Iqlakh, the Jack of All Trades! Srijit Mukherji's 'Tekka' to Release on October 8 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/meet-dev-aka-iqlakh-the-jack-of-all-trades-srijit-mukherjis-tekka-to-release-on-october-8/articleshow/113225581.cms |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=10 September 2024}}</ref> with 276 shows.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=Shastri-Tekka-Bahurupi: নন্দনে ফের ব্রাত্য মিঠুন? রিলিজের আগেই পিছিয়ে শাস্ত্রী! দেবের টেক্কাকে টক্কর বহুরূপীর |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mithun-chakrabortys-pujo-release-shastri-manages-only-146-shows-bahurupi-beats-dev-srijits-tekka-with-321-shows-31728301003111.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008035523/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mithun-chakrabortys-pujo-release-shastri-manages-only-146-shows-bahurupi-beats-dev-srijits-tekka-with-321-shows-31728301003111.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=7 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Dev-starrer Tekka to Alia Bhatt's Jigra: Films releasing in theatres this week |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-starrer-tekka-to-alia-bhatts-jigra-films-releasing-in-theatres-this-week/cid/2054003 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=8 October 2024}}</ref>

=== Pre release rights ===
The music rights of the film was acquired by ''[[Saregama |Saregama Bengali]]''. The film and collected over {{INR|2}} crore before its release from the digital, music and satellite rights.<ref name="t2"/>

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical satellite rights of the film was acquired by ''[[Star Jalsha]]''. It was premiered on 22 December 2024. The digital streaming rights was acquired by ''Hoichoi''. It will be premiered on 27 December 2024.

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
With over 100+ almost houseful shows on [[Saptami]], 70+ houseful and almost houseful shows on [[Ashtami]], 105 houseful and almost houseful shows on [[Navami]], the film has collected over {{INR|1.5}} crore in the first 3 days and grossed over {{INR|2.75}} crore in six days.<ref>{{cite news |title=3 Bengali films released this Durga Puja getting 'good response' Stakeholders |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2024/10/11/erg1-wb-puja-film-release.html |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=11 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Tekka-Bahurupi:অষ্টমীতে ৭০টির বেশি শো হাউজফুল, জানালেন দেব! ৩দিনের আয়ের নিরিখে এগিয়ে কে টেক্কা, বহুরূপী নাকি শাস্ত্রী? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tekka-bahurupi-shastri-box-office-collection-dev-claims-his-movie-got-70-plus-housefull-shows-31728703733056.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111043050/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tekka-bahurupi-shastri-box-office-collection-dev-claims-his-movie-got-70-plus-housefull-shows-31728703733056.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 November 2024 |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=12 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> It netted almost {{INR|3}} crore in the first week.<ref>{{cite news |title='Bohurupi' takes the lead in Box Office; Take a look at the BO collections of Bengali films released in this Durga Puja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/bohurupi-takes-the-lead-in-box-office-take-a-look-at-the-bo-collections-of-bengali-films-released-in-this-durga-puja/photostory/114247655.cms |access-date=16 October 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=15 October 2024}}</ref> After two weeks, its collections stood at {{INR|3.22}} crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Rahul |title=পুজো কাটলেও 'বহুরূপী'র ভালবাসার রঙ লেগে দর্শকের মনে, দ্বিতীয় সপ্তাহেও বাকিদের টেক্কা দিয়ে কত কোটি আয় শিবু-নন্দিতার ছবির? |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/26670/shiboprasad_mukherjee_and_abir_chatterjee_starrer_bengali_movie_bohurupi_box_office_collection_details_in_second_weekend_ent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220172231/https://aajkaal.in/story/26670/shiboprasad_mukherjee_and_abir_chatterjee_starrer_bengali_movie_bohurupi_box_office_collection_details_in_second_weekend_ent |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=24 October 2024 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=21 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> At the end of 18 days, it had collected {{INR|4.10}} crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=Tekka Vs Bohurupi: 'বহুরূপী' শিবপ্রসাদকে টেক্কা দিতে ফেল দেব-সৃজিত! ১৬ দিন পর বক্স অফিসে কার ঝুলিতে কত কোটি? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tekka-vs-bohurupi-box-office-collection-devs-film-earns-4-1-cr-in-16-days-what-about-shiboprasad-nanditas-film-31729759374603.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116025917/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tekka-vs-bohurupi-box-office-collection-devs-film-earns-4-1-cr-in-16-days-what-about-shiboprasad-nanditas-film-31729759374603.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2025 |access-date=28 October 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> By the third week, it has grossed over {{INR|4.55}} crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title='দক্ষিণ ভারতে নিজস্ব ভাষার ছবিকে গুরুত্ব দেওয়া হয়, এখানে...' হিন্দি ছবির দাপটে বহুরূপীর শো কমতেই কী বললেন শিবপ্রসাদ? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/shiboprosad-mukherjee-talks-about-getting-less-shows-for-bohurupi-tekka-after-singham-again-and-bhool-bhulaiya-3-release-31730713780250.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104131401/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/shiboprosad-mukherjee-talks-about-getting-less-shows-for-bohurupi-tekka-after-singham-again-and-bhool-bhulaiya-3-release-31730713780250.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 November 2024 |language=bn|quote= অন্যদিকে টেক্কা ৪ কোটি ৫৫ লাখ টাকার ব্যবসা করেছে।}}</ref> At the end of its theatrical run, the film grossed over {{INR|6.1}} crore at the box office against a production budget of {{INR|3}} crore.<ref name="htbo">{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Tekka Box Office Collection: ভারতজুড়ে ১৫ কোটি আয় বহুরূপীর! বর্তমানে কোথায় দাঁড়িয়ে টেক্কার আয়, জানালেন সৃজিত |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-shares-tekka-box-office-collection-day-39-dev-movie-crossed-5-crore-31731684441229.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127054018/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-shares-tekka-box-office-collection-day-39-dev-movie-crossed-5-crore-31731684441229.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Poorna Banerjee of the ''[[Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that it belongs to the genre of Srijit's films like Vinci Da, Dwitiyo Purush or Chotushkone. He praised Srijit's direction, the script, acting and cinematography but criticized the slow pace in second half, use of too many dialogues and questionable decisions taken by the protagonist throughout the film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Tekka Movie Review: Srijit deals a strong hand with Tekka|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/tekka/movie-review/114087436.cms |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=9 October 2024}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Sudeep Ghosh of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' rated the film 8 out of 10 stars and wrote "Tekka is a commercial Bengali hostage thriller film including all the mass masala elements." He mentioned that: intense plot, unexpected twists, good acting and complex situations, the film had everything. He also praised the dialogues, screenplay, songs, background score and the fluent acting of everyone in their respective roles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=ঘোষ |first1=সুদীপ |title='টেক্কা'য় 'সৃজিতীয়' চমক, কেমন লাগল দেব রুক্মিণী টোটার রসায়ন? জানাল আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-the-movie-tekka-starring-dev-swastika-mukherjee-rukmini-maitra-tota-roy-chowdhury-directed-by-srijit-mukherji-dgtl/cid/1551858 |access-date=9 October 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=8 October 2024 |location=Kolkata |language=bn}}{{rating|8|10}}</ref>

Agnivo Niyogi of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reviewed the film and wrote "Tekka is a nerve-wracking hostage thriller, anchored by a nuanced performance from Dev in a de-glam avatar. Dev as Iqlakh, delivers perhaps the finest performance of his career." He praised the acting mettle of Rukmini and Swastika and how they skillfully portray the complexity of their feelings. He also praised Srijit's dialogues and screenplay, Modhura Palit's urban landscape cinematography and Diptarka's background score.<ref name="tt">{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Tekka: Dev deals a career-best hand in Srijit Mukherji's socio-political hostage thriller |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tekka-dev-deals-a-career-best-hand-in-srijit-mukherjis-socio-political-hostage-thriller/cid/2054329 |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=9 November 2023 |location=Calcutta}}</ref> Biswadip Dey of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' reviewed the film and wrote "Dev and Srijit Mukherjee are the two nuclear factors of the film." He praised Mukherjee's engrossing screenplay, the songs and specially the background score, which aptly complements the scenes. He also praised the acting of the whole cast, specially Dev, Rukmini and Swastika's dimensional acting skills and mentioned it to be one of the pillars in the film.<ref name="sp">{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Biswadip |title=সৃজিতের 'টেক্কা'য় দেবের বাজিমাত! পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/tekka-review-of-dev-starrer-movie/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=8 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

Anurupa Chakraborty of the ''[[Indian Express]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Every actor's acting along with the two child actors, combined with the tight screenplay by Srijit Mukherjee and Palit's cinematography is the heart of the film." She praised the climax of the film, the indulging script and the strong writing for all the characters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Anurupa |title=Tekka Review: ক্ষমতা নাকি স্বত্বা? ধর্ম না সিস্টেম? 'টেক্কা' আঙুল তুলল সমাজের দিকে... |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/dev-starer-srijit-mukherjee-directorial-tekka-film-review-7293039 |access-date=9 October 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=8 October 2024 |language=bn}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> Bhaswati Ghosh of ''[[TV9 Bharatvarsh|TV9 Bangla]]'' reviewed the film and wrote "The tone of the film is not for the celebration of happiness on Durga Puja. It merges with the tone of protests." She praised the strong character of Dev, the emotionally layered acting of Swastika and Rukmini, the dialogues and the climax.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Bhaswati |title=Tekka Review: আরজি কর কাণ্ডের আবহে সৃজিতের 'টেক্কা' শুধু শিহরণের জন্য নয়! |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/bengali-film-tekka-review-know-all-details-of-the-film-1125722.html |access-date=9 October 2024 |work=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh|TV9 Bangla]] |date=8 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

Shamayita Chakraborty of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Tekka is a thrilling but one-time watch." She praised the acting, direction, dialogues, cinematography, songs and BGM but criticized the storyline, the storytelling, unnecessary guest appearance and the not appropriate title of the film as per the plot. She mentioned it to be heavily banking on Dev's stardom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Tekka review: Rukmini Maitra and Dev shine in this hostage drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/tekka-review-rukmini-maitra-and-dev-shine-in-this-hostage-drama/d5d4a5b3a1744 |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=9 October 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Subhodeep Bandyopadhyay of ''The Wall'' rated the film 7.5 out of 10 stars and wrote "Tekka is a voice against the mistreatment of the poor strata of people. Despite some parts being unrealistic, it is a ''paisa-vasool'' film." He praised the intense script but criticized it for losing logic at certain parts. He praised the acting of Rukmini, Swastika, the supporting cast, the songs, cinematography and also mentioned this to be one of the finest acting in Dev's career.<ref>{{cite news |last1=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first1=শুভদীপ |title=দেব-সৃজিত জুটি টেক্কা দিল পুজোয়, প্রান্তিকতার বিরুদ্ধে জোরালো প্রতিবাদ |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/srijit-mukherjee-tekka-film-review/tid/139559 |access-date=11 October 2024 |work=The Wall |date=10 October 2024 |language=bn}}{{rating|7.5|10}}</ref>

Deboleena Ghosh of ''[[Ei Samay]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film speaks about the sharp divide in the society between the rich and the poor." She praised the music, songs and acting of the whole cast, specially Dev, Rukmini and Paran Bandyopadhyay. But she criticised the loopholes in screenplay and the slow first half.<ref>{{cite news |last1=ঘোষ |first1=দেবলীনা |title=টেক্কা মুভি রিভিউ |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review/new-bengali-movie-tekka-review/moviereview/114240807.cms |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=15 October 2024 |language=bn}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Subhasmita Kanji of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film 3.7 out of 5 stars and wrote she was disappointed with the first half but the second half compensated it. Besides praising the acting, direction, dialogues, twist at the climax, songs and cinematography, she specially applauded Dev for his expressions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Tekka Review: সৃজিতের পরিচালনায় নিজেই নিজেকে 'টেক্কা' দিলেন দেব! চমকে ভরা হস্টেজ ড্রামা কেমন হল |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment |access-date=11 October 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 October 2024 |language=bn}}{{rating|3.7|5}}</ref> ''[[Kolkata TV]]'' reviewed the film and wrote "Srijit's Pujo release is filled with twists after twists." They mentioned that the slow pace of the first half is compensated in the second half along with the climax. They praised the acting skills of the whole cast, the music, background score, cinematography and the dialogues.<ref>{{cite news |title=নিজেই নিজেকে 'টেক্কা' দিলেন দেব! চমকে ভরা সৃজিতের পুজোর ছবি |url=https://kolkatatv.org/scroll/tekka-movie-review-kolkata-tv-online-entertainment-news/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |work=[[Kolkata TV]] |date=8 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
==Awards==
*Timir Biswas won Best Male Playback Singer for Tekka at [[8th WBFJA Awards]], 2025

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|30630336}}

{{Srijit Mukherji}}
{{Dev Entertainment Ventures}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Srijit Mukherji]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Dev Entertainment Ventures films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]
[[Category:2020s political thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2024 action drama films]]
[[Category:2024 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:Films about hostage takings]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language crime action films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action drama films]]

Thinkal Kalamaan

2026-04-05T22:49:26Z

Jeep Safari: new new stub initial version

{{short description|2020 Malayalam-language TV series}}{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Thinkal Kalamaan.jpeg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = {{Plainlist|*[[Soap opera]]
*[[Romance film|Romance]]}}
| creator =
| writer = Gireesh Gramika
| director = Shiju Aroor {{small|(Episode 1 to 79)}} Krishnakumar Kudalloor {{small|(Episode 80 - present)}}
| creative_director =
| starring =
| theme_music_composer = [[Sharreth]]
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 394
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Sherry Idayaar
| producer = Lime Tree Productions
| editor = Jivin Rexa
| cinematography = Priyan
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-25 minutes
| company = Limetree Production
| network = [[Surya TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|10|19|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|04|23|df=yes}}
| related = [[Kundali Bhagya]]
}}

'''Thinkal Kalamaan''' was a 2020 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language television [[soap opera]] that aired on [[Surya TV]],<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/santhwanam-to-mr-mrs-new-malayalam-tv-shows-to-entertain-the-audience-soon/photostory/78258987.cms?picid=78488743 Santhwanam to Mr & Mrs: New Malayalam TV shows to entertain the audience soon]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|website=SunNetwork.in|title=Thinkalkalaman details|url=http://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=7NbMPXoxJJs=&ShowType=Channel}}</ref> starring [[Haritha G. Nair|Haritha G Nair]], [[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]], and [[Rayjan Rajan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/thinkalkalaman-actress-haritha-i-am-living-my-dream-life-through-keerthi/articleshow/79723677.cms|title=Thinkalkalaman actress Haritha: I am living my dream life through Keerthi|last=Nair|first=Radhika|date=14 December 2020|work=Times Of India|access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/heres-why-haritha-is-excited-for-thinkal-kalaman-watch/articleshow/78706231.cms|date=16 October 2020|title=Here's why Haritha is excited for 'Thinkal Kalaman', watch|work=Times Of India|access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/its-a-blessing-to-be-called-a-chocolate-hero-even-in-my-40s-thinkalkalaman-actor-krishna/articleshow/80689255.cms | title=It's a blessing to be called a chocolate hero even in my 40's: Thinkalkalaman actor Krishna - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=4 February 2021 }}</ref> The show was produced by Lime Tree Productions and directed by Shiju Aroor. The show was loosely based on the Hindi soap opera [[Kundali Bhagya]].

The series portrays the story of a young girl, Keerthi, who finds herself slowly getting involved in a [[love triangle]], which brings unexpected twists and turns in her life.

==Plot==
Keerthi, the daughter of K.K. Nair and Saraswathi, thinks her mother is dead, and her father left her as a baby after he had an [[Affair|extra-marital affair]] with another woman. After the birth of Kalyani, Keerthi's half-sister, Sudha began to hate Keerthi. Years later, she finds herself in an unexpected love triangle, which causes her life to change unexpectedly.

== Cast ==

=== Main characters ===

* [[Haritha G Nair]] as Keerthi Rahul, a classical dancer and [[physiotherapist]]. She is the daughter of K.K Nair and Saraswathi's; Rahul's girlfriend-turned-wife.

*[[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]] as Roshan Raveendra: Swapna's husband; Anjali's ex-husband; Rahul's half-brother; Raveendran and Kalavathy's stepson; and Anupama's biological son.
*[[Rayjan Rajan]] as Rahul Raveendran, a footballer; Roshan's half-brother; Raveendran and Kalavathy's son; and Keerthi's boyfriend turned husband.

=== Other recurring characters ===
*Illekettu Namboothiri as Suvarnanpilla.
*[[Shalu Menon]] as Anupama, a dancer.
*Sindhu Varma as Saraswathy.
*Bindu Ramakrishnan as Yashoda.
*Rajani Murali as Kalawathi.
*Manoj Kumar as Raveendran.
*Aiswarya Devi (Episode 5 - 26) then Anjali Hari (Episode 27 - present) as Kalyani
*[[Balachandran Chullikkadu]] as K.K. Nair
*Amrutha S Ganesh as Anjali
*Sarath Swamy as Prem (Episode 63 - present)
*Shilpa Martin as Devika, Roshan's friend
*Dileep Sankar as Arunghosh
*Alis Christy as Swapna Roshan's wife
*[[Santhosh Pandit]] as Vivek, Keerthi's proposal
*Ameya Nair as Sub Inspector
*Sruthy Surendran (Manve) as Sunanda
*Disney James as Madhu
*Manoj as Roshan's father
*[[Vinaya Prasad]] as Kalamandalam Umadevi
*Stelna as Sudha
*Haritha Nair as Malavika
*Reshma R Nair as Priya

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sun Surya original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Hindi-language television series]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Cultural heritage

2026-03-28T23:21:24Z

Jeep Safari: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Physical artifact or intangible attribute of a society inherited from past generations}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
[[File:Giovanni Paolo Pannini 002.jpg|thumb|''Roman ruins with a prophet'', by [[Giovanni Pannini]], 1751. The artistic cultural heritage of the [[Roman Empire]] served as a foundation for later [[Western culture]], particularly via the [[Renaissance]] and [[Neoclassicism]] (as exemplified here).]]

'''Cultural heritage''' is the tangible and intangible legacy of a group or [[society]] that is inherited from past generations. Not all legacies of past generations are "heritage". Rather, heritage is a product of selection by society.<ref name = "Logan">{{Cite book|title=Cultural heritage and human rights|last=Logan|first=William S.| date=2007| publisher=Springer| isbn=9780387713137|editor=Silverman, Helaine |editor2=Ruggles, D. Fairchild |location=New York, NY|chapter=Closing Pandora's Box: Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage|oclc=187048155}}</ref>

Cultural heritage includes [[cultural property|tangible culture]] (such as [[building]]s, [[monuments]], [[landscape]]s, [[Archive|archival documents]], [[book]]s, [[Work of art|works of art]], and [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifact]]s), [[intangible heritage|intangible culture]] (such as [[folklore]], [[tradition]]s, [[language]], and [[knowledge]]), and [[natural heritage]] (including culturally significant landscapes, and [[biodiversity]]).<ref name="repository.jmls.edu">Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl</ref> The term is often used in connection with issues related to the protection of [[Indigenous intellectual property]].<ref name=artslawinfo>{{cite web | title=Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property (ICIP) (AITB) | website=[[Arts Law Centre of Australia]] | date=18 April 2011 | url=https://www.artslaw.com.au/information-sheet/indigenous-cultural-and-intellectual-property-icip-aitb/ | access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref>

The deliberate action of keeping cultural heritage for future generations is known as [[Conservation (cultural heritage)|preservation]] in American English or [[Conservation (cultural heritage)|conservation]] in British English. This concept is promoted by cultural and historical ethnic [[museum]]s and [[cultural center]]s, though these terms may have more specific or technical meanings in the same contexts in the other dialect. Preserved heritage has become an anchor of the global [[tourism industry]], a major contributor of [[economic value]] to local communities.<ref name = "Logan"/>

Legal protection of cultural property comprises a number of international agreements and national laws.
[[United Nations]], [[UNESCO]], and [[Blue Shield International]] are involved in the protection of cultural heritage. This also applies to the integration of [[United Nations peacekeeping]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15207&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html| title=UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999}}</ref><ref>UNESCO convenes Libyan and international experts meeting for the safeguard of Libya's cultural heritage. UNESCO World Heritage Center – News, 21. Oktober 2011.</ref><ref>Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, S. 73ff.</ref><ref>Eric Gibson: ''The Destruction of Cultural Heritage Should be a War Crime.'' In: The Wall Street Journal, 2 March 2015.</ref><ref>''UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly.'' UNESCO, 13 September 2017.</ref><ref name="unifil.unmissions.org">{{Cite web|url=http://unifil.unmissions.org/action-plan-preserve-heritage-sites-during-conflict|title=Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict|date=12 April 2019|website=UNIFIL}}</ref>

==Types of heritage==
{{see also|Indigenous intellectual property}}

=== Cultural property===
{{see also|Material culture}}
[[Cultural property]] includes the physical, or "tangible" cultural heritage, such as artworks. These are generally split into two groups of movable and immovable heritage. Immovable heritage includes buildings (which themselves may include installed art such as organs, stained glass windows, and frescos), large industrial installations, residential projects, or other historic places and [[monument]]s. Moveable heritage includes books, documents, moveable artworks, machines, clothing, and other artifacts, that are considered worthy of preservation for the future. These include objects significant to the archaeology, architecture, science, or technology of a specified culture.<ref name="repository.jmls.edu"/>

Aspects and disciplines of the preservation and conservation of tangible culture include:
* [[Museology]]
* [[Archival science]]
* [[Conservation (cultural heritage)]]
** [[Art conservation]]
** [[Archaeological conservation]]
** [[Architectural conservation]]
** [[Film preservation]]
** [[Phonograph record#Preservation|Phonograph record preservation]]
* [[Digital preservation]]

===Intangible culture===
[[File:Anker Grossvater erzählt eine Geschichte 1884.jpg|thumb|''The Grandfather tells a story'', by [[Albert Anker]], {{circa|1884}}.]]
{{main|Intangible cultural heritage}}{{See also|Cultural expressions}}
"Intangible cultural heritage" consists of non-physical aspects of a particular culture, more often maintained by social customs during a specific period in history. The concept includes the ways and means of behavior in a society and the often formal rules for operating in a particular cultural climate. These include social values and [[tradition]]s, [[convention (norm)|customs]] and practices, [[aesthetic]] and [[spirituality|spiritual]] beliefs, [[artistic expression]], [[language]] and other aspects of human activity. The significance of physical artifacts can be interpreted as an act against the backdrop of socioeconomic, political, ethnic, religious, and philosophical values of a particular group of people. Naturally, intangible cultural heritage is more difficult to preserve than physical objects.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

Aspects of the preservation and conservation of cultural intangibles include:

* [[folklore]]
* [[oral history]]
* [[language preservation]]

===Natural heritage===
{{See also|Conservation movement}}
"[[Natural heritage]]" is also an important part of a society's heritage, encompassing the [[countryside]] and natural environment, including [[flora (plants)|flora]] and [[fauna (animals)|fauna]], scientifically known as [[biodiversity]], as well as geological elements (including mineralogical, geomorphological, paleontological, etc.), scientifically known as [[geodiversity]]. These kinds of heritage sites often serve as an important component in a country's [[tourist industry]], attracting many visitors from abroad as well as locally. Heritage can also include cultural landscapes (natural features that may have cultural attributes).

Aspects of the preservation and conservation of natural heritage include:
* [[Rare breed (agriculture)|Rare breeds conservation]]
* [[Heirloom plant]]s

===Digital heritage===
{{also|Digital preservation}}
Digital heritage is made up of computer-based materials such as texts, databases, images, sounds and software being retained for future generations.<ref>Unesco, [https://en.unesco.org/themes/information-preservation/digital-heritage/concept-digital-heritage Concept of digital herigate], accessed 9 May 2023</ref> Digital heritage includes physical objects such as documents which have been digitized for retention and artifacts which are "born digital", i.e. originally created digitally and having no physical form.

Digital heritage also encompasses visual identity records, including the preservation of brand trademarks and logo evolution. These elements contribute to cultural memory by documenting how visual symbols change over time and how they reflect social, commercial and technological development. Such archives help illustrate historical continuity in branding, providing reference points for researchers and design historians.<ref>Information sourced from [https://LogoHeritage.com Logo Heritage], a digital archive dedicated to documenting historical and contemporary logo design.</ref> A recent study used high‑resolution photogrammetry and 3D scanning to analyse Graeco‑Roman funerary masks, showing how digital methods can help reconstruct and document fragmented cultural artefacts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rindi Nuzzolo |first=Carlo |date=2025-12-20 |title=From fragments to faces: using metrological analysis for artefact re-identification and provenience attribution |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s40494-025-02218-4 |journal=npj Heritage Science |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=673 |doi=10.1038/s40494-025-02218-4 |issn=3059-3220|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rindi Nuzzolo |first=Carlo |date=2026-02-13 |title=3D scanning and shape analysis help archaeologists connect objects across space and time to recover their lost histories |url=http://theconversation.com/3d-scanning-and-shape-analysis-help-archaeologists-connect-objects-across-space-and-time-to-recover-their-lost-histories-273077 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US |doi=10.64628/AAI.9qpf3hsrt}}</ref>

== Protection of cultural heritage ==
{{main|Historic preservation}}

=== History ===
There have been examples of respect for the cultural assets of enemies since ancient times. The roots of today's legal situation for the precise protection of cultural heritage also lie in some of the regulations of Austria's ruler [[Maria Theresa]] (1717 - 1780) and the demands of the [[Congress of Vienna]] (1814/15) not to remove works of art from their place of origin in the war.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bmi.gv.at/magazinfiles/2011/01_02/files/kulturgterschutz.pdf|title=Schutz des kulturellen Erbes (German - Protection of cultural heritgage), Austrian Armed Forces}}</ref> The 1863 [[Lieber Code|Lieber code]], a [[Military law|military legal]] code governing the wartime conduct of the [[Union Army]] also set rules for the protection of cultural heritage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Titi |first=Catharine |author-link=Catharine Titi |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6 |title=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law |date=2023 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9 |pages=248 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6}}</ref> The process continued at the end of the 19th century when, in 1874 (in Brussels), at least a draft international agreement on the laws and customs of war was agreed. 25 years later, in 1899, an international peace conference was held in the Netherlands on the initiative of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]], with the aim of revising the declaration (which was never ratified) and adopting a convention. The [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907]] also significantly advanced international law and laid down the principle of the immunity of cultural property. Three decades later, in 1935, the preamble to the Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions ([[Roerich Pact]]) was formulated. On the initiative of UNESCO, the [[Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict]] was signed in 1954.<ref>{{cite magazine|url =https://en.unesco.org/courier/2017nian-di-3qi/historic-resolution-protect-cultural-heritage|title = A historic resolution to protect cultural heritage|magazine = The UNESCO Courier|date =October–December 2017|first =Catherine |last=Fiankan-Bokonga}}</ref>

Protection of cultural heritage or protection of cultural goods refers to all measures aimed at protecting cultural property against damage, destruction, theft, embezzlement, or other loss. The term "monument protection" is also used for immovable cultural property. Protection of cultural heritage relates in particular to the prevention of robbery digs at archaeological sites, the looting or destruction of cultural sites and the theft of works of art from churches and museums all over the world and basically measures regarding the conservation and general access to our common cultural heritage. Legal protection of cultural heritage comprises a number of international agreements and national laws.<ref>Corine Wegener, Marjan Otter: Cultural Property at War: Protecting Heritage during Armed Conflict. In: The Getty Conservation Institute, Newsletter 23.1, Spring 2008.</ref><ref>Roger O’Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016.</ref><ref>Eden Stiffman "Cultural Preservation in Disasters, War Zones. Presents Big Challenges" in The Chronicle Of Philanthropy, 11 May 2015.</ref><ref>"UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly.", UNESCO - 13 September 2017.</ref><ref>Friedrich Schipper: "Bildersturm: Die globalen Normen zum Schutz von Kulturgut greifen nicht" (German - The global norms for the protection of cultural property do not apply), In: Der Standard, 6 March 2015.</ref>

There is a close partnership between the [[UN]], [[United Nations peacekeeping]], [[UNESCO]], the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] and [[Blue Shield International]].<ref name="unifil.unmissions.org"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/icrc-and-blue-shield-signed-memorandum-understanding|title=The ICRC and the Blue Shield signed a Memorandum of Understanding | International Committee of the Red Cross|date=26 February 2020|website=www.icrc.org}}</ref>
[[File:Blue Shield Fact Finding Mission Libyen.jpg|thumb|[[Karl von Habsburg]], on a [[Blue Shield International]] fact-finding mission in Libya]]

The protection of cultural heritage should also preserve the particularly sensitive cultural memory, the growing cultural diversity, and the economic basis of a state, a municipality, or a region. Whereby there is also a connection between cultural user disruption or cultural heritage and the cause of flight. But only through fundamental cooperation, including the military units and the planning staff, with the locals can the protection of world heritage sites, archaeological finds, exhibits, and archaeological sites from destruction, looting, and robbery be implemented sustainably. The founding president of Blue Shield International [[Karl von Habsburg]] summed it up with the words: "Without the local community and without the local participants, that would be completely impossible".<ref name="unifil.unmissions.org" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Austrian Armed Forces Mission in Lebanon|date=28 April 2019 |url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first =Jyoti |last =Hosagrahar|title =Culture: at the heart of SDGs|magazine = The UNESCO Courier |date = April–June 2017|department = Wide Angle|issn = 2220-2293 |url = https://en.unesco.org/courier/april-june-2017/culture-heart-sdgs}}</ref><ref>Rick Szostak: ''The Causes of Economic Growth: Interdisciplinary Perspectives.'' Springer Science & Business Media, 2009, {{ISBN|9783540922827}}.</ref>

== Ethics and rationale ==
Objects are a part of the study of human history because they provide a concrete basis for ideas, and can validate them. Their preservation demonstrates a recognition of the necessity of the past and of the things that tell its story.<ref>{{Citation | last =Tanselle| first =G. Thomas | publication-date = 1998 | title = Literature and Artifacts | location =Charlottesville, VA | publisher =Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia | isbn = 1-883631-06-8 | oclc = 39223648 | year =1998 }}</ref> In ''The Past is a Foreign Country'', [[David Lowenthal]] observes that preserved objects also validate [[memory|memories]]. While [[3D scanner|digital acquisition techniques]] can provide a technological solution that is able to acquire the shape and the appearance of artifacts with unprecedented precision<ref>{{Citation |author1=Paolo Cignoni |author2=Roberto Scopigno |title= Sampled 3D models for CH applications: A viable and enabling new medium or just a technological exercise?|journal= Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage|volume=1 | issue=1 |pages=1–23 |date=June 2008 |doi=10.1145/1367080.1367082|s2cid=16510261 | url=http://vcg.isti.cnr.it/Publications/2008/CS08/ | format=PDF |postscript=.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> in human history, the actuality of the object, as opposed to a reproduction, draws people in and gives them a literal way of touching the past. This poses a danger as places and things are damaged by the hands of tourists, the light required to display them, and other risks of making an object known and available. The reality of this risk reinforces the fact that all artifacts are in a constant state of chemical transformation so that what is considered to be preserved is actually changing – it is never as it once was.<ref>{{Citation | last =Lowenthal | first =David | publication-date =1985 | title =The Past is a Foreign Country | location =New York | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =0-521-22415-2 | oclc =12052097 | year =1985 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/pastisforeigncou0000lowe }}</ref> Similarly changing is the value each generation may place on the past and on the artifacts that link it to the past. Cultural heritage is addressed not only through preservation and conservation practices, but also through policy, governance, and [[Cultural Planning]] frameworks at the municipal and regional level.

The equality or inseparability of cultural preservation and the protection of human life has been argued by several agencies and writers,<ref>Open University, [https://www.open.edu/openlearn/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=103687&section=1 The ethics of cultural heritage: 1 The inseparability thesis], accessed 7 May 2023</ref> for example, former French president [[François Hollande]] stated in 2016{{quote|Our responsibility is to save lives and also to save the stones -- there is no choice to be made, because today both are destroyed.<ref>UNESCO, [https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1608 With President Francois Hollande, UNESCO Director-General inaugurates the exhibition "Eternal Sites" at the Grand Palais], accessed 8 May 2023</ref>}}

[[File:Responsible development.webm|thumb|Kautilya Society in [[Varanasi]] - When heritage protection becomes a fight for legality and participation [[File:Film-Camera.png|17px]] → [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1EB2F3C06819828F "They harass me because I demand civil society participation to public policies and I contrast the misuse of privileges"] ]]
Classical civilizations, especially Indian, have attributed supreme importance to the preservation of tradition. Its central idea was that social institutions, scientific knowledge, and technological applications need to use a "heritage" as a "resource".<ref>{{Citation | url =https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fvdavns.org%2Fdata%2Fproposing_varanasi.pdf | title = Proposing Varanasi for the World Heritage List of UNESCO| publisher = Varanasi Development Authority}}.</ref> Using contemporary language, we could say that ancient Indians considered, as social resources, both economic assets (like natural resources and their exploitation structure) and factors promoting social integration (like institutions for the preservation of knowledge and for the maintenance of civil order).<ref>{{Citation | author = Singh, Rana P.B., Vrinda Dar and S. Pravin | title =Rationales for including Varanasi as heritage city in the UNESCO World Heritage List | publisher = National Geographic Journal of India (varanasi) 2001, 47:177-200 }}.</ref> Ethics considered that what had been inherited should not be consumed, but should be handed over, possibly enriched, to successive generations. This was a moral imperative for all, except in the final life stage of [[sannyasa]].

What one generation considers "cultural heritage" may be rejected by the next generation, only to be revived by a subsequent generation.{{who says|date=May 2023}}

==World heritage movement==
{{See also|International Council on Monuments and Sites|Heritage for Peace|International Council of Museums|International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property}}[[File:Plaque Carthage Unesco.JPG|thumb|Plaque stating the designation of [[Carthage]] as a World Heritage Site.]]
The Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted by the General Conference of [[UNESCO]] in 1972. As of 2011, there are 936 [[World Heritage Sites]]: 725 cultural, 183 natural, and 28 mixed properties, in 153 countries. Each of these sites is considered important to the international community.

Underwater cultural heritage is protected by the [[UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Hayley|title=The British Ratification of the Underwater Heritage Convention: Problems and Prospects|date=2018|journal=International & Comparative Law Quarterly|language=en|volume=67|issue=4|pages=833–865|doi=10.1017/S0020589318000210|s2cid=149780539|issn=0020-5893|url=https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/researchoutputs/the-british-ratification-of-the-underwater-heritage-convention-problems-and-prospects(5d0f3e40-6d37-42bb-805c-8de96b82dbae).html}}</ref>

In addition, UNESCO has begun designating [[masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]. The [[Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] sitting as part of the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] with article 15 of its Covenant had sought to instill the principles under which cultural heritage is protected as part of a basic human right.

Key international documents and bodies include:
* [[Athens Charter (Preservation)|Athens Charter]], 1931
* [[Roerich Pact]], 1935
* [[Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict]], 1954, (with a definition of cultural heritage item adopted by some national law)
* [[Venice Charter]], 1964
* [[Barcelona Charter]], 2002 (regarding maritime vessel preservation)
* [[ICOMOS]]
*[[Blue Shield International|The Blue Shield]], a network of committees of dedicated individuals across the world that is "''committed to the protection of the world's cultural property, and is concerned with the protection of cultural and natural heritage, tangible and intangible, in the event of armed conflict, natural- or human-made disaster''."
* [[International Institute for Conservation]]

The U.S. Government Accountability Office issued a report describing some of the United States' cultural property protection efforts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-16-673|title=Cultural Property: Protection of Iraqi and Syrian Antiquities|date=20 July 2017 }}</ref>

In the last decades some of the most important heritage scholars have created the open heritage movement.

==National and regional heritage movements==
[[File:Muisca Indigenous Heritage.webm|thumb|thumbtime=28| [[File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|11px|Wikibooks]] [[Wikibooks:Development Cooperation Handbook/Stories/Muisca Indigenous Heritage|Rediscovery of the Muisca Indigenous Heritage]] 
[[File:Film-Camera.png|17px]] [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLTzY9kTw5ufmn65JEvyaJ80Bp75zEQizL El redescubrimiento de la tradición indígena] ]]

[[File:Youth & Heritage - Sweida - Syria.webm|thumb|[[Wikibooks:Development Cooperation Handbook/Stories/Youth & Heritage|Youth and Heritage in Syria]] 
[[File:Film-Camera.png|17px]] [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLB4802C95983ACCC5 Passing on traditional values] ]]

Much of heritage preservation work is done at the national, regional, or local levels of society. Various national and regional regimes include:
* Australia:
:[[Burra Charter]]
:[[Heritage Overlay]] in Victoria, Australia
* Bosnia
:[[Commission to Preserve National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina|KONS]]
* Brazil:
:[[National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage]]
* Canada
:[[Heritage conservation in Canada]]
* Chile
:[[National Monuments Council (Chile)]]
* China
:[[State Administration of Cultural Heritage]]
* Egypt
: [[Supreme Council of Antiquities]]
* Estonia
: [[Ministry of Culture (Estonia)]]
: [[National Heritage Board (Estonia)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://register.muinas.ee/public.php|title=Tere tulemast|website=register.muinas.ee|access-date=21 September 2018}}</ref>
* Ghana
:[[Ghana’s material cultural heritage|Ghana's material cultural heritage]]
* Honduras
: [[Secretary of State for Culture, Arts and Sports]]
* Hong Kong
:[[Heritage conservation in Hong Kong]]
* India
:[[Ministry of Culture (India)]]
:[[National Archives of India]]
:[[Archaeological Survey of India]]
:[[Anthropological Survey of India]]
:[[Culture of India]]
:[[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]]
:[[National Museum Institute of the History of Art, Conservation and Museology]]
:[[List of World Heritage Sites in India]]
:[[Heritage structures in Hyderabad]]

* Iran
:[[Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism Organization]]
* Japan
:[[Cultural Properties of Japan]]
* Kenya
:[[National Museums of Kenya]]
:[[International Inventories Programme]]
* North Macedonia
: [[Institute for Protection of Cultural Monuments and National Museum|Institute for Protection of Cultural Monuments]]
* Malaysia
:[[The National Heritage Act]]
* Namibia
:[[National Heritage Council of Namibia]]
:[[National Monuments Council (South Africa and Namibia)|National Monuments Council]]
* New Zealand
:[[New Zealand Historic Places Trust]]
* Pakistan
: [[Lahore Museum|Lahore Museum of Art and Cultural History]]
: [[Lok Virsa Museum|Lok Virsa Heritage Museum]]
: [[National Museum of Pakistan]]
: [[Pakistan Monument|Pakistan Monument and Heritage Museum]]
* Philippines
:[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]
:[[National Historical Commission of the Philippines]]
* Poland
:[[Ossolineum|National Ossoliński Institute]]<ref>{{cite book|title= Nie tylko książki. Ossolińskie kolekcje i ich opiekunowie|editor= Mariusz Dworsatschek|language=pl|edition= 1|publisher= Osso Wczoraj i Dziś|place=Wrocław |date=2017|isbn=978-83-65588-31-9}} "not just books. The Ossolineum's collections and their custodians".</ref>
* Serbia
: [[Immovable Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance (Serbia)| Immovable Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance]]
: [[Immovable Cultural Heritage of Great Importance (Serbia) | Immovable Cultural Heritage of Great Importance]]
* South Africa
:[[South African Heritage Resources Agency]]
:[[Provincial heritage resources authority|Provincial heritage resources authorities]]
:[[Amafa aKwaZulu-Natali]]
:[[Heritage Western Cape]]
:[[Northern Cape Heritage Resources Authority]]
:[[National Monuments Council (South Africa and Namibia)|National Monuments Council]]
:[[Historical Monuments Commission]]
* United Kingdom
:[[Conservation in the United Kingdom]]
:[[English Heritage]]
:[[English Heritage Archive]]
:[[National Trust]]
:[[Cadw]]
:[[Northern Ireland Environment Agency]]
:[[Historic Environment Scotland]]
:[[National Trust for Scotland]]
* United States of America
:[[National Park Service]]
::[[National Register of Historic Places]]
::[[National Historic Site (United States)]]
::[[List of national memorials of the United States]]
::[[National Military Park]]

* Zambia

National Heritage Conservation Commission

National Museums Board

* Zimbabwe
:[[National Monuments of Zimbabwe]]

== Issues in cultural heritage ==
[[File:Distinctive emblem for cultural property.svg|thumb|Emblem used to clearly identify cultural property under protection of the [[Hague Convention of 1954]], regarding cultural property during armed conflicts.]]
Broad philosophical, technical, and political issues and dimensions of cultural heritage include:{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}
* [[art repatriation|Cultural heritage repatriation]]
* [[Cultural heritage management]]
* [[Cultural property law]]
* [[Heritage tourism]]
* [[Virtual heritage]]
*[[Sustainable preservation]]
*Climate change and World Heritage<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Climate Change and World Heritage |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/climatechange/ |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

== Management of cultural heritage ==
Issues in [[cultural heritage management]] include:{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

* [[Exhibition of cultural heritage objects]]
* [[Radiography of cultural objects]]
* [[Storage of cultural heritage objects]]
*[[Collections maintenance]]
*[[Disaster preparedness (cultural property)|Disaster preparedness]]
*[[Cultural planning]]

== Cultural heritage digital preservation ==
Ancient archaeological artefacts and archaeological sites are naturally prone to damage due to their age and environmental conditions. Also, there have been tragic occurrences of unexpected human-made disasters, such as in the cases of a fire that took place in the 200 years old [[National Museum of Brazil]] and the UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] of the [[Notre Dame cathedral|Notre Dame Cathedral]] in Paris.

Therefore, there is a growing need to digitize cultural heritage in order to preserve them in the face of potential calamities such as climate change, natural disaster, poor policy or inadequate infrastructure. For example, the [[Library of Congress]] has started to digitize its collections in a special program called the [[National Digital Library Program]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Library of Congress National Digital Library Program |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/dli2/html/lcndlp.html |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=memory.loc.gov}}</ref> The [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]] has also been actively digitizing its collection with the release of the "Smithsonian X 3D Explorer," allowing anyone to engage with the digitized versions of the museum's millions of artifacts, of which only two percent are on display.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Opam |first=Kwame |date=2013-11-13 |title=The Smithsonian is now sharing 3D scans of artifacts with the public |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/11/13/5100190/the-smithsonian-is-now-sharing-3d-scans-of-artifacts-with-the-public |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=3D Digitization {{!}} |url=https://3d.si.edu/ |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=3d.si.edu}}</ref>

[[3D scanning]] devices used for heritage preservation produce a high-precision digital reference model that not only digitizes condition but also provides a 3D virtual model for replication. The high cost and relative complexity of 3D scanning technologies made it quite impractical in the past, but technology advances and lower relative costs have made even mobile based scanning applications able to create a virtual museum.

There is still a low level of digital archiving of archaeological data obtained via excavation,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Richards | first1 = J.D. | year = 2021 | title = Archiving Archaeological Data in the United Kingdom | journal = Internet Archaeology | issue = 58 | doi = 10.11141/ia.58.21| doi-access = free }}</ref> even in the UK where the lead digital archive for archaeology, the [[Archaeology Data Service]], was established in the 1990s. Across the globe, countries are at different stages of dealing with digital archaeological archives,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Richards | first1 = J.D. | last2 = Jakobsson | first2 = U. | last3 = Novák| first3 = D. | last4 = Štular | first4= B. | last5 = Wright| first5 = H.|year = 2021 | title = Digital Archiving in Archaeology: The State of the Art. Introduction | journal = Internet Archaeology | issue = 60 | doi = 10.11141/ia.58.23| doi-access = free }}</ref> all dealing with differences in statutory requirements, legal ownership of archives and infrastructure.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Geser| first1 = G. | last2 = Richards | first2 = J.D. | last3 = Massara| first3 = F. | last4 = Wright | first4= H.|year = 2022 | title = Digital Archiving in Archaeology: The State of the Art. Introduction | journal = Internet Archaeology | issue = 60 | doi = 10.11141/ia.59.2| doi-access = free | hdl = 20.500.11755/5c7739fb-c5e1-4dd2-95a7-6e11a2b6b0cf | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tsang| first1 = C. | year = 2021 | title = Red Sky at Night: digital archiving in England 2020 | journal = Internet Archaeology | issue = 58 | doi = 10.11141/ia.58.6| doi-access = free }}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Antiquarian]]
* ''[[Architectural Heritage]]'' (academic journal)
* [[Collecting]]
* [[Heritage film]]
* [[Values (heritage)]]

===Digital methods in preservation===
* [[DigiCULT]]
* [[ERPANET]]
* [[Intellectual property issues in cultural heritage (IPinCH)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Michael Falser. ''Cultural Heritage as Civilizing Mission. From Decay to Recovery''. Heidelberg, New York: Springer (2015), {{ISBN|978-3-319-13638-7}}.
* Michael Falser, Monica Juneja (eds.). '''Archaeologizing' Heritage? Transcultural Entanglements between Local Social Practices and Global Virtual Realities''. Heidelberg, New York: Springer (2013), {{ISBN|978-3-642-35870-8}}.
* {{Cite web|last=Fiankan-Bokonga|first=Catherine|date=2017-10-17|title=A historic resolution to protect cultural heritage|url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/2017nian-di-3qi/historic-resolution-protect-cultural-heritage|access-date=2021-08-03|website=UNESCO|language=en}}
* [[Bénédicte Savoy|Savoy, Bénédicte]] (2025). Objects of Desire, Desire for Objects. Translated by Liz Libbrecht. Paris: Collège de France. [https://doi.org/10.4000/13ehc Objects of Desire, Desire for Objects : Inaugural lecture delivered at the Collège de France on Thursday 30 March 2017].
* Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) [https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl]
* Barbara T. Hoffman, ''Art and cultural heritage: law, policy, and practice'', Cambridge University Press, 2006
* Leila A. Amineddoleh, "Protecting Cultural Heritage by Strictly Scrutinizing Museum Acquisitions," Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3. Available at: [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2467100 Protecting Cultural Heritage by Strictly Scrutinizing Museum Acquisitions by Leila Amineddoleh :: SSRN]
* Paolo Davide Farah, Riccardo Tremolada, Desirability of Commodification of Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Unsatisfying Role of IPRs, in TRANSNATIONAL DISPUTE MANAGEMENT, Special Issues "The New Frontiers of Cultural Law: Intangible Heritage Disputes", Volume 11, Issue 2, March 2014, {{ISSN|1875-4120}} Available at: [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2472339 Desirability of Commodification of Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Unsatisfying Role of Intellectual Property Rights by Paolo Davide Farah, Riccardo Tremolada :: SSRN]
* Paolo Davide Farah, Riccardo Tremolada, Intellectual Property Rights, Human Rights and Intangible Cultural Heritage, Journal of Intellectual Property Law, Issue 2, Part I, June 2014, {{ISSN|0035-614X}}, Giuffrè, pp. 21–47. Available at: [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2472388 Diritti di Proprietà Intellettuale, Diritti Umani e Patrimonio Culturale Immateriale (Intellectual Property Rights, Human Rights and Intangible Cultural Heritage) by Paolo Davide Farah, Riccardo Tremolada :: SSRN]
* Nora Lafi, [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01560321 Building and Destroying Authenticity in Aleppo: Heritage between Conservation, Transformation, Destruction, and Re-Invention] in Christoph Bernhardt, Martin Sabrow, Achim Saupe. Gebaute Geschichte. Historische Authentizität im Stadtraum, Wallstein, pp.206-228, 2017
* Dallen J. Timothy and Gyan P. Nyaupane, ''Cultural heritage and tourism in the developing world : a regional perspective'', Taylor & Francis, 2009
* Peter Probst, "Osogbo and the Art of Heritage: Monuments, Deities, and Money", Indiana University Press, 2011
* Constantine Sandis (ed.), ''Cultural Heritage Ethics: Between Theory and Practice'', Open Book Publishers, 2014
* [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] et al., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160330114112/http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/linguistics/guide.pdf ''ENGAGING - A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property''], Australian Government: Indigenous Culture Support, 2015
*{{cite book|last1=Walters|first1=Diana|last2=Laven|first2=Daniel|last3=Davis|first3=Peter|title=Heritage & Peacebuilding|date=2017|publisher=Boydell Press|location=Suffolk, UK|isbn=9781783272167|url=https://boydellandbrewer.com/heritage-and-peacebuilding-hb.html|access-date=31 March 2017|archive-date=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331211204/https://boydellandbrewer.com/heritage-and-peacebuilding-hb.html|url-status=dead}}
* Hudson-Ward, A., Widholm, J. R., & Scott, W. (Eds.). (2023). ''Cultural Heritage and the Campus Community: Academic Libraries and Museums in Collaboration''. ACRL.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cultural heritage}}
{{wikivoyage}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/ UNESCO World Heritage Centre] – Official website of the United Nations organization for cultural heritage
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060427055415/http://www.culture-routes.lu/php/fo_index.php?lng=en&dest=ac_00_000&lng=fr Cultural routes and landscapes, a common heritage of Europe] (English and French language)
* [https://dedalo.dev Dédalo] Open source management system for Cultural heritage

{{Culture}}
{{Cultural Conservation-Restoration}}
{{Conservatism}}
{{Social philosophy}}
{{Portal bar|Society}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cultural heritage| ]]
[[Category:Museology]]
[[Category:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Thoongaa Vanam

2026-03-26T16:53:00Z

Jeep Safari: minor edit

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Rajesh M. Selva}}
<noinclude>{{Requested move notice|1=Thoongaavanam|2=Talk:Thoongaa Vanam#Requested move 26 March 2026}}
</noinclude>{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thoongaa Vanam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster in Tamil
| director = [[Rajesh M. Selva]]
| screenplay = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Sleepless Night (2011 film)|Sleepless Night]]''|[[Frédéric Jardin]]}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Kamal Haasan
* [[Chandrahasan]]
* Gokulam Gopalan
}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|Kamal Haasan|[[Prakash Raj]]|[[Trisha Krishnan]]|[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]|[[Sampath Raj]]}}
| cinematography = [[Sanu John Varghese]]
| editing = [[Shan Mohammed]]
| music = [[M. Ghibran]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
* [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]
* Sree Gokulam Movies
* [[Suresh Balaje|Wide Angle Creations]]
* RG Entertainment
}}
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2015 |title=They're still on top |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/the-buzz-around-rajinikanths-underproduction-kabali-and-kamal-haasans-thoongavanam-an-official-remake-of-french-thriller-sleepless-night-nuit-blanche-is-huge/article7747094.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128060757/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/the-buzz-around-rajinikanths-underproduction-kabali-and-kamal-haasans-thoongavanam-an-official-remake-of-french-thriller-sleepless-night-nuit-blanche-is-huge/article7747094.ece |archive-date=28 November 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
* Wide Angle Creations
* [[Global United Media]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|11|10|Tamil|ref1=|2015|11|20|Telugu|ref2=}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = {{ ubl | Tamil | Telugu }}
| budget = 
| gross = {{estimated}} {{INR|link=yes}}50 [[crore]]<ref name="BO" />
}}

'''''Thoongaa Vanam''''' ({{translation|Sleepless forest}}) is a 2015 Indian [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Rajesh M. Selva]]. The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Sampath Raj]], [[Guru Somasundaram]], [[Yugi Sethu]], Aman Abdullah, [[Asha Sharath]], [[Madhu Shalini]] and [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]]. It was filmed [[multiple-language version|simultaneously]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages, the latter titled '''''Cheekati Rajyam''''' ({{translation|Kingdom of darkness}}).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=3 November 2015 |title=My focus is to give quality films at great speed |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kamal-haasan-my-focus-is-to-give-quality-films-at-great-speed/article7837607.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912074259/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kamal-haasan-my-focus-is-to-give-quality-films-at-great-speed/article7837607.ece |archive-date=12 September 2019 |access-date=19 November 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Both versions were produced by [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] and Sree Gokulam Movies. The film is a remake of the French film ''[[Sleepless Night (2011 film)|Sleepless Night]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2015 |title=Thoongaavanam to Oru Naal Iravil: Films remade in Tamil in 2015 that stayed with the audience |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/yearender-2015/photo/heres-the-list-of-remakes-made-in-tamil-in-2015-36-vayathinile-papanasam-thoongaavanam-memories-bangalore-days-premam-377021-2015-12-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914023858/https://www.indiatoday.in/yearender-2015/photo/heres-the-list-of-remakes-made-in-tamil-in-2015-36-vayathinile-papanasam-thoongaavanam-memories-bangalore-days-premam-377021-2015-12-20 |archive-date=14 September 2018 |access-date=5 May 2020 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

''Thoongaa Vanam'' was released on 10 November 2015 coinciding with [[Diwali]] while the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version ''Cheekati Rajyam'' was released on 20 November 2015. The film received positive reviews from critics. This film marks Trisha's 50th film and completes her 15 years in the industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2015 |title=Why is Thoongavanam special for Trisha? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Why-is-Thoongavanam-special-for-Trisha/article59842378.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726131657/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Why-is-Thoongavanam-special-for-Trisha/article59842378.ece |archive-date=26 July 2024 |access-date=26 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
C.K. Diwakar is an [[Indian Revenue Service|IRS]] officer in the [[Narcotics Control Bureau|NCB]], who along with his deputy Mani, steals a narcotics shipment but gets stabbed in the process. In retaliation, Vittal Rao, a drug lord, who was due to receive the shipment, kidnaps Diwakar's son Vasu. He is willing to release Vasu if Diwakar can return to him the bag of [[cocaine]] that he stole earlier. With no other option at hand, Diwakar agrees and proceeds to Vittal's [[nightclub]], with the bag of cocaine, where Vasu is held hostage. His act of hiding the bag in the men's toilet is noticed by [[Narcotics Control Bureau|NCB]] agent Mallika, who becomes suspicious. Thinking that Diwakar is involved in [[drug smuggling]], she informs her superior Dhiraviyam / Mohan.

Dhiraviyam / Mohan begin to pursue Diwakar, taking away the bag of cocaine from the toilet in the process. When Diwakar realises that the bag of cocaine has gone missing, he decides to return to Vittal a bag containing packets of [[Powdered milk|milk powder]] instead, thinking that he and his cronies, including a gangster named Pedha Babu, will not realise the difference. Unfortunately, Vittal and Pedha soon find out that Diwakar had cheated them and decide to kill him. Diwakar's wound gets worse and starts bleeding. Caught between Vittal's gang on one side and Mallika and Dhiraviyam / Mohan on the other side, Diwakar confronts Mallika and tells her that contrary to her suspicions, he has been working undercover and had planned the entire operation to expose cops such as Dhiraviyam / Mohan and Mani, who are involved in drug smuggling.

Diwakar then rescues Vasu without Vittal's knowledge, and Vittal is also arrested by Mallika and Dhiraviyam / Mohan. While taking Vittal to prison, Mallika finds out that she has Mani's mobile phone, and on reading the messages in it, she finds out that Diwakar had been speaking the truth all along, realising that Dhiraviyam / Mohan and Mani are involved in drug smuggling and had tried to frame Diwakar. Though Dhiraviyam tries to resist arrest, killing Vittal in the process, he is eventually brought to justice. Diwakar falls unconscious due to the constant bleeding of his wound and Vasu takes him to the hospital. Diwakar recovers. Three months later, Mallika is now Diwakar's deputy, and the duo is shown thwarting the attempted murder of a police officer.

== Cast ==
''Adapted from the closing credits''{{efn|The closing credits mentioned several character names that are not used in the narrative including Duraipandian, Maheswari, Jagan, Mandhiramoorthy and Gelusil Babu.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Thoongaa Vanam|type=motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=[[Raaj Kamal Films International]] |year=2015 |time=1:55:24 to 1:59:56 |time-caption=From |via=[[Amazon Prime Video]]}}</ref>}}
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as C. K. Diwakar, [[Narcotics Control Bureau|NCB]] Officer<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Vittal Rao<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] as Mallika, NCB Agent<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Dhiraviyam (Tamil)<ref name="BM">{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=R S |date=13 November 2015 |title=Movie Review: Thoongavanam |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kamal-hassan-trisha-prakashraj-sampath-yugi-sethu-kishore-somasundaram-asha-sarath-madhu-shalini-santhana-bharathi-and-master-amman-abdulla/articleshow/49773075.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260326100355/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kamal-hassan-trisha-prakashraj-sampath-yugi-sethu-kishore-somasundaram-asha-sarath-madhu-shalini-santhana-bharathi-and-master-amman-abdulla/articleshow/49773075.cms |archive-date=26 March 2026 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en |access-date=26 March 2026 }}</ref> / Mohan (Telugu), NCB Officer<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Pedha Babu<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[Yugi Sethu]] as T. I. Mani, NCB Inspector<ref name="BM"/>
* [[Asha Sharath]] as Dr. Sujatha<ref name="BM"/>
* Aman Abdullah as Vasu<ref name="BM"/>
* [[Madhu Shalini]] as Esther
* [[Guru Somasundaram]] as Vittal Rao's assistant
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Thandapani (Tamil)<ref name="TH"/>
* [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] as Subba Rao (Telugu)<ref name="TH"/>
* [[Uma Riyaz Khan]] as the bartender<ref>{{Cite news |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=11 November 2015 |title='Thoongaavanam' review: The movie is uninspiring and a tame thriller |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thoongaavanam-review-the-movie-is-uninspiring-and-a-tame-thriller-1163162.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613122300/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thoongaavanam-review-the-movie-is-uninspiring-and-a-tame-thriller-1163162.html |archive-date=13 June 2022 |work=[[News18]] |language=en |access-date=26 March 2026 }}</ref>
* [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]] as Vittal Rao's gang member
* [[Chaams]] as a [[Busser|busboy]]
* [[Rajesh M. Selva]] as the head chef
* Suka (Tamil) / [[Abburi Ravi]] (Telugu) as another drunkard<ref name="AR"/>
* Sandeep as Vittal Rao's gang member
}}

==Production==
In May 2015, [[Kamal Haasan]] announced that his next project, a bilingual thriller titled ''Thoongaa Vanam'' in Tamil, would be directed by his former assistant [[Rajesh M. Selva]] and produced by himself. The film was initially titled as ''Ore Iravu'', before going through a change of title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2015 |title=Kamal's next action-thriller gets new title |url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/kamals-next-action-thriller-gets-new-title-article20106.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128053149/https://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/kamals-next-action-thriller-gets-new-title-article20106.htm |archive-date=28 November 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=[[Desimartini]] |language=en}}</ref> Haasan added that the film would be shot simultaneously and with the same cast and crew as ''Cheekati Rajyam'' in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language.<ref name="CR">{{Cite web |date=24 May 2015 |title=Kamal Haasans Next Film Titled Cheekati Rajyam in Telugu |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/kamal-haasans-next-film-titled-cheekati-rajyam-in-telugu-765660 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526194922/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/kamal-haasans-next-film-titled-cheekati-rajyam-in-telugu-765660 |archive-date=26 May 2015 |access-date=4 June 2015 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Sanu Varghese and Shan Mohammed were named as the cinematographer and editor, respectively,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2015 |title=Kamal Haasan next project 'Thoongavanam' is bilingual thriller |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kamal-haasan-next-project-thoongavanam-is-bilingual-thriller-2086649 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519234358/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kamal-haasan-next-project-thoongavanam-is-bilingual-thriller-2086649 |archive-date=19 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015 |website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref> while [[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]] was recruited as the film's composer, working on his fourth successive Haasan film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2015 |title=Kamal Haasan's next titled Cheekati Rajyam' in Telugu |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/479417/kamal-haasans-next-titled-cheekati.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604105332/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/479417/kamal-haasans-next-titled-cheekati.html |archive-date=4 June 2015 |access-date=4 June 2015 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref name="CR" /> Writer Suka was chosen to write the Tamil dialogues,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2015 |title=Suka is the dialogue writer for Kamal's 'Thoongaa Vanam' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/suka-is-the-dialogue-writer-for-kamals-thoongaa-vanam-news-tamil-pf1k3Iaeahdgb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527135631/http://www.sify.com/movies/suka-is-the-dialogue-writer-for-kamals-thoongaa-vanam-news-tamil-pf1k3Iaeahdgb.html |archive-date=27 May 2015 |access-date=6 June 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> while [[Abburi Ravi]] was assigned to work on the dialogues for the Telugu version besides making a cameo.<ref name="AR">{{Cite news |last=CH |first=Murali Krishna |date=15 October 2019 |title=Abburi Ravi: I agreed to play a terrorist in Operation Gold Fish because of my friendship with Sai Kiran Adivi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/Oct/15/abburi-ravi-i-agreed-to-play-a-terrorist-operation-gold-fish-because-riendship-with-sai-kiran-adivi-14932.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429135617/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/Oct/15/abburi-ravi-i-agreed-to-play-a-terrorist-operation-gold-fish-because-riendship-with-sai-kiran-adivi-14932.html |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Kamal Haasan was reported to be play CK Diwakar, an [[Indian Revenue Service]] officer in [[Narcotics Control Bureau]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2015 |title='Thoongaa Vanam' characters' names revealed! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thoongaa-vanam-characters%E2%80%99-names-revealed-news-tamil-pj2pzOddbiceg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929052518/http://www.sify.com/movies/thoongaa-vanam-characters%E2%80%99-names-revealed-news-tamil-pj2pzOddbiceg.html |archive-date=29 September 2015 |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] and [[Prakash Raj]] were the first actors to be cast and reported to play the female lead and an important supporting role respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2015 |title=Manisha Koirala for Kamal's 'Thoonga Vanam' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Manisha-Koirala-for-Kamals-Thoonga-Vanam/articleshow/47278218.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617111314/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Manisha-Koirala-for-Kamals-Thoonga-Vanam/articleshow/47278218.cms |archive-date=17 June 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2015 |title=Manisha Koirala approached for Kamal Haasan's next |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/manisha-koirala-approached-for-kamal-haasans-next/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708041726/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/manisha-koirala-approached-for-kamal-haasans-next/ |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=4 June 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> While Prakash Raj was said to portray a drug dealer named Vital Rao, Trisha's role was Mallika, a police officer.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> In June 2015, [[Asha Sarath]], was announced as part of the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manohar |first=Niveda |date=29 June 2015 |title=Asha Sharath Joins Thoongavanam |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/asha-sharath-joins-thoongavanam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241128061140/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/asha-sharath-joins-thoongavanam/ |archive-date=28 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref> [[Uma Riyaz Khan]] was signed for an "important role" <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2015 |title=Uma Riyaz Khan in Kamal's 'Thoonga Vanam' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/uma-riyaz-khan-in-kamals-thoonga-vanam-news-tamil-pfqkusjihaiig.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519012008/http://www.sify.com/movies/uma-riyaz-khan-in-kamals-thoonga-vanam-news-tamil-pfqkusjihaiig.html |archive-date=19 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] informed that had been selected for a "key role" in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2015 |title=Kishore in Kamal Haasan's Thoongavanam |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kishore-in-Kamal-Haasans-Thoongavanam/articleshow/47460106.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601033651/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kishore-in-Kamal-Haasans-Thoongavanam/articleshow/47460106.cms |archive-date=1 June 2015 |access-date=4 June 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In June 2015, it was reported that [[Madhu Shalini]] was part of the film and had starting filming,<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2015 |title=Madhu Shalini in Kamal Haasan's 'Thoongaavanam' |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/madhu-shalini-in-kamal-haasan-s-thoongaavanam-115060600172_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612024457/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/madhu-shalini-in-kamal-haasan-s-thoongaavanam-115060600172_1.html |archive-date=12 June 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> while [[Sampath Raj]] was also added to the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=6 June 2015 |title=Sampath to work with Kamal in Thoonga Vanam |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sampath-to-work-with-Kamal-in-Thoonga-Vanam/articleshow/47553975.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613232048/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sampath-to-work-with-Kamal-in-Thoonga-Vanam/articleshow/47553975.cms |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Sampath's character was revealed to be that of a local gangster called Pedha Babu.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Aman Abdullah played Kamal Haasan's son, making his acting debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gowri |first=Devika |date=10 November 2015 |title=Kamal Haasan is Aman's favourite! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151109/entertainment-kollywood/article/kamal-haasan-aman%E2%80%99s-favourite |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020232835/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151109/entertainment-kollywood/article/kamal-haasan-aman%E2%80%99s-favourite |archive-date=20 October 2017 |access-date=20 August 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] wrote the lyrics for the Telugu version apart from making a cameo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2015 |title=Kamal Haasan's Cheekati Rajyam all set for Telugu release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/kamal-haasans-cheekati-rajyam-all-set-for-telugu-release/articleshow/49710953.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609233350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/kamal-haasans-cheekati-rajyam-all-set-for-telugu-release/articleshow/49710953.cms |archive-date=9 June 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |access-date=26 March 2026 }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began in late May at [[Ramoji Film City]] in [[Hyderabad]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=25 May 2015 |title=With Cheekati Raajyam, Kamal returns to Telugu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/with-cheekati-raajyam-kamal-returns-to-telugu/article7242870.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713102025/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/with-cheekati-raajyam-kamal-returns-to-telugu/article7242870.ece |archive-date=13 July 2017 |access-date=4 June 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and was completed in 38 working days by early August 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2015 |title=Thoongavanam wrapped up in 38 days |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150808/entertainment-kollywood/article/thoongavanam-wrapped-38-days |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930030342/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150808/entertainment-kollywood/article/thoongavanam-wrapped-38-days |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thoonga Vanam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ghibran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|2015|10|07|df=y|}} (Tamil) {{start date|2015|11|03|df=y|}} (Telugu)
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 4:33
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Ghibran]]
| prev_title = [[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Babu Bangaram]]
| next_year = 2016
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|pi2LHhSons8|Official Video Song (Tamil)}}
| audio2 = {{YouTube|ad3AkFP_kSY|Official Video Song (Telugu)}}
}}
}}

The soundtrack album for ''Thoongaa Vanam'' composed by [[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]], features only one song, "Neeye Unakku Raja" in the [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal genre]], written by [[Vairamuthu]] and sung by [[Kamal Haasan]], with backing vocals by [[Yazin Nizar]] and model-turned-singer [[C. Aishvarrya Suresh|Aishvarrya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Mrinalini |date=11 October 2015 |title=I have never sung metal before: Aishvarrya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-have-never-sung-metal-before-aishvarrya/articleshow/49300398.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523034247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-have-never-sung-metal-before-aishvarrya/articleshow/49300398.cms |archive-date=23 May 2023 |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song was released on 7 October 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2015 |title='Thoongaavanam' team's birthday gift for Kamal Haasan – a single! |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/thoongaavanam-teams-birthday-gift-for-kamal-haasan-a-single/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009004020/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/thoongaavanam-teams-birthday-gift-for-kamal-haasan-a-single/ |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing (Tamil)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Neeye Unakku Raja
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra1 = [[Kamal Haasan]], [[C. Aishvarrya Suresh|Aishvarrya]], [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length1 = 4:33
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing (Telugu)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dhairyam Veedi
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Kamal Haasan]], [[C. Aishvarrya Suresh|Aishvarrya]], [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length1 = 4:33
}}

==Reception==

=== ''Thoongaa Vanam'' ===
Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 stars, calling it "an absolute slick crime adventure".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=10 November 2015 |title=Thoongaavanam review: A better Kamal film, pacy and slick |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/thoongaavanam-review-a-better-kamal-film-pacy-and-slick/story-rrbDsdxAIsN6fIF8PjNohI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110110300/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/thoongaavanam-review-a-better-kamal-film-pacy-and-slick/story-rrbDsdxAIsN6fIF8PjNohI.html |archive-date=10 November 2015 |access-date=11 November 2015 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars mentioning Thoongaa Vanam as a slick, well-made film that takes you through the course of happening over one night to the police officer and appreciated Rajesh Selva for directing a film that broke from the regular Tamil films. They also appreciated the performance of Kamal Haasan, Trisha and Ghibran for the excellent background score.<ref name="dnatvanamreview">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=10 November 2015 |title='Thoongaavanam' review: This Kamal Haasan-Trisha starrer is more Hollywood than Kollywood |url=http://tamilplex.com/article/eng/2014/03/13/503/aadama-jeyichomada-cricket-scam.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031324/http://tamilplex.com/article/eng/2014/03/13/503/aadama-jeyichomada-cricket-scam.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=10 November 2015 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref>

Rating it 3/5 stars, S. Saraswathi of [[Rediff.com|''Rediff'']] appreciated the performances of the lead cast as well as the film's technical aspects but criticised the lack of pace in the film's screenplay before concluding "the intriguing plot, good performances, Ghibran's innovative background score and camera angles of Sanu Varghese make director Rajesh M. Selva's {{sic|''Thoonga Vanam''|nolink=y}} worth a watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=10 November 2015 |title=Review: Thoonga Vanam is worth a watch |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-thoonga-vanam-is-worth-a-watch/20151110.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112195251/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-thoonga-vanam-is-worth-a-watch/20151110.htm |archive-date=12 November 2015 |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' also rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "even though the film cleverly spreads the action across various areas in the club [...] it isn't enough to shake off the feeling of claustrophobia. By the time the film gets over, we feel exhausted."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=11 November 2015 |title=Thoongaavanam Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Thoongaavanam/movie-review/49744186.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114074757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Thoongaavanam/movie-review/49744186.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=11 November 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Karthik Keramalu of ''[[IBNLive]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "Actors move in and out of rooms, run this way and that, plot and fail, hide and seek. Yet all the effort of the cast and crew is shaken and not stirred enough as the screenplay gets a few nods wrong."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=11 November 2015 |title='Thoongaavanam' review: The movie is uninspiring and a tame thriller |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/%E2%80%AA%E2%80%8Ethoongaavanam-review-the-movie-is-uninspiring-and-a-tame-thriller-1163162.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113030741/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/%E2%80%AA%E2%80%8Ethoongaavanam-review-the-movie-is-uninspiring-and-a-tame-thriller-1163162.html |archive-date=13 November 2015 |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=[[IBNLive]]}}</ref>

[[Baradwaj Rangan]], writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', stated that the film picks up in the post-interval portions "the kitchen-sink action choreography, the sounds of things breaking and clattering, the bursts of background score, the jittery camerawork", concluding the film as "an okay thriller", but criticised Rajesh Selva for not giving the output to the dazzle of [[Brian De Palma]] films.<ref name="thehindureview">{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=10 November 2015 |title=Thoongavanam: An okay thriller, with goodies for fans |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thoongavanam-an-okay-thriller-with-goodies-for-fans/article7865210.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111094029/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thoongavanam-an-okay-thriller-with-goodies-for-fans/article7865210.ece |archive-date=11 January 2016 |access-date=10 November 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' described the film as a "classy thriller that gives an edge of the seat ride with world class action sequences and no-nonsense execution!". Kamal Haasan, Prakash Raj, Sampath Raj, Kishore and Trisha were appreciated for their performances, while they concluded mentioning about the technical aspects like music, action, editing and camera work that gave an edge to the film.<ref name="sifyreview">{{Cite web |title=Thoonga Vanam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thoonga-vanam-review--plkkQcbiadhaj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110225931/http://www.sify.com/movies/thoonga-vanam-review--plkkQcbiadhaj.html |archive-date=10 November 2015 |access-date=10 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

===''Cheekati Rajyam''===
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''The Hindu'' stated, "though the film isn't really exceptional, makes for an engaging watch". She also mentioned the performance of Kamal Haasan, Prakash Raj and Trisha as good, concluding the film as a stylish cop drama as attention is paid even to little details of the film making.<ref name="TH">{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=20 November 2015 |title=Cheekati Rajyam: The night is sinister |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cheekati-rajyam-the-night-is-sinister/article7899886.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309043146/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cheekati-rajyam-the-night-is-sinister/article7899886.ece |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=22 November 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Suresh Kaviyarani of the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "Though the second half is a bit slow, overall the movie is good as it is a nice departure from the regular masala films".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaviyarani |first=Suresh |date=20 November 2015 |title=Movie Review 'Cheekati Rajyam': A good adaptation |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151121/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-cheekati-rajyam-good-adaptation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713065600/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151121/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-cheekati-rajyam-good-adaptation |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film grossed over ₹50 crore worldwide. Its box office shortcomings were attributed by journalists to the [[2015 South India floods]].<ref name="BO">{{Cite news |date=3 June 2022 |title='Vikram': Kamal Haasan's last five movies' box office stats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-kamal-haasans-last-five-movies-box-office-stats/photostory/91988285.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603182252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-kamal-haasans-last-five-movies-box-office-stats/photostory/91988285.cms |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|thoongaavanam_2015|Cheekati Rajyam}}
{{Raaj Kamal Films International}}
{{Kamal Haasan}}
{{Rajesh M. Selva}}

[[Category:2010s crime action films]]
[[Category:2015 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2015 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Films about child abduction in India]]
[[Category:Films about cocaine]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about hostage takings]]
[[Category:Films about human trafficking in India]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films about police corruption]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films about the Narcotics Control Bureau]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajesh M. Selva]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghibran Vaibodha]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of French films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language crime thriller films]]

Kewal Krishan (forensic anthropologist)

2026-03-25T21:24:15Z

Jeep Safari: added a details from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian forensic anthropologist (born 1973)}}
{{about|the forensic anthropologist|the physician and Speaker of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Kewal Krishan}}
{{Promotional|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Kewal Krishan
|image = Dr Kewal Krishan attending American Academy of Forensic Sciences Conference in Las Vegas, February 2016.jpg
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|11|24|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
|field = [[Forensic anthropologist]] [[Biological anthropologist]] [[Forensic scientist]]
|work_institution = [[Panjab University]]
|known_for = Contributions to [[Forensic anthropology]] in [[India]],
[[Heel-Ball Index]]
|prizes = [[FRAI]] [[FIALFS]] [[Faculty Research Award]] Editorial Board Member of [[Forensic Science International]], [[Medicine, Science and the Law]], [[Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences]], [[Frontiers in Public Health]], [[Journal of Infection in Developing Countries]], [[The Science of Nature]]
| website = {{URL|http://anthropology.puchd.ac.in/}}
|footnotes =
}}

'''Kewal Krishan''', an Indian [[forensic anthropologist]], is a professor of [[physical anthropology]] and former Chair of Department of Anthropology and Dean, International Students at [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://anthropology.puchd.ac.in/show-biodata.php?qstrempid=75&qstrempdesigcode=9 | title=Department of Anthropology Panjab University Chandigarh India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://dis.puchd.ac.in/show-biodata.php?qstrempid=2116&qstrempdesigcode=5 | title=Dean, International Students, Panjab University Chandigarh India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Panjab University to offer dual degree from next session: Vice-Chancellor |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/panjab-university-to-offer-dual-degree-from-next-session-vice-chancellor-578012 |work=The Tribune |date=3 January 2024 }}</ref> He has contributed to the development of [[forensic anthropology]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anthropology.ua.edu/blogs/dascott/2015/10/11/dr-kewal-krishan-physical-and-forensic-anthropologist/|title=Dr. Kewal Krishan – Physical and Forensic Anthropologist|date=11 October 2015|work=ua.edu|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624031446/http://anthropology.ua.edu/blogs/dascott/2015/10/11/dr-kewal-krishan-physical-and-forensic-anthropologist/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forensicreader.com/most-famous-forensic-anthropologist/|title=20+ Most Famous Forensic Anthropologist: [Achievements & Discoveries]|date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/news-detail-778907|title = Honour for PU faculty}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Krishan was born in 1973 in a small village [[Mullanpur Garibdass]] of District [[Mohali]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state of north [[India]] where he studied at Government High School. He completed his bachelor's degree, master's degree in [[Anthropology]] and earned [[Ph.D.]] in Forensic Anthropology in 2003 from [[Panjab University]], [[Chandigarh]], India. Krishan is an elected fellow of the [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] ([[FRAI]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.therai.org.uk/|title=Home|work=therai.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://suite.nomadit.co.uk/directory.php5?object=member&action=viewprofile&organisation=5&member=19035|title=Directory|work=nomadit.co.uk |date=24 January 2024 }}</ref>

==Career==
In the subfield of "Legal & Forensic Medicine", Krishan has been included in the top 2% of scientists on the [[science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators]] list.<ref name="11 scientists of panjab university in top world rankings ">{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/11-scientists-of-panjab-university-in-top-world-rankings-164478 | title=11 scientists of panjab university in top world rankings | work=The Tribune | date=2 November 2020 | access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ioannidis |first1=John P.A. |title=August 2024 data-update for "Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators |url=https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/7 |website=Elsevier Data Repository |date=2024 |volume=7 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.17632/btchxktzyw.7 |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref> Krishan is the only anthropologist from India in this subfield.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tech-talk.org/2020/11/09/indian-researchers-who-are-in-top-2-in-their-fields-stanford-study/|title = Indian Researchers who are in Top 2% in their fields – Stanford Study|date = 9 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000918 |title=Va Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators|journal=PLOS Biology |volume=18 |issue=10 |article-number=e3000918 |year=2020 |last1=Ioannidis |first1=John PA|last2=Boyack|first2=Kevin W|last3=Baas |first3=Jeroen |pmid=33064726|pmc=7567353 |doi-access=free }}</ref> He was ranked 16th in Legal & Forensic Medicine category in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/panjab-university-professor-prof-kewal-krishan-got-17th-position-in-list-of-top-20-forensic-scientists-of-world|title = सम्मान: दुनिया के टॉप-20 फोरेंसिक वैज्ञानिकों में शामिल हुए पंजाब यूनिवर्सिटी के प्रो. केवल कृष्ण, सूची में मिला 17वां स्थान}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/3|doi = 10.17632/btchxktzyw.3|year = 2021|author1 = Jeroen Baas|title = August 2021 data-update for "Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators"|volume = 3|publisher = Elsevier BV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PU professor among top 2 per cent forensic scientists globally |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pu-professor-among-top-2-per-cent-forensic-scientists-globally-587477 |work=The Tribune |date=4 February 2024 }}</ref> In 2024, he was ranked at 13th position among 14,394 forensic scientists.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tribune News Service |title=PU professsor among top 13 forensic scientists worldwide |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pu-professor-among-top13-forensic-scientists-worldwide/ |access-date=18 July 2025 |work=The Tribune |date=28 Apr 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Times of India |title=PU prof ranked among top forensic scientists worldwide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/pu-prof-ranked-among-top-forensic-scientists-worldwide/articleshow/120673993.cms |access-date=18 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=27 Apr 2025}}</ref> He is one of the most cited forensic scientists with over 415 publications and more than 150,000 citations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tribune News Service |title=PU professsor among top 13 forensic scientists worldwide |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pu-professor-among-top13-forensic-scientists-worldwide/ |access-date=18 July 2025 |work=The Tribune |date=28 Apr 2025}}</ref> In 2022, Krishan ranked 3rd in forensic anthropology research according to a [[bibliometrics]] study published by ''[[Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=PU professor secures 3rd rank in forensic anthropology research |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/pu-professor-secures-3rd-rank-in-forensic-anthropology-research-101643055318560.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 January 2022 }}</ref>

==Research and Innovation==
Krishan's research focuses on human morphology and its forensic applications within Indian populations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=34167945900|title=Scopus preview - Author details (Krishan, Kewal)|work=scopus.com}}</ref><ref>{{PubMedAuthorSearch|Krishan|K}}</ref> He has authored contributions for ''Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences 2nd Edition'' and ''[[Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine 2nd Edition]]'' published by [[Elsevier]] in 2013 <ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-382165-2.00010-6 |chapter=Stature and Build |title=Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences |pages=49–53 |year=2013 |last1=Krishan |first1=K. |last2=Kanchan |first2=T. |isbn=978-0-12-382166-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-382165-2.00183-5 |chapter=Forensic Pathology – Principles and Overview |title=Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences |pages=193–196 |year=2013 |last1=Kanchan |first1=T. |last2=Krishan |first2=K. |isbn=978-0-12-382166-9 }}</ref> and 2016 <ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-800034-2.00210-X |chapter=Identification: Prints – Ear |title=Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine |pages=74–80 |year=2016 |last1=Krishan |first1=K. |last2=Kanchan |first2=T. |isbn=978-0-12-800055-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-800034-2.00054-9 |chapter=Blood Grouping |title=Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine |pages=425–432 |year=2016 |last1=Kanchan |first1=T. |last2=Krishan |first2=K. |isbn=978-0-12-800055-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-800034-2.00209-3 |chapter=Identification: Prints – Footprints |title=Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine |pages=81–91 |year=2016 |last1=Krishan |first1=K. |last2=Kanchan |first2=T. |isbn=978-0-12-800055-7 }}</ref> respectively.
A primary focus of his work is [[forensic podiatry]] of the north Indian population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/news-detail-778907|title = Honour for PU faculty}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.06.012 |pmid=26163192 |title=Emergence of forensic podiatry—A novel sub-discipline of forensic sciences |journal=Forensic Science International |volume=255 |pages=16–27 |year=2015 |last1=Krishan |first1=Kewal |last2=Kanchan |first2=Tanuj |last3=Dimaggio |first3=John A. }}</ref> His studies have examined the correlation between [[body weight]] and [[footprints]] and its interpretation in [[crime scene|crime scene investigation]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.04.015 |pmid=18515026 |title=Establishing correlation of footprints with body weight—Forensic aspects |journal=Forensic Science International |volume=179 |issue=1 |pages=63–69 |year=2008 |last1=Krishan |first1=Kewal }}</ref>
He also established some of the unique and individualistic characteristics of the footprints that are helpful in the identification of criminals.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.08.006 |pmid=16965880 |title=Individualizing characteristics of footprints in Gujjars of North India—Forensic aspects |journal=Forensic Science International |volume=169 |issue=2–3 |pages=137–144 |year=2007 |last1=Krishan |first1=Kewal }}</ref> He devised and calculated the effect of limb asymmetry on estimation of [[Human stature|stature]] in forensic examinations.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.015 |pmid=20478673 |title=A study of limb asymmetry and its effect on estimation of stature in forensic case work |journal=Forensic Science International |volume=200 |issue=1–3 |pages=181.e1–181.e5 |year=2010 |last1=Krishan |first1=Kewal |last2=Kanchan |first2=Tanuj |last3=Dimaggio |first3=John A. }}</ref> Krishan developed a novel index called [[Heel-Ball Index]] in the forensic literature emphasizing its relevance in [[sex differences in humans|sex determination]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01960.x |pmid=22074354 |title=Heel-Ball (HB) Index: Sexual Dimorphism of a New Index from Foot Dimensions |journal=Journal of Forensic Sciences |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=172–175 |year=2012 |last1=Krishan |first1=Kewal |last2=Kanchan |first2=Tanuj |last3=Passi |first3=Neelam |last4=Dimaggio |first4=John A. |s2cid=26942137 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.02.002 |title=Heel–Ball index: An analysis of footprint dimensions for determination of sex |journal=Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=29–33 |year=2014 |last1=Kanchan |first1=Tanuj |last2=Krishan |first2=Kewal |last3=Prusty |first3=Disha |last4=Machado |first4=Meghna |doi-access=free }}</ref> He has published unique work on the [[footprint]] ridge density of Indian population and its significance in [[forensic identification]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/0025802414557880 |pmid=25413487 |title=Variability of footprint ridge density and its use in estimation of sex in forensic examinations |journal=Medicine, Science and the Law |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=284–290 |year=2015 |last1=Krishan |first1=Kewal |last2=Kanchan |first2=Tanuj |last3=Pathania |first3=Annu |last4=Sharma |first4=Ruchika |last5=Dimaggio |first5=John A. |s2cid=25105576 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jchb.2012.09.004 |pmid=23137779 |title=Footprint ridge density: A new attribute for sexual dimorphism |journal=Homo |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=468–480 |year=2012 |last1=Kanchan |first1=T. |last2=Krishan |first2=K. |last3=Aparna |first3=K.R. |last4=Shyamsunder |first4=S. }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishan, Kewal}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]]
[[Category:Forensic anthropologists]]
[[Category:Indian forensic scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:People from Chandigarh district]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Physical anthropologists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Panjab University]]

Sartaj Sahni

2026-03-23T20:12:51Z

Jeep Safari: new the page w/ refs

{{short description|American computer scientist}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Sartaj Sahni
|image = Sartaj Sahni.jpg
|caption = Prof. Sartaj Sahni in 2015.
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|07|22}}
|birth_place = [[Pune]], India
|alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology]], [[Cornell University]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Ellis Horowitz]]
|doctoral_students = [[Teofilo F. Gonzalez]]
|known_for = [[Data structure]]s, [[Algorithm]]s
|field = [[Computer science]]
|work_institutions = [[University of Florida]]
|prizes = [[IEEE Computer Society]] [[Taylor L. Booth Education Award]], 1997 IEEE Computer Society W. Wallace McDowell Award, 2003 [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] Karl Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award, 2003
}}

Professor '''Sartaj Kumar Sahni''' (born July 22, 1949, in [[Pune]], India) is a [[computer scientist]] based in the United States, and is one of the pioneers{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} in the field of [[data structure]]s. He is a distinguished professor in the Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering at the [[University of Florida]].<ref>[https://www.cise.ufl.edu/people/faculty/sahni/ Faculty profile], CISE, U. of Florida, accessed 2011-10-10.</ref>

==Education==
Sahni received his [[BTech]] degree in [[electrical engineering]] from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]].<ref name="iitk"/> Following this, he undertook his graduate studies at [[Cornell University]] in the US, earning a [[PhD degree]] in 1973, under the supervision of [[Ellis Horowitz]].<ref>{{mathgenealogy|name=Sartaj Kumar Sahni|id=46660}}.</ref>

==Research and publications==
Sahni has published over 280 research papers and written 15 textbooks.<ref>{{DBLP|name=Sartaj Sahni}}</ref> His research publications are on the design and analysis of efficient [[algorithms]], [[data structures]], [[parallel computing]], interconnection networks, design automation, and medical algorithms.

With his advisor Ellis Horowitz, Sahni wrote two widely used textbooks, ''Fundamentals of Computer Algorithms''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of Computer Algorithms |last1=Horowitz|first1=E.| last2=Sahni|first2=S.|isbn=978-0-914-89422-3|location=Potomac, MD|oclc=4135509|year=1978}}</ref> and ''Fundamentals of Data Structures''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of data structures in Turbo Pascal: for the IBM PC |last1=Horowitz|first1=E.| last2=Sahni|first2=S.|isbn=978-0-716-78152-3|location=Rockville, MD|oclc=18135361|year=1989}}</ref> He has also written highly cited research papers on the [[NP-complete]]ness of [[approximation algorithm|approximately solving]] certain optimization problems,<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Sahni | first1 = Sartaj
| last2 = Gonzalez | first2 = Teofilo | author2-link = Teofilo F. Gonzalez
| issue = 3
| journal = Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery
| mr = 0408313
| pages = 555–565
| title = P-complete approximation problems
| volume = 23
| year = 1976
| doi=10.1145/321958.321975| s2cid = 207548581
| url = https://dml.cz/bitstream/handle/10338.dmlcz/103883/AplMat_25-1980-6_8.pdf
}}.</ref> on [[open shop scheduling]],<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Gonzalez | first1 = Teofilo | author1-link = Teofilo F. Gonzalez
| last2 = Sahni | first2 = Sartaj
| issue = 4
| journal = Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery
| mr = 0429089
| pages = 665–679
| title = Open shop scheduling to minimize finish time
| volume = 23
| year = 1976
| doi=10.1145/321978.321985| citeseerx = 10.1.1.394.1507 | s2cid = 1642775 }}.</ref> on [[parallel algorithm]]s for [[matrix multiplication]] and their application in [[graph theory]],<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Dekel | first1 = Eliezer
| last2 = Nassimi | first2 = David
| last3 = Sahni | first3 = Sartaj
| doi = 10.1137/0210049
| issue = 4
| journal = SIAM Journal on Computing
| mr = 635424
| pages = 657–675
| title = Parallel matrix and graph algorithms
| volume = 10
| year = 1981}}.</ref> and on improved [[exponential time]] exact algorithms for the [[subset sum problem]],<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Horowitz | first1 = Ellis
| last2 = Sahni | first2 = Sartaj
| doi = 10.1145/321812.321823
| journal = Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery
| mr = 0354006
| pages = 277–292
| title = Computing partitions with applications to the knapsack problem
| volume = 21
| issue = 2
| year = 1969| hdl = 1813/5989
| s2cid = 16866858
| hdl-access = free
}}.</ref> among his many other research results.

=== Books ===
* {{cite book |year=1985 |title=Concepts in Discrete Mathematics |location= Fridley, MN |publisher= Camelot Pub. Co.|isbn=978-0-942-45000-2}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Concepts in Discrete Mathematics|last=Sahni|first=Sartaj|isbn=978-0-942-45000-2|location=Fridley, MN|oclc=11286527|year=1985}}</ref>
* {{cite book |year=1989 |title=Fundamentals of Data Structures in Turbo Pascal: for the IBM PC |location= Rockville, MD |publisher= Computer Science Press|isbn=978-0-716-78152-3}}
* {{cite book |year=1995 |title=Software Development in C |location= Summit, NJ |publisher= Silicon Press|isbn=978-0-929-30616-2}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Software Development in C|last1=Sahni|first1=Sartaj|last2=Cmelik|first2=Bob|isbn=978-0-929-30616-2|location=Summit, NJ|oclc=30894104|year=1995}}</ref>
* {{cite book |year=1997 |title=Computer Algorithms/C++ |location= New York, NY |publisher= Computer Science Press|isbn=978-0-716-78315-2}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Computer Algorithms/C++|last1=Horowitz|first1=Ellis|last2=Sahni|first2=Sartaj|last3=Rajasekaran|first3=Sanguthevar|isbn=978-0-716-78315-2|location=New York, NY|oclc=35928547|year=1997}}</ref>
* {{cite book |year=1998 |title=Data Structures, Algorithms, and Applications in C++ |location= Boston, MA |publisher= McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-071-09219-7}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Data Structures, Algorithms, and Applications in C++|last=Sahni|first=Sartaj|isbn=978-0-071-09219-7|location=Boston, MA|oclc=37663183|year=1998}}</ref>
* {{cite book |year=2000 |title=Data Structures, Algorithms, and Applications in Java |location= Boston, MA |publisher= McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-071-09217-3}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Data Structures, Algorithms, and Applications in Java|last=Sahni|first=Sartaj|isbn=978-0-071-09217-3|location=Boston, MA|oclc=41412055|year=2000}}</ref>
* {{cite book |year=2003 |title=Software Development in Java |location= Summit, NJ |publisher= Silicon Press|isbn=978-0-929-30626-1}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Software Development in Java|last1=Sahni|first1=Sartaj|last2=Kumar|first2=Raj|isbn=978-0-929-30626-1|location=Summit, NJ|oclc=50503251|year=2003}}</ref>
* {{cite book |year=2005 |title=Handbook of Data Structures and Applications |location= Boca Raton, FL |publisher= Chapman & Hall/CRC|isbn=978-1-584-88435-4}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Data Structures and Applications|editor-last1=Mehta|editor-first1=Dinesh|editor-last2=Sahni|editor-first2=Sartaj|isbn=978-1-584-88435-4|location=Boca Raton, FL|oclc=55877387|year=2005}} eBook: {{OCLC|1028641676}}</ref>
* {{cite book |year=2007 |title=Fundamentals of Data Structures in C |edition=2 |publisher=[[Computer Science Press]], division of [[W. H. Freeman]] |location=New York|isbn=978-0-929-30640-7}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Fundamentals of Data Structures in C |edition=2 |author-first1=Ellis |author-last1=Horowitz |author-link1=Ellis Horowitz |author-first2=Sartaj |author-last2=Sahni |author-link2=Sartaj Sahni |author-first3=Susan |author-last3=Anderson-Freed |publisher=[[Computer Science Press]], division of [[W. H. Freeman]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-929-30640-7|oclc=105469053|year=2007}}</ref>
* {{cite book |year=2010 |title=Information Systems, Technology and Management | location= Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher= Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-12034-3}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Information Systems, Technology and Management|last1=Prasad|first1=Sushil|last2=Vin|first2=Harrick|last3=Sahni|first3=Sartaj|last4=Jaiswal|first4=Mahadeo|isbn=978-3-642-12034-3|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|oclc=990477975|year=2010}}</ref>
* {{cite book |year=2018 |title=Handbook of Data Structures and Applications | edition= 2| location= Boca Raton, FL |publisher= CRC Press|isbn=978-1-315-11933-5}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Data Structures and Applications|editor-last1=Mehta|editor-first1=Dinesh|editor-last2=Sahni|editor-first2=Sartaj|isbn=978-1-315-11933-5|location=Boca Raton, FL|oclc=1028641676|year=2018}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
In 1997, Sahni was awarded the [[IEEE Computer Society]]'s [[Taylor L. Booth Education Award]]<ref>[http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/taylorbooth Past recipients for Taylor L. Booth Education Award], IEEE Computer Society, accessed 2011-10-10.</ref> and in 2003 he was awarded the IEEE Computer Society [[McDowell Award]].<ref>[http://awards.computer.org/ana/award/viewPastRecipients.action?id=23 Past recipients for W. Wallace McDowell Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002114319/http://awards.computer.org/ana/award/viewPastRecipients.action?id=23 |date=2011-10-02 }}, IEEE Computer Society, accessed 2011-10-10.</ref> Sahni was also awarded the 2003 Karl V. Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award of the [[Association for Computing Machinery]].<ref>[http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?awd=142 Karl V. Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402212417/http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?awd=142 |date=2012-04-02 }}, ACM, accessed 2011-10-10.</ref>

Professor Sahni is a member of the European Academy of Sciences.<ref>[https://www.eurasc.org/members/members.asp?cognome=s List of the members of the European Academy of Sciences], accessed 2011-10-10.</ref> He was elected as a [[Fellow]] of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] in 1988,<ref>[http://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/fellows/sfellows.html Alphabetical Listing of Fellows] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820074035/http://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/fellows/sfellows.html |date=2011-08-20 }}, IEEE, accessed 2011-10-10.</ref> and of the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] in 1996;<ref>[http://fellows.acm.org/homepage.cfm?alpha=S&srt=alpha ACM Fellows listing], accessed 2011-10-10.</ref> he is also a fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], elected in 1995.<ref>[http://www.aaas.org/aboutaaas/fellows/ AAAS Fellows], accessed 2011-10-10.</ref> He is a Distinguished Alumnus of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur.<ref name="iitk">[http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/Archive/dirjuly3/alumnus_awards.html Distinguished Alumnus Awards-2000], IIT Kanpur, accessed 2011-10-10.</ref>

Sahni was given the Honorary Professor Award of [[Asia University (Taiwan)|Asia University]] in 2009.<ref>[http://www.cise.ufl.edu/news/NA00141/index.shtml Distinguished Professor and Chair Sartaj Sahni receives the Honorary Professor Award from Asia University, Taiwan], University of Florida, CISE, June 9, 2009. Sahni Accessed 2011-10-10.</ref>

==Volunteer activities==
He has served as editor-in-chief of ''[[ACM Computing Surveys]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.cise.ufl.edu/~sahni/ Sartaj K. Sahni home page]
* {{GoogleScholar|id=gMQWxE0AAAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahni, Sartaj}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:American theoretical computer scientists]]
[[Category:Computer science writers]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:University of Florida faculty]]
[[Category:Technology writers]]

Saidapet metro station

2026-03-21T16:33:32Z

Jeep Safari: quick update

{{Short description|Chennai Metro's Blue Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]] Saidapet
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Chennai Metro Infobox station line|line = Blue}}
| architectural_style = Chennai Metro
| image = Saidapet metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Saidapet metro station with City Union Bank
| address = Anna Salai, Todd Hunter Nagar, Nandanam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600015
| borough =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0214141|80.2254362|type:railwaystation_region:SG|format=dms}}
| owned = [[Chennai Metro]]
| operator = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
| line = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Blue|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Island platform]] 
Platform-1 → [[Chennai International Airport metro station|Chennai International Airport]] ''(to be extended to '''Kilambakkam''' in the future)'' Platform-2 → [[Wimco Nagar Depot metro station|Wimco Nagar Depot]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double Track]]
| parking = Available {{parking symbol}}
| bicycle =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = SSA
| zone =
| website =
| electrified = Single phase 25 kV, 50 Hz AC through [[overhead catenary]]
| opened_date = {{start date and age|2018|05|25|df=yes}}
| closed =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Nandanam|to-left1=Wimco Nagar Depot|right1=Little Mount|to-right1=Chennai International Airport|line2=Blue|left2=Nandanam|to-left2=Wimco Nagar Depot|note-mid2=''(Future Service)''|right2=Little Mount |to-right2=Kilambakkam}}
| route_map = {{Chennai Metro Blue Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Saidapet''' is an underground metro station on the North-South Corridor of the [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Chennai Metro]] in [[Chennai]], India. This station serves the neighbourhood of [[Saidapet]]. The station has a length of 230 to 250 meters.<ref>{{cite news| title = CMRL's compact stations have their own fan club
| newspaper = The Hindu| location = Chennai| publisher = Kasturi & Sons| date = 29 June 2018| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrls-compact-stations-have-their-own-fan-club/article24283329.ece| accessdate = 15 July 2018}}</ref> The station was opened for public on 25 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-opens-two-underground-stretches/article23989294.ece|title=Chennai Metro Rail opens two underground stretches|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=2018-05-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Interesting facts==
The station became the first station in Chennai Metro to have solar panels installed. A total of 400 KW panels have been installed in the station to power elevators, escalators, and lights at the station.<ref>{{cite news| last = Sekar| first = Sunitha| title = Metro Rail to begin tapping solar energy at Saidapet| newspaper = The Hindu| location = Chennai| publisher = Kasturi & Sons| date = 4 June 2018| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-rail-to-begin-tapping-solar-energy-at-saidapet/article24074449.ece| accessdate = 7 August 2018}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Saidapet track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Nandanam metro station|Nandanam]]
*'''P2'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P1'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Little Mount metro station|Little Mount]]
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|architectural_style ="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|architectural_style ="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|architectural_style ="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''M'''
|architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → [[Chennai International Airport metro station|Chennai International Airport]] '''Next Station:''' [[Little Mount metro station|Little Mount]] ''(to be further extended to [[Kilambakkam metro station|Kilambakkam]] in the future)''
|-
|architectural_style ="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
| architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← [[Wimco Nagar Depot metro station|Wimco Nagar Depot]] '''Next Station:''' [[Nandanam metro station|Nandanam]]
|}
{{Infobox building
| name = Saidapet metro station
| logo =
| logo_size = 100px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = Chennai Metro logo
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize = 280
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_mark =
| pushpin_relief =
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| etymology =
| status = Complete
| cancelled =
| topped_out =
| building_type = Metro station
| classification =
| location =
| address =
| location_city = [[Chennai]]
| location_country = India
| coordinates =
| altitude =
| current_tenants =
| namesake =
| groundbreaking_date =
| construction_start_date =
| construction_stop_date =
| est_completion =
| topped_out_date =
| completion_date = {{end date|2018}}
| opened_date = {{end date|2018|05|25|df=y}}
| inauguration_date =
| relocated_date =
| renovation_date =
| closing_date =
| demolished_date =
| cost =
| ren_cost =
| client =
| owner =
| landlord =
| affiliation =
| height =
| architectural =
| tip =
| antenna_spire =
| roof =
| top_floor =
| observatory =
| diameter =
| circumference =
| weight =
| other_dimensions =
| structural_system =
| material =
| size =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| elevator_count =
| grounds_area =
| architect =
| architecture_firm =
| developer =
| engineer =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| main_contractor = L&T-SUCG JV
| awards =
| designations =
| known_for =
| ren_architect =
| ren_firm =
| ren_engineer =
| ren_str_engineer =
| ren_serv_engineer =
| ren_civ_engineer =
| ren_oth_designers =
| ren_qty_surveyor =
| ren_contractor =
| ren_awards =
| number_of_rooms =
| parking =
| website = http://chennaimetrorail.org/
| embed =
| embedded =
| references =
| footnotes =
}}

===Facilities===
List of available [[Cash machine|ATM]] at Saidapet metro station are

==Connections==
===Bus===
[[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)]] bus routes number 1B, 5A, 5B, 5E, 5T, 9M, 18A, 18D, 18E, 18R, 19A, 19BCT, 19C, 19T, 23C, 23V, 29N, 45A, 45B, 45E, 47, 47A, 47D, 49G, 49R, 51F, 51J, 51M, 51N, 51P, 52, 52B, 52K, 52P, 54, 54D, 54E, 54M, 54P, 54S, 60, 60A, 60D, 60H, 88CET, 88Ccut, 88D, 88K, 88L, 88R, 118A, 119T, 129C, 154, 154A, 154P, 188, 188K, 221, 221H, 519, 554, 597, A45B, A47, A51, B18, B29NGS, D51, E18, G18, J51, M7, M7A, M9M, M18C, M19B, M45E, M51, M51R, M51V, M60, N45B, S35, V51, V51CUT, V151, serves the station from nearby Saidapet Police Station bus stand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtcbus.org/ |title=Home |website=mtcbus.org |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-date=26 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526170357/http://mtcbus.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Rail===
[[Saidapet railway station]] of [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] network is situated nearby.

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="70%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}};"| '''Saidapet metro station Entry/exits '''
|-
! style="width:5%;"|Gate No-A1
! style="width:5%;"|Gate No-A2
! style="width:5%;"|Gate No-A3
! style="width:5%;"|Gate No-A4
|-
| || || ||
|-
| || || ||
|-
| || || ||
|-
| || || ||
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Chennai]]
* [[Anna Salai]]
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]
* [[Chennai Metro]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]]
* [[Chennai Monorail]]
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Chennai International Airport]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Chennai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Saidapet+Metro+Station/@13.0214141,80.2254362,176m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sTeynampet+metro+station!3m4!1s0x3a52670f2f84726f:0xe227220a0ac65250!8m2!3d13.021234!4d80.225909|title= Saidapet metro station}}

{{Chennai topics}}
{{Chennai Metro|blue line=yes}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2018]]
[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

Devdas (2002 Hindi film)

2026-03-20T17:35:46Z

Jeep Safari:

{{short description|2002 film by Sanjay Leela Bhansali}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devdas
| image = Devdas (2002 Hindi film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = The theatrical poster of ''Devdas'', featuring the leading cast (Shah Rukh Khan, Aishwarya Rai and Madhuri Dixit). Khan features on the middle, holding a bottle of alcohol, while Rai and Dixit on the right and left of him, respectively.
| director = [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| producer = [[Bharat Shah]]
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Prakash Ranjit Kapadia
* Sanjay Leela Bhansali
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Devdas]]''|[[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
* [[Aishwarya Rai]]
* [[Madhuri Dixit]]
}}
| narrator = Shah Rukh Khan
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Ismail Darbar]] '''Score:''' [[Monty Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Binod Pradhan]]
| editing = Bela Sehgal
| studio = Mega Bollywood
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{film date|2002|05|23|[[Cannes Film Festival]]|2002|07|12|India|df=yes}}
| runtime = 184 minutes<ref name="prints" />
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}50 crore<ref name="Bollywood's gamble">{{Cite news |last1=Raval |first1=Sheela |last2=Chopra |first2=Anupama |author-link2=Anupama Chopra |date=20 May 2002 |title=Devdas: Bollywood's gamble |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20020520-sanjay-leela-bhansali-bollywood-take-a-huge-risk-by-with-devdas-795250-2002-05-19 |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225122728/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20020520-sanjay-leela-bhansali-bollywood-take-a-huge-risk-by-with-devdas-795250-2002-05-20 |archive-date=25 December 2018}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}168 crore<ref name="indiatoday"/><ref name="Billboard"/>
}}

'''''Devdas''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Period film|period]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] and produced by [[Bharat Shah]] under his banner, Mega Bollywood. It stars [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Aishwarya Rai]] and [[Madhuri Dixit]] in lead roles, with [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Kirron Kher]], [[Smita Jaykar]], and [[Vijayendra Ghatge]] in supporting roles. Based on the [[Bengali novels|Bengali]]-language [[Devdas|1917 novel of the same name]] by [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], the film narrates the story of Devdas Mukherjee (Khan), a wealthy law graduate who returns from [[London]] to marry his childhood friend, Parvati "Paro" (Rai). However, the rejection of their marriage by his own family sparks his descent into alcoholism, ultimately leading to his emotional deterioration and him seeking refuge with the golden-hearted courtesan [[Chandramukhi (character)|Chandramukhi]] (Dixit).

Bhansali was inspired to remake the novel into a film after reading it for a second time, and announced the project in November 1999. The screenplay was written by him and Prakash Ranjit Kapadia, who also wrote the dialogue. [[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]] built the sets between August 2000 and May 2001, spending {{INRConvert|200|m|year=2002|mode=historical}}. Along with Bhansali and other crews, he did extensive research on [[Calcutta]]n building design from [[History of the British Raj|the period of the British Raj]]. [[Principal photography]] was handled by [[Binod Pradhan]] from November 2000 to April 2002, taking place in [[Bikaner]], [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], and [[Filmistan]]. While [[Ismail Darbar]] and [[Birju Maharaj]] composed the soundtrack, [[Monty Sharma]] composed the background score.

''Devdas'' is featured in ''Out of Competition'' section at the [[2002 Cannes Film Festival]] on 23 May 2002 and was released worldwide on 12 July that year. It was the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian film ever made]] at the time, with a budget of {{INRConvert|500|m|year=2002|mode=historical}}. The film received mixed reviews when it premiered at Cannes, but was better received when it was theatrically released. The film was a major commercial success and emerged as the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films#High-grossing films by year|highest-grossing Indian film of the year]], earning approximately {{INR|1.68 billion}} ({{US$|35 million|long=no}}) worldwide. It won several [[List of accolades received by Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|accolades]], including 5 awards at the [[50th National Film Awards]], including [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] and [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] ([[Shreya Ghoshal]] for "Bairi Piya"). At the [[48th Filmfare Awards]], it won a record-setting 11 awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Bhansali), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Khan), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Rai) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Dixit). It was also nominated for the [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]]. Over the years the film has grown a [[cult following]] and considered an all time classic in Indian cinema.

== Plot ==
In the 1900s, Kausalya Mukherjee is happy to receive a letter about her son Devdas's arrival from [[London]] after his stay there for ten years for law school. Kausalya informs her neighbour and close friend Sumitra, whose daughter Parvati "Paro" was a close childhood friend of Devdas. When Devdas was sent to London, Paro was advised to light a lamp to bring about his return and never permitted it to extinguish. Devdas arrives and his and Paro's friendship transforms into deep love; Kausalya disapproves, owing to Paro's maternal lineage of [[nautch|nautch girls]] and [[Nautanki|nautanki performers]], which she considers inappropriate for a [[Zamindar]]i family like hers. Kumud, Devdas's manipulative sister-in-law, fuels her mother-in-law's thoughts.

During Kumud's baby shower, Sumitra publicly puts forth a proposal for Paro-Devdas's wedding but Kausalya discards the proposal with patronizing arrogance, remarks that Sumitra belongs to a lower-class family and hurls accusations at the mother-daughter duo. Sumitra vows to find a wealthier alliance for Paro. Paro later sneaks into Devdas' mansion to meet him but Narayan Mukherjee, Devdas's father, spots them and humiliates her and Sumitra. Devdas angrily leaves home but fails to muster courage to oppose his parents. He writes to Paro, requesting her to forget him and falsely states that love never existed between them. Broken, Paro agrees to marry an aristocrat: Bhuvan Choudhry, a widower with three grown children. Devdas's friend Chunnilal gets him to visit a [[brothel]], where Devdas chances upon a generous [[courtesan]] named [[Chandramukhi (character)|Chandramukhi]], who falls in love with him. Devdas realizes his mistake, visits Paro on her wedding day, and persistently requests her to marry him but she reprimands him for abandoning her.

Paro marries Bhuvan and departs to her in-laws' where Bhuvan confesses that their marriage was required to fulfill the position of Lady of the Estate and that his love is only for his late wife. Devdas walks towards anguish and alcoholism, permanently moving into Chandramukhi's brothel. Paro performs her duties to her husband's household sincerely, but is unable to forget Devdas. Narayan, on his deathbed, seeks apology from Paro and yearns to see Devdas, who arrives at his funeral and passes out. Devdas begins to stay with his family while Kumud steals the vault's keys; Devdas demands her to return them but Kumud accuses him of thievery, causing Kausalya to disown him.

Paro visits Chandramukhi and holds her responsible for Devdas's addiction to alcohol but discovers that Chandramukhi loves Devdas. She invites her to [[Durga Puja]] at her in-laws' manor and introduces Chandramukhi as her friend, concealing her profession to avoid disputes. Nevertheless, Bhuvan's son-in-law Kalibabu intends to avenge an earlier encounter with Chandramukhi that had gone wrong. He exposes her and humiliates her publicly. Chandramukhi takes a stand for herself, slaps Kalibabu and states that the visit of people like him to her brothel makes it successful. Kalibabu discloses to Bhuvan and his mother about Paro's previous affair with Devdas. Paro is forbidden from stepping out of the manor by Bhuvan.

Devdas falls ill and journeys on a train, where he stumbles upon Chunnilal, who urges him to drink. A severely ill Devdas, wanting to stand by a promise he made to Paro that he would visit her before his death, travels to Paro's in-laws' village. Devdas is dropped in front of Bhuvan's manor; Paro runs to meet him but Bhuvan opposes this, ordering all the doors of the manor to be closed and Paro to be restrained. The manor's gates close just before Paro can reach Devdas. Devdas only sees a blurred image of Paro running toward him. Paro sobs while Devdas whispers her name and dies, prompting the lamp to flicker out.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]] as Devdas Mukherjee
* [[Aishwarya Rai]] as Parvati "Paro" Chaudhary
* [[Madhuri Dixit]] as [[Chandramukhi (character)|Chandramukhi]]
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Chunnilal
* [[Kirron Kher]] as Sumitra Chakraborty
* [[Smita Jaykar]] as Kaushalya Mukherjee
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Dwijdas Mukherjee
* [[Ananya Khare]] as Kumud Mukherjee
* [[Milind Gunaji]] as Kalibabu
* [[Dina Pathak]] as Bhuvan's mother
* [[Vijayendra Ghatge]] as Bhuvan Chaudhry
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Dharamdas
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Manorama
* Sunil Rege as Neelkanth Chakraborty
* [[Vijay Crishna]] as Mr. Narayan Mukherjee
* [[Amardeep Jha]] as Kalibabu's mother
* [[Apara Mehta]] as Badi Aapa
* Muni Jha as Kaka
* Radhika Singh as Yashomati
* [[Disha Vakani]] as Sakhi
* [[Ava Mukherjee]] as Devdas's grandmother
}}
==Production==
===Development===

''Devdas'' is the third [[Hindi]] remake of the [[Devdas|1917 Bengali novel of the same name]] by [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], following the [[Devdas (1936 film)|1936]] and [[Devdas (1955 film)|1955]] versions.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sahota |first=Inderpreet |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2119805.stm |title=No expense spared in Devdas remake |work=BBC News |date=12 July 2002 |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-date=1 October 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021001170726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2119805.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com:80/20020816/fcover.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan: The Six Faces of Love |date=16 August 2002 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |last=Motwani |first=Monica |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103192728/http://www.screenindia.com/20020816/fcover.html |archive-date=3 November 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The director [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] read the novel for a second time and decided to adapt it.<ref name="Yeh Kaisa Devdas?">{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020608/windows/main1.htm |title=Yeh Kaisa Devdas? |last=Kaur |first=Devinder Ber |date=8 June 2002 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119001253/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020608/windows/main1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> When asked by a ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' interviewer about why he based the film on the novel, he said that it was "the most widely read story", and added, "I thought it would be a fascinating challenge for me [...] to present already known and loved characters, in my very own way, with my perspective."<ref name="One from the heart" /> He wanted to make this remake was "bigger, better and more spectacular than any classical movie made in Indian cinema".<ref name="Yeh Kaisa Devdas?" /> He explained how the novel ''Devdas'' has "a simple story [and] a soul which was so big", and confessed that he was motivated "to do justice to this, it had to be made with grandeur and opulence". He stated that it was his interpretation of the novel and "a tribute to a great story that transcends sexual love and makes emotion its hero."<ref name="One from the heart">{{cite news |url=http://devdas.indiatimes.com/maker.htm |title=One from the heart |date=2002 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913110048/http://devdas.indiatimes.com/maker.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bhansali, who had wanted to make a film that has grandeur and grace, spoke of his love to the film "as much as Devdas loved his Paro. I have put more sincerity and passion into ''Devdas'' than my other two films [''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]'' (1996) and ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'' (1999)] put together".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/20leela.htm |title='Love can never be outdated' |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |date=20 April 2002 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031902/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/20leela.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He described the novel's main character, also named Devdas, as "the paradox of a man who was [...] like a child, utterly lovable", believing that it "exists in every male, especially every Indian male".<ref name="One from the heart" /> In an interview with ''[[MW (Indian magazine)|Man's World]]'' magazine, he found a resemblance between the character and his father, who directed the 1965 action film ''Lootera'', starring [[Dara Singh]]. He saw Devdas "as a man who is so passionate about his love that it eventually consumes his entire being".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/entertainment/cinema/padmaavat-the-manic-obsessions-of-sanjay-leela-bhansali/ |title=The Manic Obsessions of Sanjay Leela Bhansali |date=June 2002 |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |author-link=Rajeev Masand |work=[[MW (Indian magazine)|Man's World]] |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116025009/https://www.mansworldindia.com/entertainment/cinema/padmaavat-the-manic-obsessions-of-sanjay-leela-bhansali/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He revealed that his father often narrates the novel's story to him, and he read it entirely for the first time at the age of 17. Furthermore, Bhansali claimed that he only altered the presentation style of the 1955 version by the director [[Bimal Roy]], with retaining its essence.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=http://outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20020603&fname=Devdas+(F)&sid=1 |title=Reborn Loser |last=Cunha |first=Uma De |date=3 June 2002 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020605190316/http://outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20020603&fname=Devdas+(F)&sid=1 |archive-date=5 June 2002 |access-date=5 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The first news about ''Devdas'' appeared in an article written by [[Bhawana Somaaya]] for ''[[The Hindu]]'' in November 1999.<ref name="Somaaya, Bhawana">{{cite news |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/62FD09D6561DE22765256940004E8852?OpenDocument |title=Only substantial roles for her |last=Somaaya |first=Bhawana |author-link=Bhawana Somaaya |date=26 November 1999 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427185121/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/62FD09D6561DE22765256940004E8852?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2008 |access-date=5 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was produced (and financed) by the industrialist [[Bharat Shah]] under his production company, Mega Bollywood.<ref name="Cast&Crew">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6888/index.html|title=Devdas: Cast & Crew|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110112436/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/cast/6888/index.html|archive-date=10 January 2006|access-date=3 March 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> The screenplay was written by Bhansali with Gujarati playwright and television series writer Prakash Ranjit Kapadia, who also wrote the dialogue.<ref name="Trehan, Madhu">{{cite magazine |title=Who Needs Losers? |page=62 |volume=42 |issue=30–38 |magazine=Outlook |last=Trehan |first=Madhu |author-link=Madhu Trehan |date=12 August 2002 |quote="Prakash Ranjit Kapadia's screenplay and dialogue of ''Devdas'' (2002) makes it, in today's parlance, a chick film."}}</ref> The distribution was handled by [[Eros International]] directly in India, the United Kingdom and the United States. In May 2002, after negotiations with companies such as [[Pathé]] and [[Fortissimo Films]] for world sales and [[Miramax|Miramax Films]] for distribution rights in the United States and United Kingdom, Eros assigned [[Focus Features]] as the sales agent outside the United States and India, including the United Kingdom and France in collaboration with Eros. However, in November the same year, Eros reclaimed these rights from Focus after months of negotiations for them and planned to sell remaining rights at the MIFED market; the companies had jointly handled sales in France, Switzerland, Greece, Australia and North Korea in the interim.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.screendaily.com/focus-picks-up-devdas-sales-duties/409289.article |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=18 May 2002 |work=[[Screen International]] |access-date=16 October 2021 |title=Focus picks up Devdas sales duties |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201212621/https://www.screendaily.com/focus-picks-up-devdas-sales-duties/409289.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eros International reclaims sales on Devdas|website=[[Screen International]]|first=Patrick|last=Frater|date=4 November 2002|access-date=13 August 2023|url=https://www.screendaily.com/eros-international-reclaims-sales-on-devdas/4011056.article}}</ref> Bhansali included several novelties on its plot, as he had a desire to make it different from its predecessors; for instance, in the novel, Devdas returns from his studies in [[Calcutta]] (present-day Kolkata), while in the film's version, he is shown finishing his studies in London.<ref name="slide">{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/02intro.htm |title=Shades from 'Devdas' saga |date=2 May 2002 |website=Rediff.com |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |author-link=Sukanya Verma |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815101903/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/02intro.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2000, the film faced controversy when another producer, K. Chopra, had registered a film with the same title. Bhansali, however, was able to successfully get the title.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sanjay-bhansali-loses-devdas/ |title=Sanjay Bhansali loses Devdas |author=IndiaFM News Bureau |date=30 June 2000 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031917/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sanjay-bhansali-loses-devdas/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Casting===
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| footer = The lead actors of ''Devdas'': [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], and [[Madhuri Dixit]] (l-r)
| width = 
| image1 = Shahrukh.Khan.jpg
| width1 = 135
| alt1 = Shah Rukh Khan in 2013.
| caption1 = 
| image2 = Aishwarya Rai Cannes 2014 2 (cropped).jpg
| width2 = 137
| alt2 = Aishwarya Rai in 2014.
| caption2 = 
| image3 = Madhuri Dixit promoting Total Dhamaal in 2019 (cropped).jpg
| width3 = 136
| alt3 = Madhuri Dixit in 2019.
| caption3 =
}}

Shah Rukh Khan, Aishwarya Rai, and Madhuri Dixit were cast as the lead actors. At the same time when the film's first report appeared, it was reported that Bhansali tried to offer Dixit the role of Chandramukhi, a part written specifically for her.<ref name="Somaaya, Bhawana" /><ref name="slide" /> She declined it because of her marriage to the cardiovascular surgeon Shriram Madhav Nene on 17 October 1999, but eventually accepted it in September 2000.<ref name="Somaaya, Bhawana" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20000908/cover.htm |title=Madhuri Dixit: The best has still to come |date=8 September 2000 |last=John |first=Ali Peter |work=Screen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010304204723/http://www.screenindia.com/20000908/cover.htm |archive-date=4 March 2001 |access-date=24 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She said of her excitement about the collaboration: "Working with Sanjay was a dream. He gives you a lot of scope and leeway with the role's interpretation. Since he has the whole film worked out in his mind, he is aware of the length of the scene. He knows exactly what he wants from each scene in order to keep the storyline crisp."<ref name="Madhuri's moment" />

''Devdas'' marked the third film between Khan and Rai, after the romantic films ''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]'' (2000) and ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' (2000).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/01/stories/2004120101721300.htm |title=Fun, feni and sands — exotic locale at home |date=1 December 2004 |last=Anthikad-Chibber |first=Mini |location=Panaji, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019140129/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/01/stories/2004120101721300.htm |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=5 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20001020/cover.htm |title=Mohabbatein: Lets all believe in Love, Please |date=20 October 2000 |last=John |first=Ali Peter |work=Screen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020702220219/http://www.screenindia.com/20001020/cover.htm |archive-date=2 July 2002 |access-date=5 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The former features as Devdas, a [[Bachelor of Laws|Bachelor of Law]] student who later being an alcoholic, which was originally offered to [[Salman Khan]].<ref name="slide" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/avatar-govinda-claims-offered-chunni-lals-role-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-devdas/ |title=After Avatar, Govinda claims he was offered Chunni Lal's role in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Devdas |date=3 August 2019 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529232930/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/avatar-govinda-claims-offered-chunni-lals-role-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-devdas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bhansali approached him in February 2000, following the release of Khan's ''[[Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani]]'' (2000).<ref name="King of Bollywood">{{cite book |title=King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema |title-link=King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema |date=August 2007 |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |publisher=[[Grand Central Publishing]] |pages=196–210 |isbn=978-0-446-50898-8 }}</ref> Having watched his performances while assisting [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] in ''[[1942: A Love Story]]'' (1994), Bhansali stated that he was "extremely happy" after Shah Rukh Khan accepted to star in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/13sanjay.htm |title='Devdas isn't jinxed' |date=13 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |access-date=6 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031905/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/13sanjay.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Meanwhile, the latter was given with the role of Paro, Devdas' childhood friend, the next month;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/mar/29ash.htm |title='I've not come here looking for fame' |last=Suggu |first=Kanchana |date=29 March 2000 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=6 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031903/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/mar/29ash.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> this was the second collaboration between her and Bhansali, following ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Aishwarya-not-only-beautiful-but-very-sharp-Sanjay-Bhansali/article15794126.ece |title=Aishwarya not only beautiful but very sharp: Sanjay Bhansali |author=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=27 October 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=6 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031905/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Aishwarya-not-only-beautiful-but-very-sharp-Sanjay-Bhansali/article15794126.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She first heard the story of the novel when he narrated the film's script to her. Prior to her, several actresses were offered to play the role, including [[Kajol]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]].<ref name="slide" /><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Kajol Dumped Sanjay...? |date=March–June 2000 |magazine=[[Cine Blitz]] |page=14 |issue=14 |volume=26 |quote="The new Mrs. Devgan is being [so] choosy darlings, that naturally, I perked up when I heard Kajol had walked out of Sanjay Leela Bhansali's ''Devdas''."}}</ref> Working with Bollywood well-known stars was a new experience for her, who was a newcomer at the time after debuted in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s [[Tamil language|Tamil]] political film ''[[Iruvar]]'' (1997) and she said, "[...] so the fact that this was an opportunity to work with them on a big scale was one of the immediate attractions."<ref name="Rediscovering Ash">{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/11ash.htm |title=Rediscovering Ash |last=Panicker |first=Prem |date=11 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=6 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031905/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/11ash.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The supporting cast includes Kirron Kher, Smita Jaykar, and Vijayendra Ghatge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://devdas.indiatimes.com/csupport.htm |title=The characters: Supporting cast |work=The Times of India |date=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020811090927/http://devdas.indiatimes.com/csupport.htm |archive-date=11 August 2002 |access-date=7 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2000, Kher was cast as Paro's mother, Sumitra.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/start-anytime-do-anything/article28039387.ece |title=Start anytime, do anything! |last=Ramnayaran |first=Gowri |date=21 August 2000 |work=The Hindu |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031904/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/start-anytime-do-anything/article28039387.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She had always wanted to work with Bhansali after sees his work in ''Khamoshi: The Musical'' and ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'', and met him at the [[50th Berlin International Film Festival]] when the screening of her film, the drama ''[[Bariwali]]'', in 2000. He offered Kher two roles, Sumitra and Devdas' mother Kaushalya, but the director suggested her to choose the former role. In an interview with [[Rediff.com]], she described the role as "a very definite character, never seen on the big screen before", and found it to be different compared with other mother roles from any films. She also felt that it gave her "a lot of scope to perform—from a flamboyant, young and [[wikt:larger than life|larger-than-life]] character." Kher later positively spoke of her rapport with him: "What made me keen on working with him was the bound script that he gave me and the unusual characterisation of Sumitra."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/11kiron.htm |title='I broke down on the sets' |last=R. |first=Arti |date=11 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031906/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/11kiron.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jaykar, who was also offered with both roles, chose to play Kaushalya. Jaykar explained that she had portrayed similar roles before, and believed that they were "very ''bechari'' [hopeless] [...] lots of soulful crying". A second collaboration with Bhansali subsequent to his previous venture, she confessed, "The look of this film is different from that of ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam''. It is richer, more opulent."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/11smita.htm |title='This film will be called Shah Rukh's Devdas' |last=Arora |first=Pratiksha |date=11 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031910/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/11smita.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Ghatge portrays Paro's husband Bhuvan, a forty-old-year ''[[zamindar]]''; he said that Bhansali initially wanted him to play a role opposite Kher (he did not mention specifically). Discussing his role, Ghatge stated, "What I like about my character is that he comes from a [[Nobility|noble lineage]]. There is a dignity, a grace in him that appealed to me." Ghatge compared the film to two [[Kamal Amrohi]]'s historical films—''[[Pakeezah]]'' (1972) and [[Razia Sultan (film)|''Razia Sultan'']] (1983)—and noted how ''Devdas'' "is the only other lavish film I have ever seen".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/11vijay.htm |title=What does it take to be Ash's husband? |last=Ghatge |first=Vijayendra |date=11 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031911/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/11vijay.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Vijay Chrisna got the role of Narayan, Devdas' father, and he was sure Bhansali offered him it because of his age factor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/11cr.htm |title='I slapped Shah Rukh!' |last=R. |first=Arti |date=11 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909210018/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/11cr.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2000, Jackie Shroff joined the cast and made an extended cameo appearance, playing Devdas' friend Chunnilal, a role that was declined by [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]], and [[Saif Ali Khan]].<ref name="slide" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/23jackie.htm |title='Devdas wouldn't move if it weren't for me' |website=Rediff.com |last=Fernandes |first=Vivek |date=23 April 2002 |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031911/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/23jackie.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinemaa.indya.com/cinemaa/tattle_inside.html |title=Whose afraid of playing second fiddle? |date=October 2000 |website=Indya.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001019092709/http://cinemaa.indya.com/cinemaa/tattle_inside.html |archive-date=19 October 2000 |access-date=13 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Sets===
The production design of ''Devdas'' led by [[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]] (Bhansali's collaborator in ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam''),<ref name="slide" /><ref name="crew">{{cite news |url=http://devdas.indiatimes.com/crew.htm |title=Behind the scenes: The crew |date=2002 |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129120706/http://devdas.indiatimes.com/crew.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> with between sixty and one hundred assistants, including [[Pune]]-based architect Dheeraj Alkokar, helped him in several constructions.<ref name="Dheeraj Alkokar" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/straight-answers/articleshow/13813776.cms |title=Straight Answers |date=24 May 2002 |last=Chandoke |first=Simi |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/straight-answers/articleshow/13813776.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/devdas-calcutta-now-in-mumbai-price-tag-rs-11-crore/ |title=Devdas' Calcutta now in Mumbai, price tag Rs 11 crore |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |date=2 November 2000 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040057/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/devdas-calcutta-now-in-mumbai-price-tag-rs-11-crore/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bhansali wanted the sets to be different from the novel's 1936 and 1955 Hindi remakes and, to fulfill his request, Desai visited the [[National Film Archive of India]] to collect the photographs of the previous remake versions and "to be sure that there is no duplication".<ref name="Aikara, Anata">{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/setting-an-example/833242/0 |title=Setting an example |last=Aikara |first=Anita |date=18 August 2011 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040057/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/setting-an-example/833242/0 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> As the film is set in the 1900s, Bhansali, Desai and other crews did extensive research and discussions on house design from [[History of the British Raj|the period of the British Raj]] in Calcutta and Indian culture at the time.<ref name="slide" /><ref name="sets">{{cite news |url=http://devdas.indiatimes.com/sets.htm |title=Monuments and more: The sets |date=2002 |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713030205/http://devdas.indiatimes.com/sets.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> After this research, Desai came up with the first four different set designs: Paro's ''[[haveli]]'' and mansion, Devdas' house, and Chandramukhi's brothel.<ref name="slide" />

[[File:History of India Vol 2 (page 49 crop).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|[[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]] was inspired from the [[Dilwara Temples]] (pictured) to build [[Chandramukhi (character)|Chandramukhi]]'s [[brothel]].]]
Desai started building the sets in August 2000—two months before the shooting began—and finished in May 2001 in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], a film studio complex in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Bollywood's gamble" /> For representing an aristocratic family, he was predominantly used the colors yellow and green for Devdas' no-walls in-between house to make it a 1911 British-styled home, and used between 128 and 180 pillars (this was inconsistently reported), each {{convert|60|ft|m|adj=on}} high.<ref name="Aikara, Anata" /><ref name="sets" /> The building had a total area of {{convert|250|ft|m|adj=on}}, and was constructed on a {{INRConvert|1.5|m|year=2002|mode=historical}} budget.<ref name="sets" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20030915-lord-ganapati-festival-turns-into-political-battleground-792216-2003-09-15 |title=Politics in the name of lord |date=15 September 2003 |work=India Today |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040035/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20030915-lord-ganapati-festival-turns-into-political-battleground-792216-2003-09-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>

For Paro's ''haveli'', the place where she lives before marriage, Desai spent {{INRConvert|30|m|year=2002|mode=historical}} and used pink and blue as the main colors.<ref name="sets" /> He told Anita Aikara of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' in a 2011 interview, "[...] I spend so much time in the details of the home that Bhansali asked me to rework Devdas' house. It looked very small when compared to Paro's [''haveli'']."<ref name="Aikara, Anata" /> According to ''[[India Today]]''{{'s}} journalists, 1.22 million pieces for Paro's bedroom's [[stained glass]] were continuously made in ten days;<ref name="Bollywood's gamble" /> Alkokar claimed that it is aimed to "reflect her fragile beauty".<ref name="Dheeraj Alkokar">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Dheeraj-sets-his-sights-on-sets-of-Devdas/articleshow/8502244.cms |title=Dheeraj sets his sights on sets of Devdas |date=1 May 2002 |work=The Times of India |last=Damle |first=Manjiri |agency=Times News Network |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109040147/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Dheeraj-sets-his-sights-on-sets-of-Devdas/articleshow/8502244.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of painted walls with standstill figures were created for Paro's mansion, features in the film post her marriage to Bhuvan, and, this time for the primary color, Desai chose "[[Claustrophobia|claustrophobic]]" red.<ref name="Bollywood's gamble" /><ref name="sets" /> Both Devdas' and Paro's house were done in November 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/scoop/nov/3011devdas/index.shtml |title=A massive set constructed for Sanjay Bhansali's Devdas |date=November 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010208101219/http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/nov/3011devdas/index.shtml |archive-date=8 February 2001 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The brothel of Chandramukhi was the most expensive set among others, with {{INRConvert|120|m|year=2002|mode=historical}} was spent;<ref name="Bollywood's gamble" /> ''The Times of India'' called it "the costliest set of made in the history of [[Hindi cinema]]",<ref name="sets" /> while Alkokar said that it was "the most challenging job".<ref name="Dheeraj Alkokar" /> A multidimensional set with a temple city and an artificial lake around it, the construction was inspired by the [[Dilwara Temples]] located in [[Rajasthan]]. With the major color of festive gold, the set had 60 explicitly-carved domes and a {{convert|6|ft|m|adj=on}} [[chandelier]].<ref name="Bollywood's gamble" /><ref name="sets" /> For the song "[[Dola Re Dola]]", Desai (without Alkokar's help)<ref name="Dheeraj Alkokar" /> used twenty-five pieces of glass for the floor and added a layer to prevent actors from getting injured when they dance on it.<ref name="Aikara, Anata" /> The media estimated the total budget of the film's entire sets to be {{INRConvert|200|m|year=2002|mode=historical}},<ref name="Bollywood's gamble" /> and reported that it took nearly nine months to build them.<ref name="sets" /> Desai recalled the experiment as "a beautiful challenge, as a classic masterpiece had to be recreated with precision and opulence".<ref name="crew" />

===Characters===
[[File:Lengha Choli.jpg|thumb|The painter [[M. V. Dhurandhar]]'s illustrations of ''[[ghagra choli]]s'', which were parts of Dixit's costumes]]
Abu Jani, [[Neeta Lulla]], [[Reza Shariffi]], and [[Sandeep Khosla]] designed the costumes. Lulla claimed to be a fan of the duo Jani and Khosla, adding that "I do not know them on a personal level, but I received positive vibes. We were competing among ourselves not with each other." In preparation, the crews watched a number of Bengali films based on Kolkata, talking to locals, and did research on the Bengali culture, including traditional wear and dress patterns at that time.<ref name="Neeta Lulla">{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/08neeta.htm |title='There is something haunting about Devdas' |date=8 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032425/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/08neeta.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Interview by Aseep Hattangady">{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/08abu.htm |title='Madhuri has never looked so enthralling' |last=Hattangady |first=Aseep |date=8 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127063325/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/08abu.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> They visited several museums, and made intensive discussions on the costumes that, according to ''The Times of India'', "... would be a blend of [a look] from the magical period and a look that today's audience could relate to".<ref name="costumes">{{cite news |url=http://devdas.indiatimes.com/costumes.htm |title=The making: Costume that speaks |date=2002 |work=The Times of India |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905115309/http://devdas.indiatimes.com/costumes.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> All of the clothes by Jani and Khosla were inspired by traditional Bengali clothes from the 1930s and 1940s.<ref name="Bollywood's gamble" /> Beside that, Lulla bought 600 [[sari]]s from the city and mix-and-matched them: "Sometimes, I mixed two saris in one, sometimes three."<ref name="Neeta Lulla" /> Designing the jewellery as well, she chose [[kundan]] and [[garnet]], which she found to be "suited the [film's] era", and added stones in them.<ref name="Neeta Lulla" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Friday-dressing/article16364877.ece |title=Friday dressing |last=Shah |first=Shalini |date=8 April 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032405/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Friday-dressing/article16364877.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Khan had read the novel version several years before the shooting, however, confessing that he did not want to watch the two remakes, starring [[K. L. Saigal]] and [[Dilip Kumar]] as his character.<ref name="slide" /> He said, "I did not want my own interpretation to be influenced by what he had done."<ref name="Shah Rukh Khan interview">{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/10srk.htm |title='For an entire year I was sad' |last=Panicker |first=Prem |date=10 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032408/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/10srk.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Devdas, a part that required Khan to drink, has two different appearances—the first was a western look, while the second was a typical alcoholic look.<ref name="Shah Rukh Khan interview" /><ref name="costumes" /> For the former, which features in the film following the character's study in London, Jani and Khosla bought vintage suits, including cravat, handkerchief, and shoes, from old-clothing stores in the same city. For the latter, they dressed him in beige, white, and off-white, although Khan wanted the character to wear black clothes. They also gave Khan an ''[[angvastra]]'', ''[[Chikan (embroidery)|chikan]]'', ''[[dhoti]]'', and ''[[kurta]]'', and a short-hair cut to show his nonchalant nature.<ref name="costumes" />

Same as Khan, Rai decided to not watch the earlier remakes and wanted "to go in to this project with no mental frame of reference whatsoever, I wanted my Paro to be Sanjay's interpretation of the character and to do that, I needed to stay free of any conceptions based on what previous actresses had done with the role."<ref name="Rediscovering Ash" /> Lulla gave the mix-and-match product of 600 saris—with traditional motifs of [[Kantha]] and traditional-striped borders, called ''chudipaard'' and ''aashpaard''—to her for the film's first half; according to reports from the media, it was revealed that each saris took around three hours to drape on a mannequin.<ref name="Bollywood's gamble" /> While for the second half, Rai wore ''[[dhakai]]s'' with eight to nine meters long, which was different from the regular size of six meters. Furthermore, Lulla used ''tangails'', ''ashpards'', ''chudipards'', and Chinese [[brocade]]s. She used traditional print ''valkalams'' for Jaykar and [[Banarasi sari]] for Ananya Khare, playing Devdas' sister-in-law.<ref name="Neeta Lulla" />

Dixit believed that ''Devdas'' and the two previous versions "are entirely different", and commended Bhansali's "mounting, eye for detail [and] passion" for "[helping] raise the movie to an absolutely [dissimilar] level altogether". Describing Chandramukhi as "a very poignant, very feminine character", she compared her part to [[Rekha]]'s role in ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]'' (1978).<ref name="Madhuri's moment">{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/21mad.htm |title=Madhuri's moment |last=Bharatan-Iyer |first=Shilpa |date=21 May 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=5 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032408/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/21mad.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Dixit, who portrayed a courtesan for the first time, admitted that it was "a very challenging role, especially since Sanjay does not compromise with quality".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/06dev.htm |title='Devdas will bring back the old magic' |date=6 April 2002 |website=Rediff.com |author=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716034910/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/06dev.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> She added, "Still she has much resilience. She belongs to a relegated category but she possesses a golden heart. Playing such a role was an excellent experience."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/15/stories/2002071500670100.htm |title=All for emotions, all for home... |last=Siddiqui |first=Rana A. |date=15 July 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030918031450/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/15/stories/2002071500670100.htm |archive-date=18 September 2003 |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> She wore ''[[ghagra choli]]s'', Banarasi saris, brocades, and silk saris that have a total weight of approximately thirty kilograms and costed {{INRConvert|1.5|m|year=2002|mode=historical}}, making its designers Jani and Khosla were initially reluctant to give her the costumes.<ref name="Bollywood's gamble" /><ref name="costumes" /> Moreover, Dixit experienced difficulty when she wore the dress for publicity stills, leading the duo to create a new lighter version, weighted sixteen kilograms.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/Homes_Antiques_November_2015/page/n139/mode/2up?q=Devdas |title=Heavy Metal |date=November 2015 |magazine=Homes & Antiques |editor-last=Scott-Jeffries |editor-first=Samantha |page=141 }}</ref><ref name="production notes" /> The lengha was described as a 'marvel of mirrors which took a team of skilled artisans two months to put together<ref name=":0" /> and featured as part of 'The Fabric of India' exhibit held in 2015 at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum|Victoria & Albert Museum]] in London.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Meanwhile, Lulla worked on Rai's and Dixit's saris in the song "Dola Re Dola", along with Shariffi who helped to design the latter actress' costume.<ref name="Neeta Lulla" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/designer-reza-shariffi-on-dressing-up-kangana-ranaut/article7227906.ece |title=Dressing up Tanu |last=Takhna |first=Madhur |date=20 May 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032434/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/designer-reza-shariffi-on-dressing-up-kangana-ranaut/article7227906.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Jani and Khosla designed Shroff's costumes as well; an open-collared ''[[sherwani]]'', ''dhoti'', and ''kurta'' were employed. Interviewed by the journalist Aseem Hattangady of Rediff.com, they complained that "the biggest challenge was, we had to avoid having the ensembles look fresh and unworn. This was achieved by selective washing."<ref name="Interview by Aseep Hattangady" />

===Filming===
[[File:Lalgarh palace bikaner2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The train sequences from ''Devdas'' were shot in [[Bikaner]].]]
[[Binod Pradhan]] served as the cinematographer for ''Devdas''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sunny-wayne-loves-it-that-the-audience-hate-his-vengeful-kesava-kurup-in-kayamkulam-kochunni/article25332003.ece |title=Sunny side up for Sunny Wayne |last=S. |first=Harikumar J. |date=26 October 2018 |work=The Hindu |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032451/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sunny-wayne-loves-it-that-the-audience-hate-his-vengeful-kesava-kurup-in-kayamkulam-kochunni/article25332003.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He met Bhansali when the shooting of ''1942: A Love Story'' and supposed to filmed ''Khamoshi: The Musical'', but he was replaced by [[Anil Mehta]] for an unknown reason. Pradhan said, "It took time to adjust to Sanjay's style of work. I am known to be a slow cameraman. Initially, we would discuss camera angles and how he wanted a scene shot. But now, I can read his mind. I know exactly what he wants." He praised Bhansali for "handles love stories with a sensitivity that I have never seen on screen before". While working with Bhansali, Pradhan found the director to be "meticulous and painstaking" and it was revealed that the latter did research before the shooting began.<ref name="Binod Pradhan">{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/09binod.htm |title='Madhuri gets more beautiful' |last=R. |first=Arti |date=9 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126210439/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/09binod.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

It took two days for Pradhan to work on the sets' lighting; he used three million watts of power produced by 42 generators and 2,500 lights with 700 lightmen were employed.<ref name="Bollywood's gamble" /><ref name="production notes">{{cite news |url=http://devdas.indiatimes.com/prod.htm |title=Sweet dreams are made of these: Production notes |date=2002 |work=The Times of India |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802210857/http://devdas.indiatimes.com/prod.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] started in November 2000 in Film City.<ref name="Bollywood's gamble" /><ref name="King of Bollywood" /> [[Birju Maharaj]], [[Saroj Khan]], [[Vaibhavi Merchant]], and the duo Pappu–Malu (born Zahur Sheikh and Kavita Gandhi, respectively) completed the choreography.<ref name="crew" /> The artificial lake around the Chandramukhi's brothel set was filled by many gallons of water to avoid from dry up. The set was burnt three times, and the media presumed it because of the generators or [[Diya (lamp)|diya]]s that were put around the location.<ref name="production notes" /> On 9 December, the filming was delayed after two crew members had accidents on the set of Paro's ''haveli'', with one dying (Dindayal Yadav, then aged 27) and the other (Raju Yadav) being seriously injured after trying to help the former.<ref name="King of Bollywood" /> According to ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'', an electrician turned on a stand-fan while the two was near on it, causing Yadav's head was fatally hit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/scoop/dec/1212devdas/index.shtml |title=Accident on the sets of Devdas |date=December 2000 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010124151600/http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/dec/1212devdas/index.shtml |archive-date=24 January 2001 |access-date=12 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/another-death-on-devdas-set/articleshow/1648414094.cms |title=Another death on Devdas set |date=13 August 2001 |work=The Times of India |author=Times News Network |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228000720/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Another-death-on-Devdas-set/articleshow/1648414094.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

A second delay happened in the 15-day shooting schedule on 8 January 2001,<ref name="Bollywood's gamble" /> when the film's producer and financier Shah was arrested by the [[Mumbai Police]]; he was charged with receiving funding from the [[Karachi]]-based gangster [[Chhota Shakeel]] of the [[Organised crime in India|Mumbai underworld]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiafm.com:80/scoop/00/sep/2609devdas/index.shtml |title=Fire breaks out on the sets of Devdas |date=September 2001 |website=Bollywood Hungama |author=IndiaFM News Bureau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011029225606/http://indiafm.com/scoop/00/sep/2609devdas/index.shtml |archive-date=29 October 2001 |access-date=13 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30159622.ece |title=Fact and fantasy |last=Swami |first=Praveen |date=20 January 2001 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |location=Mumbai, India |access-date=13 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032426/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30159622.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The controversy began after a caller, claiming himself to be Abu Salem, contacted the news channel [[Star India]] and talked about his {{INRConvert|480|m|year=2002|mode=historical}} investment on ''Devdas''. However, Shah denied the accusation, admitting that he did not know the caller, and confessed the film's entire budget was financed by himself.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2188675.stm |title=Devdas 'funded by gangsters' |date=12 August 2002 |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=13 March 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922002505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2188675.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The trial was commenced when the pre-release of his another film, ''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]'' (2001), and finished in October 2003 with the [[High courts of India|High Court]] sentenced him with a one-year imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30219531.ece |title=An acquittal in Mumbai |last=Katakam |first=Anupama |date=24 October 2003 |work=Frontline |access-date=13 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032451/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30219531.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sequence-of-events-in-bharat-shah-case/articleshow/209470.cms |title=Sequence of events in Bharat Shah case |date=20 September 2003 |author=Press Trust of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 March 2021 |archive-date=7 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907235815/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sequence-of-events-in-Bharat-Shah-case/articleshow/209470.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film's climax sequences, featuring Devdas' travel to Paro's and her husband Bhuvan's house, were shot on a train in [[Bikaner]].<ref name="Binod Pradhan" /> In their August 2001 issue, ''[[Filmfare]]'' published that 75% of the film was completed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/august2001/whisper.html |title=Sniff Tiff |date=August 2001 |work=[[Filmfare]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323230138/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/august2001/whisper.html |archive-date=23 March 2004 |access-date=13 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Also that month, another accident occurred, resulting in the death of the 40-year-old lightman Subhash Morkar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/another-death-on-devdas-set/articleshow/1648414094.cms |title=Another death on Devdas set |date=13 August 2001 |work=The Times of India |author=Times News Network |access-date=13 March 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228000720/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Another-death-on-Devdas-set/articleshow/1648414094.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The schedule for the song "Dola Re Dola" took place in [[Filmistan]] in November 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/27dev.htm |title=Who's hotter: Madhuri or Ash? |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |website=Rediff.com |date=27 November 2001 |access-date=13 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040035/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/27dev.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Shooting was completed on 29 April 2002.<ref name="King of Bollywood" /> After the filming ended, it was edited by Bhansali's sister Bela Sehgal. Jitendra Chaudhary handled the [[audiography]], while [[Monty Sharma]] did the background score.<ref name="crew" />

== Music ==
{{main|Devdas (soundtrack)}}
The entire soundtrack and lyrics for ''Devdas'' was composed by [[Ismail Darbar]], making it his second collaboration with Bhansali after ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'', and written by [[Nusrat Badr]], respectively—except for "Kaahe Chhed", composed and written by Maharaj, and "Morey Piya", written by [[Sameer Anjaan]].<ref name="Planet Bollywood">{{cite web |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=042106032920 |title=Devdas: Music Review |last=Joshi |first=Aniket |date=2002 |website=Planet Bollywood |access-date=7 February 2012 |archive-date=8 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408034502/http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=042106032920 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ismail Darbar interview">{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/10durbar.htm |title='Devdas makes you cry' |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=10 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=13 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040058/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/10durbar.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The vocals were performed by Dixit, [[Jaspinder Narula]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[KK (singer)|KK]], Maharaj, Raghav Chatterjee, Rashmi Sharma, [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Supriya Adhikari, [[Udit Narayan]] and [[Vinod Rathod]].<ref name="iTunes">{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/devdas-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1442398451 |title=Devdas (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |website=[[iTunes]] |access-date=13 March 2021 |archive-date=17 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317022439/https://music.apple.com/au/album/devdas-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1442398451 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The soundtrack album, which was highly anticipated, has nine original songs and one background score.<ref name="iTunes" /> Newspapers reported that it had been considered as "Bollywood's best music album ever" even before its release on 2 April 2002 by [[Universal Music India]].<ref name="Planet Bollywood" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/devdas-music-makes-record-rs-12-cr/ |title=Devdas music makes record Rs 12 cr |work=[[The Indian Express]] |author=Express News Limited |date=4 April 2002 |location=Mumbai, India |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=17 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317022441/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/devdas-music-makes-record-rs-12-cr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Vice President of Universal Music India Vinay Sapru refused to confirm the music rights' purchasing cost, but the press reported that the label had given an advance of more than {{INRConvert|100|m|year=2002|mode=historical}}.{{efn|In an interview with Bharati Dubey of [[Rediff.com]], the film's producer and financier [[Bharat Shah]] said that he earned {{INRConvert|130|m|year=2002|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/15shah.htm |title='If Devdas goes wrong, I will quit' |date=15 July 2002 |last=Dubey |first=Bharati |website=Rediff.com |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309235840/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/15shah.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, another article from the publication revealed that he only received {{INRConvert|120|m|year=2002|mode=historical}},<ref name="Music to the ears">{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/10musdev.htm |title=Music to the ears? |last=Fernandes |first=Vivek |date=10 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=17 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317022425/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/10musdev.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> which was also reported by ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020512/spectrum/main6.htm |title=Devdas: Legendary love story |last=Pal |first=Dharam |date=12 May 2002 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=22 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122053757/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020512/spectrum/main6.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Upon release, it topped charts on a number of platforms in India and emerged as the third-highest-selling Bollywood soundtrack of the year,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/race-to-the-hit-charts/article28612580.ece |title=Race to the hit charts |date=17 December 2002 |work=The Hindu |last=Krishnakumar |first=G. |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032736/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/race-to-the-hit-charts/article28612580.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> with between 1.8 million and 2 million sales.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units) |website=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |archive-date=15 February 2008 |access-date=14 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/tuning-in-to-better-times/article28442043.ece |title=Tuning in to better times? |last=Gautam |first=Savitha |date=9 July 2003 |work=The Hindu |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210323051451/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/tuning-in-to-better-times/article28442043.ece |archive-date=23 March 2021 |access-date=14 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Rediff.com, 5.000 units had been sold on the then-defunct e-commerce [[Indiaplaza|Fabmart]] itself.<ref name="Music to the ears" /> ''[[Chitralekha (weekly)|Chitralekha]]'' magazine featured the soundtrack in their listing of "Top Five Hindi Film Albums" of the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gmagazine.com/magazine/column.asp |title=Rock 'N' Roll: G Top Five Hindi Film Albums |date=2002 |work=[[Chitralekha (weekly)|Chitralekha]] |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021219054652/http://www.gmagazine.com/top10a.asp |archive-date=19 December 2002 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The song "Maar Dala" became popular and entered the top 10 most-listened songs chart by [[Raaga.com]], peaking the third position.<ref name="Music to the ears" />

The album received positive critical reviews.<ref name="Music to the ears" /> Writing for ''India Today'', S. Sahaya Ranjit singled out Ghoshal's "tuneful voice" and concluded, "In an age when film music is heavily westernised, the use of Indian instruments ... is pleasing. Apart from the voices, the rich choral accompaniment is prominent. A sheer delight for classical music buffs."<ref name="India Today's music review">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20020429-devdas-is-a-sheer-delight-for-classical-music-buffs-795614-2002-05-06 |title='Devdas' is a sheer delight for classical music buffs |last=Ranjit |first=S. Sahaya |date=29 April 2002 |work=India Today |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906103735/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20020429-devdas-is-a-sheer-delight-for-classical-music-buffs-795614-2002-05-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> Joginder Tuteja of ''Bollywood Hungama'' opined that Darbar's compositions and Badr's lyrics were "classical-based" and "very rich", respectively, while adding that the former did "a commendable job".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/musicreview/6888/index.html |title=Music Review: Devdas |date=5 April 2002 |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716133930/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/musicreview/6888/index.html |archive-date=16 July 2006 |access-date=14 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kavita Awasathi from the television entertainment network [[B4U (network)|B4U]] shared similar thoughts of Darbar, with elaborating that "has once again weaved magic [and] done an admirable job here".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b4utv.com/music/review/devdas.html |title=Album: Devdas |last=Awasthi |first=Kavita |date=2002 |website=[[B4U (network)|B4U]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020610061144/http://www.b4utv.com/music/review/devdas.html |archive-date=10 June 2002 |access-date=14 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Biswadeep Ghosh of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' observed that he "has shed all inhibitions and come up with some really divine music".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/bollywood-falling/215569 |title=Bollywood Falling |last=Ghosh |first=Biswadeep |date=14 May 2002 |work=Outlook |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115150121/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/bollywood-falling/215569 |url-status=live }}</ref> A review in ''The Hindu'' said, "Ismail Durbar has made attempts to blend classical music into his tunes. But because of his dependence on and usage of familiar tunes, the music lacks the freshness."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/20/stories/2002052001030300.htm |title=Chrods & Notes |date=20 May 2002 |location=Hyderabad, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020817090943/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/20/stories/2002052001030300.htm |archive-date=17 August 2002 |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
''Devdas'' was one of the most anticipated Indian films of the year, owing to its budget and the success of Bhansali's previous directorial venture, and several trade analysts regarded it as "a massive gamble".<ref name="Bollywood's gamble" /> [[Taran Adarsh]], the editor of the film magazine ''Trade Guide'', noted, "There seems to be a lot of interest in the film which is positive indication."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2048264.stm |title=Devdas to break Bollywood records |last=Singh |first=Suniti |date=17 June 2002 |website=BBC News |location=London, United Kingdom |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623072917/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2048264.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In his article, Adarsh wrote that Mega Bollywood received many calls from film exhibitors across the country, "wanting to open the advance booking for two weeks instead of the regular one-week advance booking".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/scoop/02/jul/0407devdas/index.shtml |title=Tremendous craze for Devdas |date=4 July 2002 |website=Bollywood Hungama |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020805062659/http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/02/jul/0407devdas/index.shtml |archive-date=5 August 2002 |access-date=17 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The journalist Prerana Trehan felt that the film had good [[Word-of-mouth marketing|word-of-mouth]] publicity,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021110/spectrum/main1.htm |title=Why selling doesn't buy any more |last=Trehan |first=Prehana |date=10 November 2002 |work=The Tribune |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809183426/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021110/spectrum/main1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and Maya C. of ''The Hindu'' labelled it as the "most-talked-about Bollywood film of the year".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/now-the-devdas-wave/article28603456.ece |title=Now, the 'Devdas' wave |date=15 July 2002 |work=The Hindu |last=C. |first=Maya |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032735/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/now-the-devdas-wave/article28603456.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> With a total budget of {{INRConvert|500|m|year=2002|mode=historical}}, it was the most expensive Indian film at the time.<ref name="Bollywood's gamble" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/aug2002/ivw5.html |title=No business is bad; only people are |date=August 2002 |work=Filmfare |last=Bharadwaj |first=Praveena |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040630160009/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/aug2002/ivw5.html |archive-date=30 June 2004 |access-date=20 April 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film's promotional trailer was televised in April 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-bhansali-losing-sleep-over-devdas/articleshow/5901032.cms |title=Sanjay Bhansali losing sleep over Devdas |date=5 April 2002 |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-bhansali-losing-sleep-over-devdas/articleshow/5901032.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 20 April 2002, ''Devdas'' was selected to premiere at the [[2002 Cannes Film Festival]], after the festival's director Christian June met Bhansali in November 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/24dev.htm |title=Devdas at Cannes |last=Dubey |first=Bharati |date=24 April 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032718/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/24dev.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> June wanted Bhansali to send the prints of the film to him in March 2002, but Bhansali did the requirement in the next month after shooting was done. Marking the first Indian film to be screened at the festival,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rmay2002/03052002/r0305200224.html |title=PIB Press releases |date=3 May 2002 |website=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032719/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rmay2002/03052002/r0305200224.html |url-status=live }}</ref> it was chosen for the out-of-competition section and the premiere occurred on 23 May,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/devdas-at-cannes-surprising/article27846567.ece |title='Devdas' at Cannes surprising |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=11 May 2002 |work=The Hindu |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032727/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/devdas-at-cannes-surprising/article27846567.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/devdas-to-represent-india-at-cannes/article27843754.ece |title='Devdas' to represent India at Cannes |work=The Hindu |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=26 April 2002 |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032747/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/devdas-to-represent-india-at-cannes/article27843754.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> with its stars—Khan and Rai—were in the attendance;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/24/bollywood.cannes2002 |title=Sweet chastity charms the film set |last=Jeffries |first=Stuart |date=24 May 2002 |location=Cannes, France |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126101926/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/24/bollywood.cannes2002 |url-status=live }}</ref> the press questioned about the absence of Dixit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/23cannes.htm |title=Devdas' moment of fame at Cannes |last=Breza |first=Krystoff de |date=23 May 2002 |website=Rediff.com |location=Cannes, France |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032727/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/23cannes.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Audiences criticized the film's themes, which had been filmed several times before, and ''The Hindu'' called it the festival's "disappointment".<ref name="A cut">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/a-cut-above-the-rest/article27848996.ece |title=A cut above the rest |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=25 May 2002 |work=The Hindu |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323035423/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/a-cut-above-the-rest/article27848996.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Bhansali, however, later said of his enjoyment about the screening, describing it as "a huge honour for Bollywood" and claimed, "To me, it seems like an opportunity for a completely new kind of audience to see our cinema."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/straight-answers/articleshow/8615877.cms |title=Straight Answers |date=2 May 2002 |work=The Times of India |last=Nair |first=Suresh |publisher=Times News Network |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323035423/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/straight-answers/articleshow/8615877.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/devdas-cannes-do/articleshow/9505471.cms |title=Devdas Cannes Do |date=11 May 2002 |work=The Times of India |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323035425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/devdas-cannes-do/articleshow/9505471.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Khan and Rai went to [[New York City]] on 29 June to attend a press conference for promoting the film, this time Bhansali did not attend it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jun/29sld5.htm |title=Devdas in New York! |date=29 June 2002 |last=Kuckian |first=Uday |website=Rediff.com |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529102725/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jun/29sld5.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Aish N Madhuri.jpg|thumb|left|Rai and Dixit at the special screening for ''Devdas'', one day before its worldwide release|alt=Dixit and Rai posing for the camera.]]
On 11 July 2002, the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] held a special screening for Indian Deputy Prime Minister [[L. K. Advani]] in an auditorium at Mahadev Road, [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/advani-watches-devdas/article27857425.ece |title=Advani watches 'Devdas' |date=11 July 2002 |work=The Hindu |location=New Delhi, India |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323035425/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/advani-watches-devdas/article27857425.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Another special screening was organized at the same time, attended by the film's cast and crew members and other celebrities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/12sld1.htm |title=At the movies with Devdas |date=12 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323035426/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/12sld1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> On the next day, ''Devdas'' was opened worldwide after facing several postponements; it was originally scheduled for release on 14 June, but later shifted to 28 June and 12 July.<ref name="postponement" /> It faced competition from ''[[Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein]]'', ''[[Kyaa Dil Ne Kahaa]]'', ''[[Om Jai Jagadish]]'' and ''[[Shararat (2002 film)|Shararat]]''.<ref name="postponement">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/devdas-release-postponed-again/articleshow/11904274.cms |title=Devdas release postponed again |date=4 June 2002 |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323035438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/devdas-release-postponed-again/articleshow/11904274.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/11/stories/2002071100340200.htm |title=Gearing up for Mr. D |date=11 July 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031201015948/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/11/stories/2002071100340200.htm |archive-date=1 December 2003 |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Devdas'' was released on 350 screens in India and 250 screens overseas. While the film's duration was 174 minutes in India, it was shortened to 150 minutes for the overseas prints.<ref name="prints">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/scoop/02/jul/0407devdas/index.shtml |date=4 July 2002 |website=Bollywood Hungama |title=Tremendous craze for Devdas |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020805062659/http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/02/jul/0407devdas/index.shtml |archive-date=5 August 2002 |access-date=17 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As parts of the promotions, [[MTV India]] managed special shows for the film: ''Devdas'' ''–'' ''Countdown Calendar'' features footage and tracks from the film, and ''MTV's Big Picture: Director's Special'' contains interviews of the cast and Bhansali. The former was aired on the channel from early July to the day of the film's release, while the latter was broadcast on 18 July.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/devdas-blitzkrieg-on-small-screen/article28602806.ece |title=Devdas blitzkrieg on small screen |date=6 July 2002 |last=K. |first=Satyamurky |work=The Hindu |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323035425/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/devdas-blitzkrieg-on-small-screen/article28602806.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/18/stories/2002071800470201.htm |title=MTV toasts the tippler |date=18 July 2002 |location=Bangalore, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031201020104/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/18/stories/2002071800470201.htm |archive-date=1 December 2003 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 March 2021 }}</ref>

''Devdas'' along with five other remakes of the novel was shown at the Devdas Film Festival, a six-day festival held by the Hyderabad Film Club in [[Secunderabad]] on 16–22 September 2002; the 2002 version by Bhansali was chosen as the closing of the festival.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Devdas-film-festival-from-Sep-16/articleshow/21400262.cms |title=Devdas film festival from Sept 16 |date=7 September 2002 |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |location=Hyderabad, India |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323035430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Devdas-film-festival-from-Sep-16/articleshow/21400262.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The secretary S. S. Prakash Reddy told ''The Hindu'' that the purpose of the festival was to show "people ... the subtle changes in script and the deviations from the original novel too."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/love-all/article28607080.ece |title=Love all |work=The Hindu |date=9 September 2002 |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323035438/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/love-all/article28607080.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Devdas'' was selected for the Festival of Indian Feature Films and Documentaries section at the India Festival 2002 at [[Tagore Theatre]] on 21–30 September.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/soorya-shines/article28380119.ece |title=Soorya shines |date=2 September 2002 |last=M. |first=V. G. |work=The Hindu |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323035426/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/soorya-shines/article28380119.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It was screened at the [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]'s [[33rd International Film Festival of India]] on 1 October.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/loved-devdas-see-7-versions-at-33rd-iffi/articleshow/23473855.cms |title=Loved Devdas? See 7 versions at 33rd IFFI |date=27 September 2002 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=Times News Network |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627181842/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/loved-devdas-see-7-versions-at-33rd-iffi/articleshow/23473855.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It opened the [[Palm Springs International Film Festival]] on 12 January 2003.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_136775,0011.htm |title=Devdas: The going gets tough |date=13 January 2003 |work=Hindustan Times |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030221030453/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_136775,0011.htm |archive-date=21 February 2003 |access-date=19 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.salon.com/2003/01/28/bollywood_2/ |title=Bollywood confidential |last=Tsering |first=Lisa |date=29 January 2003 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407185353/http://www.salon.com/2003/01/28/bollywood_2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was shown at Bollywood Shuffle festival in [[Brooklyn]] on 20 December.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/bollywoodor-bust/ |title=Bollywood or bust |date=8 December 2003 |work=[[The Brooklyn Paper]] |last=Curtis |first=Lisa J. |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323035427/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/bollywoodor-bust/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, [[Fathom Events]] screened the film alongside the period epic romantic drama ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004) as parts of the "Best of Bollywood Event Series" event in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-devdas-veer-zaara-to-be-screened-at-theatres-in-the-us-2370836 |title=Devdas, Veer-Zaara to be screened at theatres in the US |date=27 May 2017 |agency=Press Trust of India |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807173727/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-devdas-veer-zaara-to-be-screened-at-theatres-in-the-us-2370836 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The novel's version by Chattopadhyay was translated to [[English language|English]] under the title of ''Devdas: A Novel'' by Sreejata Guha in [[Bangalore]], featuring Rai in a scene from ''Devdas'' on the cover. It was published by [[Penguin Books]] in July 2002 (shortly after the release of the film), and ranked among the highest-selling books in India.<ref>{{cite book |title=Devdas: A Novel |date=July 2002 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |page=xv |isbn=978-01-43029-26-7 |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Sarat Chandra |author-link=Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay |translator-last=Guha |translator-first=Sreejata }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/iconic-text/article28498486.ece |title=Iconic text |last=Mukherjee |first=Meenakshi |author-link=Meenakshi Mukherjee |date=2 March 2003 |work=The Hindu |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040036/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/iconic-text/article28498486.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Distributed by Eros International, the film was released on a double-disc DVD on 20 January 2003 in [[NTSC]] widescreen format.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Devdas-NTSC-Shah-Rukh-Khan/dp/B00007KFNN |title=Devdas [DVD] [2002] [NTSC] |date=20 January 2003 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811182842/https://www.amazon.co.uk/Devdas-NTSC-Shah-Rukh-Khan/dp/B00007KFNN |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's cable and satellite rights for Indian television were sold to [[Sony Entertainment Television]] in a five-year contract for {{INRConvert|120|m|year=2002|mode=historical}} on 18 April,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/date-with-devdas/article28639026.ece |title=Date with "Devdas" |date=18 April 2003 |work=The Hindu |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040036/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/date-with-devdas/article28639026.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and its world television premiere happened on 27 April on [[Sony Max]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sony bags 'Devdas' rights |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/report/sony/20030125.htm |website=Rediff.com |last=Pinto |first=Savio G. |date=25 January 2003 |location=Mumbai, India |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927145300/https://www.rediff.com/money/report/sony/20030125.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct44.htm |title='Sholay' pulls Zee Cinema into top 50 |website=Indian Television |date=7 October 2003 |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=28 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528093938/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct44.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Its [[VHS]] and single-disc DVD versions were released on 26 January 2004 and 10 February 2009, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Devdas-VHS-Shah-Rukh-Khan/dp/B0000Z0I0W |title=Devdas [VHS] (2002) |date=26 January 2004 |website=Amazon |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040051/https://www.amazon.co.uk/Devdas-VHS-Shah-Rukh-Khan/dp/B0000Z0I0W |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Devdas-Single-Disc-Shah-Rukh-Khan/dp/B0009UUMRM |title=Devdas (Single-Disc Edition) |date=10 February 2009 |website=Amazon |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208063513/http://www.amazon.com/Devdas-Single-Disc-Shah-Rukh-Khan/dp/B0009UUMRM |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was re-released in the English-dubbed version in July 2004 at the theatres and multiplexes across India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/scoop/04/jul/2607devdas/index.shtml |title=Now 'Devdas' in English |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=26 July 2004 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040805180829/http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/04/jul/2607devdas/index.shtml |archive-date=5 August 2004 |access-date=18 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was available on a triple-disc DVD on 1 February 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Devdas-3-Disc-Collectors-Edition/dp/B0007XPQE0 |title=Devdas (3 Disc Collector's Edition) (2002) |website=Amazon |date=1 February 2005 |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=26 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926194345/http://www.amazon.com/Devdas-3-Disc-Collectors-Edition/dp/B0007XPQE0 |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[VCD]] version was also provided.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.induna.com/1000015596-productdetails/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=cd28072807506618347c5af9c8bd972e26a26285-1615984334-0-AQRg305JJY714TfOhUA9pym-EiCC94U1DHd0rpLeP0XNvTW9AeXvb4rvuh53ofn3KMaZ-5ubUH1cbMjlksMr5t4fsFdPpVv5T3PjtOEvd5LHkshLBeYm0p2zM4KrzmQG_uHWIfxYftevXQy5OxXGd4KWbjN46Sf9_yJSFmbV0s4woLrLRqxTQVCLBUjjjeCh7r5WrUwu7aY5wF2PJMlXbLSd5Gh72ARZnkJIxkjGzYp5ghV2GXrNadEQKPSZE_hwSEEncogsucQXQmx72etsyMGS7aovcZ4m74H1VTOLTg9b2yTg6LgmJ59zmiQYSinQh56Jx8WevZ1AuPFZg7cDyrgWx81gk2UI5pzbWEoRVVkL |title=Devdas VCD |website=[[Induna.com]] |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323033132/https://www.induna.com/1000015596-productdetails/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=cd28072807506618347c5af9c8bd972e26a26285-1615984334-0-AQRg305JJY714TfOhUA9pym-EiCC94U1DHd0rpLeP0XNvTW9AeXvb4rvuh53ofn3KMaZ-5ubUH1cbMjlksMr5t4fsFdPpVv5T3PjtOEvd5LHkshLBeYm0p2zM4KrzmQG_uHWIfxYftevXQy5OxXGd4KWbjN46Sf9_yJSFmbV0s4woLrLRqxTQVCLBUjjjeCh7r5WrUwu7aY5wF2PJMlXbLSd5Gh72ARZnkJIxkjGzYp5ghV2GXrNadEQKPSZE_hwSEEncogsucQXQmx72etsyMGS7aovcZ4m74H1VTOLTg9b2yTg6LgmJ59zmiQYSinQh56Jx8WevZ1AuPFZg7cDyrgWx81gk2UI5pzbWEoRVVkL |url-status=live }}</ref> The rights of the film subsequently acquired by Khan under his production and distribution company [[Red Chillies Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.redchillies.com/movies/movie-rights.aspx |title=Movie Rights |website=[[Red Chillies Entertainment]] |access-date=30 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006020052/http://redchillies.com/movies/movie-rights.aspx|archive-date=6 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has been accessible for streaming on [[Apple TV+]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] since March 2016.<ref name="Rotten Tomatoes' page">{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1121720_devdas |title=Devdas (2002) |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413010248/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1121720_devdas |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

===Critical response===
====India====
''Devdas'' received mixed reviews from Indian critics, with most of them praised Dixit in her role as Chandramukhi, but panned Bhansali's direction, and Khan and Rai's performances.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/colourful-fiasco/article28517425.ece |title=Colourful fiasco |last=Mahadevan-Dasgupta |first=Uma |date=11 August 2002 |work=The Hindu |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323033105/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/colourful-fiasco/article28517425.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/right-moves/article28375857.ece |title=Right moves |date=18 July 2002 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323033128/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/right-moves/article28375857.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Sukanya Verma]] described it as "a work of art and heart", saying, "Sanjay Leela Bhansali's labour of love ''Devdas'' is a larger-than-life, poignant and spectacular interpretation." However, she felt that the supporting cast "comes up with an exceedingly over-the-top performance and disrupts the entire tempo of the film", mostly that from Kher, who she found "goes overboard with her boisterous, dreamy-eyed mother".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/13devdas.htm |title=Devdas revisited |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=13 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322063028/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/13devdas.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In a one-star review, the entertainment portal ''Bollywood Hungama'' stated, "... ''Devdas'' belies the expectations that one has from a film of this magnitude. Expectedly, the much-hyped film has taken a historic start all over, but it lacks in merits and most importantly, repeat value, which is so very vital to recover the colossal investment that has gone into its making." The critic explained that the film's "first half has an enjoyable mix of light moments and dramatic scenes", raising "the expectations of a better and much bigger second half. But the post-interval portions fail to hold ... attention and there are several reasons for it."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/devdas-3/critic-review/devdas-3-movie-review/ |title=Devdas Movie Review |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=12 July 2002 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119135130/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/devdas-3/critic-review/devdas-3-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{quote box
| quote = "Shah Rukh Khan does a good job in a very difficult role. ... His flashes of arrogant harshness are excellent, and he can carry off sensuous romantic scenes effortlessly. Madhuri Dixit ... does an equally good job. As for Aishwarya Rai, Bhansali has done a masterful job of camouflaging her weaknesses as an actress in practically every scene, and of photographing her to near perfection."
| source =  —Shyamala B. Cowsik of [[Rediff.com]], reviewing the actor's performances in ''Devdas''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/15devdas.htm |title=Obsession gone wrong |date=15 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |last=Cowsik |first=Shyamala B. |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019092457/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/15devdas.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}
The film critic Subhash K. Jha, who gave the film a three-and-a-half stars rating, asserted that ''Devdas'' "confirms the director's faith in the power of the visual medium to create poetry out of melodrama and the audience's faith in Bhansali as one of the most gifted filmmakers mainstream Hindi cinema has produced", adding that Rai "attains legendary proportions in this film ... Her eyes are crystal-blue pools that change colours according to her character's moods."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/80/bollywood.hindi/devdas/21/review.htm |title=Devdas Hindi Movie Review |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=20 June 2002 |website=NowRunning.com |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=22 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622154807/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/80/bollywood.hindi/devdas/21/review.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sita Menon]] appreciated Dixit's performance as Chandramukhi, a part that she called the "most understated role and perhaps the one that is most lingering", for being "stunning lending passion, fire and gentleness with such consummate ease that watching her perform is sheer delight".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/12dev.htm |title=Paradise lost |last=Menon |first=Sita |author-link=Sita Menon |date=12 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716042240/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/12dev.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> S. Ramachandran of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' complimented Khan for "excellently hics his way through without a hiccup in the role of Devdas", and believed that Rai "pumps glamour into the much sought-after role of Paro".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2002/july/27200.htm |title=Devdas |last=Ramachandran |first=S. |date=22 July 2002 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020812155256/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2002/july/27200.htm |archive-date=12 August 2002 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Writing for ''The New Sunday Express'', [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote that the film was dominated with the "most-elaborate" costumes and spoke positively of how Dixit "effortlessly combines allure and sacrifice".<ref>{{cite news |title=Review: Devdas |date=July 2002 |work=The New Sunday Express |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan }}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=July 2023}}

''Outlook'' claimed that "[s]eeing ''Devdas'' is like witnessing an exhausting opera. It's all about the sheer self-indulgence, ego and audacity of its maker". The magazine saw that Bhansali turned the film into "a tale of female bonding, between a head-strong Paro ... and Chandramukhi", and observed of how its dialogues "are declamatory with mixed metaphors and play of words aplenty", comparing it to ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960) and ''Pakeezah''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com:80/showtime.asp?fodname=20020729 |title=Devdas |date=29 July 2002 |work=Outlook |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030513153809/http://www.outlookindia.com/showtime.asp?fodname=20020729 |archive-date=13 May 2003 |access-date=19 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Madhu Trehan]] (reviewing for the magazine as well) thought that ''Devdas'' became "a chick film" because of its dialogues and screenplay.<ref name="Trehan, Madhu" /> Anjana Guha Chatterjee of ''The Indian Express'' concluded, "His film is in no way Sarat Chandra's ''Devdas''. It was entirely Sanjay Leela Bhansali's ''Devdas''."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/the-real-devdas-tragedy-the-journey-to-bollywood/ |title=The real Devdas tragedy: the journey to Bollywood |last=Chatterjee |first=Anjana Guha |date=2 August 2002 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040036/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/the-real-devdas-tragedy-the-journey-to-bollywood/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Khalid Mohamed]] rated the film three stars, dismissing it as "a magnum opus" that "makes [the audience] want to hit the bottle and fast out of sheer disappointment". Even so, he noted that Mukerji was "bankably competent" and described Rai's performance as the "best" one in her career.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/what_s_on_mumbai/columns/2002/july/26756.htm |title=Devdas: Rum with a view |last=Mohammed |first=Khalid |author-link=Khalid Mohammed |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=July 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021031094854/http://www.mid-day.com/what_s_on_mumbai/columns/2002/july/26756.htm |archive-date=31 October 2002 |access-date=19 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] found the film to be "a big disappointment" and declared it as "the worst film" in Bhansali's directorial career,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/bollywood-boulevard-14/ |title=Bollywood boulevard |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |date=21 July 2002 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040037/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/bollywood-boulevard-14/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with [[Roshmila Bhattacharya]] reviewing, "Ornate, opulent and indulgent, Sanjay Leela Bhansali's ''Devdas'' is a rich tapestry of colours."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com:80/old/20020719/frev.html |title=Devdas: Grandiose sets, great performances |date=19 July 2002 |work=Screen |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |author-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311100033/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020719/frev.html |archive-date=11 March 2008 |access-date=17 May 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Ziya Us Salam]] took note of Bhansali's ability to "give form to feeling here, expression to thought. His concept is old and familiar, his presentation new and delightful. His canvas is grand, his imagination grander still. His sets are opulent, his images larger than life, his characters larger still."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/grand-old-tale-grand-new-touch/article28375572.ece |title=Grand old tale, grand new touch |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |date=15 July 2002 |work=The Hindu |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040058/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/grand-old-tale-grand-new-touch/article28375572.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] opined that both Rai and Dixit were burdened by their heavy costumes and compulsion to perform perfectly. Gahlot bemoaned that the film's dialogues were "shockingly inappropriate—cheap in places", and added that "[the] film veers completely away from the novel in the second half, when he introduces Paro's creepy step-son-in-law, makes Devdas's vampish sister-in-law vie for control, and creates a forced situation for a meeting between the Paro and Chandramukhi who do a dance number together—unthinkable at the time."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatanova.com/progs/tnArticle.asp?ch=movies&subch=review&htm=movie_12_07_02_devdas.htm |title=Unforgivable |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |date=17 July 2002 |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |website=Tatanova |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808012449/http://www.tatanova.com/progs/tnArticle.asp?ch=movies&subch=review&htm=movie_12_07_02_devdas.htm |archive-date=8 August 2002 |access-date=19 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Komal Nahta]], giving it eight out of ten stars, was impressed with Khan's "mind-blowing" performance, commending him for playing his role "with such finesse and aplomb that it is sheer delight to watch him."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radiosargam.com/movies/moviereviews/d/devdas.htm |title=Movie Reviews |date=July 2002 |website=Radio Sargam |last=Nahta |first=Komal |author-link=Komal Nahta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020803175038/http://www.radiosargam.com/movies/moviereviews/d/devdas.htm |archive-date=3 August 2002 |access-date=19 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amit Khanna from ''India Today'' credited Rai for "brings a fine balance of arrogance, vulnerability and sensuality to her performance".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20020610-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-devdas-has-dramatic-peaks-just-high-points-795138-2002-06-10 |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali's 'Devdas' has dramatic peaks, just high points |last=Khanna |first=Amit |date=10 June 2002 |work=India Today |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040058/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20020610-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-devdas-has-dramatic-peaks-just-high-points-795138-2002-06-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Siddharth Patankar from [[NDTV]] opined that most of the film's cast "overacted" in the first half, and presumed it because of Bhansali's direction. He singled out Dixit's "powerful" performance, which he thought was a "highlight" of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/ent/reviews.asp?lang=hindi&id=63&moviename=Devdas |title=Devdas |last=Patankar |first=Siddharth |date=July 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021027093143/http://www.ndtv.com/ent/reviews.asp?lang=hindi&id=63&moviename=Devdas |archive-date=27 October 2002 |access-date=19 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In a review published in ''The Hindu'', the critic Paresh C. Palicha elaborated: "On the acting front, the performance of the three main actors is top-notch." He lauded Khan for "[excelling] in the role of his lifetime", noting that "he shows a tendency to go overboard in the scenes where he is shown in an inebriated state ..."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/18/stories/2002071800740400.htm |title=Legendary lover with more gloss |date=18 July 2002 |last=Palicha |first=Paresh C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030611162448/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/18/stories/2002071800740400.htm |archive-date=11 June 2003 |access-date=19 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ratna Rajaiah (also from ''The Hindu'') hailed the film was an "outstanding example of brilliant cinematic techniques and technology", and according to her, ''Devdas'' was "a fabulous, sumptuous, glittering tribute to the lofty ideal of romantic love where almost every frame leaves you gasping at its immaculately, painstaking orchestrated beauty."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/09/stories/2002080900230100.htm |title=A perfect solitaire but... |last=Rajaiah |first=Ratna |date=9 August 2002 |work=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021017175657/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/09/stories/2002080900230100.htm |archive-date=17 October 2002 |access-date=19 March 2021 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Sudhanva Deshpande of ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' magazine referred to Khan as "overwhelming", while arguing that Rai gave a "below-par" performance though she "gets all of the director's attention and the best shots". Furthermore, Deshpande believed Dixit had succeeded to save her "weak" role.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/article30245906.ece |title=The unbearable opulence of Devdas |last=Deshpande |first=Sudhanva |date=17 August 2002 |work=Frontline |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213207/https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/article30245906.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Overseas====
''Devdas'' generated mixed reviews when it premiered at Cannes, with many reviewers were critical of the direction, story, sets, and costumes.<ref name="A cut" /><ref name="Britain">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/devdas-gets-the-cold-shoulder-in-britain/article27857664.ece |title='Devdas' gets the cold shoulder in Britain |last=Suroor |first=Hasan |date=13 July 2002 |work=The Hindu |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323041339/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/devdas-gets-the-cold-shoulder-in-britain/article27857664.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/a-spell-of-charm/article28526489.ece |title=A spell of charm |date=25 April 2004 |work=The Hindu |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323041340/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/a-spell-of-charm/article28526489.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Journalists also attributed it to the film's melodramatic sequences and how Khan and Rai portraying their roles as Devdas and Paro, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-happy-cannes/article27849619.ece |title=A happy Cannes |date=29 May 2002 |work=The Hindu |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323041342/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-happy-cannes/article27849619.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> However, better reviews were given following its theatrical release.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/1000-prints-for-devdas-but-will-they-watch/articleshow/12603527.cms |title=1,000 prints for Devdas, but will they watch |date=11 June 2002 |work=The Times of India |author=Times News Network |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323041416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/1000-prints-for-devdas-but-will-they-watch/articleshow/12603527.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=89|count=19|average=7.6|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=July 18, 2022}} Patrick Z. McGavin of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' said that it "welds a powerful technical sophistication with a deeply emotional story that moves starkly from joyous exuberance to epic tragedy", and felt Bhansali had brilliantly directed the film, "[layering] abstract stylization with a charged dramatic construction".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-07-26-0207260144-story.html |title='Devdas' a dazzling Bollywood story |last=McGavin |first=Patrick Z. |date=26 July 2002 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323041342/https://www.chicagotribune.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for the [[BBC]], Shamaila Khan gave the film nine-and-a-half stars and declared it as "one of the best films" she has ever seen, noting that it was "completely justifies [its] title as the most expensive Indian film ever made". She expressed approval of the "breathtaking" cinematography of the film, and commended its sets and costume designs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/communities/masti/2002/07/12/devdas_film_review.shtml |title=Devdas Film Review |website=BBC |date=12 July 2002 |last=Khan |first=Shamaila |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925071247/http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/communities/masti/2002/07/12/devdas_film_review.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

Zeba Haider from the ''[[Arab News]]'' found ''Devdas'' to be overly "loud and melodramatic", while hailing the production aspects and the performances of the lead cast. However, Haider lauded Bhansali for "bringing the life culture and values of 1930s to a 21st-century audience" and concluded, "There is no denying that he did succeed in making the audience alive to the realities of the 1930s. No doubt the film viewer will find himself somewhere in some form in Bhansali's ''Devdas''. And that is a great achievement."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/223951 |title='Devdas' Is A Visual Treat |last=Haider |first=Zeba |date=5 September 2002 |work=[[Arab News]] |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323041343/https://www.arabnews.com/node/223951 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the words of ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine: "''Devdas'' lacks Bollywood's broader comic touches but in its field, it's the event movie of the year." According to the review, Rai "proves she has the acting talent to back up her flawless looks".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/devdas-review/ |title=Devdas Review |date=2002 |last=Morrison |first=Alan |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=31 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831111312/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/devdas-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Giving the film two stars, the critic and film historian [[Derek Malcolm]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' criticized its production design, which he described as "tacky".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/News_Story/Critic_Review/Guardian_review/0,,753475,00.html |title=Devdas |last=Malcolm |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Malcolm |date=12 July 2002 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323041404/https://www.theguardian.com/film/News_Story/Critic_Review/Guardian_review/0,,753475,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[Chicago Reader]]'' weekly's J. R. Jonas added, "... the sets and costumes are intoxicating, and whenever the tabla kicked in, I understood why people of my parents' generation used to dream about the movies."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/devdas/Film?oid=1151464 |title=Devdas |date=2002 |last=Jones |first=J. R. |work=[[Chicago Reader]] |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413010257/https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/devdas/Film?oid=1151464 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In ''[[Screen International]]'', Sheila Johnston wrote that Khan was a "dead loss as the film's romantic hero" and thought her chemistry with Rai "a failure". Johnston deemed that Khan looks "too old for the role", but saying that Rai "develops nicely from gorgeous doe-eyed ingenue to a figure of real stature and authority".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.screendaily.com/devdas/409884.article |title=Devdas |date=11 July 2002 |work=[[Screen International]] |last=Johnston |first=Sheila |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109184354/http://www.screendaily.com/devdas/409884.article |url-status=live }}</ref> Laura Bushell of the BBC rated the film four out of five stars, taking note of the actors, especially Rai, who the critic called "stunningly beautiful".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2002/07/02/devdas_2002_review.shtml |title=Devdas (2002) |date=2 July 2002 |website=BBC |last=Bushell |first=Laura |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125222509/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2002/07/02/devdas_2002_review.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Derek Elley]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' summarized, "By contrast, Bhansali's reworking, in splashy color and widescreen, cranks up the fantasy elements, piles on the melodrama and shears back most of the novel's plot."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/markets-festivals/devdas-1200549117/ |title=Devdas |last=Elley |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Elley |date=12 July 2002 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323041343/https://variety.com/2002/film/markets-festivals/devdas-1200549117/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Reviewing for the ''[[Radio Times]]'', David Parkinson, giving the rating of three stars, reported Dixit had made an "exhilarating presence" in ''Devdas'' and commented that the film was "gorgeous" and "epic".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/film/fj6hpc/devdas/ |title=Devdas |date=2002 |last=Parkinson |first=David |work=[[Radio Times]] |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323041407/https://www.radiotimes.com/film/fj6hpc/devdas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kim Linekin from ''[[Eye Weekly]]'' was appreciative of Rai's performance: "Surprisingly, the beauty pageant winner is the best actor in the bunch. Rai's doe eyes and long hair are exploited to full effect, but she also seems the most committed to the story and creates the most believable character."<ref>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020822030208/http://www.eye.net/eye/issue/issue_07.11.02/film/devdas.html |archive-date=22 August 2002 |last=Linekin |first=Kim |date=7 November 2002 |work=[[Eye Weekly]] |url=http://www.eye.net/eye/issue/issue_07.11.02/film/devdas.html |title=Devdas |access-date=20 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sukhdev Sandhu of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' gave ''Devdas'' a scathing review by saying that it was "embarrassingly bad" and "absolutely horrid". He observed that Rai "dimply and doe-eyed, coos and trills like an asthmatic mynah bird" and saw that she failed to made a chemistry with Khan, later arguing that the film "wastes the talent of its cast". He opined, "It gives its audience a tacky, cartoon version of Bollywood. Colourful and tumultuous it my be, but its preoccupation with spectacle does not make up for the absence of soul."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3579999/Bollywood-disaster-movie.html |title=Bollywood disaster movie |last=Sandhu |first=Sukhdev |date=12 July 2002 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229023529/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3579999/Bollywood-disaster-movie.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'' likened the film to a "pudding trolley" that has "flaring colours, elaborate song and dance sequences and opulent locations".<ref name="Britain" /> Michael Dequina of the ''[[Film Threat]]'' rated the film five stars, stating "... there's more to ''Devdas'' than extravagance; the emotion and passion of the story is felt just as strongly in every frame as the budget".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://filmthreat.com/Reviews.asp?Id=4091 |title=Devdas |last=Dequina |first=Michael |date=9 January 2003 |work=[[Film Threat]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040229101925/https://filmthreat.com/Reviews.asp?Id=4091 |archive-date=29 February 2004 |access-date=20 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rich Cline, writing for the website as well, noted in his review that the costumes were "vibrant" and regarded that its plot was "jammed with meaning and relevance".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.filmthreat.com/Reviews.asp?Id=3452 |title=Devdas |last=Cline |first=Rich |date=25 February 2004 |work=Film Threat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040928090539/http://www.filmthreat.com/Reviews.asp?Id=3452 |archive-date=28 September 2004 |access-date=20 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Kryztoff de Breza did a review for ''Rediff.com'' at the film's premiere at Cannes; he described the film as "a treat to the eyes" and admired its sets and costumes, which he found to be "beautiful".<ref name="Breza, Kryztoff de" /> In a review carried by ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', Liam Lacey shared similar thoughts: "It's all vastly sumptuous, though the spectacle frequently overwhelms the dramatic impact."<ref name="Rotten Tomatoes' page" /> Still, Breza was ambivalent of Bhansali's direction, mentioning that he "lose the strings and the film degenerates rapidly" when it features the sequences of Devdas and Chunnilal getting drunk.<ref name="Breza, Kryztoff de">{{cite web |url=https://in.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/29dev.htm |title=Ash, Madhuri raise Devdas |last=Breza |first=Kryztoff de |date=29 May 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811063955/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/29dev.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rick McGinnis]] considered the cast's performances were "completely [[wikt:over the top|over-the-top]]—pitched at a level somewhere north of soap-opera hysterical—and absolutely perfect", while labelling the film "an instant Bollywood classic".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rickmcginnis.com/movies/devdas.htm |title=Devdas (2002) |date=July 2002 |website=RickMcGinnis.com |last=McGinnis |first=Rick |author-link=Rick McGinnis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020806150643/https://rickmcginnis.com/movies/devdas.htm |archive-date=6 August 2002 |access-date=20 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Katrina Onstad]] of the ''[[National Post]]'' credited the film for giving its "... older generation of duelling mothers [characters] ... some great, scenery-chewing monologues".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/12web.htm |title=What they say |date=12 July 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125080741/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/12web.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The BBC's Poonam Joshi presumed the story was "beautifully recounted through subtle and heartrending interchange".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/asianlife/film/reviews/devdas.shtml |title=Film Reviews: Devdas |date=12 July 2002 |last=Joshi |first=Poonam |website=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021001213942/http://www.bbc.co.uk/asianlife/film/reviews/devdas.shtml |archive-date=1 October 2002 |access-date=20 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Adrian Martin (film critic)|Adrian Martin]] recognized the film as "one of the most spectacular Bollywood musicals of the past decade".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmcritic.com.au/reviews/d/devdas.html |title=Devdas |date=May 2004 |website=filmcritic.com |last=Martin |first=Adrian |author-link=Adrian Martin (film critic) |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329180133/http://filmcritic.com.au/reviews/d/devdas.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Box office===
Although the reviews were generally mixed, ''Devdas'' was highly successful at the box office in India and overseas, due to its cast's performances, costumes, dialogues, narrative style, and sound design.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vasisht |first=Divya |date=22 July 2002 |title=Devdas wows London |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Devdas-wows-London/articleshow/16774417.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323041400/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Devdas-wows-London/articleshow/16774417.cms |archive-date=23 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 July 2002 |title=Devdas a big draw |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//city/kolkata/Devdas-a-big-draw/articleshow/15804738.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040550/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//city/kolkata/Devdas-a-big-draw/articleshow/15804738.cms |archive-date=23 March 2021}}</ref> In India, the film had a theatrical run of fourteen weeks.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mirani |first=Indu |date=23 October 2003 |title=Deadly Dutt strikes back |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/oct/23box.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040539/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/oct/23box.htm |archive-date=23 March 2021 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> It collected {{INRConvert|20.9|m|year=2002|mode=historical}} on the opening day, the year's highest first-day earnings, and {{INRConvert|61.5|m|year=2002|mode=historical}} after the first weekend.<ref name="BOI">{{Cite web |title=Devdas |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=591 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031902/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=591 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top India First Day (2002) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-day.php?year=2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119181735/https://boxofficeindia.com/india-first-day.php?year=2002 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> Following the first week, the film had grossed {{INRConvert|117.8|m|year=2002|mode=historical}}—according to ''The Times of India'', it earned {{INRConvert|3.5|m|year=2002|mode=historical}} at six theatres in Hyderabad in this period.<ref name="BOI" /><ref>{{cite news |author=Times News Network |date=20 July 2002 |title=Devdas brings cheer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/devdas-brings-cheer/articleshow/16487196.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040540/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/devdas-brings-cheer/articleshow/16487196.cms |archive-date=23 March 2021}}</ref> Still, ''Devdas'' gradually lost public interest and subsequently earned {{INRConvert|0.9|m|year=2002|mode=historical}} in the next week. The trade analyst [[Amod Mehra]] reported, "Hype has pulled the film through. Though the film is doing well in major cities, collections have dropped drastically in the interiors." He believed that the big budget of the film was negatively influenced its theatrical performance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Upadhyay |first=Karishma |date=25 July 2002 |title=Bollywood still waiting for a box office hit |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/bollywood-still-waiting-for-a-box-office-hit/articleshow/17085573.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040629/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/bollywood-still-waiting-for-a-box-office-hit/articleshow/17085573.cms |archive-date=23 March 2021}}</ref> It eventually collected {{INRConvert|681.9|m|year=2002|mode=historical}}, making it Indian highest-grossing film of 2002.<ref name="BOI" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 2002 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=208&catName=MjAwMg==&PHPSESSID=b6bdc249e6300e8e023fad72a21b88c5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131163217/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=208&catName=MjAwMg==&PHPSESSID=b6bdc249e6300e8e023fad72a21b88c5 |archive-date=31 January 2009 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, ''Devdas'' emerged as the highest-grossing film of the year from India and ''The Guardian'' called it "a significant UK box office hit";<ref>{{cite news |date=13 August 2002 |title=Devdas 'funded by gangsters' |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/aug/13/news |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909182430/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/aug/13/news |archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> the film debuted in fifth place, grossing $730.243.<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |title=Devdas — United Kingdom |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2615968769/weekend/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040618/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2615968769/weekend/ |archive-date=23 March 2021 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> By the end of its first week, the film had grossed {{INRConvert|97.5|m|year=2002|mode=historical}} abroad, marking the year's highest overseas first-week gross for an Indian film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Overseas First Weekend 2002 |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-first-weekend.php?year=2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018063213/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-first-weekend.php?year=2002 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> At the end of its overseas running, the [[Hindi]] language collected {{INRConvert|316.9|m|year=2002|mode=historical}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Overseas Grossers 2002 |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124005327/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2002 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> including $2.5 million from the United Kingdom.<ref name="BOM" /> The film-trade website [[Box Office India]] estimated the Hindi version's total collections to be {{INR|998.8 million}}, making it the most profitable Indian film of 2002.<ref name="BOI" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2002 |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322065513/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2002 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> A [[Chinese language]] version grossed a further {{CN¥|2.75 million}} in China.<ref>{{cite web |title=宝莱坞生死恋 |trans-title=Bollywood's Life and Death |url=https://maoyan.com/films/12001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022046/https://maoyan.com/films/12001 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=[[Tianjin Maoyan Weiying Culture Media]] |language=zh-cn}}</ref> {{As of|2003}}, the film grossed a total of approximately {{INR|1.68 billion}} ({{US$|35 million|long=no}}) worldwide.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |author1-link=Anupama Chopra |date=24 March 2003 |title=I'm fresh and looking forward to my third innings: Shah Rukh Khan |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20030324-i-am-looking-forward-to-my-third-innings-shah-rukh-khan-793334-2003-03-24 |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Billboard">{{Cite book |last=Cella |first=Catherine |title=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=2003-02-08 |publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media, Inc.]] |volume=115 |pages=40 |chapter=Hearing Bollywood's Calling, Eros Fins A U.S. Market For Indian Films |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA40 |issue=6}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{{main|List of accolades received by Devdas (2002 Hindi film)}}

''Devdas'' was the [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Indian submission]] for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]] at the [[75th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/on-the-road-to-international-fame/article28633922.ece |title=On the road to International fame |date=29 January 2003 |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924182331/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/on-the-road-to-international-fame/article28633922.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/nomination-time/article28399090.ece |title=Nomination time |date=11 February 2003 |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040607/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/nomination-time/article28399090.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/interesting-remakes/article28397044.ece |title=Interesting remakes |date=20 January 2003 |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040608/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/interesting-remakes/article28397044.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It was chosen by the [[Film Federation of India]] (FFI) over the fantasy film ''[[Agni Varsha]]'' (2002), the dramas ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001), ''[[Mondo Meyer Upakhyan]]'' (2002) and ''Saanjhbatir Roopkathara'' (2002), the war film ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' (2002) and the biopic ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]'' (2002).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/28dev.htm |title=How was Devdas selected? |date=28 October 2002 |website=Rediff.com |last=Gumaste |first=Deepa |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126051510/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/28dev.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Bhansali met the director [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] and the actor [[Aamir Khan]]—the crew and cast members of ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001), which was also nominated in the category at the [[74th Academy Awards|previous ceremony]]—to ask for their help to get ''Devdas'' to enter the nomination.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/28sanjay.htm |title='We will meet Lagaan team to learn Oscar dos and don'ts' |last=Nair |first=Priyanka |date=28 October 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630193651/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/28sanjay.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> When the 75th Academy Awards was held on 23 March 2003 at the [[Dolby Theatre]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], [[Los Angeles]], the film was not nominated and the FFI was blamed by journalists, including Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''The Hindu'', who called their decision "shortsighted", "almost mulish" and "has been extremely detrimental for Indian cinema".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/mar/24/awardsandprizes.oscars20035 |title=Oscars 2003: minute-by-minute commentary |date=23 March 2003 |work=The Guardian |last=Brooks |first=Xan |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126052007/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/mar/24/awardsandprizes.oscars20035 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/the-oscars-political-script/article28519947.ece |title=The Oscar's political script |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=23 February 2003 |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040555/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/the-oscars-political-script/article28519947.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Devdas'' received a nomination for the [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language|Best Film Not in the English Language]] from the [[56th British Academy Film Awards|56th iteration]] of the [[British Academy Film Awards]] (BAFTA).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Bridging-the-celluloid-divide-in-style/article14707008.ece |title=Bridging the celluloid divide in style |date=17 January 2007 |work=The Hindu |last=Nayar |first=Mandira |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322065520/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Bridging-the-celluloid-divide-in-style/article14707008.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> At the [[50th National Film Awards]], the film received five awards: [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]], [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer – Female]] (Ghoshal), [[National Film Award for Best Production Design|Best Production Design]] (Desai), [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] (Lulla, Jani, Khosla, Shariffi) and [[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] (Saroj Khan).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/top-honours-for-ajay-devgan-konkana-sen-devdas-bags-5-awards/article27786863.ece |title=Top honours for Ajay Devgan, Konkana Sen; 'Devdas' bags 5 awards |date=26 July 2003 |work=The Hindu |last=Mukhopadhyaya |first=Abhik |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322063436/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/top-honours-for-ajay-devgan-konkana-sen-devdas-bags-5-awards/article27786863.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/drama-sans-soul/article28573702.ece |title=Drama sans soul |date=1 August 2003 |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322063452/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/drama-sans-soul/article28573702.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It garnered a leading 17 nominations at the [[48th Filmfare Awards]], and won 11 awards—the most for any film at the time—including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Bhansali), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Khan), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Rai) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Dixit).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/filmfare-awards-devdas-bags-11-saathiya-4/article27747348.ece |title=Filmfare awards: 'Devdas' bags 11, 'Saathiya' 4 |date=23 February 2003 |work=The Hindu |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322065520/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/filmfare-awards-devdas-bags-11-saathiya-4/article27747348.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=2006 |last=Dhirad |first=Sandeep |pages=113–115 |access-date=21 March 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |archive-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref> It won 16 of its 18 nominations at the [[4th IIFA Awards]], including [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Bhansali), [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Khan), [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Rai) and [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Kher).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/it-was-devdas-nite-at-johannesburg/article27772586.ece |title=It was Devdas' nite at Johannesburg |date=17 May 2003 |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322065459/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/it-was-devdas-nite-at-johannesburg/article27772586.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/devdas-bags-9-technical-awards/article27772241.ece |title='Devdas' bags 9 technical awards |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=16 May 2003 |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322065522/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/devdas-bags-9-technical-awards/article27772241.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legacy==
===Impact===
{{blockquote
| quote = "How can love ever grow irrelevant? ''Devdas'' is the ultimate love story. The novel belonged to an era when drinking, going to nautch girls and loving your neighbours daughter were taboo. All that is irrelevant today. But [Devdas'] unflinching love for Paro, whereby even the seductive Chandramukhi couldn't distract him, is timeless. ''Devdas'' gave dignity to the concept of love. I've never heard of such love anywhere else."
| source = Bhansali on the relevance of ''Devdas''<ref name="Would cast Shah Rukh Khan" />
}}
''Devdas'' is regarded as one of Bhansali's best works.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/sanjay-leela-bhansali-s-five-best-films-1.676831 |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali's five best films |date=19 November 2017 |last=Purohit |first=Abhinav |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040555/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/sanjay-leela-bhansali-s-five-best-films-1.676831 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rahul Desai of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote in 2017, "There is no greater film to demonstrate how the glorious vanity of song picturization in Indian movies goes a long way in defining our memories of them. ''Devdas'', I suspect, was the beginning of Bhansali's marriage with perfection and prose—an abusive, fascinating relationship that would thrive on its imperfections in the years to come."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/every-sanjay-leela-bhansali-film-ranked/ |title=Every Sanjay Leela Bhansali Film, Ranked |date=16 January 2017 |last=Desai |first=Rahul |work=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225114609/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/every-sanjay-leela-bhansali-film-ranked/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview with ''The Indian Express'', Bhansali revealed that he would only cast Khan again if he remade the film. He called Khan's acting flawless and said that the actor "understood the character without losing his spontaneity", adding, "He has left me speechless. I had my doubts before working with him. But it's his most endearing and honest performance."<ref name="Would cast Shah Rukh Khan">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/srk-devdas-sanjay-leela-bhansali-2917790/ |title=Would cast Shah Rukh Khan if I make Devdas again: Sanjay Leela Bhansali |date=16 July 2016 |work=The Indian Express |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520105224/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/srk-devdas-sanjay-leela-bhansali-2917790/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Devdas'' has been featured in several listings. [[Richard Corliss]] of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine featured the film in his listings of "2002: Best and Worst" in 2002 and "The 10 Greatest Movies of the Millennium" in 2012.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/2002/1230/movies/story.html |title=2002: Best and worst |last=Corliss |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Corliss |date=30 December 2002 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825080114/http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/2002/1230/movies/story.html |archive-date=25 August 2010 |access-date=22 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2012/05/17/top-10-movies-of-the-millennium/slide/devdas/ |title=The 10 Greatest Movies of the Millennium (Thus Far) |date=15 May 2012 |magazine=Time |last=Corliss |first=Richard |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=22 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522001544/https://entertainment.time.com/2012/05/17/top-10-movies-of-the-millennium/slide/devdas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, ''Empire'' listed the film among the "100 best films of world cinema", noting: "A star-crossed love-triangle melodrama... Hollywood needs another one of those!"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.empireonline.com/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/default.asp?film=74 |title=The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema |date=2010 |work=Empire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106215635/https://www.empireonline.com/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/default.asp?film=74 |archive-date=6 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Also that year, Donald Clarke, writing for ''[[The Irish Times]]'', considered it to be one of "Indian most exuberant films".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/bollywood-and-beyond-1.680059 |title=Bollywood and beyond |date=18 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |last=Clarke |first=Donald |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040547/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/bollywood-and-beyond-1.680059 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]''{{'}} Jeff Olozia included it in the "Louboutin's Bollywood" listing.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/03/24/t-magazine/24web-louboutin.html |title=Loubotin's Bollywood |date=24 March 2013 |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Olozia |first=Jeff |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040549/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/03/24/t-magazine/24web-louboutin.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was ranked sixth in Lata Jha of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]''{{'s}} listing of "Ten Most Popular Period Films of Bollywood" in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/CO5WDIvKcq5ENqbEJRQqZL/Ten-most-popular-period-films-of-Bollywood.html |title=Ten most popular period films of Bollywood |date=21 December 2015 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |last=Jha |first=Lata |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302013439/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/CO5WDIvKcq5ENqbEJRQqZL/Ten-most-popular-period-films-of-Bollywood.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The next year, Elena Nicolaou and Prakruti Patel from ''[[O, The Oprah Magazine]]'' featured ''Devdas'' in their listing of "25 Best Bollywood Movies of All Time".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.oprahmag.com/entertainment/tv-movies/g26630891/best-bollywood-movies/?slide=7 |title=25 Best Bollywood Movies of All Time |date=22 July 2020 |last1=Nicolaou |first1=Elena |last2=Patel |first2=Prakruti |work=[[O, The Oprah Magazine]] |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040551/https://www.oprahmag.com/entertainment/tv-movies/g26630891/best-bollywood-movies/?slide=7 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A book on the production of the film was published by the journalist and author [[Mushtaq Shiekh]] in August 2002, entitled ''Devdas: The Indian Hamlet''. Shah Rukh Khan and Bhansali wrote the foreword and afterword, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/aug/16dev.htm |title=The Indian Hamlet |last=Khubchandani |first=Lata |date=16 August 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=5 November 2021 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225958/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/aug/16dev.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Influence===
Dale Hudson of the film journal ''[[Screen (journal)|Screen]]'' credited ''Devdas'' for "dramatically [changing] the social mobility of women from earlier cinematic interpretations" of the novel.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/details/Screen_Volume_47_Issue_2/page/n83/mode/2up?q=Devdas |title='Just Play Yourself, "Maggie Chung"': Irma Vep, Rethinking Transnational Stardom and Unthinking National Cinemas |date=2006 |last=Hudson |first=Dale |journal=Screen |editor-last=Street |editor-first=Sarah |issue=2 |volume=47 |page=221 |doi=10.1093/screen/hjl017 |issn=0036-9543 }}</ref> ''The Hindu'' hailed, "The film is even greater than ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', as it has been shot more number of times than the [[Shakespeare's plays|Shakespearean play]], itself."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092300860100.htm |title=Celebrating Devdas |date=23 September 2002 |access-date=23 March 2021 |last=Chowdhury |first=Souvik |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129140212/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092300860100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=29 November 2010}}</ref> A dialogue said by Khan, "''Babuji ne kahaa gaon chhod do, sab ne kahaa Paro ko chhod do...''" (Dad said to leave the village, everyone said to leave Paro...), and, "''Kaun kambhakkht bardaasht karne ko peeta hai?''" (Who the hell drink to tolerate?), told by Khan to Dixit, attained popularity.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/entsrk/article7414918.ece |title=ENT-SRK |date=13 July 2015 |work=The Hindu |agency=Press Trust of India |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040551/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/entsrk/article7414918.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/top-5-shah-rukh-khan-movies/ |title=Top 5 Shah Rukh Khan Movies |date=2 November 2019 |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |website=Film Companion |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103103639/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/top-5-shah-rukh-khan-movies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Deepika Padukone]], who collaborated with Bhansali in ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]'' (2013),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/goliyon-ki-raasleela-ramleela-colour-and-chemistry/article5358032.ece |title=Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela: Colour and chemistry |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |work=The Hindu |date=16 November 2013 |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021211201/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/goliyon-ki-raasleela-ramleela-colour-and-chemistry/article5358032.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' (2015)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bajirao-mastani-a-historical-leap/article8004323.ece |title=Bajirao Mastani: A historical leap |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=18 December 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301184645/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bajirao-mastani-a-historical-leap/article8004323.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Padmaavat]]'' (2018),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/padmaavat-film-review/article22503940.ece |title='Padmaavat' review: an insipid love letter to Rajputs |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=24 January 2018 |work=The Hindu |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040553/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/padmaavat-film-review/article22503940.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> revealed that she was impressed with how Bhansali portraying the female characters, noting: "If you look closely, every (female) character has her own life and journey; I hope my part is also as remembered and loved as that of ... Paro or Chandramukhi's."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deepika-padukone-hopes-her-part-in-ram-leela-is-as-loved-as-chandramukhi/story-O8ubHDisJ6SWI0hDESYSNN.html |title=Deepika Padukone hopes her part in Ram-leela is as loved as Chandramukhi |date=22 October 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |last=Singh |first=Prashant |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323041412/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deepika-padukone-hopes-her-part-in-ram-leela-is-as-loved-as-chandramukhi/story-O8ubHDisJ6SWI0hDESYSNN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the film's success, traditional Indian women's costumes emerged as a style trend of the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/sari-shoppers-paradise/article28605175.ece |title=Sari shoppers' paradise |date=8 August 2002 |work=The Hindu |last=Rajagopal |first=Shyama |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323041349/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/sari-shoppers-paradise/article28605175.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Hindu'' wrote that it has influenced young women in India to wear saris that have the same design with those of Rai and Dixit in ''Devdas''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/starry-look/article28396570.ece |title=Starry look |last=Gopal |first=Rupa |date=13 January 2003 |work=The Hindu |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323041411/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/starry-look/article28396570.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Most properties from the film, including pieces of glass from the scene in which Shah Rukh Khan's character breaking his alcohol bottle after getting drunk, were offered for purchase on several Indian auction websites.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/survivor-for-sale/article28638568.ece |title=Survivor for sale |date=11 April 2003 |work=The Hindu |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040927/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/survivor-for-sale/article28638568.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2003, Rai's saris were exhibited at the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]]. Talking to ''The Hindu'', Lulla said that the "bridal collection epitomises the traditional Indian woman who believes in tasteful things of life complete with class and elegance";<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/designs-on-devdas/article28403754.ece |title=Designs on Devdas... |last=Tankha |first=Madhur |date=27 March 2003 |work=The Hindu |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040940/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/designs-on-devdas/article28403754.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> she added that Rai's jewellery was popular among Indian college students.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Friday-dressing/article16364877.ece |title=Friday dressing |date=8 April 2010 |work=The Hindu |last=Shah |first=Shalini |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032405/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Friday-dressing/article16364877.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> They were re-exhibited in August at the [[Welcomhotel Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/of-devdas-fame/article28446077.ece |title=Of Devdas fame |date=20 August 2003 |last=Swaminathan |first=Chitra |work=The Hindu |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040904/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/of-devdas-fame/article28446077.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The works have been referenced in several visual arts; [[Suhasi Dhami]]'s look in a 2012 episode from ''[[Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli]]'' was inspired by the saris.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/suhasi-s-new-look-inspired-by-paro/story-cvknjsK6NLKE0oGmyqcgwO.html |title=Suhasi's new look inspired by Paro |last=Awaasthi |first=Kavita |date=4 May 2012 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040928/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/suhasi-s-new-look-inspired-by-paro/story-cvknjsK6NLKE0oGmyqcgwO.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Also that year, ''Filmfare'' included Rai's costumes in their listing of "10 Shades of Beauty", elaborating, "From her jewellery to her pallu, all her styling was given intricate details which made this Paro look flawless."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/10-shades-of-beauty-1593.html |title=10 shades of beauty |last=Fernandes |first=Bradley |date=1 November 2012 |work=Filmfare |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040905/https://www.filmfare.com/features/10-shades-of-beauty-1593.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The song "Dola Re Dola" was reused in [[Karan Johar]]'s ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]'' (2023) as a dance sequence performed by [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-dola-re-ranveer-singh-tota-roy-choudhury-alia-bhatt-sequence-gender-breaking-moment-sets-benchmark-in-indian-cinema-2413684-2023-07-30 | title='Rocky Aur Rani...' Dola Re sequence's gender-breaking moment sets benchmark in Indian cinema | date=30 July 2023 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}

* [[Devdas (1936 film)|''Devdas'']], 1936 film
* [[Devdas (1955 film)|''Devdas'']], 1955 film
* [[Devdas (2013 film)|''Devdas'']], 2013 Bangladeshi remake
* [[Raaz (2002 film)|''Raaz'']], 2002 film
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]]
* [[List of submissions to the 75th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0238936 |title=Devdas}}
* {{Mojo title|devdas}}

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Devdas}}
{{Sanjay Leela Bhansali}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}
}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for ''Devdas''
| list =
{{National Film Award Wholesome Entertainment}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestFilm 2001-2020}}
{{IIFA Award for Best Movie}}
{{ScreenAwardBestFilm}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestFilm}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2000s musical drama films]]
[[Category:2002 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Devdas films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
[[Category:Films scored by Monty Sharma]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1900s]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Costume Design National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Choreography National Film Award–winning choreography]]
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Durga Puja in popular culture]]
[[Category:Films produced by Bharat Shah]]
[[Category:2002 musical films]]

Moamoria

2026-03-20T06:31:24Z

Jeep Safari: quick correct citations for consistency additionally and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|18th-century native of Assam, India}}
{{Assam History}}
The '''Moamoria''' (also '''Matak''') were the adherents of the egalitarian, proselytizing Mayamara [[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|Satra ]] of 18th-century [[Assam]], who initiated the [[Moamoria rebellion]] against the [[Ahom kingdom]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=46}}</ref> The rebellion weakened the Ahom kingdom to such an extent that the kingdom became vulnerable to repeated [[Burmese invasions of Assam]] and the subsequent [[Colonial Assam|colonization]] by the [[British India|British]]. The Moamorias were also called ''Mataks''. Over time, the main groups that had supported the Ahom kingdom came to owe allegiance to the Moamara sattra: [[Moran people|Morans]] (the mainstay of the Ahom militia), the [[Sonowal Kacharis]] (gold-washers), [[Chutia people|Chutia]]s (expert archers and matchlockmen), professional [[Caste system in India#Varna, jāti and caste|castes]] such as Hiras (potters), [[Tanti]]s (weavers), [[Jalia Kaibarta|Kaibartas]], and [[Ahom people|Ahom]] nobles and officers.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=53}}</ref> The largest group among the Mataks were the Morans,<ref>"The Marans were the most conspicuous of the Moamara disciples. They were a tribe of Bodo origin." {{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=50}}</ref> followed by the Chutias.<ref>"Next to the Morans, the most dominant members of the Matak community, were the Chutiyas."{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|p=27}}</ref>

The Matak identity solidified during the rebellion, and the Moamorias referred to themselves as Mataks over their original ethnic identities.<ref>"(I)nitially different members of the Matak community used their respective original identities as a suffix to the term Matak: Matak-Moran, Matak-Chutia, Matak-Kachari, Matak-Ahom. This was abandoned during the time of the Matak Rebellion when all members preferred to identify themselves in a single identity that of the Matak community." {{harvcol|Dutta|1985|p=12}}</ref> In a treaty with the Ahom kingdom in 1805, the Moamorias were able to set up an autonomous region, the ''[[Matak rajya|Matak Rajya]]'', under the office of ''Borsenapati,'' with his seat at Bengmara (modern-day [[Tinsukia]]). The Matak community continued to hold strong till the beginning of the 20th century, and the ''Matak-Moran Sanmilan'' was formed in 1937; but the Morans formed their own organization, the ''Moran Sabha'', in 1965 with the hope that the Moran people might benefit from the [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|5th Schedule of the Indian Constitution]].<ref>{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|pp=12-13}}</ref>

==Moamara Sattra==
===Beginning===
The ''sattra'' was established by [[Aniruddhadev]], whose mother was a cousin to [[Sankardev]],<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=51}}</ref> sometime after 1601. Aniruddhadev was the disciple of [[Gopaldev]] (Gopal ''Ata'' of Bhawanipur) who had initiated the ''[[Ekasarana_Dharma#Kala_sanghati|Kala sanghati]]'' sect of the [[Ekasarana dharma]]. He established the ''sattra'' near the Moamari lake in [[Majuli]].<ref>The lake has since either dried up or washed away, but there exists still a region called ''Moamara'' in upper Majuli. {{harvcol|Dutta|1985|p=15}}</ref> He quickly gathered a large following, and the followers developed such rigid principles that they would not bow to anyone or anything except their guru, the ''sattradhikar'' (abbot) of the ''sattra'' (monastery). Aniruddhadev was followed by his son, Krishnanandadev, as the abbot during whose time the Ahom king [[Susenghphaa|Prataap Singha]] subjugated the [[Baro-Bhuyan]]s in the north bank of Brahmaputra and moved them to the south bank. Krishnanandadev, being a Bhuyan, too moved and established his seat at Khutiapota, near present-day [[Jorhat]]. Here he was able to convert even more, including many Ahom nobles.

===Matak===
The Moamoarias were also called ''mataks''. One theory suggests that this name was given by the Ahom king, [[Prataap Singha]], on account of their strict adherence to the monotheism of [[Ekasarana dharma]] (in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]: ''mat'': opinion, ''ek'': single). In an incident narrated in some [[Buranji]]s, Prataap Singha tested the fanaticism of his own high nobles and officers, who were disciples of the Moamara Sattra, by making them ride their horses against naked swords held at the level of their necks. A noble, the Guimela Sola [[Borgohain]] and an officer, the Neog-Phukan, lost their lives since they refused to bow down and ride under the sword, at which point the test was stopped.<ref>The other noble, Laku [[Borpatrogohain]], was discouraged from taking the test. {{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=53}}</ref> Another possible explanation is that the Maran people acquired that name because of their valour (in [[Ahom language]]: ''ma'': courage, ''tak'' tested) which then transferred to the Moamorias in general; the cognate [[Tai languages|Tai-language]] speaking [[Jingpo people|Singpho]] and [[Khamti people]] described the people of the Barsenapati too as ''matak'' (strong) against the weaker ''mulungs'' (the weak royalists).<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=48}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Paresh Baruah]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last=Baruah |first=S. L. |title=Last Days of Ahom Monarchy |place=New Delhi |year=1993}}
* {{Citation |last=Dutta |first=Sristidhar |title=The Mataks and their Kingdom |publisher=Chugh Publications |place=Allahabad |year=1985}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:1770s in India]]

[[Category:1790s in India]]

[[Category:Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:1780s in India]]
[[Category:1800s in India]]

Panathottam

2026-03-11T02:09:38Z

Jeep Safari: expanded content

{{Short description|1963 film by K. Shankar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Panathottam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Shankar]]
| screenplay = Pasumani
| story = [[B. S. Ramiah]]
| producer = G. N. Velumani
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| cinematography = Thambu
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Saravana Films
| released = {{Film date|1963|01|11|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Panathottam''''' ({{translation|Garden of Money}}) is a 1963 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[K. Shankar]]. The film stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]]. It was released on 11 January 1963.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table: Chronological List of MGR's Movies released between 1960 and 1967 |url=https://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616112435/http://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2011 |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆர். நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.ithayakkani.com/jsp/Content/MGR_Cinema.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181114041813/http://www.ithayakkani.com/jsp/Content/MGR_Cinema.jsp |archive-date=14 November 2018 |access-date=10 December 2018 |website=Ithayakkani |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=October 2021}}
Selvam is arrested on a false charge of passing counterfeit bills. He escapes and tries to put his hands on the real authors, that is, the leader of the band of the counterfeiters to be exonerated. His quest gets complicated when Natarajan, a firm policeman, dashes in his pursuit, convinced of his guilt.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Selvam
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as Kala
* [[Sheela]] as Meena
* [[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Ponnambalam
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Chidambaram
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Inspector Natarajan
* [[M. V. Rajamma]] as Thangamma
* [[C. Lakshmi Rajyam]]
* [[Nagesh]] as C. K. Ramu
*[[Karikol Raju]] as Raju
*[[A. Veerappan]] as Ramu's friend
* V. P. S. Mani
* Thirupathisamy
}}

== Production ==
''Panathottam'' is named after the book of the same name by [[C. N. Annadurai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=17 July 2014 |title=MGR Remembered {{!}} Part 19 Books and politics |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-19-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316051346/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-19-2/ |archive-date=16 March 2021 |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> Saroja Devi, despite limited availability, agreed to act in the film and finished her portions within 9 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2025 |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆருக்கு ஜோடினு முடிவு பண்ணிட்டாங்க, ஆனா‌ என்ட கால்ஷீட் இல்ல; பணத்தோட்டம் படத்தில் சரோஜா தேவி நடித்தது இப்படித்தான்! |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/saroja-devi-shares-wonderful-experiences-of-panaththottam-movie-shooting-experiences-9505019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717071625/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/saroja-devi-shares-wonderful-experiences-of-panaththottam-movie-shooting-experiences-9505019 |archive-date=17 July 2025 |access-date=21 July 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=ta}}</ref> This was the first film where Ramachandran and Nagesh acted together, although they do not share any scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2024 |title=பணத்தோட்டம்: எம்.ஜி.ஆருடன் நாகேஷ் சேர்ந்து நடித்த முதல் படம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1182084-pana-thottam-movie-analysis.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250721015942/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1182084-pana-thottam-movie-analysis.html |archive-date=21 July 2025 |access-date=21 July 2025 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The climax began filming one day at 7:00am, and ended the next day at 7:00pm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2016 |title=சினிமாவில் எம்.ஜி.ஆர்.–253 {{!}} எம்.ஜி.ஆரின் அழைப்பு! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/6590 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214034/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/6590 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=30 May 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.Panathottam_K.Shankar_1963/103.%20Panathottam_K.Shankar_1963.pdf |title=பணத்தோட்டம் |publisher=Saravana Films |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=29 June 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Panathottam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/panathottam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1329137216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316051408/https://music.apple.com/us/album/panathottam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1329137216 |archive-date=16 March 2021 |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song "Pesuvathu Kiliya" is based on [[Bilaskhani Todi]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=23 July 2015 |title=Hindustani raag and hit songs |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/on-msvs-favourite-hindustani-raag-bilaskhanitodi/article7456091.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316051408/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/on-msvs-favourite-hindustani-raag-bilaskhanitodi/article7456091.ece |archive-date=16 March 2021}}</ref> It contains multiple references to Ramachandran's vital stats through its lyrics "Paaduvadhu kaviyaa illai, paarivallal magana; Seranukku uravaa senthamizhar nilava"; the line "Seranukku uravaa" refers to Ramachandran's place of birth [[Kerala]], "paari vallal" references his perceived generous nature, and "senthamizhar" gives emphasis to Ramachandran's Tamil pride.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=11 February 2019 |title=I, me, myself |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2019/feb/11/i-me-myself-10060.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404061459/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2019/feb/11/i-me-myself-10060.html |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Enna Than Nadakkum" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 03:18
|-
| "Javvathu Medai" || T. M. Soundararajan, [[P. Susheela]] || 04:30
|-
| "Oru Naal Iravil" || P. Susheela || 03:12
|-
| "Oruvar Oruvarai" || T. M. Soundararajan, [[L. R. Eswari]] || 04:37
|-
| "Panathottam" || T. M. Soundararajan || 04:15
|-
| "Pesuvathu Kiliya" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 04:06
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{K. Shankar}}

[[Category:1960s action drama films]]
[[Category:1963 Indian films]]
[[Category:1963 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:Films about counterfeit money]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Shankar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Jaipal Reddy

2026-03-08T17:10:33Z

Jeep Safari: rework details and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Indian politician (1942–2019)}}
{{COI|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sudini Jaipal Reddy
| image = A delegation of Congress MP’s from Andhra Pradesh Calling on the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh in New Delhi on October 27, 2007 (1) (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Jaipal Reddy in 2007
| order =
| office = 7th [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 22 July 1991
| term_end = 29 June 1992
| vicepresident = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| predecessor = [[M. S. Gurupadaswamy]]
| successor = [[Sikander Bakht]]
| office2 = 17th [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)| Union Minister of Science and Technology]]
| primeminister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start2 = 29 October 2012
| term_end2 = 18 May 2014
| predecessor2 = [[Vayalar Ravi]]
| successor2 = [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]]
| office3 =6th [[Ministry of Earth Sciences| Union Minister of Earth Sciences]]
| primeminister3 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start3 = 19 October 2012
| term_end3 = 18 May 2014
| predecessor3 = [[Vayalar Ravi]]
| successor3 = [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]]
| office4 = 38th [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas| Union Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas]]
| primeminister4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start4 = 19 January 2011
| term_end4 = 28 October 2012
| predecessor4 = [[Murli Deora]]
| successor4 = [[Veerappa Moily]]
| office5 = 35th [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs| Union Minister of Urban Development]]
| term_start5 = 18 November 2005
| term_end5 = 19 January 2011
| primeminister5 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor5 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| successor5 = [[Kamal Nath]]
| office6 = 4th [[Ministry of Culture (India)| Union Minister of Culture]]
| term_start6 = 23 May 2004
| term_end6 = 29 January 2006
| primeminister6 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor6 = [[Jagmohan]]
| successor6 = [[Ambika Soni]]
| office7 = 23rd [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Union Minister of Information & Broadcasting]]
| term_start7 = 23 May 2004
| term_end7 = 18 November 2005
| primeminister7 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor7 = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| successor7 = [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
| term_start8 = 1 May 1997
| term_end8 = 19 March 1998
| primeminister8 = [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
| predecessor8 = [[C. M. Ibrahim]]
| successor8 = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
| office9 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start9 = 29 September 1997
| term_end9 = 2 March 1998
| predecessor9 = N. Giri Prasad
| successor9 = [[Yadlapati Venkata Rao]]
| constituency9 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh| Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start10 = 10 April 1990
| term_end10 = 9 April 1996
| predecessor10 = Puttapaga Radhakrishna
| successor10 = [[Yalamanchili Radhakrishna Murthy]]
| constituency10 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh| Andhra Pradesh]]
| office11 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency11 = [[Chevella (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chevella]]
| term_start11 = 16 May 2009
| term_end11 = 16 May 2014
| predecessor11 = ''Constituency Established''
| successor11 = [[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
| constituency12 = [[Miryalguda (Lok Sabha Constituency) |Miryalguda]]
| term_start12 = 6 October 1999
| term_end12 = 16 May 2009
| predecessor12 = [[Baddam Narsimha Reddy]]
| successor12 = ''Constituency Dissolved''
| constituency13 = [[Mahbubnagar (Lok Sabha Constituency) |Mahbubnagar]]
| term_start13 = 10 March 1998
| term_end13 = 26 April 1999
| predecessor13 = Mallikarjun Goud
| successor13 = [[A. P. Jithender Reddy]]
| constituency14 = [[Mahbubnagar (Lok Sabha Constituency) |Mahbubnagar]]
| term_start14 = 1984
| term_end14 = 1989
| predecessor14 = Mallikarjun Goud
| successor14 = Mallikarjun Goud
| office15 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly| Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start15 = 1969
| term_end15 = 1984
| constituency15 = [[Kalwakurthy Assembly constituency| Kalwakurthy]]
| predecessor15 = G Reddy
| successor15 = J.Chittaranjan Das
| birth_date = {{birth date |1942|1|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Narmetta]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Narmetta]], [[Nalgonda]], [[Telangana]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|7|28|1942|1|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1969-1978) (1999-2019)
| otherparty = [[Janata Dal]] (1985-1998) [[Janata Party]] (1978-1984)
| spouse = Lakshmi
| relations =
| children = 2 sons and 1 daughter
| residence = [[Madgul]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
|alma_mater =
|occupation = [[Farmer]]
|profession = [[Politician]]
|cabinet = [[Gujral ministry]] (1997-1998) [[First Manmohan Singh ministry]] (2004-2009) [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry]] (2009-2014)
|committees =
|portfolio = 1. [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)| Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] 2. [[Ministry of Culture (India)| Ministry of Culture]] 3. [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs| Ministry of Urban Development]] 4. [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] 5. [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]] 6. [[Ministry of Science and Technology]]
| website = {{URL|sjaipalreddy.com}}
}}

'''Sudini Jaipal Reddy''' (16 January 1942 – 28 July 2019) was an Indian politician who was the Member of Parliament in the [[Lok Sabha]] of India for five terms.<ref name="Today">{{cite news |title=Senior Congress leader Jaipal Reddy passes away at 77 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/senior-congress-leader-jaipal-reddy-passes-away-at-77-1574353-2019-07-28 |access-date=28 July 2019 |work=India Today |agency=Press Trust of India |date=28 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> He represented the [[Chevella (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chevella]] constituency of [[Telangana]] and was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He served as a Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting in the [[I. K. Gujral]] cabinet in 1998. In 1999 he returned to Indian National Congress after 21 years. In 2004 he was re-elected to [[14th Lok Sabha]] from [[Miryalaguda Lok Sabha Constituency]] and then he served as a Union Minister for [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting]] and Union Minister for [[Urban Development]] in the [[United Progressive Alliance]]-1.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/jaipals-push-set-metro-rail-projects-on-track/article28739938.ece|title=Jaipal's push set metro rail projects on track|newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 July 2019 }}</ref> In 2009 he was re-elected to the [[15th Lok Sabha]] from the [[Chevella]] constituency and served as a Union Minister for [[Urban Development]] and Union Minister for [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum and Natural Gas]]. He was the Union Minister for the [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]] and the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]] from 29 October 2012 to 18 May 2014.

==Personal life==
[[File:Shri Jaipal Reddy in his office after taking over the charge as the Union Minister of Information & Broadcasting in New Delhi on May 24, 2004.jpg|thumb|left|185px|Jaipal Reddy in his office after taking charge as the Union Minister of Information & Broadcasting in New Delhi on 24 May 2004]]
Reddy was born to late Sri Durga Reddy and Smt. Yashodamma ( Bharatpedia +4) in Nermatta, a village in Chandur Mandal in Nalgonda District in Telangana State but is actually from Madgula, Mahabub Nagar district (now [[Ranga Reddy District]]) in Telangana. He had been [[Poliomyelitis|polio]]-stricken since he was 18-months old,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/19970531-s-jaipal-reddy-brings-to-the-government-a-mix-of-simplicity-and-subversion-831450-1997-05-30|title=S. Jaipal Reddy brings to the government a mix of simplicity and subversion|publisher=India Today|access-date=2016-10-20}}</ref> and used crutches to walk.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://enabled.in/wp/dr-jaipal-reddy-uses-crutches-is-one-of-the-livewires-of-the-present-cabinet/|title=Dr. Jaipal reddy – uses crutches is one of the livewires of the present cabinet – enabled.in|date=2011-07-14|newspaper=enabled.in|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-20}}</ref>

He had an [[Master's Degree|M.A.]] from the [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. He had been an agriculturist. He married Lakshmi on 7 May 1960. The couple had two sons and one daughter.<ref>[http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok12/biodata/12ap29.htm ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007183017/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok12/biodata/12ap29.htm |date=7 October 2012 }}</ref>

==Career==
Reddy was a student leader during his college life and in 1970s he joined the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1=Rahul |first1=N. |title=Former Union Minister S. Jaipal Reddy passes away at 77 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-union-minister-s-jaipal-reddy-passes-away/article28736393.ece |access-date=28 July 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=28 July 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He became an [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of [[Kalwakurthy]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="Hindu" />

Reddy was an [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of [[Kalwakurthy]] between 1969 and 1984, a constituency in Andhra Pradesh for four terms.<ref name="Hindu" /> He quit his membership of the Congress Party to protest against the [[Indian Emergency|emergency]] and joined the [[Janata Party]] in 1977 and later on its splinter [[Janata Dal]].<ref name="Hindu" />
He was the general secretary of the Janata Party from 1985 to 1988.<ref name="Hindu" /> He was elected to the [[8th Lok Sabha]] in 1984 from [[Mahbubnagar Lok Sabha]].<ref name="Hindu" /> He rejoined the Congress Party in 1999 and was elected to the [[14th Lok Sabha|14th]] in 2004 from [[Miryalaguda]] constituency and the [[15th Lok Sabha|15th]] in 2009 from Chavella.<ref name="Hindu" /> He was also a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] on two occasions, 1990–1996 and 1997–1998.<ref name="Hindu" />
[[File:Spoorthi sthal.jpg|thumb|left|195px|Spoorthi Sthal a memorial to honour S Jaipal Reddy at Hyderabad]]
He also held the position of leader of opposition in the Rajya Sabha for a year from June 1991 to June 1992.<ref name="Hindu" /> He served as the minister for Information and Broadcasting in the [[Government of India|government]] on two occasions: in 1997–1998 under [[Inder Kumar Gujral|I. K. Gujral]] and from 2004 under [[Manmohan Singh]] with additional responsibility for Culture. He also served as the minister for Urban Development and Petroleum and Natural Gas.<ref name="Hindu" />

He acted as the spokesman for several parties of which he has been a member and was awarded the [[Outstanding Parliamentarian Award]] in 1998.<ref>[http://www.sjaipalreddy.com/profile.html Shri S Jaipal Reddy] He was honoured for his exceptional oratorial skills and contributions in the Lok Sabha . The award was presented on December 17 , 1999.(Bharatpedia +5 ) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217010130/http://www.sjaipalreddy.com/profile.html |date=17 February 2014 }}. Sjaipalreddy.com. Retrieved on 21 May 2014.</ref> He was the first from South India and the youngest parliamentarian to achieve this award.<ref>[http://www.sjaipalreddy.com/achievements.html Shri S Jaipal Reddy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126155539/http://sjaipalreddy.com/achievements.html |date=26 November 2013 }}. Sjaipalreddy.com. Retrieved on 21 May 2014.</ref>

===Removal from the oil ministry===

The last [[cabinet reshuffle]] of the UPA-II government took place on 28 October 2012. Reddy was shifted from his current ministry to the Science and Technology ministry after he differed on the gas allocation to Reliance and his refusal to accept demands of Reliance.<ref name="Hindu" /> The oil ministry had imposed a fine of 7000 [[Rupees|Rs]]. [[crore]]s on [[Mukesh Ambani]]'s company for the sharp drop in production of gas and violations mentioned in [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|CAG]]'s 2011 report. Further, the oil ministry did not approve company's US$7.2 billion stake in deal with [[BP]].<ref>[http://indiawires.com/10404/news/national/steep-fall-in-gas-output-rs-7000cr-fine-on-reliance/ Steep Fall in Gas Output: Rs 7000cr Fine on Reliance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201711/http://indiawires.com/10404/news/national/steep-fall-in-gas-output-rs-7000cr-fine-on-reliance/ |date=29 October 2013 }}. IndiaWires. Retrieved on 21 May 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34-more/36279-reddy-upset-over-transfer-from-oil-ministry ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210205/http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34-more/36279-reddy-upset-over-transfer-from-oil-ministry |date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> Opposition parties including the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Samajwadi Party|SP]], and [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] said that he was removed owing to alleged pressure from the corporate houses, particularly from the [[Reliance Industries|Reliance group of Industries]]. However he refuted the claims and said that he needed to understand the new portfolio.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/jaipal-reddys-shift-from-oil-ministry-creates-a-political-storm/articleshow/17011133.cms Jaipal Reddy's shift from Oil Ministry creates a political storm – The Economic Times]. Economictimes.indiatimes.com (30 October 2012). Retrieved on 21 May 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-owes-an-explanation-on-shifting-jaipal-reddy-bjp-sp/article4043609.ece PM owes an explanation on shifting Jaipal Reddy: BJP, SP]. ''The Hindu'' (29 October 2012). Retrieved on 21 May 2014.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130103135042/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/india/34797158_1_jaipal-reddy-petroleum-ministry-science-and-technology ''The Times of India'': Latest News India, World & Business News, Cricket & Sports, Bollywood]. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved on 21 May 2014.</ref>

==Death==

Reddy died on 28 July 2019 at AIG Hospital, Gachibowli in Hyderabad of pneumonia.<ref name="NDTV_death">{{cite news |title=Former Union Minister Jaipal Reddy Dies At 77. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-union-minister-jaipal-reddy-dies-at-77-2076441 |access-date=28 July 2019 |work=NDTV.com |date=28 July 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Jaipal Reddy}}
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/22inter.htm An interview]
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug29/edit.htm Homecoming after 24 yrs for veteran spokesman – Editorial]
*[http://www.the-week.com/25mar27/rajpath_home.htm Small column titled ''Harsh Reality'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120124070317/http://petroleum.nic.in/minister.htm]
*[http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=378 Detailed Profile: Jaipal Sudini Reddy]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mallikarjun Goud]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Mahabubnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahabubnagar]] |years=1984 – 1989}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mallikarjun Goud]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Mallikarjun Goud]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Mahabubnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahabubnagar]] |years=1998 – 1999}}
{{s-aft|after=[[A. P. Jithender Reddy]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Baddam Narsimha Reddy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Miryalguda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Miryalguda]] |years=1999 – 2009}}
{{s-aft|after=Constituency Demolished}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Constituency Created}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Chevella (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chevella]] |years=2009 – 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[M. S. Gurupadaswamy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha]]|years=22 July 1991 – 29 June 1992}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sikander Bakht]]}}
|-
{{s-bef | before = [[P. A. Sangma]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] | years = 1996 – 1998}}
{{s-aft |after = [[Arun Jaitley]]}}
|-
{{s-bef | before = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] | years = 23 May 2004 – 18 November 2005}}
{{s-aft |after = [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]}}
|-
{{s-bef | before = [[Jagmohan]] Known as Ministry of Tourism and Culture}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Culture]] | years = 23 May 2004 – 30 January 2006}}
{{s-aft |after = [[Ambika Soni]]}}
|-
{{s-bef | before = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Development]] | years = 18 November 2005 – 18 January 2011}}
{{s-aft |after = [[Kamal Nath]]}}
|-
{{s-bef | before = [[Murli Deora]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] | years = 19 January 2011 – 28 October 2012}}
{{s-aft |after = [[Veerappa Moily]]}}
|-
{{s-bef | before = [[Vayalar Ravi]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]] | years = 28 October 2012 – 26 May 2014}}
{{s-aft |after = [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]]}}
|-
{{s-bef | before = [[Vayalar Ravi]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Minister of Earth Sciences]] | years = 28 October 2012 – 26 May 2014}}
{{s-aft |after = [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Ministers of Information and Broadcasting}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Jaipal}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Union ministers from United Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Indian politicians with disabilities]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:People from Nalgonda district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Ranga Reddy district]]
[[Category:People from Mahbubnagar district]]
[[Category:Ministers for information and broadcasting of India]]
[[Category:Culture ministers of India]]
[[Category:Petroleum and natural gas ministers of India]]
[[Category:Science ministers of India]]

Vijayanagar Invasion of Bijapur (1543)

2026-03-06T12:32:36Z

Jeep Safari: new basic page first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

{{Short description|16th century conflict in Deccan}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Vijayanagar Invasion of Bijapur
| partof = Deccani–Vijayanagar wars
| image = Map of Kingdom of Bijapur, 1565.jpg
| caption = Map of the Kingdom of Bijapur in 1565
| image_size =
| date = 1543
| place = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| result = [[Vijayanagar]]-[[Allied]] victory
| territory =
| combatant1 = [[Vijayanagar Empire]] ''' Supported By''' : {{Tree list}} [[Deccan Sultanates]]
** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg}} [[Ahmednagar Sultanate]]
** {{flagicon image|Qutbshahi Flag.svg}} [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda Sultanate]]
** [[Bidar Sultanate]] {{Tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = [[Bijapur Sultanate]]
| commander1 = [[Rama Raya]] [[Siege of Adavani|Venkatadri]] {{flagicon image|Qutbshahi Flag.svg}} [[Jamsheed Quli Qutub Shah]]{{WIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg}} [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] [[Ali Barid Shah I]]
| commander2 = [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]{{Surrender}} [[Battle of Tungabhadra River (1543)|Asad Khan]]{{Surrender}}
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
}}

The '''Vijayanagar Invasion of Bijapur''' was a coordinated campaign by a coalition of [[Ahmadnagar]], [[Golkonda]], and [[Vijayanagara]], aimed at weakening the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] in the year 1543. Initiated by [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] of Ahmadnagar, the alliance sought to capitalize on Ibrahim Adil Shah's vulnerabilities. Each ally targeted different regions: [[Ahmadnagar]] attacked from the northeast, [[Golkonda]] from the east, and [[Vijayanagara]] advanced from the south under [[Rama Raya]] to seize Raichur and the Doab.<ref name="tps"/><ref name="gps"/><ref name="ops"/>

==Background==
The death of Quli [[Qutb Shah]] in September 1543 triggered a volatile chain of events in the Deccan. [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]] the new ruler of [[Golkonda]] sought to eliminate his brother Ibrahim who had taken refuge in [[Devarakonda]]. Fleeing to Bidar, Ibrahim secured the support of Kasim Barid the ambitious ruler of [[Bidar]] who saw an opportunity to expand his influence. Kasim Barid marched on [[Golkonda]] with Ibrahim in tow, aiming to challenge Jamsheed's rule. However, this move alarmed [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] of Ahmadnagar who feared Kasim's growing ambitions. Burhan intervened by marching towards [[Golkonda]] to support [[Jamsheed Quli Qutub Shah]], capturing Koheer in the Barid territory along the way. Kasim Barid abandoned his campaign and retreated towards [[Bijapur]].<ref name="tps">{{Cite book |last=GOPAL |first=M. H. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385/page/n208/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The History of the Vijayanagar Empire Vol. 1 |date=1956|pages=188–190 |publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN,BOMBAY}}</ref><ref name="gps">{{Cite book |last=M.h. Rama Sharma |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.480302/page/87/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The History Of The Vijayanagar Empire |date=1917|pages=188–190}}</ref>

[[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] of Ahmadnagar, having found refuge and support, formed a coalition of Deccan powers against his rival, Ibrahim Adil Shah I of Bijapur. Capitalizing on Ibrahim's strained relations with neighboring rulers, Burhan rallied [[Ahmadnagar]], [[Golkonda]], and [[Vijayanagar]] into a formidable alliance. Rama Raya of Vijayanagar, eager to settle old disputes with Ibrahim supported the alliance. A coordinated strategy was devised [[Vijayanagar]] would strike [[Bijapur]] from the south, [[Golkonda]] would invade from the east, while [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]], [[Ali Barid Shah I]] of Bidar, and Khwaja Jahan would launch simultaneous attacks from the north-east.<ref name="tps"/><ref name="gps"/><ref name="ops">{{Cite book |last=Heras |first=H. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189282/page/n128/mode/1up?view=theater |title=South India Under The Vijayanagar Empire Vol. 1 |date=1927|pages=77–78}}</ref><ref name="aps">{{Cite book |last=M. A. Nayeem |url=https://archive.org/details/the-external-relations-of-the-bijapur-kingdom-1489-1686-ad-study-in-diplomatic-hisory/page/n224/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The External Relations Of The Bijapur Kingdom 1489-1686 AD (Study In Diplomatic Hisory) |date=1973|pages=224–225}}</ref><ref name="bps">{{Cite book |last=Sewell |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/forgottenempire00robe/page/183/mode/1up?view=theater |title=A forgotten empire (Vijayanagar): a contribution to the history of India |date=2000 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-0125-3|pages=184–185}}</ref><ref name="cps">{{Cite book |last=Shyam |first=Radhey |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.118595/page/86/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Kingdom Of Ahmadnagar |date=1966 |page=87|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref><ref name="dps">{{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189197/page/n79/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History Of The Rise Of The Mahomedan Power In India Vol.3 |date=1829|pages=56–57}}</ref>

[[File:Ali Barid Shah of Bidar.jpg|thumb|Ali Barid Shah of Bidar]]

==Campaign==
Acting on the alliance's plan, [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] launched a series of campaigns, devastating [[Bijapur]] territories and repeatedly defeating its forces. He advanced toward [[Sholapur]], leaving a trail of destruction. Meanwhile, Jamsheed of Golkonda captured Kakni extended his control to the outskirts of [[Gulbarga]] and laid siege to Etgeer. Rama Raya, to secure the Vijayanagar front, dispatched Venkatadri with a formidable army to capture [[Raichur]] and assert control over the strategic Raichur Doab region.<ref name="tps"/><ref name="gps"/><ref name="ops"/><ref name="dps"/> Venkatadri confronted Ibrahim Adil Shah's forces near the [[Bhima River]] and emerged victorious, driving the Bijapur Sultan from the battlefield. This battle was celebrated in the Narasabupaliyam records.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Henry Heras |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282973/page/n123/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Aravidu Dynasty Of Vijayanagara |date=1927|page=78}}</ref><ref name="ops"/>

[[File:Rama Raya of Vijayanagara.jpg|thumb|Rama Raya of Vijayanagara]]

Faced with the overwhelming threat posed by the three allied armies, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] of Bijapur and his ally, Kasim Bareed, sought to divert attention from their beleaguered territories. They launched a campaign against [[Paranda Fort]] a strategic fortress on the Nizam Shahi frontier, laying siege to it. This strategy proved effective, compelling [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] and his northern allies to redirect their forces to relieve Paranda, easing the pressure on [[Sholapur]]. However, as Ibrahim and Kasim Bareed attempted to block their adversaries' advance at Khaspur, they suffered a defeat. Their combined forces were driven from the field.<ref name="tps"/><ref name="gps"/>

[[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] was forced to abandon his heavy baggage and camp equipment in a desperate retreat. Kasim Bareed, fleeing towards [[Bidar]] faced pursuit by his rival Jamsheed who chased him to the very gates of the city. This marked a critical moment for [[Bijapur]] on the brink of collapse. Had the allied forces of [[Ahmadnagar]], [[Golkonda]], and [[Vijayanagar]] maintained their cohesion a little longer, they could have delivered a decisive blow to [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]], potentially dismantling Bijapur's sovereignty and dividing its territories among themselves.<ref name="tps"/><ref name="gps"/>

[[Jamsheed Quli Qutub Shah]]’s unexpected withdrawal. Whether driven by his self-interest, the king of [[Golkonda]] abandoned the campaign and returned to his kingdom, enriched by looting Kasim Bareed. This abrupt departure disrupted the confederate army giving Ibrahim Adil Shah a much needed reprieve. Alarmed by the precarious situation and uncertain about his next steps, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] urgently summoned his trusted minister Asad Khan from Belgaum to seek guidance.<ref name="tps"/><ref name="gps"/>

Following the advice of his minister, Asad Khan, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] adopted a strategy to divide his enemies. Recognizing [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] as his most formidable adversary, he offered the [[Sholapur]] districts as a peace settlement. [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] satisfied with his gains and with the monsoon season approaching, agreed to suspend hostilities. Similarly [[Rama Raya]] was presented with gifts to placate him. Isolated by the withdrawal of his allies and faced with unrest among subordinate chiefs within the [[Vijayanagar Empire]] Rama Raya had little choice but to accept the terms and abandon the [[Bijapur]] campaign.<ref name="tps"/><ref name="gps"/><ref name="ops"/><ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

==Aftermath==
After separately negotiating peace with [[ Burhan Nizam Shah I]] and [[Rama Raya]] Ibrahim Adil Shah turned his attention to [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]] of Golkonda whose invasion had inflicted significant damage on his realm. [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] launched a campaign, reclaiming key territories such as [[Basavakalyan|Kalyani]] and [[Udgir]] before advancing to [[Golkonda]]. Under the leadership of Asad Khan, the Bijapur forces engaged in a fierce battle near the walls of [[Golkonda]]. During the conflict, Asad Khan personally dueled with [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]], disfiguring the king in combat. The Golkonda forces suffered a defeat, forcing Jamsheed to sue for peace.<ref>{{Cite book |last=S.k.sinha |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174781/page/n57/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Medieval History Of The Deccan |date=1968|page=39}}</ref><ref name="ops"/>

==See also==
* [[Ahmednagar Sultanate]]
* [[Vijaynagar Empire]]
* [[Golconda Sultanate]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:Battles involving Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]

Maaveeran Kittu

2026-03-06T04:32:33Z

Jeep Safari: Started A Article W/ Refs...

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Suseenthiran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maaveeran Kittu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Suseenthiran]]
| writer = [[Yugabharathi]] '''(Dialogue)'''
| screenplay = Suseenthiran
| story = Suseenthiran
| producer = Icewear Chandrasamy D.N. Thai Saravanan [[Rajeevan]]
| starring = [[Vishnu Vishal]] [[R. Parthiban]] [[Sri Divya]]
| cinematography = Soorya A. R.
| editing = [[Kasi Viswanathan]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| studio = Asian Cine Combines Nallu Samy Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2016|12|02|df=y}}
| runtime = 121 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maaveeran Kittu''''' ({{translation|Warrior Kittu}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[historical drama|period]] [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Suseenthiran]], with dialogues by [[Yugabharathi]]. The film stars [[R. Parthiban]], [[Vishnu Vishal]] and [[Sri Divya]] in the lead roles. It is about a man who struggles to uphold the rights of the [[Dalit]] people in his area

''Maaveeran Kittu'' began production in July 2016 and was released on 2 December the same year. It won three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Third Best Film]], [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Male)|Best Supporting Actor]] (Parthiban) and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] ([[Kasi Viswanathan]]).<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016–2022 announced; see full list |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130060303/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375 |archive-date=30 January 2026 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Set in 1987, the film depicts the life of Krishnakumar alias Kittu, a youth whose main ambition is to become a collector. He is influenced by the ideas of Chinnarasu, a local leader who had also sponsored his education. Chinnarasu and Kittu try to fight against the rampant caste discrimination meted out to them by the upper caste people but are unable to do much about it as the police and courts are biased towards the upper castes. One day, Kittu sees his classmate Gomathi, who is from the upper caste, discriminate against a [[Dalit]] girl. He admonishes her publicly for her act of caste discrimination, which makes her repent her behaviour. Gomathi eventually falls in love with Kittu, but Kittu maintains a distance as they are from different castes, though he too is in love with her.

When the news spreads through the village that Gomathi is in love with Kittu, upper caste men kill Gomathi's father and frame Kittu, who is imprisoned, but is soon released on bail as there is no evidence that he had killed Gomathi's father. Kittu then assaults the village inspector Selvaraj, who holds a grudge against the Dalits and was responsible for framing him for the death of Gomathi's father. In retribution, Selvaraj arrests Kittu and thrashes him mercilessly in the police station. Kittu does not return home the next morning, despite Selvaraj's pleas that he had released him, prompting the villagers to think that Selvaraj had killed Kittu while in custody as his hatred towards the Dalits is well known in the village. The Dalits led by Chinnarasu protest outside the police station, leading to Selvaraj's suspension.

However, it is then revealed that Kittu had not gone "missing" but is living in a tribal village near [[Kodaikanal]] as part of a plan hatched by Kittu and Chinnarasu to expose the upper caste men involved in the death of Gomathi's father, with Kittu deciding to return to the village after he is cleared of all involvement in the murder. Gomathi, who is aware that Kittu had not killed her father, finds out Kittu's location and runs away from her home to be with him. At this juncture, the upper caste men and the police find out that Kittu is alive and in hiding and leave for Kodaikanal to capture Kittu and bring him back to the village with the intention to imprison Kittu, humiliate Chinnarasu and reclaim their domination over the Dalits. Kittu finds out about their plan and asks Gomathi to return to the village, promising to marry her once he is cleared of all charges.

Sadly, Kittu and Gomathi never reunite as Kittu had decided to commit suicide by jumping off a cliff in order to save the reputation to Chinnarasu and expose the upper caste discrimination against the Dalits. He is found dead by the police, which exposes the upper caste hatred towards the Dalits. The movie ends with the funeral procession of Kittu going through the main street of the village, which had traditionally been out of bounds for the Dalits to carry their dead, thus implying the end of caste discrimination in the village.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vishnu Vishal]] as Krishnakumar "Kittu"
* [[R. Parthiban]] as Chinnarasu
* [[Sri Divya]] as Gomathi
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Thangarasu
* [[Harish Uthaman]] as Selvaraj
* [[Nagineedu]] as the upper caste's leader
* [[Poster Nandakumar]] as Nellai Varathan
* [[Kasi Viswanathan]]
* [[Florent Pereira]]
* [[Nitish Veera]]
* Maayi Sundar
* [[Supergood Subramani]]
* Indumathy Manikandan
* Ashok Pandian
}}

==Production==
[[Suseenthiran]] stated the idea of ''Maaveeran Kittu'' occurred to him after a member of the public had approached him at a shopping complex and requested that he made a film on the plight of Tamil people.<ref name="si">{{Cite web |date=4 November 2016 |title='Maaveeran Kittu' is an important film for me: Vishnu Vishal |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/maaveeran-kittu-is-an-important-film-for-me-vishnu-vishal-news-tamil-qlenc2aagedbi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108125158/http://www.sify.com/movies/maaveeran-kittu-is-an-important-film-for-me-vishnu-vishal-news-tamil-qlenc2aagedbi.html |archive-date=8 November 2016 |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The film began production in July 2016 in [[Palani]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2016 |title='Maaveeran Kittu' is based on a true story! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/maaveeran-kittu-is-based-on-a-true-story-news-tamil-qhpqgacbiaiha.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717210615/http://www.sify.com/movies/maaveeran-kittu-is-based-on-a-true-story-news-tamil-qhpqgacbiaiha.html |archive-date=17 July 2016 |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Suseenthiran revealed that the film was unrelated to the former [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] member [[Kittu (Tamil militant)|Kittu]] but still based on a true incident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2016 |title='Maaveeran Kittu' not on LTTE leader: Suseenthiran |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/maaveeran-kittu-not-on-ltte-leader-suseenthiran/articleshow/53254426.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260306040317/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/maaveeran-kittu-not-on-ltte-leader-suseenthiran/articleshow/53254426.cms |archive-date=6 March 2026 |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Yugabharathi]] made his debut as dialogue writer.<ref name="si" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maaveeran Kittu
| type = film
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|11|4}}
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = D. Imman
| prev_title = [[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Veera Sivaji]]
| next_year = 2016
}}

[[D. Imman]] composed the music with Yugabharathi's lyrics for the songs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAAVEERAN KITTU – D. Imman Tamil Audio Cd |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/maaveeran-kittu-d-imman-tamil-audio-cd-factory-sealed-pack-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207122803/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/maaveeran-kittu-d-imman-tamil-audio-cd-factory-sealed-pack-2/ |archive-date=7 February 2025 |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=Audio CDs World |language=en}}</ref> The album was released on 4 November 2016 at [[Sathyam Cinemas]], [[Chennai]].<ref name="si" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Elanthaari
| extra1 = [[Pooja Vaidyanath]]
| length1 = 04:17
| title2 = Inaivom – Uyirellam Ondre
| extra2 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Vijay]]
| length2 = 04:13
| title3 = Unkooda Thuniyaga
| extra3 = [[Kalyani Nair]]
| length3 = 03:59
| title4 = Onna Onna
| extra4 = [[D. Imman]]
| length4 = 03:17
| title5 = Kannadikala
| extra5 = [[Jithin Raj (singer)|Jithin Raj]], Pooja Vaidyanath
| length5 = 04:09
| title6 = Elanthaari
| note6 = Reprise
| extra6 = [[Sniti Mishra]]
| length6 = 03:32
| title7 = Human Ethics
| note7 = Theme Music
| extra7 = Raghavasimhan (violin)
| length7 = 02:30
| title8 = Elanthaari
| note8 = Karaoke
| extra8 = –
| length8 = 04:17
| title9 = Inaivom
| note9 = Karaoke
| extra9 = –
| length9 = 04:13
| title10 = Unkooda Thuniyaga
| note10 = Karaoke
| extra10 = –
| length10 = 03:59
| total_length = 38:26
}}

==Release and reception==
The film was released in theatres on 2 December 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2016 |title=Friday Fury- December 2 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury--december-2-news-tamil-qmckcrfjebcbb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424203722/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury--december-2-news-tamil-qmckcrfjebcbb.html |archive-date=24 April 2017 |access-date=6 March 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' suggested that "Suseenthiran has tried to convey an important message to the society but ended up being preachy", and that "perhaps the only saving grace of ''Maaveeran Kittu'' is the fact that it oozes sincerity from start to finish, you can make out right away that the filmmaker's intention is not to deceive the audience".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2016 |title=Maaveeran Kittu review- Preachy & Outdated |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/maaveeran-kittu-review--preachy--outdated-review-tamil-qmcqd6jjefdbj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202164352/http://www.sify.com/movies/maaveeran-kittu-review--preachy--outdated-review-tamil-qmcqd6jjefdbj.html |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'', "Suseenthiran's only concession to narrative excitement is the little twist that changes our perception of an event. Otherwise, this is a dull drama, shockingly reliant on dialogue to move the plot along as well as make its big points."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=2 December 2016 |title='Maaveeran Kittu' review: Caste and effect |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/%E2%80%98Maaveeran-Kittu%E2%80%99-review-Caste-and-effect/article16745182.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208013059/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/%E2%80%98Maaveeran-Kittu%E2%80%99-review-Caste-and-effect/article16745182.ece |archive-date=8 December 2025 |access-date=3 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Suseenthiran}}

[[Category:2010s historical action films]]
[[Category:2010s historical drama films]]
[[Category:2016 action drama films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suseenthiran]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Films set in 1980]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pelli Chesi Choodu

2026-03-05T06:33:31Z

Jeep Safari: put up new info...

{{short description|1952 film by L. V. Prasad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pelli Chesi Choodu
| image = Pelli Chesi Choodu.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[L. V. Prasad]]
| writer = [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]]
| producer = [[Nagi Reddi]] Chakrapani
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[G. Varalakshmi]] Yandamuri Joga Rao [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
| cinematography = [[Marcus Bartley]]
| editing = C. P. Jambulingam M. S. Money
| music = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| studio = [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios|Vijaya Productions]]
| distributor = Vijaya Productions
| released = {{Film date|1952|2|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu Tamil
}}

'''''Pelli Chesi Choodu''''' ({{translation|Try to conduct a marriage}}) is a 1952 Indian [[satire (film and television)|satirical]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[L. V. Prasad]] and produced by [[Nagi Reddi]] and [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]] under their company [[Vijaya Productions]]. The film was made simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], the latter titled '''''Kalyanam Panni Paar''''' ({{translation|Try getting married}}). It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[G. Varalakshmi]], Yandamuri Joga Rao and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]. [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], Sivarama Krishnayya, Doraswamy, and [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] play supporting roles in the Telugu version while C. V. V. Panthulu replaced Krishnayya in Tamil.

''Pelli Chesi Choodu'' deals with the negative effects of the [[dowry system in India]] through the marital life of Venkata Ramana (Rama Rao) and Ammadu (Varalakshmi). The film's production began after the release of Vijaya Productions' ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'' (1951). [[Marcus Bartley]] was recruited as the cinematographer and the film was edited by C. P. Jambulingam and M. S. Money. [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] composed the film's music.

''Pelli Chesi Choodu'' was released on 29 February 1952 while ''Kalyanam Panni Paar'' was released on 15 August that year. Both versions were commercially successful and achieved cult status. Moreover, ''Kalyanam Panni Paar'' was known to be the first [[South Indian]] film to contain sequences in [[Gevacolor]]. However, the Telugu version did not contain sequences in colour. ''Pelli Chesi Choodu'' was then remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Maduve Madi Nodu]]'' (1965) by Vijaya Productions and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Shaadi Ke Baad]]'' (1972) by Prasad. While the Kannada version was commercially successful, the Hindi version was not.

== Plot ==
Rathamma lives in a village with her sons Raja and Kundu, and her daughter Ammadu. Raja is a teacher and a theatre enthusiast. Along with Kundu and a group of fellow actors, Raja performs plays in a local theatre during his free time. Raja's maternal uncle Govindayya, a [[Special pleader|pleader]], wants him to marry his daughter Chitti, who is in a relationship with Bheemudu, a bodybuilder. Raja rejects the proposal and Govindayya offers to find a suitable bridegroom for Ammadu if Raja marries Chitti. Raja rejects the proposal and with Kundu he sets out to find a suitable bridegroom for Ammadu.

In a distant village, Raja and Kundu meet Dhoopati Viyyanna, a [[zamindar]] and the president of the [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]. Viyyanna is a complex character of declining fortunes and a generous spirit who believes in respecting his guests. Raja and Viyyanna's daughter Savitri fall in love and their wedding is quickly arranged. Viyyanna also finds a bridegroom named Venkata Ramana, a pleader living in [[Chennai|Madras]], for Ammadu. Ramana's father, Venkatapathy, demands a large [[dowry]], which Viyyanna promises to pay.

At the marriage venue, Govindayya plots revenge by inciting Venkatapathy to insist on the dowry being paid before the marriage. Viyyanna issues a promissory note; Venkatapathy rejects it and drags Ramana from the marriage hall. However, Ramana leaves for Madras and lives there with Ammadu. When Venkatapathy arrives, Ramana feigns mental illness while Ammadu and Raja pretend to be a nurse and a doctor. Ammadu endears herself to Venkatapathy by showing interest in his recitals of the [[puranas]].

Ramana 'recovers' from the mental illness and Ammadu, who has been pregnant, gives birth to their son, causing a fresh round of gossip in the village. Govindayya tries to take advantage of this and after numerous failed attempts, he persuades Venkatapathy to conduct Ramana's marriage with Chitti. Viyyanna considers this to be an insult and conducts the marriage of Chitti and Bheemudu at his residence. Govindayya and his wife Chukkalamma refuse to acknowledge the marriage.

When Venkatapathy asks Ramana to marry Chitti, he refuses and foregoes the wealth he is entitled to inherit in exchange for Ammadu and their newborn son. Govindayya asks Venkatapathy to marry Chitti and Chukkalamma protests, reuniting Chitti and Bheemudu. A helpless Govindayya is confronted by Viyyanna, who threatens to use his influence as a president of the panchayat to have him arrested if he does not reform himself. Govindayya begs pardon and flees with his family. The film ends with everyone present in Ramana's house, laughing maniacally.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Venkata Ramana
*[[G. Varalakshmi]] as Ammadu
*Yandamuri Joga Rao as Raja
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Savitri
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Dhoopati Viyyanna
* Sivarama Krishnayya (Telugu) and C. V. V. Panthulu (Tamil) as Venkatapathy
*T. N. Meenakshi as Rathamma
*Doraswamy as Govindayya
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Chukkalamma
*Pushpalatha as Chitti
*Mahankali Venkaiah as Bheemudu
*Gade Balakrishna "Kundu" Rao as Kundu
*[[Valluri Balakrishna]] as Ramana's assistant
*[[Chadalavada (actor)|Chadalavada]] as Viyyanna's assistant
*[[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Viyyanna's assistant and a postman ([[cameo appearance]])
*[[L. V. Prasad]] in a cameo appearance
*B. Venkatarami Reddy in a cameo appearance
}}

== Production ==
[[File:Anjali Devi in Mangaiyarkarasi 1949.jpg|thumb|When differences arose between [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]] and [[G. Varalakshmi]], the former wanted to scrap the near-complete film and replace her with [[Anjali Devi]] (''pictured''). Devi however mediated between them and solved the differences.]]

After producing ''[[Shavukaru]]'' (1950) and ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'' (1951), [[Nagi Reddi]] and [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]] announced a film titled ''Pelli Chesi Choodu'', which would be directed by [[L. V. Prasad]] and financed by their company [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios|Vijaya Productions]].<ref name="Cinegoer nostalgia">{{Cite web |last=APK |date=27 November 2007 |title=Pelli Chesi Choodu (1952) |url=http://www.cinegoer.net/pellichesichoodu.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108115836/http://www.cinegoer.net/pellichesichoodu.htm |archive-date=8 November 2015 |access-date=8 November 2015 |website=Cinegoer.net}}</ref> ''Pelli Chesi Choodu'' was made as a bilingual film; it was shot simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], with the Tamil version titled ''Kalyanam Panni Paar'',{{Sfn|Pillai|2015|p=191}} the first Tamil film directed by Prasad.{{Sfn|Pillai|2015|p=10}} Chakrapani wrote the film's script, which was based on the negative effects of the [[dowry system in India]]. [[Marcus Bartley]] was recruited as the cinematographer and the film was edited by C. P. Jambulingam and M. S. Money. Madhavapeddi Gokhale and Kaladhar were the film's art directors, and the music score was composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]. Chalapathi Rao and Jagannadham were the production executives. Pasumarthi Krishnamurthy choreographed the song sequences.<ref name="credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Pelli Chesi Choodu |type=Motion picture |language=te |publisher=Vijay Productions |place=India |via=[[Amazon Prime Video]]}}</ref>{{time needed|date=September 2024}} [[T. Prakash Rao]] worked as an assistant director under Prasad; Rao directed ''[[Palletooru]]'' (1952) during the [[post-production]] phase of ''Pelli Chesi Choodu''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=12 May 2013 |title=Palletooru (1952) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/palletooru-1952/article4707370.ece |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110040305/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/palletooru-1952/article4707370.ece |archive-date=10 November 2015}}</ref> ''Kalyanam Panni Paar'' was partly colourised using [[Gevacolor]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2017 |title=தமிழின் முதல் வண்ணப்படம்! |language=ta |trans-title=The first colour film in Tamil! |work=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |url=http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=8132&id1=40&issue=20171103 |access-date=20 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120163921/http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=8132&id1=40&issue=20171103 |archive-date=20 January 2018}}</ref>

[[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[G. Varalakshmi]] were chosen as one of the leading pairs of actors. During the songs' shoot, Ghantasala taught Rama Rao to play the [[harmonium]] and gave him a few music lessons so he would look believable in the film.<ref name="Cinegoer nostalgia" /> Yandamuri Jogarao and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], who had played minor roles in ''Shavukar'' and ''Pathala Bhairavi'', were chosen as the other leading pair. In playing the role of the zamindar, [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] exhibited a strange body language, inspired by a stranger he had observed at a railway station.<ref name="Cinegoer nostalgia" /> [[Kuchibhotla Sivarama Krishnayya|Sivarama Krishnayya]] and C. V. V. Panthulu played the role of Rama Rao's father in the Telugu and Tamil versions. [[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] played two roles; a postman and Ranga Rao's friend.<ref name="Cinegoer nostalgia" />

The child artists in the film were members of Nyapathi Raghavarao's 'Balanandam' troupe.<ref name="The Hindu BFP">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=21 July 2013 |title=Pelli Chesi Choodu (1952) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/pelli-chesi-choodu-1952/article4936024.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108115829/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/pelli-chesi-choodu-1952/article4936024.ece |archive-date=8 November 2015 |access-date=8 November 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> They were trained by Gnapadi Kameswara Rao, whose nephew Gade Balakrishna "Kundu" Rao played a key role in the film's Telugu and Tamil versions. Vijaya Productions hired actors on a monthly salaried basis for this film; one of these was M. Mallikarjuna Rao, who later directed films ''[[Prameelarjuneeyam]]'' (1965), ''Muhurtha Balam'' (1969), and ''[[Gudachari 116]]'' (1976).<ref name="Cinegoer nostalgia" /> Differences between Chakrapani and Varalakshmi occurred during the last stage of [[principal photography]]. Chakrapani wanted to replace Varalakshmi with [[Anjali Devi]] and reshoot the entire film. However, Devi mediated between them and resolved the differences.<ref name="The Hindu BFP" />

Differences between Rama Rao and Varalakshmi due to the latter's tantrums, also occurred. When Varalakshmi refused to touch Rama Rao's feet in the scene in which his father drags him from the marriage hall, Prasad asked Nagi Reddy's son B. L. N. Prasad—the second assistant cameraman working under Bartley—to wear a dhoti and stand before her.<ref name="The Hindu BFP" /> Chakrapani liked a scene in a play in which a group of police officers in ascending hierarchy, each junior gave up his chair for the senior; he used the same idea in Savitri's marriage sequences in the film.<ref name="Cinegoer nostalgia" /> Similarly, Prasad incorporated part of a stage play enacted by children into the film, which Nagi Reddy's son Venkatarami Reddy was a part of.<ref name="The Hindu BFP" /> Prasad also made a [[cameo appearance]] in the film.<ref name="Cinegoer nostalgia" /> [[Mohan Kanda]], who later became the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of Andhra Pradesh before [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|its bifurcation]], also appeared in the film as a child artist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=French |first=Patrick |date=28 February 2016 |title=Hanging up sacred thread: Yechury on combining class and caste struggle |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hanging-up-sacred-thread-yechury-on-combining-class-and-caste-struggle/story-u1bQElht2JY2VCs9T9EvkL.html |access-date=21 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228202132/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hanging-up-sacred-thread-yechury-on-combining-class-and-caste-struggle/story-u1bQElht2JY2VCs9T9EvkL.html |archive-date=28 February 2016}}</ref> The final reel length of both versions was {{Convert|5243|metres|feet}}.<ref name="credits" />{{time needed|date=September 2024}}

== Music ==
The official soundtracks of ''Pelli Chesi Choodu'' and ''Kalyanam Panni Paar'' were composed by Ghantasala. The sound mixing process was supervised by A. Krishnan and Siva Ram. The soundtrack was processed by N. C. Sen Gupta and was orchestrated by [[Master Venu]].<ref name="credits" />{{time needed|date=September 2024}} This was Ghantasala's third film as a music director under his five-film contract with Vijaya Productions.<ref name="Cinegoer nostalgia" /> Utkuri Satyanarayana wrote the lyrics for "Amma Noppule" and "Brahmayya O Brahmayya", while Pingali wrote the lyrics for the other fifteen songs.<ref name="The Hindu BFP" /> Four of the songs featured the child artists.<ref name="Cinegoer nostalgia" /> The song "Ezhumalai Andavaney", sung by P. Leela for ''Kalyanam Panni Paar'', is based on the [[carnatic raga]] known as [[Chakravakam (raga)|Chakravakam]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sundaresan |first=P.N. |year=1992 |title=Errors, Exculpations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCYqAQAAIAAJ&q=kalyanam+panni+paar |magazine=[[Sruti (magazine)|Sruti]] |issue=83 |pages=5}}</ref>

The song "Pelli Chesukoni" was composed using the [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani raga]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Amruthavarshini |date=11 May 2014 |title='Kalyani: The queen of ragas' |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-05-11/%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%CB%9CKalyani-The-queen-of-ragas%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2-94763 |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109015353/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-05-11/%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%CB%9CKalyani-The-queen-of-ragas%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2-94763 |archive-date=9 November 2015}}</ref> Ghantasala recorded the songs "Manasa Nenevaro Neeku Thelusa" and "Yedukondalavada Venkataramana" first with [[Jikki]]. He was not satisfied and recorded them again with [[P. Leela]]; the soundtrack's gramophone records featured both versions.<ref name="The Hindu BFP" /> The soundtrack was released in December 1952 under the [[Saregama]] music label.{{efn|[[iTunes]] estimates the release date as 1 December 1952,<ref name="iTunes">{{Cite web |date=1 December 1952 |title=Pellichesi Choodu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/pellichesi-choodu-original/id914009777 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109042231/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/pellichesi-choodu-original/id914009777 |archive-date=9 November 2015 |access-date=9 November 2015 |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> whereas [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] estimates the release date as 31 December 1952.<ref name="Gaana">{{Cite web |date=31 December 1952 |title=Pellichesi Choodu |url=http://gaana.com/album/pellichesi-choodu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109042325/http://gaana.com/album/pellichesi-choodu |archive-date=9 November 2015 |access-date=9 November 2015 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>}} It was a critical and commercial success,<ref name="The Hindu BFP" /> Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen, in their book ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema'', termed the songs "Amma Nopule" and "Pelli Chesukoni" as "especially popular".{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=328}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu Track list<ref name="iTunes" /><ref name="Gaana" />
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 51:16
| title1 = Yevaro Yevaro
| lyrics1 = [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]]
| extra1 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Leela]]
| length1 = 03:19
| title2 = Raadhanuraayedavaku
| lyrics2 = Pingali
| extra2 = [[Garikapati Varalakshmi]], Ghantasala, Joga Rao, P. Leela
| length2 = 05:38
| title3 = Yevadosthado Choosthaga
| lyrics3 = Pingali
| extra3 = G. Bharathi, Ghantasala
| length3 = 01:51
| title4 = Brahmayya O Brahmayya
| lyrics4 = Utukuri Satyanarayana
| extra4 = [[A. P. Komala]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], T. M. Sarojini
| length4 = 06:29
| title5 = Yekkadoyi Priya
| lyrics5 = Pingali
| extra5 = P. Leela, [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
| length5 = 04:07
| title6 = Amma Noppule
| lyrics6 = Utukuri Satyanarayana
| extra6 = [[V. Ramakrishna]], Sakuntala
| length6 = 03:13
| title7 = Pellichesi Choopisthaam
| lyrics7 = Pingali
| extra7 = Pithapuram Nageswara Rao
| length7 = 02:44
| title8 = Yechati Nundi
| lyrics8 = Pingali
| extra8 = V. Ramakrishna, T. M. Sarojini
| length8 = 00:55
| title9 = Yevoori Dhaanavey
| lyrics9 = Pingali
| extra9 = V. Ramakrishna, T. M. Sarojini
| length9 = 02:34
| title10 = Manasa Nenevaro Neeku Thelusa
| lyrics10 = Pingali
| extra10 = P. Leela
| length10 = 02:49
| title11 = Manasuloni Manasa
| lyrics11 = Pingali
| extra11 = Ghantasala
| length11 = 02:42
| title12 = Yedukondalavada Venkataramana
| lyrics12 = Pingali
| extra12 = P. Leela
| length12 = 02:58
| title13 = Bhayamenduke Chitte
| lyrics13 = Pingali
| extra13 = Ghantasala
| length13 = 02:03
| title14 = O Bhavi Bharatha
| lyrics14 = Pingali
| extra14 = Ghantasala
| length14 = 03:23
| title15 = Pelli Chesukoni
| lyrics15 = Pingali
| extra15 = Ghantasala
| length15 = 03:23
| title16 = Ee Jagamantha Natika
| lyrics16 = Pingali
| extra16 = Ghantasala
| length16 = 01:43
| title17 = Povamma Bali Kaavamma
| lyrics17 = Pingali
| extra17 = V. J. Varma
| length17 = 03:25
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil Track list<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.KalyanathaiPanniPaar_L.V.Prasad_1952/91.%20KalyanathaiPanniPaar_L.V.Prasad_1952.pdf |title=கல்யாணம் பண்ணி பார் |publisher=[[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]] |year=1952 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=2 September 2024 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 51:16
| title1 = Yaaro Yaaro
| lyrics1 = [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]
| extra1 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Leela]]
| length1 = 03:19
| title2 = Azhuvaadhe Azhuvaadhe
| lyrics2 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra2 = [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]], [[P. Leela]], Udutha Sarojini
| length2 = 05:38
| title3 = Evan Vandhalum Vida Matten
| lyrics3 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra3 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
| length3 = 01:51
| title4 = Brammave Ye Brammave
| lyrics4 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra4 = [[P. Leela]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], Udutha Sarojini
| length4 = 06:29
| title5 = Engu Sendraayo Priyaa
| lyrics5 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra5 = P. Leela, [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
| length5 = 04:07
| title6 = Amma Novudhe
| lyrics6 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra6 = [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], Udutha Sarojini
| length6 = 03:13
| title7 = Kalyanam Seidhu Kattiduvom
| lyrics7 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra7 = Pithapuram Nageswara Rao, [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
| length7 = 02:44
| title8 = Emaali Endha Ooro
| lyrics8 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra8 = [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], Udutha Sarojini
| length8 = 00:55
| title9 = Endha Ooru Pennu Nee
| lyrics9 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra9 = V. Ramakrishna, Udutha Sarojini
| length9 = 02:34
| title10 = Maname Ennai Arivaayo
| lyrics10 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra10 = P. Leela
| length10 = 02:49
| title11 = Radhaiyadaa Un Raadhaiyadaa
| lyrics11 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra11 = Ghantasala
| length11 = 02:42
| title12 = Ezhumalai Aaandavane Venkataramana
| lyrics12 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra12 = P. Leela
| length12 = 02:58
| title13 = Bayam Enadi Kutti
| lyrics13 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra13 = Ghantasala
| length13 = 02:03
| title14 = En Indha Chutti Thaname
| lyrics14 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra14 = Ghantasala
| length14 = 03:23
| title15 = Maalai Soodi Kondu
| lyrics15 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra15 = Ghantasala, [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
| length15 = 03:23
| title16 = Jegamellam Oru Nadaga Medai
| lyrics16 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra16 = Ghantasala
| length16 = 01:43
| title17 = Vaazhvedhu Suga Vaazhvedhu
| lyrics17 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra17 = V. J. Varma
| length17 = 03:25
}}

== Release ==
''Pelli Chesi Choodu'' had its theatrical release on 29 February 1952,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pelli Chesi Chudu |url=https://indiancine.ma/AKDG/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240902073132/https://indiancine.ma/AKDG/info |archive-date=2 September 2024 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> and ''Kalyanam Panni Paar'' on 15 August 1952.<ref name="Anandan">{{Cite web |title=1952 – கல்யாணம் பண்ணிப்பார் – விஜயா புரொடக்ஷக்ன்ஸ்.பெள்ளிசேசி சூடு (தெ). |trans-title=1952 – Kalyanam Panni Paar – Vijaya Productions.Pelli Chesi Choodu (te). |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1952-cinedetails7.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170603043001/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1952-cinedetails7.asp |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> Both versions were commercially successful; the Telugu version completing a 100-day run in 11 centres,<ref name="Cinegoer nostalgia" /> and the Tamil version completed a 100-day run in many centres.{{efn|M. L. Narasimham of ''The Hindu'' did not mention the number of centres.<ref name="The Hindu BFP" />}} The Telugu version completed a 182-day run at Durga Kala Mandiram, [[Vijayawada]], where celebrations marking the film's success were held. Rama Rao and Varalakshmi did not attend the event because of the differences between them.<ref name="The Hindu BFP" />

== Reception ==
On 2 March 1952, a reviewer from ''[[Andhra Patrika]]'' appreciated the makers for their critique on a societal issue in a humorous yet responsible manner.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 1952 |title=పెళ్లి చేసి చూడు |language=te |trans-title=Review: Pelli Chesi Choodu |work=[[Andhra Patrika]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/EBB/0,0,398,934 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> On 7 March 1952, a critic from ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' praised the performances of the star cast. They added that ''Pelli Chesi Choodu'' is a rare film in that it not only addresses a social issue in an entertaining way but would also be noted for its unique characterisations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 1952 |title=ఆధ్యంతం వినోదమయం విజయవారి 'పెళ్లి చేసి చూడు ' |language=te |trans-title=Entertainment all along. Vijaya's "''Pelli Chesi Choodu''" |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/EBC/0,1,1671,2591 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>

Reviewing the film, M. L. Narasimham of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called ''Pelli Chesi Choodu'' a "text-book for filmmakers" on "how to make a clean and wholesome entertainer on a burning issue without resorting to slogan-mongering, and yet driving home the point in a subtle manner". Narasimham also said the actors "deserved full marks for excellent performance" in the film.<ref name="The Hindu BFP" /> In his book ''Alanati Chalana Chitram'', K. N. T. Sastry wrote that ''Pelli Chesi Choodu'' is an ensemble comedy that "abounds in intrigues and disguises gearing to the making and breaking of marriage alliances".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sastry |first=K. N. T. |title=Pelli Chesi Choodu (1952) |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/pellichesi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109075208/http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/pellichesi.html |archive-date=9 November 2015 |access-date=9 November 2015 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
According to the film historian [[Randor Guy]], ''Pelli Chesi Choodu'' was the first in a series of satirical comedies directed by Prasad and produced by Vijaya Productions. Guy said the film's box office performance made Prasad famous in both Telugu and Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=25 January 2008 |title=Celluloid colossus |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/celluloid-colossus/article1432936.ece |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110034204/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/celluloid-colossus/article1432936.ece |archive-date=10 November 2015}}</ref> After ''Pelli Chesi Choodu'', Prasad and Vijaya Productions collaborated on ''[[Missamma]]'' (1955) and ''[[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]'' (1959). All three films were profitable ventures and achieved cult status in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=16 October 2014 |title=Blast from the past: Missamma (1955) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-missamma-1955/article6505603.ece |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607035606/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-missamma-1955/article6505603.ece |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=21 August 2015 |title=Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu (1959) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/appu-chesi-pappu-koodu-1959/article7562761.ece |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110035202/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/appu-chesi-pappu-koodu-1959/article7562761.ece |archive-date=10 November 2015}}</ref> ''Pelli Chesi Choodu'' is considered as one of the acclaimed films in the careers of Prasad and Varalakshmi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=8 September 2006 |title=A leader and a visionary |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-leader-and-a-visionary/article3230624.ece |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110034602/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-leader-and-a-visionary/article3230624.ece |archive-date=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=1 December 2006 |title=A maverick who made it |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-maverick-who-made-it/article3231506.ece |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110034800/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-maverick-who-made-it/article3231506.ece |archive-date=10 November 2015}}</ref> ''Pelli Chesi Choodu'' was also used as the title of a 2014 theatrical play staged by Sri Sai Arts, which won a [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2015 |title=Dokka Seetamma, Vishnu Sayujyam win Golden Nandis |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2015-05-31/Dokka-Seetamma-Vishnu-Sayujyam-win-Golden-Nandis/154404 |access-date=14 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615024635/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2015-05-31/Dokka-Seetamma-Vishnu-Sayujyam-win-Golden-Nandis/154404 |archive-date=15 June 2016}}</ref>

== Remakes and colourisation plans ==
Vijaya Productions remade the film in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Maduve Madi Nodu]]'' (1965). It was directed by [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]] and stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]. ''Maduve Madi Nodu'' was a profitable venture.<ref name="The Hindu BFP" /> Prasad remade the film in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Shaadi Ke Baad]]'' (1972), in which [[Jeetendra]], [[Raakhee]] and [[Shatrughan Sinha]] reprised the roles played by Rama Rao, Varalakshmi and Ranga Rao in the original. ''Shaadi Ke Baad'' underperformed at the box office.<ref name="Cinegoer nostalgia" /><ref name="The Hindu BFP" />

In late November 2007, a [[Hyderabad]]-based company named Goldstone Technologies acquired the [[Photographic film|film negative]] rights to 14 Telugu films produced by Vijaya Vauhini Studios, including ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957) and ''Pelli Chesi Choodu'', to release digitally re-mastered versions in colour.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2007 |title=Old classics in colour soon |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/old-classics-in-colour-soon/article1953295.ece |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528121554/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/old-classics-in-colour-soon/article1953295.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> The remastered and colourised version of ''Mayabazar'' was released in January 2010 and performed well in theatres, but Goldstone Technologies decided not to remaster the remaining 14 films, including ''Pelli Chesi Choodu''; the company said most of the producers who sold the rights of the negatives to television channels lost control over them. Goldstone added that there were many legal issues over ownership and copyright whenever other producers tried to do something on their own.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=11 February 2014 |title=Preserving Tollywood's timeless classics |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Preserving-Tollywoods-timeless-classics/articleshow/30226239.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528121550/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Preserving-Tollywoods-timeless-classics/articleshow/30226239.cms |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Swarnavel Eswaran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HreICwAAQBAJ |title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-515-0121-3 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Good article}}
{{L. V. Prasad}}

[[Category:1950s feminist films]]
[[Category:1950s satirical films]]
[[Category:1952 comedy films]]
[[Category:1952 films]]
[[Category:1952 Indian films]]
[[Category:1952 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1952 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1952 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about social realism]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by L. V. Prasad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala (musician)]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy films]]

Okkadu

2026-03-03T18:10:16Z

Jeep Safari: quick cleaned up intro for consistency and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|2003 film by Gunasekhar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Okkadu
| image = Okkadu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| starring = [[Mahesh Babu]] [[Bhumika Chawla]] [[Prakash Raj]]
| director = [[Gunasekhar]]
| producer = [[M. S. Raju]]
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''': Gunasekhar '''Dialogues''': [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| cinematography = [[Sekhar V. Joseph]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Sumanth Art Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|01|15}}
| runtime = 171 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Okkadu''''' ({{Translation}} one person) is a 2003 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[Sports film|sports]] [[action drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Gunasekhar]] and produced by [[M. S. Raju]]. The film stars [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Bhumika Chawla]] and [[Prakash Raj]].The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[Sekhar V. Joseph]] and [[A. Sreekar Prasad]].

In the film, Ajay, a fiery [[Kabaddi]] player from [[Hyderabad]], visits [[Kurnool]] for a tournament and rescues Swapna from a faction leader, Obul Reddy, who wants to marry her by force. As Ajay hides her and helps plan her escape abroad, a violent feud erupts, leading to love, loss, and a final showdown.

''Okkadu'' was released on 15 January 2003 to critical acclaim. The film received praise for its acting, action sequences, and direction and went on to become a major commercial success grossing over ₹50 crore at the box office with a [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]] of ₹25-30 crore.<ref name="Pillai, Sreedhar" /> It became Mahesh Babu's first big blockbuster in his career after the successes of ''[[Rajakumarudu]]'' and ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'' and led him to achieve stardom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nandi award winners list 2003 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2003.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015051347/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2003.html |archive-date=15 October 2014 |access-date=16 August 2015 |publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref name="Pillai, Sreedhar">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/24/stories/2003072400060202.htm | title=Telugu mid-year report | date=24 July 2003 | access-date=19 August 2015 | author=Pillai, Sreedhar | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819065602/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/24/stories/2003072400060202.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=19 August 2015}}</ref> It has garnered eight [[Nandi Awards]] and four [[Filmfare Awards South]], including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film– Telugu]].

Over the years, the film was remade in eight other languages: as ''[[Ghilli]]'' (2004) in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], as ''[[Ajay (2006 film)|Ajay]]'' (2006) in [[Kannada]], twice in [[Bengali language|Bangladesh]] as ''Dapot'' (2006) and ''Bolona Kobul'' (2009), as ''Mate Aanidela Lakhe Phaguna'' (2008) in [[Odia language|Odia]], as [[Jor (film)|''Jor'']] (2008) in Bengali, as ''[[Tevar]]'' (2015) in [[Hindi]], and as ''[[Kabaddi (2021 film)|Kabaddi]]'' (2021) in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]].

== Plot ==
Ajay Varma, a hot headed [[Hyderabad]]-based [[Kabbadi]] player, a [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] aspirant and the son of [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Vijay Varma, visits [[Kurnool]] to take part in a state-level tournament. In Kurnool, Ajay saves Swapna Reddy from Obul Reddy, a dangerous faction leader who is in love with Swapna and wants to marry her against her wishes. Ajay learns that Swapna is trying to leave for the [[United States|US]] to live with her uncle and pursue her studies after Obul killed her two elder brothers over their disapproval of a marriage alliance on account of the age gap.

In the process of saving Swapna, Ajay humiliates Obul by pushing him into a mud pond. Obul refuses to cleanse the mud until Swapna is found and brought back. Ajay takes Swapna to his house in the [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old City]] and hides her in his room with the help of his sister, Asha, while he and his friends work to get her a Visa and passport. However, Ajay's parents learn about Swapna hiding in their house. Swapna escapes with Ajay and eventually falls in love with him. The next day, Vijay and his gang of friends surround the [[Charminar]], where Swapna is hidden. Swapna, Ajay, and his friends reach [[Begumpet Airport]]. They also brought Swapna's parents to see her one last time. Meanwhile, all facts were known to Obul Reddy through Ajay's Kabbadi rivals, the "Soda gang," then Obul Reddy warns Vijay at his home for not finding his son and Swapna.

However, with hard struggle, Ajay successfully makes Swapna pass airport security, and then Ajay realizes that he loves Swapna, who later shows up and hugs him while proposing to him. But then, Vijay arrests Ajay, while Obul's men take Swapna away.

Later, Swapna taunts Obul, who tries to molest her, but she defends herself by telling that Ajay will definitely come for her and challenges him to defeat Ajay to get her. Obul goes to the prison and asks Ajay to come with him by Vijay's approval as a result of withdrawing his case. Vijay expresses that he is not worried about Ajay but is worried about Obul. The Obul attempts to kill Ajay again but realizes that it is a trap set by Ajay and his gang, and later, Obul and his henchmen are abducted by Ajay. Later, Ajay and his friends attend the finals of the national-level Kabaddi tournament and win the tournament. Meanwhile, Obul has escaped through Soda gang and called forces to kill Ajay.

Obul's elder brother [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] Siva Reddy is waiting at the venue of Obul's marriage with Swapna. After learning about his whereabouts, Siva reaches the stadium, along with Swapna and his mother. Ajay and Obul are fighting with each other, while Obul's mother gets killed in a bomb blast by her dog (after attempting to kill Ajay at the stadium). Finally, Ajay defeats Obul. Later, Obul regains his consciousness to kill Ajay, but Swapna's father, Dhasaratharami Reddy, later stabs him to death. Siva Reddy decides not to react as it would harm his position. Ajay and his friends celebrate their victory with Swapna and her family. Later, both Ajay and Swapna get married.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mahesh Babu]] as Ajay Varma
* [[Bhumika Chawla]] as Swapna Reddy
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Obul Reddy, a dreaded gangster and Swapna's obsessive lover
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police (India)|DCP]] Vijay Varma [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Ajay's father
* [[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Doondi
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Dhasaratharami Reddy, Swapna's father
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Siva Reddy, [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] and Obul Reddy's brother
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Vasundhara Varma, Ajay's mother
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Shakuntala, Obul Reddy's mother
* Niharika as Asha Varma, "Lolipop" Ajay's sister
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Kumar, Ajay's friend
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Satyanarayana
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Subramanyam, a passport officer
* [[Achyuth]] as Swapna's elder brother
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Narayana priest
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as assistant priest
* [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Obul Reddy's rival
{{colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[File:Charminar-Pride of Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|[[Gunasekhar]] chose [[Charminar]] (''pictured''), a monument and mosque located in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] as the film's backdrop.]]
During his days as an assistant director in Madras (now [[Chennai]]), [[Gunasekhar]] dreamt of directing a film with the backdrop of [[Charminar]], a monument and mosque located in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. After watching ''[[West Side Story (1961 film)|West Side Story]]'' (1961), he took inspiration from the war between two gangs and wrote a script choosing Charminar and [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old city]] area of Hyderabad as the film's backdrop.{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=10}} Years later, [[C. Aswini Dutt|Aswini Dutt]] met Gunasekhar during the re-recording sessions of ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]'' (1998) where the latter saw the portfolio images of [[Mahesh Babu]] whose debut film ''[[Rajakumarudu]]'' (1999) was officially launched that day. Finding Mahesh Babu apt for the protagonist he envisioned, Gunasekhar narrated the script to him and gained his consent.{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=10}}

After the release of ''[[Mrugaraju]]'' (2001), Gunasekhar resumed work on the film's script. After reading an interview of [[Pullela Gopichand]] who pursued a career in [[badminton]] against his father's wishes and faced many hardships, Gunasekhar made the protagonist a person who aspires to be a [[kabaddi]] player against his father's wishes.{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=10}} He met [[Ramoji Rao]] who expressed his wish to produce the film and permitted Gunasekhar to erect a Charminar set at [[Ramoji Film City]].{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=10}}

Ramoji Rao walked out for unknown reasons and Mahesh Babu, along with Gunasekhar, met [[M. S. Raju]] at [[Padmalaya Studios]] office. Mahesh Babu asked Raju to permit them to erect a Charminar set as they cannot avail police permission to shoot at the original after a person committed suicide by jumping from the top. Raju agreed to do so after listening to the script narration and the project was subsequently announced.{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=11}}

Gunasekhar wanted to name the film as ''Athade Ame Sainyam'' ({{Translation|He is her army}}), but the title was already registered for another film which made Gunasekhar name the film as ''Okkadu'' after considering ''Kabaddi''.{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=11}} The film was produced under the banner [[Sumanth Art Productions]] with a budget of {{INR}}8{{ndash}}9 crore.{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=11}}

=== Cast and crew ===
Impressed with her screen presence in ''[[Yuvakudu]]'' (2000), Gunasekhar chose [[Bhumika Chawla]] as the film's female lead to be paired with Mahesh Babu.{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=11}} [[Mukesh Rishi]] and [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] were signed to play Mahesh Babu's parents in the film. The former called it a character close to his heart, calling it is a "soft role after a string of ferocious roles that I have played".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/08/04/stories/2004080400520200.htm|title=South-bound star|last=Farida|first=Syeda|date=4 August 2004|access-date=18 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818152634/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/08/04/stories/2004080400520200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=18 August 2015}}</ref> [[Prakash Raj]] was signed as the antagonist and was seen as a factionist who falls for Bhumika's character in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/5-similarities-between-Tevar-and-Okkadu/articleshow/45118656.cms|title=5 similarities between Tevar and Okkadu!|work=The Times of India|date=12 November 2014|access-date=18 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818153212/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/5-similarities-between-Tevar-and-Okkadu/articleshow/45118656.cms|archive-date=18 August 2015}}</ref> [[Telangana Shakuntala]] played the role of Prakash Raj's mother in the film for which she had to smoke a cigar. [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] and Niharika were seen in supporting roles as Bhumika's father and Mahesh Babu's sister respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/20/stories/2003012002080400.htm|title=Appealing to the masses|last=Sridhar|first=Gudipoodi|date=20 January 2003|access-date=18 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818162026/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/20/stories/2003012002080400.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=18 August 2015}}</ref>

[[Paruchuri Brothers]] were signed to write the film's dialogues. [[Mani Sharma]] composed the score and [[Sekhar V. Joseph]] was its cinematographer.{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=11}} [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] edited the film,<ref name="Prasad">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/a-cut-above-the-rest/article3973272.ece|title=A cut above the rest|last=Narasimham|first=M. L.|work=The Hindu|date=7 October 2012|access-date=18 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818153556/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/a-cut-above-the-rest/article3973272.ece|archive-date=18 August 2015}}</ref> and Ashok Kumar was its art director.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/05/03/stories/2004050300690300.htm|title=Shopping ahoy!|date=3 May 2004|access-date=18 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818153753/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/05/03/stories/2004050300690300.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=18 August 2015}}</ref> Sreekar Prasad called it a difficult film as it went through many forms of narration and he found it challenging to keep the pace very fast to make it slick and engaging.<ref name="Prasad"/> After the first copy was ready, Paruchuri Brothers suggested to Gunasekhar that a [[linear narrative]] be opted for over the [[non-linear narrative|non linear narrative]]. The latter, along with Sreekar Prasad, changed the non-linear narration to linear, within ten minutes.{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=11}}

=== Filming ===
The film's unit erected the Charminar set in the ten acres of land owned by [[D. Ramanaidu]] at Gopannapalle near Hyderabad. The original height of Charminar is {{Convert|176|feet|metres}} and the height of each minaret is {{Convert|78|feet|metres}} feet. The film's unit decided to construct the set with a length of {{Convert|120|feet|metres}} feet by not altering the minarets and instead reduce the total length of the remaining part. The surroundings of Charminar were recreated in five acres around the set. 300 workers were employed in the construction of the set which lasted for three months and costed {{INR}}1.75 crore.{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=11}}

The makers decided to create the roads near the set using computer graphics in order to reduce the budget. [[Principal photography]] began in the same set and fifteen generators were used for illuminating the area. Strada Cranes were used for filming key scenes after ordinary cranes proved to be futile.{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=11}} The film's climax was shot in December 2002 for 11 days and 1000 junior artistes participated in the film's shoot amid extreme climatic conditions. Despite receiving training in kabaddi, Mahesh Babu was injured several times during the film's shoot.{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=11}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Okkadu
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Okkadu
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 19 Dec 2002
| recorded = 2002
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music for the film was composed by [[Mani Sharma]] and the lyrics were written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]].<ref name = "Okkadu Songs">{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/4Ix5gLPk0YsfyVibvhjS7G | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Okkadu | date = 17 January 2003 | access-date = 17 June 2021 | archive-date = 24 June 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200349/https://open.spotify.com/album/4Ix5gLPk0YsfyVibvhjS7G | url-status = live }}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track List<ref name = "Okkadu Songs" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:38

| title1 = Hare Rama
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 5:57

| title2 = Nuvvem Maya
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 4:02

| title3 = Cheppave Chirugali
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length3 = 5:30

| title4 = Hay Rey Hai
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 = 5:05

| title5 = Attarintiki
| extra5 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Shreya Ghoshal, [[Priya Sisters]]
| length5 = 5:57

| title6 = Sahasam
| extra6 = Mallikharjun
| length6 = 5:03
}}

== Release and reception==
The film was released on 15 January 2003 in 165 screens. The audio was released on 19 December 2002. The film earned a distributor's share of {{INR|25-30}} crore.<ref name="Pillai, Sreedhar" />

'''Home media'''

''Okkadu'' was available to stream on [[Sun NXT|SUN Nxt]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Okkadu (Telugu) Full Movie Online {{!}} Sun NXT |url=https://www.sunnxt.com/telugu-movie-okkadu-2003/detail/10645 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=www.sunnxt.com}}</ref>

''Sify'' wrote, "Finally Mahesh Babu has managed to get the right mix and make ''Okkadu'', a live-wire action thriller. Paruchuri brothers and director Guna Sekhar have made it racy and Mani Sharma has dished out some memorable tunes".<ref>{{cite web|work=Sify|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=12537285&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Okkadu|access-date=19 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107092836/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=12537285&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=7 January 2005}}</ref> ''Idlebrain'' wrote, "First half of the film is very good. Second half is good. The narration has become slow in the second half. But keeping in mind that there is only one thread (Mahesh sending Bhumika to USA) to be narrated, we can't expect a better second half. All the scenes that happen in Mahesh Babu's house provide lot of entertainment with subtle comedy. Mahesh Babu deserves an outstanding blockbuster and ''Okkadu'' has all the ingredients to become one".<ref>{{cite web|work=Idlebrain|title=Telugu cinema - Review - Okkadu - Mahesh Babu, Bhumika Chawla|access-date=19 April 2024|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-okkadu.html|archive-date=4 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604211827/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-okkadu.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
''Okkadu'' was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Ghilli]]'' (2004) and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Ajay (2006 film)|Ajay]]'' (2006), both featuring [[Prakash Raj]] reprising his role. The film was also remade in Bengali as [[Jor (film)|''Jor'']] (2008), [[Odia language|Odia]] as ''Mote Anidela Lakhe Phaguna'' (2008), in [[Bangladesh]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''Bolona Kobul'' (2009), in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Tevar]]'' (2015) and in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] as ''[[Kabaddi (2021 film)|Kabaddi]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite web|title=Okkadu to be remade in Bollywood|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Okkadu-to-be-remade-in-Bollywood/articleshow/16684133.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034455/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-05/news-interviews/34278577_1_arjun-kapoor-boney-kapoor-mahesh-babu|url-status=live|archive-date=28 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mahesh Babu's Okkadu Hindi remake titled Tevar|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Mahesh-Babus-Okkadu-Hindi-remake-titled-Tevar/articleshow/30049998.cms|access-date=16 August 2015|work=The Times of India|archive-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306153704/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Mahesh-Babus-Okkadu-Hindi-remake-titled-Tevar/articleshow/30049998.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabaddi with Senali, Darshan and Amila coming soon |url=http://cinema.lk/සෙනාලි-දර්ශන්-සහ-අමිල-සමග/ |archive-date=2021-04-09 |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=cinema.lk |date=9 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409154917/https://cinema.lk/%e0%b7%83%e0%b7%99%e0%b6%b1%e0%b7%8f%e0%b6%bd%e0%b7%92-%e0%b6%af%e0%b6%bb%e0%b7%8a%e0%b7%81%e0%b6%b1%e0%b7%8a-%e0%b7%83%e0%b7%84-%e0%b6%85%e0%b6%b8%e0%b7%92%e0%b6%bd-%e0%b7%83%e0%b6%b8%e0%b6%9c/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference}}
|-
|rowspan="8"|[[Nandi Awards]]
|[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film#Rajata (Silver) Nandi|Best Feature Film (Silver)]]
|[[M. S. Raju]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan="8"|{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/okkadu-sweeps-nandi-awards-news-telugu-kkfvHsabhjjsi.html|title="Okkadu" sweeps Nandi Awards!|website=[[Sify]]|date=25 October 2004|access-date=19 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819063545/http://www.sify.com/movies/okkadu-sweeps-nandi-awards-news-telugu-kkfvHsabhjjsi.html|archive-date=19 August 2015}}</ref>}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Gunasekhar]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
|[[Sekhar V. Joseph]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]
|[[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
|Ashok Koralath
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]
|[[Raju Sundaram]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Fight Master|Best Fight Master]]
|[[FEFSI Vijayan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Filmfare Awards South|51st Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
|M. S. Raju
|{{won}}
|rowspan="5"|{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/04/stories/2004060411680300.htm|title=Pithamagan bags six Filmfare awards|date=4 June 2004|access-date=19 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819171928/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/04/stories/2004060411680300.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref>}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|Gunasekhar
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|Mahesh Babu
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|Mani Sharma
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Villain – Telugu|Best Villain]]
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Santosham Film Awards]]
|[[Santosham Best Film Award|Best Film]]
|M. S. Raju
|{{won}}
|rowspan="5"|{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/santoshamawards2004.html|title=Santosham Film Awards 2004|publisher=Idlebrain.com|date=3 August 2004|access-date=19 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819065750/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/santoshamawards2004.html|archive-date=19 August 2015}}</ref>}}
|-
|[[Santosham Best Villain Award|Best Villain]]
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Santosham Best Art Direction Award|Best Art Direction]]
|Ashok Kumar
|{{won}}
|-
|Best publicity designer
|Ramesh Varma
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Telangana Shakuntala]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="7"|[[CineMAA Awards]]
|Best Actor
|Mahesh Babu
|{{won}}
|rowspan="7"|{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/cinemaaawards2003.html|title=Telugu CineMaa Awards 2003|publisher=Idlebrain.com|date=5 November 2004|access-date=19 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819070613/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/cinemaaawards2003.html|archive-date=19 August 2015}}</ref>}}
|-
|Best Director
|Gunasekhar
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|Mani Sharma
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|Sekhar V. Joseph
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Art Director
|Ashok Kumar
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Lyricist
|[[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Dialogue Writer
|[[Paruchuri Brothers]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="6"|AP Cinegoers' Association 34th Annual Awards
|Best Film
|M. S. Raju
|{{won}}
|rowspan="6"|{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/vamsee-awards-for-mahesh-babu-bhoomika/article1352852.ece|title=Vamsee awards for Mahesh Babu, Bhoomika|work=The Hindu|date=7 October 2008|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710113227/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/vamsee-awards-for-mahesh-babu-bhoomika/article1352852.ece|archive-date=10 July 2015}}</ref>}}
|-
|Best Actor
|Mahesh Babu
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Director
|Gunasekhar
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Villain
|Prakash Raj
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
|Gunasekhar
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Fight Master
|FEFSI Vijayan
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last1=Chinnarayana |first1=Pulagam |url=http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Okkadu?sort=3&page=1 |title=సినిమా వెనుక స్టోరీ: అతడే ఆమె సైన్యం |trans-title=Behind the scenes: He is her army |language=te |date=16 August 2015 |publisher=Sakshi Funday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208164559/http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Okkadu?sort=3&page=1 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=18 August 2015 |url-status=live}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0366840}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu)|Filmfare Best Film Award]]
| years=2003
| before=''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]]''
| after=''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''}}
{{end}}

{{Gunasekhar}}{{M. S. Raju}}{{Filmfare Best Telugu Film}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gunasekhar]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2003 action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian sports films]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films set in Kurnool]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kabaddi in popular culture]]

Yolanda de Sousa

2026-03-03T16:59:01Z

Jeep Safari: new initial entry initial version

{{Short description|Indian footballer and artist}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Yolanda de Sousa
| fullname = Yolanda de Sousa Kammermeier
| image = Yolanda de Sousa.jpg
| caption= de Sousa in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1955}}<ref name=BYA>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/the-turf-has-changed-but-the-flashes-of-brilliance-continue/articleshow/58438759.cms|title=The turf has changed, but the flashes of brilliance continue|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 April 2017}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Calangute]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]] (now India)
| position = [[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|Centre-forward]]<ref name="STP_HatTrickQueen">{{Cite web |title=Who Is Yolanda D'Souza: The 'Hat-trick Queen' Of Indian Football |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/womens-firsts/who-is-yolanda-dsouza-hat-trick-queen-4362572 |website=SheThePeople |date=28 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="NewsClick_Portrait">{{Cite web |title=Heart and Hat-tricks: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Footballer |url=https://www.newsclick.in/heart-and-hat-tricks-portrait-artist-young-footballer-indian-womens-football-history-special-series |website=NewsClick |date=25 December 2022}}</ref>
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = Calangute Women’s FC<ref name="TOI_Magic">{{Cite web |title=Turning on the magic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/turning-on-the-magic/articleshow/61519231.cms |website=The Times of India |date=5 November 2017}}</ref>
| years1 = 1975–1979
| clubs1 = Calcutta Women's FC<ref name="TOI_Magic"/>
| clubs2 = [[Goa women's football team|Goa]]
| clubs3 = [[West Bengal women's football team|Bengal]]<ref name="STP_HatTrickQueen"/>
| nationalyears1 = 1976–1981
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
}}

'''Yolanda de Sousa Kammermeier''' (born 1955)<ref name=BYA/> is an Indian former [[association football|footballer]] and artist, who played as a [[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|centre-forward]] for the [[India women's national football team|Indian national team]].<ref name="STP_HatTrickQueen"/><ref name="NewsClick_Portrait"/> She was the captain of the Indian team that finished as runners-up in the [[1980 AFC Women's Championship]].<ref name="BS_Trailblazers">{{Cite web |title=Trailblazers go down memory lane as India hosts AFC Women's Asian Cup |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/trailblazers-go-down-memory-lane-as-india-hosts-afc-women-s-asian-cup-122011400015_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=14 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="NewsClick_Portrait"/>

De Sousa is widely known for being the first Indian woman to score an international [[hat-trick]].<ref name="STP_HatTrickQueen"/> She achieved this feat in 1978 during a tournament in Calcutta against Singapore.<ref name="STP_HatTrickQueen"/><ref name="BS_Trailblazers"/> She is nicknamed the "Hat-trick Queen" for this accomplishment.<ref name="STP_HatTrickQueen"/>

==Football career==

===Domestic career===
De Sousa is from [[Calangute]] in [[Goa]].<ref name="TOI_Magic"/> She grew up with seven sisters and one brother, and her family was very supportive of her playing football.<ref name="NewsClick_Portrait"/> Her brother, in particular, would wake her for practice, prepare her football kit, and attend her matches.<ref name="NewsClick_Portrait"/> She began her career playing for the Calangute Women's Football Club.<ref name="TOI_Magic"/>

In 1975, she moved to [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata) and joined the Calcutta Women's Football Club (CWFC).<ref name="TOI_Magic"/><ref name="NewsClick_Portrait"/> With CWFC, she won the Stafford Challenge Cup in 1976, where her team defeated a club from Pune in the final.<ref name="TOI_Magic"/><ref name="STP_HatTrickQueen"/>

She also represented the state teams of [[Goa women's football team|Goa]] and [[West Bengal women's football team|Bengal]] in domestic competitions.<ref name="STP_HatTrickQueen"/> She captained the Goan team to their first victory in the women's national championships.<ref name="TOI_Magic"/><ref name="NewsClick_Portrait"/>

===International career===
De Sousa played as a centre-forward for the [[India women's national football team|Indian national team]] and served as its captain.<ref name="TOI_Magic"/><ref name="BS_Trailblazers"/>

In 1978, she participated in the Women's International Football Tournament in Calcutta, which has been described as an unofficial Asian Cup.<ref name="NewsClick_Portrait"/> During this tournament, she scored the first-ever international [[hat-trick]] by an Indian woman, in a match against Singapore.<ref name="STP_HatTrickQueen"/><ref name="BS_Trailblazers"/>

De Sousa later captained the Indian team at the [[1980 AFC Women's Championship]] in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]].<ref name="NewsClick_Portrait"/><ref name="BS_Trailblazers"/> India finished the tournament as runners-up, earning a silver medal.<ref name="NewsClick_Portrait"/> De Sousa was the joint top-scorer of the tournament.<ref name="NewsClick_Portrait"/>

==Personal life and art career==
De Sousa retired from football in 1979.<ref name="TOI_Magic"/><ref name="NewsClick_Portrait"/> Following her playing career, she was employed by the [[Sports Authority of Goa]] (SAG).<ref name="TOI_Magic"/><ref name="NewsClick_Portrait"/>

She is also a professional artist and is known by her married name, Yolanda de Sousa Kammermeier.<ref name="NewsClick_Portrait"/> As of 2017, she resides in her hometown of [[Calangute]], Goa.<ref name="TOI_Magic"/> Her husband is named Mahendra.<ref name="TOI_Magic"/>

De Sousa played hockey before she played football.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-16 |title=With hockey as an excuse, veterans meet on pitch to relive old memories |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/with-hockey-as-an-excuse-veterans-meet-on-pitch-to-relive-old-memories/articleshow/97012785.cms |access-date=2025-11-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

She runs the art gallery, Galeria de Belas Artes at Castelo Vermelho in Calangute, Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Art Chamber, Panjim, India - Reviews, Ratings, Tips and Why You Should Go |url=https://wanderlog.com/place/details/9282965/art-chamber |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=Wanderlog |language=en}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
=== International goals ===
:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+List of international goals scored by Yolanda de Sousa
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 12 January 1980 || [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|Calicut EMS Stadium]], [[Calicut]], [[India]] || {{fbw|HKG|1959}} || align=center| 2–0 || [[1980 AFC Women's Championship]]
|-
| 2. || 19 January 1980 || [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|Calicut EMS Stadium]], [[Calicut]], [[India]] || {{fbw|HKG|1959}} || align=center| 3–1 || [[1980 AFC Women's Championship]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://yolandasousa.com/}}

{{India squad 1980 AFC Women's Championship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:de Sousa, Yolanda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Goa]]
[[Category:Women's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Women artists from Goa]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Fir

2026-03-02T12:40:01Z

Jeep Safari: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Genus of coniferous trees}}
{{good article}}
{{Other uses|FIR (disambiguation)|FIRS (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Fir tree||Fir Tree (disambiguation)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Fir
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|49|0}} [[Eocene]] - [[Holocene|Present]]<ref name="Schorn01" />
| image = Abies koreana (szyszki).JPG
| image_alt = Cones of a fir tree
| image_caption = [[Korean fir]] (''Abies koreana'') cones and foliage
| taxon = Abies
| authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill.]]
| type_species = ''[[Abies alba]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = [[#Classification|See text]]
| synonyms = * ''Peuce'' Richard 1810
}}

'''Firs''' are [[evergreen]] [[conifer]]ous trees belonging to the [[genus]] '''''Abies''''' ({{IPA|la|ˈabieːs|lang}}) in the family [[Pinaceae]]. There are approximately 48–65<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Torres |first1=Leon Nahuel |last2=Shi |first2=Xiao |last3=Na |first3=Yuling |last4=Wang |first4=Bing |last5=Tian |first5=Chi |last6=Chen |first6=Jun |date=2024-03-01 |title=First study on fossil wood from the Middle Pleistocene of the Songliao Plain, Northeast China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034666724000149 |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=322 |article-number=105063 |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2024.105063 |bibcode=2024RPaPa.32205063T |issn=0034-6667|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Debreczy |first1=Zsolt |last2=Rácz |first2=István |last3=Musial |first3=Kathy |year=2011 |title=Conifers Around the World : Conifers of the Temperate Zones and Adjacent Regions |location=Budapest |publisher=DendroPress |isbn=978-9632190617 |url=https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/titel/2014098}}</ref> extant species, found on mountains throughout much of North and [[Central America]], [[Eurasia]], and [[North Africa]]. The genus is most closely related to ''[[Keteleeria]]'', a small genus confined to eastern Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leslie |first1=Andrew B. |display-authors=et al. |year=2018 |title=ajb21143-sup-0004-AppendixS4 |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=105 |issue=9 |pages=1531–1544 |doi=10.1002/ajb2.1143 |url=https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1002%2Fajb2.1143&file=ajb21143-sup-0004-AppendixS4.pdf |doi-access=|pmid=30157290 }}</ref>

They are tall trees that can be distinguished from other members of the pine family by the way in which their needle-like [[leaves]] are attached singly to the branches with a circular base, and by their [[Conifer cone|cones]], which, like those of [[Cedrus|cedars]], stand upright on the branches like candles and disintegrate at maturity.

The wood of firs is used for [[pulp (paper)|pulp]] to make paper, for [[plywood]], and for indoor construction. Some species serve as [[Christmas tree]]s, while others are used as decorative trees with their brightly coloured cones. In art, [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]] painted ''Madonna under the fir tree'' for [[Wrocław Cathedral]] in 1510.

== Etymology ==

The English name "fir" derives from the Old Norse ''fyri'' or the Old Danish ''fyr''.<ref>{{cite web|title=fir |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fir|access-date=2020-10-01 |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |archive-date=2021-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808095144/https://www.etymonline.com/word/fir |url-status=live}}</ref> The generic name ''Abies'' is the Latin for "fir".<ref>{{cite web |title=Abies, subst. masc. |url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/abies/ |publisher=[[Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales]] |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>

== Description ==

Fir trees are tall, often 40–60 metres and sometimes approaching 100 metres high, usually with a single straight trunk. The crown starts conical, but becomes more varied in shape with age. The primary branches are arranged in whorls around the trunk.<ref name="IDS"/>

=== Leaves ===

Firs have needle-like [[leaves]], arranged spirally but often appearing to be in two or more rows on opposite sides of the twigs. The base of each leaf is round and attached to a small pit in the twig. Each leaf is normally twisted at its base so that the side with [[stoma]]ta faces downwards.<ref name="IDS"/> In the upper crown on cone-bearing branches, the leaves are shorter, curved, and sometimes sharp.<ref name="Arno-2020">{{Cite book |last1=Arno |first1=Stephen F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDD4DwAAQBAJ |title=Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees |last2=Hammerly |first2=Ramona P. |publisher=[[Mountaineers Books]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-68051-329-5 |edition=field guide |location=Seattle |pages=125 |oclc=1141235469 |orig-date=1977 |access-date=2022-02-26 |archive-date=2023-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919000929/https://books.google.com/books?id=qDD4DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines>
Abies alba PID1015-3.jpg|''[[Abies alba|A. alba]]'' – the underside of leaves have two whitish strips formed by [[wax]]-covered [[stoma]]tal bands, while their bases are shaped like suction cups.
Abies grandis 5359.JPG|''[[Abies grandis|A. grandis]]'' foliage – upper side of the leaves, showing the leaves lying flat either side of the shoot
Punta de rama pinsapo (Abies pinsapo) (8620598021).jpg|Foliage of ''[[Abies pinsapo|A. pinsapo]]'' showing the radial leaf arrangement in this species
File:Abies mariesii2.JPG|Most firs are in between flat and radial, often with longer leaves at the sides, and shorter leaves above the shoot; here, ''[[Abies mariesii|A. mariesii]]'' in Japan
File:Abies nordmanniana leaf cross-section.jpg|Cross-section of needle leaf of ''[[Abies nordmanniana]]''
</gallery>

=== Cones ===

Firs differ from other conifers such as [[spruce]]s in having erect, cylindrical female seed [[Conifer cone|cones]] {{convert|5|-|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long that disintegrate at maturity to release the winged [[seed]]s. Seed cones take a year to become mature; they start out green or other bright colour, darkening as they develop to dark brown or black. The leaflike seed [[bract]]s are visible when young, and in some species remain so. The seeds sit in thin cups; each seed has a triangle-shaped wing. The male cones are pendulous (dangling) and resemble [[catkin]]s; both pollen and seeds are wind-dispersed.<ref name="IDS"/>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines>
Abies cone & bits.jpg|Intact and disintegrated [[Abies borisii-regis|Bulgarian fir]] cones
Abies holophylla Manchurian Fir cones.jpg|Immature cones of some species are green; here [[Abies holophylla|Manchurian fir]] ''Abies holophylla''
Manchurian Fir Abies holophylla disintegrating cones.jpg|Disintegrating cones of Manchurian fir
Abies pindrow India3.jpg|[[Abies pindrow|Pindrow fir]] ''Abies pindrow'' with dark purple cones
Caucasian Fir, young cultivated tree with cones, Northumberland.jpg|[[Abies nordmanniana|Caucasian Fir]] ''Abies nordmanniana'' young cones with reddish scales and yellow-green bracts
Noble Fir, young naturalised tree with cones, Northumberland.jpg|[[Abies procera|Noble fir]] ''Abies procera'', with five heavy (20 cm, approx 0.5 kg each) seed cones
File:Abies pollen cones Marki 4.JPG|Pollen cones
</gallery>

== Evolution ==

=== Fossil history ===

[[File:Abies milleri SR 87-52-02 A.jpg|thumb|[[Fossil]] ''[[Abies milleri]]'' foliage and axis. [[Ypresian|Early Eocene]], 49.5 mya]]

The oldest pollen assignable to the genus dates to the [[Late Cretaceous]] in [[Siberia]], with records of leaves and reproductive organs across the Northern Hemisphere from the [[Eocene]] onwards.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xiang |first1=Xiaoguo |last2=Cao |first2=Ming |last3=Zhou |first3=Zhekun |date=October 2007 |title=Fossil history and modern distribution of the genus Abies (Pinaceae) |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11461-007-0058-4 |journal=Frontiers of Forestry in China |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=355–365 |doi=10.1007/s11461-007-0058-4 |access-date=2023-02-15 |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101153338/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11461-007-0058-4 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== External phylogeny ===

Based on [[transcriptome]] analysis, ''[[Keteleeria]]'' is sister to ''Abies'', with the Pseudolariceae the next nearest relatives.<ref name=Stull>{{Cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Qu |first2=Xiao-Jian |last3=Parins-Fukuchi |first3=Caroline |last4=Yang |first4=Ying-Ying |last5=Yang |first5=Jun-Bo |last6=Yang |first6=Zhi-Yun |last7=Hu |first7=Yi |last8=Ma |first8=Hong |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |last10=Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last11=Li |first11=De-Zhu |display-authors=5 |date=19 July 2021 |title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4 |journal=Nature Plants |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=1015–1025 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4 |pmid=34282286 |bibcode=2021NatPl...7.1015S |s2cid=236141481 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

{{clade
|label1=[[Pinaceae]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Abietoideae]] |sublabel1=(firs and allies)
|1={{clade
|label1=Cedreae
|1=''[[Cedrus]]'' [[File:Cedrus BHL677922.jpg|50px]]
|2={{clade
|label1=Pseudolariceae
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pseudolarix]]'' [[File:Flore des serres v17 111a.jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Nothotsuga]]'' [[File:Nothotsuga cones and leaves.jpg|70px]]
|2=''[[Tsuga]]'' [[File:Tsuga cone and leaves.png|50px]]
}}
}}
|label2=Abieteae
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Keteleeria]]'' [[File:Keteleeria cone and leaves.jpg|65px]]
|2='''''Abies''''' [[File:Abies alba - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-001.jpg|50px]]
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Pinoideae]] |sublabel2=(pines, larches, etc)
|2=[[File:496 Pinus silvestris.jpg|50px]]
}}
}}

=== Internal phylogeny ===

Phylogeny of ''Abies'' based on phylogenomic analysis in 2021:<ref name="Stull Qu 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Qu |first2=Xiao-Jian |last3=Parins-Fukuchi |first3=Caroline |last4=Yang |first4=Ying-Ying |last5=Yang |first5=Jun-Bo |last6=Yang |first6=Zhi-Yun |last7=Hu |first7=Yi |last8=Ma |first8=Hong |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |last10=Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last11=Li |first11=De-Zhu |last12=Smith |first12=Stephen A. |last13=Yi |first13=Ting-Shuang |display-authors=5 |year=2021 |title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |journal=Nature Plants |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4 |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=1015–1025 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4 |biorxiv=10.1101/2021.03.13.435279 |pmid=34282286 |bibcode= 2021NatPl...7.1015S |s2cid=232282918 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre |publisher=Figshare |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Gene_duplications_and_genomic_conflict_underlie_major_pulses_of_phenotypic_evolution_in_gymnosperms/14547354 |doi-access= |access-date=2023-03-30 |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101153348/https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Gene_duplications_and_genomic_conflict_underlie_major_pulses_of_phenotypic_evolution_in_gymnosperms/14547354 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%;
|label1='''''Abies'''''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=('''''Pseudotorreya''''')
|1=''[[Abies bracteata|A. bracteata]]'' (Don) Poit.
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=('''''Religio''''')
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=section
|sublabel1=''Amabilis''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Abies mariesii|A. mariesii]]'' Masters
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies amabilis|A. amabilis]]'' (Douglas ex Loudon) Forbes
|2=''[[Abies procera|A. procera]]'' Rehder
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=section
|sublabel1=''Nobiles''
|1=''[[Abies magnifica|A. magnifica]]'' Murray
|label2=section
|sublabel2=''Grandis''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies concolor|A. concolor]]'' (Gordon) Lindley ex Hildebr.
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies jaliscana|A. jaliscana]]'' (Martínez) Mantilla, Shalisko & Vázquez
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies guatemalensis|A. guatemalensis]]'' Rehder
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies hickelii|A. hickelii]]'' Flous & Gaussen
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies flinckii|A. flinckii]]'' Rushforth
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies vejarii|A. vejarii]]'' Martínez
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies durangensis|A. durangensis]]'' Martínez
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies religiosa|A. religiosa]]'' (Kunth) von Schlechtendal & von Chamisso
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies hidalgensis|A. hidalgensis]]'' Debreczy, Rácz & Guízar
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies grandis|A. grandis]]'' (Douglas ex Don) Lindley
|2=''[[Abies lowiana|A. lowiana]]'' (Gordon) Murray
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=('''''Abies''''')
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=section
|sublabel1=''Abies''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Abies alba|A. alba]]'' Miller
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies pinsapo|A. pinsapo]]'' Boiss.
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies cephalonica|A. cephalonica]]'' Loudon
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies nebrodensis|A. nebrodensis]]'' (Lojac.) Mattei
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies nordmanniana|A. nordmanniana]]'' (Steven) Spach
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies numidica|A. numidica]]'' de Lannoy ex Carrière
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies borisii-regis|A. ×borisii-regis]]'' Mattf.
|2=''[[Abies cilicica|A. cilicica]]'' (Antoine & Kotschy) Carrière
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=section
|sublabel1=''Balsamea''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Abies lasiocarpa|A. lasiocarpa]]'' (Hooker) Nuttall
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies ernestii|A. ernestii]]'' Rehder
|2=''[[Abies balsamea|A. balsamea]]'' (von Linné) Miller
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=section
|sublabel1=''Sibiria''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Abies firma|A. firma]]'' Siebold & Zuccarini
|2=''[[Abies sibirica|A. sibirica]]'' Ledeb.
}}
|label2=section
|sublabel2=''Pseudopicea''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies fanjingshanensis|A. fanjingshanensis]]'' Huang, Tu & Fang
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies ziyuanensis|A. ziyuanensis]]'' Fu & Mo
|2={{clade
|label1=series
|sublabel1=''Squamatae''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Abies kawakamii|A. kawakamii]]'' (Hayata) Itô
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies chensiensis|A. chensiensis]]'' van Tieghem
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies squamata|A. squamata]]'' Masters
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies beshanzuensis|A. beshanzuensis]]'' Wu
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies pindrow|A. pindrow]]'' (Royle ex Don) Royle
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies recurvata|A. recurvata]]'' Masters
|2=''[[Abies fargesii|A. fargesii]]'' Franchet
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=series
|sublabel2=''Spectabiles''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies koreana|A. koreana]]'' Wilson
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies nephrolepis|A. nephrolepis]]'' (Trautvetter ex Maxim.) Maxim.
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Abies holophylla|A. holophylla]]'' Maxim.
|2=''[[Abies sachalinensis|A. sachalinensis]]'' (Schmidt) Masters
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Abies fabri|A. fabri]]'' (Masters) Craib
|2=''[[Abies veitchii|A. veitchii]]'' Lindley
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies fraseri|A. fraseri]]'' (Pursh) Poiret
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies delavayi|A. delavayi]]'' Franchet
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Abies densa|A. densa]]'' Griffith
|2=''[[Abies spectabilis|A. spectabilis]]'' (Don) de Mirbel
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies nukiangensis|A. nukiangensis]]'' Cheng & Fu
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies ferreana|A. ferreana]]'' Bordères & Gaussen
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies forrestii|A. forrestii]]'' Coltm.-Rog.
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies georgei|A. georgei]]'' Orr
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abies homolepis|A. homolepis]]'' Siebold & Zuccarini
|2=''[[Abies yuanbaoshanensis|A. yuanbaoshanensis]]'' Lu & Fu
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

=== Taxonomy ===

==== Taxonomic history ====

In 1754, [[Philip Miller]] set up the genus ''Abies''; he also defined the type species ''[[Abies alba]]''.<ref name="Farjon Rushworth 1989"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Miller |year=1754 |title=The Gardener's Dictionary |edition=4th, abridged |volume=1}}</ref> In 1878, [[George Engelmann]] classified only a part of the genus;<ref name="Farjon Rushworth 1989"/> [[Heinrich Mayr]] did the same in 1890,<ref name="Farjon Rushworth 1989"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Heinrich |year=1890 |title=Monographie der Abielineen des Japanischen Reiches
|location=Munchen}}</ref> as did the German botanist Wilhelm Patschke in 1913.<ref name="Farjon Rushworth 1989"/> The classifications by Paul Robert Hickel in 1906 to 1908,<ref name="Farjon Rushworth 1989"/><ref>Hickel, Robert (1906-08). Notes pour servir ä la determination pratique des Abietinees. Bull. Soc. Dendrol. France 2: 45 58, f. I 7(15 xi 1906); 3; 5 18, f. 8 30 (15 ii 1907); 4: 41 48, f. 31 46(15v 1907); 5: 82 86(15 viii 1907); 7:5-10, f. a 1 (15 ii 1908); 9; 179-185 (15 viii 1908); 10: 201 208 (15 xi 1908).</ref> and by P. Landry in 1984,<ref name="Farjon Rushworth 1989"/><ref name="Landry 1984">{{cite journal |last=Landry |first=Pierre |title=Synopsis du genre Abies |journal=Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Lettres Botaniques |volume=131 |issue=3 |date=1984 |doi=10.1080/01811797.1984.10824633 |pages=223–229 |bibcode=1984BSBFL.131..223L |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01811797.1984.10824633 |language=fr|url-access=subscription }}</ref> made use only of a subset of the available morphological characteristics.<ref name="Farjon Rushworth 1989">{{cite journal |last1=Farjon |first1=Aljos |author1-link=Aljos Farjon |last2=Rushworth |first2=K. D. |title=A Classification of Abies Miller (Pinaceae) |journal= Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh |date=1989 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=59–79 |doi=10.24823/nrbge.1989.3565 |doi-access=free |url=https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/535254/MPUUH1988003001007.pdf}}</ref> In 1990 and 2001, the Dutch botanist [[Aljos Farjon]] attempted a more complete classification; he accepted 48 species within the genus; in 2017 he reduced this to 46. Adopting a different approach, in 2011 Z. Debreczy and I. Rácz treated the genus as containing 67 species.<ref name="IDS">{{cite web |title=Abies Mill. |url=https://www.treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/abies/ |publisher=International Dendrology Society |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>

==== Species ====

{{As of|2025|September}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepted 49 species.<ref>{{cite web |title=Abies Mill. Accepted Species |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325655-2#children |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> The sections are based on Stull et al. 2021.<ref name="Stull Qu 2021"/>

Section ''Abies'' is found in central, south, and eastern Europe and Asia Minor.

* ''[[Abies alba]]'' – silver fir or European silver fir
* ''[[Abies nebrodensis]]'' – Sicilian fir
* ''[[Abies borisii-regis]]'' – Bulgarian fir
* ''[[Abies cephalonica]]'' – Greek fir
* ''[[Abies nordmanniana]]'' – Caucasian fir or Nordmann fir
** [[Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani|''Abies nordmanniana'' subsp. ''equi-trojani'']] – Kazdağı fir, Turkish fir
* ''[[Abies pinsapo]]'' – Spanish fir
** ''Abies pinsapo'' var. ''marocana'' – Moroccan fir
* ''[[Abies numidica]]'' – Algerian fir
* ''[[Abies cilicica]]'' – Syrian fir

Section ''Balsamea'' is found in northern Asia and North America, and high mountains further south.

* ''[[Abies fraseri]]'' – Fraser's fir
* ''[[Abies balsamea]]'' – balsam fir
** ''Abies balsamea'' var. ''phanerolepis'' – bracted balsam fir
* ''[[Abies lasiocarpa]]'' – subalpine fir
** ''Abies lasiocarpa'' var. ''arizonica'' – corkbark fir
** ''Abies lasiocarpa'' var. ''bifolia'' – Rocky Mountains subalpine fir
* ''[[Abies sibirica]]'' – Siberian fir
** ''Abies sibirica'' var. ''semenovii''
* ''[[Abies sachalinensis]]'' – Sakhalin fir
* ''[[Abies koreana]]'' – Korean fir
* ''[[Abies nephrolepis]]'' – Khinghan fir
* ''[[Abies veitchii]]'' – Veitch's fir
** ''Abies veitchii'' var. ''sikokiana'' – Shikoku fir

Section ''Grandis'' is found in western North America to Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador, in lowlands in the north, moderate altitudes in south.

* ''[[Abies grandis]]'' – grand fir or giant fir
** ''Abies grandis'' var. ''grandis'' – Coast grand fir
** ''Abies grandis'' var. ''idahoensis'' – interior grand fir
* ''[[Abies concolor]]'' – white fir
** ''Abies concolor'' subsp. ''concolor'' – Rocky Mountain white fir or Colorado white fir
** ''Abies concolor'' subsp. ''lowiana'' – Low's white fir or Sierra Nevada white fir
* ''[[Abies durangensis]]'' – Durango fir
** ''Abies durangensis'' var. ''coahuilensis'' – Coahuila fir
* ''[[Abies flinckii]]'' – Jalisco fir
* ''[[Abies guatemalensis]]'' – Guatemalan fir
** ''Abies guatemalensis'' var. ''guatemalensis''
** ''Abies guatemalensis'' var. ''jaliscana''
* ''[[Abies vejarii]]''

Section ''Momi'' is found in east and central Asia and the Himalaya, generally at low to moderate altitudes.

* ''[[Abies kawakamii]]'' – Taiwan fir
* ''[[Abies homolepis]]'' – Nikko fir
* ''[[Abies recurvata]]'' – Min fir
** ''Abies recurvata'' var. ''ernestii'' – Min fir
* ''[[Abies firma]]'' – Momi fir
* ''[[Abies beshanzuensis]]'' – Baishanzu fir
* ''[[Abies holophylla]]'' – Manchurian fir
* ''[[Abies chensiensis]]'' – Shensi fir
** ''Abies chensiensis'' subsp. ''salouenensis'' – Salween fir
* ''[[Abies pindrow]]'' – Pindrow fir
* ''[[Abies ziyuanensis]]'' – Ziyuan fir

Section ''Amabilis'' is found in the Pacific Coast mountains in North America and Japan, in high rainfall areas.

* ''[[Abies amabilis]]'' – Pacific silver fir
* ''[[Abies mariesii]]'' – Maries' fir

[[File:Abies fabri in mist.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Abies fabri|A. fabri]]'', Sichuan, China]]

Section ''Pseudopicea'' is found in the [[Himalaya|Sino – Himalayan mountains]] at high altitudes.

* ''[[Abies delavayi]]'' – Delavay's fir
** ''Abies delavayi'' var. ''nukiangensis''
** ''Abies delavayi'' var. ''motuoensis''
** ''Abies delavayi'' subsp. ''fansipanensis''
* ''[[Abies fabri]]'' – Faber's fir
** ''Abies fabri'' subsp. ''minensis''
* ''[[Abies forrestii]]'' – Forrest's fir
* ''[[Abies densa]]'' – Bhutan fir
* ''[[Abies spectabilis]]'' – East Himalayan fir
* ''[[Abies fargesii]]'' – Farges' fir
* ''[[Abies fanjingshanensis]]'' – Fanjingshan fir
* ''[[Abies yuanbaoshanensis]]'' – Yuanbaoshan fir
* ''[[Abies squamata]]'' – flaky fir

Section ''Oiamel'' is found in central Mexico at high altitudes.

* ''[[Abies religiosa]]'' – sacred fir
* ''[[Abies hickelii]]'' – Hickel's fir
** ''Abies hickelii'' var. ''oaxacana'' – Oaxaca fir

[[File:Red fir.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Abies magnifica|A. magnifica]]'', California]]

Section ''Nobilis'' (western [[United States|U.S.]], high altitudes)

* ''[[Abies procera]]'' – noble fir
* ''[[Abies magnifica]]'' – red fir
** ''Abies magnifica'' var. ''shastensis'' – Shasta red fir

Section ''Bracteata'' ([[California]] coast)

* ''[[Abies bracteata]]'' – bristlecone fir
*?†''[[Abies rigida]]'' {{small|[[Frank Knowlton]]|Knowlton}}<ref name="Knowlton1923">{{cite report |last1=Knowlton |first1=F.H. |year=1923 |title=Fossil plants from the Tertiary lake beds of South-Сentral Colorado |series=Professional Paper |publisher=United States Geological Survey |volume=131-G |pages=183–197 |doi=10.3133/pp131G |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="WolfeSchorn1990">{{cite report |last1=Wolfe |first1=J.A. |last2=Schorn |first2=H.E. |year=1990 |title=Taxonomic revision of the Spermatopsida of the Oligocene Creede flora, southern Colorado |series=Bulletin |publisher=United States Geological Survey |volume=1923 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.3133/b1923 |doi-access=free }}</ref> - ([[Priabonian]]-[[Chattian]]; Colorado)

Section ''Incertae sedis''

* †''[[Abies milleri]]'' – (Extinct) Early [[Eocene]]<ref name="Schorn01">{{cite journal |author=Schorn, Howard |author2=Wehr, Wesley |date=1986 |title=Abies milleri, sp. nov., from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain Formation, Republic, Ferry County, Washington |journal=Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and Natural History |volume=1 |pages=1–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F97wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1}}</ref>

== Ecology==

=== Distribution and habitat ===

Firs are distributed around the Northern Hemisphere. The genus is native across much of North America, Eurasia, Turkey, Syria, Morocco, and Algeria. It is introduced in Scandinavia and the British Isles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Abies Mill. Distribution |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325655-2#distributions |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> ''[[Abies sibirica]]'' grows as far north as 67°N in Siberia, while ''[[Abies guatemalensis|A. guatemalensis]]'' grows as far south as 15°N in Central America. Most firs favour cold climates, whether at altitude in mountain ranges or at high latitude. Many species have [[Relict (biology)|relict distribution]]s, occupying small areas of what were once much larger distributions. Only a few species are widespread.<ref name="IDS"/>

''[[Abies religiosa]]'' (sacred fir) trees give [[Monarch butterfly roosts|roosting]] shelter to overwintering [[Danaus plexippus|monarch butterflies]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Groth | first=Jacob | title=Monarch Migration Study | publisher=Swallowtail Farms | date=10 November 2000 | url=http://www.swallowtailfarms.com/pages/educationalproducts_mms.html | access-date=21 July 2014 | archive-date=9 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509093135/http://www.swallowtailfarms.com/pages/educationalproducts_mms.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.monarchjointventure.org/monarch-biology/monarch-migration/ | publisher=Monarch Joint Venture | title=Monarch Migration | year=2013 | access-date=2017-10-25 | archive-date=2017-10-31 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031023829/https://monarchjointventure.org/monarch-biology/monarch-migration/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=250 heights=250>
File:Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus plexippus) on Oyamel fir (Abies religiosa) Piedra Herrada.jpg|''[[Abies religiosa]]'' with roosting monarch butterflies, Piedra Herrada, Valle de Bravo, Mexico
File:Independence Pass, CO 5.jpg|Fir forest at high altitude, [[Independence Pass (Colorado)|Independence Pass, Colorado]]
File:Abies lasiocarpa 5922 (cropped).JPG|The narrow conical shape and downward-drooping limbs of northern conifers, like ''[[Abies lasiocarpa]]'', help them shed snow.
</gallery>

=== Pests and diseases ===

Firs are hosts to a variety of invertebrate pests and fungal diseases. Pest groups include [[Adelgidae|adelgid]] bugs, [[aphid]]s, [[bark beetle]]s, [[clearwing moth]]s, [[Pissodes|conifer twig weevils]], [[caterpillar]]s of some moths, [[nematode]]s, [[sawflies]], [[spider mite]]s, and [[spittlebug]]s. Diseases of firs include annosus (''[[Heterobasidion]]'') [[root rot]], [[canker]]s, and [[needle cast]].<ref name="UC IPM">{{cite web |title=Pests in Gardens and Landscapes |url=https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/GARDEN/PLANTS/fir.html |publisher=University of California Agriculture & Natural Resources: Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:1955. Pseudohylesinus grandis egg galleries and larvae on inner bark of silver fir. Baker River District, Mt. Baker National Forest. Washington. (34466337570).jpg|Galleries and larvae of ''[[Pseudohylesinus]] grandis'' beetles on ''Abies alba''
File:Paradiplosis tumifex galls01.jpg|[[Gall]]s of the gall midge ''[[Paradiplosis tumifex]]'' in needle leaves of ''[[Abies balsamea]]''
File:Pucciniastrum epilobii (42).jpg|''[[Pucciniastrum epilobii]]'' basidiomycete fungus infecting needle leaves of ''Abies alba''
File:Melampsorella caryophyllacearum Italy2.jpg|[[Witch's broom]] caused by the basidiomycete fungus ''[[Melampsorella]] caryophyllacearum''
</gallery>

== Uses ==

Unlike the [[Douglas fir]] (''Pseudotsuga''), firs produce [[softwood]], often used as [[Pulp (paper)|pulp]] or for the manufacture of [[plywood]] and rough timber. It is commonly used in [[Canadian Lumber Standard]] graded wood, used for internal [[stud wall]]s and similar applications.<ref name="Homebuilding">{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Steve |title=What is CLS timber and what DIY projects is it good for? |website=Homebuilding & Renovating |date=2023-09-03 |url=https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/advice/what-is-cls-timber |access-date=2024-08-22}}</ref> ''[[Abies spectabilis]]'' is used in [[Ayurveda]] as an [[antitussive]] (cough suppressant) drug.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kershaw |first=Linda |title=Edible and Medicinal Plants of the Rockies |publisher=[[Lone Pine Publishing]] |date=2000 |location=Edmonton, Alberta |pages=26 |isbn=978-1-55105-229-8}}</ref> Firs produce a variety of [[terpenoid]]s that could have practical uses. Terpenoid composition of the bark varies by genetics, geography, age and size of the tree.<ref name="Hemingway-2018">{{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=R. W. |title=Organic Chemicals from Biomass |date=2018-01-18 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-351-07525-1 |pages=189–248 |chapter=Bark: Its Chemistry and Prospects for Chemical Utilization}}</ref><ref name="Barton-2018">{{cite book |last=Barton |first=George M. |title=Organic Chemicals from Biomass |date=2018-01-18 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-351-07525-1 |pages=249–280 |chapter=Foliage}}</ref>

[[Abies nordmanniana|Caucasian fir]], [[Abies procera|noble fir]], [[Abies fraseri|Fraser's fir]] and [[Abies balsamea|balsam fir]] are popular [[Christmas tree]]s, generally considered to be the best for this purpose, with aromatic foliage that does not shed many needles on drying out. Many form decorative garden trees, notably [[Abies koreana|Korean fir]] and Fraser's fir, which produce brightly coloured cones even when very young, still only {{convert|1|–|2|m|ftin|abbr=on}} tall. Many fir species are grown in botanic gardens and other specialist tree collections in Europe and North America.<ref>{{cite web |last=Christian |first=T. |year=2021 |title=''Abies'' |url=https://treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/abies/ |website=Trees and Shrubs Online |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301173716/https://treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/abies/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In art ==

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=220 heights=220>
File:Cranach Madonna under the fir tree.jpg|''Madonna under the fir tree'' - [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]], 1510
</gallery>

[[Lucas Cranach the Elder]] painted ''Madonna under the fir tree'' for [[Wrocław Cathedral]] in 1510.<ref>{{cite web |title="Madonna under the Fir Tree" by Lucas Cranach the Elder |date=22 September 2020 |url=https://mnwr.pl/en/madonna/ |access-date=9 September 2025 |publisher=[[National Museum in Wrocław]]}}</ref> The painting was taken to Germany after the Second World War for restoration, but a copy was made and substituted for the original. The forgery was discovered, partly because the copy was on a fir board where the original was on [[Tilia|lime]] wood. The original was returned to Poland in 2012, the most valuable painting to be restituted to the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madonna under the Fir Tree |website=The Marian Temples Trail |url=https://maryjny.org/en/zdjecie/madonna-under-the-fir-tree/ |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of fir species of Denmark]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Philips, Roger. ''Trees of North America and Europe'', [[Random House]], New York {{ISBN|0-394-50259-0}}, 1979.

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Abies}}

* [http://www.conifers.org/pi/Abies.php ''Abies''] at The Gymnosperm Database
* [https://treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/abies/ ''Abies''] from the website ''Trees and Shrubs Online''
* [http://www.pinetum.org/cones/ABIEScones.htm Michael P. FRANKIS CONE COLLECTION: Abies] at the Arboretum de Villardebelle—images of cones of selected species
* [http://www.karenplatt.co.uk Platt, Karen] "Gold Fever" provides descriptions of golden or yellow-leaved Abies cultivars

{{Plant classification}}
{{Acrogymnospermae classification}}
{{Woodworking}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q25350}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Abies| ]]
[[Category:Pinaceae]]
[[Category:Extant Ypresian first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Philip Miller]]
[[Category:Forestry]]

List of chicken breeds

2026-02-23T02:05:16Z

Jeep Safari:

{{Short description|none}} 
[[File:Poultry of the world.jpg|thumb| Illustration of thirty-nine varieties of chicken (and one [[Guinea Fowl]]) ]]
There are hundreds of [[chicken]] [[breed]]s in existence.{{r|ekarius|p=23}} [[Domesticated]] for thousands of years, distinguishable breeds of chicken have been present since the combined factors of geographical isolation and [[Selective breeding|selection]] for desired characteristics created regional types with distinct physical and behavioral traits passed on to their offspring.

The physical traits used to distinguish chicken breeds are size, [[plumage]] color, [[Comb (anatomy)|comb]] type, skin color, number of toes, amount of feathering, [[Egg (biology)|egg]] color, and place of origin.{{r|ekarius|p=23}} They are also roughly divided by primary use, whether for eggs, meat, or ornamental purposes, and with some considered to be dual-purpose.{{r|ekarius|p=23}}

In the 21st century, chickens are frequently bred according to predetermined [[breed standard]]s set down by governing organizations. The first of such standards was the [[British Poultry Standard]], which is still in publication today.{{r|ekarius|heinrichs}} Other standards include the [[Standard of Perfection]], the [[Australian Poultry Standard]], and the standard of the American Bantam Association, which deals exclusively with [[Bantam chicken|bantam]] fowl.{{r|heinrichs}} Only some of the known breeds are included in these publications, and only those breeds are eligible to be [[Livestock show|shown]] competitively. There are additionally a few [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] strains which are common in the poultry world, especially in large poultry farms. These types are first generation crosses of true breeds. Hybrids do not reliably pass on their features to their offspring, but are highly valued for their producing abilities.{{r|ekarius|p=23}}

__NOTOC__
{| class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto; width:45em; clear:both;"
|-
!Table of contents
|-
| style="padding:0 2% 0 2%; text-align:center;"|
''By place of origin'':
[[#Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] •
[[#Albania|Albania]] •
[[#Australia|Australia]] •
[[#Austria|Austria]] •
[[#Belgium|Belgium]] •
[[#Brazil|Brazil]] •
[[#Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] •
[[#Canada|Canada]] •
[[#Chile|Chile]] •
[[#China|China]] •
[[#Croatia|Croatia]] •
[[#Cuba|Cuba]] •
[[#Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] •
[[#Egypt|Egypt]] •
[[#Finland|Finland]] •
[[#France|France]] •
[[#Germany|Germany]] •
[[#Greece|Greece]] •
[[#Iceland|Iceland]] •
[[#India|India]] •
[[#Indonesia|Indonesia]] •
[[#Iran|Iran]] •
[[#Italy|Italy]] •
[[#Japan|Japan]] •
[[#Korea|Korea]] •
[[#Kosovo|Kosovo]] •
[[#Malaysia|Malaysia]] •
[[#Myanmar|Myanmar]] •
[[#Netherlands|Netherlands]] •
[[#Norway|Norway]] •
[[#Pakistan|Pakistan]] •
[[#Philippines|Philippines]] •
[[#Poland|Poland]] •
[[#Portugal|Portugal]] •
[[#Romania|Romania]] •
[[#Russia|Russia]] •
[[#Serbia|Serbia]] •
[[#Slovakia|Slovakia]] •
[[#Slovenia|Slovenia]] •
[[#South Africa|South Africa]] •
[[#Spain|Spain]] •
[[#Sweden|Sweden]] •
[[#Switzerland|Switzerland]] •
[[#Thailand|Thailand]] •
[[#Turkey|Turkey]] •
[[#Ukraine|Ukraine]] •
[[#United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] •
[[#United States of America|United States]] •
[[#Vietnam|Vietnam]]
|-
| style="padding:0 2% 0 2%; text-align:center;"|
''By primary use'':
[[#Eggs|Eggs]] •
[[#Meat|Meat]] •
[[#Dual-purpose|Dual-purpose]] •
[[#Exhibition|Exhibition]]
|-
| style="padding:0 2% 0 2%; text-align:center;"|
''Other'':
[[#Bantams|Bantams]] •
[[#Cross-breeds|Hybrids]]
|-
| style="padding:0 2% 0 2%; text-align:center;"|
[[#See also|See also]] • [[#References|References]] • [[#Sources|Sources]]
|}

==By place of origin==

===Afghanistan===
[[File:Australorp Rooster.jpg|thumb|[[Australorp]]]]
* [[Ingriido]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Khasaki]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Kulangi]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Pusty chicken|Pusty]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Sabzwari chicken|Sabzwari]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>

===Albania===

* [[Commune hen]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Black Tropoja Lekbibaj]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Tirana chicken|Tirana]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Tropoja Pac]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Yerevanian]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>

===Australia===
* [[Australorp]]
* [[Australian Langshan]]
* [[Australian Game chicken|Australian Game]]
* [[Australian Pit Game]]

===Austria===

* [[Altsteirer]]
* [[Sulmtaler]]

===Belgium===
[[File:Everbergse baardkriel.jpg|thumb|[[Barbu d'Everberg]] (Belgium)]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Ardennaise]] or Ardenner<ref name=vpbn>{{cite web |author=Rousseau, Jaak |title=Grandes volailles |lang=fr |department=Large poultry breeds |series=Association pour la Promotion des Animaux de Basse-cour Belges |website=telenet.be |url=http://users.telenet.be/jaak.rousseau/version_francaise/grote_hoenders/ARDENNER.HTM |url-status=dead |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923030018/http://users.telenet.be/jaak.rousseau/version_francaise/grote_hoenders/ARDENNER.HTM |archive-date=2018-09-23 }}</ref><ref name=vpbn2/> (both large and bantam)
* [[Ardenner Bolstaart]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Belgian Bearded d'Anvers]], Antwerp Belgian, Barbu d'Anvers or Antwerpse baardkriel<ref name=vpbn2>{{cite web |author=Rousseau, Jaak |title=Volailles naines |department=Dwarf poultry breeds |series=Association pour la Promotion des Animaux de Basse-cour Belges |website=telenet.be |lang=fr |url=http://users.telenet.be/jaak.rousseau/version_francaise/krielen/ardennerkriel.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923040246/http://users.telenet.be/jaak.rousseau/version_francaise/krielen/ardennerkriel.htm |archive-date=2018-09-23 }}</ref> ([[Bantam chicken|bantam]])
* [[Barbu de Boitsfort]] or Bosvoordse baardkriel<ref name=vpbn2/> (bantam)
* [[Barbu de Grubbe]] or Grubbe baardkriel<ref name=vpbn2/> (bantam)
* [[Belgian d'Everberg]], Barbu d'Everberg or Everbergse baardkriel<ref name=vpbn2/> (bantam)
* [[Barbu de Watermael]] or Watermaalse baardkriel<ref name=vpbn2/> (bantam)
* [[Bearded d'Uccle]], Barbu d'Uccle or Ukkelse baardkriel<ref name=vpbn2/> (bantam)
* [[Bassette Liégeoise]]<ref name=vpbn2/> (bantam)
* [[Brabanter]], Brabançonne or Brabants hoen<ref name=vpbn/><ref name=vpbn2/> (large and bantam)
* [[Braekel]] or Brakel<ref name=vpbn/><ref name=vpbn2/> (large and bantam)
* [[Campine chicken|Campine]]
* [[Combattant de Bruges]] or Brugse vechter<ref name=vpbn/><ref name=vpbn2/> (large and bantam)
* [[Combattant de Liège]] or Luikse vechter<ref name=vpbn/><ref name=vpbn2/> (large and bantam)
* [[Combattant de Tirlemont]] or Tiense vechter<ref name=vpbn/><ref name=vpbn2/> (large and bantam)
* [[Coucou d'Izegem]] or Izegemse koekoek<ref name=vpbn/>
* [[Coucou des Flandres]] or Vlaanderse koekoek<ref name=vpbn/>
* [[Famennoise]] or Famennehoen<ref name=vpbn/><ref name=vpbn2/> (large and bantam)
* [[Fauve de Hesbaye]] or Gele van Haspengouw<ref name=vpbn/>
* [[Fauve de Mehaigne]] or Gele van Mehaigne<ref name=vpbn2/> (bantam)
* [[Herve chicken|Herve]] or Hervehoen<ref name=vpbn/><ref name=vpbn2/> (large and bantam)
* [[Huttegem]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Malines chicken|Malines]] or Mechels hoen<ref name=vpbn/><ref name=vpbn2/> (large and bantam)
* [[Mechelse kalkoenkop]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Naine belge]] or Belgische kriel<ref name=vpbn2/> (bantam)
* [[Naine de Waes]] or Waasse kriel<ref name=vpbn2/> (bantam)
* [[Naine du Tournaisis]] or Doornikse kriel<ref name=vpbn2/> (bantam)
* [[Pondeuse de Zingem]] or Zingems leghoen<ref name=vpbn/>
* [[Poule d'Aarschot]] or Aarschots hoen<ref name=vpbn/>
* [[Poule de la vallée de la Zwalm]] or Hoen van de Zwalmvallei<ref name=vpbn/>
* [[Poule de Zottegem]] or Zottegems hoen<ref name=vpbn/>
* [[Zingems vleeshoen]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
}}

===Brazil===

* [[Índio Gigante Chicken|Índio Gigante]]

===Bulgaria===
[[File:Black shumen male.jpg|thumb|[[Black Shumen chicken|Black Shumen cock]]]]
* [[Black Shumen chicken|Black Shumen]]
* [[Stara Zagora Red|Starozagorska Red]]

===Canada===

* [[Chantecler chicken|Chantecler]]
* [[Red Shaver]]

===Chile===

* [[Araucana]]

===China===
[[File:Ornamental hen444.jpg|thumb|[[Silkie]] hen]]
Breeds listed in [[DAD-IS]]:{{r|dad-china}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Anyi Grey]]
* [[Baicheng You]]
* [[Baier Buff]]
* [[Baier Yellow]]
* [[Bashing Long-tail]]
* [[Beijing White]]
* [[Beijing You]]
* [[Bian (chicken)|Bian]]
* [[Bian – Nei-Mong]]
* [[Chahua]]
* [[Changshun Blue-eggshell]]
* [[Chengkou Mountain]]
* [[Chongren Partridge]]
* [[Dagu (chicken)|Dagu]]
* [[Daninghe]]
* [[Dawei Shan Mini]]
* [[Dehua Black]]
* [[Dongxiang Green]]
* [[Dong'an (chicken)|Dong'an]]
* [[Dulong (chicken)|Dulong]]
* [[Dwarf Small Buff]]
* [[Emei Black]]
* [[Erh-Mei]]
* [[Fuyun Black]]
* [[Guangxi Black-bone]]
* [[Guangxi Partridge]]
* [[Guangxi Sanhuang]]
* [[Guangyuan Gray]]
* [[Guping]]
* [[Gushi (chicken)|Gushi]]
* [[Haidong (chicken)|Haidong]]
* [[Henan Fighting]]
* [[Hetian (chicken)|Hetian]]
* [[Hetian Black]]
* [[Hongshan (chicken)|Hongshan]]
* [[Hua-Tung]]
* [[Huaibei Partridge]]
* [[Huainan Sanhuang]]
* [[Huaixiang]]
* [[Huanglang]]
* [[Huangshan Black]]
* [[Huiyang Bearded]]
* [[Jiangcun Buff]]
* [[Jianghan (chicken)|Jianghan]]
* [[Jiangshan Silkie]]
* [[Jingmen Black-feather and Blue-eggshell]]
* [[Jingxin Buff]]
* [[Jingyang (chicken)|Jingyang]]
* [[Jingyuan (chicken)|Jingyuan]]
* [[Jinhu Black-bone]]
* [[Jining Bairi]]
* [[Jinyang Silkie]]
* [[Jiujin Yellow]]
* [[Jiuyuan Black]]
* [[Kangdar Buff]]
* [[Kangle (chicken)|Kangle]]
* [[Langshan (chicken)|Langshan]]
* [[Langyu]]
* [[Lanping Silkie]]
* [[Liangshanya Ying]]
* [[Lindian (chicken)|Lindian]]
* [[Lingkun]]
* [[Linnan Buff]]
* [[Lintao (chicken)|Lintao]]
* [[Liyang (chicken)|Liyang]]
* [[Long-leg]]
* [[Longsheng Feng]]
* [[Lueyang (chicken)|Lueyang]]
* [[Luning (chicken)|Luning]]
* [[Lushi (chicken)|Lushi]]
* [[Luxi Fighting]]
* [[Luyuan (chicken)|Luyuan]]
* [[Macheng Blue-eggshell]]
* [[Minqing Booted]]
* [[Miyi (chicken)|Miyi]]
* [[Muchuan Black Silkie]]
* [[Nandanyao]]
* [[New Langshan]]
* [[New Pudong]]
* [[New Yangzhou]]
* [[Ningdu Sanhuang]]
* [[Nixi (chicken)|Nixi]]
* [[Pengxian Buff]]
* [[Piao (chicken)|Piao]]
* [[Pudong (chicken)|Pudong]]
* [[Qiandongnan Xiao Xiang]]
* [[Qingyuan Partridge]]
* [[Rugao Yellow]]
* [[Shanbei (chicken)|Shanbei]]
* [[Shimian Caoke]]
* [[Short-leg]]
* [[Shouguang (chicken)|Shouguang]]
* [[Shuanglian (chicken)|Shuanglian]]
* [[Silkie]]
* [[Silkie – Ju-Chi]]
* [[Taibai (chicken)|Taibai]]
* [[Taihang (chicken)|Taihang]]
* [[Taihu (chicken)|Taihu]]
* [[Taiwan Country Breed]]
* [[Taliu Black-bone]]
* [[Taoyuan (chicken)|Taoyuan]]
* [[Tengchong Snow]]
* [[Theen-Yee]]
* [[Tianchang Yellow]]
* [[Tibetan (chicken)|Tibetan]]
* [[Turpan (chicken)|Turpan]]
* [[Wanbei Game]]
* [[Weining (chicken)|Weining]]
* [[Wenchang (chicken)|Wenchang]]
* [[Wenshang Patterned]]
* [[Wuding (chicken)|Wuding]]
* [[Wuhua (chicken)|Wuhua]]
* [[Wuliangshang Black–bone]]
* [[Wumeng Silkie]]
* [[Wuwei (chicken)|Wuwei]]
* [[Xiangdong (chicken)|Xiangdong]]
* [[Xianju (chicken)|Xianju]]
* [[Xiaoshan (chicken)|Xiaoshan]]
* [[Xiayan]]
* [[Xichuan Black-bone]]
* [[Xinghua (chicken)|Xinghua]]
* [[Xingwen Silkie]]
* [[Xinxin Dwarf Buff]]
* [[Xinxing Buff]]
* [[Xinyang Brown Egg]]
* [[Xishuangbanna Fighting]]
* [[Xuanzhou (chicken)|Xuanzhou]]
* [[Xuefeng Black-bone]]
* [[Yangshan (chicken)|Yangshan]]
* [[Yanjin Silkie]]
* [[Yantai Sankang]]
* [[Yugan Silkie]]
* [[Yunlong Short-leg]]
* [[Yunyang Large]]
* [[Yunyang Silkie]]
* [[Zhangzhou Fighting]]
* [[Zhengyang Sanhuang]]
* [[Zhongshan Shalan]]
* [[Zhuxiang]]
}}

===Croatia===
[[File:47. izložba malih životinja u Nedelišću 13.01.2024. - pijetao pasmine Međimurska kokoš.jpg|thumb|[[Međimurje Chicken]] cock]]
[[File:Kruppert Cubalaya cropped.JPG|thumb|Cubalaya]]
* [[Hrvatica chicken|Hrvatica]] (Croatian Hen, Kokoš Hrvatica)<ref>{{cite report |title=Croatia Country Report |year=2009 |series=European RFP |website=rfp-europe.org |url=http://www.rfp-europe.org/fileadmin/SITE_ERFP/country_reports/Crotia/CR_Croatia_2009.pdf }}</ref>
* [[Međimurje chicken|Međimurska kokoš]] ([[Međimurje]] Chicken, Međimurje Hen)<ref>{{cite web |title=Međimurska kokoš |department=Poultry |website=agroportal.hr |date=4 March 2020 |url=https://www.agroportal.hr/peradarstvo/33557 |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref>

===Cuba===

* [[Cubalaya]]

===Cyprus===
*[[Cypriot chicken]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

===Czech Republic===

* [[Czech gold brindle chicken]]{{efn|[[Czech language]] names [[Czech gold brindle chicken]] include ''Česká slepice zlatě kropenatá'', ''Česká zlatá kropenka'', and ''Češka''.<ref name=EAAP-2009-Gardianova/><ref name=Czech-chicken-breeds/>}}<ref name=EAAP-2009-Gardianova>{{cite conference |title=Gardianova |series=Papers |volume=01 |conference=EAAP Annual Meeting |year=2009 |place=Barcelona, ES |website=eaap.org |url=http://www.eaap.org/Previous_Annual_Meetings/2009Barcelona/Papers/01_Gardianova.pdf |access-date=2012-08-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525213818/http://www.eaap.org/Previous_Annual_Meetings/2009Barcelona/Papers/01_Gardianova.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Biodiversity in the Czech Republic |department=Animal genetic resources |website=Enrin.grida.no |url=http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/czechrep/geneticr/animalsg.htm |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192509/http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/czechrep/geneticr/animalsg.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Czech-chicken-breeds>{{cite web |title=Czech chicken breeds |website=ceske-slepice.eu |url=http://www.ceske-slepice.eu |access-date=1 January 2012}}</ref>
* [[Šumava chicken]] or ''Šumavanka''<ref name=Czech-chicken-breeds/>

===Egypt===
[[File:Crevecoeur chicken.JPG|thumb|[[Crèvecœur chicken|Crèvecœur]]]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Alexandria chicken|Alexandria]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Arbrikers]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Bahig]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Bandara chicken|Bandara]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Boffen]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Dandarawi]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Dokki 4]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Baladi Beheri]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Fayoumi]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Gimmizah]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Golden Montazah]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Hawara chicken|Hawara]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Inshas]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Iven chicken|Iven]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Kherbis]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Mandarah]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Matrouh]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Salam chicken|Salam]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Silver Montazah]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Sinai chicken|Sinai]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
}}

===Finland===

[[File:La Flèche close-up.jpg|thumb|[[La Flèche chicken|La Flèche]]]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* Alho<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=mtt>{{cite conference |last=Nikkonen |first=Terhi |date=2011-06-14 |df=dmy-all |title=Finnish AnGR conservation programme: What and how? |department=MTT Agrifood Research Finland |conference=Workshop 14 June 2011 |series=Seminars |via=[[Wageningen University & Research]], Wageningen, NL |website=documents.plant.wur.nl |url=http://documents.plant.wur.nl/cgn/seminars/Workshop20110614/Finnish%20AnGR%20conservation%20programme%20What%20and%20how.pdf |access-date=1 January 2012}}</ref>
* Häme<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=mtt/>
* Hornio<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=mtt/>
* Iitti<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=mtt/>
* Ilmajoki<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=mtt/>
* Jalasjärvi<ref name=mtt/>
* Jussila<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=mtt/>
* Kiuruvesi<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=mtt/>
* Lindellin<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=mtt/>
* Luumäki<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=mtt/>
* [[Maatiaiskana]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Finnish National Animal Genetic Resources Program |department=Each country's efforts / Nordic conservation |series=InnehĂĽll / Farm Animals |publisher=Nordic Genetic Resource Center |website=Nordgen.org |url=http://www.nordgen.org/index.php/en/content/view/full/1869 |access-date=1 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122002555/http://nordgen.org/index.php/en/content/view/full/1869 |archive-date=2012-01-22 }}</ref>
* Piikkiö<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=mtt/>
* Savitaipale<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=mtt/>
* Tyrnävä<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=mtt/>
}}

===France===
[[File:Faverolles cock and hen close-up.jpg|thumb|[[Faverolles chicken|Faverolles]]]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Aquitaine chicken|Aquitaine]]<ref name=ffv>{{cite web |title=French fowl |series=Fédération française des volailles |publisher=Volaille Poultry |website=pagesperso-orange.fr |url=http://volaillepoultry.pagesperso-orange.fr/franc2.html |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305090132/http://volaillepoultry.pagesperso-orange.fr/franc2.html |archive-date=2016-03-05 }}</ref>
* [[Ardeale]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Ardennaise]] or Sans-queue des Ardennes<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Barbezieux chicken|Barbezieux]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Blanzac chicken|Blanzac]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Bourbonnaise (chicken)|Bourbonnaise]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Bourbourg chicken|Bourbourg]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Bresse Gauloise]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Caumont chicken|Caumont]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Caussade chicken|Caussade]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Charollaise]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Cocherelle]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Combattant du Nord]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Contres chicken|Contres]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Cotentine]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Coucou des Flandres]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Coucou de France]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Coucou de Rennes]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Coucou Picarde]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Coucou Soie]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Cou-nu du Forez]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Courtes-Pattes]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Crèvecœur chicken|Crèvecœur]]
* [[Estaires chicken|Estaires]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Faverolles chicken|Faverolles]] clair (light)<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Faverolles chicken|Faverolles]] foncée (dark, or "German" Faverolles)<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Favoris]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Gasconne chicken|Gasconne]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Gâtinaise]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Gauloise dorée]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Géline de Touraine]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Gournay chicken|Gournay]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Hergnies chicken|Hergnies]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Houdan chicken|Houdan]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Ivanaise]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Janzé chicken|Janzé]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Javanaise]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[La Flèche chicken|La Flèche]]
* [[Landaise]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Le Mans chicken|Le Mans]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Le Merlerault chicken|Le Merlerault]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Meusienne]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Limousine (coq de pêche)]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Lyonnaise chicken|Lyonnaise]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Mantes chicken|Mantes]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Marans]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Noire du Berry]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Noire de Challans]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Pavilly chicken|Pavilly]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Poule d'Alsace]]<ref name=ffv/>
* [[Poule de Caux]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Poule de Marquise]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Poule de Saint-Omer]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Poule des Courrières]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* Poule des haies, see Ardennaise<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Provençale]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
}}

===Germany===
[[File:Tab47 Hühner (Geflügel-Album, Jean Bungartz, 1885).jpg|thumb| The oldest German breed, the [[Bergische Kräher]], (illustration by Jean Bungartz, 1885) ]]
[[File:Phoenix rooster and hen.jpg|thumb| The longtailed [[Phoenix chicken|Phoenix]], a German breed derived from the Japanese [[Onagadori]]. ]]
[[File:Bielefelder-kennhuhn.jpg|thumb| The [[auto-sexing]] [[Bielefelder Kennhuhn|Bielefelder]], created in the 70s ]]

====Large breeds====
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Augsburger]]<ref name=bdrg>{{cite web |title=Hühner 2011 |department=Chickens 2011 |series=Bund Deutscher Rassegeflügelzüchter |lang=de |url=http://www.bdrg.de/mediaarchiv/grab_pic.php?id=105194 |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225703/https://www.bdrg.de/mediaarchiv/grab_pic.php?id=105194 |archive-date=2016-03-05}}</ref><ref name=ee>{{cite web |title=Listing of European poultry breeds and colours [for] 2013 |lang=de |website=entente-ee.com |url=http://www.entente-ee.com/deutsch/sparten/gefluegel/dateien/2013/Verzeichnis%20R%20F%2028042013.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616062803/http://www.entente-ee.com/deutsch/sparten/gefluegel/dateien/2013/Verzeichnis%20R%20F%2028042013.xls |archive-date=2013-06-16 }}</ref>
* [[Bergische Kräher]],<ref name=bdrg/><ref name=ee/>
* [[Bergische Schlotterkämme]]<ref name=bdrg/><ref name=ee/>
* [[Bielefelder Kennhuhn]]<ref name=bdrg/><ref name=ee/>
* Deutsches Lachshuhn,<ref name=bdrg/> see [[Faverolles chicken|Faverolles]]<ref name=ee/>
* Deutsche Langschan,<ref name=bdrg/> see [[German Langshan]]<ref name=ee/>
* [[Deutsches Reichshuhn]]<ref name=bdrg/><ref name=ee/>
* [[Deutsche Sperber]]<ref name=bdrg/><ref name=ee/>
* [[Dresdner chicken|Dresdner]]<ref name=bdrg/><ref name=ee/>
* [[German creeper]]<ref name=bdrg/><ref name=ee/>
* Hamburger,<ref name=bdrg/> see [[Hamburg chicken|Hamburg]]<ref name=ee/>
* [[Kraienköppe]] (Twents hoen)<ref name=ee/>
* Lakenfelder,<ref name=bdrg/> see [[Lakenvelder chicken|Lakenvelder]]<ref name=ee/>
* Nackthalshühner, see [[Naked-neck chicken|Naked-neck]]<ref name=ee/>
* [[Niederrheiner]]<ref name=bdrg/><ref name=ee/>
* Ostfriesische Möwen,<ref name=bdrg/><ref name=ee/> see [[East Frisian Gull]]
* [[Pfälzer Kämpfer]]<ref name=ee/>
* [[Phoenix chicken|Phoenix]]<ref name=ee/>
* [[Ramelsloher]]<ref name=bdrg/><ref name=ee/>
* [[Rheinländer]]<ref name=bdrg/><ref name=ee/>
* [[Sachsenhuhn]]<ref name=bdrg/><ref name=ee/>
* Strupphuhn, see [[Frizzle chicken (breed)|Frizzle]]<ref name=ee/>
* Sultanhuhn, see [[Sultan chicken|Sultan]]<ref name=ee/>
* [[Sundheimer]]<ref name=bdrg/><ref name=ee/>
* [[Thüringer Barthuhn]]<ref name=bdrg/><ref name=ee/>
* [[Vogtländer]]<ref name=bdrg/><ref name=ee/>
* Vorwerkhuhn,<ref name=bdrg/> see [[Vorwerk chicken|Vorwerk]]<ref name=ee/>
* Westfälische Totleger,<ref name=bdrg/><ref name=ee/> see [[Westphalian chicken]]
}}

====Bantam breeds====
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Bergische Zwerg-Kräher]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2>{{cite web |title=Zwerghühner 2011 |department=Dwarf chickens 2011 |series=Bund Deutscher Rassegeflügelzüchter |type=media archive |website=bdrg.de |lang=de |url=http://www.bdrg.de/mediaarchiv/grab_pic.php?id=105195 |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321080721/https://www.bdrg.de/mediaarchiv/grab_pic.php?id=105195 |archive-date=2016-03-21 }} </ref>
* [[Bergische Zwerg-Schlotterkämme]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* [[Bielefelder Zwerg-Kennhühner]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* [[Brügger Zwerg-Kämpfer]]<ref name=bdrg2/>
* [[Deutsche Zwerghühner]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* Deutsche Zwerg-Lachshühner,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Faverolle Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* Deutsche Zwerg-Langschan,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[German Langshan Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* [[Deutsche Zwerg-Reichshühner]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* [[Deutsche Zwerg-Sperber]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* [[Frankfurter Zwerghühner]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* [[Ostfriesische Zwerg-Möwen]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* [[Ruhlaer Zwerg-Kaulhühner]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* [[Siamesisches Zwerg-Seidenhühner]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* [[Thüringer Zwerg-Barthühner]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* [[Zwerg-Altsteirer]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* [[Zwerg-Amrocks]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* Zwerg-Andalusier,<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Andalusian chicken|Andalusian]]<ref name=ee/>
* [[Zwerg-Araucana]],<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Rumpless Araucana Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Asil,<ref name=ee/> see [[Asil Bantam]]
* Zwerg-Augsburger,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Augsburger Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Australorps,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Australorp Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Barnevelder,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Barnevelder Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Brahma,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Brahmas]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Brakel,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Brakel Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Créve Coeur,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Crevecoeur Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Dominikaner,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Dominique Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* [[Zwerg-Dresdner]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* Zwerg-Hamburger, see [[Hamburg Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Italiener,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Leghorn Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* [[Zwerg-Kastilianer]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* [[Zwerg-Krüper]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* Zwerg-La Fléche,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[La Fleche Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Lakenfelder,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Lakenfelder Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Minorka,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Minorca Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Nackthalshühner,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Naked-neck chicken|Naked-neck]] bantam
* Zwerg-New Hampshire see [[New Hampshire Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* [[Zwerg-Niederrheiner]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* Zwerg-Orloff,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Orloff Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Orpinglon<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Orpington Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Phönix,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Phoenix chicken|Phoenix]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Plymouth Rocks,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Plymouth Rock Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* [[Zwerg-Rheinländer]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* [[Zwerg-Rhodeländer]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* [[Zwerg-Sachsenhühner]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* Zwerg-Sulmtaler,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Sulmtaler Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* [[Zwerg-Sundheimer]]<ref name=ee/><ref name=bdrg2/>
* Zwerg-Sussex,<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Sussex Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Vorwerkhühner<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Vorwerk Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Welsumer<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Welsumer Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Yokohama<ref name=bdrg2/> see [[Yokohama Bantam]]<ref name=ee/>
}}

===Greece===

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Alonissos island chicken]]<ref name=arca-net>{{cite web |title=Alonissos island chicken |quote=local name 'double-yolk chicken' |series=Breed Atlas |volume=135 |website=Arca-Net.info |url=http://www.arca-net.info/admin/breedatlas/BA_detail.asp?id=135 |url-status=dead |access-date=2023-09-01 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212011043/http://www.arca-net.info/admin/breedatlas/BA_detail.asp?id=135 |archive-date=2019-12-12 }}</ref>
* [[Chios Fighting chicken]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Chios fighting chicken |quote=local name 'Nysiriotiko' |series=Breed Atlas |volume=144 |website=Arca-Net.info |url=http://www.arca-net.info/admin/breedatlas/BA_detail.asp?id=144 |url-status=dead |access-date=2023-09-01 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172942/http://www.arca-net.info/admin/breedatlas/BA_detail.asp?id=144 |archive-date=2015-09-23 }}</ref>
* [[Follidotes chicken]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Follidotes chicken |series=Breed Atlas |volume=139 |website=Arca-Net.info |url=http://www.arca-net.info/admin/breedatlas/BA_detail.asp?id=139 |url-status=dead |access-date=2023-09-01 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172939/http://www.arca-net.info/admin/breedatlas/BA_detail.asp?id=139 |archive-date=2015-09-23 }}</ref>
* [[Kalamata chicken]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalamata chicken |series=Breed Atlas |volume=136 |website=Arca-Net.info |url=http://www.arca-net.info/admin/breedatlas/BA_detail.asp?id=136 |url-status=dead |access-date=2023-09-01 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212011045/http://www.arca-net.info/admin/breedatlas/BA_detail.asp?id=136 |archive-date=2019-12-12 }}</ref>
* [[Pomak Fighting chicken]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Pomak fighting chicken |series=Breed Atlas |volume=143 |website=Arca-Net.info |url=http://www.arca-net.info/admin/breedatlas/BA_detail.asp?id=143 |url-status=dead |access-date=2023-09-01 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172940/http://www.arca-net.info/admin/breedatlas/BA_detail.asp?id=143 |archive-date=2015-09-23 }}</ref>
* [[Lesvos Fillianes chicken]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lesvos Fillianes chicken |series=Breed Atlas |volume=138 |website=Arca-Net.info |url=http://www.arca-net.info/admin/breedatlas/BA_detail.asp?id=138 |url-status=dead |access-date=2023-09-01 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172937/http://www.arca-net.info/admin/breedatlas/BA_detail.asp?id=138 |archive-date=2015-09-23 }}</ref>
* [[Trikala chicken]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Trikala chicken |quote=local name ''Gyftokokoras'' ("gypsy chicken") |series=Breed Atlas |volume=145 |website=Arca-Net.info |url=http://www.arca-net.info/admin/breedatlas/BA_detail.asp?id=145 |url-status=dead |access-date=2023-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172943/http://www.arca-net.info/admin/breedatlas/BA_detail.asp?id=145 |archive-date=2015-09-23 }}</ref>
}}

===Iceland===
* [[Icelandic chicken]]

===India===
[[File:RidleysHead.jpg|thumb|[[Asil chicken|Aseel]], a fighting breed]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Ankaleshwar]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Asil chicken|Aseel]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Busra chicken|Busra]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Cari Gold]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Danki]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Daothigir]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Debendra]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Desi Murgi or Nati Kohli]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Dhanraja]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Ghagus]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Giriraja]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Gramalakshmi]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Gramapriya]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Kadaknath]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Kalasthi]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Kalinga Brown]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Kashmir Faverolla]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Krishna-J]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Miri chicken|Miri]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Mrityunjay chicken|Mrityunjay]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Nicobari]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Punjab Brown]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Siru vidai]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Tellicherry chicken|Tellicherry]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Vanaraja]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Yamuna chicken|Yamuna]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
}}

===Indonesia===
[[File:Blauwe sumatra.jpg|thumb| [[Sumatra chicken|Sumatra cock]]]]
[[File:Ayam_Cemani_Rooster.jpg|thumb|{{center| [[Ayam Cemani]]}}]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Ayam Cemani]]
* [[Bantam (poultry)|Bantam]] (known as ''Ayam Kate'' in [[Indonesia]])
* [[Bekisar]] (interspecific hybrid)
* [[Ayam Ketawa|Ketawa]]
* [[Sumatra chicken]]
* [[Ayam Kedu|Kedu]] (nationally standardized)
* [[Sentul chicken|Sentul]] (nationally standardized)
* [[Kokok Balenggek]] (nationally standardized)
* [[Ayam Pelung|Pelung]] (long-crower from West Java, locally standardized)
}}

===Iran===
[[File:Russian Orloff in winter.jpg|thumb|Iranian [[Orloff chicken|Orloff]] breed]]
* [[Manx Rumpy]] (or Rumpless Game)
* [[Orloff chicken|Orloff]]{{r|ekarius|percy|p2=17}}
* Black Azerbaijan (or Marandi)

===Italy===
[[File:ARS-White Leghorn hen.jpg|thumb| [[Leghorn chicken|Leghorn]] hen ]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Ancona chicken|Ancona]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Bianca di Saluzzo]]<ref name=agraria>{{cite web |title=Atlante delle razze * di polli |lang=it |trans-title=Atlas of chicken breeds |website=agraria.org |access-date=1 January 2012 |url=http://www.agraria.org/polli.htm }}</ref>
* [[Bionda Piemontese]]<ref name=agraria/>
* [[Ciuffine Ghigi]]<ref name=agraria/>
* [[Collo Nudo Italiano]]<ref name=agraria/>
* [[Ermellinata di Rovigo]]<ref name=agraria/>
* Livorno, see [[Leghorn chicken|Leghorn]]<ref name=agraria/>
* [[Mericanel della Brianza]]<ref name=agraria/>
* [[Millefiori di Lonigo]]<ref name=agraria/>
* [[Millefiori Piemontese]]<ref name=agraria/>
* [[Modenese chicken|Modenese]]<ref name=agraria/>
* [[Mugellese]]<ref name=agraria/>
* [[Padovana chicken|Padovana]]<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=agraria/>
* [[Padovana Riccia]]<ref name=agraria/>
* [[Pepoi]]<ref name=agraria/>
* [[Polverara chicken|Polverara]]<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=agraria/>
* [[Robusta Lionata]]<ref name=agraria/>
* [[Robusta Maculata]]<ref name=agraria/>
* [[Romagnola chicken|Romagnola]]<ref name=agraria/>
* [[Siciliana chicken|Siciliana]]<ref name=agraria/>
* [[Sicilian Buttercup]]
* [[Valdarno chicken|Valdarno]]<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=agraria/>
* [[Valdarnese]]<ref name=agraria/>
}}

===Japan===

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Daigiri-Shamo]]{{r|angrin}}
* [[Echigo-Nankin-Shamo]]{{r|angrin}}
* [[Ehime-Jidori]]{{r|angrin}}
* [[Ekoku]]{{r|faojapan}}
* [[Gan-Dori]]{{r|angrin}} or Gankei{{r|faojapan}}
* [[Gifu-Jidori]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Hinai-Dori]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Hiroshima-Tsuuji]]{{r|angrin}}
* [[Ingie]]{{r|angrin}} or Ingii-Dori{{r|faojapan}}
* [[Ise-Jidori]]{{r|faojapan}}
* [[Iwate-Jidori]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Izumo (chicken)|Izumo]]{{r|angrin}}
* [[Japanese Bantam]] or Chabo{{r|angrin}}
* [[Jisuri]]{{r|angrin}}
* [[Jitokko]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Kawachi-Yakko]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Kinpa]]{{r|angrin}} or Kinpachi-Dori{{r|faojapan}}
* [[Koeyoshi]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Ko-Shamo]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Kumamoto (chicken)|Kumamoto]]{{r|angrin}} or Kumamotoshu{{r|faojapan}}
* [[Kureko-Dori]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Kuro-Kashiwa]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Mie-Jidori]]{{r|angrin}}
* [[Mikawa (chicken)|Mikawa]]{{r|angrin}} or Mikawashu{{r|faojapan}}
* [[Minohiki]]{{r|angrin}} or Minohiki-Dori{{r|faojapan}}
* [[Miyaji-Dori]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Nagoya (chicken)|Nagoya]]{{r|angrin}} or Nagoyashu{{r|faojapan}}
* [[Nankin-Shamo]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Ohiki]]{{r|angrin}}
* [[Oh-Shamo]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Okinawa-Hige-Jidori]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Onagadori]]{{r|faojapan}} or Tosa-Onagadori{{r|angrin}}
* [[Sado-Hige-Jidori]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Satsumadori]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Shibattori]]{{r|angrin}} or Shiba-Dori{{r|faojapan}}
* [[Shoukoku]]{{r|angrin}} or Oguni-Dori{{r|faojapan}}
* [[Tokara-Jidori]]{{r|angrin}}
* [[Tokuji-Jidori]]{{r|angrin}}
* [[Tomaru]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Tosa-Kojidori]]{{r|angrin}}
* [[Tosa-Kukin]]{{r|angrin}} or Tosa-Cochin{{r|faojapan}}
* [[Tosa-Jidori]]{{r|faojapan}}
* [[Totenko]]{{r|angrin}} or Totenko-Dori{{r|faojapan}}
* [[Tsushima-Jidori]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Ukokkei]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
* [[Utaicharn]]{{r|angrin}} or Utai-Chahn{{r|faojapan}}
* [[Uzurao]]{{r|angrin}}
* [[Yakido]],{{r|angrin}} Ygido or Hachikido{{r|faojapan}}
* [[Yamato-Shamo]]{{r|angrin|faojapan}}
}}

===Korea===
*[[Chunggye]]
*[[Jangmigye]]
*[[Korean Native chicken]]
[[File:White Korean native cock and hen.jpg|thumb|White Korean native pair]]

===Kosovo===
* [[Kosova Long-crowing]] (also called ''Tringjyrshet Kosov'')
[[File:In Fond Memory - Kokoq.jpg|thumb|Malaysian [[serama]]]]

===Malaysia===
* [[Ayam Kampung|Kampung]]
* [[Malay chicken|Malay]]
* [[Serama]]

===Mariana Islands===
* [[Saipan Jungle Fowl]]

===Myanmar===
* [[Burmese chicken|Burmese]]
* [[Burmese Asil|Pama Game]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

===Netherlands===
[[File:BarnevelderTrio.jpg|thumb| [[Barnevelder]]s ]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Assendelfts Hoen]] (large and bantam)<ref name=nhdb>{{cite web |title=Hoenders en dwerghoenders |department=Chickens and dwarf chickens |series=Nederlandse Bond van Hoender, Dwerghoender, Sier- en Watervogelhouders |lang=nl |url=http://www.nhdb.nl/Hoenders/ |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717151929/http://www.nhdb.nl/Hoenders/ |archive-date=2007-07-17 }}</ref>
* [[Barnevelder]] (large and bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
* [[Brabanter]] (large and bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
* [[Chaamse hoenders]]<ref name=nhdb/>
* [[Drents Hoen]] (large and bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
* [[Eikenburgerkriel]] (bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
* [[Fries Hoen]] (large and bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
* [[Friesian chicken|Friesian]]
* [[Groninger Meeuw]] (large and bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
* Hollandse Kriel, see [[Dutch Bantam]] (bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
* [[Hollandse Kuifhoen]] (large and bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
* Hollands Hoen (large and bantam), see [[Hamburg chicken]] (large and bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
* [[Kraaikop]] (large and bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
* [[Lakenvelder chicken|Lakenvelder]] (large and bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
* [[Nederlandse Baardkuifhoen]] (large and bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
* Nederlandse Sabelpootkriel, see Dutch [[Booted Bantam]] (bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
* [[Nederlandse Uilebaard]] (large and bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
* Noord Hollands Hoen or Noord-Hollandse Blauwe, see [[North Holland Blue]] (large and bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
* [[Schijndelaar]]<ref name=nhdb/>
* [[Kraienköppe|Twents Hoen]] (large and bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
* [[Welsummer]] (large and bantam)<ref name=nhdb/>
}}

===Norway===
* [[Norwegian Jærhøne]]

===Pakistan===

* [[Asil chicken|Asil]] (or Aseel)<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Desi chicken|Sindhi]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* Misri{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
* [[Lyallpur Silver black]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>

===Philippines===
{{See also|List of native Philippine chicken breeds}}
* [[Banaba chicken|Banaba]]<ref name=dadphil>{{cite web |title=Chicken breeds reported by Philippines |series=[[Domestic Animal Diversity Information System]] of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] |website=dad.fao.org |url=http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=6e3161947ff6930b8cfda87d32a3880e,reportsreport12_50000163_50000047 |access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=searca>{{cite report |first1=Feleciano R. |last1=Bejar |first2=Manuel J. |last2=Baylon |first3=Jaime B. |last3=Fabillar |first4=Lagrito Ebert B. |last4=Mante |first5=Arturo A. |last5=Ultra |first6=Reynaldo R. |last6=Aquino |first7=Elvie T. |last7=Bejar |year=2012 |title=Management Practices and Morphological Characterization of Indigenous (Native) Chickens in Samar Province |series=Agriculture & Development Discussion Paper |volume=2012-3 |website=searca.org |publisher=[[Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture]] |place=Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines |url=http://www.searca.org/index.php/discussion-paper/630-management-practices-and-morphological-characterization-of-indigenous-native-chickens-in-samar-province |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140615100041/http://www.searca.org/index.php/discussion-paper/630-management-practices-and-morphological-characterization-of-indigenous-native-chickens-in-samar-province |archive-date=2014-06-15 }}</ref>
* [[Bolinao chicken|Bolinao]]<ref name=dadphil/><ref name=searca/>
* [[Camarines chicken|Camarines]]<ref name=dadphil/><ref name=searca/>
* [[Darag]]<ref name=dadphil/><ref name=searca/>
* [[Paraoakan]] or Parawakan<ref name=dadphil/><ref name=searca/>

===Poland===

* [[Polbar]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Zielononóżka Kuropatwiana]] (Green-legged Partridge)<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Polish chicken]]

===Portugal===

* [[Amarela]]<ref name=amiba>{{cite web |title=Aves |lang=pt |trans-title=Birds |series=Associação dos Criadores de Bovinos de Raça Barrosã |website=amiba.com.pt |url=http://www.amiba.com.pt/index.php?idm=12 |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121203634/http://www.amiba.com.pt/index.php?idm=12 |archive-date=2012-01-21 }} </ref>
* [[Preta Lusitânica]]<ref name=amiba/>
* [[Pedrês Portuguesa]]<ref name=amiba/>
* [[Branca]]<ref name=amiba/>

===Hungary===
[[File:Fekete erdélyi kopasznyakú kakas.jpg|thumb|[[Naked-neck chicken|Naked-neck]]]]
* [[Naked-neck chicken|Transylvanian Black Naked-neck]]
* [[Naked-neck chicken|Transylvanian White Naked-neck]]
* [[Naked-neck chicken|Transylvanian Hemp-spangled Naked-neck]]
* [[Yellow Hungarian chicken]]
* [[White Hungarian chicken]]
* [[Prisoner color Hungarian chicken]]
* [[Hemp-spangled Hungarian chicken]]
* [[Palóc naked-neck chicken]]
* [[Krédli chicken]]
* [[Baranya landrace chicken]]
* [[Mecseki Zengő chicken]]

===Russia===

* [[Russian Orloff]]
* [[Yurlov Crower]]

===Serbia===

* [[Banat Naked-neck]] (Banatski gološijan)<ref name=sremska>{{cite web |title=Banatski gološijan standard |lang=Serbian |publisher=Udruzenje za zastitu i odgoj sitnih zivotinja [Association for the protection and upbringing of small animals] |place=[[Sremska Mitrovica]] |url=http://www.mitrovica-udruzenje.com/banatski-golosijan-standard/ |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201140255/http://www.mitrovica-udruzenje.com/banatski-golosijan-standard/ |archive-date=2013-02-01 }}</ref>
* [[Sombor Kaporka]] (Somborska kaporka)<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Svrljig Black]] (Svrljiška kokoš)<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref>{{cite web |title=Svrljig Kokos |series=Balkan Network for Agrobiodiversity |website=agrobiodiversity.net |lang=Bosnian |url=http://www.agrobiodiversity.net/balkan/members/inc_BA_detail.asp?id=303&land=0 |access-date=1 January 2012}}</ref>

===Slovakia===

* [[Oravka chicken|Oravka]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>

===Slovenia===

*[[Styrian hen|Styrian Hen]] (or Altsteirer)<ref name=genska-banka>{{cite report |title=Slovenske avtohtone in tradicionalne pasme domačih živali |lang=sl |trans-title=Slovenian native and traditional breeds of farm animals |year=2014 |series=Oddelek za zootehniko, UL BF |website=genska-banka.si |url=http://www.genska-banka.si/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Brosura_avt_trad.pdf |access-date=22 Oct 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Holcman |first=Antonija |date=19 July 2021 |title=Styrian chickens |department=Poultry breeds / Breeds of Livestock |series=Department of Animal Science |publisher=[[Oklahoma State University]] |place=Stillwater, OK |website=afs.okstate.edu |url=http://afs.okstate.edu/breeds/poultry/chickens/styrian/index.html/ |access-date=2021-10-22 }}</ref>
* [[Slovenian Barred Hen]]<ref name=genska-banka/><ref name=Strelec-Terčič-etal-2009>{{cite journal |last1=Strelec |first1=Alenka |last2=Terčič |first2=Dušan |last3=Malovrh |first3=Špela |last4=Holcman |first4=Antonija |year=2009 |title=Prireja in fizikalne lastnosti jajc slovenskih tradicionalnih pasem kokoši lahkega tipa |lang=sl |trans-title=Preparation and physical properties of eggs of Slovenian traditional breeds of light-type hens |journal=Acta Agriculturae Slovenica |volume=1 |pages=5–12 |url=https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=307}}</ref>
*[[Slovene Late-feathered Hen]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Kobold |first=Primož |year=2017 |title=Primerjava proizvodnosti piščancev ross&nbsp;308 in slovensko pozno operjene kokoši v pogojih ekološke reje |lang=sl |trans-title=Comparison of productivity of Ross&nbsp;308 chickens vs. Slovenian late-plucked hens under organic farming conditions |website=dk.um.si |publisher=[[University of Maribor]] |place=Maribor, SL |url=https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=68136 |access-date=2021-12-05}}</ref>
* [[Slovenian Brown Hen]]<ref name=genska-banka/><ref name=Strelec-Terčič-etal-2009/>
* [[Slovenian Silver Hen]]<ref name=genska-banka/><ref name=Strelec-Terčič-etal-2009/>

===South Africa===

* [[Ovambo chicken|Ovambo]]<ref name=arc-agric-za>{{cite web |title=The indigenous poultry breeds of South Africa |series=Agricultural Research Council |publisher=Department of Agriculture |place=Pretoria, [[South Africa|ZA]] |url=http://www.arc.agric.za/home.asp?pid=2706 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928104918/http://www.arc.agric.za/home.asp?pid=2706 |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref>
* [[Potchefstroom Koekoek]]<ref name=arc-agric-za/>
* [[Venda chicken|Venda]]<ref name=arc-agric-za/>
* Boschveld{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

===Spain===
[[File:Rooster at Scottish poultry show.jpg|thumb|[[Minorca chicken|Minorca]] rooster]]
[[File:Gallu_pedres.jpg|thumb| A [[Pedresa|Cantabrian Pedresa]] rooster with no tail feathers ]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Andalusian chicken|Andalusian]], Andaluza Azul
* [[Cara Blanca]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Castilian chicken|Castilian]], [[Castellana Negra]]<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=marm/>
* [[Catalana]], Catalana Del Prat or Prat Leonada
* [[Empordanesa]]<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=marm/>
* [[Euskal oiloa]]<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=marm/>
* [[Extremaduran chicken|Extremaduran]], Extremeña Azul
* [[Indio de León]]<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=marm/>
* [[Gallina Mallorquina]]<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=marm/>
* [[Minorca chicken|Minorca]], Gallina Menorquina<ref name=marm/>
* [[Murciana]]<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=marm/>
* [[Galiña de Mos]]<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=marm/>
* [[Pardo de León]]<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=marm/>
* [[Penedesenca]]
* [[Pedresa]], Cuca, Franciscana or Cantabrian<ref name=pedres>{{cite web |title=Asociacion Cántabra ... |type=main page |publisher=Asociacion Cántabra para la Conservación y Fomento de la Gallina Pedresa |url=http://www.pedresa.es}}</ref>
* [[Piñeira (variety)|Piñeira]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Galo Hen - Arca del Gusto |url=https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/galo-galina-pineira-branca/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Slow Food Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Pita Pinta Asturiana]]
* [[Pitiüsa]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Spanish game chicken|Spanish fighter]], Combatiente español<ref name=marm/>
* [[Utrerana]]<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=marm/>
* [[Valenciana de Chulilla]]<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref name=marm>{{cite web |title=Catálogo oficial de razas de ganado de España |lang=es |trans-title=Official catalog of Spain's livestock breeds |department=Ganaderia [livestock] |place=Madrid, ES |publisher=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ganaderia/temas/zootecnia/razas-ganaderas/razas/catalogo-razas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925183127/https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ganaderia/temas/zootecnia/razas-ganaderas/razas/catalogo-razas/ |archive-date=25 September 2022}}</ref>
* [[White-Faced Black Spanish]]
}}

===Sweden===

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Åsbohöna]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Svarthöna|Bohuslän-Dals svarthöna]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Gotlandshöna]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Hedemorahöna]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Ölandshöns]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Öländsk dvärghöna]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Orusthöna]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Skånsk blommehöna]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Svensk dvärghöna]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Silverudd blue|Silverudd Blue/Isbar]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
}}

===Switzerland===
[[File:Appenzeller Spitzhauben trio.jpg|thumb| The [[Appenzeller Spitzhauben]], a rare Swiss crested breed ]]
* [[Appenzeller Barthuhn]],<ref name=ee/>
* [[Appenzeller Spitzhauben]],<ref name=ee/>
* [[Schweizer (chicken)|Schweizer]]<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-Appenzeller Barthuhn<ref name=ee/>
* Zwerg-[[Schweizer (chicken)|Schweizer]],<ref name=ee/>

===Taiwan===
* [[Taiwanese Game]]<ref name=FAO-DAD-Shamo/>

===Thailand===
* [[Gai Chon]]<ref name=FAO-DAD-Thai/>
* [[Gai Puen Muang]]<ref name=FAO-DAD-Thai/>
* [[Pradu Hang Dum]]<ref name=FAO-DAD-Thai/> or Pradu Hang Dam Chiangmai<ref>{{cite web |script-title=th:ไก่ประดู่หางดำเชียงใหม่ |title=Pradu Hang Dam Chiangmai |trans-title=Chiang Mai black-tailed Pradu chicken |lang=th |department=Chicken breed |series=Poultry Research and Development Section |publisher=Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Genetic Improvement, Department of Livestock Development |place=Thailand |url=http://www.dld.go.th/breeding/poultry/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133:pradu-hang-dam-chiangmai&catid=68:chicken-breed&Itemid=73 |url-status=dead |access-date=2014-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108110727/http://www.dld.go.th/breeding/poultry/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133:pradu-hang-dam-chiangmai&catid=68:chicken-breed&Itemid=73 |archive-date=2014-01-08 }}</ref>
* [[Thai Game]]{{r|roberts|p=296}}

===Turkey===
[[File:A White Sultan (chicken).jpg|thumb|Turkish [[Sultan chicken|Sultan]] breed]]
* [[Abaza chicken|Abaza]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Denizli chicken|Denizli]]<ref name=DAD-IS/><ref>{{cite web |title=Denizli rooster |lang=en |url=http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,36561/denizli-rooster.html |website=Kultur.Gov.Tr |series=Department of Culture and Tourism |publisher=Republic of Turkey |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
* [[Gerze chicken|Gerze]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Hacikadin]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Sultan chicken|Sultan]]

===Ukraine===
* [[Poltava (chicken)|Poltava]]

===United Kingdom===
[[File:Coq orpington fauve.JPG|thumb|A buff [[Orpington chicken|Orpington]] cock]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Brockbar]]{{r|allonby|p=v}}
* [[Brussbar]]{{r|allonby|p=v}}
* [[Cambar]]{{r|allonby|p=v}}
* [[Derbyshire Redcap]]
* [[Dorbar]]{{r|allonby|p=v}}
* [[Dorking chicken|Dorking]]
* [[Indian Game (poultry)|Indian Game]]
* [[Ixworth chicken|Ixworth]]
* [[Legbar]]{{r|allonby|p=v}}
* [[Marsh Daisy chicken|Marsh Daisy]]
* [[Modern Game chicken|Modern Game]]
* [[Modern Langshan]]
* [[Muffed Old English Game]]
* [[Norfolk Grey]]
* [[Old English Game fowl|Old English Game]]
* [[Old English Pheasant Fowl]]
* [[Orpington chicken|Orpington]]
* [[Rhodebar]]{{r|allonby|p=v}}
* [[Rosecomb]]
* [[Scots Dumpy]]
* [[Scots Grey]]
* [[Sebright chicken|Sebright]]
* [[Sussex chicken|Sussex]]
* [[Welbar]]{{r|allonby|p=v}}
* [[Wybar]]{{r|allonby|p=v}}
}}

===United States of America===

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Ameraucana]]
* [[American Game chicken|American Game]]
* [[American Long Crower]]
* [[Buckeye chicken|Buckeye]]
* [[Blue Hen of Delaware]]
* [[Brahma chicken|Brahma]]
* [[California Gray]]
* [[Delaware chicken|Delaware]]
* [[Dominique chicken|Dominique]]
* [[Holland chicken|Holland]]
* [[Iowa Blue]]
* [[Java chicken|Java]]
* [[Jersey Giant]]
* [[Lamona]]
* [[Leghorn chicken|Leghorn]]
* [[New Hampshire chicken|New Hampshire]]
* [[Plymouth Rock chicken|Plymouth Rock]] (or Barred Rock, Rock)
* [[Pyncheon chicken|Pyncheon]]
* [[Rhode Island Red]]
* [[Rhode Island White]]
* [[Wyandotte chicken|Wyandotte]]
}}

===Vietnam===

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* Ga Ac<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* Ga Choi<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Dong Tao chicken|Ga Dong Tao]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
*[[Gà Hồ]]<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* Ga Mia<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* Ga Mong<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Ga Noi]]
* Ga Ri<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* Ga Tau Vang<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* Ca To<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* Ga Tre Tan Chau<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* H'mong<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* Oke<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* Phu lu Te<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* Te<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* Tien Yen<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* Vanphu<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* Mong<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* Lac Thuy<ref name=DAD-IS/>
}}

==By primary use==
All chickens lay [[Egg (food)|eggs]], have edible [[meat]], and possess a unique appearance. However, distinct breeds are the result of selective breeding to emphasize certain traits. Any breed may be used for general [[agricultural]] purposes, and all breeds are shown to some degree. But each chicken breed is known for a primary use.

===Eggs===
[[File:Araucana hen showing ear tufts.jpg|thumb| [[Araucana]] ]]
Many breeds were selected and are used primarily for producing [[Egg (food)|eggs]], these are mostly light-weight birds whose hens do not go broody often.

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Ancona chicken|Ancona]]
* [[Andalusian chicken|Andalusian]]
* [[Asturian Painted Hen]]
* [[Barnevelder]]
* [[Campine chicken|Campine]]
* [[Catalana]]
* [[Easter egger]]
* [[Egyptian Fayoumi]]
* [[Norwegian Jærhøne]]
* [[Kraienköppe]] (Twentse)
* [[Lakenvelder chicken|Lakenvelder]]
* [[Leghorn chicken|Leghorn]]
* [[Marans]]
* [[Minorca chicken|Minorca]]
* [[Orloff chicken|Orloff]]
* [[Penedesenca]]
* [[Sicilian Buttercup]]
* [[White-Faced Black Spanish]]
* [[Welsummer]]
* [[Sombor Kaporka]] (''Somborska kaporka'')<ref name=DAD-IS/>
}}

===Meat===
Most farms and homesteads use dual-purpose breeds for meat production. Some breeds are raised mainly for meat:

* [[Bresse chicken|Bresse]]
* [[Indian Game (poultry)|Cornish]] (a.k.a. Indian Game)
* [[Ixworth chicken|Ixworth]]
* [[Jersey Giant]]

===Dual-purpose===
[[File:Sophia and ZsuZsu walking the property.jpg|thumb|Dual-purpose [[Plymouth Rock chicken|Plymouth Rock]]]]
The generalist breeds used in barnyards worldwide are adaptable utility birds good at producing both meat and eggs. Though some may be slightly better for one of these purposes, they are usually called ''dual-purpose'' breeds.

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Australorp]]
* [[Barnevelder]]
* [[Brahma chicken|Brahma]]
* [[Braekel]] (Brakel)
* [[Buckeye chicken|Buckeye]]
* [[California Gray]]
* [[Chantecler chicken|Chantecler]]
* [[Cubalaya]]
* [[Derbyshire Redcap]]
* [[Dominique chicken|Dominique]]
* [[Dorking chicken|Dorking]]
* [[Faverolles chicken|Faverolles]]
* [[Holland chicken|Holland]]
* [[Iowa Blue]]
* [[Java chicken|Java]]
* [[Jersey Giant]]
* [[Marans]]
* [[Marsh Daisy chicken|Marsh Daisy]]
* [[Naked-neck chicken|Naked-neck]]
* [[New Hampshire chicken|New Hampshire]]
* [[Norfolk Grey]]
* [[Orpington chicken|Orpington]]
* [[Plymouth Rock chicken|Plymouth Rock]]
* [[Poltava chicken|Poltava]]
* [[Red Shaver]]
* [[Rhode Island Red]]
* [[Rhode Island White]]
* [[Sombor Kaporka]] (Somborska kaporka)<ref name=DAD-IS/>
* [[Scots Dumpy]]
* [[Scots Grey]]
* [[Sussex chicken|Sussex]]
* [[Winnebago chicken|Winnebago]]
* [[Wyandotte chicken|Wyandotte]]
}}

===Exhibition===
Since the 19th century, [[Animal fancy|poultry fancy]], the breeding and [[Livestock show|competitive exhibition]] of [[poultry]] as a hobby, has grown to be a huge influence on chicken breeds. Many breeds have always been kept for ornamental purposes, and others have been shifted from their original use to become first and foremost exhibition fowl, even if they may retain some inherent utility. Since the sport of [[cockfighting]] has been outlawed in the developed world, most breeds first developed for this purpose, called [[Gamecock|game]] fowl, are now seen principally in the show ring rather than the cock pit as [[fighting cocks]].
{| class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto; width:55em; clear:both;"
|-
!Key
|-
| style="padding:0 2% 0 2%; text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="padding:0 2% 0 2%; text-align:center;"|
U denotes a breed primarily used for exhibition, but which is still used for utility purposes.
|-
| style="padding:0 2% 0 2%; text-align:center;"|
G denotes a game breed.
|}
[[File:Modern Game pair.jpg|thumb| [[Modern Game chicken]] ]]

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[American Game chicken|American Game]] G
* [[Asil chicken|Asil]] G
* [[Appenzeller Barthuhn]] U
* [[Appenzeller Spitzhauben]] U
* [[Barbu de Watermael]]
* [[Belgian Bearded d'Anvers]]
* [[Bearded d'Uccle]]
* [[Belgian d'Everberg]]
* [[Blue Hen of Delaware]] G
* [[Booted Bantam]]
* [[Cochin chicken|Cochin]]
* [[Crèvecœur chicken|Crèvecœur]] U
* [[Croad Langshan]] U
* [[Dong Tao chicken|Dragon Chicken]] U
* [[Dutch Bantam]]
* [[Frizzle chicken (breed)|Frizzle]]
* [[Ga Noi]]G
* [[Hamburg chicken|Hamburg]] U
* [[Houdan chicken|Houdan]] U
* [[Japanese Bantam]]
* [[Jangmigye]]
* [[La Flèche chicken|La Flèche]] U
* [[Malay chicken|Malay]] G
* [[Modern Game chicken|Modern Game]]
* [[Nankin chicken|Nankin]]
* [[Old English Game]] G
* [[Pekin chicken|Pekin]]
* [[Phoenix chicken|Phoenix]]
* [[Polish chicken|Polish]] U
* [[Rosecomb]]
* [[Sebright]]
* [[Serama]]
* [[Shamo chicken|Shamo]] G
* [[Silkie]]
* [[Sultan chicken|Sultan]]
* [[Sumatra chicken|Sumatra]]
* [[Vorwerk chicken|Vorwerk]] U
* [[Yokohama chicken|Yokohama]]
}}

==Bantams==
[[File:Golden sebright cockerel.jpg|thumb|Golden [[Sebright]] cockerel]]
Most large chicken breeds have a bantam counterpart, sometimes referred to as a ''miniature''. Miniatures are usually one-fifth to one-quarter the size of the standard breed, but they are expected to exhibit all of the standard breed's characteristics. A ''true bantam'' has no large counterpart, and is naturally small. The true bantams include:

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Bantam (poultry)|Bantam]]{{efn|The original breed of [[bantam (poultry)|bantam chicken]] is ancestor to all "bantam" breeds. It originated in [[Indonesia]] and there is called ''Ayam Kate''.}}
* [[Belgian Bearded d'Anvers]]
* [[Belgian Bearded d'Uccle]]
* [[Belgian d'Everberg]]
* [[Booted Bantam]]
* [[Dutch Bantam]]
* [[Japanese Bantam]]
* [[Nankin chicken|Nankin]]
* [[Pekin Bantam]]
* [[Rosecomb]]
* [[Sebright]]
* [[Serama]]
}}

==Crossbreeds==
{{see also|Category:Chicken crossbreeds}}

Many common strains of [[Crossbreed|crossbred]] chickens exist, but none breed true or are recognized by poultry [[breed standard]]s; thus, though they are extremely common in flocks focusing on high productivity, crossbreeds do not technically meet the definition of a [[breed]]. Most crossbreed strains are [[sex linked]], allowing for easy [[chick sexing]].

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Black Sex Link]] (also called Black Stars or Black Rock in the UK)
* [[Red Sex Link]] (also called [[Golden Comet]])
* [[ISA Brown]]
* [[Kuroiler]]
* [[Lohmann Brown]]
* [[Daisy Belle]]
* Dekalb Amberlink
* [[Columbian Rock]]
* [[Easter egger]]
* [[Broiler]]
* [[Cobb 500]]
* [[Ross 308]]

}}

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Chicken breeds}}
* [[List of birds]]
* [[List of duck breeds]]
* [[List of goose breeds]]
* [[List of turkey breeds]]
* [[Chickens as pets]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|45em|refs=

<ref name=allonby>J. Ian H. Allonby, Philippe B. Wilson (editors) (2018). [https://books.google.it/books?id=A6BtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA489&hl=en ''British Poultry Standards: complete specifications and judging points of all standardized breeds and varieties of poultry as compiled by the specialist breed clubs and recognised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain''], seventh edition. Chichester; Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell. {{isbn|9781119509141}}.</ref>

<ref name=angrin>Masaoki Tsudzuki (2003). [http://www.angrin.tlri.gov.tw/%5C/apec2003/Chapter3JpChicken.pdf Japanese native chickens]. In: Hsiu-Luan Chang, Yu-chia Huang (editors) (2003). ''The Relationship between Indigenous Animals and Humans in APEC Region''. Taipei: Chinese Society of Animal Science. Pages 91-116.</ref>

<ref name=dad-china>[https://www.fao.org/dad-is/browse-by-country-and-species/en/ Breed data sheet: China: Chicken]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed March 2025.</ref>

<ref name=DAD-IS>
{{cite web
|title=Domestic Animal Diversity Information System
|series=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]
|publisher=United Nations
|url=http://dad.fao.org/
|access-date=1 January 2012
}}
</ref>

<ref name=ekarius>{{cite book
|first=Carol |last=Ekarius
|year=2007
|title=Storey's Illustrated Guide to Poultry Breeds |edition=complete
|place=North Adams, MA
|publisher=Storey Publishing
|isbn=9781580176675
|url=https://archive.org/details/Storeys_Illustrated_Guide_to_Poultry_Breeds_Complete/mode/1up
|via=
}}</ref>

<ref name=faojapan>{{cite book |chapter=Country Report (Japan) |author=Editorial Committee Office of the Japanese Country Report |editor-last1=Rischkowsky |editor-first1=Barbara |editor-last2=Pilling |editor-first2=Dafydd |title=The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture |date=2007 |publisher=FAO |location=Rome |isbn=978-92-5-105762-9 |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/435afdb0-3d4d-42b5-9a04-758ff80b89a1 |chapter-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015214438/http://www.fao.org/AG/AGAInfo/programmes/en/genetics/documents/Interlaken/countryreports/Japan.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name=FAO-DAD-Shamo>
{{cite web
|title=Taiwanese Shamo
|department=United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (chicken)
|type=breed data sheet
|series=[[Domestic Animal Diversity Information System]] of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]
|publisher=[[United Nations]]
|url=https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=GBR&specie=Chicken&breed=Taiwanese%20Shamo&lang=en
|access-date=1 April 2022
}}
</ref>

<ref name=FAO-DAD-Thai>
{{cite web
|title=Chicken
|department=Breeds reported by Thailand
|series=[[Domestic Animal Diversity Information System]] of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]
|publisher=[[United Nations]]
|url=http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=34fbdc866fa2dd20ac99621e13f2b3d6,reportsreport12_50000169_50000047
|access-date=1 June 2016
}}
</ref>

<ref name=heinrichs>{{cite book
|last=Heinrichs |first=Christine
|year=2007
|title=How to Raise Chickens
|location=St.&nbsp;Paul, MN
|publisher=Voyageur Press
|isbn=978-0-7938-0601-0
|url=https://archive.org/details/howtoraisechicke00hein
|url-access=registration
|via=
}}</ref>

<ref name=percy>{{cite book
|last=Percy |first=Pam
|year=2006
|title=The Field Guide to Chickens
|location=St.&nbsp;Paul, MN
|publisher=Voyageur Press
|isbn=0-7603-2473-5
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2YXUOJEMeIC&q=field+guide+to+chickens
|via=
}}</ref>

<ref name=roberts>{{cite book
|first=Victoria |last=Roberts
|year=2008
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAfyUHY42u0C&pg=PA296
|title=British Poultry Standards
|quote=Complete specifications and judging points of all standardized breeds and varieties of poultry as compiled by the specialist breed clubs and recognised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain.
|place=Oxford, UK
|publisher=Blackwell
|isbn=9781405156424
}}</ref>

}}

{{Chicken}}
{{Poultry}}
{{Breed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chicken breeds| ]]
[[Category:Lists of birds|Chickens]]
[[Category:Lists of breeds|Chicken]]

Maqbool Hossain

2026-02-21T23:17:01Z

Jeep Safari: correct article further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{For multi|the Pakistani soldier|Maqbool Hussain|the Indian painter|M. F. Husain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Maqbool Hossain
| office = Member of Parliament from [[Jessore-2]]
| term_start = 1986
| term_end = 1988
| predecessor = Nurunnabi Thamdani
| successor = Mir Shahadatur Rahman
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Islamic Democratic League]], [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]]
| native_name = মকবুল হোসেন
| native_name_lang = bn
| parents =
| relations =
| children =
}}
'''Maqbool Hossain''' is a politician of the [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]] and a former member of parliament for [[Jessore-2]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/3rd.pdf |title=List of 3rd Parliament Members |website=[[Bangladesh Parliament]] |language=bn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918080059/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/3rd.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-18 |access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref>

== Birth and early life ==
Maqbool Hossain was born in [[Jessore District]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== Career ==
Maqbool Hossain was elected to parliament from [[Jessore-2]] as a candidate of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami in 1986.<ref name=":0" /> He was defeated in the fifth parliamentary election.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://election.prothomalo.com/candidates/1937 |script-title=bn:মকবুল হোসেন (যশোর) |last= |first= |date= |website=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=bn |access-date=29 November 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jatiya Sangsad]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hossain, Maqbool}}
[[Category:People from Jessore District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami politicians]]
[[Category:3rd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Khulna-politician-stub}}

Sandipanrao Bhumre

2026-02-20T18:35:12Z

Jeep Safari: correct page per sources

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sandipanrao Asaram Bhumare
| image =
| office = [[Eknath Shinde ministry|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| minister =
*[[Ministry of Employment Guarantee (Maharashtra)|Employment Guarantee]]
*[[Ministry of Horticulture (Maharashtra)|Horticulture]]
| term_start = 14 August 2022
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata =
[[Eknath Shinde]]
| 2blankname = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy CM]]
| 2namedata =
[[Devendra Fadnavis]] [[Ajit Pawar]]
| 3blankname = Guardian minister
| 3namedata = [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]]
| governor = *[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
*[[Ramesh Bais]]
*[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| predecessor =
*[[Shankarrao Gadakh]]
Additional Charge {{small|([[Ministry of Employment Guarantee (Maharashtra)|Employment Guarantee Ministry]])}}
*[[Shankarrao Gadakh]]
Additional Charge {{small|([[Ministry of Horticulture (Maharashtra)|Horticulture Ministry]])}}
*[[Subhash Desai]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| minister1 = *[[Ministry of Employment Guarantee (Maharashtra)|Employment Guarantee]]
*[[Ministry of Horticulture (Maharashtra)|Horticulture]]
| 3blankname1 = Guardian Minister
| 3namedata1 =
NA
| term_start1 = 30 December 2019
| term_end1 = 27 June 2022
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 =
[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| 2blankname1 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy CM]]
| 2namedata1 =
[[Ajit Pawar]]
| governor1 = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| predecessor1 = [[Jaydattaji Kshirsagar]]
| successor1 = *[[Shankarrao Gadakh]]
Additional Charge {{small|([[Ministry of Employment Guarantee (Maharashtra)|Employment Guarantee Ministry]])}}
*[[Shankarrao Gadakh]]
Additional Charge {{small|([[Ministry of Horticulture (Maharashtra)|Horticulture Ministry]])}}
| office2 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1995
| term_end2 = 2009
| predecessor2 = Babanrao Waghchaure alias Appasaheb
| successor2 = Sanjay Waghchaure alias Raosaheb
| term_start3 = 2014
| term_end3 = 2024
| predecessor3 = Sanjay Waghchaure alias Raosaheb
| successor3 =[[Vilas Sandipan Bhumre| Vilas Sandipan Bhumre]]
| constituency2 = [[Paithan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Paithan]]
| constituency3 = [[Paithan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Paithan]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 4 June 2024
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 = [[Imtiyaz Jaleel]]
| successor4 =
| constituency4 = [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
| spouse = Pushpatai Bhumre
| children = 3
| honorific-suffix =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|07|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Paithan]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| caption =
| order =
| party = [[Shiv Sena]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Politician
| website =
}}
'''Sandipanrao Asaram Bhumre''' is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is a leader of the [[Shiv Sena]] from [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]. Currently, since June 2024, he is serving as Member of Parliament from [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]] Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>https://prsindia.org/mptrack/18th-lok-sabha/bhumare-sandipanrao-asaram</ref> Before that, he was a five time MLA from [[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]] Assembly constituency.

== Career ==
Bhumre has been elected to the Vidhan Sabha for six terms in 1995, 1999, 2004, 2014, 2019 and 2024. He is Chairman of ''Renuka Devi-Sharad Sahakari Sugar Factory'', At.''Vihamandwa'', Tq.Paithan, Dist.Aurangabad district. He is the current Minister of Employment Guarantee of Maharashtra. He has also been elected as Guardian Minister of Aurangabad district.<ref name="Ex-legislators {{!}} In the major league now">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Ex-legislators {{!}} In the major league now |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-legislators-in-the-major-league-now-2565848-2024-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806121923/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-legislators-in-the-major-league-now-2565848-2024-07-13 |archivedate=6 August 2024 |accessdate=6 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 1995: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (1st term) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=609&cid=195|title=Paithan Assembly 1995 Election Result|publisher=empoweringindia.org|access-date=23 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123203533/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=609&cid=195|archive-date=23 November 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
* 1999: Re-elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (2nd term) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=418&cid=195|title=Paithan Assembly 1999 Election Result|publisher=empoweringindia.org|access-date=23 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123202958/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=418&cid=195|archive-date=23 November 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
* 2004: Re-elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (3rd term)
* 2014: Re-elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (4th term) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=1018&cid=110|title=Paithan Assembly 2014 Election Result|publisher=empoweringindia.org|access-date=23 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124005042/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=1018&cid=110|archive-date=24 November 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
* 2019: Re-elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (5th term)
* 2019: Appointed minister of Employment Guarantee and Horticulture MH<ref name = MaharashtraCabinet>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/maharashtra-cabinet-portfolios-announced-dy-cm-ajit-pawar-gets-finance-aaditya-thackeray-allotted-tourism-and-environment-ministry-7861731.html |title= Maharashtra Cabinet portfolios announced}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/mumbai/maharashtra-cabinet-ministry-list-governor-approved-allocation-of-portfolios-proposed-by-cm-uddhav-thackeray-729069 |title= महाराष्ट्र मंत्रिमंडळ खातेवाटप जाहीर}}</ref>
* May 2020 - July 2022: Former Guardian Minister of ''Yavatmal'' District, Maharashtra
- July 2022: appointed a guardian minister of ''Aurangabad'' District, Maharashtra.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://shivsena.org/leadership/ Shivsena Home Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901163032/https://shivsena.org/leadership/ |date=1 September 2020 }}
* [http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/aurangabad-marathwada/sandipan-bhumre/articleshow/47932766.cms संदिपानराव भुमरेचे खरेदी विक्री संघावर पुन्हा वर्चस्व]
* [http://www.mahanews.gov.in/Home/MantralayNewsDetails.aspx?str=M5gVQTCIWfI= रोजगार हमी योजना समितीवर सदस्यांची नियुक्ती] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118084942/http://www.mahanews.gov.in/Home/MantralayNewsDetails.aspx?str=M5gVQTCIWfI= |date=18 November 2015 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhumre, Sandipanrao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1995–1999]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:1963 births]]

Bishnoi

2026-02-10T07:28:25Z

Jeep Safari: enhanced article per sources and fixed typos per standard format

{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{short description|Indian religious sect or community}}
{{Other uses|Bishnoi (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Bishnoi/Vishnoi
| image = Vishnois At Khejarli Environment Fair.jpg
| caption = Bishnois performing [[Homa (ritual)|havan]] with [[kopra]] and [[ghee]] at ''Khejarli Environment Fair''
| caste_name_in_local =
{{Native name|hi|[[:hi:बिश्नोई|बिश्नोई]]}} 
{{Native name|pa|[[:pa:ਬਿਸ਼ਨੋਈ ਪੰਥ|ਬਿਸ਼ਨੋਈ]]}}
| region = [[Western India]] [[Northern India]]
| populated_states = Major: [[Rajasthan]] Minor: [[Haryana]] [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[Gujarat]]
| languages = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] [[Bagri language|Bagri]] [[Hindi language|Hindi]] [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| guru = [[Guru Jambheshwar]]
| country = [[India]]
| mantra = "''Vishnu Vishnu Tu Bhan Re Prani''"
|classification = Sub sect of [[Vaishnavism]]
|population = ~1,500,000
|native_name=
}}

The '''Bishnoi''', also spelled as '''Vishnoi''', is a [[Sampradaya#Hindu sampradayas|Hindu Vaishnava community]] or [[panth]] found in the [[Thar Desert|Western Thar Desert]] and northern states of India. The Bishnoi community is turned into{{Clarify|reason="Bishnoi community is turned into a Hindu caste with time" seems to suggest compulsion or coercion. If there was none of that the expression should be "Bishnoi community turned into a Hindu caste with time"|date=October 2025}} a Hindu [[Indian caste|caste]] with time.<ref>{{cite book|page=221|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VU69BAAAQBAJ&dq=Bishnoi+caste&pg=PA221 |quote=The Bishnoi, a religious sect turned caste residing in Western Rajasthan is a living apostle of eco-friendliness and conservation.|title=Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India |author=B.K. Sharma, Seema Kulshreshtha, Asad R. Rahmani |year=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1461408000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Crooke |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eb5gEEL2EvoC&dq=bishnoi+caste&pg=PA125 |title=The Tribes and Castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh |date=1896 |publisher=Office of the superintendent of government printing |language=en}}</ref> It has a set of 29 [[Niyama]]s (principles/commandments) given by [[Guru Jambheshwar]] (also known as Guru Jambhoji, Guru Jambha) (1451–1536).<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.nativeplanet.org/indigenous/cultures/india/bishnoi/bishnoi.shtml
| title = The Desert Dwellers of Rajasthan – bishnoi and Bhil people
| access-date = 19 Mar 2016
| date = 2004
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191216023016/https://www.nativeplanet.org/indigenous/cultures/india/bishnoi/bishnoi.shtml
| archive-date = 16 December 2019
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=India's Bishnoi community: The original eco-warriors |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/indias-bishnoi-community-the-original-eco-warriors-1167330.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-20 |title=Bishnoi community outraged over serving deer to cheetahs, threatens nation-wide protest as it writes to PM Modi |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/bishnoi-community-outraged-over-serving-deer-to-cheetahs-threatens-nation-wide-protest-as-it-writes-to-pm-modi-article-94320951 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kapur |first=Akash |date=2010-10-07 |title=A Hindu Sect Devoted to the Environment |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/08/world/asia/08iht-letter.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> As of 2010, there are an estimated 600,000 followers of Bishnoi Panth residing in [[Northern India|northern]] and [[central India]].<ref name=bisjat3>Akash Kapur, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/08/world/asia/08iht-letter.html A Hindu Sect Devoted to the Environment], New York Times, 8 Oct 2010.</ref> Shree Guru Jambheshwar founded the sect at Samrathal Dhora in 1485 and his teachings, comprising 120 [[shabad (hymn)|shabad]]s, are known as ''Shabadwani''. He preached for the next 51 years, travelling across India. The preaching of Guru Jambhoji inspires his followers as well as environmental protectors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=When Amrita Devi and 362 Bishnois sacrificed their lives for the Khejri tree|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/when-amrita-devi-and-362-bishnois-sacrificed-their-lives-khejri-tree|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Sahapedia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Devi|first=Parnashree|date=2012-10-13|title=Bishnoi Community : The Ecologist|url=https://www.traveldiaryparnashree.com/2012/10/bishnoi-community-ecologist.html|access-date=2021-06-01|website=My Travel Diary|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The term ''bishnoi'' is believed to be derived from ''bis'' (twenty) and ''nau'' (nine) and hence, it denotes the twenty nine principles of their sect.<ref>{{cite book|title=India's communities A-G|quote=The name Bishnoi is derived from the words bis (twenty) and nau (nine), and thus denotes the twenty nine tenets of their faith. |last=Singh |first=K.S. |date=1998 |publisher=OUP |location= |page=505 |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgB1wbXhBwQC&q=Bishnoi}}</ref>

==Origin==
Bishnoi is a panth who adopted the 29 principles which emphasised social ethics, environmental conservation and personal hygiene. These people’s are mostly from the [[Jats|Jat]] community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghai |first=Rajat |date=2024-10-15 |title='Cultivators', 'Curious sect': How the British viewed the Bishnoi |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/cultivators-curious-sect-how-the-british-viewed-the-bishnoi#:~:text=The%20Bishnois%20are%20all%20Jats,their%20own%20special%20priests,%E2%80%9D%20the |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6C5RAAAAYAAJ&dq=bishnoi+jats&pg=PA144 |title=Census of India, 1901 |date=1902 |language=en}}</ref>

However they also includes some members from [[Bania (caste)|Bania]], [[Rajput]], [[Khati]] and Gaena.<ref name="atog">{{cite book|title=India's communities A-G|quote=The Bishnoi are believed to be descended from a number of communities like Jat, Bania, Rajput, Khati and Gaena. On becoming Bishnoi, they commonly give up their caste names and call themselves after their new creed. |last=Singh |first=K.S. |date=1998 |publisher=OUP |location= |page=505 |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgB1wbXhBwQC&q=Bishnoi}}</ref>

==Clan structure==
There are 360 gotras of Bishnois which are considered to be of equal social status and they regulate marriage alliances. These gotras include Pawar, Godara, Khichore, Dhaka, Biria etc.<ref>{{cite book|title=India's communities A-G|quote= The Bishnoi have 360 gotras which are of equal social status and regulate marriage alliances; a few of these gotras are Godara, Pawar, Khichore, Dhaka and Biria.|last=Singh |first=K.S. |date=1998 |publisher=OUP |location= |page=505 |isbn= 978-0-19-563354-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgB1wbXhBwQC&q=Bishnoi}}</ref>

==History==
Bishnoi Panth was founded by Shree Guru Jambheshwar (1451–1536), also known as Jambhoji. Some people have used the term ''Vishnoi'', meaning ''followers of Vishan'' ([[Vishnu]]'s name in local dialect), while most refer to themselves as ''Bishnoi''. Adherents are also known as ''Jambeshwarpanthi'' because of their devotion to their Guru, Jambeshwar.<ref name="jain52">{{cite book |title=Dharma and Ecology of Hindu Communities: Sustenance and Sustainability |first=Pankaj |last=Jain |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-40940-591-7 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYcGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |page=52}}</ref>

Shree Guru Jambeshwar announced a set of 29 [[Niyama|''Niyamas'']](Tenets).<ref name="jain52"/> These were contained in a document called ''Shabadwani'', written in the [[Devanagari|Nagri script]], which consists of 120 [[Shabads (hymn)|shabads]]. Of his 29 [[Niyama]]s, ten are directed towards [[Hygiene|personal hygiene]] and maintaining good basic [[health]], seven for healthy [[Social behavior|social behaviour]], and four tenets to the worship of God. Eight Niyamas have been prescribed to preserve [[Biodiversity|bio-diversity]] and encourage good [[animal husbandry]]. These include a ban on [[Killing of animals|killing animals]] and cutting green trees, and providing protection to all [[life forms]]. The community is also directed to see that the [[firewood]] they use is devoid of small [[insect]]s. Wearing blue clothes is prohibited because the dye for colouring them is obtained by cutting a large quantity of shrubs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Gangadharan|date=2012-07-03|title=The Land of The Bishnois - Where Conservation Of Wildlife Is A Religion!|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/5621/the-land-of-the-bishnois-where-conservation-of-wildlife-is-a-religion/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref> They are called the first [[Environmental activist|eco-warrior]]s due to their pro-active approach in conserving ecological balance and protecting the environment.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Eco-warriors Bishnois for cultural tourism in Rajasthan |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367201777-14/eco-warriors-bishnois-cultural-tourism-rajasthan-neekee-chaturvedi|language=en |doi=10.4324/9780367201777 |title=Cultural Sustainability, Tourism and Development |year=2021 |publisher=Routledge |hdl=11585/821531 |isbn=9780367201777 |s2cid=241100955 |editor-last1=Duxbury |editor-first1=Nancy }}</ref> The word Bishnoi is derived from 'bis' and 'noi'. In the local language, 'Bis' means '20’ and 'Noi' means '9’. When both are added, the sum is 29.[https://www.bishnoi.co.in/2024/03/history-of-bishnoi-caste.html]

==29 rules or principles==
The 29 principles (20 [[Niyama|Niyamas]] + 9 [[Yamas]]) of Bishnois are as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://webconte.com/community/bishnoi |title=Bishnoi Samaj, Rajasthan, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-12 |title=Bishnois raise concern over felling of Khejri trees |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/jaipur-news/protests-erupt-as-solar-companies-destroy-thousands-of-trees-in-rajasthan-including-state-tree-khejri-for-renewable-energy-projects-101681309991923.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
# Observe a 30-day state of [[Impurity after childbirth#Hinduism|impurity after childbirth]], and keep the [[mother]] and [[child]] away from [[Household|household activities]].
# Observe five-day segregation from households activities such as cooking food, serving water, etc. while a woman is in her [[Menstrual cycle|menses]].
# [[Bathing|Bathe]] daily in the morning before [[sunrise]].
# Obey the ideal rules of life: modesty, ''[[Kshama]]'' (patience), or [[Santosha]] (satisfactions), [[Shaucha]] (cleanliness).
# [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] (Pray) twice every day (morning and evening).
# Eulogize God, Vishnu, in the evening ([[Aarti]])
# Performance of [[Yajna]] ([[Homa (ritual)|Havan]]) is said by Guru jambhoji to symbolize Homa as the process to distance lust, anger, greed, attachment and ego from oneself to attain ultimate freedom, bliss, peace and truth. This is also said for being a better human being.
# Use filtered water, milk, and cleaned firewood or use cooking fuel after removing [[Organism|living organisms]] around it.
# Speak [[Satya]] (Pure words) in all [[Arjava]] (Sincerity.)
# Practice [[Kshama]] (Forgiveness) and ''[[Karuṇā]]'' (kindness) from the heart.
# Be merciful with sincerity.
# ''[[Achourya]]'' (Do not steal) nor harbour any intention to do it.
# Do not condemn or criticize.
# Do not lie.
# Do not indulge in disputes or conflicts.
# [[Vrata]] (fast) on [[Amavasya]].
# Worship and recite the name of Lord Vishnu in adoration.
# Be merciful to all living beings and love them. And, love is when you do not demand, possess and expect.
# Do not cut green trees, save the environment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-02 |title=Meet the Bishnoi community who won't cut down living trees, know more about bishnoi community |url=https://bishnoisamaj.com |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=bishnoisamaj |language=en}}</ref>
# Keep away from ''[[Kama]]'' (lust), [[Krodha (Mental factor)|Krodha]] (anger), ''[[Lobha]]'' (greed), and [[Mohā]] (attachment). Use one's strength for the right cause and fight for righteousness till the last breath. This will take one to eternity.
# Cook one's own food and be self-sufficient.
# Provide shelters for abandoned animals to avoid them from being slaughtered in abattoirs.
# Do not [[neutering|sterilize]] bulls, do not abandon male calves from dairy farms. Pay for their welfare to shelter them.
# Do not use or trade [[opium]].
# Do not smoke or use [[tobacco]] or its products.
# Do not take [[bhang]] or [[hemp]] or any addiction which can weak human mind or body.
# Do not drink alcohol/liquor because alcohol degrades health very rapidly.
# Do not eat meat, always remain vegan or ethical lacto-vegetarian.
# Do not wear blue attire of blue colour as this colour is extracted from the indigo plant.

==Places of pilgrimage==
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1/1
| image1 = Temple of Samrathal Dhora.png
| caption1 = Bishnoi Temple at Samrathal Dhora
| image2 = Lohawat Temple.png
| caption2 = [[Lohawat]] Temple of the Bishnois
| image3 = Lalasar Temple.png
| caption3 = Lalasar Temple of Bishnois
| image4 = Mukti Dham Mukam Temple.jpg
| caption4 = [[Mukti Dham Mukam]]
| image5 =
| caption5 =
}}
The Bishnoi have various temples and [[Mausoleum|mausolea]], of which they consider the holiest to be that in the village of [[Mukam, Rajasthan|Mukam]] in [[Nokha, Bikaner|Nokha]] [[tehsil]], [[Bikaner district]], Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dharma and Ecology of Hindu Communities: Sustenance and Sustainability |first=Pankaj |last=Jain |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-40940-591-7 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYcGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |page=53}}</ref> The sacred sites of the Bishnois are locally known as ''Sathri'' or ''Dhām,'' located in places that have some connection with Guru Jambheshwar. The Bishnoi poet Govind Ram has said that ''Sathri'' means a place that has been 'purified by the feet of Jambhoji'. Later on, some significant places came to be called ''Dhām.'' "Open-air shrines located in fields or under trees are called ''Thān.'' During those periods of time when the ''Than'' is associated with some kind of miracle or super-natural event, the shrine is called ''Dhām.''"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bharucha |first=Rustom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41duAAAAMAAJ |title=Rajasthan, an Oral History: Conversations with Komal Kothari |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-302959-5 |language=en}}</ref> Main eight shrines of the Bishnois are collectively called ''Ashtadhām.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=Neekee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXpGvQEACAAJ |title=Cultural Tourism and Bishnois of Rajasthan |date=2018 |publisher=Department of History & Indian Culture, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur & Rajasthan Granthagar, Jodhpur |isbn=978-93-87297-12-8 |language=en}}</ref>

''Peepasar ,'' in Nagaur, is the birth place of Shri Guru Jambheshwar Bhagwan, Ials called ''sthal'' - the site of reincarnation. The place has a residence of Thakur Lohatji, childhood home of Jambhoji and an old ''Khejri'' tree. On ''Janmashtami,'' also the birthdate of Hindu deity Krishna, is celebrated at Peepasar.

''Muktidham Mukam,'' in Nokha in Bikaner district'','' is the most important religious place of the Bishnoi community. Jambhoji's last rites were performed here. Bishnois believe that Guruji is still resting here. A beautiful marbled temple is built here which is also called "Taj Mahal of Rajasthan'. An old ''Khejri'' tree under which Jambhoji's body was buried is considered sacred and devotees circumambulate around it. To enter the temple one has to cover the head as a mark of respect.

''Samrathal Dhora'' is situated less than three kilometres south of Muktidham Mukam. This is a site where maximum sermons of Shri Guru Jambheshwar Bhagwan were delivered. It os ais the site of the origin of the Bishnoi sect. There is a temple at the Samrathal Dhora and one sacred pond.

''Lohawat'' is situated in south of Phalaudi, Jodhpur. There is a legend that Jambhohi gave ''Darshan'' to the Jodhpur prince Maldev there. This place also has a temple.

''Janglu'' is a village in Nokha, Bikaner. The Bishnoi temple in this village is of special significance as it has a collection of personal use objects of Jambhoji. There is also a fire altar in the village in which a Havan was performed by Jambhoji.

''Rotu'' village situated in Jayal tehsil of Nagaur district. It is forty five kilometer north of Nagaur. Guru Jambheshwar is believed to have visited the village. A huge shrine of Jambhoji is erected here. A plaque of Jambhoji, called ''khanda'' that belonged to his devotee and contemporary Dudoji is preserved in this temple.

''Jambha dhām'' or ''Jambholav'' is situated near Phalodi in Phalodi district. This site is known for practical application of teachings of Guru Jambhoji. He got a holy pond dug, which came to be popularly known as - ''Jambha Talaw'' or ''Jambh Sarvovar''. In common parlance it soon became ''Jambholav.'' It is a religious place, almost a pilgrimage site, for Bishnoi community. A fair is held annually on the ''Chaitra Amavasya'' following the Indian lunar calendar.
''Lalasar'' is situated South-east of Bikaner. This is the place where Guru Jambhoji died.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}} His body was later taken to Mukam. A grand temple is constructed here very recently through huge community funding. [[File:Bishnois_on_the_way_to_MuktiDham_Mukam_Bishnoi_Temple_from_Samrathal_Dhora_Bishnoi_temple..jpg|thumb|Religious Gathering of Bishnoi at Mukam and Samrathal Dhora.]]

==Attachment towards living beings==
Bishnois are known for guarding the flora and fauna of [[Thar desert|Thar]] region.<ref name=dte>{{cite web|title=The Bishnoi, blackbuck and chinkara: What exactly were Guru Jambheshwar's principles regarding Thar wildlife? |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/wildlife-biodiversity/the-bishnoi-blackbuck-and-chinkara-what-exactly-were-guru-jambeshwars-principles-regarding-thar-wildlife |website=downtoearth.org |date=13 October 2024}}</ref> They believe that they will be reborn as deers in their afterlife.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ErE0DwAAQBAJ&dq=bishnois+deer&pg=PA1969 |title=Ethnobotany of India, Volume 5|publisher=Apple Academic Press|editor=Bir Bahadur, K. V. Krishnamurthy, T. Pullaiah |year=2017|isbn=978-1-351-74131-6 }}</ref>

===Khejarli massacre===
{{Main|Khejarli massacre}}

The Bishnoi narrate the story of [[Amrita Devi]], a member of the sect who inspired as many as 363 other Bishnois to go to their deaths in protest of the cutting down of [[Prosopis cineraria|Khejri trees]] on 12 September 1730. The [[maharajah|Maharaja]] of [[Jodhpur]], [[Abhai Singh of Marwar|Abhay Singh]], requiring wood for the construction of a new palace, sent soldiers to cut trees in the village of [[Khejarli]], which was called Jehnad at that time. Noticing their actions, Amrita Devi hugged a tree in an attempt to stop them. Her family then adopted the same strategy, as did other local people when the news spread. She told the soldiers that she considered their actions to be an insult to her faith and that she was prepared to die to save the trees. The soldiers did indeed kill her and others until Abhay Singh was informed of what was going on and intervened to stop the massacre.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dharma and Ecology of Hindu Communities: Sustenance and Sustainability |first=Pankaj |last=Jain |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-40940-591-7 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYcGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |page=51}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/forestry/bisnoi.htm|title=The Bishnois|website=edugreen.teri.res.in|access-date=2017-08-20|archive-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902155215/http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/forestry/bisnoi.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:363_Bishnoi_Sacrifice_Memorial.jpg|thumb|A memorial Commemorating 363 Bishnois died for saving Green Trees Near Khejarli Village, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India]]
Some of the 363 Bishnois who were killed protecting the trees were buried in Khejarli, where a simple grave with four pillars was erected. Every year, in September, i.e., ''Shukla Dashmi'' of ''Bhadrapad'' (Hindi month) the Bishnois assemble there to commemorate the sacrifice made by their people to preserve the trees.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://theviewspaper.net/nature-conservation-is-my-religion/|title=Nature Conservation is my Religion|last=Mehra|first=Satya Prakash|website=The Viewspaper|access-date=20 April 2020|archive-date=2 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602063517/http://theviewspaper.net/nature-conservation-is-my-religion/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/bishnoi-villagers-sacrifice-lives-save-trees-1730 |title=Global Nonviolent Action Database |access-date=2017-04-22}}</ref>

===Salman Khan's poaching case===
Bishnois revere and care for most animals including the blackbuck. Bollywood actor [[Salman Khan]] allegedly hunted [[1998 blackbuck poaching case|blackbucks in 1998]]. The members of Bishnoi community are said to have caught him red-handed; protests from the community forced the authorities to arrest and try him.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DF_af8_547EC&q=Blackbuck |quote=The determined protests of the Bishnois, who claimed to have caught the actor red-handed and on whose land the hunting had taken place, resulted in his arrest and trial. |title=Sacred Animals of Krishna |author=Nanditha Krishna |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-8184751826 |year=2014}}</ref> In 2023, gangster [[Lawrence Bishnoi]] threatened to kill Salman Khan if he doesn't apologise to the Bishnoi community for killing the blackbucks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lawrence Bishnoi says his goal is to kill Salman Khan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/lawrence-bishnoi-says-his-goal-is-to-kill-salman-khan/articleshow/98788816.cms |date=20 March 2023 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Notable persons==
* [[Amrita Devi]], martyr in [[Khejarli massacre]]
* [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]], former Chief Minister of [[Haryana]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Will Caste Politics Overturn BJP's Anti-incumbency in Haryana? |date=19 September 2024 |website=The Wire |url=https://m.thewire.in/author/Aamir-Shakil}}</ref>
* [[Bhavya Bishnoi]], Indian politician from [[Haryana]]
* [[Chaitanya Bishnoi]], Indian cricketer
* [[Chander Mohan|Chander Mohan Bishnoi]], former [[List of deputy chief ministers of Haryana|deputy chief minister of Haryana]]
* [[Jagdish Bishnoi]], Indian [[Javelin throw|javelin thrower]]
* [[Jaswant Singh Bishnoi]], Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Khamu Ram Bishnoi]], environmental activist known for his battle against plastic pollution
* [[Kiran Bishnoi]], Indian [[Freestyle wrestling|freestyle wrestler]]
* [[KK Vishnoi]], Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Kuldeep Bishnoi]], Indian politician from [[Haryana]]
* [[Lawrence Bishnoi]], an Indian gangster<ref>{{cite news|title=Salman Khan to Sidhu Moosewala: What Lawrence Bishnoi said in 'jail interview' |date=15 March 2023 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/salman-khan-to-sidhu-moosewala-what-lawrence-bishnoi-said-in-jail-interview-101678882572184.html}}</ref>
* [[Mahendra Bishnoi]], Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Poonam Chand Vishnoi]], former [[List of speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|speaker of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Radheshyam Bishnoi]], Wildlife conservationist and animal rescuer
* [[Rajesh Bishnoi]], Indian cricketer
* [[Ram Narayan Bishnoi]], former cabinet minister in Rajasthan
* [[Ram Singh Bishnoi]], Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Ranaram Bishnoi]], environmentalist from [[Jodhpur]]
* [[Ravi Bishnoi]], Indian international cricketer
* [[Renuka Bishnoi]], Indian politician from [[Haryana]]
* [[Shweta Bishnoi]], Indian cricketer
* [[Sukhram Bishnoi]], Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Vijay Bishnoi]], Chief Justice of [[Gauhati High Court]]

==See also==
*[[Chipko movement]]
*[[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology|Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology]]
*[[Guru Jambheshwar]]
*[[Amrita Devi Bishnoi National Award]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{commons category|Bishnoi people}}
*{{cite web |url=http://devasthan.rajasthan.gov.in/images/Bikaner/Jambhoji.htm |title=Temple Profile: Mandir Shri Jambho J |access-date=2014-07-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919102844/http://devasthan.rajasthan.gov.in/images/Bikaner/Jambhoji.htm |archive-date=19 September 2014 |df=dmy |publisher=Government of Rajasthan}}
*{{cite book |title=Jambhoji: Messiah of the Thar Desert |first=M. S. |last=Chandla |publisher=Aurva Publications |year=1998 |url=https://bishnoisamaj.com}}
*{{cite book |title=The Bishnois: Wildlife Protection - An Article of Faith |first=M. S. |last=Chandla |publisher=Aurva Publications |year=2001 |url=http://thebishnois.com/view.html?file=25.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Jain, Pankaj (2011). ''Dharma and Ecology of Hindu Communities: Sustenance and Sustainability''.
* Goodman, Martin (2025). ''My Head for a Tree: The Extraordinary Story of the Bishnois, the World's First Eco-Warriors.''.
* {{cite book | last=Chaturvedi | first=Neekee | publisher=University of Rajasthan. Department of History & Indian Culture | title=Cultural tourism and Bishnois of Rajasthan | publication-place=Jaipur | date=2018 | isbn=978-93-87297-12-8 | oclc=1035321182}}
{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}
{{Veganism}}
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sects that require vegetarianism]]

2024 Indian general election in Arunachal Pradesh

2026-02-01T13:01:02Z

Jeep Safari: Started basic info and citations...

{{Short description|Election to elect members of the 18th Lok Sabha in Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{For|Legislative Assembly elections|2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}} {{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Arunachal Pradesh
| previous_year = 2019
| election_date = 19 April 2024
| next_year = 2029
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Arunachal Pradesh
| seats_for_election = All 2 Arunachal Pradesh seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Arunachal Pradesh
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Arunachal Pradesh
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Arunachal Pradesh#Surveys and polls
| turnout = 77.51% ({{decrease}}4.6%)
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kiren Rijiju during 11 WHC 2018 Mauritius 001 (cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oTop=0|oLeft=15}}
| leader1 = [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| leader_since1 = 2021
| leaders_seat1 = [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
| last_election1 = 58.2%, 2 seats
| seats_before1 = 
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Nabam Tuki.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oTop=5|oLeft=10}}
| leader2 = [[Nabam Tuki]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leader_since2 = 2019
| leaders_seat2 = [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]] (lost)
| seats_before2 =
| last_election2 = 20.69%, 0 seat

| map_image = 2024 Lok Sabha Arunachal Pradesh Result Map.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Seatwise Result Map of the 2024 general election in Arunachal Pradesh
| seats1 = '''2'''
| seats2 = 0
| seat_change1 = {{steady}}
| seat_change2 = {{steady}}
| popular_vote1 = '''350,998'''
| popular_vote2 = 219,839
| percentage1 = '''50.61%'''
| percentage2 = 31.70%
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 7.59%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 11.01%
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held in Arunachal Pradesh on 19 April 2024 to elect two members of the [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite news|title=2024 Lok Sabha polls: BJP leaders of 12 eastern, northeastern states to meet in Guwahati|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/2024-lok-sabha-polls-bjp-leaders-of-12-eastern-northeastern-states-to-meet-in-guwahati/articleshow/101533624.cms|date=6 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Upcoming Elections in India 2023–24|url=https://psurectt.in/upcoming-elections-in-india-pm-lok-sabha-rajya/|date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=BJP leaders of eastern, Northeast States meet in Guwahati; 142 Lok Sabha seats in focus|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-leaders-of-eastern-northeast-states-meet-in-guwahati-142-lok-sabha-seats-in-focus/article67048522.ece|date=6 July 2023}}</ref> [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Legislative assembly]] election was held simultaneously with the general election.

== Election schedule ==
On 16th March 2024, the [[Election Commission of India]] announced the schedule for the 2024 Indian general election, with Arunachal Pradesh scheduled to vote during the first phase on the 19 of April.
{| class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan="2" | Poll event
! Phase
|-
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" | I
|-
! Notification date
| 20 March
|-
! Last date for filing nomination
| 27 March
|-
! Scrutiny of nomination
| 28 March
|-
! Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
| 30 March
|-
! Date of poll
| '''19 April'''
|-
! Date of counting of votes/Result
| '''4 June 2024'''
|-
! '''''No. of constituencies'''''
| 2
|}

== Parties and alliances ==

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP flag.svg|50x50px|centre]]
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50x50px|centre]]
| [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| 2
|}

=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px|centre]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50px|centre]]
| [[Nabam Tuki]]
| 2
|}

=== Others ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Symbol
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Gana Suraksha Party}}
| [[Gana Suraksha Party]]
|
| 1
|-
| {{party color cell|Other}}
| Arunachal Democratic Party
|
| 1
|-
!
! colspan="2" | '''Total'''
! 2
|}

== Candidates ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
! 1
| [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| {{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
| [[Nabam Tuki]]
|-
! 2
| [[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Tapir Gao]]
| {{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
| [[Bosiram Siram]]
|}

== Surveys and polls ==

=== Opinion polls ===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Arunachal Pradesh (2)}}

=== Exit polls ===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Arunachal Pradesh}}

== Results ==

=== Results by alliance or party ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Party/Alliance
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
! style="background:#fef3e8" | [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 350,998
| 50.61
| {{decrease}} 7.59
| 2
| 2
| {{No change}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 219,839
| 31.70
| {{increase}} 11.01
| 2
| 0
| {{No change}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | [[2024 Indian general election in Arunachal Pradesh#Others|Others]]
| 37,152
| 5.36
|
| 2
| 0
| {{No change}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 71,070
| 11.30
|
| 8
| 0
| {{No change}}
|-
| bgcolor="Black" |
| colspan="3" | [[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
| 7,191
| 1.03
|
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
!
! 100
! -
! 14
! 2
! -
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Constituency<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S021.html</ref><ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S022.html</ref>
! rowspan="2" | Turnout
! colspan="7" | Winner
! colspan="7" | Runner-up
! colspan="2" | Margin
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan="2" | Alliance
! Candidate
! Votes
! %
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan="2" | Alliance
! Candidate
! Votes
! %
! Votes
! %
|-
! 1
| [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
| 73.60%{{decrease}}
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[BJP]]
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
| [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| 2,05,417
| 51.38%
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| [[Nabam Tuki]]
| 1,04,679
| 26.18%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,00,738
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 25.20%
|-
! 2
| [[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]]
| 83.31%{{decrease}}
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[BJP]]
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
| [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| [[Tapir Gao]]
| 1,45,581
| 45.01%
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| [[Bosiram Siram]]
| 1,15,160
| 35.6%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 30,421
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 9.41%
|}

== Assembly segments-wise lead of parties ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2 | Party
! Assembly segments
! Position in Assembly (as of 2024 simultaneous elections)
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 44
| 46
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
| 16
| 1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
! [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
| -
| 5
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
! [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| -
| 3
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|People's Party of Arunachal}}"|
! [[People's Party of Arunachal]]
| -
| 2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
! [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| -
| 3
|-
! colspan=2 | Total
! colspan=2 | 60
|}

== See also ==
* [[2024 Indian general election in Assam]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in Bihar]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in Chandigarh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Arunachal Pradesh elections}}
{{Indian general election, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2020s in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Science Express

2026-01-27T17:52:54Z

Jeep Safari: new the entry from scratch

{{Short description|Mobile scientific exhibition mounted on a train in India}}
{{Distinguish|text = Science Express, which provides advance electronic publication of selected [[Science (magazine)|Science]] papers }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Science express bs1.jpg|thumb|Science Express 2014 logo]]
The '''Science Express''' is a mobile scientific exhibition for children mounted on a train which travels across India. The project was launched on 30 October 2007 at the [[Safdarjung railway station]], [[Delhi]] by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] (DST), [[Government of India]]. Although open to all, the project primarily targets students and teachers. {{As of|2017}}, the train has had nine phases and has showcased exhibitions on three themes. The first four phases from 2007 to 2011 were called "Science Express" and were focused on micro and macro cosmos. The next three phases from 2012 to 2014 remodelled the exhibits as "Biodiversity Special". The eighth and ninth phase from 2015 to 2017 was redesigned to focus on "Climate Change".

== Collaborations and exhibits ==
The project was initiated by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] (DST) in 2007 primarily focusing for students and teachers and has no entry fee. DST focused the first four phases on micro and macro cosmos and highlighted the developing newer researches being done in the fields of science and technology worldwide. It covered topics like the [[Big Bang]], building blocks of life, [[gene]]s, [[sense]]s, and [[universe]].<ref name="Abt"/>

The second theme focused on biodiversity within India and was modeled jointly by DST and [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] (MoEFCC). It covered the diverse aspects of life in Trans-Himalayan and the [[Himalayas|Himalayan regions]], the [[Gangetic Plain]]s, the [[Northeast India|North Easterns hilly areas]], the deserts, the coastal [[Western Ghats]], the [[Deccan Plateau]], and various islands. A "Kids Zone" was also introduced for fun activities like puzzles and games related to science.<ref name="PIB3">{{cite web |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=94578 |title=Science Express: Biodiversity Special |author=Tiwari, Sudhir |work=Press Information Bureau |date=9 April 2013 |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823163424/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=94578 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The third theme was designed for Climate Change and was developed as collaborative work between DST, MoEFCC, [[Department of Biotechnology]] (DBT), [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Vikram A Sarabhai Community Science Centre]] (VASCSC) and [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII). The ninth phase of the exhibition had 16 coaches of which eight were developed by MoEFCC.<ref name="PIB17">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=158456 |title=Ninth Phase of Science Express to Criss-Cross India till September this Year Curtain Raiser |work=Press Information Bureau |date=14 February 2017 |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823163238/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=158456 |url-status=live }}</ref> Solar panels have been installed on rooftop of some coaches and facilities to train teachers is also available.<ref name="PIB2"/> A team from the VASCSC, which manages the entire exhibit, guides students through the exhibition and also engages into activities on the railway platform.<ref name="NGT">{{cite web |url=http://www.natgeotraveller.in/science-express-a-school-on-wheels-coming-to-a-railway-station-near-you/ |title=Science Express: A School on Wheels is Coming to a Railway Station Near You |work=National Geographic Traveller |date=22 February 2017 |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627092737/http://www.natgeotraveller.in/science-express-a-school-on-wheels-coming-to-a-railway-station-near-you/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dilip Sarkar, executive director of VASCSC said that the exhibit aims to "transform the vehicle into a people's movement and motivate them to take individual actions to fight [[climate change]]".<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/science-express-to-remain-open-for-all-today-tomorrow/articleshow/57948644.cms |title=Science Express to remain open for all today, tomorrow |work=The Times of India |date=1 April 2017 |place=Patna |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617070445/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/science-express-to-remain-open-for-all-today-tomorrow/articleshow/57948644.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The exhibition while in its eighth phase had travelled for {{Convert|142000|km}} and halted at 455 stations together. In over 1,600 days for which it has been exhibited it has been visited by nearly 1.5 [[crore]] (15 million) people with students from over 33,800 schools.<ref name="PIB2">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=158534 |title=‘Science Express Should Reach Out to more than Six Lakh Villages of The Country’: Anil Madhav Dave |work=Press Information Bureau |date=17 February 2017 |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823162443/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=158534 |url-status=live }}</ref> The exhibition thus held record of being the largest, the longest running and the most visited exhibition as noted in the ''[[Limca Book of Records]]''.<ref name="PIB17"/><ref name="ET">{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/dedicated-to-climate-change-the-science-express-flagged-off/articleshow/57232540.cms |title=Dedicated to climate-change, the Science Express flagged |work=Economic Times |date=19 February 2017 |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913224036/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/dedicated-to-climate-change-the-science-express-flagged-off/articleshow/57232540.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Statistics ==
{{legend|#CEE8F0| Indicates ongoing tour|outline=blue|border=1px solid blue}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Theme !! Phase !! Duration !! Approx. distance covered !! Halts !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:#E9D4C9;" |'''Science Express''' || 1 || 30 Oct 2007{{dash}}4 June 2008|| {{Convert|15000|km}} || 57 || <ref name=phaseI-VIII>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencexpress.in/tour-phase-I-VIII.html|title=Tour Phase I-VIII|publisher=ScienceExpress.in|date=7 May 2016|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623183336/http://www.sciencexpress.in/tour-phase-I-VIII.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || 30 Nov 2008{{dash}}30 May 2009 || {{Convert|17000|km}} || 51 || <ref name=phaseI-VIII/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sciencexpress.in/ScienceExpressII/ |title=Science Express 30 November 2008 to 30 May 2009 |work=ScienceExpress.in |date=2009 |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608235252/http://sciencexpress.in/ScienceExpressII/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sciencexpress.in/ScienceExpressII/tour.html |title=Science Express II tour |work=ScienceExpress.in |date=2009 |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=12 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612023315/http://sciencexpress.in/ScienceExpressII/tour.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 3 || 2 Oct 2009{{dash}}27 Apr 2010 || {{Convert|18000|km}} || 56 || <ref name=phaseI-VIII/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sciencexpress.in/ScienceExpressIII/ |title=Science Express 2 October 2009 to 27 April 2010 |work=ScienceExpress.in |date=2009 |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=22 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622105931/http://sciencexpress.in/ScienceExpressIII/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sciencexpress.in/ScienceExpressIII/tour.html |title=Science Express III tour |work=ScienceExpress.in |date=2009 |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706175537/http://sciencexpress.in/ScienceExpressIII/tour.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 4 || 4 Dec 2010{{dash}}16 Jun 2011 || {{Convert|18000|km}} || 57 || <ref name=phaseI-VIII/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sciencexpress.in/ScienceExpressIV/pdf/SE_IV_Press_Note1.pdf |title=Science Express: Shaping the Future |work=ScienceExpress.in |date=2010 |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818132945/http://sciencexpress.in/ScienceExpressIV/pdf/SE_IV_Press_Note1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:#90EE90;" |'''Biodiversity Special''' || 5 || 5 Jun 2012{{dash}}13 Jan 2013 || {{Convert|18000|km}} || 52 || <ref name=phaseI-VIII/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sciencexpress.in/ScienceExpressV/pdf/SEBS-Brief-Note-Eng-18-Oct-12.pdf |title=Science Express: Biodiversity Special |work=ScienceExpress.in |date=2012 |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818132945/http://sciencexpress.in/ScienceExpressV/pdf/SEBS-Brief-Note-Eng-18-Oct-12.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 6 || 9 Apr 2013{{dash}}28 Oct 2013|| {{Convert|19000|km}} || 62 || <ref name=phaseI-VIII/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sciencexpress.in/ScienceExpressVI/press-releases/SEBS%202013Press%20Release%20(English)%20-%2022%20August.pdf |title=Science Express VI: Biodiversity Special |work=ScienceExpress.in |date=2013 |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818132942/http://sciencexpress.in/ScienceExpressVI/press-releases/SEBS%202013Press%20Release%20(English)%20-%2022%20August.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 7 || 28 Jul 2014{{dash}}06 Feb 2015|| {{Convert|17000|km}} || 56 || <ref name=phaseI-VIII/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sciencexpress.in/ScienceExpressVII/pdf/Press-Realease-English-3-August-2014.pdf |title=Science Express VII: Biodiversity Special |work=ScienceExpress.in |date=2013 |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818132942/http://sciencexpress.in/ScienceExpressVII/pdf/Press-Realease-English-3-August-2014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFECC8;" |'''Climate Change''' || 8 || 15 Oct 2015{{dash}}7 May 2016|| {{Convert|19800|km}} || 64 || <ref name=phaseI-VIII/><ref name="Abt">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencexpress.in/about-science-express.html |title=Science Express Climate Action Special |work=ScienceExpress.in |date=2017 |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=23 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623135007/http://www.sciencexpress.in/about-science-express.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 9 || 17 Feb 2017{{dash}}8 Sep 2017 || {{Convert|19000|km}} || 74 || <ref name="Abt"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencexpress.in/route-map.html|title=Route Map|publisher=ScienceExpress.in|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-date=13 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613071630/http://sciencexpress.in/route-map.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Science Express">
File:Science express.jpg|Science Express at [[Rayagada]], [[Odisha]] in 2011
File:Science express bio diversity special 4.jpg|Students queue outside the train in 2014
File:SCIENCE EXPRESS CROWD.JPG|Interior of the exhibition in 2011
File:Science express bio diversity special 1.jpg|Exhibits of the Biodiversity Special in 2014
File:Science express bio diversity special 6.jpg|Activities conducted on the railway platform for the visitors
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Science Express}}
* [http://www.sciencexpress.in/about-science-express.html Official website]
{{Department of Science and Technology (India)}}
{{Indian Railways}}

[[Category:2007 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]]
[[Category:Science education in India]]

Eparchy of Gorakhpur

2026-01-25T12:03:11Z

Jeep Safari: Put Up

{{Short description|Syro-Malabar Catholic territory in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Eparchy
| name = Gorakhpur
| local =
| image =Gorakhpur_diocese.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =

| country = {{flag|India}}
| territory =
| province = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Faridabad|Archeparchy of Faridabad]]
| metropolitan =
| archdeaconries =
| deaneries =
| subdivisions =
| coordinates = 

| area_km2 = 19,070
| area_sqmi = 
| area_footnotes =
| population = 17,200,635
| population_as_of = 2009
| catholics = 3,230
| catholics_percent = 0.0
| parishes = 
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| rite = [[East Syriac Rite]]
| established = 19 June 1984
| cathedral = St. Joseph’s Cathedral in [[Gorakhpur]]
| cocathedral =
| patron = [[Saint Thérèse of Lisieux]] [[Saint Joseph]]{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}
| patron_title = 
| priests = 

| pope = Mar {{Incumbent pope}} 
| patriarch =
| major_archbishop = Mar [[Raphael Thattil]]
| bishop = Mar [[Mathew Nellikunnel]]
| bishop_title = 
| metro_archbishop = Mar [[Kuriakose Bharanikulangara]]
| coadjutor =
| suffragans = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general =
| episcopal_vicar =
| archdeacons = 
| emeritus_bishops = Thomas Thuruthimattam

| map = Map of Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Gorakhpur.png
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = [https://www.gorakhpurdiocese.in/ Catholic Diocese of Gorakhpur]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Eparchy of Gorakhpur''' is an [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic]] eparchy in [[India]], belonging to the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]. The eparchy was erected by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1984 through the [[Papal bull|Bull]] "Ex quo Divinum Concilium".<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Gorakhpur |url=https://www.gorakhpurdiocese.in/about-us |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.gorakhpurdiocese.in}}</ref> Mar Thomas Thuruthimattam was appointed bishop of Gorakhpur on 15 July 2006. He received his episcopal consecration on 1 October 2006 and assumed office on the same day.

==Former bishops==
* [[Dominic Kokkatt]]
* [[Thomas Thuruthimattam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.thesyromalabarchurch.org/gorakhpur.htm Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Gorakhpur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015143506/http://www.thesyromalabarchurch.org/gorakhpur.htm |date=15 October 2006 }}
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgosm.html Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Gorakhpur] at [[Catholic-Hierarchy]]

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gorakhpur}}
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1984]]
[[Category:Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Christianity in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{SyroMalabar-diocese-stub}}

Ninra Narayana Perumal temple

2026-01-24T03:39:38Z

Jeep Safari: put up new place...

{{Short description|Vishnu temple in Virudhunagar}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Ninra Narayana Perumal Temple
| image = Thiruthankal temple (1).jpg
| alt = The gateway tower of the temple with a flight of steps
| caption = The gateway tower of the temple with a flight of steps
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|9|28|54.7|N|77|48|41.7|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
| location = [[Thiruthangal]]
| elevation_m = 127
| deity = Ninra Narayana([[Vishnu]]), Arunakamala Mahadevi ([[Lakshmi]])
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions = 3
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Ninra Narayana Perumal Temple''' (also called '''Nindra Narayana Perumal temple''') or '''Thiruthankaal''' in [[Thiruthangal]], a town in the outskirts of [[Sivakasi]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries AD. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Ninra Narayana and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Arunakamala Mahadevi.

The temple in its present form was believed to have been built by Devendra Vallabha, a Pandya king. The temple has three inscriptions in its two rock-cut caves, two dating from the period of 8th century.

The temple is built on a granite hill {{convert|100|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall and a granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines and bodies of water. Unlike other temples, this temple does not have a ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower. The later Pandya kings, Vijayanagara and Nayak kings in the region made significant additions to the temple. The temple is located on the other side of [[Karunellinathar temple]], a famous [[Shiva]] temple and can be reached from that temple on the hillock.

Ninra Narayana is believed to have appeared to Sridevi and [[Bhūmi|Bhoomadevi]]. Four daily rituals and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Vaikasi Vasanthothsavam, Pillai Lokacharyar festival and Kurathalvar festival, each celebrated for ten days, being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Thiruthankal temple (11).jpg|The [[Vimana (tower)|vimanam]] of the temple|240px|thumb|left|alt=shrine over sanctum of the temple]]
According to the temple's [[Sthala purana|Sthala Purana]], there was a competition among the consorts of [[Vishnu]], [[Lakshmi|Sridevi]], [[Bhudevi]], and [[Niladevi]], on the degree of their devotion to Vishnu. Sridevi descended down to earth and repaired a sequestrated spot surrounded by paddy fields. She sat in devotion and influenced by her power of worship, all sages started worshipping her at the place. Realising that living alone would be improper, she engendered a ''[[Pushkarni|tirtha]]'' (water body) and propitiated Vishnu. Pleased by her devotion, Vishnu appeared at the spot. Bhudevi and Niladevi followed her footsteps and acceded that Sridevi was the most devoted among them. Vishnu desired and stayed (''thangal'' in Tamil) along with his consorts in the place.

As per another legend, [[Krishna]]'s grandson, [[Aniruddha]], got married at this place.<ref name=M/>

As per another legend, [[Ranganatha]] from [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]] was enamoured by the devotion of [[Andal]]. He started a journey to [[Srivilliputhur Divya Desam]] to seek her hand for marriage. While reaching the place, it became dark and he decided to spend the night in the place. Since he stayed at this place, it came to be known as Thiruthangal and the hillock came to be known as Thalagiri.<ref name=M/>

The temple finds mention in the eighth chapter of ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' that deals with the story of king Puroora Chakravarthy. Puroora was a righteous king of Bharathavarsha and when he became old, he gave his kingdom to his sons. He approached to sages to direct him to the right place to do penance, who directed him to Thiruthangal. After performing austere penance, [[Mahavishnu]] appeared to him.<ref name=M/> Devendra Vallabha, a scion of Pandya dynasty was once hunting a tiger and reached Thiruthangal. While firing an arrow at the tiger, a divine voice explained the history of the tiger. In its previous birth, the tiger was a ruler by name Chandraketu, who did not adhere to the principles of doing penance. He was hence made to be reborn as a tiger. Mahavishnu appeared to both Devendra and the tiger. In commemoration of the event, the rock near the temple is named Puliparai (''puli'' means tiger and ''parai'' indicates hill).<ref name=M/>

There was once an argument between banyan tree and [[Shesha|Adishesha]] as to who would be closer to Vishnu. [[Brahma]], the Hindu god of creation was asked to mediate and he judged in favour of Adishesha, who went on to become the serpent bed of Vishnu. Banyan tree was highly dissatisfied and he started doing intense penance praying to Vishnu at Thiruthangal. Vishnu appeared to the banyan tree and gave him a boon that he would sit over him at Thiruthangal. The rock is thus believed to be the banyan tree and thus came to be known as Thangalgiri. Based on the legend, there is a common belief that the temple provides relief to devotees suffering from mental weariness and physical fatigue.<ref name=M/>

==History==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=right
| total_width = 300
| height1= 3791| width1 = 2122
| height2 = 4128 | width2 = 2322
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Thiruthankal temple (10).jpg
|image2=Thiruthankal temple (17).jpg
|footer=Paramapadavasal and temple chariot
}}

Ninra Narayana Perumal temple is believed to have been built by [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyas]]. There are a host of inscriptions in the temple indicating information related to the gifts offered to the temple. One of the inscription from 1032 CE indicates the temples as Paramaswamy who willingly chose the hillock as his abode. A lake by name of Vallabha Pereri existed by the side of the temple. During the reign of [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I]] (1308 - 23 CE), a shrine was erected for the image of Singhaperumal ([[Narasimha]]). The two sons of Tiruvenkatanatha, an official in the Pandyan Empire constructed the western precinct.<ref>{{cite report|title=Excavations of Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu(1969-95)|editor=T.S. Sridhar|publisher=Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai|year=2004|url=http://210.212.62.26/pdf_files/books/Excavations%20of%20archaeological%201969-1995%20part%20001.pdf|page=6|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083910/http://210.212.62.26/pdf_files/books/Excavations%20of%20archaeological%201969-1995%20part%20001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> During 1220 CE, they constructed a mutt and endowed for the recitation of the ''[[Ramayana]]'', ''[[Mahabharatha|Mahabharata]],'' and the ''[[Purana]]s''. During the reign of [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan]] (1216–1238 CE), special [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]s were instituted. In 1227, Gurukulatharaiyan, the minister of Sundara Pandyan arranged for the construction of the sanctum, Mahamandapam and Ardhamandapam. In later periods, a lady named Tirumangai Andal installed the metal images of Karmachanai Emperuman and the Devis. The festival idols were taken out in procession during new moon day. The inscription about these inscription were recopied as the rock contained the original epigraph was shattered.

In modern times, two philanthropist, named Ramanujadasa and Narayanadasa arranged for the construction of Kalyana Mantapa, Garuda Mandapa and other Mandapas (halls).

During 1979, the northern compound wall, 120 ft by 30 ft tall collapsed due to torrential rains, which was repaired with the help of local support.

In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=M/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Thiruthankal temple (13).jpg|thumb|left|250px|The pillared hall in the entrance of the temple|alt=pillared hall in the entrance of the temple]]
Ninra Narayana Perumal temple is located in [[Thiruthangal]], a town {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Sivakasi]], on the Madurai road. The temple is built on a granite hill 100 ft (30 m) tall and a granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines and bodies of water. The temple is located on the other side of Karunellinathar temple, a famous Shiva temple and can be reached from that temple on the hillock. The rajagopuram, the main gateway tower, has a flat structure, compared to other South Indian temples that have a steep structure.

An image of the presiding deity, Ninra Narayana, is seen in a standing posture facing east on the third tier of the temple and sporting Abaya [[Mudra]] (right feet gesturing to devotees to surrender to his feet).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Lord of Vengadam|last=S R|first=Ramanujan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rntPBAAAQBAJ&q=thiruthangal+temple&pg=PA52|isbn=9781482834628|year=2014|publisher=PartridgeIndia}}</ref> He is believed to have appeared to [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]] and Sridevi, all of whose images are housed inside the sanctum. The tier also houses the Mahamandapam and the shrine of [[Garuda]], the eagle [[Vahana|mount]] of Vishnu. Garuda is seen in a unique posture with a pot of [[Amrita]] on his right hand and a serpent in his left hand. His other two hands are seen with supplicating pose.<ref name=M/> The sanctum is guarded by imposing images of [[Dvarapala|Dvarapalaka]]s, which are believed to be constructed during the rule of Sattur Kolarapatti. The sanctum houses eleven images of Ninra Narayana Perumal, [[Markendeya]], Garuda, Aruna, [[Viswakarma]], Bhudevi, Sridevi on the right and Niladevi, Usha, [[Aniruddha]] and [[Bhrigu]] to the left. The festival metal image of Thiruthangal Appan is placed in front of the images. The images of the deities are made of stucco and hence ablution is not performed as in other temples.<ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=182|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref> The [[vimana (tower)|vimana]], the roof over the sanctum is called Somachandra Vimana, is similar to the ones in [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]] and [[Alagarkovil]]. The images of Nardanakrishan, [[Andal]], [[Durga]], and [[Vinayaka]] are seen on the precinct around the sanctum, while the image of [[Azhwar|Alvar]]s are housed in the hall leading to the sanctum.<ref name=M/>

The consort of Ninra Narayana, Aruna Mahadevi (also called "Shenbagavalli") has a separate shrine in the second tier. The [[Utsavar]] (festival image) of Arunakamala Mahadevi is called Shenbagavalli and is housed inside the same shrine. Unlike other temples, the image of Thayar is seen in standing posture. All poojas are first performed to Thayar before being done for the presiding deity. The second tier houses the four-pillared hall, vehicle hall and mirror room. A cave temple on the lower tier, bearing the traces of Pandyan art, is located to the West of Kalyana Mandapa. The image of Pallikonda Perumal is housed in the cave, with Sridevi and Bhudevi serving his feet and sages Markandeya and Bhrigu occupying prominent places on either side.<ref name=M/> The rectangular walls around the temple enclose all the shrines and water bodies associated with the temple. The ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the main gateway tower, has a flat structure, compared to other South Indian temples that have a steep structure.<ref name=M>{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=129–142|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
{{Multiple image
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
| align = right
| total_width = 400
| width1 = 4128
| height1 = 2322
| width2 = 4128
| height2 = 2322
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Thiruthankal temple (7).jpg
| image2 = Thiruthankal temple (8).jpg
| footer = [[Murtis]] of the Alvars inside the temple
}}

The temple is revered in the ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Bhoothath Azhwar|Bhoothath Alvar]] in one hymns and [[Thirumangai Alvar]] in four hymns. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. Some of the ancient [[Sanskrit]] books consider the temple as a ''uthamakshetram'', meaning the place that gives the best to its devotees.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Ninra Narayana Perumal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=687|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> Divyakavi Pillai Perumal Iyengar has also eulogized the presiding deity in one of his verses.<ref name="M" />

The temple finds mention in the eighth chapter of ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' that deals with the story of king Puroora Chakravarthy.

==Festivals and religious practices==
[[File:Thiruthankal3.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The entrance of the temple from the Subramaniyar temple]]
The temple follows [[Vaikhanasa|vaikhānasāgama]]. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, belonging to the Brahmin community. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Ninra Narayana Perumal, Ranganathar and Arunakamala Mahadevi. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

The Vaikasi Vasanthothsavam, Pillai Lokacharyar festival and Kurathalvar festival, each celebrated for ten days are the most prominent festivals of the temple, and for the surrounding villages. Vaikasi Vasanthothsavam is celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Vaikasi'' (May–June) when devotees pull the chariot round the streets of Thiruthangal. Verses from ''Nalayira Divya Prabandham'' are recited by a group of temple priests amidst music with ''nagaswaram'' (pipe instrument) and ''tavil'' (percussion instrument).<ref name="dinamalar"/> The other major festivals celebrated are Srijayanthi Uriyadi, Pavitrostavam, Garudotsavam, Navarathri, Karthigai, Thirumangai Alvar day, [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi|Vaikunta Ekadasi]] and Kalyana Utsavam. During Chitra Pournami, the festival image has a holy dip in Arujan river, decorated and mounted on a horse mount and taken around ten villages around Thiruthangal. On the fifth day of Adi Pooram, the festival image of the image is brought in Garuda mount and taken to [[Srivilliputhur Divya Desam]] along with four other temples.<ref>{{cite news|title=Garuda accorded special status here|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/garuda-accorded-special-status-here/article3686242.ece|last=S.|first=Prabhu|date=26 July 2012|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Ninra Narayana Perumal Temple}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]

Tony Fernandez (ophthalmologist)

2026-01-14T01:53:49Z

Jeep Safari: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian ophthalmologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tony Fernandez
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Ophthalmologist
| yearsactive =
| known for = Ophthalmology
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website = {{Url|http://www.drtonyseyehospital.com|Website}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Tony Fernandez''' is an Indian ophthalmologist, noted for his contributions in founding and fostering an eye care centre at [[Little Flower Hospital]], [[Angamaly]], thereby elevating the hospital from the level of a medical dispensary into an 800-bedded hospital.<ref name="Samaritan for the Sightless">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/health/Samaritan-for-the-Sightless/2014/08/24/article2391185.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126123252/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/health/Samaritan-for-the-Sightless/2014/08/24/article2391185.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 January 2016 | title=Samaritan for the Sightless | publisher=Indian Express | date=24 August 2014 | access-date=January 21, 2016}}</ref> He founded the first eye bank in the private sector in Kerala<ref name="Samaritan for the Sightless" /> and is a former president of the All India Ophthalmological Society.<ref name="Ophthalmology meet opens">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/ophthalmology-meet-opens/article2856989.ece | title=Ophthalmology meet opens | work=The Hindu | date=3 February 2012 | access-date=January 21, 2016}}</ref> He has delivered many award orations including the Dr Sriniavasa Rao Memorial Oration Award (1995) of the Karnataka Ophthalmic Society<ref name="Dr Sriniavasa Rao Memorial Oration Award">{{cite web | url=http://kos.drgiri.org/index.php/orations-awards | title=Dr Sriniavasa Rao Memorial Oration Award | publisher=Karnataka Ophthalmic Society | date=2016 | access-date=January 21, 2016 | archive-date=24 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224085552/http://kos.drgiri.org/index.php/orations-awards | url-status=dead }}</ref> and has initiated a social project, Kazhcha-Vision 2020, in association with South Indian film actor, [[Mammootty]], for providing free [[cataract]] treatment to financially compromised people of Kerala.<ref name="Mammootty's anti-cataract initiative to be expanded on his birthday">{{cite web | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/mammoottys-anti-cataract-to-be-expanded-on-his-birthday-1082712.html | title=Mammootty's anti-cataract initiative to be expanded on his birthday | publisher=IBN Live | date=7 September 2015 | access-date=January 21, 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2008, for his contributions to medicine.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=January 3, 2016}}</ref> Kerala Society of Ophthalmic Surgeons have instituted an award, Padmasree Dr. Tony Fernandez Award, in his honour, awarded annually to the best video on [[ophthalmology]].<ref name=" Padmasree Dr. Tony Fernandez Award">{{cite web | url=https://www.amrita.edu/news/curse-white-pearl | title=Padmasree Dr. Tony Fernandez Award | publisher=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham | date=1 December 2011 | access-date=January 21, 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Little Flower Hospital]]
{{Portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandez, Tony}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]
{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Rajesh Joshi (poet)

2025-12-31T07:38:09Z

Jeep Safari: created the data w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

[[File:Poet Rajesh Joshi.jpg|thumb|Rajesh Joshi at his home in Nirala Nagar, [[Bhopal]], July 2017]]
'''Rajesh Joshi''' (born 18 July 1946)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=d6uoDNY7B40C&dq=Rajesh+Joshi+18+%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%88%2C+1946&pg=PA109 Profile of Rajesh Joshi]</ref><ref>https://www.rajkamalprakashan.com/index.php/default/jmproducts/filter/index/?author=153 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> is a [[Hindi]] writer, poet, journalist and a playwright, who was the recipient of 2002 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in Hindi for his anthology of poems - 'Do Panktiyon Ke Beech' (Between Two Lines), given by [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters.<ref>[http://www.sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/awa10306.htm#hindi Sahitya Akademi Awards 1955-2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704045555/http://www.sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/awa10306.htm#hindi |date=4 July 2007 }} [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] Official website.</ref> He presently resides in [[Bhopal]] and continues to work as a freelance writer.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000910/spectrum/books.htm Hindi Literature] [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 10 September 2000.</ref> His poems have been translated into English, German, Russian, Urdu and into many other Indian languages. Recipient of Muktibodh Puraskar, Makhan Lal Chaturvedi Puraskar, Srikant Verma Smriti Samman, Shikhar Samman and others.

==Biography==
Rajesh Joshi was born in 1946 in [[Narsinghgarh, Rajgarh|Narsinghgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and graduated in 1966 with Biology, and thereafter took up a job as a school teacher in [[Ujjain]] and [[Indore]], he also served as a bank clerk for a while,<ref>[http://www.centralchronicle.com/20070814/1408033.htm First pay spent on repaying loan]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} www.centralchronicle.com.</ref> before leaving the profession in 1972, and starting his literary career as a freelance writer for journals like "Vatayan", "Lahar", "Pahal", "[[Dharamyug]]", "Saptahik Hindustan", "Sarika", etc. and later went on to edit magazines like "Naya Vikalp", "Naya Path" and "Vartman Sahitya". Over the years he has authored twelve books including four collections of poetry - "Ek Din Bolenge Ped", "Do Panktiyon Ke Beech" and others - with one long poem "Samargatha" and two short story collections "Samwar Aur Anya Kahaniyan" and "Kapil ka Ped", four plays and one collection of children's rhymes "Gend Nirali Mithoo Ki".<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20030801045209/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/27/stories/2003022700020300.htm Penning songs of true freedom]}} [[The Hindu]], 27 February 2003.</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''Nagarjuna Rachna Sanchayan'' (Hindi): An anthology of selected writings of Nagarjuna in Hindi, Compiled and edited by Rajesh Joshi, 2005, [[Sahitya Akademi]], Delhi. {{ISBN|81-260-1907-7}}.<ref>[http://www.sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/bklst29.htm Sahitya Akademi booklist 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415125641/http://www.sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/bklst29.htm |date=2008-04-15 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80 Rajesh Joshi at Kavita Kosh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171910/http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80 |date=3 March 2016 }} '''(Hindi)'''

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Hindi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Rajesh}}
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Bhopal]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Journalists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Poets from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Jainism in Goa

2025-11-18T09:51:58Z

Jeep Safari: added references

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
[[File:Jain Temple, Cudnem, Goa.jpg|thumb|Cudnem Jain temple]]

{{Jainism}}
[[Jainism]] flourished in [[Goa]] during the rule of [[Kadamba dynasty]] of Karnataka.<ref>{{citation|title=History of Goa|url=http://www.dip.goa.gov.in/history-of-goa.php|publisher=Department of Information and Publicity, [[Government of Goa]]|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063009/http://www.dip.goa.gov.in/history-of-goa.php|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Broken sculptures of the Jain [[Tirthankara]] [[Suparshvanatha]], belonging to the period of the Goan Kadamba ruler Shivachitta Permadi Dev, were discovered in an old Jain temple in Jainkot, Naroa.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}

==Demographics==
There were 864 Jains in Goa according to the 2001 census: 456 male and 408 female.<ref>{{citation|last=Census of India|title=Population by religious communities|date=2001|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701214405/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|archive-date=1 July 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The number increased to 1,109 in 2011 census.<ref>{{citation|last=Census of India|date=2011|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/goa-population.html|title=Goa Population - Census India 2011|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140627/https://www.censusindia2011.com/goa-population.html|archive-date=29 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Bhagwan Mahavira Vardhamana Jainism, Goa India.jpg|left|thumb|Statue of [[Mahavira]] inside Campi gardens, [[Panaji]] ]]

Though present-day Goa has a minuscule population of Jains today (almost all immigrants from other states of India), it was once a hub for Jainism. The rich cultural heritage of this religion is slowly on its way to oblivion, since the government has failed to make any planned efforts to protect it after Liberation.
Korgao, Cudnem, Bandivade, Chandor, Cothambi, and Naroa are places related to Jainism. All these villages are on river banks.
Since ancient times, Goa has been one of the important centres of trade and commerce. During the Kadamba period, the rulers rarely opposed other religions and cults, and due to this, Jainism flourished.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}

Chandrakant Bhoje Patil from Ponda says, “Once Goa had Jain settlements. The sculptures, temples, inscriptions found in various parts tell us how Jainism flourished here. Most of the vestiges of the Jain heritage are lying neglected now. We have submitted a memorandum recently (as noted in year 2014) to chief minister Manohar Parrikar to take steps for the protection and conservation of these assets of our history.”{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}

The ancient Jain temple of ''Cudnem village'' dedicated to [[Rishabhanatha]] was constructed by [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]] community in tenth century.<ref>{{citation|title=Goa - Early recorded history (The Aryan conquest)|url=http://www.goatourism.gov.in/history/early-history|publisher=Department of Tourism, [[Government of Goa]]|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910131422/http://goatourism.gov.in/history/early-history|archive-date=10 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|de Souza|1989|p=12}} It went to ruins in fifteenth century. Broken idols of [[Tirthankara]] were discovered during an excavation in 1986 by the directorate of archaeology and archives.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}

Gurjaras also constructed the Jain temple at Narve, [[Bicholim]] in 1150 AD.{{sfn|de Souza|1989|p=12}} The sculpture of [[Parshvanatha]], the 23rd [[Tirthankara]] was discovered in Hindolewada, Narve.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}

Another ancient [[Jain temple]] of twenty-second [[Tirthankara]] [[Neminatha]] in [[Bandora, Goa]] built by King Sripala.<ref>{{citation|title=Singular pre-Portuguese monument crumbling from neglect Paul Fernandes finds that the Jain basti at Bandora requires conservation|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIGO/2008/11/24&ID=Ar00200|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 November 2008|location=[[Goa]]|last=TNN|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013551/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIGO%2F2008%2F11%2F24&ID=Ar00200|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shenoy|first=Balaji|title=Ruins of Neminath Jain Basti at Bandora|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/ruins-of-neminath-jain-basti-at-bandora|publisher=[[The Navhind Times]]|date=11 February 2015|access-date=18 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308034429/http://www.navhindtimes.in/ruins-of-neminath-jain-basti-at-bandora/|archive-date=8 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kannada inscription discovered in Bandivade of Ponda mentions that king Sripala established this village and built the Jain temple of Neminath which is presently in ruins.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}

The idols of [[Tirthankara]] were also found in Chandreshwar temple in Kothambi village, situated on the right bank of the River Mandovi.Kothambi, here the sculptures of Kuber, Yakshi and the broken idol of Tirthankar were lying neglected. The idols of Yakshi and Kuber have been housed at the Goa state museum but the idol of Tirthankar is still (as noted on 2014) left unattended to fight the sunlight and rains.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}

The first Jain sculpture (belonging to the early southern [[Shilahara Dynasty]]) in Salcete, Chandor was discovered by Father [[Henry Heras]] during one of his expeditions.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{citation|last1=Kerkar|first1=Rajendra|last2=TNN|title=Jain heritage dwindles as govt sits pretty|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Jain-heritage-dwindles-as-govt-sits-pretty/articleshow/44987827.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 October 2014}}
* {{citation|last=Kakar|first=Katarina|title=Moving to Goa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2lBAgAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Penguin UK]]|date=15 December 2013|isbn=9789351185710}}
* {{citation|last=de Souza|first=Teotonio R.|author-link=Teotónio de Souza|title=Goa to Me|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy9qBd8u0M0C|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|date=1 January 1994|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=81-7022-504-3}}
* {{citation|last=de Souza|first=Teotonio R.|author-link=Teotónio de Souza|title=Essays in Goan History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruTu9oaUgUgC|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|date=1 January 1989|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=81-7022-263-X}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Jainism in India]]

{{Jainism-stub}}

Gandhigram Rural Institute

2025-11-14T00:31:33Z

Jeep Safari: cleanup intro after review and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Deemed university in Dindigul, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|reason=grammar, duplication, coherence, deadlinks in cites, invalid template parms|date=January 2020}}
{{Notability|Organizations|date=January 2020}}
{{Primary sources|date=January 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Gandhigram Rural Institute
| other_name = GRI
| image = {{Not a typo|A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting a citation to Padma Vibhushan Shri Adoor Gopalakrishnan, an alumnus of the Gandhigram Rural Institute at a function held at Gandhigram Rural University in Tamil Nadu on September 23, 2006.jpg}}
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in an event in the institute
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date and age|1956}}<ref name="AboutGRI">{{Cite web |title=The Gandhigram Rural Institute – Deemed University |url=https://www.ruraluniv.ac.in/aboutgri?content=profile |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=ruraluniv.ac.in }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| endowment =
| budget =
| chancellor = Dr. KM. ANNAMALAI<ref name="Chancellor">{{cite web |url=https://www.ruraluniv.ac.in/administration?content=chancellor |title=Chancellor}}</ref>
| vice_chancellor = Dr. N. Panchanatham<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruraluniv.ac.in/Governance?content=System |title=The Gandhigram Rural Institute – Deemed University}}</ref>
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| other =
| city = [[Gandhigram, Tamil Nadu|Gandhigram]], [[Dindigul]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Rural
| colours =
| faculty =
| affiliations = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], UGC of India
| website = {{Official website|www.ruraluniv.ac.in}}
}}

'''The Gandhigram Rural Institute''' ('''GRI''') is a centrally-funded [[deemed university]] in [[Dindigul]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

== History ==
GRI was founded by [[G. Ramachandran (social reformer)|G. Ramachandran]] and his wife [[T. S. Soundaram|T.S. Soundaram]], in 1956. It adopted the education model of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Nai Talim]]. In 1976, it was declared a [[Deemed University]] by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) under Section 3 of the [[University Grants Commission Act, 1956|UGC Act, 1956]]. It is fully funded by the UGC.

In 2006, it was renamed Gandhigram Rural Institute as per the guidelines of UGC.

The institute has developed into a major educational complex, comprising seven faculties, offering more than 50 programmes. It awards [[doctoral]], [[Master's degree|master's]] and [[bachelor's degree]]s, diplomas, and certificates through its seven academic faculties: rural development, rural economics and extension education, rural-oriented sciences, cooperation, development administration, rural sociology, and English, Tamil and Indian languages.

It has 3000 students, 150 teaching and 250 non-teaching staff.

The institute was accredited with a five-star status by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) in 2002, and with an A grade during re-accreditation in 2010 and 2016.<ref name="AboutGRI" />

== Campus ==
The Gandhigram Rural Institute has a campus of nearly {{convert|200|acre|km2}} in a rural setting, nestling in one of the enclaves of the Sirumalai range. To its west are chains of mountains including the Kodaikanal Hill Station. Lying north of Madurai, Gandhigram is easily accessible by rail and road. The climate is hot throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gandhigram Rural Institute – Deemed University |url=https://www.ruraluniv.ac.in/aboutgri?content=campus |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=ruraluniv.ac.in}}</ref>

== Alumni ==
* [[K. R. Meera]], Indian Writer
* [[Raghavan (actor)]], Malayalam film industry
* [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]], Prominent director
* Pocker Kadalundi, Journalist
* [[Dr. E.Desingu Setty]], Professor and Author

== Transport ==
The nearest railway station is [[Ambathurai]], the nearest major railway junction is [[Dindigul Junction railway station|Dindigul]] and the nearest major city is [[Madurai]]. The nearest airport is [[Madurai Airport]].

== Rankings ==
Gandhigram Rural Institute was ranked 91 among universities in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/UniversityRanking.html |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=nirfindia.org |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054704/https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/UniversityRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> rank 101–150 in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2021/UniversityRanking150.html |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=nirfindia.org}}</ref> and rank 151-200 in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/UniversityRanking200.html |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=nirfindia.org}}</ref>

== Former chancellors ==
* [[P. B. Gajendragadkar]], seventh Chief Justice of India
* [[T. S. Soundram]], Indian physician and politician
* [[R. Venkatraman]], eighth President of India
* [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]], eighth Vice President of India
* [[K.R. Narayanan]], tenth President of India
* [[Krishan Kant]], tenth Vice President of India
* [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]], eleventh Vice President of India
* [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]], twelfth Vice President of India
* [[Renana Jhabvala]], social worker in India

== Former vice chancellors ==
* [[G. Ramachandran (social reformer)|G. Ramachandran]], social reformer
* [[M. Aram]], educator and peace activist
* Devendra Kumar
* D. K. Oza
* T. R. Natesan
* N. Markandan
* G. Pankajam
* [[T. Karunakaran]]
* Sm. Ramasamy

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.ruraluniv.ac.in}}

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|10.27958|77.933412|display=title}}
[[Category:Gandhigram Rural Institute]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Education in Dindigul district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1956]]

2017 Pro Kabaddi League

2025-10-28T00:21:58Z

Jeep Safari: Started basic details first draft...

{{short description|5th Season of Pro Kabaddi League}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox tournament|name=Vivo Pro Kabaddi – July 2017 Season 5|start_date={{start date|df=yes|2017|07|28}}|end_date={{end date|df=yes|2017|10|28}}|administrator=Mashal Sports|tournament_format=[[Round-robin tournament|Double round robin]] and [[Page playoff system|playoffs]]|host=India|champion=[[Patna Pirates]] (3rd title)|teams=[[#Teams|12]]|matches=138|best_player=|stat1_label=Most raid points|stat2_label=Most tackle points|stat3_label=Most successful raid
|stat2= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Surender Nada]] (80)|stat1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Pardeep Narwal]] (369)|stat3= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pardeep Narwal]] (271)
|website={{URL|prokabaddi.com}}|previous=[[2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (June)|2016 June]]|next=[[2018 Pro Kabaddi League season|2018]]|tournament_name=|participants=|event2=|event2_champion=|image=Vivo pkl logo season5.png|caption=Le panga|runner-up1=[[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortunegiants]]}}
{{Pro Kabaddi League seasons}}

The '''2017 Vivo Pro Kabaddi League season''' was the fifth season of [[Pro Kabaddi League]], a professional [[kabaddi]] league in [[India]] since 2014. It is organised by Mashal Sports and [[Star India]]. This season includes 12 teams after the inclusion of four new teams: [[UP Yoddha]], [[Tamil Thalaivas]], [[Haryana Steelers]] and [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortunegiants]].

== Auction ==
[[Auctions]] for the new season were held in May, before which the existing teams were allowed to retain one player each. The auction saw over 400 players go under the hammer and a total of Rs 46.99 crore spent by the 12 teams.

The most expensive pick of the auction was raider Nitin Tomar, who was bought by the new UP franchise for a sum of Rs 93 lakh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/pro-kabaddi-league/2017/pro-kabaddi-league-2017-season-5-player-auction-who-went-where-and-for-how-much-video-online-streaming-price-top-bid-4668501/|title=Pro Kabaddi League 2017 Auction: Nitin Tomar to Team UP for Rs 93 lakh|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> Following in second place was Rohit Kumar after the [[Bengaluru Bulls]] picked him for a Rs 81 lakh price. The most expensive foreign player was South Korea's Jang Kun Lee after he was retained by the [[Bengal Warriors]] for Rs 80.3 lakhs.

== Opening ceremony ==
The opening ceremony is held on the first match of every leg in each stadium.{{fact|date=October 2019}} This is similar to that of IPL 2017.{{fact|date=October 2019}} It is done so to highlight the importance of the tradition and culture all over the country.{{fact|date=October 2019}}

== Teams ==

=== Stadiums and locations ===
{{Excerpt|Pro Kabaddi League|Teams|only=table}}

=== Personnel & kit ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
! Teams
! Owners
! Captain
! Head coach
! Main Sponsor
! Back Sponsor
|-
| [[Bengal Warriors]]
| Birthright Games & Entertainment Private Limited
| Surjeet Singh
| Jagdish Kumble
|
|
|-
| [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
| WL League Pvt. Ltd.
| [[Rohit Kumar (kabaddi)|Rohit Kumar]]
| |Randhir Singh
| -
|
|-
| [[Dabang Delhi]] KC
| Mrs Radha Kapoor Khanna
| [[Meraj Sheykh]]
| Dr. Ramesh Bhendigiri
| ISDI
| ISME
|-
| [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
| [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| [[Manjeet Chillar]]
| Balwan Singh
| [[Finolex Cables]]
| [[Lux Cozi]]
|-
| [[Patna Pirates]]
| Rajesh V. Shah
| [[Pardeep Narwal]]
| Ram Meher Singh
| [[Aditya Birla Group#Cement|Birla Gold Premium Cement]]
| Johnson
|-
| [[Puneri Paltan]]
| Insurekot Sports
| [[Deepak Niwas Hooda]]
| BC Ramesh
| [[Force Motors]]
|
|-
| [[Telugu Titans]]
| Veera Sports
| [[Rahul Chaudhari]]
| Naveen Kumar
| Greenko
| [[TVS Group|TVS Tyres]]
|-
| [[U Mumba]]
| [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
| [[Anup Kumar (kabaddi)|Anup Kumar]]
| Bhaskaran Edacherry
|
|
|-
| [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
| Iquest Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. & Blasters Sports Ventures Pvt. Ltd.
| [[Ajay Thakur]]
| [[Kasinatha Baskaran|K Baskaran]]
| [[Muthoot Pappachan Group|Muthoot Fincorp India]]
| Maha Cement
|-
| [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]]
| [[Gautam Adani|Mr. Gautam Adani]]
| Fazel Atrachali
| Manpreet Singh
| [[Adani Group|Adani]]
| [https://www.simpolo.net/ Simpolo Tiles and Bathware]
|-
| [[Haryana Steelers]]
| [[JSW Group]]
| [[Surender Nada]]
| Rambir Singh Khokhar
| [[Kent RO Systems|Kent RO]]
|
|-
| [[UP Yoddha]]
| [[GMR Group|GMR League Games Pvt. Ltd.]]
| [[Nitin Tomar]]
| J. Udaya Kumar
| [[Tata Xenon|Tata Yodha]]
| [[Karbonn]]
|}

== Sponsorship ==
* [[Vivo Smartphone|Vivo]]
* [[TVS Motor Company|TVS]]
* [[Bajaj Auto|Bajaj]]
* [[Mutual funds in India|Mutual Funds Sahi hai!]]
* [[Gillette]] Mach3 Turbo
* [[Nissin Foods|Nissin]]
* [[Royal Challenge]] Sports Drink
* [[RR Kabel]]

== Rules and regulations ==
The 12 teams are divided into two zones of six each. Each team plays a total of 22 matches in the league stage:

1. Teams from the same zone play each other thrice, totalling 15 matches in the zone.

2. Then, a team will play an additional of 6 matches with the teams from the other zone.
(Each team plays other team from the other zone once).
These 6 inter-zone matches for each team will be held on three different weeks.
These weeks are known as inter-zone challenge weeks and the respective weeks are:
* 1st: 15 August – 20 August
* 2nd: 5 September – 10 September
* 3rd: 26 September – 1 October

3. Then, each team plays one wild card match which is an additional inter-zone match in the penultimate week, selected by a random mid-season draw, totalling 22 matches in the league stage.

The top three teams from each zone qualify for the super playoffs and compete for the title.

== Points table ==
{{2017_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season_points_table}}

== League stage ==
Source:''prokabaddi.com''<ref name="Fixtures">{{cite web|title=Season 5, results|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/schedule-fixtures-results}}</ref>

=== Leg 1 – [[Gachibowli Indoor Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] ===
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 28 July 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Telugu Titans]] (W)
|score= 32 – 27
|team2= [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/286-scorecard]
|match=1
}}

{{kabaddiresult
|date= 28 July 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[U Mumba]]
|score= 21 – 33
|team2= [[Puneri Paltan]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/287-scorecard]
|match=2
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 29 July 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score= 26 – 30
|team2= [[Dabang Delhi]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/288-scorecard]
|match=3
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 29 July 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[Telugu Titans]]
|score= 29 – 35
|team2= [[Patna Pirates]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/289-scorecard]
|match=4
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 30 July 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[U Mumba]] (W)
|score= 29 – 28
|team2= [[Haryana Steelers]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/290-scorecard]
|match=5
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 30 July 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[Telugu Titans]]
|score= 21 – 31
|team2= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/291-scorecard]
|match=6
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 1 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] (W)
|score= 26 – 20
|team2= [[Dabang Delhi]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/292-scorecard]
|match=7
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 1 August 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[Telugu Titans]]
|score= 18 – 31
|team2= [[UP Yoddha]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/293-scorecard]
|match=8
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 2 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]]
|score= 27 – 27
|team2= [[Haryana Steelers]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/294-scorecard]
|match=9
|result=Match Tied
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 2 August 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[Telugu Titans]]
|score= 24 – 30
|team2= [[Bengal Warriors]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/295-scorecard]
|match=10
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 3 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Telugu Titans]]
|score= 36 – 43
|team2= [[Patna Pirates]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/296-scorecard]
|match=11
}}

=== Leg 2 – Mankapur Indoor Stadium, [[Nagpur]] ===

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 4 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] (W)
|score= 32 – 31
|team2= [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/297-scorecard]
|match=12
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 4 August 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[Puneri Paltan]] (W)
|score= 26 – 21
|team2= [[Dabang Delhi]]
|report=tie [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/298-scorecard]
|match=13
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 5 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[U Mumba]] (W)
|score= 36 – 22
|team2= [[Dabang Delhi]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/299-scorecard]
|match=14
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 5 August 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score= 27 – 32
|team2= [[UP Yoddha]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/300-scorecard]
|match=15
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 6 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Bengal Warriors]] (W)
|score= 40 – 20
|team2= [[UP Yoddha]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/301-scorecard]
|match=16
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 6 August 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score= 32 – 46
|team2= [[Patna Pirates]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/302-scorecard]
|match=17
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 8 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]]
|score= 20 – 32
|team2= [[Haryana Steelers]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/303-scorecard]
|match=18
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 8 August 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score= 21 – 21
|team2= [[Telugu Titans]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/304-scorecard]
|match=19
|result=Match Tied
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 9 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] (W)
|score= 31 – 25
|team2= [[Bengal Warriors]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/305-scorecard]
|match=20
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 10 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score= 28 – 30
|team2= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/306-scorecard]
|match=21
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 10 August 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score= 24 – 29
|team2= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/307-scorecard]
|match=22
}}

=== Leg 3 – [[The Arena (Ahmedabad)|The Arena]], [[Ahmedabad]] ===
{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 11 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] (W)
|score= 39 – 21
|team2= [[U Mumba]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/308-scorecard]
|match=23
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 12 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Telugu Titans]]
|score= 32 – 39
|team2= [[UP Yoddha]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/309-scorecard]
|match=24
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 12 August 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] (W)
|score= 29 – 25
|team2= [[Dabang Delhi]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/310-scorecard]
|match=25
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 13 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Patna Pirates]]
|score= 27 – 27
|team2= [[UP Yoddha]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/311-scorecard]
|match=26
|result=Match Tied
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 13 August 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] (W)
|score= 27 – 20
|team2= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/312-scorecard]
|match=27
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 15 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score= 17 – 34
|team2= [[Puneri Paltan]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/313-scorecard]
|match=28 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 15 August 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] (W)
|score= 27 – 24
|team2= [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/314-scorecard]
|match=29 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 16 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Haryana Steelers]]
|score= 25 – 25
|team2= [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/315-scorecard]
|match=30 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
|result=Match Tied
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 16 August 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] (W)
|score= 29 – 19
|team2= [[Telugu Titans]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/316-scorecard]
|match=31 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 17 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Dabang Delhi]] (W)
|score= 30 – 29
|team2= [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/317-scorecard]
|match=32 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 17 August 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]]
|score= 26 – 26
|team2= [[Bengal Warriors]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/318-scorecard]
|match=33 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
|result=Match Tied
}}

=== Leg 4 – [[Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] ===

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 18 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[UP Yoddha]]
|score= 34 – 37
|team2= [[U Mumba]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/319-scorecard]
|match=34 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 18 August 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score= 28 – 30
|team2= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/320-scorecard]
|match=35 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 19 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Telugu Titans]] (W)
|score= 37 – 32
|team2= [[U Mumba]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/321-scorecard]
|match=36 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 19 August 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[UP Yoddha]]
|score= 29 – 36
|team2= [[Haryana Steelers]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/322-scorecard]
|match=37 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date= 20 August 2017
|time= 20:00
|team1= [[Patna Pirates]]
|score= 42 – 47
|team2= [[Puneri Paltan]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/323-scorecard]
|match=38 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date= 20 August 2017
|time= 21:00
|team1= [[UP Yoddha]]
|score= 22 – 24
|team2= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] (W)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/324-scorecard]
|match=39 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 22 August 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] (W)
|score = 35 – 21
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/325-scorecard]
|match = 40
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 22 August 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|score = 31 – 32
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/326-scorecard]
|match = 41
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 23 August 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]] (W)
|score = 27 – 25
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/327-scorecard]
|match = 42
}}

{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 23 August 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|score = 33 – 33
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/328-scorecard]
|match = 43
|result = Match Tied
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 24 August 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[UP Yoddha]] (W)
|score = 25 – 23
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/329-scorecard]
|match = 44
}}

=== Leg 5 – [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium|Dome@NSCI SVP Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] ===

{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 25 August 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 36 – 39
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/330-scorecard]
|match = 45
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 25 August 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 36 – 36
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/331-scorecard]
|match = 46
|result = Match Tied
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 26 August 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]] (W)
|score = 35 – 24
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/332-scorecard]
|match = 47
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 26 August 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 24 – 26
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/333-scorecard]
|match = 48
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 27 August 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]] (W)
|score = 32 – 26
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/334-scorecard]
|match = 49
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 27 August 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 32 – 33
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/335-scorecard]
|match = 50
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 29 August 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score = –
|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|report =
|match = 51
|result =''Match postponed to 17 October 2017, 20:00''
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 29 August 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = –
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]]
|report =
|match = 52
|result =''Match postponed to 20 September 2017, 20:00''
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 30 August 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[U Mumba]] (W)
|score = 38 – 32
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/338-scorecard]
|match = 53
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 31 August 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]] (W)
|score = 33 – 28
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/339-scorecard]
|match = 54
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 31 August 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[U Mumba]] (W)
|score = 36 – 32
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/340-scorecard]
|match = 55
}}

=== Leg 6 – [[Netaji Indoor Stadium|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Stadium]], [[Kolkata]] ===
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 1 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]] (W)
|score = 41 – 38
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/341-scorecard]
|match = 56
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 2 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]]
|score = 36 – 42
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/342-scorecard]
|match = 57
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 2 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 26 – 26
|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/343-scorecard]
|match = 58
|result = Match Tied
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 3 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]]
|score = 25 – 31
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/344-scorecard]
|match = 59
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 3 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]] (W)
|score = 29 – 25
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/345-scorecard]
|match = 60
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 5 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]] (W)
|score = 47 – 20
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/346-scorecard]
|match = 61 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 5 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 29 – 36
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/347-scorecard]
|match = 62 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 6 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]] (W)
|score = 38 – 30
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/348-scorecard]
|match = 63 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 6 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 31 – 37
|team2 = [[U Mumba]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/349-scorecard]
|match = 64 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 7 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|score = 37 – 42
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/350-scorecard]
|match = 65 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 7 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 31 – 31
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/351-scorecard]
|match = 66 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
|result=Match Tied
}}

=== Leg 7 – [[Motilal Nehru School of Sports, Rai|Motilal Nehru School of Sports]], [[Sonepat]] ===
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 8 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|score = 41 –41
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/352-scorecard]
|match = 67 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
|result = Match Tied
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 8 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]]
|score = 30 – 30
|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/353-scorecard]
|match = 68 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
|result = Match Tied
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 9 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|score = 41 – 51
|team2 = [[U Mumba]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/354-scorecard]
|match = 69 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 9 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]] (W)
|score = 38 – 31
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/355-scorecard]
|match = 70 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 10 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]] (W)
|score = 24 – 20
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/356-scorecard]
|match = 71 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 10 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|score = 19 – 37
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/357-scorecard]
|match = 72 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 12 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]] (W)
|score = 32 – 31
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/358-scorecard]
|match = 73
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 12 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]] (W)
|score = 27 – 24
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/359-scorecard]
|match = 74
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 13 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]] (W)
|score = 34 – 33
|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/360-scorecard]
|match = 75
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 13 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|score = 22 – 38
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/361-scorecard]
|match = 76
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 14 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|score = 27 – 27
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/362-scorecard]
|match = 77
|result = Match Tied
}}

=== Leg 8 – [[Harivansh Tana Bhagat Indoor Stadium]], [[Ranchi]] ===
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 15 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]] (W)
|score = 46 – 30
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/363-scorecard]
|match = 78
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 15 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 28 – 39
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/364-scorecard]
|match = 79
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 16 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score = 26 – 26
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/365-scorecard]
|match = 80
|result = Match Tied
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 16 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]] (W)
|score = 45 – 42
|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/366-scorecard]
|match = 81
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 17 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] (W)
|score = 36 – 25
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/367-scorecard]
|match = 82
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 17 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|score = 37 – 37
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/368-scorecard]
|match = 83
|result = Match Tied
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 19 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]] (W)
|score = 37 – 25
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/369-scorecard]
|match = 84
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 19 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]] (W)
|score = 36 – 32
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/370-scorecard]
|match = 85
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 20 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 23 – 45
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/337-scorecard]
|match = 52
|result = ''Match postponed from 29 August''
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 20 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]] (W)
|score = 41 – 39
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/371-scorecard]
|match = 86
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 21 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 26 – 30
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/372-scorecard]
|match = 87
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 21 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|score = 41 – 46
|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/373-scorecard]
|match = 88
}}

=== Leg 9 – [[Thyagaraj Sports Complex]], [[New Delhi]] ===
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 22 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 28 – 30
|team2 = [[U Mumba]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/374-scorecard]
|match = 89
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 23 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score = 29 – 33
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/375-scorecard]
|match = 90
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 23 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 29 – 34
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/376-scorecard]
|match = 91
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 24 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score = 32 – 33
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/377-scorecard]
|match = 92
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 24 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 24 – 42
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/378-scorecard]
|match = 93
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 26 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]]
|score = 34 – 35
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/379-scorecard]
|match = 94 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 26 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 34 – 36
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/380-scorecard]
|match = 95 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 27 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]] (W)
|score = 41 – 34
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/381-scorecard]
|match = 96 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 27 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 16 – 45
|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/382-scorecard]
|match = 97 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 28 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score = 30 – 42
|team2 = [[U Mumba]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/383-scorecard]
|match = 98 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 28 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 22 – 44
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/384-scorecard]
|match = 99 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}

=== Leg 10 – [[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]], [[Chennai]] ===
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 29 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 20 – 33
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/385-scorecard]
|match = 100 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 29 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] (W)
|score = 30 – 29
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/386-scorecard]
|match = 101 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 30 September 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]] (W)
|score = 34 – 33
|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/387-scorecard]
|match = 102 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 30 September 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 26 – 27
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/388-scorecard]
|match = 103 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 1 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 31-32
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/389-scorecard]
|match = 104 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 1 October 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 30–33
|team2 = [[U Mumba]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/390-scorecard]
|match = 105 ''Inter Zone Challenge Week''
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 3 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 22 – 42
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/391-scorecard]
|match = 106
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 3 October 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 37 – 58
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/392-scorecard]
|match = 107
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 4 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 30 – 41
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/393-scorecard]
|match = 108
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 4 October 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 33 – 37
|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/394-scorecard]
|match = 109
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 5 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|score = 35 – 45
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/395-scorecard]
|match = 110
}}

=== Leg 11 – [[Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium]], [[Jaipur]] ===
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 6 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 23 - 29
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/396-scorecard]
|match = 111
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 6 October 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score = 19 - 25
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/397-scorecard]
|match = 112 ''Inter Zone Wildcard Match''
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 7 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]] (W)
|score = 32 – 30
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/398-scorecard]
|match = 113 ''Inter Zone Wildcard Match''
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 7 October 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] (W)
|score = 36 – 32
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/399-scorecard]
|match = 114
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 8 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] (W)
|score = 33 – 29
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/400-scorecard]
|match = 115 ''Inter Zone Wildcard Match''
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 8 October 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 30 – 38
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/401-scorecard]
|match = 116
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 10 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|score = 35 – 38
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/402-scorecard]
|match = 117 ''Inter Zone Wildcard Match''
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 10 October 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 34 – 35
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/403-scorecard]
|match = 118
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 11 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score = 32 – 35
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/404-scorecard]
|match = 119 ''Inter Zone Wildcard Match''
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 11 October 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 27 – 37
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/405-scorecard]
|match = 120
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 12 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score = 32 – 53
|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/406-scorecard]
|match = 121 ''Inter Zone Wildcard Match''
}}

=== Leg 12 – [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]], [[Pune]] ===
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 13 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score = 20 – 44
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/407-scorecard]
|match = 122
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 13 October 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]] (W)
|score = 34 – 30
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/408-scorecard]
|match = 123
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 14 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]] (W)
|score = 40 – 37
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/409-scorecard]
|match = 124
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 14 October 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]] (W)
|score = 43 – 24
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/410-scorecard]
|match = 125
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 15 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]] (W)
|score = 38 – 32
|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/411-scorecard]
|match = 126
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 15 October 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]] (W)
|score = 34 – 31
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/412-scorecard]
|match = 127
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 17 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]] (W)
|score = 64 – 24
|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/-scorecard]
|match = 51
|result = ''Match postponed from 29 August''
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 17 October 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score = 27 – 31
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/413-scorecard]
|match = 128
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 18 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|score = 29 – 29
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/414-scorecard]
|match = 129
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 18 October 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]] (W)
|score = 38 – 15
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/415-scorecard]
|match = 130
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 20 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|score = 37 – 37
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/416-scorecard]
|match = 131
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 20 October 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score = 22 – 23
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/417-scorecard]
|match = 132
}}

== Playoffs ==

=== Bracket ===
{{6TeamBracket-McIntyre
| RD1 = Elimination finals
| RD2 = Major/Minor semifinal
| RD3 = Preliminary final
| RD4 = Grand final

| RD1-seed1 = A2
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Puneri Paltan]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''40'''
| RD1-seed2 = B3
| RD1-team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
| RD1-score2 = 38

| RD1-team3 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
| RD1-seed3 = A3
| RD1-score3 = 30
| RD1-seed4 = B2
| RD1-team4 = '''[[Patna Pirates]]'''
| RD1-score4 = '''69'''

| RD2-seed1= B1
| RD2-team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
| RD2-score1 = 17
| RD2-seed2= A1
| RD2-team2 = '''[[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]'''
| RD2-score2 = '''42'''

| RD2-team3 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
| RD2-score3 = 32
| RD2-team4 = '''[[Patna Pirates]]'''
| RD2-score4 = '''42'''

| RD3-team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
| RD3-score1 = 44
| RD3-team2 = '''[[Patna Pirates]]'''
| RD3-score2 = '''47'''

| RD4-team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
| RD4-score1 = 38
| RD4-team2 = '''[[Patna Pirates]]'''
| RD4-score2 = '''55'''
}}

=== Eliminator 1 – [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium|Dome@NSCI SVP Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] ===
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 23 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = Puneri Paltan (W)
|score = 40 – 38
|team2 = UP Yoddha
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/418-scorecard]
|match = 133
}}

=== Eliminator 2 – [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium|Dome@NSCI SVP Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] ===
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 23 October 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = Haryana Steelers
|score = 30 – 69
|team2 = Patna Pirates (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/419-scorecard]
|match = 134
|notes = [[Pardeep Narwal]] scored the most raid points in a single [[Pro Kabaddi League]] match (34) and he also scored most points in a single raid (8).
}}

=== Qualifier 1 – [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] ===
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 24 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = Gujarat Fortunegiants (W)
|score = 42 – 17
|team2 = Bengal Warriors
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/420-scorecard]
|match = 135
}}

=== Eliminator 3 – [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium|Dome@NSCI SVP Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] ===
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 24 October 2017
|time = 21:00
|team1 = Puneri Paltan
|score = 32 – 42
|team2 = Patna Pirates (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/421-scorecard]
|match = 136
}}

=== Qualifier 2 – [[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]], [[Chennai]] ===
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 26 October 2017
|time = 20:00
|team1 = Bengal Warriors
|score = 44 - 47
|team2 = Patna Pirates (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/422-scorecard]
|match = 137
}}

=== Final – [[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]], [[Chennai]] ===
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 28 October 2017

|time = 20:00
|team1 = Gujarat Fortunegiants
|score = 38 – 55
|team2 = Patna Pirates (W)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/423-scorecard]
|match = 138
}}

== Statistics ==

Source: ''[https://www.prokabaddi.com/stats prokabaddi.com]''

=== Most Points Overall ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Player !!Team
!Matches Played!! Points
|-
| Pardeep Narwal
| Patna pirates
|26
| 369
|-
|Rohit Kumar
|Bengaluru Bulls
|22
| 231
|-
| Ajay Thakur
| Tamil Thalaivas
|22
| 213
|}

=== Most Raid Points ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Player !!Team
!Matches Played!! Points
|-
| Pardeep Narwal
| Patna Pirates
|26
|369
|-
| Rohit Kumar
| Bengaluru Bulls
|22
| 219
|-
| Ajay Thakur
| Tamil Thalaivas
|22
| 213
|}

=== Most Tackle Points ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Player !!Team
!Matches Played
! Points
|-
| Surender Nada
| Haryana Steelers
|21
| 80
|-
| Surjeet Singh
| Bengal Warriors
|24
| 76
|-
| Vishal Bhardwaj
| Telugu Titans
|22
| 71
|}

=== Most Super 10s ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Player !! Team
!Matches Played
!Times
|-
| Pradeep Narwal
| Patna Pirates
|26
| 19
|-
| Rohit Kumar
| Bengaluru Bulls
|22
| 12
|-
| Ajay Thakur
| Tamil Thalaivas
|22
| 12
|}

=== Most High 5s ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Player !! Team
!Matches Played
! Times
|-
| Surender Nada
| Haryana Steelers
|21
| 9
|-
| Surjeet S. Singh
| Bengal Warriors
|24
| 9
|-
| Girish Maruti Ernak
| Puneri Paltan
|21
| 5
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pro Kabaddi League}}

[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League seasons]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian sport]]

CSI Immanuel Church, Salem

2025-10-17T08:30:24Z

Jeep Safari: New - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}

{{Portal|India}}
{{Infobox church
| name = CSI Immanuel Church, Salem
| fullname = CSI Immanuel church, Salem
| image = C.S.I IMMANUEL CHURCH SALEM - panoramio.jpg
| imagesize =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| pushpin map =
| pushpin label position =
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize =
| map caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11.6757|N|78.1561|E}}
| osgraw = 
| osgridref = 
| location = Hasthampatty, Sarada College Rd, [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Church of South India]]
| tradition = [[London Mission]]
| membership =
| website =
| former name =
| bull date =
| consecrated date =
| people =
| status =
| functional status =
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
| previous cathedrals =
| architect =
| architectural type =
| style = [[Modern architecture|Modern]]
| years built =
| groundbreaking =
| completed date =
| construction cost =
| closed date =
| demolished date =
| capacity =
| length =
| length nave =
| length choir =
| width =
| width nave =
| width transepts =
| height =
| height nave =
| height choir =
| dome quantity =
| dome height outer =
| dome height inner =
| dome dia outer =
| dome dia inner =
| tower quantity =
| tower height =
| spire quantity =
| spire height =
| archdiocese =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Coimbatore of the Church of South India|Coimbatore Diocese]]
| diocese start =
| province =
| archbishop =
| bishop = [[Timothy Ravinder]] since (2013)
| dean =
| canonchancellor =
| precentor =
| canontreasurer =
| canonpastor =
| provost =
| canon =
| director =
| logo =
| logosize =
| logolink =
| logoalt =
}}

'''CSI Immanuel church, Salem''' is located on Sarada College Rd, in the heart of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]], India. The church services are conducted both in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[English language|English]].

==History==

In May 1840 Rev. J.M. Lechler (Rev. John Michael Lechler - 1804–1861) called as the Apostle of Salem, a German Missionary of the London Missionary society came to salem from Coimbatore to take change of the Salem Mission work.<ref name="Rev. John Michael Lechler">Family research for Keith Arundel Mclusky - 5th Generation descendant of Rev. J.M Lechler.</ref>{{rp|64}} He had already been 5 Years in India of which 4 years were spent working with Rev.[[C. T. E. Rhenius]](1790–1838) called as the Apostle of [[Tirunelveli]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.csitirunelveli.org/pastorate/t_v/tirunelvely_jn.htm |title=Tirunelveli Junction Pastorate |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105173829/http://www.csitirunelveli.org/pastorate/t_v/tirunelvely_jn.htm |archive-date=5 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the same year Rev. J.M. Lechler Started in Salem a School of Industries – First of its kind in the whole of the British India - The school was called as the first school of Industrial education in India and Rev. J.M. Lechler who was also called (because of the chequered history) as the father of Industrial education in India. To Develop the Industrial school Rev. J.M. Lechler needed more skilled workers and Artisans. So he called skilled workers from Tirunelveli under the Leadership of Catechist E. David of Palayamkottah (a well trained man under Rev. C.T.E. Rhenius of Tirunelveli ) under the Leadership of Catechist E. David 30 families of skilled workers from Tirunelveli came to salem. They were given work according to their trades in the industrial school and accommodated in the Salem mission compound at Shevapet, Salem.


==Church Committee==
Present Committee has 9 pastorate committee and 4 DC members.

==Administration==
CSI Immanuel Church was vested with the [[Indian Ecclesiastical Establishment]] from [[Coimbatore]].

==Transfer to CSI==
After [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]], the [[Government of India]], transferred the ownership of all Government churches to the Indian Church Trustees, [[Calcutta]], as the absolute owners of all such Church properties in India. However, maintenance of the church is the responsibility of the local Diocese. Following formation of the [[Church of South India]] in September 1947, the Christ Church, came under the Diocese of Mysore. In 1950, the church was transferred to the newly formed [[Diocese of Coimbatore of the Church of South India|Coimbatore Diocese]]. In 1963, the ownership of the churches held by the Indian Church Trustees, [[Calcutta]], was transferred to Church of South India Trust Association. The chapel of the [[London Missionary Society]] also came under the control of the [[Church of South India]]

==Present Times==
At present, CSI Immanuel Church also has a Community Hall, the old Anglican Cemetery of Salem is also administered by this church. Recently, some renovations were undertaken.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Commons category|CSI Immanuel Church, Salem}}

[[Category:Church of South India church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Churches in Tamil Nadu]]

Sorabji Pochkhanawala

2025-09-05T06:22:48Z

Jeep Safari: new initial details basic info

{{Short description|Indian businessman (1881–1937)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Central Bank of India 2010 stamp.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|A 2010 stamp dedicated to Pochkhanawala and the Central Bank of India]]
'''Sir Sorabji Nusserwanji Pochkhanawala''' (9 August 1881 – 4 July 1937)<ref name=a>''Who's Who, 1936'', p. 2695{{author missing}}</ref>{{Publisher missing|date=September 2013}} was an Indian [[Parsi]] banker and one of the founders of the [[Central Bank of India]].

==Early life==
Sorabji Pochkhanawala was born in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) to Nasserwanji Pochkhanawala and Bai Gulbai. His father died when Sorabji was six, leaving the family in poverty as most of their savings had been lost in a [[bank failure]]. The eldest son, Hirjibhoy, a clerk in the [[Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China]], assumed responsibility for the family and raised Sorabji, his brother Edulji and their sister.<ref name=b>[http://www.bankipedia.in/focus-now_story-of-sorabji.htm Biography of Sir Sorabji Pochkhanawala]. Bankipedia.in</ref> After matriculating from [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] in 1897 at the age of 16, Pochkhanawala entered St. Stephen's College to begin his BA studies, but left after failing his first examinations.

With his brother's help, he found a job in the Chartered Bank as a clerk, earning a salary of Rs. 20 per month. He also took a book-keeping course and subsequently passed the book-keeping examinations for the London Chamber of Commerce. One day, while reading a copy of the Journal of the Institute of Bankers, London, he elected to study for the institute's examinations and qualify as a professional banker. Though he passed the first set of examinations on his first attempt, he was disillusioned by the racism he encountered in the process. Ultimately, though, he succeeded in becoming the first Indian Certificated Associate of the institute.<ref name=b />

After seven years at the Chartered Bank, Pochkhanawala resigned in 1905. He then joined the newly established Bank of India, established by several Indian merchants, as an accountant.<ref name=a /><ref name=b /> By this time, he had come to understand how the British dominated banking in India, which led him to envision a purely Indian-controlled bank, by which Indians could exercise dominance over their financial affairs.<ref name=b />

In 1910, he married Bai Sakarbai Ruttonji; the couple had two sons and three daughters.<ref name=a />

==Central Bank of India==
With a business acquaintance, Kalianji Vardhaman Jetsey, who provided initial financial support, Pochkhanawala began to look for prominent Indians who would support his vision of an Indian bank by and for Indians. After successfully locating premises, they managed to form a board of directors after much difficulty. This first board consisted of prominent merchants in the Hindu, Muslim and Parsi business communities. The prominent Parsi barrister Sir [[Pherozeshah Mehta]] was then invited to become chairman of the venture, and accepted. On 11 December 1911, the Central Bank of India commenced business with a capital of 50 lakhs rupees, divided into 50-rupee shares. 40,000 shares were issued and soon subscribed. Within its first week of official existence, over 70 accounts totaling 1.5 lakh rupees were opened.<ref name=b />

Pochkhanawala served as manager of the Central Bank from its establishment until 1920, subsequently becoming its managing director. He was named a member of the Government Securities Rehabilitation Committee the following year.<ref name=a />

Regarding his vision of founding the first Swadeshi Bank in India, Pochkhanawala said:
{{cquote|The benefits of a good bank are not restricted to the four walls of its banking & a legendary Banker hall, nor are they limited by the frontiers of its banking business; they transcend far into the realms of commerce and industry and every other branch of economic activity. The value of "national banking" in the promotion of national good is obvious and undeniable.<ref>Indran, N. R. (2012-08-08) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195028/https://www.apnnews.com/2012/08/08/sir-sorabji-pochkhanawala-memorial-lecture-a-visionary-a-legendary-banker/ Sir Sorabji Pochkhanawala Memorial Lecture – A visionary & a legendary Banker]. ''APN News''</ref>}}

==Knighthood and later life==
Pochkhanawala was knighted in the 1934 King's Birthday Honours list for his services to banking in India,<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34056/pages/3557 The London Gazette, 4 June 1934]</ref> and formally invested with his knighthood at Viceroy's House (now [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]) on 1 March 1935 by the Viceroy, the [[Marquess of Willingdon]].<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34152/pages/2662 The London Gazette, 19 April 1935]</ref> In 1934, he accepted the Government of Ceylon's invitation to become Chairman of the Ceylon Banking Enquiry Commission.<ref name=a />

He died on 4 July 1937 after an illness, aged 55.<ref name=a /><ref name=b />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pochkhanawala, Sorabji}}
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]

Adoor (Kasaragod)

2025-08-28T11:05:53Z

Jeep Safari: Started the entry v1...

{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adoor
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.5411|N|75.2362|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| parts = [[Kasaragod taluk|Kasaragod]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Delampady Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 34.17
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 15,482
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 671543,671541
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL-14]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Adoor''' is a village in [[Kasaragod district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archivedate=2008-12-08 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kasargod.nic.in/tehsil/|title = Taluk Offices | Website of Kasargod | India}}</ref> Adoor is located 38 km east of [[Kasaragod|Kasaragod town]] and 7 km away from [[State Highway 55 (Kerala)|State Highway 55]] or Cherkala-Jalsoor road.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Adoor village had population of 15,482 which constitutes 7,667 males and 7,815 females. Adoor village spreads over an area of {{cvt|34.17|km2}} with 3,057 families residing in it. The sex ratio of Adoor was 1019 lower than state average of 1084. Population in the age group 0-6 was 1,710 (11%) where 911 are males and 799 are females. Adoor had an overall literacy of 83.2% lower than state average of 94%. The male literacy was 88.2% and female literacy was 78.4%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kasaragod |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=86,87 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Administration==
Adoor village is part of [[Delampady]] [[Grama Panchayat]] under [[Karadka]] block panchayat. The village is politically part of [[Kasaragod (State Assembly constituency)]] under [[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency|Kasaragod Loksabha]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-18
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archivedate = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[National Highway 66]] passes through Kasaragod town which connects [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]] on the northern side and [[Kochi]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] on the southern side. Cherkala-Jalsoor interstate highway gives access to cities and towns of neighbouring [[Karnataka]] state.

The nearest railway station is at [[Kasaragod railway station|Kasaragod]] on [[Shoranur-Mangalore Section]] under Southern railways.

The nearest international airports are [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]] and [[Mangalore international airport|Mangalore]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cherkala - Jalsoor Rd]]
[[Category:Villages in Kasaragod district]]

{{Kasaragod-geo-stub}}

Dwijendrageeti

2025-07-30T09:42:17Z

Jeep Safari: Stub

{{Short description|Sect of music}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name = Dwijendrageeti
| native_name = দ্বিজেন্দ্রগীতি
| etymology = Songs and music composed by [[Dwijendralal Ray]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| stylistic_origins =
| cultural_origins = Late 19th century and early 20th century, [[Bengal]]
| derivatives =
| subgenres =
| fusiongenres =
| regional_scenes = [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]
| local_scenes =
| other_topics =
}}

'''''Dwijendrageeti''''' ({{langx|bn|দ্বিজেন্দ্রগীতি}}) refers to the songs written and composed by [[Dwijendralal Ray]].<ref name="thestatesman">{{cite web |title=Mamata remembers Dwijendralal Ray on his 105th death anniversary |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/mamata-remembers-dwijendralal-ray-on-his-105th-death-anniversary-1502637168.html |website=www.thestatesman.com |access-date=10 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> These songs hold a special place in the world of [[Music of Bengal|Bengali music]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9o4SEAAAQBAJ&dq=Dwijendralal+Ray&pg=PT294 |title=Bengali Culture Over a Thousand Years |date=2018-01-25 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-86906-12-0 |language=en}}</ref> Dwijendralal Ray wrote and composed nearly 500 songs,<ref name="thestatesman" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Sudip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0EoDwAAQBAJ&dq=dwijendrageeti+500+songs&pg=PA73 |title=Over The Years |date=2015-12-26 |publisher=Educreation Publishing |language=en}}</ref> which are widely popular in [[Bengal]].<ref name="bdnews24">{{cite web |title=বাংলা গানের ধারাবাহিক ইতিহাস: দ্বিজেন্দ্রগীতি |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/arts/29670 |website=bangla.bdnews24.com |access-date=10 May 2023 |language=bn |date=4 December 2020}}</ref> Some of the most notable Dwijendrageeti include ''[[Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara|Dhono Dhanno Pushpe Bhora Amader Ei Boshundhora]]'', ''Banga Amar! Janani Amar! Dhatri Amar! Amar Desh'', ''Jedin Sunil Jaladhi Haite Uṭhile Janani Bharatabarṣa'' and ''Oi Mahasindhur Opar Hote'', which are Patriotic songs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Arihant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhrzDwAAQBAJ&dq=dwijendrageeti+500+songs&pg=PA184 |title=Know Your State West Bengal |date=2019-08-22 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=978-93-131-9801-7 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Dwijendralal Ray's father was famous singer Kartikeya Chandra Ray. As a result, he grew up in a musical environment.<ref name="bdnews24"/> When he got into ballet, he didn't like [[western culture#Music|western music]] at first. He heard music at the famous [[Royal Albert Hall|Albert Hall]] in [[London]]. But he was disappointed when he heard the song. However, gradually he started to like western music. He learned Scottish, Irish and English songs from a music teacher. He liked those songs so much that when he came to the country, he translated about thirty songs into [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and maintain their original tone. Finally, he returned to written and composed Bengali songs. However, the influence of foreign music can be seen in his songs.<ref name="bdnews24"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Culture of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Bengali music]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]

Viswanathan Ratnam

2025-07-19T11:33:30Z

Jeep Safari:

{{short description|Indian judge (1932–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
'''Viswanathan Ratnam''' (1 August 1932 – 23 May 2020) was an Indian judge and politician. He served as Chief Justice of the [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] and Governor of Himachal Pradesh.

==Life and career==
Ratnam was born in 1932. He passed B.Sc., [[LL.B]]. and was enrolled as an Advocate on 25 July 1955. He started practice on Civil and Labour matters in the [[Madras High Court]]. Ratnam became a member of the Executive Committee of the [[Tamil Nadu]] Legal Aid Board. On 25 January 1979, he was appointed permanent judge of Madras High Court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/formerjudges.pdf|title=Former Puisne Judge|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> Since 15 November 1992, he also took charge of the Acting Chief Justice of Madras High Court. Justice Ratnam was elevated in the post of Chief Justice of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] on 29 January 1994 and retired on 1 August 1994 from the post.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hphighcourt.nic.in/index.htm|title=Former Chief Justices|website=hphighcourt.nic.in|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5GpmoJ3BBIC&q=V+Ratnam+justice&pg=PR16|title=Himachal Pradesh|last=Charak|first=Sukhdev Singh|date=1978|publisher=Light & Life|isbn=9788171994656|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref> He also took charge in the post of [[Governor of Himachal Pradesh]] for 19 days.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ&q=V+Ratnam+justice&pg=PA409|title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence|last=G. C. Malhotra|year=2004|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |isbn=9788120004009|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himachalrajbhavan.nic.in/past_governors.html|title=GOVERNORS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>

Ratnam died from [[COVID-19]] on 23 May 2020, at the age of 87.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Chief Justice of Himachal Pradesh High Court tests positive for COVID-19 after death |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/may/26/former-cj-of-himachal-pradesh-high-court-tests-positive-for-covid-19-after-death-2147916.html |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=26 May 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ratnam, Viswanathan}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Plantation Crops Symposium

2025-07-18T13:13:58Z

Jeep Safari: put up new data

{{Orphan|date=August 2021}}

'''PLACROSYM''' is the abbreviation for '''Plantation Crops Symposium''', which is a series of [[scientific conference]]s held in [[India]] at different locations.

==Background==
A preliminary Symposium on Plantation Crops was as held in 1972 at [[Trivandrum]], which should be accounted as the mother for all later Plantation Crops Symposia.
Its proceedings were published 1973 as a supplement to ''[[Journal of Plantation Crops]]''.<ref>Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Plantation Crops: Symposium on Plantation Crops, Trivandrum (India), 8-9 Dec 1972, 220 pp., published as J. Plant. Crops Vol. 1 (Suppl), 1973.</ref> Although this preliminary symposium is entitled ''First National Symposium on Plantation Crops'', it is not counted to the series of the later PLACROSYM's.

Later, in 1978, the title for ''National Symposium on Plantation Crops'' was modified as ''Annual Symposium on Plantation Crops'', indicating an annual appearance up to PLACROSYM V.

From PLACROSYM VI, these series of symposia were held biennially at different research institutions engaged in research and development of [[plantation]] [[crop]]s. The objective of this symposium is to provide a common forum for interaction among the scientists and extension officers who are engaged in plantation crops research and development. The symposium also provides the platform for exchanging scientific ideas and technologies developed in various member institutions and to put in a collective thought for the overall development of the plantation sector. Further, it offers opportunity for the young scientists to acquire scientific knowledge and modern technologies through inspiring lectures by experts and participating in thought provoking discussions.

The following research institutes are involved with organizing of different PLACROSYM's:
* [[Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI)]], [[Kasaragod]] - 671 124, [[Kerala]]
* [[Indian Society for Plantation Crops]] (ISPC), hosted at CPCRI, Kasaragod - 671 124, Kerala
* [[Central Coffee Research Institute]], [[Balehonnur]] - 577 117, [[Karnataka]]
* [[Coconut Development Board]], [[Kera Bhavan]], Cochin - 682 011, Kerala
* [[Indian Cardamom Research Institute]], [[Myladumpara]] - 685 553, Kerala
* [[Indian Institute of Spices Research]] (IISR), [[Kozhikode]] - 673 012, Kerala
* [[Indian Society for Spices]], hosted at IISR, Kozhikode - 673 012, Kerala
* [[National Research Centre for Cashew]], [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] - 574 202, Karnataka
* [[National Research Centre for Oil Palm]], [[Pedavegi]] - 534 450, [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Rubber Research Institute of India]], [[Kottayam]] - 686 009, Kerala
* [[Society for Promotion of Oil Palm Research and Development]], NRC for Oil Palm, Pedavegi - 534 450, Andhra Pradesh
* [[TRA Tocklai Experimental Station]], [[Jorhat]] - 785 008, [[Assam]]
* [[UPASI Tea Research Institute]], [[Valparai]] - 642 127, [[Tamil Nadu]]

==Symposia==
Up to now, twenty PLACROSYM meetings have been held:

* PLACROSYM I (20–23 March 1978, Kottayam)
* PLACROSYM II (26–29 June 1979, [[Ootacamund]])
* PLACROSYM III (12–15 December 1980, Cochin)
* PLACROSYM IV (3–5 December 1981, [[Mysore]])
* PLACROSYM V (15–18 December 1982, Kasaragod)
* PLACROSYM VI (16–20 December 1984, Kottayam)
* PLACROSYM VII (16–19 October 1986, [[Coonoor]])
* PLACROSYM VIII (28–30 December 1988, Cochin)
* PLACROSYM IX (5–7 December 1990, Bangalore)
* PLACROSYM X (2–4 December 1992, Kasaragod)
* PLACROSYM XI (30 November–3 December 1994, [[Calicut]])
* PLACROSYM XII (27–29 November 1996, Kottayam)
* PLACROSYM XIII (16–18 December 1998, [[Coimbatore]])
* PLACROSYM XIV (12–15 December 2000, [[Hyderabad]])
* PLACROSYM XV (10–13 December 2002, Mysore)
* PLACROSYM XVI (14–17 December 2004, Kasaragod)
* PLACROSYM XVII (5–8 December 2006, Cochin)
* PLACROSYM XVIII (10–13 December 2008, Puttur)
* PLACROSYM XIX (7–10 December 2010, Kottayam)
* PLACROSYM XX (12–15 December 2012, Coimbatore)
* PLACROSYM XXI (12–15 December 2014, Kozhikode)

Now PLACROSYM has turned into a leading series of international symposia with direct emphasis on plantation crops research.

The next upcoming PLACROSYM XXI will be held in December 2014 at Kozhikode.

Some of the proceedings of PLACROSYM's were published as supplemental issues to ''[[Journal of Plantation Crops]]''.

==External links==
* Table of contents on PLACROSYM symposia publications: {{cite web | url=http://www.curcuma.net/interests/Proceedings-PLACROSYM.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116081942/http://www.curcuma.net/interests/Proceedings-PLACROSYM.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=November 16, 2007 | title=For Sale }}
* Announcement and Brochure for PLACROSYM XIX: {{Cite web |url=http://rubberboard.org.in/tenders/PLACROSYM2010Brochure_1.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-04-27 |archive-date=2010-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222141356/http://rubberboard.org.in/tenders/PLACROSYM2010Brochure_1.pdf |url-status=live }}
* Announcement and Brochure for PLACROSYM XX: {{Cite web |url=http://www.upasitearesearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/seminar11.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-04-27 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001209/http://www.upasitearesearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/seminar11.pdf |url-status=live }}
* PLACROSYM XXI Website {{Cite web |url=http://placrosym21.in/ |title=Placrosym Xxi 2014 |access-date=2014-05-03 |archive-date=2014-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503165758/http://placrosym21.in/ |url-status=live }}

== Notes ==
<references />

[[Category:Science conferences]]
[[Category:Agricultural research in India]]
[[Category:Conferences in India]]

United Goans Democratic Party

2025-06-19T14:27:47Z

Jeep Safari: typo fix

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=April 2007}}
{{One source|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|name=United Goans Democratic Party
|eci=Unrecognised Registered Party
|abbreviation=UGDP
|colorcode={{party color|United Goans Democratic Party}}
|foundation={{start date and age|df=y|1983}}
|founder=[[Churchill Alemao]]
|colours={{colour box|{{party color|United Goans Democratic Party}}}} [[Green|Christi Green]]
|symbol=[[File:Indian Election Symbol Two Leaves.png|170px]]
}}

'''United Goans Democratic Party''' ('''UGDP''') is one of two formerly dominant political parties in the Indian state of [[Goa]]. UGDP has its base amongst the [[Goan Catholic|Christian]] part of the population. It was founded in 1983 by [[Churchill Alemao]].{{cn|date=June 2025}}

== UDGP in Jharkhand==
In [[Jharkhand]], the group of [[Joba Majhi]] is formally attached to the party, in order to be able to use the party election symbol 'two leaves'. In 2005 two seats in the Jharkhand assembly were won on the UGDP symbol.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121105054229/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-02-08/india/27856063_1_symbol-ugdp-jharkhand] 'Two leaves' inspire Jharkhand aspirants], Akshaya Mukul, [[Times of India]], 8 February 2005</ref>

==See also==
* [[Shrirang Narvekar]]
* [[United Goans Party]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:United Goans Democratic Party| ]]
[[Category:Political parties in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Political parties in Goa]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1983]]

Devaki Prasad

2025-03-26T22:59:12Z

Jeep Safari: page edit

{{short description|Indian chess player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox chess player
| name = Devaki Prasad
| image =
| birthname =
| caption =
| country = [[India]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date ={{birth date and age|1962|6|16|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| children =
| title = [[FIDE titles|International Master]] (1986)
| worldchampion =
| womensworldchampion =
| peakrating = 2480 (January 1993)
| FideID = 5000050
}}

'''Devaki V. Prasad''' (born 16 June 1962) is an Indian [[chess]] player who holds the title of [[FIDE titles|International Master (IM)]]. The title was awarded to him in 1986.

He is a two-time [[Indian Chess Championship]] winner (1990, 1991), [[Commonwealth Chess Championship]] winner (1986), Asian Team Chess Championships medalist (1986, 1987, 1999), and FIDE Trainer (2019). In 1987, he was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] by the [[Government of India]] because of his chess achievements.

==Biography==
Prasad hails from [[Karnataka]], which he represents in national championships.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chess-results.com/tnr853762.aspx?lan=1&art=9&fed=IND&snr=4|title=UICC INDORE INT. OPEN FIDE RATING RAPID TMT 6-7 JANUARY|website=chess-results.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pune.news/sports/pune-bhosale-springs-surprises-at-the-60th-national-chess-championship-57081/|title=Pune: Bhosale Springs Surprises at the 60th National Chess Championships|website=Pune News|date=20 August 2023}}</ref> Devaki Prasad twice in row won the [[Indian Chess Championship]]: in 1990 in [[Kozhikode]] and in 1991 in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. In 1986, in [[London]] he won [[Commonwealth Chess Championship]]. In 1987, in [[Subotica]] he participated in [[World Chess Championship 1990|World Chess Championship Interzonal tournament]] and ranked in 15th place but won two [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmasters]] - [[Mikhail Tal]] and [[Lev Alburt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/88901iix.htm|title=1987 Subotica Interzonal : 1988-1990 cycle : World Chess Championship|website=www.mark-weeks.com}}</ref>

Devaki Prasad played for India in the [[Chess Olympiad]]s:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olimpbase.org/players/fhbvfh5e.html|title=OlimpBase :: Men's Chess Olympiads :: Devaki Prasad|website=www.olimpbase.org}}</ref>
* In 1986, at second board in the [[27th Chess Olympiad]] in [[Dubai]] (+2, =4, -3),
* In 1988, at fourth board in the [[28th Chess Olympiad]] in [[Thessaloniki]] (+5, =2, -4),
* In 1990, at third board in the [[29th Chess Olympiad]] in [[Novi Sad]] (+2, =6, -4),
* In 1992, at first reserve board in the [[30th Chess Olympiad]] in [[Manila]] (+4, =2, -4),
* In 1996, at second board in the [[32nd Chess Olympiad]] in [[Yerevan]] (+3, =2, -5),
* In 2000, at first reserve board in the [[34th Chess Olympiad]] in [[Istanbul]] (+1, =4, -0).

Devaki Prasad played for India in the Men's Asian Team Chess Championships:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olimpbase.org/playersa/fhbvfh5e.html|title=OlimpBase :: Men's Asian Team Chess Championship :: Glenn Bordonada|website=www.olimpbase.org}}</ref>
* In 1986, at reserve board in the 6th Asian Team Chess Championship in [[Dubai]] (+6, =1, -1) and won team and individual silver medals,
* In 1987, at reserve board in the 7th Asian Team Chess Championship in [[Singapore]] (+6, =2, -0) and won team gold medal,
* In 1991, at reserve board in the 9th Asian Team Chess Championship in [[Penang]] (+0, =0, -2),
* In 1993, at second board in the 10th Asian Team Chess Championship in [[Kuala Lumpur]] (+3, =3, -2),
* In 1999, at fourth board in the 12th Asian Team Chess Championship in [[Shenyang]] (+3, =5, -1) and won team bronze medal.

In 1986, he awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title, and in 2019 he became FIDE Trainer.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FIDE}}
*{{chessgames player|id=14575}}
*[https://www.365chess.com/players/Devaki_V_Prasad Devaki Prasad] chess games at 365Chess.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Devaki}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian chess players]]
[[Category:Chess International Masters]]
[[Category:Chess Olympiad competitors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Karnataka]]

{{India-chess-bio-stub}}

Nehru Setu

2025-02-28T22:25:03Z

Jeep Safari:

{{short description|Railway bridge in Rohtas, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox Bridge
|bridge_name = Nehru Setu
|image = Nehru Bridge Rohtas.jpg
|caption =
|official_name =
|carries = [[Grand Chord]] railway track
|crosses = [[Son River]]
|locale = [[Dehri]]-Son Nagar
|maint =
|id =
|designer =
|design = Steel girders on stone pillars
|material = Stone & Steel
|spans = 93
|pierswater =
|mainspan = {{Convert|32.5|m}}
|length = {{Convert|3059|m}}
|width =
|height =
|load =
|clearance =
|below =
|traffic =
|begin =
|complete =
|open = 27 February 1900
|closed =
|toll =
|map_cue =
|map_image =
|map_text =
|map_width =
|coordinates = {{coord|24.8925|N|84.2162|E|}}
|lat =
|long =
}}
'''Nehru Setu''' is a railway bridge across the [[Son River]], connecting [[Dehri|Dehri-on-Son]] and [[Son Nagar]], in [[Bihar]].

==The Son river==
[[John Wardle Houlton|Sir John Houlton]], the veteran British administrator, who spent many years in the state, describes the Son as follows, "After passing the steep escarpments of the [[Kaimur hills|Kaimur range]], it flows straight across the plain to the Ganges. For much of this distance it is over two miles – and at one point, opposite Tilothu – three miles wide. In the dry weather there is vast expanse of sand, with a stream not more than a hundred yards wide, and the hot west winds pile up the sand on the east bank, making natural embankments. After heavy rain in the hills even this wide bed cannot carry the waters of the Son and disastrous floods in Shahabad, Gaya, and Patna are not uncommon".<ref name=houlton>{{cite book| last=Houlton| first=Sir John| title=Bihar, the Heart of India| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100326| pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100326/page/n83 47]–48| publisher=Orient Longmans| year=1949}}</ref>

==The Grand Chord==
When the railway line between Kolkata and Delhi was first laid, it passed through Bhagalpur, Lakhisarai, Patna and Mughalsarai, covering a distance of 1,636 km. Subsequently, the [[Grand Chord]] line via Gaya reduced the distance by 80 km.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061207/asp/jharkhand/story_7104699.asp| title=Grand rerun of Raj rail route – Railways enact Lord Minto's flag-off at Gujhandi to celebrate 100 years of Dhanbad-Gaya chord line| newspaper=The Telegraph| access-date=25 June 2011| location=Calcutta, India| first=Resham| last=Mukherjee| date=7 December 2006| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604145926/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061207/asp/jharkhand/story_7104699.asp| archive-date=4 June 2011}}</ref> The main line crosses the Son over the [[Koilwar bridge]] and the Dehri-Son Nagar bridge accommodates the Grand Chord line.<ref name=houlton/>

Steel girders resting on 93 stone pillars, each a hundred feet apart, form the rail bridge. The total length of the bridge over abutments is {{Convert|3064|m}}.<ref name=omalley>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iftaR6DVxIAC&q=Son+Bridge+Dehri&pg=PA166|title =Bihar and Orissa Gazetteers Sahabad|first=L.S.S.|last=O’malley |page=166| publisher=Dehri|isbn =9788172681227| via=Google Books|access-date =25 June 2011}}</ref> It was opened for traffic on 27 February 1900.<ref name=army/>
When it was built, it was the longest bridge in India and was believed to be the second longest bridge in the world.<ref name=omalley/><ref name=houlton/> Subsequently, longer road bridges were built but it remained the longest rail bridge for many years.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/interesting-facts/infrastructure/longest-railway-bridge-in-india.html| title = Longest Railway Bridge in India| publisher = Colours of India| access-date = 25 June 2011| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110821060326/http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/interesting-facts/infrastructure/longest-railway-bridge-in-india.html| archive-date = 21 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=army>{{cite web | url = http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp4P10C.aspx?MnId=Vc+cQKo89ws=&ParentID=Z5auAgQo/gw= | title = Indian Railways Some Fascinating Facts | publisher = Indian Army | access-date = 25 June 2011 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101216222432/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp4P10C.aspx?MnId=Vc+cQKo89ws%3D&ParentID=Z5auAgQo%2Fgw%3D | archive-date = 16 December 2010}}</ref> The opening of the 4.62 km Vembanad Rail Bridge, connecting the Container Transshipment Terminal on Vallarpadam Island to Edappally, in February 2011, pushed it to the second position.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://irse.forumco.com/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=1888 | title = Longest railway bridge in Kochi | publisher = ForumCo.com | access-date = 25 June 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120323063453/http://irse.forumco.com/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=1888 | archive-date = 23 March 2012}}</ref>

==Surroundings==
[[Jawahar Setu]], the road bridge carrying [[National Highway 2 (India)|NH 2]] and running parallel to the Nehru Setu, was constructed in 1963–65.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://profiles.google.com/dehrionsoneindia#dehrionsoneindia/about |title = Dehri on Son, India| publisher=Google Profiles|access-date =25 June 2011 }}</ref>

The Government of Bihar sanctioned in 2008, a bridge across the Son River connecting [[Arwal]] and Sahar in [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur district]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thebihar.com/about-bihar/location/arwal/ | title =Arwal | website =The Bihar | date =31 March 2010 | access-date =3 July 2011 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100406060937/http://www.thebihar.com/about-bihar/location/arwal/ | archive-date =6 April 2010}}</ref>

The [[Koilwar bridge]] preceded the Nehru Setu and was opened in 1862.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://irsme.nic.in/files/mmfiles/BRIDGES_RRB.pdf|title=Bridges: The Spectacular Feat of Indian Railways|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=5 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002840/http://irsme.nic.in/files/mmfiles/BRIDGES_RRB.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> A four-lane road bridge, carrying [[National Highway 30 (India)|NH 30]], parallel to the existing rail and road Koilwar Bridge, has been planned.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110408/jsp/bihar/story_13823833.jsp| title=Four-lane connector over Sone, Ganga| newspaper=The Telegraph| access-date=25 June 2011| location=Calcutta, India| date=8 April 2011| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626045202/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110408/jsp/bihar/story_13823833.jsp| archive-date=26 June 2012}}</ref>

An anicut was constructed across the Son, a little upstream of the present Nehru Setu and Jawahar Setu, in 1873–74. The [[Indrapuri Barrage]] was constructed, 8 km upstream, and commissioned in 1968.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://oibsv2.iwmi.org/guidelines/India-Bihar_Upadhyaya.pdf | title = Performance Evaluation of Patna Main Canal | publisher = ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region | access-date = 25 June 2011 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120326060509/http://oibsv2.iwmi.org/guidelines/India-Bihar_Upadhyaya.pdf | archive-date = 26 March 2012}}</ref> Its distance from Aurangabad is approximately 15 km and 10 km from Dehri On Sone.

==See also==
*[[List of longest bridges in the world]]
*[[List of longest bridges above water in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Railways in Bihar}}
{{Son basin}}
{{Rivers in Bihar}}
{{Patna Division topics}}

[[Category:Bridges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Railway bridges in India]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1900]]
[[Category:Rohtas district]]
[[Category:1900 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Bridges over the Son River]]
[[Category:Dehri]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]