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Yakub (actor)

2026-05-08T15:48:08Z

Jaya: done...

{{Short description|Indian actor (1903-1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yakub
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1903|04|03}}
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1958|08|24|1903|04|03}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
| birth_name = Yakub Khan
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1924 – 1958
| spouse = Lakshmiben
}}

'''Yakub Khan''' (3 April 1903 – 24 August 1958), popularly known as '''Yakub''',<ref name=cineplot>{{cite web|url=http://cineplot.com/yakub-interview/|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2011|title=Yakub (interview conducted in 1954)|website=Cineplot.com website|access-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011000757/http://cineplot.com/yakub-interview/}}</ref><ref name=citwf/><ref name="ReferenceA">Stars of The Indian Screen-by Sushila Rani Baburao Patel Parker and Sons 1952</ref> was an Indian actor born into a [[Pathan]] family in [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&dq=Films+directed+by+Yakub&pg=PT662 Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema, edited by Gulazara, Govind Nihalani, Saibal Chatterjee.] Yakub pg.638 Popular Prakashan 2003</ref> He is best known for his comic and comic villainous roles.<ref>Eena Meena Deeka: The Story of Hindi Film Comedy by Sanjit Narwekar 2005 Rupa {{ISBN|81-291-0859-3}}</ref>

He began his career with roles as an extra, but eventually was cast in more important roles, frequently playing the parts of heroes and villains. He became one of the most renowned screen villains, while achieving equal success in comedy and character roles.<ref name=Gulzar>Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema, edited by Gulzar, Govind Nihalani, Saibal Chatterjee. Yakub pg.638</ref> Yakub appeared in over 100 films.<ref name=cineplot/>

== Early life ==
Yakub ran away from home at an early age, and performed odd jobs, such as a motor mechanic and table waiter, before joining the crew of the ship S.S. Madura as a kitchen worker. He left the ship after travelling to various places, like London, Brussels and Paris, then returned to Calcutta, where he worked as a tourist guide, among other jobs. Around 1924, he moved to [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) and joined the Sharda Film Company.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name=Gulzar/>

== Career ==
During his travels, Yakub watched American films, and became greatly influenced by [[Eddie Polo]], [[Douglas Fairbanks Sr.]], [[Wallace Beery]] and later by [[Humphrey Bogart]].<ref name=Gulzar/> Yakub's first film was the silent film ''Bajirao Mastani'' (1925), which starred [[Master Vithal]]. While his first [[Sound film|talkie]] was ''Meri Jaan'' (1931), where he played the title role of the Prince. This film has also been credited as ''Romantic Prince''. His portrayal of Birju in ''[[Aurat (1940 film)|Aurat]]'' (1940) was well received and his acting in this film is considered one of the finest performances in Indian cinema.<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=Gulzar/> Yakub's popularity in those days can be gauged by the credit roll of films such as the [[S K Ojha]] directed ''[[Hulchul (1951 film)|Hulchul]]'' (1951), which had a star cast of [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Nargis (actress)|Nargis]] and [[Sitara Devi]], where his name was credited as '...and your favourite, Yakub'.

Yakub was an "acknowledged master of comedy" along with other actors such as [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Gope (actor)|Gope]] and [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], according to the [[B. K. Karanjia]] co-edited book ''Genres of Indian Cinema''.<ref name=cineplot/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2X6RAAAAIAAJ&q=yakub%20 Genres of Indian Cinema edited by B. K. Karanjia], pg 82. Digitized 26 April 2008. Original from The University of California</ref> His comic pairing with Gope and Agha was so well liked by the audiences, that they all appeared in multiple films together. For example, ''[[Sagai (1951 film)|Sagai]]'' (1951), ''[[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]]'' (1949) and ''[[Beqasoor]]'' (1950) .<ref>Eena Meena Deeka: The Story of Hindi Film Comedy by Sanjit Narwekar 2005 {{ISBN|81-291-0859-3}}</ref> Yakub was one of the highest paid actors from 1930 to early 1950.<ref name=cineplot/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LAAwAAAAMAAJ&q=yakub%20 Other Side of the Coin: An Intimate Study of Indian Film Industry by Madan Gaur] pg. 29 Trimurti Prakashan retrieved 14 April 2014</ref>

== Director ==
Yakub directed three films; ''Sagar Ka Sher'' and ''Uski Tamanna'' in the 1930s, and ''[[Aiye]]'' in 1949. ''Sagar Ka Sher'', or ''Lion of Sagar'', was the first film he directed in 1937 under the Sagar Movietone banner. His co-stars in this film were [[Bibbo (actress)|Bibbo]], Pesi Patel, Sankatha Prasad, Raja Mehdi and [[David (actor)|David]]. ''Uski Tamanna'', also known as ''Her Last Desire'', was made in 1939 under Sagar and directed by Yakub. The film starred Yakub, Maya, [[Bhudo Advani]], Kaushalya, Sankatha Prasad, Satish and Putli.
He directed his third and last movie, ''Aiye'', in 1949 under the Indian Production banner. It had [[Sulochana Chatterjee]], Masud, Jankidas, Sheela Naik, and Ashraf Khan along with Yakub. The music in this film was composed by [[Nashad]] (Shaukat Dehlvi) and was [[Mubarak Begum]]'s first film as a playback singer. Yakub's second cousin Allaudin was the song recordist for this film. However, he lost money on this film and called it the biggest mistake of his life.<ref name=cineplot/>

When [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]] was a struggling artist, he would hang around Bombay Talkies waiting for Yakub to arrive. Yakub, knowing his financial state, would give him one or two rupees in the form of loose change.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=w4R2lC3b5e4C&q=Films+directed+by+Yakub+&pg=PA43 Mehmood, A Man of Many Moods by Hanif Zaveri] pg. 43 Retrieved 8 April 2014 Popular Prakashan 2005 {{ISBN|8179912132}}</ref>

Yakub was a deeply religious person and was called 'Maulana' by his friends.<ref name=cineplot/>

== Death ==
Yakub died in [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]], on 24 August 1958, at the age of 54 years.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&dq=Yakub+actor&pg=PA638 Yakub profile (1904–1958) on Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema via Google Books website]</ref>

== Filmography ==
Yakub acted in over 100 films in a career covering 34 years. A brief filmography is listed.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/person444181.htm |url-status=dead|title=Yakub filmography |website=Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) website|archive-date=24 December 2016|access-date=20 September 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224012902/http://www.citwf.com/person444181.htm}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Director
|-
|1925||''Bajirao Mastani'' ||[[Bhalji Pendharkar|Bhal G. Pendharkar]]
|-
|1927||''Gulzar'' ||Nanubhai Desai
|-
|1928||''Chandravali'' ||Begum Fatima
|-
|1930||''Nai Roshni'' ||Bhagwati Mishra
|-
|1931||''Meri Jaan'' (''Romantic Prince'')||[[Prafulla Ghosh]]
|-
|1932||''Bulbul-E-Baghdad'' ||[[Nanubhai Vakil]]
|-
|1933||''Miss 1933'' ||[[Chandulal Shah]]
|-
|1935||''[[Al Hilal (film)|Al Hilal]]'' (''Judgement of Allah'')||[[Mehboob Khan]]
|-
|1936||''[[Do Diwane]]'' ||Chimanlal Luhar
|-
|1936||''[[Grama Kanya]]'' (Village Girl) ||[[Sarvottam Badami]]
|-
|1936||''[[Manmohan (1936 film)|Manmohan]]'' ||Mehboob Khan
|-
|1937||''Sagar Ka Sher'' (Lion of Sagar) ||Yakub
|-
|1937||''Milap'' ||[[Abdul Rashid Kardar|A. R. Kardar]]
|-
|1938||''[[Teen Sau Din Ke Baad]]'' (300 Days and After)||[[Sarvottam Badami]]
|-
|1938||''[[Watan (1938 film)|Watan]]'' ||Mehboob Khan
|-
|1939||''Uski Tamanna'' (Her Last Desire) ||Yakub
|-
|1940||''[[Aurat (1940 film)|Aurat]]''<ref name=citwf/> ||Mehboob Khan
|-
|1943||''[[Aabroo (1943 film)|Aabroo]]'' ||Nazir
|-
|1943||''[[Najma (1943 film)|Najma]]'' ||Mehboob Khan
|-
|1944||''[[Lal Haveli (film)|Lal Haveli]]''<ref name=citwf/> ||K. B. Lall
|-
|1945||''[[Zeenat (1945 film)|Zeenat]]'' ||[[Shaukat Hussain Rizvi]]
|-
|1946|| ''[[Nek Pervin]]'' ||S. M. Yusuf
|-
|1947||[[Samaj Ko Badal Dalo (1947 film)|''Samaj Ko Badal Dalo'']] ||[[Vijay Bhatt]]
|-
|1949||''[[Aiye]]'' ||Yakub
|-
|1949||''[[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]]''<ref name=citwf/> ||[[H. S. Rawail]]
|-
|1949
|[[Sipahiya]]
|Aspi Irani
|-
|1950||''[[Beqasoor]]'' ||[[K. Amarnath]]
|-
|1951||''[[Hulchul (1951 film)|Hulchul]]''<ref name=citwf/> ||Shubh Karan Ojha
|-
|1951|| ''Deedar'' ||Nitin Bose
|-
|1954||''Waris'' ||[[Nitin Bose]]
|-
|1957||''[[Ab Dilli Dur Nahin (1957 film)|Ab Dilli Dur Nahin]]''<ref name=citwf/> ||Amar Kumar
|-
|1957||''[[Paying Guest]]''<ref name=citwf/> ||Subodh Mukherjee
|-
|1958||''[[Adalat (1958 film)|Adalat]]''<ref name=citwf/> ||Kalidas
|-
|1958||''Ten O'Clock'' ||Jugal Kishore
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0945101}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yakub}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]

Poove Unakkaga (film)

2026-05-07T01:30:50Z

Jaya:

{{short description|1996 film by Vikraman}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Poove Unakkaga film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vikraman]]
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| writer = Vikraman
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
*[[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]]
}}
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cinematography = [[S. Saravanan]]
| editing = V. Jaishankar
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| released = {{film date|1996|2|15|df=yes}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross =
}}

'''''Poove Unakkaga'''''{{Efn|Spelt as ''Poove Unakkagha'' on the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] certificate and the title card.}} ({{translation|For you, Flower}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Vikraman]], and produced by [[R. B. Choudary]]. The film stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] in the lead roles.

''Poove Unakkaga'' was released on 15 February 1996. The film received critical acclaim and became a commercial blockbuster. It is the first major breakthrough in Vijay's career.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-12 |title=It's Vijay vs Ajith again: 12 times two of Tamil's biggest stars clashed at box office |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/it-s-vijay-vs-ajith-again-12-times-two-tamil-s-biggest-stars-clashed-box-office-170859 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825164035/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/it-s-vijay-vs-ajith-again-12-times-two-tamil-s-biggest-stars-clashed-box-office-170859 |archive-date=2024-08-25 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> It ran for over 270 days in theatres across Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2021 |title=#25YearsOfPooveUnakkaga: When Director Predicted Thalapathy Vijay Would Become a Big Superstar |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/25yearsofpooveunakkaga-when-director-predicted-thalapathy-vijay-would-become-a-big-superstar-4424212/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226194346/https://www.india.com/entertainment/25yearsofpooveunakkaga-when-director-predicted-thalapathy-vijay-would-become-a-big-superstar-4424212/ |archive-date=26 February 2021 |access-date=16 March 2021 |website=[[India.com]]}}</ref> The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Subhakankshalu]]'' (1997), in Kannada as ''Ee Hrudaya Ninagagi'' (1997) and in Hindi as ''[[Badhaai Ho Badhaai]]'' (2002).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seth |first=Analita |date=22 June 2020 |title=Birthday Special: 5 of Thalapathy Vijay's films that were remade in Hindi |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/birthday-special-5-of-thalapathy-vijays-films-that-were-remade-in-hindi-41710-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203421/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/birthday-special-5-of-thalapathy-vijays-films-that-were-remade-in-hindi-41710-1.html |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=19 June 2021 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2014 |title=The Top 7 Vijay Movies |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-top-7-vijay-movies-south/20140623.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418002816/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-top-7-vijay-movies-south/20140623.htm |archive-date=18 April 2015 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=May 2024}}
Sadasivam and Stephen were family friends for generations until the time when Sadhasivam's daughter Janaki falls in love with Stephen's son Robert. Both families oppose since they belong to different religions. The couple elopes and gets married, which leads to the families abandoning them. Thus, enmity is created between the two families, and they start hating on each other. Vasudevan is Sadhasivam's son, and Moses is Stephen's son.

After 25 years, both families receive a letter from Raja, who is born to Robert and Janaki and who is also visiting the families. Both families get furious seeing the letter and they decide not to permit him to stay in their homes. Raja comes to the town along with his friend Gopi but is shocked that he is not allowed inside both houses. Also, Vasudevan and Moses ask the entire street to not let any house for rent to Raja and Gopi. Velangiri lives along with his wife, and he permits Raja to stay in his house.

Though Sadhasivam and Stephen do not welcome Raja, they long to see their grandson from far. The Same is the case with their wives Ranganayaki and Rosy. Raja understands that only Vasudevan and Moses are still angry, while the other family members just pretend to be angry. So he decides to unite the family. He gets close with his grandparents slowly. Ranganayaki and Rosy want to get Raja married. To escape, Raja lies that he is already married to a girl named Nirmala Mary aka Nimmy.

To Raja's shock, suddenly one day, Nirmala arrives at Velangiri's home introducing herself as Raja's wife. Raja gets confused and cannot reveal the truth as that would further disturb the progress he has made with the families. Nirmala plays pranks on Raja and Gopi, which always irritates them. One day, Raja pretends to try to make love with Nirmala, so that she will reveal her true identity. Nirmala reveals that she is actually Priyadarshini aka Priya, the daughter of Robert and Janaki. She also says that the only man who stays in touch with her family in the town is Velangiri, from whom they get frequent updates about the happenings. Now, Priya questions Raja's intention behind trying to unite both families.

Raja reveals a flashback. He is an orphan who lives along with Gopi in Chennai. Next to his house, there is a girls’ hostel. There is a girl named Nandhini who stays in that hostel. Raja gets attracted seeing Nandhini and befriends her. Slowly, Raja falls in love with Nandhini, but when Raja is about to convey his love towards Nandhini, he gets shocked to know that she is already in love with Lawrence, Moses's son. As there already exists enmity between the two families, the couple fears whether their love would be accepted by their family members.

Raja, upon knowing about the problem, decides to help the couple unite with the approval of their family members. He takes the responsibility of convincing both families and disguises himself as the son of Robert and Janaki. Priya gets surprised knowing Raja's intention of getting the family united despite knowing the fact that Nandhini is in love with Lawrence. Priya gets attracted towards Raja and falls for him but does not express it.

Meanwhile, both families get to know that Nandhini and Lawrence are in love, and they get furious again. Raja makes the family members realize that love is eternal and it knows no religion and caste. Both families get convinced listening to Raja's words and they agree for the wedding between Lawrence and Nandhini.

On the day of the wedding, both Robert and Janaki arrive and the family members happily welcome them and they also apologize for keeping them away for 25 years. Both families mention that it was their son Raja who was responsible for reuniting the families. Robert and Janaki get surprised and reveal that they have only one child, which is a daughter named Priyadarshini. Priya reveals that Raja is Nandhini's friend and has come to unite the families so that they can get married. Both families feel proud seeing Raja, and they suggest getting Priya married to him. However, Raja denies, saying that he has already fallen in love with someone (Nandhini) and he can never fall in love with another girl. The film ends with Raja leaving the house and walking away alone.{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Raja
* [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] as Priyadarshini (Nirmala Mary)
* [[Anju Aravind]] as Nandhini
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Sadhasivam
* [[Nagesh]] as Stephen
* [[Jai Ganesh]] as Moses, Stephen's son
* [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] as Vasudevan, Sadhasivam's son
* [[Charle]] as Gopi
* [[C. R. Vijayakumari|Vijayakumari]] as Ranganayagi, Sadhasivam's wife
* [[Sukumari]] as Rosy, Stephen's wife
* Vijayachandrika as Shenbagam, Velangiri's wife
* [[P. R. Varalakshmi]] as Lakshmi, Vasudevan's wife
* [[Meesai Murugesan]] as Velangiri
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as Vasudevan's assistant
* Sakthi Kumar as Lawrence
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Director Kaada
* Siva as Robert
* Tharini as Janaki
* [[Sheela (Tamil actress)|Sheela]] as Meena
* Dinesh as Ravi
* [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as himself (guest appearance in the song "Machinichi")
;Uncredited
* [[Singamuthu]] as Hostel Watchman
* [[Viji]] as herself (guest appearance in the song "Machinichi")
* [[K. Sivasankar]] (guest appearance)
* [[Rajakumaran (director)|Rajakumaran]] as a cyclist<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Poove Unakkagha |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Super Good Films |year=1996}}</ref>{{rp|1:06:32–1:06:39}}
* [[Hemalatha]] (guest appearance in the song "Sollamalae")<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Poove Unnakagha|type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Super Good Films |year=1996}}</ref>{{rp|38:47–38:48}}
}}

== Soundtrack ==

The music was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poove Unakkaga (1996) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/poove-unakkaga-songs-T0000142 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230712081846/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/poove-unakkaga-songs-T0000142 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=ta}}</ref> in his 50th film as a composer.<ref name=hindu />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:61
| title1 = Anantham Anantham
| lyrics1 = [[Palani Bharathi]]
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| note1 = female
| length1 = 06:08
| title2 = Sollamalae
| lyrics2 = Palani Bharathi
| extra2 = [[Sujatha (singer)|Sujatha]], [[P. Jayachandran]]
| length2 = 04:42
| title3 = Chiclet Chiclet
| lyrics3 = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length3 = 04:25
| title4 = Anantham Anantham
| lyrics4 = Palani Bharathi
| extra4 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
| note4 = male
| length4 = 06:21
| title5 = Oh Pyari
| lyrics5 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra5 = [[Adithyan]], S. A. Rajkumar, [[Mohammed Aslam]]
| length5 = 04:19
| title6 = Machinichi
| lyrics6 = Palani Bharathi
| extra6 = [[T. L. Maharajan]], Sujatha, Unnikrishnan, Sunanda
| length6 = 03:46
| title7 = Idhayangal Naluvuthu
| lyrics7 = Palani Bharathi
| extra7 = Sujatha
| length7 = 03:00
| title8 = Anantham Anantham
| lyrics8 = Palani Bharathi
| extra8 = P. Jayachandran
| note8 = bit
| length8 = 01:22
}}

== Reception ==
''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 43 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சார்லஸ் |first=தேவன் |date=22 June 2021 |title=பீஸ்ட் : 'நாளைய தீர்ப்பு' டு 'மாஸ்டர்'... விஜய்க்கு விகடனின் மார்க்கும், விமர்சனமும் என்ன? #Beast |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100344/https://cinema.vikatan.com/amp/story/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Vikraman for giving the old love caste plot a new treatment while also praising the performances of actors, humour and climax dialogues, but found Rajkumar's music as the only drawback.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=31 March 1996 |title=பூவே உனக்காக |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1996-03-31/page/n65/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230209082944/https://archive.org/details/kalki1996-03-31/page/n65/mode/2up |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=16 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The crux of the theme might have figured in some movies but the intensity the mounting situations generate in Supergood Films' ''Poovae Unakkaga'' makes director Vikraman one of the intelligent figures in the industry, his dialogue and screenplay, based on his story, making the main characters gain extra dimensions".<ref name=hindu>{{Cite news |date=23 February 1996 |title=Cinema: Musthafa/Naattupura Paattu/Poovae Unakkaga |pages=26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960224/03/2326a.html |url-status=dead |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221095624/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960224/03/2326a.html |archive-date=21 December 1996}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Vikraman}}

[[Category:1996 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about feuds]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vikraman]]
[[Category:Films produced by R. B. Choudary]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]

Cradle of civilization

2026-05-05T16:05:30Z

Jaya: made a details - done

{{Short description|Locations where civilization emerged}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2022}}
{{Human history and prehistory}}
{{Ancient history}}
{{for|the episode from Generation Kill (miniseries)|Generation Kill (miniseries)#ep2}}
{{for|the book|In Search of the Cradle of Civilization}}
[[File:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Among the various cradles of civilization is Ancient Egypt. Pictured are the [[Giza pyramid complex|Giza Pyramids]].]]
A '''cradle of civilization''' is a location and a culture where [[civilization]] was developed independently of other civilizations in other locations. A civilization is any [[complex society]] characterized by the development of [[state (polity)|the state]], [[social stratification]], [[urban area|urbanization]], and [[symbol]]ic systems of [[communication]] beyond [[natural language|signed or spoken language]]s (namely, [[writing system]]s and [[graphic art]]s).<ref name="Haviland 2013">{{cite book|last=Haviland |first=William|title=Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge |publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2013|page=250|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfEWAAAAQBAJ&q=%22civilization+refers+to+societies%22|display-authors=etal|isbn=978-1-285-67530-5 |access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713215613/https://books.google.com/books?id=DfEWAAAAQBAJ&q=%22civilization+refers+to+societies%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fernández-Armesto 2001">{{cite book|last=Fernández-Armesto|first=Felipe|title=Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MNzi698aXwC|isbn=978-0-7432-1650-0|access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=1 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401104653/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MNzi698aXwC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Boyden 2004">{{cite book|last=Boyden|first=Stephen Vickers|title=The Biology of Civilisation|year=2004|pages=7–8|publisher=UNSW Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TX78DfVbM7kC&q=%22the+essential+precondition%22|isbn=978-0-86840-766-1|access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230072508/https://books.google.com/books?id=TX78DfVbM7kC&q=%22the+essential+precondition%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Solms-Laubach 2007">{{cite book|first=Franz|last=Solms-Laubach|title=Nietzsche and Early German and Austrian Sociology |publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2007|pages=115, 117, 212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxTITNduFc4C|isbn=978-3-11-018109-8|access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230074441/https://books.google.com/books?id=TxTITNduFc4C&dq |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AbdelRahim">{{Cite book|title=Children's literature, domestication and social foundation: Narratives of civilization and wilderness|last=AbdelRahim |first=Layla|year=2015|isbn=978-0-415-66110-2|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|page=8|oclc=897810261}}</ref>

Scholars generally acknowledge six cradles of civilization: [[Mesopotamia]], [[Ancient Egypt]], [[Ancient India]] and [[Ancient China]] are believed to be the earliest in [[Afro-Eurasia]],<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WOPkmChaFsC&q=Anatolia+cradle+of+civilization&pg=PP8|title=The Near East: Archaeology in the "Cradle of Civilization|author=Charles Keith Maisels|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=1993|isbn=978-0-415-04742-5|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050405/https://books.google.com/books?id=1WOPkmChaFsC&q=Anatolia+cradle+of+civilization&pg=PP8|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''Cradles of Civilization-China: Ancient Culture, Modern Land'', Robert E. Murowchick, gen. ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994</ref> while the [[Caral–Supe]] civilization of coastal [[Peru]] and the [[Olmec]] civilization of [[Mexico]] are believed to be the earliest in the [[Americas]]. All of the cradles of civilization depended upon agriculture for sustenance (except possibly Caral–Supe which may have depended initially on [[Marine life|marine resources]]). All depended upon farmers producing an agricultural surplus to support the centralized government, political leaders, religious leaders, and public works of the urban centers of the early civilizations.

==Rise of civilization==
{{further|Neolithic Revolution|Urban revolution|Chalcolithic}}

The earliest signs of a process leading to [[sedentism|sedentary]] culture can be seen in the [[Levant]] to as early as 12,000 BC, when the [[Natufian culture]] became sedentary; it evolved into an agricultural society by 10,000 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/anthropology/v1007/baryo.pdf |title=The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture |author=Ofer Bar-Yosef |website=www.columbia.edu |access-date=4 January 2016 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716132937/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/anthropology/v1007/baryo.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The importance of water to safeguard an abundant and stable food supply, due to favourable conditions for hunting, fishing and gathering resources including cereals, provided an initial ''[[Broad spectrum revolution|wide spectrum economy]]'' that triggered the creation of permanent villages.<ref>''La protohistoire de l'Europe'', Jan Lichardus et al., [[Presses Universitaires de France]], Paris. {{ISBN|84-335-9366-8}}, 1987, chapter II.2.</ref>

The earliest [[proto-city|proto-urban]] settlements with several thousand inhabitants emerged in the [[Neolithic]] which began in [[Western Asia]] in 10,000 BC. The first cities to house several tens of thousands were [[Uruk]], [[Ur]], [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]] and [[Eridu]] in [[Mesopotamia]], followed by [[Susa]] in [[Elam]] and [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] in Egypt, all by the [[31st century BCE|31st century]] BC (see [[Historical urban community sizes]]).

[[Historic]] times are marked apart from [[prehistoric]] times when "records of the past begin to be kept for the benefit of future generations"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carr |first=Edward H. |title=What is History? |year=1961 |isbn=0-14-020652-3 |page=108|publisher = Penguin Books}}</ref>—in written or oral form. If the rise of civilization is taken to coincide with the development of writing out of [[proto-writing]], then the [[Near East]]ern [[Chalcolithic]] (the transitional period between the [[Neolithic]] and the [[Bronze Age]] during the [[4th millennium BCE|4th millennium]] BC) and the development of proto-writing in [[Harappa]] in the [[Indus Valley]] of South Asia around 3,300 BC are the earliest instances, followed by Chinese [[Neolithic signs in China|proto-writing]] evolving into the [[oracle bone script]], and again by the emergence of [[Mesoamerican writing systems]] from about 900 BC.

In the absence of written documents, most aspects of the rise of early civilizations are contained in archaeological assessments that document the development of formal institutions and the material culture. A "civilized" way of life is ultimately linked to conditions coming almost exclusively from [[agriculture]]. [[Gordon Childe]] defined the development of civilization as the result of two successive revolutions: the [[Neolithic Revolution]] of Western Asia, triggering the development of settled communities, and the [[urban revolution]] which also first emerged in Western Asia, which enhanced tendencies towards dense settlements, specialized occupational groups, social classes, exploitation of surpluses, monumental public buildings and writing. Few of those conditions, however, are unchallenged by the records: dense cities were not attested in Egypt's Old Kingdom (unlike Mesopotamia) and cities had a dispersed population in the [[Maya civilization|Maya]] area;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharer|first1= Robert J. |author-link=Robert Sharer |first2=Loa P.|last2= Traxler |year=2006 |title=The Ancient Maya |edition=6th (fully revised) |location=Stanford, CA |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |page=71 |isbn=0-8047-4817-9 |oclc=57577446 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar}}</ref> the [[Inca Empire|Incas]] lacked writing although they could keep records with [[Quipu]]s which might also have had literary uses; and often monumental architecture preceded any indication of village settlement. For instance, in present-day Louisiana, researchers have determined that cultures that were primarily nomadic organized over generations to build earthwork mounds at seasonal settlements as early as 3400 BC. Rather than a succession of events and preconditions, the rise of civilization could equally be hypothesized as an accelerated process that started with incipient agriculture and culminated in the Oriental Bronze Age.<ref name=Brit26>''Britannica'' 15th edition, 26:62–63.</ref>

==Single or multiple cradles==
Scholars once thought that civilization began in the [[Fertile Crescent]] and spread out from there by influence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history-world.org/rise_of_civilization_in_the_midd.htm |title=The Rise of Civilization in the Middle East And Africa |publisher=History-world.org |access-date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307020558/http://history-world.org/rise_of_civilization_in_the_midd.htm |archive-date=7 March 2009 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Scholars now believe that civilizations arose independently at several locations in both hemispheres. They have observed that sociocultural developments occurred along different timeframes. "Sedentary" and "[[nomadic]]" communities continued to interact considerably; they were not strictly divided among widely different cultural groups. The concept of a cradle of civilization has a focus where the inhabitants came to build [[cities]], to create writing systems, to experiment in techniques for making [[pottery]] and [[metalworking|using metals]], to [[domestication|domesticate animals]], and to develop complex [[social structure]]s involving [[class system]]s.<ref name="1491Book">{{cite book |last1=Mann |first1=Charles C. |title=1491 |year=2005 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4000-4006-3}}</ref>

Today, scholarship generally identifies six areas where civilization emerged independently:<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Henry T. |title=Rise of Civilizations: Mesopotamia to Mesoamerica |journal=Archaeology |date=1990 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=46–48, 96–100}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2|{{cite web|url=http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/history_world/fund_8000bc.html?worldhist |title=AP World History |publisher=[[College Board]] |access-date=28 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422235734/http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/history_world/fund_8000bc.html?worldhist |archive-date=22 April 2008 }}|{{cite web|url=http://www.collegeboard.com/prod_downloads/ap/students/worldhistory/ap-cd-worldhist-0708.pdf|title=World History Course Description|publisher=[[College Board]]|access-date=28 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003043351/http://www.collegeboard.com/prod_downloads/ap/students/worldhistory/ap-cd-worldhist-0708.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2008}}|{{cite web|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/civiliza|title=Civilization|publisher=The [[Columbia Encyclopedia]]|access-date=28 July 2008|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708024023/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/civiliza|archive-date=8 July 2012}}|{{cite web |last=Edwin |first=Eric |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/city#ref232180 |title=city |website=Britannica.com |date=27 February 2015 |access-date=4 January 2016 |archive-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107211225/http://www.britannica.com/topic/city#ref232180 |url-status=live }}|{{cite web |url=http://www.africanafrican.com/folder13/african%20and%20african%20american%20history/ancient%20egypt%20and%20more/ch01IM.pdf |title=Africanafrican.com |website=Africanafrican.com |access-date=4 January 2016 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615150459/http://www.africanafrican.com/folder13/african%20and%20african%20american%20history/ancient%20egypt%20and%20more/ch01IM.pdf |url-status=live }}{{cite book|title=The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society|last= Hommon|first= Robert J.|publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]|date= 2013}}|{{cite book|last1= Kennett|first1= Douglas J.|last2= Winterhalder|first2= Bruce |date=2006|title=Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture|publisher= [[University of California Press]]|page=121|isbn= 978-0-520-24647-8}}}}</ref> the [[Fertile Crescent]], including [[Mesopotamia]] and the [[Levant]]; the [[Nile River Valley|Nile Valley]] in [[Northeast Africa]]; the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]; the [[North China Plain]]; the [[Andean civilization|Andean Coast]]; and the [[Mesoamerica|Mesoamerican Gulf Coast]].

==Cradles of civilization==
===Fertile Crescent===
{{see also|Fertile Crescent|Egypt–Mesopotamia relations}}
[[File:Fertile crescent Neolithic B circa 7500 BC.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|The Fertile Crescent in 7500 BC. The red squares designate farming villages.]]

The [[Fertile Crescent]] comprises a crescent-shaped region of elevated terrain in West Asia, encompassing regions of modern-day [[Egypt]], [[Palestine]], [[Israel]], [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Turkey]], and [[Iraq]], extending to the [[Zagros Mountains]] in [[Iran]]. It stands as one of the earliest regions globally where agricultural practices emerged, marking the advent of sedentary farming communities.<ref name="Riehl">{{cite web |last1=Riehl |first1=Simone |title=Agriculture in the Ancient Near East |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278017323 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=Research Gate}}</ref>

By 10,200 BC, fully developed Neolithic cultures, characterized by the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic A]] (PPNA) and [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] (7600 to 6000 BC) phases, emerged within the Fertile Crescent. These cultures diffused eastward into [[South Asia]] and westward into [[Neolithic Europe|Europe]] and North Africa.<ref name="Bellwood1">Bellwood, Peter. ''First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies''. 2004. Wiley-Blackwell</ref> Among the notable PPNA settlements is [[Jericho]], located in the [[Jordan Valley]], believed to be the world's earliest established city, with initial settlement dating back to around 9600 BC and fortification occurring around 6800 BC.<ref>{{cite web |author=Akhilesh Pillalamarri |date=18 April 2015 |title=Exploring the Indus Valley's Secrets |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/exploring-the-indus-valleys-secrets/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420030527/http://thediplomat.com/2015/04/exploring-the-indus-valleys-secrets/ |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=18 April 2015 |publisher=The diplomat}}</ref><ref name="encyclopedia1">{{cite web |title=Jericho – Facts & History |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043547/Jericho |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726164208/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043547/Jericho |archive-date=26 July 2008 |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>

Current theories and findings identify the Fertile Crescent as the first and oldest cradle of civilization. Examples of sites in this area are the early [[Neolithic]] site of [[Göbekli Tepe]] (9500–8000 BC) and [[Çatalhöyük]] (7500–5700 BC).

====Mesopotamia====
{{anchor|Mesopotamia}}
{{main|History of Mesopotamia|History of Sumer|Mesopotamia}}
[[File:Map Ubaid culture-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Major Sumerian cities during the Ubaid period]]
In [[Mesopotamia]] (a region encompassing modern [[Iraq]] and bordering regions of Southeast [[Turkey]], Northeast [[Syria]] and Northwest [[Iran]]), the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers produced rich fertile soil and a supply of water for irrigation. Neolithic cultures emerged in the region from 8000 BC onwards. The civilizations that emerged around these rivers are the earliest known [[Sedentism|non-nomadic]] [[Agrarian society|agrarian societies]]. It is because of this that the Fertile Crescent region, and Mesopotamia in particular, are often referred to as the cradle of civilization.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Ubaid_Culture.html |title=Ubaid Civilization |publisher=Ancientneareast.tripod.com |access-date=18 April 2009 |archive-date=2 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402044931/http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Ubaid_Culture.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The period known as the [[Ubaid period]] (c. 6500 to 3800 BC) is the earliest known period on the [[alluvial plain]], although it is likely earlier periods exist obscured under the [[Alluvium#Age|alluvium]].<ref>Adams, Robert MCC. and Wright, Henry T. 1989. 'Concluding Remarks' in Henrickson, Elizabeth and Thuesen, Ingolf (eds.) ''Upon This Foundation – The 'Ubaid Reconsidered''. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 451–456.</ref><ref>Carter, Robert A. and Philip, Graham ''Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, Number 63)'' The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (2010) {{ISBN|978-1-885923-66-0}} p.2, at http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115070526/http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html |date=15 November 2013 }}; "Radiometric data suggest that the whole Southern Mesopotamian Ubaid period, including Ubaid 0 and 5, is of immense duration, spanning nearly three millennia from about 6500 to 3800 B.C".</ref> It was during the Ubaid period that the movement toward urbanization began. Agriculture and animal husbandry were widely practiced in sedentary communities, particularly in Northern Mesopotamia (later [[Assyria]]), and intensive irrigated hydraulic agriculture began to be practiced in the south.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pollock |first=Susan |title=Ancient Mesopotamia: The Eden that Never Was |location=New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-57334-4 }}</ref>

Around 6000 BC, Neolithic settlements began to appear all over Egypt.<ref name="Redford 6">{{cite book|last1=Redford|first1=Donald B|title=Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times|url=https://archive.org/details/egyptcanaanisrae00redf|url-access=registration|location=Princeton|publisher=University Press|date=1992|page=[https://archive.org/details/egyptcanaanisrae00redf/page/6 6]|isbn=978-0-691-03606-9}}</ref> Studies based on [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brace | first1 = C. Loring | last2 = Seguchi | first2 = Noriko | last3 = Quintyn | first3 = Conrad B. | last4 = Fox | first4 = Sherry C. | last5 = Nelson | first5 = A. Russell | last6 = Manolis | first6 = Sotiris K. | last7 = Qifeng | first7 = Pan | year = 2006 | title = The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form | journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] | volume = 103 | issue = 1| pages = 242–247 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0509801102 | pmid=16371462 | pmc=1325007|bibcode = 2006PNAS..103..242B | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Genetics|genetic]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chicki | first1 = L | last2 = Nichols | first2 = RA | last3 = Barbujani | first3 = G | last4 = Beaumont | first4 = MA | year = 2002 | title = Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA | volume = 99 | issue = 17| pages = 11008–11013 | doi=10.1073/pnas.162158799|bibcode = 2002PNAS...9911008C | pmid=12167671 | pmc=123201| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/7/1361/T03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311042315/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/7/1361/T03 |archive-date=11 March 2007 |title=Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Dupanloup et al., 2004 |publisher=Mbe.oxfordjournals.org |access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area, 2004 |date= May 2004|pmc=1181965 |pmid=15069642 |doi=10.1086/386295 |volume=74 |issue= 5|journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |pages=1023–34 | last1 = Semino | first1 = O | last2 = Magri | first2 = C | last3 = Benuzzi | first3 = G |display-authors=et al}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1715849&blobtype=pdf|title=Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool|last1=Cavalli-Sforza|date=1997|access-date=1 May 2012|pmc=1715849|pmid=9246011|doi=10.1016/S0002-9297(07)64303-1|volume=61|issue=1|journal=Am J Hum Genet|pages=247–54|archive-date=17 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517104900/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1715849/pdf/ajhg00007-0275.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene|last1=Chikhi|journal=PNAS| volume=95|pages=9053–9058|date=21 July 1998 |issue=15 |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.15.9053 |pmid=9671803 |pmc=21201|bibcode = 1998PNAS...95.9053C |doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[Archaeology|archaeological]] data<ref>{{cite book|first1=M.|last1=Zvelebil|title=Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies and the Transition to Farming|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|date=1986|pages=5–15, 167–188}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=P.|last1=Bellwood|title=First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies|publisher=Blackwell|location=Malden, MA|year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=M.|last1=Dokládal|first2=J.|last2=Brožek|title=Physical Anthropology in Czechoslovakia: Recent Developments|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=2|issue=5|date=1961|pages=455–477|doi=10.1086/200228|s2cid=161324951}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=M.|last1=Zvelebil|title=On the transition to farming in Europe, or what was spreading with the Neolithic: a reply to Ammerman (1989)|journal=Antiquity|year=1989|volume=63|issue=239|pages=379–383|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00076110|s2cid=162882505 }}</ref> have attributed these settlements to migrants from the Fertile Crescent in the [[Near East]] arriving in Egypt and North Africa during the [[Neolithic Revolution|Egyptian and North African Neolithic Revolution]] and bringing [[agriculture]] to the region. [[Tell el-'Oueili]] is the oldest Sumerian site settled during this period, around 5400 BC, and the city of [[Ur]] also first dates to the end of this period.<ref>Leick, Gwendolyn (2002), "Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City" (Penguin)</ref> In the south, the Ubaid period lasted from around 6500 to 3800 BC.<ref name="CarterRobert">Carter, Robert A. and Philip, Graham. 2010. 'Deconstructing the Ubaid' in Carter, Robert A. and Philip, Graham (eds.) ''Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East''. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 2.</ref>

[[Sumerian civilization]] coalesced in the subsequent [[Uruk period]] (4000 to 3100 BC).<ref>[[Harriet Crawford|Crawford, Harriet E. W.]] ''Sumer and the Sumerians''. Cambridge University Press. 2nd ed. 2004</ref> Named after the Sumerian city of [[Uruk]], this period saw the emergence of urban life in Mesopotamia and, during its later phase, the gradual emergence of the [[cuneiform script]]. [[Proto-writing]] in the region dates to around 3800 BC, with the earliest texts dating to 3300 BC; early cuneiform writing emerged in 3000 BC.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} It was also during this period that pottery painting declined as copper started to become popular, along with [[cylinder seal]]s.<ref>''An Encyclopedia of World History''. Langer, William L. ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, MA. 1972</ref> Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably [[theocratic]] and were most likely headed by a priest-king (''ensi''), assisted by a council of elders, including both men and women.<ref name="Jacobsen">Jacobsen, Thorkild (Ed) (1939),"The Sumerian King List" (Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago; Assyriological Studies, No. 11., 1939)</ref> It is quite possible that the later Sumerian [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] was modeled upon this political structure.

The [[Jemdet Nasr period]], which is generally dated from 3100 to 2900 BC and succeeds the Uruk period, is known as one of the formative stages in the development of the cuneiform script. The oldest clay tablets come from Uruk and date to the late fourth millennium BC, slightly earlier than the Jemdet Nasr Period. By the time of the Jemdet Nasr Period, the script had already undergone a number of significant changes. It originally consisted of [[pictographs]], but by the time of the Jemdet Nasr Period it was already adopting simpler and more abstract designs. It is also during this period that the script acquired its iconic wedge-shaped appearance.<ref name=woods3637>{{harvnb|Woods|2010|pp=36–37}}</ref><ref>Martin (1988), pp. 20–23.</ref>

Uruk trade networks started to expand to other parts of Mesopotamia and as far as [[North Caucasus]], and strong signs of governmental organization and social stratification began to emerge, leading to the [[Early Dynastic Period of Sumer|Early Dynastic Period]] (c. 2900 BC).<ref name="pruss2004" /><ref name="postgate1992">{{citation |last=Postgate |first=J.N. |title=Early Mesopotamia. Society and Economy at the Dawn of History |url=https://archive.org/details/earlymesopotamia00post |year=1992 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-11032-7}}</ref><ref name="mieroop2007">{{citation |last=van de Mieroop |first=M. |title=A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000–323 BC |year=2007 |location=Malden |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-22552-2 |author-link=Marc Van de Mieroop}}</ref> After the Early Dynastic period began, there was a shift in control of the city-states from the temple establishment headed by council of elders led by a priestly "En" (a male figure when it was a temple for a goddess, or a female figure when headed by a male god)<ref>Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976), "The Harps that Once...; Sumerian Poetry in Translation" and "Treasures of Darkness: a history of Mesopotamian Religion"</ref> towards a more secular Lugal (Lu = man, Gal = great). The Lugals included such legendary patriarchal figures as [[Enmerkar]], [[Lugalbanda]] and [[Gilgamesh]], who supposedly reigned shortly before the historic record opens around 2700 BC, when syllabic writing started to develop from the early pictograms. The center of Sumerian culture remained in southern Mesopotamia, even though rulers soon began expanding into neighboring areas. Neighboring Semitic groups, including the Akkadian speaking Semites (Assyrians, Babylonians) who lived alongside the Sumerians in Mesopotamia, adopted much of Sumerian culture for their own. The earliest [[ziggurats]] began near the end of the Early Dynastic Period, although architectural precursors in the form of raised platforms date back to the Ubaid period.<ref>Crawford, page 73–74</ref> The [[Sumerian King List]] dates to the early second millennium BC. It consists of a succession of royal dynasties from different Sumerian cities, ranging back into the Early Dynastic Period. Each dynasty rises to prominence and dominates the region, only to be replaced by the next. The document was used by later Mesopotamian kings to legitimize their rule. While some of the information in the list can be checked against other texts such as economic documents, much of it is probably purely fictional, and its use as a historical document is limited.<ref name="mieroop2007"/>

[[Eannatum]], the [[Sumer]]ian king of [[Lagash]], established the first verifiable empire in history in 2500 BC.<ref name=gard>{{cite book | first=Fred S. | last=Kleiner |author2=Mamiya, Christin J. | year=2006 | title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective — Volume 1 | url=https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00fred | url-access=registration | edition=12th | publisher=Thomson Wadsworth | location=Belmont, California, USA | isbn=978-0-495-00479-0 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00fred/page/22 22–23]}}</ref> The neighboring Elam, in modern [[Iran]], was also part of the early [[Cities of the Ancient Near East|urbanization]] during the [[Chalcolithic]] period.<ref>The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State – by D. T. Potts, Cambridge University Press, 29 July 1999 – page 46 – {{ISBN|0521563585}} hardback</ref> Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the [[Ancient Near East]].<ref>Elam: surveys of political history and archaeology, Elizabeth Carter and Matthew W. Stolper, University of California Press, 1984, p. 3</ref> The emergence of Elamite written records from around 3200 BC also parallels Sumerian history, where slightly earlier records have been found.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hock|first=Hans Heinrich|title=Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics|year=2009|edition=2nd|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-021429-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsYkilw7Q-oC&q=Elam+earliest+writing&pg=PA69|page=69|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418051423/https://books.google.com/books?id=IsYkilw7Q-oC&q=Elam+earliest+writing&pg=PA69|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gnanadesikan|first=Amalia|title=The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet|year=2008|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4443-0468-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZntngbI05cC&q=Elam+earliest+writing&pg=PA25|page=25}}</ref> During the 3rd millennium BC, there developed a very intimate cultural symbiosis between the [[Sumer]]ians and the Akkadians.<ref name="Deutscher">{{cite book|title=Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation|author=Deutscher, Guy|author-link=Guy Deutscher (linguist)|publisher=[[Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press US]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-953222-3|pages=20–21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFwUxmCdG94C|access-date=27 August 2020|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050423/https://books.google.com/books?id=XFwUxmCdG94C|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere between the 3rd and the 2nd millennia BC.<ref name="woods">{{cite web |last=Woods |first=C. |year=2006 |title=Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian |work=S.L. Sanders (ed) Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture: 91–120 |location=Chicago |url=http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/OIS2.pdf |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=29 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429121058/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/OIS2.pdf }}</ref> The [[Semitic languages|Semitic-speaking]] Akkadian empire emerged around 2350 BC under [[Sargon the Great]].<ref name=pruss2004>{{citation |last=Pruß |first=Alexander |year=2004 |editor1-last=Lebeau |editor1-first=Marc |editor2-last=Sauvage |editor2-first=Martin |title=Atlas of Preclassical Upper Mesopotamia |chapter=Remarks on the Chronological Periods |pages=7–21 |isbn= 978-2-503-99120-7 |series=Subartu |volume=13 }}</ref> The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC. Under Sargon and his successors, the Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states such as [[Elam]] and [[Gutian people|Gutium]]. After the fall of the Akkadian Empire and the overthrow of the [[Gutians]], there was a brief reassertion of Sumerian dominance in Mesopotamia under the [[Third Dynasty of Ur]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character |author=Samuel Noah Kramer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iY9xp4pLp88C&q=the+sumerians+Samuel+Noah+Kramer |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-45238-8 |date=17 September 2010 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050409/https://books.google.com/books?id=iY9xp4pLp88C&q=the+sumerians+Samuel+Noah+Kramer |url-status=live }}</ref> After the final collapse of Sumerian hegemony in Mesopotamia around 2004 BC, the Semitic Akkadian people of Mesopotamia eventually coalesced into two major Akkadian-speaking nations: [[Assyria]] in the north (whose earliest kings date to the 25th century BC), and, a few centuries later, [[Babylonia]] in the south, both of which (Assyria in particular) would go on to form powerful empires between the 20th and 6th centuries BC. The Sumerians were eventually absorbed into the Semitic Assyrian-Babylonian population.<ref name=edwards>{{cite book | title = Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 2, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region, c. 1380–1000 BCE | chapter = Assyrian Military Power, 1300–1200 B.C. | author = J. M. Munn-Rankin | editor = I. E. S. Edwards | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1975 | pages = 287–288, 298 | author-link = Margaret Munn-Rankin }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation | author = Christopher Morgan | editor = Mark William Chavalas | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | year = 2006 | pages = 145–152 }}</ref>

===Northeastern Africa===
{{main|Cradle of humanity|Classical African civilization|Aethiopia|Land of Punt|Early Dynastic Egypt}}

The region is intermediate between [[North Africa]] and [[East Africa]], and encompasses the [[Horn of Africa]] ([[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], and [[Somalia]]), as well as [[Sudan]], [[South Sudan]], [[Libya]], and [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=White |first1=Donald |last2=White |first2=Arthur P. |date=1996 |title=Coastal Sites of Northeast Africa: The Case Against Bronze Age Ports |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000602 |journal=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt |volume=33 |pages=11–30 |doi=10.2307/40000602 |jstor=40000602 |issn=0065-9991|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swain |first1=Ashok |title=Ethiopia, the Sudan, and Egypt: The Nile River Dispute |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |date=December 1997 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=675–694 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X97002577 |s2cid=154735027 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/abs/ethiopia-the-sudan-and-egypt-the-nile-river-dispute/15B114D1188FDAF5AC46E4A289812CE0 |language=en |issn=1469-7777|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadr |first1=Karim |title=The Development of Nomadism in Ancient Northeast Africa |date=30 January 2017 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-1-5128-1854-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u04rEAAAQBAJ&q=northeast+africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schandelmeier |first1=Heinz |last2=Thorweihe |first2=Ulf |title=Geoscientific Research in Northeast Africa |date=14 December 2017 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-351-44524-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQZDDwAAQBAJ&q=northeast+africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>"Northeast Africa is neither geographically or climatically uniform. Internally it varies widely in altitude, rainfall patterns, river systems, soil types and vegetation cover. In most historical studies the region is also further divided according to strict cultural and political boundaries. It is unusual, for instance, to compare the Sudan with the countries of East Africa, or Ethiopia with anything but itself. Yet the study of the history of ecological relationships makes possible, at the same time that it requires, a recognition of a broader outline to the region which not only acknowledges, but knits together its diverse range of societies".{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Douglas H. |last2=Anderson |first2=David M. |title=The Ecology Of Survival: Case Studies From Northeast African History |date=26 June 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-31615-5 |pages=1–15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J06fDwAAQBAJ&q=northeastern+africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Reid |first1=Richard J. |title=Frontiers of Violence in North-East Africa: Genealogies of Conflict Since C.1800 |date=24 March 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-921188-3 |pages=1–25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m5ESDAAAQBAJ&q=northeast+africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kendie |first1=Daniel |title=Northeast Africa and the World Economic Order |journal=Northeast African Studies |date=1988 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=69–82 |jstor=43661171 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43661171 |issn=0740-9133}}</ref> The region has a very long history of habitation with fossil finds from the early [[Hominidae|hominids]] to modern [[human]] and is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse regions of the world, being the home to many civilizations and located on an [[Indo-Mediterranean|important trade route]] that connects multiple continents.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IektAAAAQBAJ&dq=northeast+africa+nile&pg=PT926|title=The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology|last2=Lane|first2=Paul|date=2013-07-04|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-162615-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Klees|first1=Frank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UKWDwAAQBAJ&q=northeast|title=New light on the Northeast African past : current prehistoric research: Contributions to a symposium, Cologne 1990|last2=Kuper|first2=Rudolph|date=1992-01-01|publisher=Heinrich-Barth-Institut|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hepburn|first1=H. Randall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHrCAAAQBAJ&dq=northeast+africa+nile+valley&pg=PA50|title=Honeybees of Africa|last2=Radloff|first2=Sarah E.|date=2013-03-14|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-662-03604-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daniel|first=Kendie|title=NORTHEAST AFRICA AND THE WORLD ECONOMIC ORDER|year=1988|location=Michigan, US|pages=69–82}}</ref><ref>Project MUSE. (2020). ''[https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/136 Northeast African Studies]''. Retrieved March 22, 2020. "This distinguished journal is devoted to the scholarly analysis of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, and Sudan, as well as the Nile Valley, the Red Sea, and the lands adjacent to both."</ref>

A range of [[linguistic]],<ref name="Princeton University Press">{{cite book |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |title=Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE |date=20 June 2023 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=978-0-691-24409-9 |pages=82–85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5KjEAAAQBAJ&q=ancient+africa:+a+global+history,+to+300+ce+christopher+ehret |language=en}}</ref> [[biological anthropology|biological anthropological]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zakrzewski |first1=Sonia R. |title=Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=April 2007 |volume=132 |issue=4 |pages=501–509 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20569 |pmid=17295300 |bibcode=2007AJPA..132..501Z |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.20569 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Godde |first1=Kane |title=A biological perspective of the relationship between Egypt, Nubia, and the Near East during the Predynastic period (2020) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337001806 |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>
archaeological<ref>"There is no evidence, no archaeological signal, for a mass migration (settler colonization)" into Egypt from southwest Asia at the time of the writing. Core Egyptian culture was well established. A total peopling of Egypt at this time from the Near East would have meant the mass migration of Semitic speakers. The ancient Egyptian language - using the usual academic language taxonomy - is a branch within Afroasiatic with one member (not counting place of origin/urheimat is within Africa, using standard linguistic criteria based on the locale of greatest diversity, deepest branches, and least moves accounting for its five or six branches or seven, if Ongota is counted".{{cite web |last1=Keita |first1=S. O. Y. |title=Ideas about "Race" in Nile Valley Histories: A Consideration of "Racial" Paradigms in Recent Presentations on Nile Valley Africa, from "Black Pharaohs" to Mummy Genomest |url=https://egyptianexpedition.org/articles/ideas-about-race-in-nile-valley-histories-a-consideration-of-racial-paradigms-in-recent-presentations-on-nile-valley-africa-from-black-pharaohs/ |website=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections|date=September 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Cultural convergence in the Neolith">{{cite journal |last1=Wengrow |first1=David |last2=Dee |first2=Michael |last3=Foster |first3=Sarah |last4=Stevenson |first4=Alice |last5=Ramsey |first5=Christopher Bronk |title=Cultural convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Valley: a prehistoric perspective on Egypt's place in Africa |journal=Antiquity |date=March 2014 |volume=88 |issue=339 |pages=95–111 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00050249 |s2cid=49229774 |language=en |issn=0003-598X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book |last1=Redford |first1=Donald |title=Smith Tyson Stuart.The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Egypt |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-510234-5 |pages=27–29}}</ref> and genetic data<ref>{{cite journal |title=Trombetta B, Cruciani F, Sellitto D, Scozzari R. A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms. |date=2011 |pmc=3017091 |last1=Trombetta |first1=B. |last2=Cruciani |first2=F. |last3=Sellitto |first3=D. |last4=Scozzari |first4=R. |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=1 |article-number=e16073 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016073 |pmid=21253605 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=June 2007 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=1300–1311 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msm049 |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/24/6/1300/984002#77759391 |last1=Cruciani |first1=Fulvio |last2=La Fratta |first2=Roberta |last3=Trombetta |first3=Beniamino |last4=Santolamazza |first4=Piero |last5=Sellitto |first5=Daniele |last6=Colomb |first6=Eliane Beraud |last7=Dugoujon |first7=Jean-Michel |last8=Crivellaro |first8=Federica |last9=Benincasa |first9=Tamara |last10=Pascone |first10=Roberto |last11=Moral |first11=Pedro |last12=Watson |first12=Elizabeth |last13=Melegh |first13=Bela |last14=Barbujani |first14=Guido |last15=Fuselli |first15=Silvia |last16=Vona |first16=Giuseppe |last17=Zagradisnik |first17=Boris |last18=Assum |first18=Guenter |last19=Brdicka |first19=Radim |last20=Kozlov |first20=Andrey I. |last21=Efremov |first21=Georgi D. |last22=Coppa |first22=Alfredo |last23=Novelletto |first23=Andrea |last24=Scozzari |first24=Rosaria |pmid=17351267 }}</ref><ref>"[[Haplogroup E-P2|P2]] (PN2) marker, within the [[Haplogroup E-M96|E haplogroup]], connects the predominant Y chromosome lineage found in Africa overall after the modern human left Africa. P2/M215-55 is found from the Horn of Africa up through the Nile Valley and west to the Maghreb, and P2/V38/M2 is predominant in most of infra-Saharan tropical Africa". {{cite book |last1=Keita Shomarka.|title="Ancient Egyptian "Origins and "Identity" In Ancient Egyptian society: challenging assumptions, exploring approaches |date=2022 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=978-0-367-43463-2 |pages=111–122}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Anselin|first1=Alain H. Stiebing |title=Egypt in its African context: proceedings of the conference held at the Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, 2-4 October 2009 |date=2011 |publisher=Archaeopress |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-4073-0760-2 |pages=43–54}}</ref> have identified shared affinities between early Egypt and northeastern African populations.<ref name="General history of Africa, IX: Gene">{{cite book |last1=Holl |first1=Augustin |title=General history of Africa, IX: General history of Africa revisited |pages=355–375|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000396045?posInSet=1&queryId=N-EXPLORE-612fe50c-9ec6-4256-8bd3-7b7ec50033a7}}</ref> Genetic evidence has identified the [[Horn of Africa]] as a source of a genetic marker "[[Haplogroup E-M35|M35]]/[[Haplogroup E-M215|215]]" Y-chromosome lineage for a significant population component which moved north from that region into Egypt and the Levant.<ref name="Ancient Africa: A Global History, t">{{cite book |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |title=Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE |date=20 June 2023 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-24410-5 |pages=97, 167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5KjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |language=en}}</ref> This genetic distribution paralleled the spread of the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afrasian language family]] with the movement of people from the Horn of Africa into Egypt and added a new demic component to the existing population of Egypt 17,000 years ago.<ref name="Ancient Africa: A Global History, t">{{cite book |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |title=Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE |date=20 June 2023 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-24410-5 |pages=97, 167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5KjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |language=en}}</ref>

Mainstream scholars have situated the ethnicity and the origins of predynastic, southern Egypt as a foundational community primarily in northeast Africa which included [[the Sudan]], [[Afrotropical realm|tropical Africa]] and [[the Sahara]] whilst recognising the population variability that became characteristic of the pharaonic period.<ref>"There is now a sufficient body of evidence from modern studies of skeletal remains to indicate that the ancient Egyptians, especially southern Egyptians, exhibited physical characteristics that are within the range of variation for ancient and modern indigenous peoples of the Sahara and tropical Africa. The distribution of population characteristics seems to follow a clinal pattern from south to north, which may be explained by natural selection as well as gene flow between neighboring populations. In general, the inhabitants of Upper Egypt and Nubia had the greatest biological affinity to people of the Sahara and more southerly areas.”{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lovell |first=Nancy C. |chapter=Egyptians, physical anthropology of |title=Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt |editor1-last=Bard |editor1-first=Kathryn A. |editor1-link=Kathryn A. Bard |editor2-last=Shubert |editor2-first=Steven Blake |date=1999 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415185890 |pages=328–331}}</ref><ref>“The data clearly suggests that the population in southern Egypt became more diverse as the society more complex (Keita 1992). Egyptian society seems never to have been “closed”, and it is hard to believe that the modal phenotype could have remain unchanged, especially if social and sexual collection were operating. However, it is important to emphasize that, while the biology changed with increasing local social complexity, the ethnicity of Niloto-Saharo-Sudanese origins did not change. The cultural morays, ritual formulae, and symbols used in writing, as far as can be ascertained, remained true to their southern origins”.{{cite journal |last1=Keita |first1=S. O. Y. |title=Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships |journal=History in Africa |date=1993 |volume=20 |pages=129–154 |doi=10.2307/3171969 |jstor=3171969 |s2cid=162330365 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171969 |issn=0361-5413}}</ref><ref>p.85–“The physical anthropological findings from the major burial sites of those founding locales of ancient Egypt in the millennium BCE, notably El-Badari as well as Naqada, show no demographic indebtedness to the Levant. They reveal instead a population with cranial and dental features with closest parallels of those of other longtime populations of the surrounding areas of northeastern Africa, such as Nubia and the northern Horn of Africa. Members of this population did not come from somewhere else but were descendants of the long-term inhabitants of these portions of Africa going back many millennia.”{{cite book |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |title=Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE |date=20 June 2023 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=978-0-691-24409-9 |pages=83–86, 97, 167–169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5KjEAAAQBAJ&q=ancient+africa:+a+global+history,+to+300+ce+christopher+ehret |language=en |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322125442/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5KjEAAAQBAJ&q=ancient+africa:+a+global+history,+to+300+ce+christopher+ehret |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>p.355 - “The importance of iconographic sources was emphasized in the main. Säve-Söderbergh and Leclant stressed that the links indicated by cave paintings between the vast expanses of the Sahara and the banks of the Nile nodded to a migration of peoples of the Sahara and groups from the South to the valley –something confirmed by research over the last thirty years. Diop set out to return Egypt to its southern African hinterland by systematically using Pharaonic statues and art to support his point of view. Although a debate on the north-south orientation of a ‘civilizing’ wave of peoples in the valley had prevailed up to that point, the avalanche of new data now made this idea redundant, suggesting instead the image of a growing and unifying political movement in the valley from south to north that repositioned its starting point back in time: in Upper Egypt, digs at the Uj tomb of King Scorpion at the Abydos necropolis push back the origin of the first Horus back to circa 3250 BCE, and the resumption of excavations at Nekhen led to the exhumation of the famous ‘Elephant Kings’ of Hierakonpolis (Nekhen) which have no inscriptions and date back even further to circa 3700 BCE.” p.356 - “It quantified the key impact of sub-Saharan populations and found a clear link between the Siwi and the peoples of North-East Africa. We could continue with work by Zakrzewski on the predynastic population of Nekhen, investigations by Crubezy which traced the boundaries of the ancient Khoisan settlement to Upper Egypt, where its
faint traces remain identifiable, and Keita’s work, as the most groundbreaking.”' p.356 - “Hence the work by Cerny’s team highlighting the close links between the peoples of Upper Egypt, North Cameroon and Ethiopia – the Cameroon people living in the Mandara mountains speaking Chadic languages, and the Ethiopians speaking Kushitic languages, prior to Ge’ez being spread throughout the region during the Aksumite period. This broadens the linguistic debate to include language families that had been little studied or used in comparisons that have long focused on the East.” {{cite book |last1=Anselin|first1=Alain |title= "Review of Ancient Civilizations of Africa: General History of Africa Volume II " in (General history of Africa, IX: General history of Africa revisited |pages=355–75|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000396045?posInSet=1&queryId=N-EXPLORE-612fe50c-9ec6-4256-8bd3-7b7ec50033a7}}</ref> Pharaonic Egypt featured a physical [[cline (biology)|gradation]] across the regional populations, with Upper Egyptians having shared more biological affinities with [[Sudanese]] and [[Sub Saharan Africa|southernly African populations]], whereas Lower Egyptians had closer genetic links with [[the Levant|Levantine]] and [[Mediterranean]] populations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zakrzewski |first1=Sonia R. |title=Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=April 2007 |volume=132 |issue=4 |pages=501–509 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20569 |pmid=17295300 |bibcode=2007AJPA..132..501Z |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.20569 |language=en |quote=When Mahalanobis D2 was used, the Naqadan and Badarian Predynastic samples exhibited more similarity to Nubian, Tigrean, and some more southern series than to some mid- to late Dynasticseries from northern Egypt (Mukherjee et al., 1955). The Badarian have been found to be very similar to a Kerma sample (Kushite Sudanese), using both the Penrose statistic (Nutter, 1958) and DFA of males alone (Keita,1990). Furthermore, Keita considered that Badarian males had a southern modal phenotype, and that together with a Naqada sample, they formed a southern Egyptian cluster as tropical variants together with a sample from Kerma|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>"Southern Egypt and Nubia are geographically co-extensive, with populations grading into each other. The absorption of Qustul’s people would have reinforced this. There is biological overlap of these populations in origin, but ongoing admixture is also apparent."{{cite web |last1=Keita |first1=S. O. Y. |title=Ideas about "Race" in Nile Valley Histories: A Consideration of "Racial" Paradigms in Recent Presentations on Nile Valley Africa, from "Black Pharaohs" to Mummy Genomest |url=https://egyptianexpedition.org/articles/ideas-about-race-in-nile-valley-histories-a-consideration-of-racial-paradigms-in-recent-presentations-on-nile-valley-africa-from-black-pharaohs/ |website=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections|date=September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hassan|first1=Fekri|title=The African Dimension of Egyptian Origins (May 2021) |date=20 May 2021 |url=https://nilevalleycollective.org/african-dimension-of-egyptian-origins/}}</ref>

Archaeological evidence has suggested that the Ancient Egyptian counting system had origins in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eglash |first1=Ron |title=African fractals : modern computing and indigenous design |date=1999 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Brunswick, N.J. |isbn=0813526140 |pages=89,141}}</ref> Also, fractal geometry designs which are widespread among Sub-Saharan African cultures are also found in Egyptian architecture and cosmological signs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eglash, R. |title=Fractal Geometry in African Material Culture |journal=Symmetry: Culture and Science |date=1995 |volume=6-1 |pages=174–177}}</ref> The [[Ishango bone]], according to scholar [[Alexander Marshack]], may have influenced the later development of mathematics in Egypt as, like some entries on the Ishango bone, Egyptian arithmetic also made use of multiplication by 2; this however, is disputed.<ref>Marshack, A. (1972). ''The Roots of Civilization: the Cognitive Beginning of Man's First Art, Symbol and Notation''. New York: McGraw-Hill.</ref> Megalithic structures located in [[Nabta Playa]], Upper Egypt featured [[astronomy]], calendar arrangements in alignment with the heliacal rising of [[Sirius]] and supported calibration the yearly calendar for the annual Nile flood.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |title=Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE |date=20 June 2023 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-24410-5 |pages=107–110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5KjEAAAQBAJ&q=christopher+ehret+nabta+playa |language=en}}</ref> These practices have been linked with the emergence of [[cosmology]] in Old Kingdom Egypt.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |title=Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE |date=20 June 2023 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-24410-5 |pages=107–110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5KjEAAAQBAJ&q=christopher+ehret+nabta+playa |language=en}}</ref>

Ancient [[Nubians]] pioneered early [[antibiotics]] and established a system of [[geometrics]] which served as the basis for initial [[sundials|sunclocks]]. Nubians also exercised a [[Trigonometry|trigonometric]] methodology comparable to their Egyptian counterparts.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Armelagos, George |date=2000 |title=Take Two Beers and Call Me in 1,600 Years: Use of Tetracycline by Nubians and Ancient Egyptians |url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/482bd90a-de71-49b3-9bbc-d8ff0ab974b3 |journal=Natural History |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=50–3 |s2cid=89542474}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Gnomons at Meroë and Early Trigonometry|first=Leo|last=Depuydt|date=1 January 1998|journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|volume=84|pages=171–180|doi=10.2307/3822211|jstor=3822211}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archaeology.org/online/news/nubia.html|title=Neolithic Skywatchers|date=27 May 1998|first=Andrew|last=Slayman|website=Archaeology Magazine Archive|access-date=17 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605234044/http://www.archaeology.org/online/news/nubia.html|archive-date=5 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO5FCVIxz2YC&q=nubia&pg=PA744|title=A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy|last=Neugebauer|first=O.|date=2004-09-17|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-06995-9|language=en}}</ref>

The area comprising [[Somaliland]], [[Somalia]], [[Djibouti]], the [[Red Sea]] coast of [[Eritrea]] and [[Sudan]] is considered the most likely location of the land known to the ancient [[Egyptians]] as ''[[Land of Punt|Punt]]'' (or "Ta Netjeru", meaning god's land), whose first mention dates to the 25th century BC.<ref>Simson Najovits, ''Egypt, trunk of the tree, Volume 2'', (Algora Publishing: 2004), p.258.</ref> The Puntites traded [[myrrh]], spices, gold, [[ebony]], short-horned cattle, ivory and [[frankincense]] with the Ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Indians, Chinese and Romans through their commercial ports. An Ancient Egyptian expedition sent to Punt by the 18th dynasty Queen [[Hatshepsut]] is recorded on the temple reliefs at [[Deir el-Bahari]], during the reign of the Puntite King Parahu and Queen Ati.<ref>{{cite book|last=Njoku|first=Raphael Chijioke|title=The History of Somalia|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-37857-7|pages=29–31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C}}</ref><ref name="Titthtw">{{cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World|year=2011|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4488-4797-6|page=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RO4kS1IR71sC}}</ref> According to Christiane Noblecourt, these expeditions were further facilitated by the existence of a common language between Egypt and Punt.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desroches-Noblecourt |first=Christiane |title=La reine mystérieuse: Hatshepsout |pages=203–463|date=2002 |publisher=Pygmalion |isbn=978-2-85704-748-3 |location=Paris}}</ref>

====Ancient Egypt====
{{anchor|Egypt}}
{{main|History of ancient Egypt|Northeast Africa|African humid period|Ancient Egypt}}
[[File:Ancient Egypt map-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Map of ancient Egypt, showing major cities and sites of the Dynastic period (c. 3150 BC to 30 BC)]]

The developed [[Neolithic]] cultures belonging to the phases [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic A]] (10,200 BC) and [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] (7600 to 6000 BC) appeared in the [[Fertile Crescent]] and from there spread eastwards and westwards.<ref name="Bellwood1"/> Contemporaneously, a grain-grinding culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had replaced the culture of hunters, fishers, and gathering people using stone tools along the Nile. Geological evidence and computer climate modeling studies also suggest that natural climate changes around 8000 BC began to desiccate the extensive pastoral lands of northern Africa, eventually forming the [[Sahara]]. Continued desiccation forced the early ancestors of the Egyptians to settle around the Nile more permanently and to adopt a more sedentary lifestyle.<ref>Barich et al. (1984) Ecological and Cultural Relevance of the Recent New Radiocabon dates from Libyan Sahara. In: L. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz [eds.], Origin and Early Development of Food-Producing Cultures in Northeastern Africa, Poznan, Poznan Archaeological Museum, pp. 411–17.</ref> The oldest fully developed neolithic culture in Egypt is [[Fayum A culture]] that began around 5500 BC.

By about 5500 BC, small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of inter-related cultures as far south as Sudan, demonstrating firm control of agriculture and [[animal husbandry]], and identifiable by their pottery and personal items, such as combs, bracelets, and beads. The largest of these early cultures in northern Upper Egypt was the [[Badari]], which probably originated in the Western Desert; it was known for its high quality ceramics, [[stone tool]]s, and use of copper.<ref>Hayes, W. C. (October 1964). "Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter III. The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Communities of Northern Egypt". JNES (No. 4 ed.) 23 (4): 217–272</ref> The oldest known domesticated bovine in Africa are from [[Fayum]] dating to around 4400 BC.<ref>Barich, B. E. (1998) People, Water and Grain: The Beginnings of Domestication in the Sahara and the Nile Valley. Roma: L' Erma di Bretschneider (Studia archaeologica 98).</ref> The Badari cultures was followed by the [[Naqada culture]], which brought a number of technological improvements.<ref>Childe, V. Gordon (1953), ''New Light on the Most Ancient Near East'', (Praeger Publications)</ref> As early as the first Naqada Period, [[Amratian culture|Amratia]], Egyptians imported [[obsidian]] from [[History of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], used to shape blades and other objects from [[Lithic flake|flakes]].<ref>Barbara G. Aston, James A. Harrell, Ian Shaw (2000). Paul T. Nicholson and Ian Shaw editors. "Stone," in ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology,'' Cambridge, 5–77, pp. 46–47. Also note: Barbara G. Aston (1994). "Ancient Egyptian Stone Vessels," ''Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens'' 5, Heidelberg, pp. 23–26. (See on-line posts: [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/stone/obsidian.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201073519/http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/stone/obsidian.html|date=1 February 2011}} and [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/foreignrelations/obsidian.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629145615/http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/foreignrelations/obsidian.html|date=29 June 2011}}.)</ref> By 3300 BC, just before the first Egyptian dynasty, Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as [[Upper Egypt]] to the south, and [[Lower Egypt]] to the north.<ref name = "Adkinsp155">Adkins, L. and Adkins, R. (2001) ''The Little Book of Egyptian Hieroglyphics'', p155. London: Hodder and Stoughton</ref>

[[Egyptian Civilization|Egyptian civilization]] begins during the second phase of the Naqada culture, known as the [[Gerzeh culture|Gerzeh period]], around 3500 BC and coalesces with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt around 3150 BC.<ref name="Shaw2">{{cite book |editor-last=Shaw |editor-first=Ian |title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-815034-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw/page/479 479] |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw/page/479 }}</ref> Farming produced the vast majority of food; with increased food supplies, the populace adopted a much more sedentary lifestyle, and the larger settlements grew to cities of about 5,000 residents. It was in this time that the city dwellers started using mud brick to build their cities, and the use of the arch and recessed walls for decorative effect became popular.<ref name="Redford 16">Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. (Princeton: University Press, 1992)</ref> Copper instead of stone was increasingly used to make tools<ref name="Redford 16"/> and weaponry.<ref name="Gardiner 391">Gardiner, Alan H. ''Egypt of the Pharaohs: An Introduction''. Oxford University Press. 1964</ref> Symbols on Gerzean pottery also resemble nascent Egyptian hieroglyphs.<ref>Adkins, L.; Adkins, R (2001). The Little Book of Egyptian Hieroglyphics. London: Hodder and Stoughton.</ref> Early evidence also exists of contact with the [[Near East]], particularly [[Canaan]] and the [[Byblos]] coast, during this time.<ref>Patai, Raphael (1998), ''Children of Noah: Jewish Seafaring in Ancient Times'' (Princeton Uni Press)</ref> Concurrent with these cultural advances, a process of unification of the societies and towns of the upper Nile River, or Upper Egypt, occurred. At the same time the societies of the Nile Delta, or Lower Egypt, also underwent a unification process.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} During his reign in Upper Egypt, King [[Narmer]] defeated his enemies on the Delta and merged both the Kingdom of Upper and Lower Egypt under his single rule.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roebuck |first=Carl |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofancientti00carl/page/52/mode/2up |title=The World of Ancient Times |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]] |year=1966 |location=New York |pages=53}}</ref>

The [[Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)|Early Dynastic Period of Egypt]] immediately followed the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. It is generally taken to include the [[First Dynasty of Egypt|First]] and [[Second Dynasty of Egypt|Second Dynasties]], lasting from the [[Naqada III]] archaeological period until about the beginning of the [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Old Kingdom]], c. 2686 BC.<ref name="Shaw1">Shaw, Ian (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press</ref> With the First Dynasty, the capital moved from [[Thinis]] to [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] with a unified Egypt ruled by a [[Imperial cult|god-king]]. The hallmarks of [[ancient Egypt]]ian civilization, such as [[Art of ancient Egypt|art]], [[Ancient Egyptian architecture|architecture]] and many aspects of [[Ancient Egyptian religion|religion]], took shape during the Early Dynastic period. The strong institution of kingship developed by the pharaohs served to legitimize state control over the land, labor, and resources that were essential to the survival and growth of ancient Egyptian civilization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/archaicegypt/info.html|title=Early Dynastic Egypt|access-date=9 March 2008|publisher=Digital Egypt for Universities, University College London| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080304143847/http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/archaicegypt/info.html| archive-date= 4 March 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

Major advances in architecture, art, and technology were made during the subsequent [[Old Kingdom]], fueled by the increased [[agricultural productivity]] and resulting population, made possible by a well-developed central administration.<ref>James (2005) p. 40</ref> Some of ancient Egypt's crowning achievements, the [[Giza Necropolis|Giza pyramids]] and [[Great Sphinx of Giza|Great Sphinx]], were constructed during the Old Kingdom. Under the direction of the [[vizier (Ancient Egypt)|vizier]], state officials collected taxes, coordinated irrigation projects to improve [[crop yield]], drafted peasants to work on construction projects, and established a [[Criminal law|justice system]] to maintain peace and order. Along with the rising importance of a central administration there arose a new class of educated scribes and officials who were granted estates by the pharaoh in payment for their services. Pharaohs also made land grants to their mortuary cults and local temples, to ensure that these institutions had the resources to worship the pharaoh after his death. Scholars believe that five centuries of these practices slowly eroded the economic power of the pharaoh, and that the economy could no longer afford to support a large centralized administration.<ref name="Shaw1" /> As the power of the pharaoh diminished, regional governors called [[nomarch]]s began to challenge the supremacy of the pharaoh. This, coupled with [[4.2 kiloyear event|severe droughts]] between 2200 and 2150 BC,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/apocalypse_egypt_01.shtml|title=The Fall of the Old Kingdom|author=Fekri Hassan|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=10 March 2008|archive-date=13 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013110310/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/apocalypse_egypt_04.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> is assumed to have caused the country to enter the 140-year period of famine and strife known as the [[First Intermediate Period]].<ref>Clayton, Peter A. (1994). Chronicle of the Pharaohs. London, England: Thames and Hudson.</ref>

===Ancient India===
{{anchor|India}}
{{main|History of India|Meluhha|Indus Valley Civilisation|List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites|History of Pakistan}}
[[File:Indus Valley Civilization, Mature Phase (2600-1900 BCE).png|thumb|upright=1.75|The Indus Valley Civilization at its greatest extent]]

The earliest reliably-dated [[Neolithic]] site in [[South Asia]] is [[Mehrgarh]] in the [[Kacchi Plain]] of present-day [[Pakistan]] dating from 7000 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coningham |first1=Robin |title=The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE–200 CE |last2=Young |first2=Ruth |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-316-41898-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hB5TCgAAQBAJ |page=111}}</ref>{{efn|Another site with reporting of early carbon datings is [[Bhirrana]] along the ancient [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar-Hakra]] riverine system in the present day state of [[Haryana]] in [[India]], dating to around 7600 BC,<ref name="oldest2">{{cite web | title=Haryana's Bhirrana oldest Harappan site, Rakhigarhi Asia's largest: ASI | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Haryanas-Bhirrana-oldest-Harappan-site-Rakhigarhi-Asias-largest-ASI/articleshow/46926693.cms | newspaper=The Times of India | date=15 April 2015 | access-date=16 April 2015 | archive-date=1 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101032332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Haryanas-Bhirrana-oldest-Harappan-site-Rakhigarhi-Asias-largest-ASI/articleshow/46926693.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> but this dating [[Bhirrana#Dating|has been questioned]] as the cultural remains are of a more developed [[Chalcolithic]]-stage using 4th millennium BC ceramics. Other early sites include [[Lahuradewa]] in the Middle [[Ganges]] region and [[Jhusi]] near the confluence of [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]] rivers, both with reported carbon datings to around 7000 BC,<ref name="Fuller">{{cite journal | last1 = Fuller | first1 = Dorian | year = 2006 | title = Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia: A Working Synthesis | url = http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~tcrndfu/articles/JWP20.pdf | journal = Journal of World Prehistory | volume = 20 | page = 42 | doi = 10.1007/s10963-006-9006-8 | s2cid = 189952275 | access-date = 11 July 2016 | archive-date = 17 May 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110517050130/http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~tcrndfu/articles/JWP20.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>Tewari, Rakesh et al. 2006. "Second Preliminary Report of the excavations at Lahuradewa, District Sant Kabir Nagar, UP 2002-2003-2004 & 2005–06" in Pragdhara No. 16 [http://www.uparchaeology.org/pragdhara%20No-16.pdf "Electronic Version p.28"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128194547/http://www.uparchaeology.org/pragdhara%20No-16.pdf |date=28 November 2007 }}</ref> though these dates have also been questioned.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Habib | first=Irfan | title=Book review: Tony Joseph, The Early Indians: The Story of Our Ancestors and Where They Came From | journal=Studies in People's History | volume=7 | issue=1 | date=2020 | issn=2348-4489 | doi=10.1177/2348448920908515 | pages=91–93}}</ref> [[Dorian Fuller]] — an [[archaeobotany|archaeobotanist]] — writes that: "Caution is warranted in considering early/mid-Holocene radiocarbon dates reported from this region [i.e., Ganges Plains]" which "dates would appear to be residual within their archaeological contexts, or represent [[Old wood effect|very old wood]]", as earliest occupation was likely "intermittent" by [[hunter-gatherers]], with earliest evidence of rice being "more suggestive of wild rice collecting". Fuller has concluded: "The unambiguous evidence for sedentary, agricultural villages after mid-third millennium and mainly after 2000 BC, as well as ceramic links, suggests that the Neolithic mainly of the later third millennium/early second millennium with possible origins in the earlier fourth millennium"<ref name="Fuller"/>}}

The aceramic Neolithic at [[Mehrgarh]] in present-day Pakistan lasts from 7000 to 5500 BC, with the ceramic Neolithic at Mehrgarh lasting up to 3300 BC; blending into the Early Bronze Age. Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>UNESCO World Heritage. 2004. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1876/"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103084357/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1876/ |date=3 November 2020 }}. ''Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh''</ref> It is likely that the culture centered around Mehrgarh migrated into the Indus Valley in present-day Pakistan and became the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref>Parpol, Asko. 2015. ''The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilisation''. Oxford University Press</ref> The earliest fortified town in the region is found at [[Rehman Dheri]], dated 4000 BC in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa close to [[Zhob River|River Zhob]] Valley in present-day Pakistan. Other fortified towns found to date are at [[Amri (Pre-Harappa)|Amri]] (3600–3300 BC), [[Kot Diji]] in [[Sindh]], and at [[Kalibangan]] (3000 BC) at the [[Hakra]] River.<ref>Charles Keith Maisels, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA216 ''Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101143328/https://books.google.ca/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA216 |date=1 November 2022 }} Routledge, 2003 {{ISBN|1134837305}}</ref><ref name="Higham2009">{{cite book|first=Charles |last=Higham|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=H1c1UIEVH9gC|page=9}}|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1|pages=9–}}</ref><ref>Sigfried J. de Laet, Ahmad Hasan Dani, eds. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BnY0KYbJC6wC&pg=PA674 ''History of Humanity: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C.''] UNESCO, 1996 {{ISBN|9231028111}} p.674</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi=10.5334/aa.10203| title=Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal| journal=Ancient Asia| volume=2| page=15| year=2010| last1=Garge| first1=Tejas| url=https://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/jms/article/download/aa.10203/36| doi-access=free| access-date=4 September 2019| archive-date=8 March 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308015716/https://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/jms/article/download/aa.10203/36| url-status=live}}</ref>

The Indus Valley Civilization starts around 3300 BC with what is referred to as the Early Harappan Phase (3300 to 2600 BC), although at the start this was still a village-based culture, leaving mostly pottery for archaeologists. The earliest examples of the [[Indus script]] date to this period,<ref>{{cite book|title=The World's Writing Systems|page=372|author=Peter T. Daniels|publisher=Oxford University}}</ref><ref name="parpola">{{cite book|last=Parpola|first=Asko|year=1994|title=Deciphering the Indus Script|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43079-1}}</ref> as well as the emergence of citadels representing centralised authority and an increasingly urban quality of life.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thapar|first=B. K.|year=1975|title=Kalibangan: A Harappan Metropolis Beyond the Indus Valley|journal=Expedition|volume=17|issue=2|pages=19–32}}</ref> Trade networks linked this culture with related regional cultures and distant sources of raw materials, including [[lapis lazuli]] and other materials for bead-making. By around 2600 BC, villagers had domesticated numerous crops, including [[pea]]s, [[sesame seed]]s, [[date (fruit)|dates]], and cotton, as well as animals, including the [[Domestic buffalo|water buffalo]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley (2600–1900 BC): A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0123103 | pmid=25923705 | pmc=4414352 | volume=10| issue=4 |journal=PLOS ONE|article-number=e0123103|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1023103V|year=2015|last1=Valentine|first1=Benjamin| last2=Kamenov | first2=George D. | last3=Kenoyer | first3=Jonathan Mark | last4=Shinde | first4=Vasant | last5=Mushrif-Tripathy | first5=Veena | last6=Otarola-Castillo | first6=Erik | last7=Krigbaum | first7=John | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Indus-Valley-people-migrated-from-villages-to-cities-New-study/articleshow/47111875.cms|title=Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities: New study|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 April 2015 |access-date=11 July 2016|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725190650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Indus-Valley-people-migrated-from-villages-to-cities-New-study/articleshow/47111875.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

2600 to 1900 BC marks the Mature Harappan Phase during which Early Harappan communities turned into large urban centers including [[Harappa]], [[Dholavira]], [[Mohenjo-daro]], [[Lothal]], [[Rupar]], and [[Rakhigarhi]], and more than 1,000 towns and villages, often of relatively small size.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/indus-river-re-enters-india-145091-2011-11-06 |title=Indus re-enters India after two centuries, feeds Little Rann, Nal Sarovar |magazine=India Today |date=7 November 2011 |access-date=7 November 2011 |archive-date=9 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109090722/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indus-river-re-enters-india/1/158976.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mature Harappans evolved new techniques in [[metallurgy]] and produced copper, [[bronze]], lead, and [[tin]] and displayed advanced levels of engineering.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRMGDmdE9FkC&q=harappan+building+docks&pg=PA260|first=Raj|last=Pruthi|title=Prehistory and Harappan Civilization|page=260|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-581-4|year=2004|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050428/https://books.google.com/books?id=uRMGDmdE9FkC&q=harappan+building+docks&pg=PA260|url-status=live}}</ref> As seen in Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and the recently partially excavated [[Rakhigarhi]], this urban plan included the world's first known urban [[sanitation]] systems: see [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation|hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley civilization]]. Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from [[water well|wells]]. From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing, [[wastewater|waste water]] was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only to inner [[courtyard]]s and smaller lanes. The housebuilding in some villages in the region still resembles in some respects the housebuilding of the Harappans.<ref>It has been noted that the courtyard pattern and techniques of flooring of Harappan houses has similarities to the way house-building is still done in some villages of the region. {{Harvnb|Lal|2002|pp=93–95}}</ref> The advanced architecture of the Harappans is shown by their impressive dockyards, [[granary|granaries]], warehouses, brick platforms, and protective walls. The massive walls of Indus cities most likely protected the Harappans from floods and may have dissuaded military conflicts.<ref name=MorrieAEJ>{{cite book|last1=Morris|first1=A.E.J.|title=History of Urban Form: Before the Industrial Revolutions|date=1994|publisher=Routledge|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-582-30154-2|page=31|edition=Third|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whBEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|access-date=20 May 2015|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050428/https://books.google.com/books?id=whBEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|url-status=live}}</ref>

The people of the Indus Civilization achieved great accuracy in measuring length, mass, and time. They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures. A comparison of available objects indicates large scale variation across the Indus territories. Their smallest division, which is marked on an ivory scale found in [[Lothal]] in Gujarat, was approximately 1.704 mm, the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the [[Bronze Age]]. Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their [[hexahedron]] weights.<ref>{{Cite book|title=In Search of the Cradle of Civilization:New Light on Ancient India|last1=Feuerstein|first1=Georg|last2=Kak|first2=Subhash|last3=Frawley|first3=David|publisher=Quest Books|year=2001|page=73|isbn=978-0-8356-0741-4}}</ref> These [[chert]] weights were in a ratio of 5:2:1 with weights of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 units, with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams, similar to the English [[Imperial units#Mass and weight|Imperial ounce]] or Greek uncia, and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871. However, as in other cultures, actual weights were not uniform throughout the area. The weights and measures later used in [[Kautilya]]'s ''[[Arthashastra]]'' (4th century BC) are the same as those used in [[Lothal]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|title=Genèse de l'Inde|year=1997|page=113|language=fr|isbn=978-2-228-89116-5|publisher=Payot|location=Paris}}</ref>

Around 1800 BC, signs of a gradual decline began to emerge, and by around 1700 BC most of the cities had been abandoned. Suggested contributory causes for the localisation of the IVC include changes in the course of the river,<ref>{{cite book|first =David|last= Knipe |date=1991|title=Hinduism|location= San Francisco|publisher= Harper|isbn =978-0-06-064780-3}}</ref> and [[climate change]] that is also signalled for the neighbouring areas of the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phys.org/news/2014-02-decline-bronze-age-megacities-linked.html|title=Decline of Bronze Age 'megacities' linked to climate change|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622164659/https://phys.org/news/2014-02-decline-bronze-age-megacities-linked.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Emma Maris (2014), [http://www.nature.com/news/two-hundred-year-drought-doomed-indus-valley-civilization-1.14800#b1 ''Two-hundred-year drought doomed Indus Valley Civilization''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810091859/http://www.nature.com/news/two-hundred-year-drought-doomed-indus-valley-civilization-1.14800#b1 |date=10 August 2017 }}, nature</ref> {{As of| 2016}} many scholars believe that drought led to a decline in trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia contributing to the collapse of the Indus Civilization.<ref name="Science">{{cite journal|date=6 June 2008|title=Indus Collapse: The End or the Beginning of an Asian Culture?|journal=Science Magazine|volume= 320 |pages= 1282–3}}</ref> The [[Ghaggar-Hakra]] system was rain-fed,<ref name="Giosan">{{cite journal|last=Giosan|first=L.|title=Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan Civilization|journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA|year=2012|volume=109|issue=26|pages=E1688–94|display-authors=et al|doi=10.1073/pnas.1112743109|pmid=22645375|pmc= 3387054 |bibcode= 2012PNAS..109E1688G |doi-access= free}}</ref><ref name=Clift/>{{refn|group=note|Geological research by a group led by [[Peter Clift]] investigated how the courses of rivers have changed in this region since 8000 years ago, to test whether climate or river reorganisations caused the decline of the Harappan. Using U-Pb dating of zircon sand grains they found that sediments typical of the Beas, Sutlej and Yamuna rivers (Himalayan tributaries of the Indus) are actually present in former Ghaggar-Hakra channels. However, sediment contributions from these glacial-fed rivers stopped at least by 10,000 years ago, well before the development of the Indus civilization.<ref name=Clift>Clift et al., 2011, U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River, ''Geology'', 40, 211–214 (2011). [http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/40/3/211.short] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102021714/http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/40/3/211.short |date=2 January 2016 }}</ref>}}<ref name="Tripathi_2004"/>{{refn|group=note|Tripathi et al. (2004) found that the isotopes of sediments carried by the Ghaggar-Hakra system over the last 20 thousand years do not come from the glaciated Higher Himalaya but have a sub-Himalayan source, and concluded that the river system was rain-fed. They also concluded that this contradicted the idea of a Harappan-time mighty "Sarasvati" river.<ref name="Tripathi_2004">{{cite journal|first= Jayant K.|last= Tripathi |author2=Tripathi, K. |author3= Bock, Barbara |author4=Rajamani, V. |author5=Eisenhauer, A.|title= Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? Geochemical Constraints|journal= Current Science|volume= 87|issue= 8|date= 25 October 2004 |url= http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252004/1141.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041225113356/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252004/1141.pdf|archive-date= 25 December 2004}}</ref>}} and water-supply depended on the monsoons. The Indus Valley climate grew significantly cooler and drier from about 1800 BC, linked to a general weakening of the [[monsoon]] at that time.<ref name="Giosan"/> The Indian monsoon declined and aridity increased, with the Ghaggar-Hakra retracting its reach towards the foothills of the Himalaya,<ref name= "Giosan"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/an-ancient-civilization-upended-by-climate-change/?_r=0 | title = An Ancient Civilization, Upended by Climate Change | author = Rachel Nuwer | author-link = Rachel Nuwer | date = 28 May 2012 | access-date = 29 May 2012 | publisher = LiveScience | archive-date = 7 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191007120514/https://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/an-ancient-civilization-upended-by-climate-change/?_r=0 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.livescience.com/20614-collapse-mythical-river-civilization.html | title = Huge Ancient Civilization's Collapse Explained | author = Charles Choi | date = 29 May 2012 | access-date = 18 May 2016 | newspaper = The New York Times | archive-date = 1 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200501194840/https://www.livescience.com/20614-collapse-mythical-river-civilization.html | url-status = live }}</ref> leading to erratic and less extensive floods that made inundation agriculture less sustainable. Aridification reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilization's demise, and to scatter its population eastward.<ref name="madella-fuller">{{cite journal|last2=Fuller|first2=Dorian|date=2006|title=Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilisation of South Asia: a reconsideration |journal= [[Quaternary Science Reviews]]|volume=25|issue=11–12|pages=1283–1301|last1=Madella|first1=Marco|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.012|bibcode=2006QSRv...25.1283M}}</ref><ref name= "macdonald">{{cite journal|last=MacDonald|first=Glen|year=2011|title=Potential influence of the Pacific Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon and Harappan decline|journal=Quaternary International |volume= 229|issue=1–2|pages=140–148|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.012|bibcode=2011QuInt.229..140M}}</ref><ref name=brooke-2015>{{citation|last=Brooke|first=John L.|title=Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9TSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA296|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-87164-8|page=296|bibcode=2014cccg.book.....B |access-date= 4 February 2018|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050414/https://books.google.com/books?id=O9TSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA296|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|name="Note-Brooke"|Broke:<ref name=brooke-2015/> "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some-thing of an anomaly, in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare. It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all, and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict. Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies, which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BC. It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium, at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop. Thus it seems that this "first urbanisation" in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories, into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley....' 17 (footnote): a)Liviu Giosan et al., [http://www.pnas.org/content/109/26/E1688.full "Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization,"] PNAS, 102 (2012), E1688—E1694; (b) Camilo Ponton, [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2011GL050722/full "Holocene Aridification of India,"] GRL 39 (2012), L03704; (c) Harunur Rashid et al., [http://research.bpcrc.osu.edu/Icecore/publications/Rashid%20et%20al%20Terr%20Atmos%20Ocean%20Sci%202011v222p215.pdf "Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal,"] Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences 22 (2011), 215–28; (d) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379105002908 "Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia: A Reconsideration,"] Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006), 1283–301. Compare with the very different interpretations in {{citation|last=Possehl|first=Gregory L.|title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PA239 |year=2002|pages=237–245|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2}}, and Michael Staubwasser et al., "Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP Termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability," GRL 30 (2003), 1425. Bar-Matthews and Avner Ayalon, "Mid-Holocene Climate Variations."}} As the monsoons kept shifting south, the floods grew too erratic for sustainable agricultural activities. The residents then migrated away into smaller communities. However trade with the old cities did not flourish. The small surplus produced in these small communities did not allow development of trade, and the cities died out.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-indus-harappan-20120528,0,1127932.story | title = Migration of monsoons created, then killed Harappan civilization | author = Thomas H. Maugh II | date = 28 May 2012 | access-date = 29 May 2012 | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | archive-date = 19 November 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121119111817/http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-indus-harappan-20120528,0,1127932.story | url-status = live }}</ref> According to the [[Indo-Aryan migrations|Aryan Migration Theory]],
the [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] migrated into the Indus River Valley during this period and began the [[Vedic period|Vedic age]] of India.<ref>Edwin Bryant (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. pp. 159–60</ref> The Indus Valley Civilization did not disappear suddenly and many elements of the civilization continued in later Indian subcontinent and Vedic cultures.<ref>{{cite book|last= White|first= David Gordon|title= Kiss of the Yogini|year= 2003|publisher= University of Chicago Press|location= Chicago|isbn= 978-0-226-89483-6|page= 28}}</ref>

===Ancient China===
{{anchor|China}}
{{main|History of China}}
{{seealso|Xia dynasty|Erlitou culture|Five thousand years of Chinese civilization}}
[[File:Erlitou sites and Xia capitals.svg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|Traditional Xia sites (red) and Erlitou sites (black) near the Yellow River]]

Drawing on [[archaeology]], [[geology]] and [[anthropology]], modern scholars do not see the origins of the [[Culture of China|Chinese civilization]] or [[Chinese history|history]] as a linear story but rather the history of the interactions of different and distinct cultures and [[ethnic groups]] that influenced each other's development.<ref name="cambridge">{{cite book| first= Patricia| last= Ebrey| year= 2006| title= The Cambridge Illustrated History of China| publisher= Cambridge University Press| pages= [https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre_0/page/12 12]–18| isbn= 978-0-521-43519-2| url= https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre_0| url-access= registration}}</ref> The specific cultural regions that developed Chinese civilization were the [[Yellow River civilization]], the [[Yangtze civilization]], and [[Liao civilization]]. Early evidence for Chinese [[millet]] agriculture is dated to around 7000 BC,<ref>{{cite web|title=Rice and Early Agriculture in China|url=http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/legacy/banpo/banpo.html|work=Legacy of Human Civilizations|publisher=Mesa Community College|access-date=10 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827184517/http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/legacy/banpo/banpo.html|archive-date=27 August 2009}}</ref> with the earliest evidence of cultivated rice found at [[Chengtoushan]] near the Yangtze River, dated to 6500 BC. Chengtoushan may also be the site of the first walled city in China.<ref>[http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/17124/AP-v38n2-119-153.pdf?sequence=1 Longshan-Era Urbanism: The Role of Cities in Predynastic China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714041038/http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/17124/AP-v38n2-119-153.pdf?sequence=1 |date=14 July 2015 }}</ref> By the beginning of the [[Neolithic Revolution]], the [[Yellow River]] valley began to establish itself as a center of the [[Peiligang culture]], which flourished from 7000 to 5000 BC, with evidence of agriculture, constructed buildings, pottery, and burial of the dead.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peiligang Site |url=http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2003-09/24/content_39079.htm |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China]] |year=2003 |access-date=10 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807120030/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2003-09/24/content_39079.htm |archive-date=7 August 2007 }}</ref> With agriculture came increased population, the ability to store and redistribute crops, and the potential to support specialist craftsmen and administrators.<ref name="Pringle"/> Its most prominent site is [[Jiahu]].<ref name="Pringle">{{cite journal|last=Pringle |first=Heather |title=The Slow Birth of Agriculture |url=http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/neolithic_aFgriculture.htm |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |year=1998 |volume=282 |issue=5393 |page=1446 |doi=10.1126/science.282.5393.1446 |s2cid=128522781 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101201656/http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/neolithic_agriculture.htm |archive-date=1 January 2011 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some scholars have suggested that the [[Jiahu symbols]] (6600 BC) are the earliest form of proto-writing in China.<ref name= "earliest writing">{{cite news |title='Earliest writing' found in China |first=Paul |last=Rincon |date=17 April 2003 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2956925.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320140538/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2956925.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it is likely that they should not be understood as writing itself, but as features of a lengthy period of sign-use, which led eventually to a fully-fledged system of writing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li|first1=X |first2=Garman|last2=Harbottle |author3=Zhang Juzhong |author4=Wang Changsui |title=The earliest writing? Sign use in the seventh millennium BCE at Jiahu, Henan Province, China |year=2003 |journal=Antiquity |volume=77 |issue=295 |pages=31–44 |doi=10.1017/s0003598x00061329|s2cid=162602307 }}</ref> Archaeologists believe that the Peiligang culture was egalitarian, with little political organization.

It eventually evolved into the [[Yangshao culture]] (5000 to 3000 BC), and their stone tools were polished and highly specialized. They may also have practiced an early form of [[sericulture|silkworm cultivation]].{{sfnp|Chang|1986|p=113}} The main food of the Yangshao people was [[millet]], with some sites using [[foxtail millet]] and others [[broomcorn millet]], though some evidence of [[rice]] has been found. The exact nature of Yangshao agriculture, small-scale [[slash-and-burn]] cultivation versus intensive agriculture in permanent fields, is currently a matter of debate. Once the soil was exhausted, residents picked up their belongings, moved to new lands, and constructed new villages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Worlds Together Worlds Apart|last = Pollard|first = Elizabeth|publisher = W.W. Norton & Company|year = 2015|isbn = 978-0-393-91847-2|pages = 69–70}}</ref> However, Middle Yangshao settlements such as Jiangzhi contain raised-floor buildings that may have been used for the storage of surplus grains. Grinding stones for making flour were also found.{{sfnp|Chang|1986|p=112}}

Later, Yangshao culture was superseded by the [[Longshan culture]], which was also centered on the Yellow River from about 3000 to 1900 BC, its most prominent site being [[Taosi]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Wertz|first=Richard R.|title=Neolithic and Bronze Age Cultures|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/chinesehistory/contents/02cul/c03s04.html|work=Exploring Chinese History|publisher=[[ibiblio]]|year=2007|access-date=10 February 2008|archive-date=20 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121220174352/http://www.ibiblio.org/chinesehistory/contents/02cul/c03s04.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The population expanded dramatically during the 3rd millennium BC, with many settlements having [[rammed earth]] walls. It decreased in most areas around 2000 BC until the central area evolved into the [[Bronze Age]] [[Erlitou culture]]. The earliest bronze artifacts have been found in the [[Majiayao culture]] site (3100 to 2700 BC).<ref>{{cite book|author=Martini, I. Peter|title=Landscapes and Societies: Selected Cases|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|year=2010|isbn=978-90-481-9412-4|page=310}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Higham, Charles|title=Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8160-4640-9|page=200|author-link=Charles Higham (archaeologist)}}</ref>

[[History of China|Contemporary Chinese civilization]] begins during the second phase of the [[Erlitou culture|Erlitou period]] (1900 to 1500 BC), with Erlitou considered the first state level society of [[East Asia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Erlitou-culture |title= Erlitou culture {{pipe}} Chinese history {{pipe}} Britannica|website=www.britannica.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621221649/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Erlitou-culture |archive-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> There is considerable debate whether Erlitou sites correlate to the semi-legendary [[Xia dynasty]]. The Xia dynasty (2070 to 1600 BC) is the first dynasty to be described in ancient Chinese historical records such as the ''[[Bamboo Annals]]'', first published more than a millennium later during the Western Zhou period. Although Xia is an important element in Chinese historiography, there is to date no contemporary written evidence to corroborate the dynasty. Erlitou saw an increase in bronze [[metallurgy]] and [[urbanization]] and was a rapidly growing regional center with palatial complexes that provide evidence for social stratification.<ref>Liu, L. & Xiu, H., "Rethinking Erlitou: legend, history and Chinese archaeology", ''Antiquity'', 81:314 (2007)</ref> The Erlitou civilization is divided into four phases, each of roughly 50 years. During Phase I, covering {{convert|100|ha|acre|abbr=off}}, Erlitou was a rapidly growing regional center with estimated population of several thousand{{sfn|Liu|2006|p=184}} but not yet an urban civilization or capital.{{sfn|Liu|2004|p=229}} Urbanization began in Phase II, expanding to {{convert|abbr=on|300|ha|acre}} with a population around 11,000.{{sfn|Liu|2006|p=184}} A palace area of {{convert|abbr=on|12|ha|acre}} was demarcated by four roads. It contained the 150x50 m Palace 3, composed of three courtyards along a 150-meter axis, and Palace 5.{{sfn|Li|2003}} A bronze foundry was established to the south of the palatial complex that was controlled by the elite who lived in palaces.{{sfn|Liu|2004|pp=230–231}} The city reached its peak in Phase III, and may have had a population of around 24,000.{{sfn|Liu|2004|p=229}} The palatial complex was surrounded by a two-meter-thick rammed-earth wall, and Palaces 1, 7, 8, 9 were built. The earthwork volume of rammed earth for the base of largest Palace 1 is 20,000 m3 at least.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=二里头：华夏王朝文明的开端|journal=寻根|volume=3}}</ref> Palaces 3 and 5 were abandoned and replaced by {{Convert|4200|m2|sqft|sp=us|adj=mid}} Palace 2 and Palace 4.{{sfn|Liu|Xu|2007}} In Phase IV, the population decreased to around 20,000, but building continued. Palace 6 was built as an extension of Palace 2, and Palaces 10 and 11 were built. Phase IV overlaps with the Lower phase of the [[Erligang culture]] (1600–1450 BC). Around 1600 to 1560 BC, about 6 km northeast of Erlitou, a culturally Erligang walled city was built at [[Yanshi]],{{sfn|Liu|Xu|2007}} which coincides with an increase in production of arrowheads at Erlitou.{{sfn|Liu|2006|p=184}} This situation might indicate that the Yanshi city was competing for power and dominance with Erlitou.{{sfn|Liu|2006|p=184}} Production of bronzes and other elite goods ceased at the end of Phase IV, at the same time as the Erligang city of Zhengzhou was established {{convert|abbr=on|85|km|mi}} to the east. There is no evidence of destruction by fire or war, but, during the Upper Erligang phase (1450–1300 BC), all the palaces were abandoned, and Erlitou was reduced to a village of {{convert|abbr=on|30|ha|acre}}.{{sfn|Liu|Xu|2007}}

The earliest traditional Chinese dynasty for which there is both archeological and written evidence is the [[Shang dynasty]] (1600 to 1046 BC). Shang sites have yielded the earliest known body of [[Written Chinese|Chinese writing]], the [[oracle bone script]], mostly [[divination]]s inscribed on bones. These inscriptions provide critical insight into many topics from the politics, economy, and religious practices to the art and medicine of this early stage of Chinese civilization.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Howells | first1 = William | chapter = Origins of the Chinese People: Interpretations of recent evidence | title = The Origins of Chinese Civilization | editor-last = Keightley | editor-first = David N. | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1983 | isbn = 978-0-520-04229-2 | pages = 297–319}}</ref> Some historians argue that Erlitou should be considered an early phase of the Shang dynasty. The U.S. [[National Gallery of Art]] defines the Chinese Bronze Age as the period between about 2000 and 771 BC; a period that begins with the Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of [[Western Zhou Dynasty|Western Zhou]] rule.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_pt2.shtm |title=Teaching Chinese Archaeology, Part Two — NGA |publisher=Nga.gov |access-date=17 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205192258/http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_pt2.shtm |archive-date=5 February 2013 }}</ref> The [[Sanxingdui]] culture is another Chinese Bronze Age society, contemporaneous to the Shang dynasty, however they developed a different method of bronze-making from the Shang.<ref name="Sanxingdui Museum 2006">Sanxingdui Museum (2006)</ref>

===Ancient Peru===
{{main|Caral–Supe civilization}}
[[File:Peru_site_locations.png|thumb|Map of Caral–Supe sites]]
The earliest evidence of agriculture in the [[Andean]] region dates to around 9000 BC in [[Ecuador]] at sites of the [[Las Vegas culture (archaeology)|Las Vegas culture]]. The [[bottle gourd]] may have been the first plant cultivated.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=2278185|year=2008|last1=Zarrillo|first1=S.|last2=Pearsall|first2=D. M.|last3=Raymond|first3=J. S.|last4=Tisdale|first4=M. A. |last5=Quon|first5=D. J.|title=Directly dated starch residues document early formative maize (Zea mays L.) in tropical Ecuador| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=105|issue=13|pages=5006–5011|doi=10.1073/pnas.0800894105|pmid=18362336|bibcode=2008PNAS..105.5006Z|doi-access=free}}</ref> The oldest evidence of canal irrigation in [[South America]] dates to 4700 to 2500 BC in the [[Zaña Valley]] of northern [[Peru]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dillehay|first=Tom D.|author2=Eling Jr., Herbert H.|author3=Rossen, Jack|year=2005|title=Preceramic Irrigation Canals in the Peruvian Andes|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=102|issue=47|pages=17241–44|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.0508583102|pmid=16284247|pmc=1288011|bibcode=2005PNAS..10217241D|doi-access=free}}</ref> The earliest urban settlements of the Andes, as well as North and South America, are dated to 3500 BC at [[Huaricanga]], in the [[Fortaleza River (Peru)|Fortaleza]] area,<ref name=1491Book/> and [[Sechin Bajo]] near the [[Sechin River]]. Both sites are in Peru.<ref>"Oldest Urban Site in the Americas Found, Experts Claim", ''National Geographic News'', 26 February 2008, [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/02/080226-peru-oldest.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006052813/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/02/080226-peru-oldest.html|date=6 October 2016}}, accessed 20 January 2016</ref><ref>"Ancient ceremonial plaza found in Peru" ANDREW WHALEN, Associated Press Writer, [https://makinganthropologypublic.wordpress.com/2008/02/27/article-archeology-ancient-ceremonial-plaza-found-in-peru/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713215620/https://makinganthropologypublic.wordpress.com/2008/02/27/article-archeology-ancient-ceremonial-plaza-found-in-peru/|date=13 July 2019}}</ref>

The [[Caral–Supe]] or Norte Chico civilization is understood to have emerged around 3200 BC, as it is at that point that large-scale human settlement and communal construction across multiple sites becomes clearly apparent.<ref name=Dating>{{cite journal|last = Haas|first = Jonathan|author2=Winifred Creamer|author3=Alvaro Ruiz|date = 23 December 2004|title = Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru|journal = Nature|volume = 432|issue = 7020|pages = 1020–1023|doi = 10.1038/nature03146|pmid = 15616561|bibcode = 2004Natur.432.1020H|s2cid = 4426545}}</ref> In the early 21st century, Peruvian archaeologist [[Ruth Shady]] established Caral–Supe as the oldest known civilization in the [[Americas]]. The civilization flourished near the Pacific coast in the valleys of three small rivers, the Fortaleza, the Pativilca, and the Supe. These river valleys each have large clusters of sites. Further south, there are several associated sites along the Huaura River.<ref>See a map of Norte Chico sites at https://diggingperu.wordpress.com/context/the-norte-chico {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120218/https://diggingperu.wordpress.com/context/the-norte-chico/ |date=7 January 2018 }}.</ref> Notable settlements include the cities of [[Caral]], the largest and most complex Preceramic site, and [[Aspero]].<ref name=Oldest>{{cite journal | last = Mann | first = Charles C. | date = 7 January 2005 | title = Oldest Civilization in the Americas Revealed | journal = Science | volume = 307 | pages = 34–35 | doi = 10.1126/science.307.5706.34 | pmid = 15637250 | issue = 5706 | s2cid = 161589785 }}</ref> Norte Chico is distinguished by its density of large sites with immense architecture.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Maya and Their Central American Neighbors: Settlement Patterns, Architecture, Hieroglyphic Texts and Ceramics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw9gAwAAQBAJ&q=Norte+Chico&pg=PA408|page=408|first=Geoffrey|last=Braswell|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-75608-8|date=16 April 2014|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050441/https://books.google.com/books?id=lw9gAwAAQBAJ&q=Norte+Chico&pg=PA408|url-status=live}}</ref> Haas argues that the density of sites in such a small area is globally unique for a nascent civilization. During the third millennium BC, Norte Chico may have been the most densely populated area of the world (excepting, possibly, [[northern China]]).<ref name=Polities/> The Supe, Pativilca, Fortaleza, and Huaura River valleys each have several related sites.

Norte Chico is unusual in that it completely lacked ceramics and apparently had almost no visual art. Nevertheless, the civilization exhibited impressive architectural feats, including large earthwork platform mounds and sunken circular plazas, and an advanced textile industry.<ref name=1491Book/><ref name=BBC2001>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1298460.stm |title=Oldest city in the Americas |date=26 April 2001 |access-date=16 February 2007 |work=BBC News |archive-date=22 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522010428/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1298460.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The platform mounds, as well as large stone warehouses, provide evidence for a stratified society and a centralized authority necessary to distribute resources such as cotton.<ref name=1491Book/> However, there is no evidence of warfare or defensive structures during this period.<ref name=Polities>{{cite journal | last = Haas | first = Jonathan |author2=Winifred Creamer |author3=Alvaro Ruiz | year = 2005 | title = Power and the Emergence of Complex Polities in the Peruvian Preceramic | journal = Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association | volume = 14 | issue = 1| pages = 37–52 | doi = 10.1525/ap3a.2004.14.037}}</ref> Originally, it was theorized that, unlike other early civilizations, Norte Chico developed by relying on maritime food sources in place of a staple cereal. This hypothesis, the [[Norte Chico civilization#Theory of a maritime foundation for Andean civilization|Maritime Foundation of Andean Civilization]], is still hotly debated; however, most researches now agree that agriculture played a central role in the civilization's development while still acknowledging a strong supplemental reliance on maritime proteins.<ref name="CaralResponse">{{cite journal |last=Sandweiss |first=Daniel H. |author2=Michael E. Moseley |year=2001 |title=Amplifying Importance of New Research in Peru |journal=Science |volume=294 |issue=5547 |pages=1651–1653 |doi=10.1126/science.294.5547.1651d |pmid=11724063 |s2cid=9301114}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hallofmaat.com/modules.php?name=Articles&file=article&sid=85 | title=The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization: An Evolving Hypothesis | last=Moseley | first=Michael | publisher=The Hall of Ma'at | access-date=13 June 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818070331/http://www.hallofmaat.com/modules.php?name=Articles&file=article&sid=85 | archive-date=18 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Moseley |first=Michael | title = The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization |year=1975 |publisher=Cummings |location=Menlo Park |isbn=978-0-8465-4800-3}}</ref>

The Norte Chico chiefdoms were "...almost certainly [[theocracy|theocratic]], though not brutally so," according to Mann. Construction areas show possible evidence of feasting, which would have included music and likely alcohol, suggesting an elite able to both mobilize and reward the population.<ref name=1491Book /> The degree of centralized authority is difficult to ascertain, but architectural construction patterns are indicative of an elite that, at least in certain places at certain times, wielded considerable power: while some of the monumental architecture was constructed incrementally, other buildings, such as the two main platform mounds at Caral, appear to have been constructed in one or two intense construction phases.<ref name=Polities/> As further evidence of centralized control, Haas points to remains of large stone [[warehouse]]s found at Upaca, on the Pativilca, as emblematic of authorities able to control vital resources such as cotton.<ref name=1491Book/> Economic authority would have rested on the control of cotton and edible plants and associated trade relationships, with power centered on the inland sites. Haas tentatively suggests that the scope of this [[economic power]] base may have extended widely: there are only two confirmed shore sites in the Norte Chico (Aspero and Bandurria) and possibly two more, but cotton fishing nets and domesticated plants have been found up and down the Peruvian coast. It is possible that the major inland centers of Norte Chico were at the center of a broad regional trade network centered on these resources.<ref name=Polities/>

''[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]]'' magazine, citing Shady, suggests a rich and varied trade life: "[Caral] exported its own products and those of Aspero to distant communities in exchange for exotic imports: ''[[Spondylus]]'' shells from the coast of [[Ecuador]], rich [[dye]]s from the [[Andes|Andean highlands]], [[hallucinogen]]ic [[Snuff (tobacco)|snuff]] from the [[Amazon basin|Amazon]]."<ref name=Discover>{{cite journal | last = Miller | first = Kenneth | url = http://discovermagazine.com/2005/sep/showdown-at-caral | date = September 2005 | title = Showdown at the O.K. Caral | journal = Discover | volume = 26 | issue = 9 | access-date = 22 October 2009 | archive-date = 8 January 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100108163004/http://discovermagazine.com/2005/sep/showdown-at-caral | url-status = live }}</ref> (Given the still limited extent of Norte Chico research, such claims should be treated circumspectly.) Other reports on Shady's work indicate Caral traded with communities in the [[Andes]] and in the jungles of the [[Amazon basin]] on the opposite side of the Andes.<ref name=CSM>{{cite journal|last = Belsie|first = Laurent|url = https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0103/p11s1-woam.html|date = January 2002|title = Civilization lost?|journal = The Christian Science Monitor|access-date = 8 March 2007|archive-date = 19 June 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150619174851/http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0103/p11s1-woam.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

Leaders' ideological power was based on apparent access to [[deities]] and the [[supernatural]].<ref name=Polities/> Evidence regarding Norte Chico religion is limited: an image of the [[Staff God]], a leering figure with a hood and fangs, has been found on a [[gourd]] dated to 2250 BC. The Staff God is a major deity of later Andean cultures, and Winifred Creamer suggests the find points to worship of common symbols of gods.<ref name=Religion>{{cite journal|last = Hoag|first = Hanna|date = 15 April 2003|title = Oldest evidence of Andean religion found|journal = Nature News|issue = online|doi = 10.1038/news030414-4}}</ref><ref name=icon>{{cite journal|last = Hecht|first = Jeff|date = 14 April 2003|title = America's oldest religious icon revealed|journal = New Scientist|issue = online|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3625-americas-oldest-religious-icon-revealed.html|access-date = 13 February 2007|archive-date = 23 February 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120223215838/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3625-americas-oldest-religious-icon-revealed.html|url-status = live}}</ref> As with much other research at Norte Chico, the nature and significance of the find has been disputed by other researchers.<ref group=note>Krysztof Makowski, as reported by Mann (1491), suggests there is little evidence that Andean civilizations worshipped an overarching deity. The figure may have been carved by a later civilization onto an ancient gourd, as it was found in [[stratum|strata]] dating between 900 and 1300 AD.</ref> The act of architectural construction and maintenance may also have been a spiritual or religious experience: a process of communal exaltation and ceremony.<ref name=Oldest/> Shady has called Caral "the sacred city" (''la ciudad sagrada''): socio-economic and political focus was on the temples, which were periodically remodeled, with major burnt offerings associated with the remodeling.<ref>From [http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/Bibvirtual/Libros/Arqueologia/ciudad_sagrada/la%20sociedad%20de%20caral%20supe.htm summary three] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715151419/http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/Bibvirtual/Libros/Arqueologia/ciudad_sagrada/la%20sociedad%20de%20caral%20supe.htm|date=15 July 2017}}, Shady (1997)</ref>

Bundles of strings uncovered at Norte Chico sites have been identified as [[quipu]], a type of pre-writing recording device.<ref name="Quipu">{{cite journal|last=Mann|first=Charles C.|date=12 August 2005|title=Unraveling Khipu's Secrets|journal=Science|volume=309|issue=5737|pages=1008–1009|doi=10.1126/science.309.5737.1008|pmid=16099962|s2cid=161448364}}</ref> Quipu are thought to encode numeric information, but some have conjectured that quipu have been used to encode other forms of data, possibly including literary or musical applications.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Beynon-Davies|first1=P|year=2009|title=Significant threads: the nature of data|journal=International Journal of Information Management|volume=29|issue=3|pages=170–188|doi=10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2008.12.003}}</ref> However, the exact use of quipu by the Norte Chico and later Andean cultures has been widely debated.<ref name=1491Book/> The presence of quipu and the commonality of religious symbols suggests a cultural link between Norte Chico and later Andean cultures.<ref name="Religion"/><ref name="icon"/>

Circa 1800 BC, the Norte Chico civilization began to decline, with more powerful centers appearing to the south and north along the coast and to the east inside the belt of the Andes.<ref name=NewLight>{{cite press release|title=Archaeologists shed new light on Americas' earliest known civilization|publisher=Northern Illinois University|date= 22 December 2004|url= http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2004/dec/peru.shtml|access-date= 1 February 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070209015324/http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2004/dec/peru.shtml|archive-date = 9 February 2007}}</ref> Pottery eventually developed in the [[Amazon Basin]] and spread to the Andean culture region around 2000 BC. The next major civilization to arise in the Andes would be the [[Chavín culture]] at [[Chavín de Huantar]], located in the Andean highlands of the present-day [[Department of Ancash]]. It is believed to have been built around 900 BC and was the religious and political center of the Chavín people.<ref name="ReferenceA2">Burger (1992), ''Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilization''</ref>

===Mesoamerica===
{{anchor|Mexico}}
{{main|Mesoamerican chronology|Olmecs}}
[[File:Olmec Heartland Overview 4.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|The Olmec heartland, where the Olmec reigned]]

Maize is believed to have been first domesticated in southern Mexico about 7000 BC.<ref name="Mat">{{cite journal |last1= Matsuoka |first1= Y. |year= 2002 |title= A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping |journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume= 99 |pages= 6080–4 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.052125199 |pmid= 11983901 |last2= Vigouroux |first2= Y. |last3= Goodman |first3= M. M. |last4= Sanchez G. |first4= J. |last5= Buckler |first5= E. |last6= Doebley |first6= J. |issue= 9 |pmc= 122905 |display-authors=3|bibcode= 2002PNAS...99.6080M|doi-access= free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://teosinte.wisc.edu/pdfs/YV_Directional_Evol.pdf | first = Yoshihiro | last = Matsuoka | title = Earliest Directional Evolution for Microsatellite Size in Maize | date = 22 January 2003 | work = Science | access-date = 3 March 2014 | archive-date = 2 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170102041940/https://teosinte.wisc.edu/pdfs/YV_Directional_Evol.pdf }}</ref> The [[Coxcatlan Cave]]s in the Valley of [[Tehuacán]] provide evidence for agriculture in components dated between 5000 and 3400 BC.<ref>Nichols, Deborah L., and Christopher A. Pool. The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012. Print.</ref> Similarly, sites such as [[Sipacate]] in Guatemala provide maize [[pollen analysis|pollen samples]] dating to 3500 BC.<ref name="roush">{{cite journal|last=Roush|first=Wade|title=Archaeobiology: Squash Seeds Yield New View of Early American Farming|journal=Science|date=9 May 1997|volume=276|issue=5314|pages=894–895 |doi=10.1126/science.276.5314.894|s2cid=158673509}}</ref> Around 1900 BC, the [[Mokaya]] domesticated one of the dozen species of [[History of chocolate|cacao]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.science.org/content/article/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | first = Traci | last = Watson | title = Earliest Evidence of Chocolate in North America | date = 22 January 2013 | work = Science | access-date = 3 March 2014 | archive-date = 6 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140306043647/http://news.sciencemag.org/2013/01/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="BorevitzMotamayor2008">{{cite journal|last1=Borevitz|first1=Justin O.|last2=Motamayor|first2=Juan C.|last3=Lachenaud|first3=Philippe|last4=da Silva e Mota|first4=Jay Wallace|last5=Loor|first5=Rey|last6=Kuhn|first6=David N.|last7=Brown|first7=J. Steven|last8=Schnell|first8=Raymond J.|title=Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (Theobroma cacao L)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=3|issue=10|year=2008|article-number=e3311|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003311|pmid=18827930|pmc=2551746|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.3311M|doi-access=free}}</ref> A Mokaya archaeological site provides evidence of [[cacao beverage]]s dating to this time.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Powis | first1 = Terry G. | last2 = Hurst | first2 = W. Jeffrey | last3 = del Carmen Rodríguez | first3 = María | last4 = Ortíz C. | first4 = Ponciano | last5 = Blake | first5 = Michael | last6 = Cheetham | first6 = David | last7 = Coe | first7 = Michael D. | last8 = Hodgson | first8 = John G. | year = 2007 | title = Oldest chocolate in the New World | url = http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html | journal = Antiquity | volume = 81 | issue = 314 | access-date = 10 February 2018 | archive-date = 28 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110628175643/http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html | url-status = live }}</ref> The Mokaya are also thought to have been among the first cultures in Mesoamerica to develop a hierarchical society. What would become the Olmec civilization had its roots in early farming cultures of [[Tabasco]], which began around 5100 to 4600 BC.<ref name="OlmecA">Diehl, Richard A. (2004). The Olmecs : America's First Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson</ref>

The emergence of the [[Olmec civilization]] has traditionally been dated to around 1600 to 1500 BC. Olmec features first emerged in the city of [[San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán]], fully coalescing around 1400 BC. The rise of civilization was assisted by the local ecology of well-watered alluvial soil, as well as by the transportation network provided by the [[Coatzacoalcos River]] basin.<ref name="OlmecA"/> This environment encouraged a densely concentrated population, which in turn triggered the rise of an [[elite]] class and an associated demand for the production of the symbolic and sophisticated luxury artifacts that define Olmec culture.<ref>{{cite book | last = Beck | first = Roger B. | author2 = Linda Black|author3=Larry S. Krieger|author4=Phillip C. Naylor|author5=Dahia Ibo Shabaka | title = World History: Patterns of Interaction | publisher = McDougal Littell | year = 1999 | location = Evanston, IL | url =https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck| url-access = registration | isbn = 978-0-395-87274-1 }}</ref> Many of these luxury artifacts were made from materials such as [[Jade use in Mesoamerica|jade]], [[Obsidian use in Mesoamerica|obsidian]], and [[magnetite]], which came from distant locations and suggest that early Olmec elites had access to an extensive trading network in Mesoamerica. The aspect of Olmec culture perhaps most familiar today is their artwork, particularly the [[Olmec colossal heads]].<ref name="Pool">Pool, Christopher A. (2007). Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica. Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref> San Lorenzo was situated in the midst of a large agricultural area.<ref>Coe, p. 44.</ref> San Lorenzo seems to have been largely a ceremonial site, a town without city walls, centered in the midst of a widespread medium-to-large agricultural population. The ceremonial center and attendant buildings could have housed 5,500 while the entire area, including hinterlands, could have reached 13,000.<ref>Lawler, p. 23</ref> It is thought that while San Lorenzo controlled much or all of the Coatzacoalcos basin, areas to the east (such as the area where La Venta would rise to prominence) and north-northwest (such as the [[Tuxtla Mountains]]) were home to independent polities.<ref>Pool, p. 193.</ref> San Lorenzo was all but abandoned around 900 BC at about the same time that [[La Venta]] rose to prominence. A wholesale destruction of many San Lorenzo monuments also occurred [[Wiktionary:circa|circa]] 950 BC, which may indicate an internal uprising or, less likely, an invasion.<ref>Coe (1967), p. 72. Alternatively, the mutilation of these monuments may be unrelated to the decline and abandonment of San Lorenzo. Some researchers believe that the mutilation had ritualistic aspects, particularly since most mutilated monuments were reburied in a row.</ref> The latest thinking, however, is that environmental changes may have been responsible for this shift in Olmec centers, with certain important rivers changing course.<ref>Pool, p. 135. Diehl, pp. 58–59, 82.</ref>

La Venta became the cultural capital of the Olmec concentration in the region until its abandonment around 400 BC, constructing monumental architectural achievements such as the [[La Venta#Complex C (The Great Pyramid)|Great Pyramid of La Venta]].<ref name="OlmecA"/><ref name="Pool"/> It contained a "concentration of power", as reflected by the sheer enormity of the architecture and the extreme value of the artifacts uncovered.<ref>Gonzalez Lauck 1996, p. 80</ref> La Venta is perhaps the largest Olmec city and it was controlled and expanded by an extremely complex hierarchical system, with a king as the ruler and the elites below him. Priests had power and influence over life and death and likely great political sway as well. Unfortunately, not much is known about the political or social structure of the Olmec, though new dating techniques might, at some point, reveal more information about this elusive culture. It is possible that the signs of status exist in the artifacts recovered at the site such as depictions of feathered headdresses or of individuals wearing a mirror on their chest or forehead.<ref name="Colman 2010">Colman 2010</ref> "High-status objects were a significant source of power in the La Venta polity political power, economic power, and ideological power. They were tools used by the elite to enhance and maintain rights to rulership".<ref>Pohl 2005, p. 10</ref> It has been estimated that La Venta would need to be supported by a population of at least 18,000 people during its principal occupation.<ref>Heizer 1968</ref> To add to the mystique of La Venta, the alluvial soil did not preserve skeletal remains, so it is difficult to observe differences in burials. However, colossal heads provide proof that the elite had some control over the lower classes, as their construction would have been extremely labor-intensive. "Other features similarly indicate that many laborers were involved".<ref>Drucker 1961, p. 1</ref> In addition, excavations over the years have discovered that different parts of the site were likely reserved for elites and other parts for non-elites. This segregation of the city indicates that there must have been social classes and therefore social inequality.<ref name="Colman 2010"/>

The exact cause of the decline of the Olmec culture is uncertain. Between 400 and 350 BC, the population in the eastern half of the Olmec heartland dropped precipitously.<ref>Nagy, Christopher (1997). "The Geoarchaeology of Settlement in the Grijalva Delta". In Barbara L. Stark; Philip J. Arnold III. Olmec to Aztec: Settlement Patterns in the Ancient Gulf Lowlands. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 253–277</ref> This depopulation was probably the result of serious environmental changes that rendered the region unsuited for large groups of farmers, in particular changes to the [[river]]ine environment that the Olmec depended upon for agriculture, hunting and gathering, and transportation. These changes may have been triggered by [[tectonic]] upheavals or subsidence, or the [[Siltation|silting]] up of rivers due to agricultural practices.<ref name="OlmecA"/><ref name="Pool"/> Within a few hundred years of the abandonment of the last Olmec cities, successor cultures became firmly established. The [[Tres Zapotes]] site, on the western edge of the Olmec heartland, continued to be occupied well past 400 BC, but without the hallmarks of the Olmec culture. This post-Olmec culture, often labeled [[Epi-Olmec culture|Epi-Olmec]], has features similar to those found at [[Izapa]], some 550 km (330 miles) to the southeast.<ref>Coe, Michael D. (1968). America's First Civilization: Discovering the Olmec. New York: The Smithsonian Library.</ref>

The Olmecs are sometimes referred to as the mother culture of Mesoamerica, as they were the first Mesoamerican civilization and laid many of the foundations for the civilizations that followed.<ref name="Coe1">Coe, Michael D.; Rex Koontz (2002). Mexico: from the Olmecs to the Aztecs (5th edition, revised and enlarged ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson.</ref> However, the causes and degree of Olmec influences on Mesoamerican cultures has been a subject of debate over many decades.<ref>Wilford, John Noble; "Mother Culture, or Only a Sister?", The New York Times, 15 March 2005.</ref> Practices introduced by the Olmec include [[Bloodletting in Mesoamerica|ritual bloodletting]] and the [[Mesoamerican ballgame]], hallmarks of subsequent Mesoamerican societies such as the [[Maya people|Maya]] and [[Aztec]].<ref name="Coe1"/> Although the [[Mesoamerican writing system]] would fully develop later, early Olmec ceramics show representations that may be interpreted as codices.<ref name="OlmecA"/>

==Cradle of Western civilization==
{{Multiple image|total_width=350
|image1=Lightmatter colosseum.jpg
| width1 = 720 | height1 = 480
|image2=Acropolis of Athens 01361.JPG
| width2 = 1740 | height2 = 1062
|footer=The [[Colosseum]] and the [[Acropolis of Athens|Acropolis]], symbols of the [[Greco-Roman world]]. Via the [[Roman Empire]], Greek culture spread throughout Europe
}}
{{Main|Minoan civilization|Old Europe (archaeology)|Mycenaean Greece|Ancient Greece|Ancient Rome|Classical antiquity|Christendom}}
There is academic consensus that [[Classical Greece]] was a major culture that provided the foundation of modern [[Western culture]], democracy, art, theatre, philosophy, and science. For this reason, it is known as the cradle of Western Civilization.<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite book|author1=Maura Ellyn|author2=Maura McGinnis|title=Greece: A Primary Source Cultural Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N69iOTtVHGYC&pg=PT8|year=2004|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3999-2|page=8|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050443/https://books.google.com/books?id=N69iOTtVHGYC&pg=PT8|url-status=live}}|{{cite book|author1=John E. Findling|author2=Kimberly D. Pelle|title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&pg=PR23|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32278-5|page=23|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050444/https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&pg=PR23|url-status=live}}|{{cite book|author1=Wayne C. Thompson|author2=Mark H. Mullin|title=Western Europe, 1983|year=1983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=serMXIpALD0C|publisher=Stryker-Post Publications|page=337|isbn=9780943448114|quote=for ancient Greece was the cradle of Western culture ...|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050445/https://books.google.com/books?id=serMXIpALD0C|url-status=live}}|{{cite book|author=Frederick Copleston|title=History of Philosophy Volume 1: Greece and Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y08L-MC36JUC&pg=PA13|date=1 June 2003|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-6895-6|page=13|quote=PART I PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER II THE CRADLE OF WESTERN THOUGHT:|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050427/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y08L-MC36JUC&pg=PA13|url-status=live}}|{{cite book|author=Mario Iozzo|title=Art and History of Greece: And Mount Athos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q51-HAiZQwMC&pg=PA7|year=2001|publisher=Casa Editrice Bonechi|isbn=978-88-8029-435-1|page=7|quote=The capital of Greece, one of the world's most glorious cities and the cradle of Western culture,|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050455/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q51-HAiZQwMC&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}|{{cite book|author=Marxiano Melotti|title=The Plastic Venuses: Archaeological Tourism in Post-Modern Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgIrBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|date=25 May 2011|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-3028-7|page=188|quote=In short, Greece, despite having been the cradle of Western culture, was then an "other" space separate from the West.|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050457/https://books.google.com/books?id=jgIrBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|url-status=live}}|{{cite book|title=Library Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TFZVAAAAYAAJ|date=April 1972|publisher=Bowker|volume=97|page=1588|quote=Ancient Greece: Cradle of Western Culture (Series), disc. 6 strips with 3 discs, range: 44–60 fr., 17–18 min|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050428/https://books.google.com/books?id=TFZVAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}|{{cite book|author=Stanley Mayer Burstein|title=Current Issues and the Study of Ancient History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17xmAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Regina Books|isbn=978-1-930053-10-6|page=15|quote=and making Egypt play the same role in African education and culture that Athens and Greece do in Western culture.|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050428/https://books.google.com/books?id=17xmAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}|{{cite book|author=Murray Milner Jr.|title=Elites: A General Model|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MvYlBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|date=8 January 2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-7456-8950-0|page=62|quote=Greece has long been considered the seedbed or cradle of Western civilization.|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418051504/https://books.google.com/books?id=MvYlBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|url-status=live}}|{{cite book|title=Slavica viterbiensia 003: Periodico di letterature e culture slave della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Moderne dell'Università della Tuscia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9fTPUTPPhkC&pg=PA148|date=10 November 2011|publisher=Gangemi Editore spa|isbn=978-88-492-6909-3|page=148|quote=The Special Case of Greece The ancient Greece was a cradle of the Western culture,|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050439/https://books.google.com/books?id=f9fTPUTPPhkC&pg=PA148|url-status=live}}|{{cite book|author=Kim Covert|title=Ancient Greece: Birthplace of Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVMYJNvUiYkC&pg=PP5|date=1 July 2011|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-1-4296-6831-6|page=5|quote=Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of western civilization. ... Ideas from literature and science also have their roots in ancient Greece.|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050501/https://books.google.com/books?id=KVMYJNvUiYkC&pg=PP5|url-status=live}}}}</ref>

Along with Greece, [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] has sometimes been described as a birthplace or as the cradle of Western Civilization because of the role the city had in politics, [[republicanism]], law, architecture, warfare and [[Western Christianity]].<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite book|title=Rome: the cradle of western civilisation as illustrated by existing monuments |author=Henry Turner Inman |isbn=9781177738538 }}|{{cite book |title=The Birth Of Western Civilisation, Greece & Rome |author=Michael Ed. Grant |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=1964 }}|{{cite book |isbn=9780500040034 |title=The Birth of Western Civilization: Greece and Rome |last=Huxley |first= George |display-authors=etal }}}}</ref>

==Other uses==
Because the word [[civilization]] can be defined widely, the term "cradle of civilization" has also been used to describe the origin-point of a particular [[Cultural area|cultural group]], or as the basis for a [[national mysticism]] or the [[origin myth]] of a [[nation]]. This is separate from the use of the term in the study of human prehistory and the development of complex, sedentary societies.

"Cradle of civilization" has been used in [[Indian nationalism]] (''[[In Search of the Cradle of Civilization]]'' 1995) and [[Taiwanese nationalism]] (''Taiwan;— The Cradle of Civilization''<ref name="Taiwan2001">{{cite book
|last1= Lin (林) |first1= Shengyi (勝義)
|last2= He (何) |first2= Xianrong (顯榮) |script-title=zh:臺灣–人類文明原鄉 |trans-title= Taiwan — The Cradle of Civilization
|series= Taiwan gu wen ming yan jiu cong shu (臺灣古文明研究叢書)
|year= 2001 |publisher= Taiwan fei die xue yan jiu hui (台灣飛碟學硏究會) |location= Taipei
|language= zh
|isbn= 978-957-30188-0-3 |oclc= 52945170
}}</ref> 2002).

The terms also appear in esoteric [[pseudohistory]], such as the [[Urantia Book]], claiming the title for "the second Eden", or the [[pseudoarchaeology]] related to Megalithic Britain (''[[Civilization One]]'' 2004,
''Ancient Britain: The Cradle of Civilization'' 1921).

==See also==
{{portal|Civilizations|World}}
* [[Chronology of the ancient Near East]]
* [[Cradle of Humankind]]
* [[Four Great Ancient Civilizations]]
* [[River valley civilization]]
* [[Human history]]
* [[Civilization state]]
* [[Skara Brae]] and [[Barnhouse Settlement]]
* [[Neolithic Revolution]]
* [[Old Europe (archaeology)]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{reflist|group=NB}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=The Archaeology of Ancient China |given=Kwang-chih |surname=Chang |author-link = Kwang-chih Chang |publisher=Yale University Press |edition=4th |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-300-03782-1}}
* {{cite book |title = In Search of the Cradle of Civilization |author = Georg Feuerstein |publisher = Quest Books |year=2001 |isbn= 978-0-8356-0741-4 }}
* {{cite book |title = The Cradle of Civilization (Lifepac History & Geography Grade 6) |author = Ethel Hofflund |publisher=Alpha Omega Publications |year = 2001 |isbn = 978-0-86717-552-3}}
* {{cite book |title = Anchor Paperback |author = Samuel Noah Kramer |publisher = Doubleday Anchor Books |year = 1959 }}
* {{cite book |title = Cradle of Civilization |author = Samuel Noah Kramer |publisher = Little Brown & Co |year = 1969 |isbn = 978-0-316-32617-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Lal|first=B.B.|author-link=B. B. Lal (archaeologist)|year=2002|title=The Sarasvati flows on}}
* {{cite web |surname=Li |given=Jinhui |title=Stunning Capital of Xia Dynasty Unearthed |work=China Through a Lens |date=November 10, 2003 |url=http://www1.china.org.cn/english/2003/Nov/79635.htm |access-date=2009-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321013017/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Nov/79635.htm |archive-date=March 21, 2015 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Liu |given=Li |author-link=Liu Li (archaeologist) |title=The Chinese Neolithic: trajectories to early states |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-81184-2}}
* {{cite book |surname=Liu |given=Li |author-mask=3 |chapter=Urbanization in China: Erlitou and its hinterland |pages=[https://archive.org/details/urbanismpreindus00stor/page/n177 161]–189 |title=Urbanism in the Preindustrial World |editor-given=Glenn |editor-surname=Storey |url=https://archive.org/details/urbanismpreindus00stor |url-access=limited |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8173-5246-2 }}
* {{cite journal |surname1=Liu |given1=Li |surname2=Xu |given2=Hong |title=Rethinking Erlitou: legend, history and Chinese archaeology |journal=Antiquity |volume=81 |issue=314 |pages=886–901 |year=2007 |doi=10.1017/s0003598x00095983 |hdl=1959.9/58390 |s2cid=162644060 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/22200901 |access-date=14 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416040221/https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Rethinking_Erlitou_legend_history_and_Chinese_archaeology/22200901 |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last1=Woods |first1=Christopher |editor1-first=Christopher |editor1-last=Woods |title=Visible language. Inventions of writing in the ancient Middle East and beyond |chapter-url=http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oimp32.pdf |series=Oriental Institute Museum Publications |volume=32 |year=2010 |publisher=University of Chicago |location=Chicago |isbn=978-1-885923-76-9 |chapter=The earliest Mesopotamian writing |pages=33–50 |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826005847/https://oi.uchicago.edu//sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/oimp32.pdf }}
{{refend}}

==External links==

{{Western world}}
{{Eastern world}}

[[Category:Cradle of civilization| ]]
[[Category:Ancient history]]
[[Category:Ancient Near East]]
[[Category:Civilizations by time]]
[[Category:History of the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Archaeology of the Near East]]
[[Category:Archaeological terminology]]
[[Category:Origins|Civilizations]]
[[Category:Former countries by period]]

H. S. S. Lawrence

2026-05-04T00:24:03Z

Jaya: creating basic info first draft

{{short description|Indian academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = H. S. S. Lawrence
| image = Hss lawrence.jpg
| caption = Dr. H. S. S. Lawrence
| birth_name = Harris Sam Sahayam Lawrence
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1923|7|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nagercoil]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|4|21|1923|7|28|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]]
| death_cause =
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| alma_mater = [[Scott Christian College]]
| other_names =
| known_for = Implementing Higher Secondary Education in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| education = M.A.(History and Economics), M.A. (Education), [[Ed.D]]
| employer =
| occupation = Educationalist
| title =
| height =
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| party =
| boards =
| spouse = Maisie Doreen Padma Lawrence
| partner =
| children = Two
| parents =
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| signature =
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}}

'''Harris Sam Sahayam Lawrence''' (28 July 1923 – 21 April 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/23/16hdline.htm |title=Obituary|location=Chennai, India| work=The Hindu | date=23 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424222146/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/23/16hdline.htm|archive-date=24 April 2009}}</ref>) was an Indian [[education]]alist born in [[Nagercoil]], [[Tamil Nadu]].

As Special Officer for restructuring Educational Pattern in Tamil Nadu and as Director of School Education, Lawrence planned and implemented the All India 10+2+3 pattern of education in 1978. During 1993–1994, Lawrence was Chairman of a High Level Committee on Vocational Education, constituted by the Government of Tamil Nadu, and solved the long-standing problem of salaries for the vocational teachers by raising it and installed a strong management structure for Vocational Education in Tamil Nadu. He was conferred the title of "Father of Vocational Education in Tamil Nadu".

Lawrence wrote his [[autobiography]] called ''The Hand of God My Life and Times'', published in 2004.

==Early life==
Lawrence was the eldest of five children born to Sam and Arulammal Harris. He came from Santhapuram, [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]], Tamil Nadu, and was named after [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]] and [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]], two brothers one of whom was the [[Viceroy]].

Lawrence was raised as a [[Christians|Christian]]. When he was nine years old, his mother died unexpectedly. He was educated firstly at the Home Church Elementary School and then at the Scott Christian English High School, both in Nagercoil.

Lawrence was a student of the Intermediate classes of the [[Scott Christian College]], Nagercoil, during 1939–1941. His subjects were English, Tamil, Ancient History, Modern History and Logic. He went to college at the [[College of Fine Arts Trivandrum]] and obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] Honours in History and Economics.

[[File:Bookrelease.jpg|300px|thumb|Release of Autobiography held on 28 July 2004. (Standing from left) Dr. [[H.S.S. Lawrence]], Former Vice-Chancellor of Madurai-Kamaraj & Annamalai Universities – Shri S.V. Chitti Babu, CSI Bishop in Madras – Rt. Rev. Dr. V. Devasahayam, United States Consul General for South India – Dr. Richard D. Haynes, Editor-in-chief of ''[[The Hindu]]'' – Shri [[Narasimhan Ram]].]]

In search of employment, Lawrence went to [[Chennai]], where he worked for [[YMCA]] Marina Canteen and Swimming Pool from September 1944 to September 1947.

Lawrence was selected for the Overseas Scholarship Scheme sponsored by the Government of India and obtained a place at Teachers College, [[Columbia University]], [[New York City|New York]], which he attended from September 1948. Specialising in teacher education, he stayed until September 1950 and completed [[Master's degree|MA]] and [[Ed.D.]] (Doctor of Education) degrees.

==Professional experience==

===Collegiate===

*Lecturer, Government Training College, Calicut 1951–53
Introduced practicals for [[BEd]] students in education subjects. Lectured on [[Educational Psychology]] and [[Educational Sociology]].

*Lecturer, Government Training College, Vellore 1955–56
*Principal, Government Training College, Vellore 1960–63
A [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Pandits Training Course was introduced in the College in 1961.
The Pandits had general education in [[Tamil Literature]] but no knowledge of pedagogy of teaching and learning. Planned and implemented a sound program of student teaching for students in several high schools of [[Vellore]]. [[Dr Rajendra Prasad]], [[President of India]], accompanied by Shri [[K Kamaraj]], [[Chief Minister]] of Tamil Nadu visited [[Vellore]] for inaugurating a school improvement conference. On the way, the car stopped in front of the College and as Principal, Lawrence had the rare privilege of garlanding him. Mrs Lourdammal Simon, Minister for Local Administration, Dr Brand, [[Christian Medical College & Hospital]], Dr Roy Ebenezer, [[Ophthalmologist]], Swamy Kripananda Varier, Swamy Chinmayananda graced the functions of the college.

[[File:GovMohanlal.jpg|300px|thumb|Receiving Governor of Tamil Nadu, Shri [[Mohan Lal Sukhadia]] at his eldest daughter's wedding]]

*Director State Institute of Education 1965–69
The State Institute of Education, was founded by Dr. Lawrence in 1965 as the "academic wing" of the Education Department for research, innovations, in-service training, extension work, and publications. A quarterly journal in English and monthly in Tamil were also newly introduced. The State Institute of Education later developed into the State Council of Education, Research and Training (SCERT) and now, as the Directorate of Teacher Education, Research and Training (DTERT) with all the teacher training institutes under it. As Founder-Director, Lawrence had laid the proper foundations.

===Administrative===

*District Educational Officer, Madurai 1953–54
*District Educational Officer, South Malabar 1954–55
*District Educational Officer, Nilgiris 1956–60
*Divisional Inspector of Schools Madras Division 1963–65
In charge of primary and secondary education as well as training teachers in 3 districts, he supervised the work of the District Educational Officers and Deputy Inspectors of Schools. Undertook tremendous improvements of [[infrastructure]] in [[schools]] and oversaw the enrollment of students, the increase in the number of Mid-day Meal centres, organizing school improvement conferences and progress of literacy programs. Lawrence also was able to welcome and accompany [[Valentina Tereshkova]] of [[U.S.S.R.]], a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[cosmonaut]], the first woman to travel into space at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai]].

[[File:Teachersaward.jpg|300px|thumb|Teacher's Award Meeting held on 22 October 1977. (Sitting from left) Dr. [[H.S.S. Lawrence]], Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu- Shri [[M. G. Ramachandran]], Governor of Tamil Nadu- Shri [[Prabhudas Patwari]], Minister for School Education – Shri [[C. Aranganayagam]].]]
[[File:H. S. S. Lawrence and Maisie Lawrence - 1951.jpg|thumb|Wedding in 1951]]

===Head of School education===
*'Special Officer for Restructuring Educational Pattern in the State of Tamil Nadu 1976
*'Director of School Education', Tamil Nadu 1976–78

As Special Officer for restructuring Educational Pattern in Tamil Nadu and as Director of School Education, Dr. Lawrence was involved in the planning and implementation of the All India 10+2+3 pattern of education in 1978. As "Founder Chairman of the Board of Higher Secondary Education", he contributed to the establishment of the higher secondary education system on sound foundations including its expansion to rural areas. Hence Dr. Lawrence is regarded to be the "Architect of Higher Secondary Education in Tamil Nadu".

Lawrence as Director of School Education brought the few Matriculation schools affiliated to Madras and Madurai Universities under a separate Board of Matriculation Schools with him as Chairman. Today the number of Matriculation Schools has grown to over 2200. Lawrence is regarded to be the Founder Chairman Board of Matriculation Schools.

===UNESCO service Afghanistan===
*UNESCO Expert on Teacher Education to Government of Afghanistan, Kabul. 1969–1975

[[Government of Afghanistan]] and the [[Director General]] of [[UNESCO]] approved of Dr.Lawrence's candidature for appointment as Expert in Primary Teacher Training at the Academy for Teacher Educators, [[Charikar]], [[Afghanistan]] under the UNESCO – [[UNICEF]] Joint-Project from 28 May 1969. Lawrence was given a briefing on UN and its Agencies, Economic Development, aims and functions of UNESCO and about Afghanistan at Paris the headquarters of UNESCO. In Afghanistan, he visited Higher Teachers College and [[Kabul Training College]] and elementary schools. Firm relationships were established with [[Asia Foundation]], [[United States Information Agency|USIS]], [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian Embassy]] and UN Organisations to cooperate jointly in the UNESCO Education Teacher Training Project. A Teacher Training College was set up in Charikar. Contributed to the upgradation of the curriculum of teacher training, organisation of student teaching, conducting post graduate courses, selection of teacher candidates through examinations and teacher educators for post graduate fellowships abroad and introduction of Educational television at the Academy. UNESCO and [[Government of Afghanistan]] extended his service every year from 1969 to 1975.

He functioned as Chief Technical Adviser of the UNESCO Training Programme from August to December 1969 and also acted as UNESCO Programme Co-ordinator and Senior Adviser in July 1974.

===Banking service===
*President, Regional Recruitment Board for State Bank of India Madras Circle, Chennai 1980–86

State Bank Group, Madras Circle included [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and the Union Territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. Lawrence attended the office of the Regional Recruitment Board, conducted Board Meetings, organized written examinations, conducted interviews, published results and allotted candidates to Banks.

*Chairman, Banking Service Recruitment Board (Eastern Group), Calcutta, West Bengal, Sikkim, Andaman, and Nicobar Islands 1986–88

On 20 February 1986, [[Ministry of Finance (India)]], [[New Delhi]] appointed Lawrence as Chairman, Banking Service Recruitment Board, Calcutta. The Banking Service Recruitment Board (Eastern Group) is responsible for recruitment of staff for banks in [[West Bengal]], [[Sikkim]] and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. [[Examinations]], pre-recruitment training, orientation of officers for conduct of examinations, [[interviews]], and final selection were accomplished for twenty-eight public sector banks as well as regional rural banks under Lawrence's Chairmanship. Interviews for selection of candidates for banks were held in [[Calcutta]], [[Berhampur]], [[Burdwan]], [[English Bazar|Malda]], [[Krishnagar]], [[Midnapur]], [[Siliguri]], [[Gangtok]] (Sikkim), and [[Port Blair]] (Andamans). He lectured in staff colleges of UCO Bank and Allahabad Bank on the conduct of interviews.

*Member, Governing Board (1986–1988), Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS) Bombay

Lawrence was elected member of Governing Board of IBPS, [[Bombay]]. He attended meetings of the Governing Board at the office of the Governor [[Reserve Bank of India]], Mr [[R. N. Malhotra]] who was also Chairman of IBPS.

===Vocational education===
In 1978, Lawrence introduced vocational education at the +2 stage{{clarify|reason=what on earth is +2 stage?|date=May 2013}} along with a syllabus for 52 vocational subjects. Vocational student enrolment in Tamil Nadu in 1978 was 24,400 which was 21%,{{clarify|reason=21% of what?|date=May 2013}} the highest in the country and 1/3 of the total vocational strength in India. During 1993–1994, when he was chairman of a state government committee on vocational education, a new syllabus for 104 vocational courses in the areas of Engineering & technology, Commerce & Business, Agriculture, Home Science and Health was produced.

[[File:FatherVocational.jpg|300px|thumb|Dr.H.S.S. Lawrence receiving the citation '''Father of Vocational Education in Tamil Nadu''']]

In 1995, for his contribution to the progress of vocational education, the vocational teachers of Tamil Nadu awarded him the title of "Father of Vocational Education in Tamil Nadu".

[[File:H. S. S. Lawrence at a public meeting.jpg|thumb|At a Public Meeting]]

==Special contributions==

===Panel inspection===
An innovative scheme of annual panel inspection of Higher Secondary Schools by College Professors, inspecting officers and Heads of Schools was introduced in 1977–78.

===School complexes===
School Complexes were organised in over 2072 schools to break down the isolation of schools and to make them function as cooperative groups. A school complex voluntarily links a group of 10–20 primary schools and 3–4 middle schools around a high school as a viable unit for school improvement. The [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]], Government of India has appreciated the initiative of Tamil Nadu.

===Voluntary supply of radios to schools===
Due to a drive given by Dr. Lawrence from 1976, as many as 31,800 schools were supplied with radio sets by the public to listen to School broadcasts. [[All India Radio]] appreciated this effort as unique in the whole of India.

===Survey of unrecognized schools===
As Chairman of a Committee on Unrecognised Schools, Dr. Lawrence made a survey and submitted his report and recommendations to Government of Tamil Nadu in 1977.

===Introduction of book banks===
Schools were requested to start Book Banks on a voluntary basis for the benefit of disadvantaged children. In 1978, over 35,000 schools introduced the scheme to benefit over 1.2 million children.

===Medals for toppers in public examinations===
For the first time in 1977, Gold and Silver medals and certificates of merits were distributed to students who obtained the first few ranks in Public Examinations.

===Good conduct prizes===
From the academic year 1976–77, Dr. Lawrence requested schools to introduce a scheme of awarding prizes for good conduct to pupils during annual school days. Character, virtues, good manners, good conduct, punctuality, cooperation, devotion to studies, team spirit, regularity and obedience are important aspects in education.

===Scholarship to children of teachers===
From 1977–78, scholarships were given for the first time to children of teachers who joined professional courses.

===Village adoption scheme===
This was launched in schools on Republic Day 1977 to introduce an integrated approach to rural development with the cooperation of school students. Its main objective was to create and sustain contact among students and villagers for constructive purposes. The adopted villages would gain a new atmosphere while making education meaningful and realistic to students.

===Operation Clean Up===
Dr. Lawrence requested schools to launch "Operation clean-up" November 1979. The scheme took the practical form of cleaning doors and windows, removing dirt, dust and cobwebs, whitewashing, painting, and simple repairs. The science laboratory, library, storerooms, playground and classrooms were to be cleaned and made presentable. This was work experience, self-help, social training and practical work for students.

===150 years of the Education Department (1826–1977)===
Lawrence, as Director of School Education had the unique privilege of organizing the celebration of 150 years of the Education Department in Tamil Nadu on 24 December 1977.

===First Prize for School Education Department Float===
Dr. Lawrence personally supervised the production of a Float at the Republic Day March Past in 1977. The float had a big painting of Bharati and school students danced and sang popular songs of [[Subramanya Bharathi|Bharati]]. The Committee of judges selected this float as the best among all the floats.

==Professional memberships held==
*Founder Chairman, Board of Higher Secondary Education, Tamil Nadu
*Founder Chairman of Matriculation Board, Tamil Nadu
*Member, Senate and Academic Council of the Universities of Madras, Madurai and Annamalai
*[[PDK International|Phi Delta Kappa]], a professional fraternity in Education, USA
*Member, Board of Examiners for BEd, MEd and PhD degrees of Madras, Kerala, Annamalai, Venkateswara and Baroda Universities
*Member, Assessment Team of the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT), New Delhi for assessing extension services in Teacher Colleges
*Member, Advisory Committee for Educational Survey and Data Processing, [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT), New Delhi
*Member, Advisory Committee of Primary Education Journal, National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), New Delhi
*Member, Advisory Committee on Elementary and Secondary Education of National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), New Delhi
*Member, Advisory Committee for School Curriculum, National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), New Delhi
*Chairman, Board of Teacher Education, Tamil Nadu
*Chairman, Committee on Unrecognized Schools Tamil Nadu
*Member, Board of Studies in Education, [[Madras University]]
*Member, Board of [[Anglo Indian]] Education, Tamil Nadu
*Member, Board of [[Technical Education]], Tamil Nadu
*Text-Book Review Committee, Chennai
*Member, Board of Governors of Regional Institute of English, Bangalore
*Member, Board of Governors of Technical Teachers Training Institute, Chennai
*Consultant, National Workshop on Curriculum for Development, Kabul
*Member, Advisory Panel, [[Central Board of Film Certification]], Mumbai

==Voluntary service==

Chairman
*Board of Directors, [[Madras Christian College]], Tambaram Tamil Nadu
*[[UNESCO]] Staff Association, Afghanistan
*[[Compassion International]] Trust Tamil Nadu
*Vellore Christian Rural Institute
*Junior [[Red Cross]], Tamil Nadu

President, [[Leprosy]] Mission, Madras Chapter

Vice – President
*Founder Fellow, Tamil Nadu Academy of Sciences
*[[Bharat Scouts and Guides]], Tamil Nadu

Director, YMCA Chennai

Patron, Home Missionary Society, Chennai

Educational Consultant, AMM Foundation Schools

Member
*Planning Board, Alagappa University
*Meston Education and Development Association (MEDA), Madras
*Board of Governors, [[St. James' School (India)]], Calcutta
*[[UN]] Staff Association, Executive Board, Afghanistan

Secretary, [[St. George's Cathedral Chennai]]

==Publications==
Lawrence published over 100 professional papers; his books include:

*''In-Service Teacher Education'', Ministry of Education, Government of India
*''Hand Book of implementation of Higher Secondary Education in Tamil Nadu''
*''150 years of Education in Tamil Nadu''
*''A survey of Unrecognised Schools in Tamil Nadu''
*''Kalvi Iyal'' (Tamil)
*''Education – Concept and Practice''
*''Towards Better Vocational Education in Tamil Nadu – High Level Committee Report''
*''Vocational Education in Higher Secondary Schools'' (Tamil)
*''CSI [[St. George's Cathedral Chennai]]'' – Booklet

==Awards==
*Distinguished Service Award Southern Literates Association. 1983
*Father of Vocational Education in Tamil Nadu – 28 January 1995
*For the Sake of Honour Award [[Rotary Club]] of Madras Mid Town – 19 April 1996
*Outstanding Personality – 1998 Award, Certificate of Merit and Gold Medal from Management Studies Promotion Institute (MSPI), New Delhi 30 October 1998
*Thiruvalluvar Day Prize (Government of [[Tamil Nadu]] prize) for the book ''Kalvi Iyal'' – 1988 (First Prize)
*Thiruvalluvar Day Prize (Government of Tamil Nadu prize) for the book ''Vocational Education in Higher Secondary Schools'' (Tamil) – 2000
*Award of Honour from [[Kanyakumari Diocese]] [[Church of South India]], 29 September 2002

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*''The Hand of God My Life and Times'' by H.S.S. Lawrence, published by OM Books Secunderabad
*Book review in ''The Hindu'' 2 November 2004 [http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/11/02/stories/2004110200061500.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001030740/http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/11/02/stories/2004110200061500.htm |date=1 October 2007 }}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070406201148/http://www.dtert.tn.nic.in/History.htm First Director of the State Institute of Education]
*[http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/archives/policy2002-03/sepolicy/secondary.htm Recommendations of the Lawrence Committee on Vocational Education]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070124150727/http://www.isteonline.in/pdf/newsletter_may_june.pdf Book Review from newsletter of the Indian Society for Technical Education] (PDF)
*[http://www.tn.gov.in/spc/tenthplan/CH_4_1.PDF Vocational Education in Tamil Nadu for the Tenth Plan] (PDF)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lawrence, H. S. S.}}
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Education in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Scholars from Chennai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:UNESCO officials]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil academics]]
[[Category:Teachers College, Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Tamil academics]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Nagercoil]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]

Shamim Firdous

2026-05-03T09:58:29Z

Jaya: data...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
'''Shamima Firdous''' (born 1966)<ref name=":1" /> is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. She is a three time MLA from [[Habba Kadal Assembly constituency]] in [[Srinagar district]]. She won the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Fayaz |date=2014-12-25 |title=PDP Gets More Seats, but BJP has Upper Hand in Vote Share |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/Dec/25/pdp-gets-more-seats-but-bjp-has-upper-hand-in-vote-share-697991.html |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-23 |title=List of candidates declared winner by ECI : J&K Assembly Elections 2014 Result |url=https://statetimes.in/list-candidates-declared-winner-eci-jk-assembly-elections-2014-result/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Statetimes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-23 |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly election winners list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/jammu-and-kashmir/story/jammu-kashmir-election-winners-list-assembly-polls-results-bjp-congress-pdp-nc-232557-2014-12-23 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She won for the third time in the 2024 Assembly election.<ref name="Shagun, Shamima and Sakina: Three women elected to Jammu and Kashmir Assembly">{{cite news |title=Shagun, Shamima and Sakina: Three women elected to Jammu and Kashmir Assembly |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shagun-shameema-and-sakina-three-women-elected-to-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-101728452076537.html |access-date=13 October 2024 |date=9 October 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Firdous is from [[Habba Kadal Assembly constituency|Habbakadal]], Srinagar district. She married Mohammad Anees. She completed her B.A. and L.L.B. honours at [[Kashmir University]] in 1983.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Shamim Firdous(JKNC):Constituency- HABBAKADAL(SRINAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=566 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Firdous won the Habba Kadal Assembly constituency representing the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference in the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. She polled 4,955 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Moti Koul of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 2,359 votes. She is one of the three woman MLAs elected in the 2014 Assembly election.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Fayaz |date=2014-12-23 |title=PDP Holds South, Wrests Srinagar from NC; BJP Goes Blank in Valley, Ladakh; 15 Ministers Including CM Taste Defeat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/Dec/23/pdp-holds-south-wrests-srinagar-from-nc-bjp-goes-blank-in-valley-ladakh-15-ministers-including-cm-taste-defeat-697631.html |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] on the JKNC seat. She retained the Habba Kadal seat winning the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] and won the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly election]] defeating Ashok Kumar Bhat of the Bharatiya Janata Party, by a margin of 9,538 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Habbakadal Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Shamim Firdous of NC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/habbakadal-election-result-2024-live-update-9077406.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Habbakadal Constituency Election Results 2024: Habbakadal Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir/constituency-show/habbakadal |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Habba Kadal Assembly constituency|Habba Kadal]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||64.68%||Ashok Kumar Bhat||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||15.08%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Habba Kadal Assembly constituency|Habba Kadal]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||42.40%||Moti Koul||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||22.21%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Habba Kadal Assembly constituency|Habba Kadal]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||41.14%||Hira Lal Chatta||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||11.65%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shamim, Firdous}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Political families of Assam

2026-05-02T07:12:43Z

Jaya: put up article

{{Short description|List of Indian political families based in Assam}}
This article is a '''list of political families''' in the [[India|Indian]] state of Assam.

== Ajmal family ==

* [[Badruddin Ajmal]] — [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] (2009–2024), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2006–2009)
** [[Abdur Rahman Ajmal]] (son of Badruddin) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2011–2016)
** [[Abdur Rahim Ajmal]] (son of Badruddin) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2014–2021)
* [[Sirajuddin Ajmal]] (brother of Badruddin) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2021–present), [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] (2014–2019)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seetharaman |first=G. |date=2016-01-31 |title=Assam assembly election: Perfume baron Badruddin Ajmal is expected to hold on to his strongholds & expand his reach |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assam-assembly-election-perfume-baron-badruddin-ajmal-is-expected-to-hold-on-to-his-strongholds-expand-his-reach/articleshow/50787794.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Borbora—Bora family ==

* [[Golap Borbora]] — 6th [[Chief Minister of Assam]] (1978–1979), [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (1968–1974), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1978–1983)
** [[Sibamoni Bora]] (daughter-in-law of Golap)— [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2021–present)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bharadwaj |first=Sanskrita |date=2021-05-11 |title=Women’s Political Representation In Assam Slips To Its Lowest In 20 Years |url=https://behanbox.com/2021/05/11/womens-political-representation-in-assam-slips-to-its-lowest-in-20-years/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=BehanBox |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Kiran Bora (father of Sibamoni) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1983–1985)

== Bordoloi family ==

* [[Gopinath Bordoloi]] — 1st [[Chief Minister of Assam]] (1950)
** [[Robin Bordoloi]] (son of Gopinath) — [[Minister of State]], [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2001–2016)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-22 |title=1st Assam CM’s son dumps Cong, joins BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/1st-assam-cms-son-dumps-cong-joins-bjp/articleshow/56108931.cms |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Barman family ==

* [[Bhumidhar Barman]] — 12th [[Chief Minister of Assam]] (1996), Cabinet Minister (1973–1978, 1991–1996, 2001–2016), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1973–1978, 1991–1996, 2001–2016)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/bhumidhar-barman-2011.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817214603/http://assamassembly.gov.in/bhumidhar-barman-2011.html |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=assamassembly.gov.in}}</ref>
** [[Diganta Barman]] (son of Bhumidhar) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2021–present)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-03 |title=Diganta Barman from Barkhetry: Early Life, Controversy & Political Career |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase3/diganta-barman-from-barkhetry-early-life-controversy-political-career-532046 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>

== Bhattacharyya family ==

* [[Gaurishankar Bhattacharyya]] — [[Leader of the Opposition]], [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1952–1962)
** [[Siddhartha Bhattacharya]] (son of Gaurishankar) — [[Sonowal ministry|Minister of Law and Justice]] (2018–2021), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2016–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2018-04-26 |title=Know Your New Minister Siddhartha Bhattacharyya |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/know-new-minister-siddhartha-bhattacharyya.html |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Borgohain—Gogoi family ==

* [[Jogesh Chandra Borgohain]] — [[Assam Legislative Council|Member of Assam Legislative Council]] (1930s)
* [[Padma Kumari Gohain]] (wife of Jogesh) — [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry ministry|Minister for Social Welfare, Sericulture and Weaving]] (1970–1972), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1957–1972)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=A trailblazer from Assam: The story of Padma Kumari Gohain - Assam’s first woman minister post independence |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/opinion/story/a-trailblazer-from-assam-the-story-of-padma-kumari-gohain-assams-first-woman-minister-post-independence-902112-2024-02-29 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>
** [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]] (son-in-law of Jogesh and Padma) — 9th [[Chief Minister of Assam]] (1982), Cabinet Minister (1978–1979, 1979–1981, 1983–1985, 1991), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1978–1996)
*** [[Ranjan Gogoi]] (son of Kesab) — 46th [[Chief Justice of India]] (2018–2019), [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (2020–2026)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-03 |title=Ranjan Gogoi sworn in as Chief Justice of India: All you need to know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/all-you-need-to-know-about-justice-ranjan-gogoi/articleshow/66049151.cms |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Chakravarty family ==

* [[Bijoya Chakravarty]] — [[Union Minister]] of State for [[Water Resources]] (1999–2004), [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] (1999–2004, 2009–2019), [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (1986–1992)
** [[Suman Haripriya]] (daughter of Bijoya) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2016–present)<ref name=":0" />

== Choudhury family ==

* [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]] — [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] (2024–present), [[Sonowal ministry|Minister for Food]] (2018–2021), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1985–2024)
* [[Diptimayee Choudhury]] (wife of Phani) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2024–present)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=AGP’s Diptimayee Choudhury wins Bongaigaon, vows to deliver change |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/agps-diptimayee-choudhury-wins-bongaigaon-vows-to-deliver-change-1558885 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Chaudhuri family ==

* [[Rohini Kumar Chaudhuri]] — Cabinet Minister, [[Member of Parliament]]''',''' [[Lok Sabha]] (1952–1955), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]]
** [[Prabin Kumar Chaudhuri]] (son of Rohini) — [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry ministry|Minister for Transport, Printing, Stationery, Tourism and Veterinary]] (1970–1972), [[Third Chaliha ministry|Minister of State for Transport and Parliamentary Affairs]] (1967–1970), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1962–1975)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Meghalaya (India) Legislative |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Meghalaya_Legislative_Assembly_Debates/Jw0YFfuI_D0C?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Prabin%20Kumar%20Choudhury%20printing%20stationery |title=Meghalaya Legislative Assembly Debates |date=1975 |publisher=Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |language=en}}</ref>

== Das family ==

* [[Omeo Kumar Das]] — Cabinet Minister (1947–1957), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1937–1967)
* [[Pushpalata Das]] (wife of Omeo) — [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (1951–1961), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1967–1972)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-11-10 |title=Freedom fighter Pushpalata Das passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/freedom-fighter-pushpalata-das-passes-away/articleshow/275094.cms |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Das—Neog family ==

* [[Rebati Das]] — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1972–1978)
** [[Ajanta Neog]] (daughter of Rebati) — [[Sarma ministry|Minister of Finance]] (2021–present), [[Third Tarun Gogoi ministry|Minister of Law]] (2015–2016), [[Second Tarun Gogoi ministry|Minister of Jails]] (2006–2008), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1996–2020, 2021–present)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-22 |title=Ajanta Neog from Golaghat: Early Life, Controversy & Political Career |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase1/ajanta-neog-from-golaghat-early-life-controversy-political-career-529886 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Nagen Neog]] (husband of Ajanta) — [[Second Saikia ministry|Minister for Rural Development]], [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1983–1985, 1991–1996)

== Dev family ==

* [[Santosh Mohan Dev]] — [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises|Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]] (2005–2008), [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] (1980–1998, 1999–2009)
* [[Bithika Dev]] (wife of Santosh) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2006–2011)
** [[Sushmita Dev]] (daughter of Santosh and Bithika) — [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (2021–2023, 2024–present), [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] (2014–2019), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2011–2014)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-16 |title=Sushmita Dev may play key role for Trinamool in Northeast |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sushmita-dev-may-play-key-role-for-trinamool-in-northeast/articleshow/85378055.cms |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Goala family ==

* [[Dinesh Prasad Goala]] — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1983–2014)
** [[Rajdeep Goala]] — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2014–2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajdeep Goala(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- LAKHIPUR : BYE ELECTION 13-09-2014(CACHAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/assambye13/candidate.php?candidate_id=27 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Gogoi family (Girindra Nath) ==

* [[Girindra Nath Gogoi]] — [[Minister of State|Minister of State (Independent Charge)]] (1957–1962), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1951–1967)
** [[Pranab Kumar Gogoi]] (son of Girindra Nath)— [[List of speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly|Speaker of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1991–1992), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2001–2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Member |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/pranab-kumar-gogoi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005021915/http://assamassembly.gov.in/pranab-kumar-gogoi.html |archive-date=2021-10-05 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=assamassembly.gov.in}}</ref>

== Gogoi family (Jiba Kanta) ==

* [[Jiba Kanta Gogoi]] — [[List of speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly|Speaker of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1991–1992), Minister of Finance (1992–1996), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1983–1985, 1991–1996, 2001–2001)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-07-02 |title=Senior Cong leader Jiba Kanta Gogoi dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/senior-cong-leader-jiba-kanta-gogoi-dead/articleshow/14765584.cms |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
** [[Bismita Gogoi]] (daughter-in-law of Jiba Kanta) — [[Third Tarun Gogoi ministry|Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Cultural Affairs]] (2011–2016), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2011–2016)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-28 |title=Several Congress and student leaders join BJP in Assam ahead of LS polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/several-congress-and-student-leaders-join-bjp-in-assam-ahead-of-ls-polls-101706454219685.html |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Gogoi family (Tarun) ==

* [[Tarun Gogoi]] — 13th [[Chief Minister of Assam]] (2001–2016), [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from Assam (1971–1984, 1991–1996, 1998–2001), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1996–1998, 2001–2020)
** [[Gaurav Gogoi]] (son of Tarun) — [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]] in [[Lok Sabha]] (2024–present), [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] (2014–present)
* [[Dip Gogoi]] (brother of Tarun) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2001–2001), [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] (2002–2014)

== Hoque Choudhury family ==

* [[Moinul Hoque Choudhury]] — [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Union Minister of Commerce and Industrial Development]] (1971–1972), [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] (1971–1976), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1952–1971)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1964-05-24 |title=Moinul Haque Choudhury |url=https://nehruarchive.in/people/moinul-haque-choudhury |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The Nehru Archive |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* [[Rashida Haque Choudhury]] (wife of Moinul) — Union Minister of State for Social Welfare (1979–1980), [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] (1977–1979)
* [[Nurul Haque Choudhury]] (brother of Moinul) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1972–1978, 1983–1985)

== Islam family ==

* [[Zahirul Islam (politician)|Zahirul Islam]] — Minister for Municipal administration and Community development, [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1962–1972, 1978–1985, 1991–1996)
* [[Hosenara Islam]] (wife of Zahirul) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2001–2006)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-17 |title=Former legislator from Assam Hosenara Islam passes away |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/former-legislator-from-assam-hosenara-islam-passes-away-1030041-2024-06-17 |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>
** [[Zabed Islam]] (son of Zahirul and Hosenara) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2011–2016)

== Kurmi family ==

* [[Rupam Kurmi]] — [[First Tarun Gogoi ministry|Minister for Employment and Craftsmanship]] (2001–2004), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1991–2004)<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2004 |title=First woman tea tribe minister dies |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/first-woman-tea-tribe-minister-dies/cid/771508}}</ref>
** [[Rupjyoti Kurmi]] (son of Rupam) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2006–present)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/rupjyoti-kurmi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629004636/http://assamassembly.gov.in/rupjyoti-kurmi.html |archive-date=2021-06-29 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=assamassembly.gov.in}}</ref>

== Mahanta family ==

* [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]] — 11th [[Chief Minister of Assam]] (1985–1990, 1996–2001), 1st [[Governor of Mizoram]] (1987–1989), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1985–2021)
* [[Joyasree Goswami Mahanta]] (wife of Prafulla)— [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (1999–2001)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-28 |title=Padma Shri honour for nine achievers from northeast |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/padma-shri-honour-for-nine-achievers-from-northeast/articleshow/62679552.cms |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Narah family ==

* [[Bharat Narah]] — Cabinet Minister (1985–1990, 1995–1996, 2001–2011, 2012–2016), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1985–2011, 2021–present)
* [[Ranee Narah]] (wife of Bharat) — [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister of State]] of [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Tribal Affairs]] (2012–2014), [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (2016–2022), [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] (1998–2004, 2009–2014)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-04-12 |title=Hereditary politics: Political families of India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20040412-hereditary-politics-political-families-of-india-790707-2004-04-11 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Nazrul family ==

* [[Nazrul Islam (Indian politician)|Nazrul Islam]] — Cabinet Minister (2002–2016), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1996–2021)
** [[Asif Mohammad Nazar]] — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2021–present)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Asif Mohammad Nazar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- LAHARIGHAT(MARIGAON) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Assam2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=435 |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Purkayastha family ==

* [[Kabindra Purkayastha]] — [[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of State for Communications]] (1998–1999), [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] (1991–1996, 1998–1999, 2009–2014)
** [[Kanad Purkayastha]] (son of Kabindra) — [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (2025–present)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-07 |title=BJP names Kanad Purkayastha its candidate for Assam RS polls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-names-kanad-purkayastha-its-candidate-for-assam-rs-polls/articleshow/121691591.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Rajkhowa family ==

* [[Lalit Chandra Rajkhowa]] — Minister for Food (1985–1990), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1985–1991)
* [[Renupoma Rajkhowa]] (wife of Lalit)— [[List of speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1999–2001), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1991–2001, 2016–present)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renupoma Rajkhowa(Asom Gana Parishad):Constituency- TEOK(JORHAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/assam2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=423 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Roy family ==

* [[Santosh Kumar Roy (Assam politician)|Santosh Kumar Roy]] — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1972–1978)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-31 |title=Assam’s Roy family: Congress veteran on BJP ticket, kin as Independents |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/assams-roy-family-congress-veteran-on-bjp-ticket-kin-as-independents-7253270/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Gautam Roy]] (son Santosh) — [[Third Tarun Gogoi ministry|Minister of Social Welfare]] (2001–2005, 2015–2016), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1985–2016)
** [[Mandira Roy]] (wife of Gautam) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2013–2016)
*** [[Rahul Roy (politician)|Rahul Roy]] (son of Gautam and Mandira) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2006–2011)

== Saikia—Gogoi family ==

* [[Hiteswar Saikia]] — 10th [[Chief Minister of Assam]] (1983–1985, 1991–1996), 1st [[Governor of Mizoram]] (1987–1989), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1972–1988)
* [[Hemoprova Saikia]] — (wife of Hiteswar)— [[First Tarun Gogoi ministry|Minister for Sericulture, Handloom, and Textiles]] (2001–2006), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1996–2006) <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Debabrata |url=https://debabratasaikia.in/about-debabrata/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Debabrata Saikia |language=en-US}}</ref>
** [[Debabrata Saikia]] (son of Hiteswar and Hemoprova) — [[Leader of the Opposition]] (2021–present), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2011–present)
* [[Membor Gogoi]] (brother-in-law of Hiteswar) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2001–2016)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-17 |title=Assam: Former Congress MLA Membor Gogoi dies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/guwahati/assam-former-congress-mla-membor-gogoi-teok-constituency-dies-4432380/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Sarkar family ==

* [[Chandan Kumar Sarkar]] — [[Third Tarun Gogoi ministry|Minister for Irrigation and Soil Conservation]] (2015–2016), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1991–1996, 2001–2006, 2011–2016)
** [[Pradip Sarkar (Assam politician)|Pradip Sarkar]] (son of Chandan) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2021–present)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pradip Sarkar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- ABHAYAPURI SOUTH (SC)(NORTH SALMARA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Assam2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=931 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Sarma family (Nagen) ==

* [[Nagen Sarma]] — [[Second Mahanta ministry|Minister for the Public Works Department]], [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1985–2000)
* [[Alaka Sarma]] (wife of Nagen) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2001–2001, 2006–2011)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nalbari Election Results 2016, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up and Current MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/nalbari.html |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>

== Sarma family (Mukut) ==

* Mukut Sarma — Cabinet Minister, [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1978–1985, 1991–1996)
** [[Rupak Sarmah|Rupak Sarma]] (nephew of Mukut)— [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2016–present)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-15 |title=Assam Assembly election: 'Kin candidates' give dimension to contests in many LACs |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-assembly-election-kin-candidates-give-dimension-to-contests-in-many-lacs-528775 |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>

== Tirkey family ==

* Aklius Tirkey — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (1978–1983, 2001–2006, 2011–2016)
** [[Roselina Tirkey]] (daughter of Atlius) — [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] (2016–2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-13 |title=Roselina Tirkey from Sarupathar: Early Life, Education, Career & Politics |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase1/roselina-tirkey-from-sarupathar-biography-528467 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Political families of India]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Political families of India by state or union territory]]
[[Category:Assam-related lists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Assam]]

Shweta Mahale

2026-04-28T02:22:55Z

Jaya:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shweta Mahale Patil
| image =
| spouse = Vidhyadhar Mahale
| children =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1983|3|27}}
| birth_place = [[Lonar]], [[Buldhana district]]
| education = [[Diploma in Pharmacy]]
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 24 October 2019
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhali]]
| predecessor = [[Rahul Siddhvinayak Bondre]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Shweta Vidyadhar Mahale Patil''' (born 27 March 1983) is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. She represents the [[Buldhana district|Buldhana District]] in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chikhli (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2022: Candidate List, Winner, Runner-Up, Latest News and Updates, Videos , Photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/chikhli-election-results-in-maharashtra/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-25 |title=Maharashtra: Mixed bag for BJP-Sena and Congress-NCP in Vidarbha's 5 districts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/mixed-bag-for-bjp-sena-and-cong-ncp-in-vidarbhas-5-districts/articleshow/71746464.cms |access-date=2024-05-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Smt. Shweta Mahale was born in [[Lonar]], Buldhana District, Maharashtra. She completed her State Secondary board at Amravati Board in 1999 and later completed her [[Diploma in Pharmacy]] from Anuradha Pharmacy College Chikhli, [[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]], Amravati in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shweta Vidyadhar Mahale(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- CHIKHLI(BULDHANA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=9404 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> She married Vidhyadhar Mahale (the [[Personal secretary|Personal Secretary]] of [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]] of Maharashtra [[Devendra Fadnavis]]).

== Career ==
Shweta is a first-time member of the MLA. She won the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election]] from [[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhali Assembly Constituency]] defeating two-time MLA member [[Rahul Siddhvinayak Bondre|Rahul Bondre]] of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 6,810 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chikhli Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/chikhli-maharashtra-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref name="Only 19 of 235 women contestants taste victory in Maharashtra">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=24 October 2019 |title=Only 19 of 235 women contestants taste victory in Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/only-19-of-235-women-contestants-taste-victory/article29790751.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124181954/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/only-19-of-235-women-contestants-taste-victory/article29790751.ece |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra now has seven more women members in assembly2">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |date=24 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra now has seven more women members in assembly |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Oct/24/maharashtra-now-has-seven-more-women-members-in-assembly-2052497.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124181202/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Oct/24/maharashtra-now-has-seven-more-women-members-in-assembly-2052497.html |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Meet Maharashtra's 24 women MLAs">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=26 October 2019 |title=Meet Maharashtra's 24 women MLAs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/meet-maharashtras-24-women-mlas/articleshow/71769844.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124092457/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/meet-maharashtras-24-women-mlas/articleshow/71769844.cms |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>


In 2022, Mahale was honored with the Best MLA Award by Six Sigma Excellence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best MLA Award to MLA Shweta Mahale |url=https://thefocusindia.com/national-news/best-mla-award-to-mla-shweta-mahale-138765/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=The Focus India}}</ref>

In 2023, Mahale received the [[Lokmat]] Maharashtrian of the Year Award in 'Debutante Politician' category.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lokmat-English-desk |date=2023-04-26 |title=Shweta Mahale receives Lokmat Maharashtrian of the year Award in debutant politician category - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/shweta-mahale-receives-lokmat-maharashtrian-of-the-year-award-in-debutant-politician-category/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref>

Shweta won the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, defeating [[Indian National Congress|the Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Rahul Siddhvinayak Bondre|Rahul Bondre]] by a margin of 3201 votes.<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Chikhli">{{cite news |last1= |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Chikhli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1323.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129142532/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1323.htm |archive-date=29 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Rahul Siddhvinayak Bondre]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]|years=2019–2024}}
{{s-aft|after= Self}}
{{s-bef|before=Self}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]|years=2024–present}}
{{s-aft|after=Vacant}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahale, Shweta}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Buldhana district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

M. V. Suchindra Kumar

2026-04-24T00:45:28Z

Jaya: Starting new biography - done

{{short description|Indian Army General}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = M. V. Suchindra Kumar
| honorific_suffix = {{Postnominals|country=IND|size=90%|PVSM|AVSM|YSM}}**
{{Postnominals|country=IND|size=90%|VSM}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Lt Gen MV Suchindra Kumar.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Northern Command (India)|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Command]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]]
| 1namedata = [[Manoj Pande]] [[Upendra Dwivedi]]
| term_start = 19 February 2024
| term_end = 30 April 2025
| predecessor = [[Upendra Dwivedi]]
| successor = [[Pratik Sharma]]
| office1 = 45th [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
| president1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Manoj Pande]]
| term_start1 = 1 March 2023
| term_end1 = 18 February 2024
| predecessor1 = [[B. S. Raju]]
| successor1 = [[Upendra Dwivedi]]
| birth_date = 
| death_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| service_years = 8 June 1985 – 30 April 2025
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| military_blank1 = Service number
| military_data1 = IC-42794X <ref>https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1999669</ref>
| unit = [[File:Assam Regiment Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[Assam Regiment|1 Assam Regiment]]
| commands = [[File:Northern Command (India).svg|20px]] [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] [[File: XVI Corps.png|20px]] [[XVI Corps (India)|XVI Corps]] 120 Infantry Brigade [[File:Rashtriya Rifles Logo.svg|20px]] [[Rashtriya Rifles|59 Rashtriya Rifles]] (Assam)
| battles =
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
*[[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
*[[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
*[[File:Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal|Bar to Yudh Seva Medal]]
*[[File:Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]]
*[[File:Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}
| spouse = Asha Suchindra
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| module =
| alma_mater = [[Indian Military Academy]]
}}

[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''M. V. Suchindra Kumar''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM**]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a retired [[general officer]] of the [[Indian Army]]. He last served as the [[Northern Command (India)|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Command]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2024-02-20 |title=Lt General Suchindra Kumar takes charge of Army's Northern Command |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/lt-general-suchindra-kumar-takes-charge-of-armys-northern-command-1503271525.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> He previously served as the [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|45th Vice Chief of the Army Staff]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-16 |title=Lieutenant General MV Suchindra Kumar appointed new Army Vice Chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lieutenant-general-mv-suchindra-kumar-appointed-new-army-vice-chief-2335337-2023-02-16 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> prior to that he was [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)#Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (Strategy)]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lt. General M.V. Suchindra Kumar took over the appointment of Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy) of Indian Army |url=https://www.spslandforces.com/appointments/?id=59&h=Lt-General-MV-Suchindra-Kumar-took-over-the-appointment-of-Deputy-Chief-of-Army-Staff-Strategy-of-Indian-Army |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=www.spslandforces.com}}</ref> He also served as the Director General Military Intelligence and as the [[XVI Corps (India)|General Officer Commanding XVI Corps]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-13 |title=Lieutenant General M V Suchindra Kumar assumes command of Jammu-based 16 Corps |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lieutenant-general-m-v-suchindra-kumar-assumes-command-of-jammu-based-16-corps/articleshow/78638744.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He is also the Colonel of the [[Assam Regiment]] & the [[Arunachal Scouts]].

==Early life and education==
He was born in a Lingayat family completed his schooling from the [[Sainik Schools|Sainik School, Bijapur]]. He then attended the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] and the [[Indian Military Academy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt. Gen Suchindra Kumar visits Chinar Corps to enhance Army's coordination in Jammu & Kashmir |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-gen-suchindra-kumar-visits-chinar-corps-to-enhance-armys-coordination-in-jammu-kashmir/articleshow/79773031.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=17 February 2023 |date=17 December 2020}}</ref> He also attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington, Higher Command Course, Mhow and the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], [[New Delhi]]. He has also attended courses on Cooperative Security in South Asia in [[Sri Lanka]] and United Nations Senior Mission Leaders Course in [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=LIEUTENANT GENERAL MV SUCHINDRA KUMAR TAKES OVER AS VICE CHIEF OF THE ARMY STAFF |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1903329 |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=PIB}}</ref>

==Military career==
The general officer was commissioned into the 1st battalion, The [[Assam Regiment]] (1 ASSAM) in June 1985. He attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]]. He served as an instructor at the Infantry School, Mhow. As part of the [[United Nations]], he served as the Sector Senior Operations Officer in the [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia|Transitional Authority in Cambodia]] and in the [[India–Lesotho relations|Indian Army Training team in Lesotho]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen MV Suchindra Kumar to be new Vice Chief of Army |url=https://theprint.in/india/lt-gen-mv-suchindra-kumar-to-be-new-vice-chief-of-army/1376791/ |website=ThePrint |access-date=17 February 2023 |date=16 February 2023}}</ref> At Army headquarters, he served in the Military Secretary Branch. He commanded the 59 battalion, The [[Rashtriya Rifles]] (Assam). The RR battalions are deployed in a [[counter-insurgency]] role in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

Promoted to the rank of [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]], he commanded the 120 Infantry Brigade. For this stint, he was awarded the [[Yudh Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2014.<ref name="YSM">{{cite web |title=368 Republic Day Gallantry and Other Defence Decorations Announced |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102732 |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref> He was then selected to attend the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]] in [[New Delhi]], as part of the 54th course. After completing the course, he was appointed Brigadier General Staff (BGS) of a corps in the Eastern theatre. On 26 January 2018, he was awarded the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]].<ref name="VSM">{{cite web |title=390 Republic Day Gallantry and Other Defence Decorations Announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1517875 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref>

===General officer===
He was promoted to the rank of [[Major general (India)|Major General]] and appointed [[General officer commanding]] of an infantry division on the [[line of control]]. In the 2019 Republic Day honours, he was awarded a bar to the Yudh Seva Medal.<ref name="Bar to YSM">{{cite web |title=411 Republic Day Gallantry and Other Defence Decorations Announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1561454 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref> He subsequently served in the Military Intelligence directorate as the Additional Director General Military Intelligence (ADGMI). On 28 January 2020, he was promoted to the rank of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] and was appointed the [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding]] of [[XVI Corps (India)|XVI Corps]] succeeding [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Harsha Gupta.<ref name="GOC XVI Corps">{{cite web |title=Lieutenant General M V Suchindra Kumar assumes command of Jammu-based 16 Corps |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lieutenant-general-m-v-suchindra-kumar-assumes-command-of-jammu-based-16-corps/articleshow/78638744.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=17 February 2023 |date=13 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="GOC XVI">{{cite web |title=Lt Gen M V Suchindra Kumar takes command of Jammu-based 16 Corps |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-gen-m-v-suchindra-kumar-takes-command-of-jammu-based-16-corps20201013221846/ |website=ANI News |access-date=17 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> For his tenure as GOC [[XVI Corps (India)|XVI Corps]], he was awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2022.<ref name="AVSM">{{cite web |title=President approves 384 Gallantry Awards and other defence decorations to Armed Forces personnel on Republic Day |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1792624 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref> After a year-long stint, he moved to Army HQ as the Director General Military Intelligence (DGMI).<ref>{{cite web |title=Who Is Lt General MV Suchindra Kumar, Indian Army's New Vice Chief? All You Need To Know |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/meet-mv-suchindra-kumar-indian-army-s-new-vice-chief-news-262553 |website=outlookindia.com |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref> After a short stint as DGMI, on 1 July 2022 he assumed the appointment of [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of Army Staff]] (Strategy).<ref name=":0" />

On 1 March 2023, [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] M. V. Suchindra Kumar took over as the 45th [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]] succeeding [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[B. S. Raju]] who moved to [[South Western Command (India)|South Western Command]] as Army Commander.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Luthra |first1=Swati |title=Lt General MV Suchindra Kumar takes over as Vice Chief of Army Staff |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lt-general-mv-suchindra-kumar-takes-over-as-vice-chief-of-army-staff-11677667701491.html |website=mint |access-date=9 March 2023 |language=en |date=1 March 2023}}</ref> On 19 February 2024, he took over as the [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Command|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] of the [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] succeeding [[General (India)|General]] (then [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]) [[Upendra Dwivedi]] who moved to the Army Headquarters as the [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-02-19 |title=Lt Gen. M V Suchindra Kumar assumes charge of Army's Northern Command |url=https://theprint.in/india/lt-gen-m-v-suchindra-kumar-assumes-charge-of-armys-northern-command/1971414/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 30 April 2025, Lt Gen [[Pratik Sharma]] replaced General Kumar as the General Officer Commanding-in Chief of the Northern Command, Kumar having reached the superannuation age.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-30 |title='Exercise caution': India fact-checks fake news and misinformation by Pakistan on social media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/exercise-caution-india-fact-checks-fake-news-and-misinformation-by-pakistan-on-social-media/articleshow/120759913.cms |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is married to Asha Suchindra, an educationalist. The couple has two children. Gen Kumar is an amateur half marathon runner, golf enthusiast and yoga practitioner. An avid reader, his military papers have been published in a number of professional journals.<ref name="Indian Army Bio">{{cite web |title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/leaders/leaders-site-main/army-commanders-leaders-site-main |access-date= |website=www.indianarmy.nic.in}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
The General officer was awarded the [[Yudh Seva Medal]] in 2014, the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2018, a bar to the [[Yudh Seva Medal]] in 2019, the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2022 and the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75th Republic Day: President approves Gallantry and distinguished awards to Army |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/jan/doc2024125302501.pdf |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|colspan="4"|[[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:UN UNTAC Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|
| [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|
|-
| [[Yudh Seva Medal]] ([[Medal bar|Bar]])
| [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| [[Samanya Seva Medal]]
| [[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
|-
| [[Sainya Seva Medal]]
| [[Videsh Seva Medal]]
| [[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
| [[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
| [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
| [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
| [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
| [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia|UNTAC Medal]]
|}

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Second Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Second Lieutenant]] || [[Indian Army]] || 8 June 1985
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant]] || Indian Army || 8 June 1987<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1000 |date=22 July 1989 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1989/O-0593-1989-0029-25640.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Indian Army || 8 June 1990<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1502 |date=12 October 1991 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1991/O-0509-1991-0041-21161.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Major of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || Indian Army || 8 June 1996<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1339 |date=21 September 1996 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1996/O-0273-1996-0038-10031.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Lieutenant Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant Colonel]] || Indian Army || 16 December 2004<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1121 |date=16 July 2005 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2005/W_29_2012_110.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] || Indian Army || 15 August 2006<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1381 |date=15 August 2009 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2009/W_33_2010_011.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Brigadier of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 25 February 2012 (acting) 28 April 2012 (substantive, with seniority from 9 October 2010)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1711 |date=27 September 2014 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/161092.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Major General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general (India)|Major General]] || Indian Army || 1 September 2017 (seniority from 1 June 2015)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2960 |date=25 December 2021 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2021/232121.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] || Indian Army || 28 January 2020<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=736 |date=16 April 2022 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235171.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box
| title = [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Command]]
| years = 19 February 2022 - present
| before = [[Upendra Dwivedi]]
| after = [[Pratik Sharma]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
| years = 1 March 2023 – 18 February 2024
| before = [[B. S. Raju]]
| after = [[Upendra Dwivedi]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]] (Strategy)
| years = 1 July 2022 – 28 February 2023
| before = Sanjeev Kumar Sharma
| after = [[Tarun Kumar Aich]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = General Officer Commanding [[XVI Corps (India)|XVI Corps]]
| years = 14 October 2020 – 28 October 2021
| before = Harsha Gupta
| after = [[Manjinder Singh (general)|Manjinder Singh]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, M V Suchindra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Army War College, Mhow alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Deputy chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]

Uma Shankar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-22T01:32:35Z

Jaya: bio...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{for|the Bihar politician|Uma Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Umashankar Singh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Rasara (Assembly constituency)|Rasara]], [[Ballia district|Ballia]]
| office1 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|Leader of the Bahujan Samaj Party]] in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 19 March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Position Established
| successor1 =
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Rasara (Assembly constituency)|Rasara]], [[Ballia district|Ballia]]
| term_start = 3 March 2012
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor = Ghoora Ram
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|01|02}}
| birth_place = Khanwar, [[Ballia district|Ballia]], Uttar Pradesh<ref name="UPVS">{{cite web|url=http://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=19747|title=Member Profile|work=official website of Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|accessdate=19 December 2018}}</ref>
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Thakur Umashankar Singh''' is an Indian politician and a member of the 16th and 17th Legislative Assembly, Uttar Pradesh of India. He represents the Rasara constituency in Ballia district of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rasara.html|title=Rasara Election Results 2017|accessdate=19 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/bsp-mla-to-move-high-court-against-his-disqualification/articleshow/56657429.cms|title=BSP's Rasra MLA Uma Shankar Singh to move High Court against his disqualification by Governor Ram Naik|work=Times of India|date=19 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=390|title=candidate affidavit|work=myneta.info|accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref> He is presently the only [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Early life and education==
Umashankar Singh was born on 2 January 1971 in Khanwar, a village of [[Rasra]], [[Ballia district|Ballia]], Uttar Pradesh, to Shri. Ghurahu Singh, who served in the Indian Army and retired as an ex-army personnel. Belonging to a farmer family, he completed his basic education in government schools and later joined Satish Chand College, Ballia.
<ref>https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=19747</ref> He started his career as a student leader and contested the student union election in SC college in the year 1991 and won the election by the highest margin ever{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}.

==Political career==
Umashankar Singh contested the Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election in 2017 as a Bahujan Samaj Party candidate and defeated his close contestant Ram Iqbal Singh from Bharatiya Janata Party with a margin of 33,887 votes.
He won the 2012 Assembly election against Sangram Singh Yadav by a large margin.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.patrika.com/varanasi-news/bsp-mla-umashankar-singh-untold-story-1487749/|title=ठेकेदार से विधायक बनते ही विरोधियों की आंखों की किरकिरी बन गए थे उमाशंकर सिंह|work=Patrika|accessdate=19 December 2018}}</ref>

In February 2016, he organized the group marriages of 351 Hindus and Muslims. (Celebrated in '''Nath Baba Mandir''').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/13802-group-marriages-of-hindu-and-muslim-couples-in-ballia|title=Group marriages of Hindu and Muslim couples in Ballia|website=www.milligazette.com|accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref>

Since 1 January 2017, MLA Umashankar Singh created 40 free wi-fi hotspots for the public to use in [[Rasra]], [[Ballia]] constituency.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/bsp-mla-to-give-free-wi-fi-to-his-constituency/articleshow/56264642.cms|title=BSP MLA to give free Wi-Fi to his constituency|work=Times of India|date=31 December 2016}}</ref>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || March 2012 ||March 2017 || Member, [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]] ||<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=18 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-

| 02 ||March 2017 || March 2022 || Member, [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/UP/10.Detailed%20Results.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh 2017 Result|website=Election Commission of India|accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|03
|March 2022
|Incumbent
|Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly]]
|
|}

==See also==
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Umashankar}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Chandra Nath Shastri

2026-04-21T12:01:55Z

Jaya: made pg - done

{{Mscn|date=January 2026}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Chandra Nath Shastri
| native_name = চন্দ্রনাথ শাস্ত্রী
| image = Pandit Chandra Nath Shastri with Ramesh Mishra Sarangi.jpg
| caption = Chandra with Tabla
| image_size =
| birth_name = Chandra Nath shastri
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|12|23|df=y}}
| origin = [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India
| instrument = [[Tablā]], [[Khol]], [[Mridangam]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[Benares gharana]]
| occupation = Classical musician
| years_active = 1960–present
| label =
| associated_acts = [[Doordarshan]]
| website = {{URL|panditchandranathshastri.weebly.com|Official website}}
}}

Pandit '''Chandra Nath Shastri''' ({{langx|bn|চন্দ্রনাথ শাস্ত্রী}}, {{langx|hi|चंद्रनाथ शास्त्री}}, 23 December 1948), is a [[tabla]] (Indian hand percussion) musician from [[India]], currently based in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="Tiwari">{{Cite web|last=Tiwari|first=Aastha|date=2021-12-23|title='Tabla Tarang' with Pt Chandra Nath Shastri|url=https://www.thetalentedindian.com/tabla-tarang-with-pt-chandra-nath-shastri/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The Talented Indian|language=en}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Benares gharana]] style of [[Hindustani classical music]]. He is a retired staff artist of [[All India Radio]] and performed regularly for public-television broadcaster [[Doordarshan]]. He is also an [[astrologer]].<ref name="Official Website">[http://panditchandranathshastri.weebly.com/index.html Official website: Pandit Chandra Nath Shatri]</ref><ref name="On the Rhythms of Tabla">{{Cite web|title=On the Rhythms of Tabla|url=https://www.thisday.app/en/details/on-the-rhythms-of-tabla.html|access-date=2022-01-09|website=www.thisday.app|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and family==

He was born in the [[Dhakuria]] area of Calcutta (now Kolkata), [[West Bengal]], in a [[Bramhin]] family.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} Soon his parents and family relocated to [[Varanasi]] ({{a.k.a.}} Banaras, Benares, Benaras), [[Uttar Pradesh]] (UP), where he undertook training in the [[Benares gharana]] style. He was influenced by poet and lyricist [[Rabindra Nath Tagore]].<ref name="On the Rhythms of Tabla"/> His grandmother, Smt. Indira Devi was niece of Rabindra Nath Tagore. His father, Mouli Nath Shastri, was a physician but he was also a spiritual [[guru]] and musician (tabla player), vocal student of Rabindra Nath Tagore, and had directed and acted in theatre (''Muktisnan'', 1937; ''Sancharini'', 1963).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/muktisnan-movie-cast-crew/12998 |title=Muktisnan (1937) Casts by Sushil Majumdar |access-date=30 August 2013 |archive-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204151119/http://www.gomolo.com/muktisnan-movie-cast-crew/12998 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lyricswale.com/castCrew/19465/Muktisnan.html |title=Muktisnan (film – 1937) Casts |access-date=30 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102173402/http://www.lyricswale.com/castCrew/19465/Muktisnan.html |archive-date=2 November 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Academics==

Shastri completed his intermediate schooling at [[C. M. Anglo Bengali Inter College]], Varanasi, UP. He then graduated in science from [[Banaras Hindu University]], Varanasi.<ref name="Official Website"/><ref name="Tiwari"/>

==Musical career==

Shastri's father noted his interest in [[Hindustani classical music]] from a very young age and taught him to play some ''[[Tala (music)|taals]]'' on tabla. At age 5 Shastri began learning from his guruji, Pandit [[Anokhelal Mishra]] of [[Banaras]],<ref name="On the Rhythms of Tabla"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mishra|first=Vijay Shanker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WF3jCwAAQBAJ&dq=pandit+chandra+nath+shastri+tabla&pg=PT297|title=ART AND SCIENCE OF PLAYING TABLA|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2104-1|language=en}}</ref> and later from his son, Ramji Mishra. Shastri and his elder brother, Nath Shastri, would go to AnokhelalJi to learn tabla. Shastri became a fifth-generation tabla maestro of [[Benares gharana]]. As a young teenager he became close to [[Mahadev Prasad Mishra]], [[Kishan Maharaj]], [[Samta Prasad]], Sarda Sahai, and Karamatullah Khan.<ref name="Official Website"/><ref name="On the Rhythms of Tabla"/>

Chandra Nath Shastri became the champion in an [[All India Radio]] (AIR) national competition at age 23, and from a young age was often referred to by the title ''pandit''. He became an AIR staff artist, Indian National Television Channel ([[Doordarshan]]) artist and also a stage performing artist. As a regular performer on TV, radio and stage, he has made several thousand performances and recordings.<ref name="Official Website"/><ref name="On the Rhythms of Tabla"/>

===Performances===

Shastri has performed in many concerts, including tabla solos, percussion ensembles, and accompanied with instrumentalists and vocalists, and worked with numerous music composers and film directors. He also performed with [[Mahadev Prasad Mishra]], [[V. G. Jog]], Sagiruddin Khan, [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]], [[Lalmani Misra]], and [[Buddhadev Das Gupta]].<ref name="On the Rhythms of Tabla"/>

Shastri judged many musical competitions and talent-hunt contests. He conducted research in Indian music and produced unique works on music, especially in the field of tabla. He also plays [[Pakhawaj]], [[Khol]], [[Mridangam]] and other Indian percussion instruments.<ref name="Official Website"/><ref name="On the Rhythms of Tabla"/>

==Personal life==

Shastri teaches tabla and other musical instruments, and has taught in many music schools, academies and institutes.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Tabla Tarang' with Pt Chandra Nath Shastri|date=23 December 2021 |url=https://www.thetalentedindian.com/tabla-tarang-with-pt-chandra-nath-shastri/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226170806/https://www.thetalentedindian.com/tabla-tarang-with-pt-chandra-nath-shastri/ |archive-date=26 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandra Nath Shastri|url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/chandra_nath_shastri-profile-12463-24.htm|access-date=2022-01-09|website=veethi.com}}</ref>

Shastri also studies [[spirituality]]. He is also an [[astrologer]].<ref name="Official Website"/><ref name="Tiwari"/>

==See also==
*[[Anokhelal Mishra]]
*[[Kishan Maharaj]]
*[[Samta Prasad]]
*[[Shankar Ghosh (musician)|Shankar Ghosh]]
*[[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]
*[[Anindo Chatterjee]]
*[[Swapan Chaudhuri]]
*[[Ashutosh Bhattacharya]]
*[[Kumar Bose]]
*[[Yogesh Samsi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://panditchandranathshastri.weebly.com/index.html#BIOGRAPHY Official Website of Chandra Nath Shastri]
*[http://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/highlight/page/id/375577/t/Benaras-Gharana-Tabla/in/english SBS Radio, Australia - Broadcast: Interview with Pundit Chandranath Shastri of Banaras Tabla Gharana about the specialty of Benares gharana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630073943/http://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/highlight/page/id/375577/t/Benaras-Gharana-Tabla/in/english |date=30 June 2017 }}
*[http://www.rajmusicals.com/teachers-detail.php?id=5029 About Pandit Chandra Nath Shastri : Raj Musicals]
*[https://www.thisday.app/en/details/on-the-rhythms-of-tabla About Pandit Chandra Nath Shastri -On the Rhythms of Tabla]
*[https://www.thetalentedindian.com/tabla-tarang-with-pt-chandra-nath-shastri/ ‘Tabla Tarang’ with Pt Chandra Nath Shastri]
*[https://hellomusictheory.com/learn/famous-tabla-players/ 12 Famous Tabla Players you Should Know]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=WF3jCwAAQBAJ&dq=pandit+chandra+nath+shastri+tabla&pg=PT297 ART AND SCIENCE OF PLAYING TABLA By Vijay Shanker Mishra]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shastri, Chandra Nath}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Indian drummers]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:Indian percussionists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]
[[Category:Tabla players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]

Sulbha Khodke

2026-04-16T08:03:04Z

Jaya: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sulbha Sanjayrao Khodke
| image =
| birth_name = Sulbha Sanjay Khodke
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1963|09|18}}
| birth_place = [[Amravati]], [[Maharashtra]]
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Amravati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amravati]]
| term_start = (2019-2024), (2024-Present)
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Sunil Deshmukh]]
| term_start2 = (2004
| term_end2 = 2009)
| predecessor2 = Dnyaneshwar Dhane Patil
| successor2 = [[Ravi Rana]]
| constituency2 = [[Badnera Assembly constituency|Badnera]]
| party = '''[[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|25 px]][[Nationalist Congress Party]]''' {{small|(Oct 2024-Present)}}
| other_party = *[[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(2014-2018), (2019-2024)}}
*[[Nationalist Congress Party]] {{small|(Before 2014), (2018-2019)}}
| spouse = [[Sanjay Khodke]]
| children = Sanyukta,
Yash
| occupation = Politician
| website =
}}

'''Sulbha Sanjayrao Khodke''' is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]] and a member of the [[Nationalist Congress Party ]]. She was elected as a member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra]] from Amravati as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate.<ref name="Maharashtra now has seven more women members in assembly2">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |date=24 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra now has seven more women members in assembly |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Oct/24/maharashtra-now-has-seven-more-women-members-in-assembly-2052497.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124181202/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Oct/24/maharashtra-now-has-seven-more-women-members-in-assembly-2052497.html |archivedate=24 November 2024 |accessdate=24 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Meet Maharashtra's 24 women MLAs">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=26 October 2019 |title=Meet Maharashtra's 24 women MLAs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/meet-maharashtras-24-women-mlas/articleshow/71769844.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124092457/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/meet-maharashtras-24-women-mlas/articleshow/71769844.cms |archivedate=24 November 2024 |accessdate=24 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Only 19 of 235 women contestants taste victory in Maharashtra">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=24 October 2019 |title=Only 19 of 235 women contestants taste victory in Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/only-19-of-235-women-contestants-taste-victory/article29790751.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124181954/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/only-19-of-235-women-contestants-taste-victory/article29790751.ece |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly-polls-2019-amravati-constituency-result-live-558594|title=Amravati Results: Congress's Sulbha Khodke defeats BJP's Sunil Panjabrao Deshmukh|first=Manas|last=Joshi|date=24 October 2019|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/cong-finds-ncp-member-ideal-to-fight-under-its-symbol/articleshow/71571598.cms|title=Cong finds NCP member ideal to fight under its symbol|date=14 October 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Shishir|last=Arya|accessdate=11 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Amaravati">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Amaravati |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1338.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204070133/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1338.htm |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> She was also the vice-chairman of the Vidarbha Irrigation Development Corporation Ltd. Previously she was member of Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra from Badnera Constituency during 2004 to 2009. Besides she was director and chairman on various government institutions like Maharashtra State Consumer Federation, Mumbai, Maharashtra State Cooperative Banks Federation, Amravati District Central Cooperative Bank Ltd., Amravati Zilla Madhya varti Cooperative Bank Ltd., Shiddhivinay Bachatgat Mahasangh.

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khodke, Sulbha Sanjay}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Women in Maharashtra politics]]
[[Category:People from Amravati]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1963 births]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Iglas Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:43Z

Jaya: creating first stub added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Iglas
| map_image = 77-Iglas.svg
| mla = [[Rajkumar Sahyogi]]
| latest_election_year = 2019
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| reservation = SC
| loksabha_cons = [[Hathras Lok Sabha constituency|Hathras]]
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,96,755
| constituency_no = 77
}}
'''Iglas''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Iglas in the [[Aligarh district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Iglas is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Hathras Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is a highly [[Jat]] dominated seat with 40% Jat vote but it is reserved for SC category.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
*1951: [[Sheodan Singh]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1957: [[Kishori Raman Singh]], [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
*1962: [[Sheodan Singh]], [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
*1967: [[M. L. Gautam]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1969: [[Gayatri Devi (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Gayatri Devi]], [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
*1974: Rajendra Singh, [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
*1977: Rajendra Singh, [[Janata Party]]
*1980: [[Pooran Chand]], [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
*1985: Rajendra Singh, [[Lok Dal]]
*1989: [[Bijendra Singh]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1991: [[Gyanwati Singh]], [[Janata Dal]]
*1993: [[Bijendra Singh]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1996: [[Malkhan Singh]], [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
*2002: [[Bijendra Singh]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*2004 (By-elections): Mukul Upadhyay Bahujan Samaj Party
*2007: [[Bimlesh Singh]], [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
*2012: [[Triloki Ram]], [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
*2017: [[Rajvir Singh Diler]],<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref> [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2017 (By-elections): [[Rajkumar Sahyogi]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* 2022: [[Rajkumar Sahyogi]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Iglas<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajkumar Sahyogi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:127209}}
|percentage = 52.35
|change = {{increase}}0.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Birpal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:68046}}
|percentage = 28.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sushil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:37980}}
|percentage = 15.63
|change = {{decrease}}18.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Priti
|votes = {{formatnum:7797}}
|percentage = 3.21
|change = {{decrease}}4.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1090}}
|percentage = 0.45
|change = {{decrease}}0.30
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:59163}}
|percentage = 24.35
|change = {{increase}}6.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:243015}}
|percentage = 61.25
|change = {{increase}}22.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 bypoll ===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2019: Iglas<ref name="By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |title=By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |accessdate=9 January 2024 |date=25 October 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109071426/https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archivedate=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajkumar Sahyogi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 75673
|percentage = 51.67
|change = {{decrease}}3.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abhay Kumar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 49736
|percentage = 33.96
|change = {{increase}}11.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Umesh Kumar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 10795
|percentage = 7.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar
|party = Lok Dal
|votes = 4796
|percentage = 3.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Harisha Kumar Dhangar
|party = Rashtriya Shoshit Samaj Party
|votes = 2762
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = 1098
|percentage = 0.75
|change = {{increase}}0.27
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 25937
|percentage = 17.71
|change = {{decrease}}14.31
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 146452
|percentage = 38.79
|change = {{increase}}26.17
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Iglas<ref name="election2017"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajvir Singh Diler]]
|votes = {{formatnum:128000}}
|percentage = 54.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:53200}}
|percentage = 22.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Sulekha Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:28141}}
|percentage = 12.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Guroovindar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:20934}}
|percentage = 8.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1122}}
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:74800}}
|percentage = 32.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:233621}}
|percentage = 64.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150928065905/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/default.htm Official Site of Legislature in Uttar Pradesh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024731/http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/const_setup.html Uttar Pradesh Government website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051225100003/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/UttarPradesh/upassembly-w.htm UP Assembly]
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coords|27.71|77.94|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hathras district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Singing Superstar

2026-04-03T21:55:34Z

Jaya: put up pg!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_name = Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Singing Superstar
| season_number = 14
| image = Singingsuperstarzee.webp
| image_alt = Singing Superstar Zee Telugu
| starring = '''Judges''' [[Koti (composer)|Koti]] [[S. P. Sailaja]] [[Smita]] [[Ananta Sriram]]
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Sreemukhi]]
| num_contestants = 24
| winner = Shruthika Samudhrala
| runner_up = J.V. Sudhanshu
}}
| num_episodes = 25
| network = [[Zee Telugu]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|02|20|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|08|14|df=y}}
| prev_season = [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Next Singing ICON]]
| next_season = Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship
}}

'''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Singing Superstar''''' is the 14th season of the Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language musical/singing [[reality television show]] ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Telugu]].'' It premiered on [[Zee Telugu]] from 20 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-16|title=‘Sa Re Ga Ma Pa’ makes grand return with new season|url=https://telanganatoday.com/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-makes-grand-return-with-new-season|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Telangana Today}}</ref> Shruthika Samudhrala is the winner of the season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-14 |title=Shruthika Samudhrala Wins Sa Re Ga Ma Pa - The Singing Superstar Title |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/music/hyderabad-shruthika-samudrala-winner-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-singing-superstar-159493 |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-17 |title= Hyderabad-based Shruthika Samudrala wins Zee Telugu’s music reality show, Sa Re Ga Ma Pa |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/Aug/17/hyderabad-based-shruthika-samudralawinszee-telugus-music-reality-show-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-2488157.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=New Indian Express}}</ref> J.V. Sudhanshu is the First Runner-up.

== Production ==
The show was officially announced in December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa - The Singing Superstar to launch soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-the-singing-superstar-to-launch-soon/articleshow/88027375.cms|access-date=2021-12-11|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In early-February 2022, a [[teaser trailer]] of the show was released revealing that [[Sreemukhi]] is returning as the presenter after the 13th season. [[Koti (composer)|Koti]] and [[S. P. Sailaja]] returned as the judges from the previous season with [[Smita]] making her comeback to television after ''Dance with Me''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pop singer Smitha to make her TV comeback with Sa Re Ga Ma Pa - The Singing Superstar - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/pop-singer-smitha-to-make-her-tv-comeback-with-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-the-singing-superstar/articleshow/89174451.cms|access-date=2022-02-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and [[Ananta Sriram]] making his debut in the television as judge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa-The Singing Superstar's first teaser is out; watch Sreemukhi announcing the season with four judges - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-the-singing-superstars-first-teaser-is-out-watch-sreemukhi-announcing-the-season-with-four-judges/articleshow/89399329.cms|access-date=2022-02-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Initially [[M. M. Srilekha]] was roped in as a judge, which marked her return to the show after a long time. As she is suffered from [[COVID-19 pandemic]], [[S. P. Sailaja]] replaced her as one of the judges.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa judge MM Sreelekha tests positive for COVID-19; SP Shailaja to replace her in the show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-judge-mm-sreelekha-tests-positive-for-covid-19-sp-shailaja-to-replace-her-in-the-show/articleshow/89239168.cms|access-date=2022-02-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> D. Satya Sivakumar, Arun Kaundinya and Srikanth Ippili were hired as the voice trainers of the show.

=== Auditions ===
Before conducting on-ground auditions, a digital version of the auditions were held in early-December 2021 soon after the announcement of the show. On-ground auditions of the show were held across ten cities in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. [[Khammam]] auditions were held on 12 December 2021. The next day [[Visakhapatnam]] auditions were held at [[Suryabagh]], followed by the [[Tirupati]] auditions on 14 December 2021 and [[Vijayawada]] auditions on 15 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Telugu is coming to Khammam on the 12 Dec in search of ‘Sa Re Ga Ma Pa – The Singing Superstar’|url=https://www.apnnews.com/zee-telugu-is-coming-to-khammam-on-the-12-dec-in-search-of-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-the-singing-superstar/|access-date=2022-02-17|website=APN News}}</ref> [[Hyderabad]] auditions were held on 23 December 2021 at [[Padmalaya Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-22|title=Hyderabad Auditions of ‘Sa Re Ga Ma Pa – The Singing Superstar’ on 23 December|url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-auditions-of-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-the-singing-superstar-on-23-december|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Telangana Today}}</ref>

== Judges ==
* [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
* [[S. P. Sailaja]]
* [[Smita]]
* [[Ananta Sriram]]

== Mentors ==
* [[Geetha Madhuri]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Saketh and Geetha Madhuri to take part in the upcoming season of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Telugu; watch promo - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/saketh-and-geetha-madhuri-to-take-part-in-the-upcoming-season-of-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-telugu-watch-promo/articleshow/89478436.cms|access-date=2022-02-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]]
* Saketh Komanduri<ref name=":0" />
* [[LV Revanth]]

== Guests ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest
!Episode(s) No.
!Ref.
|-
|[[Pooja Hegde]]
| rowspan="3" |1
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=mahesh.jujjuri|title=Pooja Hegde: సరిగమప స్వరాల మధ్య మెరుపులా మెరిసిన పూజా హెగ్డే...|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-special-gest-for-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-r7dt1p|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=te}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sumanth]]
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Sumanth and Varshini Sounderajan to appear on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa - The Singing Superstar's grand premiere - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sumanth-and-varshini-sounderajan-to-appear-on-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-the-singing-superstars-grand-premiere/articleshow/89616655.cms|access-date=2022-02-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Varshini Sounderajan]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|rowspan="3" |2
|
|-
|[[Boney Kapoor]]
|
|-
|[[Kartikeya Gummakonda]]
|
|-
|[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]
|rowspan="3" |4
|
|-
|[[Jeevitha]]
|
|-
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|
|-
|[[Shruti Haasan]]
| rowspan="5" |25
|
|-
|[[Nithiin]]
|
|-
|[[Krithi Shetty]]
|
|-
|[[P. Susheela]]
|
|-
|[[Deva Katta]]
|
|}

== Contestants ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Contestant
!Home town/place
|-
|Sudhanshu
|[[Rajahmundry]]
|-
|Dasari Parvathi
|[[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
|-
|Daniel
|[[Konkuduru]]
|-
|Pranav Kaushik
|United States
|-
|Vinod Sharma
|[[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
|-
|Arjun Vijay
|[[Alappuzha]]
|-
|Sai Sanvid
|[[Hyderabad]]
|-
|Vinuthna
|[[Kurnool]]
|-
|Charan Tej
|[[Chikkaballapur]]
|-
|Sai Sri Charan
|[[Hyderabad]]
|-
|Shivani
|[[Hyderabad]]
|-
|Akhil
|[[Hyderabad]]
|-
|Shruthika Samudhrala
|[[Hyderabad]]
|-
|Astha
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|Shaik Rasool
|[[Ipurupalem]]
|-
|Keerthana
|[[Vijayawada]]
|-
|Kalyani
|[[Warangal]]
|-
|Swaroop
|[[Chennai]]
|-
|Satya Sri
|[[Visakhapatnam]]
|-
|Harsha
|[[Wanaparthy]]
|-
|Abhinav
|[[Kakinada]]
|-
|Gayathri
|[[Amalapuram]]
|-
|Myna
|[[Warangal]]
|-
|Deepthi
|[[Bangalore]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sa_Re_Ga_Ma_Pa_The_Singing_Superstar}}
[[Category:Zee Telugu original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television seasons]]

Krishan Mohan

2026-04-03T11:50:59Z

Jaya: creating initial details added tags

{{Short description| Indian Urdu poet (1922–2004)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishan Mohan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Krishan Lal
| birth_date = 1922
| birth_place = [[Sialkot]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2004|1922}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Ghazal]]s and [[Nazm]]s
| occupation = Government Service, Poet
}}
'''Krishan Mohan''' (28 November 1922 – 2004)<ref>Urdu Authors: Date list as on 31-05-2006 – S.No. 1087> Krishan Mohan >maintained by National Council for Promotion of Urdu, Govt. of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development {{cite web|url=http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/urdu_wrld/u_auth/index_all.htm |title=National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language |accessdate=28 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301184839/http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/urdu_wrld/u_auth/index_all.htm |archivedate=1 March 2012 }}</ref> was an Indian [[Urdu poet]] who gained prominence after India gained independence from the [[British Raj]].

Mohan was the [[takhallus]] of Krishan Lal Bhatia who was born in [[Sialkot]], [[British India]]. His father, Ganpat Rai Bhatia, was an [[advocate]]; post partition of British India he practiced law in the District Courts of [[Meerut]]. Ganpat Rai was also an Urdu poet; his takhallus was Shakir.<ref>{{cite book| author=Zia Fatehabadi| year=1974| title=Sher aur Shair| pages=88| quote= "Naam: Krishan Lal, Takhallus: Krishan Mohan, 28 November 1922 ko…Sialkot mein paidaa huaa. Mere walid Ganpat Rai Shakir…Meerut mein advocate hain."| ol=24596071M}}</ref>

After completing his school studies Krishan Mohan obtained his B.A. (Hons.) degrees separately in English and in Persian as a student of [[Murray College]], Sialkot, where he was also the editor of the college house magazine. Later on he obtained his M.A. degree in English Literature as a student of [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College]], [[Lahore]].<ref>{{cite book| author=Zia Fatehabadi| year=1974| title=Sher aur Shair| pages=88| quote= ".main ne B.A. (Hons.)(English) Murray College, Sialkot, se paas kiya, B.A. mein padate hue Honours in Persian ke imtihaan mein bhi imtiaz se kamyaab hua…M.A. (angrezi adbiyaat) Government College, Lahore se kiya."| ol=24596071M}}</ref>

After partition of British India his family moved to [[Karnal]] where Krishan Mohan found temporary employment as a welfare officer. Thereafter, he worked as sub-editor and assistant editor of [[All India Radio]]'s publication ''Aawaaz'' at [[Lucknow]] and [[Delhi]], and then as a journalist with the Press Information Bureau before joining the [[Indian Revenue Service]] as an Income Tax Officer.<ref>{{cite book| author=Zia Fatehabadi| year=1974| title=Sher aur Shair| pages=89| quote= "..taqseem e hind ke baad ek saal Karnal mein Welfare Officer ke fraaiz saranjaam diye phir All India Radio, Lucknow aur Delhi mein "Aawaaz" kaa sub-editor aur assistant editor rahaa, baadazaan Press Information Bureau mein journalist ki haesiyat se kaam kiya..aajkal Indian Revenue Service mein Income Tax Officer hoon."| ol=24596071M}}</ref>

He died in Delhi, aged 82 years. His children are Meera Bhatia, Neera Bhatia and Rohit Bhatia. Meera Bhatia is an advocate and does cases in supreme court and high court and was standing counsel criminal for Delhi, Haryana and Senior Counsel UOI. She has done LLB from Delhi University. Neera Bhatia was a senior teacher at DPS RK.PURAM New Delhi, she was a PGT teacher. She obtained her master's degree from Delhi University. Rohit Bhatia is his son. Krishna Mohan’s grandchildren are Abhinav Kalra, Vishakha Bhatia, Abhimanyu Kalra and Anandit Thakur.

==Literary life==

Krishan Mohan was a popular and a prolific writer<ref>{{cite web | url=https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL13408A/Krishan_Mohan | title=Krishan_Mohan 1922- | publisher=Open Library | accessdate=20 May 2019 }}</ref> who after 1947 dominated Delhi’s that particular Urdu stage which was graced by stalwarts – [[Pandit Harichand Akhtar]], [[Arsh Malsiani]], [[Jagan Nath Azad]], [[Gopal Mittal]], [[Naresh Kumar Shad]], [[Bismil Saeedi]], Rana Jaggi, Ram Krishan Mushtar, [[Talib Chakwali]] and Bakshi Akhtar Amritsari.<ref>{{cite book|author=Zia Fatehabadi|year=1982|title=Zaviyaha e nigaah|
url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15663436W/Zaviyah_e_nigaah|pages= 111|quote=”1947 ke baad dilli ki adabi o sh’ri fazaa mein jo shoaraa aaftaab o maahtaab ban kar chamke un mein chand mumaayaan naam hain:- [[Pandit Harichand Akhtar]], [[Arsh Malsiani]], [[Jagan Nath Azad]], [[Gopal Mittal]], [[Naresh Kumar Shad]], [[Bismil Saeedi]], Ram Krishan Mushtar, Rana Jaggi, [[Talib Chakwali]], Bakshi Akhtar Amritsari aur Krishan Mohan”}}</ref>

While adhering to the classical style Krishan Mohan did not hesitate to experiment, at times over- reaching the extreme thresh-holds of imagination and thought. His ghazals set in the traditional mode are thoughtful and thought-provoking, and for his nazms he searched for and found new ideas and expressions.<ref>{{cite book|author=Zia Fatehabadi|year=1982|title=Zaviyaha e nigaah|
url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15663436W/Zaviyah_e_nigaah|pages= 113 |quote= “Ghazalon mein krishan mohan ne rivayaat e ghazal ko barqaraar rakhaa hai. Nazmon mein unhon ne naye muzaameen talaash kiye hain. Paaband nazmen unhon ne badi paabandi se kahi hain aur fan ke tamaam nakkaat ko maddenazar rakhkar. Isi tarah un ki aazaad aur muarraa nazmon ke muta’aale se zaahir hai ki inhon ne taraqqipasandanaa anaasir kaa poorii tarah jaizah liyaa hai. Krishan mohan ke yahaan bayaan aur haiiyat ke tajarbe bhi milte hain. Un ki ghazalen taghazzal e mehaz yaani muamalaabandi ki haamil hain aur kahin kahin vuasat e fikr ne paaon chaadar se baahar phaelaa kar saabit kar diyaa hai ki sanaf e ghazal ko mahdood nahin rakhaa jaa saktaa”}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

Urdu poetry (in Urdu script):
* ''Shabnam shabnam''
* ''Dil e Naadaan''
* ''Tamaashaaii''
* ''Ghazaal''
* ''Nigaah e naaz''
* ''Aahang e watan''
* ''Konpal konpal''
* ''Bairaagii bhanwaraa''
* ''Shirazah e mizgaan''

Urdu poetry (in Hindi script):
* ''Roopras''
* ''Dhoop meri kaamnaa ki''
* ''Pyaas meri kaamnaa ki''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Krishan}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sialkot]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Revenue Service officers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Aftab Ahmed (Indian politician)

2026-04-02T03:50:31Z

Jaya: added a entry...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aftab Ahmed
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Ahmed in 2019
| office = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Haryana Legislative Assembly| Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 November 2019
| term_end = 12 September 2024
| predecessor =
| 1blankname = Speaker
| 1namedata = [[Gian Chand Gupta]]
| governor = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| 2blankname = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Haryana Legislative Assembly |Leader of the Opposition]]
| 2namedata = [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Transport]], [[Government of Haryana]]
| 1blankname1 = [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Additional Ministry and Departments]]
| 1namedata1 = * Tourism
* Printing & Stationery
| term_start1 = 20 October 2013
| term_end1 = 27 October 2014
| office2 = [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh]]
| term_start2 = 24 October 2019
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Zakir Hussain (Haryana politician)|Zakir Hussain]]
| successor2 =
| term_start3 = 22 October 2009
| term_end3 = 15 October 2014
| predecessor3 = [[Habib Ur Rehman]]
| successor3 = [[Zakir Hussain (Haryana politician)|Zakir Hussain]]
| constituency3 = [[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|01|27}}
| birth_place = [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education = [[B. Com]], [[LLB]]
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University|Punjab University]]
| occupation = Businessman, farmer and lawyer
| employer =
| agent =
| parents = [[Chaudhary Khurshid Ahmed|Khurshid Ahmed]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Chaudhary]]
}}

'''Chaudhary Aftab Ahmed''' is an Indian politician, who has served as the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Deputy Leader of Opposition]] of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from 2019 to 2024. He has also served as the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Transport]], [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]], Printing & Stationery in the [[Government of Haryana]] and as the Vice-President of the [[Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee]]. He is a member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh constituency]] since 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-21 |title=Kiran Choudhry to head Congress Haryana manifesto committee |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/haryana-assembly-election/story/kiran-choudhry-head-congress-haryana-manifesto-committee-1601480-2019-09-20 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
Aftab Ahmed was born on 27 January 1966 in Dhouj village of [[Faridabad]] to [[Chaudhary Khurshid Ahmed|Khurshid Ahmed]] and Firdos Begum.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-17 |title=MLA Details |url=https://haryanaassembly.gov.in/mla-details/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Haryana Vidhan Sabha |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=दिग्गज नेता एवं पूर्व मंत्री चौधरी खुर्शीद अहमद का निधन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/noida/ex-minister-khurshid-ahmad-dies-mewat-news-noi492859120 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

He obtained a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree from [[GGDSD College]] [[Chandigarh]], Punjab University and [[LLB]] degree from [[MDU, Rohtak]].<ref name=":0" />

His father was elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh Assembly]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in 1962, [[Taoru Assembly constituency|Taoru Assembly]] of [[Haryana]] in 1968 and 1977, and again from [[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh Assembly]] of Haryana in 1987 and 1996. His father served as a Cabinet Minister thrice in the [[Government of Haryana]] and was later elected as [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] in a [[By-election|bypoll election]].<ref name=":0" />

His grandfather Chaudhary Kabir Ahmed was elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from Nuh Assembly, Haryana in 1975 and from Taoru Assembly, Haryana in 1982.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
Ahmed married Memuna Sultan and has three children.<ref name=":0" />

==Political career==
He started his political career in 1991 from Taoru and in 2013 he was inducted into the cabinet as transport minister.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/savitri-jindal-aftab-ahmed-sworn-into-haryana-cabinet/story-KEp0oYAdbBsRxT13NiCRoL.html Savitri Jindal, Aftab Ahmed sworn into Haryana cabinet], Hindustan Times.</ref><ref name="htbsv">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/a-tough-road-ahead-for-transport-minister/story-WA2JE9HewajDs0X3d1sPXO.html A tough road ahead for transport minister]</ref> He has served Indian National Congress at organisational level in different capacities and also as chief whip of the Congress Legislature Party.<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/savitri-jindal-aftab-ahmed-take-oath-as-haryana-ministers-113102900581_1.html Savitri Jindal, Aftab Ahmed take oath as Haryana ministers], Business Standard.</ref>

He served as the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Deputy Leader of Opposition]] of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]] from November 2019 to September 2024.

== Controversies ==

=== Involvement in instigating 1993 Mewat Riots ===
The 1993 Mewat riots in the southern region of Haryana's Gurgaon district (modern-day [[Nuh district]]) erupted following the demolition of the Babri Masjid, triggering violence between the region's Meo Muslim community and Hindus. The unrest began on 7 December 1992, after rumors spread that Hindus in Nuh were celebrating the mosque's demolition, leading to Muslim mobs attacking Hindu temples in Nuh, Punhana, and Pinangwan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=1993-01-31 |title=Mewat: Both Hindus and Muslims lose faith in police |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19930131-mewat-both-hindus-and-muslims-lose-faith-in-police-810653-1993-01-30 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The violence, reportedly instigated by Aftab's father, [[Chaudhary Khurshid Ahmed|Khurshid Ahmed]], involved hired youth who ransacked and burned temples, and even committed atrocities like burning a cow alive. The police's delayed response escalated tensions, resulting in indiscriminate raids and alleged abuses against the Meo community, with many villagers fleeing their homes.<ref name=":1" />

[[Tayyab Husain]], and his son [[Zakir Hussain (Haryana politician)|Zakir Hussain]], who was an MLA from the neighboring Taoru constituency, were also implicated by some in the Muslim community. They were political rivals of Khurshid Ahmed and Aftab Ahmed and were accused of exploiting the situation to expand their influence among the Meos.<ref name=":1" />

Politicians Aftab Ahmed and his father Khurshid Ahmed, were booked for instigating the riots and went into hiding, while former minister Tayyab Hussain and his son Zakir Hussain, an MLA from Taoru, were accused by some of exploiting the situation for political gain. Both communities were left distrustful of the police, who were widely criticized for their handling of the situation, and the region, previously peaceful, was deeply scarred by the violence.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Aftab}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Faridabad district]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Meo people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]

2021 Tripura riots

2026-04-01T18:06:17Z

Jaya: added data...

{{Short description|Riot in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2021 Tripura Riots
| subtitle =
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = 20 – 29 October 2021
| place = [[Tripura]], India
| coordinates =
| causes = Vandalisations of mosques
| goals =
| methods =
| status =
| result =
| side1 = [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] [[Hindu Jagran Manch]]
| side2 = Local authorities
| side3 =
| side4 =
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| leadfigures4 =
| howmany1 = 10,000+
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| howmany4 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| casualties4 =
| fatalities =
| injuries = 15
| arrests = 102
| buildings = 110+
| detentions =
| charged =
| notes =
| sidebox =
}}

The '''2021 Tripura riots''' happened in the [[Tripura|eponymous state]] of north-eastern India.

The riots started on 20 October 2021, mainly triggered by the vandalisations of "mosques" in the state. The situation deteriorated after several rallies were taken out by [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) on 21 and 26 October. Some [[miscreants]] attacked a small [[mosque]], some shops and houses belonging to families from the minority community during the rally. [[Section 144]]{{Explain|date=November 2023|reason=Explain what actually happened and what was imposed because the wiki-link doesn't even explain what the law allows. The section only indicates orders can be issued, not what these permit to happen. Explain what was imposed. Martial Law? Curfews? Something else?}} was imposed soon after.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/tripura-mosque-vandalised-shops-houses-attacked-vhp-rally|title = Tripura: Mosque Vandalised, Shops and Houses Attacked During VHP Rally}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/10/28/tripura-violence-with-no-hindu-muslim-riots-in-decades-what-led-to-the-recent-brutality-in-the-state|title = Tripura violence: With no Hindu-Muslim riots in decades, what led to the recent attacks in the state?| date=28 October 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Indian Express 27 Oct" />

==Background==
{{see also|Violence against Muslims in India}}
83.40% of Tripura's population is [[Hindu]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tripura Population 2021|url=https://www.indiacensus.net/states/tripura|work=India Census|access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref> with a significant number of Hindus migrating from Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shahid|first=Rudabeh|date=2021-10-28|title=Explained: Why religious fault lines are emerging in Tripura|url=https://scroll.in/article/1008662/explained-why-religious-fault-lines-are-emerging-in-tripura|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111172246/https://scroll.in/article/1008662/explained-why-religious-fault-lines-are-emerging-in-tripura|archive-date=2021-11-11|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> Locals see the recent violence in Tripura as a response to [[2021 Bangladesh communal violence|recent violence against Hindus in neighboring Bangladesh]]'s [[Comilla District]]. The opposition parties like [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]] and [[CPI(M)]] also alleged that [[BJP]] and its allies were trying to use the recent violence in Bangladesh and Tripura to [[political polarization|polarise]] the voters ahead of the municipal elections in the state in November.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59047517|title = Tripura: Anti-Muslim violence flares up in Indian state|work = BBC News|date = 28 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/tripura-violence-vhp-rally-mosque-b1946854.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028155132/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/tripura-violence-vhp-rally-mosque-b1946854.html |archive-date=2021-10-28 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title = Tripura: Tit-for-tat communal violence grips northeastern Indian state|website = [[The Independent]]|date = 28 October 2021}}</ref>

==Timeline==
In protest against the violence in [[Bangladesh]], rallies were held by [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) and the [[Hindu Jagran Manch]] (HJM), among others. Participants in a rally held by VHP and HJM at Udaipur in [[Gomati district]] on October 21 clashed with police as the latter denied them permission to enter localities with mixed populations. Fifteen people including three [[policemen]] were injured in the incident. At [[Dharmanagar]] in north Tripura, a 10,000-strong rally was carried out on October 21 by different organisation's including VHP and the HJM.<ref name="Indian Express 27 Oct">{{cite news |title=Tripura: Mosque vandalised, two shops set on fire during VHP rally |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-mosque-vandalised-two-shops-set-on-fire-during-vhp-rally-7592208/ |access-date=8 November 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

After these incidents, rumours began circulating both offline and online. On October 23, images of a broken [[Shiva]] idol went viral on [[social media]]. Police later said that the Shiva idol was found in an abandoned place atop a local hilltop, surrounded by thick [[vegetation]]. They said there was no way to tell if it was broken due to natural causes or if someone broke it.<ref name="Indian Express 27 Oct" />

On October 26, a protest rally was taken out by VHP at [[Panisagar]] in north Tripura. A section of the protesters allegedly [[vandalised]] a few houses and burnt some shops at Rowa Bazar. On the same day, some [[activists]] who had joined the rally allegedly vandalised a local [[mosque]] at Chamtilla village, around 800 yards from Rowa Bazar.

Later in the night, a large gathering of people showed up from [[minority group|minority]] dominated localities in Churaibari. The administration then dispersed the gathering through discussions. [[Section 144]] was imposed at Panisagar and Darmanagar.

On October 29 unidentified [[miscreants]] vandalised a local [[thatched]]-walled [[Kali]] [[Temple]] at Kailashahar of [[Unakoti]] district. Local Hindus and Muslims came together and rebuilt the thatched walls of the temple.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vandalism, communal unrest: What's happening in Tripura and why? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-vandalism-communal-unrest-tripura-bangladesh-7599790/ |access-date=8 November 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=2 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Upon a complaint by [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] spokesperson Saket Gokhale, the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] on November 3 sought a report on the riot from [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of the state and [[Tripura Police#Administration|Director General of Police]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2021|title=Tripura Violence : NHRC Seeks Report From State Govt On TMC Spokesperson Saket Gokhale's Complaint|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/nhrc-report-state-govt-tripura-violence-tmc-spokesperson-saket-gokhale-complaint-184896|work=LiveLaw.in|access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 November 2021|title=NHRC seeks report from Tripura after TMC files complaint of violence against minorities|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/nhrc-seeks-report-from-tripura-after-tmc-files-complaint-of-violence-against-minorities-7606575/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref>

=== Suppression of press freedom ===
A four-member fact-finding team of Supreme Court lawyers visited the area on 29–30 October and released a report highlighting the anti-Muslim nature of violence.<ref name=":1" /> Days later, [[Tripura Police]] invoked [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|stringent anti-terror laws]] against two of them for “promoting enmity between religious groups as well as provoking people of different religious communities to commit breach of peace”.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=4 November 2021|title=Tripura Violence: UAPA Charges Levied Against Lawyers From Fact-Finding Team|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/tripura-violence-uapa-charges-levied-against-lawyers-from-fact-finding-team|work=The Wire|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 November 2021|title=Tripura violence: Delhi lawyer booked under UAPA for promoting enmity|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/71-booked-for-provocative-social-media-posts-over-communal-violence-in-tripura-101635933597857.html|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> The police also filed charges under the same provisions against 102 people including journalists<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 November 2021|title=Editors Guild condemns police action against journalists in Tripura under UAPA|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/editors-guild-condemns-police-action-against-journalists-in-tripura-under-uapa-101636286346781.html|access-date=8 November 2021|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> for protesting, or even merely mentioning, the communal violence on social media platforms and asked social media platforms to freeze their accounts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 November 2021|title=Tripura Police Books 102 People Under UAPA for Social Media Posts Against Communal Violence|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/tripura-police-uapa-social-media-posts|access-date=8 November 2021|work=The Wire}}</ref><ref name="Wire Tripura Guild">{{cite news|date=7 November 2021|title='Deeply Shocked': Editor's Guild, IWPC React to Tripura Police Booking 102 Under UAPA|work=The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/media/deeply-shocked-editors-guild-reacts-to-tripura-police-booking-102-under-uapa|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 November 2021|title='Sheer Misuse of UAPA': Journalists, Lawyers Slam Tripura Police's Cases on Them|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/sheer-misuse-of-uapa-journalists-lawyers-slam-tripura-polices-cases-on-them|access-date=8 November 2021|work=The Quint}}</ref> The 5 journalists include in the lists are Maktoob Media journalist Meer Faisal, NewsClick senior news editor Shyam Meera Singh, freelance journalist with [[BBC]] and [[The Guardian]] Sartaj Alam, Arif Shah and C.J. Werleman, global correspondent of London-based monthly newspaper [[Byline Times]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cpj.org/2021/11/indian-police-open-terror-investigation-into-5-journalists/|title = Indian police open terror investigation into 5 journalists|date = 12 November 2021}}</ref>

[[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] as well as [[Editors Guild of India]] condemned the coercive actions as malicious and requested the state government for committing to a proper investigation instead of penalizing activists.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-11-07|title=PUCL condemns Tripura Police's case on lawyers for fact-finding report on communal violence|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/noticeboard/pucl-statement-tripura-violence-police-action|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111020635/https://caravanmagazine.in/noticeboard/pucl-statement-tripura-violence-police-action|archive-date=2021-11-11|access-date=2021-11-17|website=The Caravan|language=en}}</ref> Several people filed a petition with the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] seeking to quash the UAPA charges registered against them.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2021|title=UAPA: Supreme Court agrees to fix date to hear plea to quash FIRs by Tripura police|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/supreme-court-agrees-to-fix-date-to-hear-plea-to-quash-firs-by-tripura-police/article37432684.ece|access-date=11 November 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2021|title=Supreme Court To Hear Plea Of Journalist To Nix Tripura Anti-Terror Case|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tripura-violence-supreme-court-agrees-to-hear-journalist-shyam-meer-singhs-plea-against-tripura-police-fir-2606671|access-date=11 November 2021|work=NDTV}}</ref><ref name="Wire Tripura Guild" /> On 17 November, the Supreme Court of India granted immunity to all coercive action.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Srishti|date=2021-11-17|title=Supreme Court Restrains Tripura Police From Coercive Steps Against 2 Lawyers & 1 Journalist Booked Under UAPA|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-orders-no-coercive-steps-against-2-lawyers-1-journalist-booked-under-uapa-by-tripura-police-185707|access-date=2021-11-18|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en}}</ref>

On 15 November, two female journalists were arrested from Assam for fomenting a "sense of hatred between communities" by circulating "doctored videos", after members of [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] had filed a complaint against them (in Tripura) for reporting on an incident of mosque burning and thereby, "maligning the image of Tripura government".<ref>{{cite news |title=Two women journalists booked in Tripura, detained in Assam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/two-delhi-journalists-booked-in-tripura-detained-in-assam/article37496097.ece |work=The Hindu |date=15 November 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=2021-11-15|title=2 women journalists, arrested by Tripura Police for covering communal violence, get bail|url=https://theprint.in/india/2-women-journalists-arrested-by-tripura-police-for-covering-communal-violence-get-bail/766513/|access-date=2021-11-18|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Editors Guild of India]] asked for a swift withdrawal of all charges, and characterized the police actions as a foil to deflect public attention from its own failings in dealing with majoritarian violence.<ref name="Guild Hindu Tripura">{{cite news|date=7 November 2021|title=Editors Guild shocked by Tripura Police's move|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/editors-guild-shocked-by-tripura-polices-move/article37367733.ece|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> On 15 November, the Chief Judicial Magistrate of Gomati district granted them bail against sureties of INR 7500.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Riots in India}}

{{coord missing|Tripura}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripura riots, 2021}}
[[Category:2021 crimes in India]]
[[Category:2021 riots]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim riots in India]]
[[Category:Mosque arson in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Tripura]]
[[Category:October 2021 in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on Hindu temples in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on shops in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 in Islam]]
[[Category:October 2021 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India relations]]
[[Category:2020s in Tripura]]
[[Category:Attacks on mosques in the 2020s]]
[[Category:Attacks on residential buildings in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 fires in Asia]]

S. R. Ranganathan

2026-03-28T07:56:56Z

Jaya: put up a stub

{{short description|Indian mathematician and librarian}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = S. R. Ranganathan Iyer
| birth_name = Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan Iyer
| image = S. R. Ranganathan.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = S. R. Ranganathan's Portrait at City Central Library, Hyderabad, Chennai
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1892|8|12}}
| birth_place = [[Sirkazhi]], [[Mayiladuthurai district]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = 27 September 1972 (aged 80)
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore State]], India (present-day [[Karnataka]])
| occupation = Librarian, author, academician, mathematician
| nationality = Indian
| relatives = [[Ranga Yogeshwar]] (Grandson)
| genre = [[Library Science]], [[Documentation]], [[Staffing]], [[Institutional Management]], [[Information Science]]
| notableworks = Prolegomena to Library Classification [[Five laws of library science|The Five Laws of Library Science]] ''[[Colon Classification]]'' Ramanujan: the Man and the Mathematician Classified Catalogue Code: With Additional Rules for Dictionary Catalogue Code Library Administration Indian Library Manifesto Library Manual for Library Authorities, Librarians, and Library Workers Classification and Communication Headings and Canons; Comparative Study of Five Catalogue Codes
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (1957)
}}

'''Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan'''<ref name="Garfield" /> ({{Audio|Media_S._R._Ranganathan_pronunciation.ogg|listen}} 12 August 1892 – 27 September 1972) was an Indian [[librarian]] and mathematician.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kent |first1=Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8mIFaw53JUC&q=ranganathan |title=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 25 - Publishers and the Library to Rochester: University of Rochester Library |last2=Lancour |first2=Harold |last3=Daily |first3=Jay E. |date=1978-06-01 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8247-2025-4 |pages=58–75 |language=en}}</ref> His most notable contributions to the field were his [[five laws of library science]] and the development of the first major [[faceted classification]] system, the [[colon classification]]. He is considered to be the father of [[Library and information science|library science]], [[documentation]], and [[information science]] in India and is widely known throughout the rest of the world for his fundamental thinking in the field. His birthday is observed every year as National Librarian Day in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Broughton |first=Vanda |title=Essential classification |date=2004 |publisher=Facet |isbn=978-1-85604-514-8 |edition= |location=London |chapter=S. R. Ranganathan}}</ref>

He was a university librarian and professor of library science at [[Banaras Hindu University]] (1945–47) and professor of library science at the [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]] (1947–55), the first Indian school of librarianship to offer higher degrees. He was president of the [[Indian Library Association]] from 1944 to 1953. In 1957 he was elected as an honorary member of the [[International Federation for Information and Documentation]] (FID) and was made vice-president for life of the [[Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals|Library Association of Great Britain]].<ref>"Ranganathan, Shivala Ramanrita (1892–1972)..." ''The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide''. Abington: Helicon, 2009. Credo Reference.</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ranganathan was born on 12 August 1892 in [[Siyali]], [[Sirkazhi]], [[Mayiladuthurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]] into a [[Brahmin]] family.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Garfield">{{Cite journal |last=Islam |first=Nurul |date=2015-06-10 |title=S. R. Ranganathan:Library and Documentation Scientist |url=https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/CURS/article/view/87419 |journal=Current Science |language=en |volume=108 |issue=11 |pages=2110–2111 |doi=10.18520/cs/v108/i11/2110-2111 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref> His birth date is sometimes written as 12 August 1892 but he wrote his own birth date as 9 August 1892 in his book, ''The Five Laws of Library Science''.

Ranganathan began his professional life as a mathematician; he earned B.A. and M.A. degrees in mathematics from [[Madras Christian College]] in his home state, and then went on to earn a teaching license in 1917.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=K. S. |date=2019-10-17 |title=Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan |url=https://www.isko.org/cyclo/ranganathan#1 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=Encyclopedia of Knowledge Organization}}</ref> His lifelong goal was to teach mathematics, and he was successively a member of the mathematics faculties at universities in [[Mangalore]], [[Coimbatore]], and [[Chennai|Madras]]. As a mathematics professor, he published papers mainly on the history of mathematics. His career as an educator was somewhat hindered by [[Stuttering|stammering]] (a difficulty he gradually overcame in his professional life). The government of India awarded the [[Padma Shri]] to Ranganathan in 1957 for valuable contributions to library science.<ref>Srivastava, p. 125.</ref>

==Early career==

In 1923, the [[University of Madras]] created the post of University Librarian to oversee their poorly organized collection. Among the 900 applicants for the position, none had any formal training in librarianship, and Ranganathan's handful of papers satisfied the search committee's requirement that the candidate should have a research background. His only knowledge of librarianship came from an ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' article he read days before the interview. Ranganathan was initially reluctant to pursue the position, and had forgotten about his application by the time he was called for an interview. To his surprise, he received the appointment and accepted the position in January 1924.<ref name=Garfield />

At first, Ranganathan found the solitude of the position intolerable. Within weeks, complaining of total boredom, he went back to the university administration to ask for his teaching position back. A deal was struck wherein Ranganathan would travel to London to study contemporary Western practices in librarianship and if he returned and still rejected librarianship as a career, the mathematics lectureship would be his again.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |author=Garfield |first=Eugene |date=1984-02-06 |title=A Tribute to S. R. Ranganathan, the Father of Indian Library Science. Part 1. Life and Works |url=https://garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v7p037y1984.pdf |journal=Essays of an Information Scientist |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=45–49}}</ref>

Ranganathan travelled to [[University College London]], which at that time housed the only graduate degree program in library science in Britain. At University College, he earned marks only slightly above average, but his mathematical background made him latch onto the problem of classification, a subject typically taught by rote in library programs of the time. As an outsider, he focused on what he perceived to be flaws with the popular decimal classification, and began to explore new possibilities on his own.<ref>Srivastava, p. 46.</ref>

He also devised the Acknowledgment of Duplication, which states that any system of classification of information necessarily implies at least two different classifications for any given datum. He anecdotally proved this with the [[Dewey Decimal Classification]] (DDC) by taking several books and showing how each might be classified with two totally different resultant DDC numbers.<ref name="Srivastava, A.P. 1977">Srivastava</ref> For example, a book on "warfare in India" could be classified under "warfare" or "India". Even a general book on warfare could be classified under "warfare", "history", "social organisation", "Indian essays", or many other headings, depending upon the viewpoint, needs, and prejudices of the classifier. To Ranganathan, a structured, step-by-step system acknowledging each facet of the topic of the work was preferable to the "intellectual laziness" (as he termed it) of the DDC. Given the poor technology for [[information retrieval]] available at that time, the implementation of this concept was a large step forwards for the science of information retrieval.
[[File:PORTRAIT OF SR RANGANATHAN.jpg|alt=This art work is curated by Zabeen Ahmed, Librarian(Retd) of SKB Library and is an artwork by artist Bhaskar Shikha|thumb|Portrait of SR Ranganathan preserved in SKB Library of Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam which has been a premier educational institute of Northeast India since 1901.]]
He began drafting the system that would ultimately become [[colon classification]] while in England, and refined it as he returned home, even reordering the ship's library on his voyage back to India. He initially got the idea for the system from seeing a [[Meccano]] set in a toy store in London. Ranganathan returned with interest in librarianship and a vision of its importance for India. He returned to and held the position of University Librarian at the University of Madras for twenty years. During that time, he helped to found the Madras Library Association, and lobbied actively for the establishment of free public libraries throughout India and for the creation of a comprehensive national library.<ref name="Srivastava, A.P. 1977" />

Ranganathan was considered by many to be a [[workaholic]]. During his two decades in Madras, he consistently worked 13-hour days, seven days a week, without taking vacations. Although he married in November 1928, he returned to work the afternoon following the marriage ceremony. A few years later, he and his wife Sarada had a son. The couple remained married until Ranganathan's death.

The first few years of Ranganathan's tenure at Madras were years of deliberation and analysis as he addressed the problems of library administration and classification.<ref>Srivastava, pp. 30–31</ref> It was during this period that he produced what have come to be known as his two greatest legacies: his [[five laws of library science]] (1931) and the colon classification system (1933).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kabir |first=Abulfazal M. Fazle |date=June 2003 |title=Ranganathan: A Universal Librarian |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26434095 |journal=Journal of Educational Media & Library Sciences |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=453–459 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

Ranganathan sought to institute massive changes to the library system and to write about such things as open access and education for all. His changes to the library resulted in more available education and information available to all, including women and minorities. When writing about the harmful effects of low budget on the good functioning of a library, Ranganathan described it as "making an [[Ulster]] of the ... law of [[Occam's razor|parsimony]]."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranganathan |first=S. R. (Shiyali Ramamrita) |url=https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/106346 |title=Reference service |publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1961 |edition=2nd |location=Bombay |publication-date=1961 |pages=140}}</ref>

==Later career==
[[File:SR Ranganathan 1992 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Ranganathan on a 1992 stamp of India]]
After two decades of serving as librarian at Madras – a post he had intended to keep until his retirement –, Ranganathan resigned from his position at the age of 54 after conflicts with a new university vice-chancellor. After a brief bout with depression, he accepted a professorship in library science at [[Banaras Hindu University]] in [[Varanasi]], his last formal academic position, in August 1945. There, he catalogued the university's collection; by the time he left four years later, he had personally classified over 100,000 items.

Ranganathan headed the [[Indian Library Association]] from 1944 to 1953, but left amid controversy when the [[Delhi Public Library]] chose to use the Dewey Decimal Classification system instead of his own colon classification. He held an honorary professorship at [[Delhi University]] from 1949 to 1955 and helped build that institution's library science programs with [[Surendranath Dasgupta]], a former student of his.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> While at Delhi, Ranganathan drafted a comprehensive 30-year plan for the development of an advanced library system for the whole of India.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.isibang.ac.in/~library/portal/Pages/SRRBIO.pdf |title=S .R. Ranganathan - A Short Biography |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science |editor=Allen Kent |volume=25
|date=1978 |publisher=Marcel Dekker Inc |place=New York |via=Indian Statistical Institute}}</ref> In 1951, Ranganathan released an album on [[Folkways Records]] entitled, ''Readings from the Ramayana: In Sanskrit Bhagavad Gita.''

Ranganathan briefly moved to [[Zurich|Zürich]] from 1955 to 1957, when his son married a European woman; this allowed him to expand his contacts within the European library community, where he gained a significant following. However, he soon returned to India and settled in the city of Bangalore, where he spent the rest of his life. While in Zürich, he endowed a professorship at Madras University in honour of his wife.

Ranganathan established the [[Documentation Research and Training Centre]] of the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] in Bangalore in 1962, where he served as honorary director for five years. In 1965, the Indian government honoured him for his contributions to the field with the title of National Research Professor.

In the final years of his life, Ranganathan suffered from ill health and was largely confined to his bed. On 27 September 1972, he succumbed to complications from [[bronchitis]].<ref>Srivastava, p. 2.</ref>

Upon the 1992 centenary of his birth, several biographical volumes and collections of essays on Ranganathan's influence were published in his honour. Ranganathan's [[autobiography]], published serially during his life, is titled ''A Librarian Looks Back''.

==Influence and legacy==
Ranganathan dedicated his book ''The Five Laws of Library Science'' to his maths tutor at Madras Christian College, [[Edward Burns Ross]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J J |last2=Robertson |first2=E F |date=November 2007 |title=Edward Burns Ross |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ross/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=MacTutor |language=en}}</ref> Ranganathan’s influence was analyzed [[Bibliometrics|bibliometrically]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lancaster |first1=F. W. |last2=Zeter |first2=Mary Jo |last3=Metzler |first3=Laura |date=1992-01-01 |title=Ranganathan's Influence Examined Bibliometrically |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/libr.1992.42.3.268/html |journal=[[Libri (journal)|Libri]] |language=en |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=268–281 |doi=10.1515/libr.1992.42.3.268 |issn=1865-8423|url-access=subscription }}</ref> His birthday, August 12, has been denoted National Librarians' Day in India.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=15 August 2015 |title=National Library Day celebrated |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/education-careers/iit-delhi-researchers-develop-advanced-electronic-devices-for-data-storage-909370?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

In 2001, ''S.R. Ranganathan: Pragmatic philosopher of information science, a personal biography'' by Ranganathan Yogeshwar (son of Ranganathan) was published by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. The book offers an insider's perspective to the thought process, ideas, and contributions of Ranganathan to the field. It is liberally sprinkled with personal and professional photos as well as quotes which showcase Ranganathan's values and motivation. The book serves as an important historical document of information science development in India (e.g. birth of Madras Library Association in 1928 and its growth) and the world during Ranganathan's lifetime (1892-1972) through two world wars, Indian independence, and the building of a democratic nation.

==See also==
* [[Colon classification]]
* [[Faceted classification]]
* [[Five laws of library science]]
* [[Madras Public Libraries Act]]
* [[Subject (documents)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Cited sources==
* {{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Anand P. |title=Ranganathan, a Pattern Maker: A Syndetic Study of His Contributions |publisher=Metropolitan Book Company |year=1977 |location=New Delhi}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|S. R. Ranganathan}}
* [http://www.isibang.ac.in/~library/portal Works portal from the Indian Statistical Institute Library]
* [http://boxesandarrows.com/ranganathan-for-ias/ "Ranganathan for IAs" by Mike Steckel]
* [http://www.miskatonic.org/library/ranganathan-audio.html Ranganathan's Monologue on Melvil Dewey]
* [http://www.kamat.com/vikas/blog.php?BlogID=702 "India's First IT Guru" by Vikas Kamat]
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=T1TgnaIAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao Google Scholar profile]
* [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?type=author&lookfor=%22Ranganathan%2C%20S.%20R.%22&filter=ht_availability%3AFull%20text&use_dismax=1 Works on HathiTrust].

{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranganathan, S. R.}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Academic librarians]]
[[Category:Indian librarians]]
[[Category:Librarianship and human rights]]
[[Category:Library science scholars]]
[[Category:People from Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century librarians]]

Rajaraja I

2026-03-26T05:11:39Z

Jaya:

{{Short description|Chola emperor from 985 to 1014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox royalty
| regnal name = Rāja Rāja Cola (or) Rāja Rāja I
| title = Rājakēsari Varman, Ponniyin Selvan, Mum'muṭi Coḻa,{{sfn|Vidya Dehejia|1990|p=51}} Sivapathasekaran, Thirumurai Kanda Chola, [[Tailapa II|Taila]] Kula Kaalan, Telungu kula kaalan, [[Pandiya]] Kula Sani, [[Chera|Kerala]]ndhagan, [[Sinhalese|Sinhala]]ndhagan, [[Kshatriya|Kṣatriya]] Śikhāmaṇi
| image = Raraja detail.png
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Detail of the bronze portrait of Rajaraja Chola at the [[Brihadisvara Temple]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sivaraman |first1=R. |title=Idols of Raja Raja Chola, consort recovered from Gujarat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/idols-of-raja-raja-chola-consort-recovered-from-gujarat/article24040723.ece |work=The Hindu |date=30 May 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Srinivasan |first1=G. |title=Tamil Nadu elated Chola era idols' recovery from Gujarat {{!}} Tamil Nadu elated Chola era idols' recovery from Gujarat |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/310518/tamil-nadu-elated-chola-era-idols-recovery-from-gujarat.html |work=www.deccanchronicle.com |date=31 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
| succession = [[Chola Empire|Chola Emperor]]
| reign = June/July 985{{endash}}January or February 1014
| predecessor = [[Uttama]]
| successor = [[Rajendra I]]
| birth_name = Arul Mozhi Varman
| birth_date = {{Birth date|947|11|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Chola Empire]] (modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1014|1||947|11|3|df=yes}}
| death_place = Thanjavur, Chola Empire
| spouse = *Thiripuvana Madeviyar
*Lokamahadevi
*Cholamahadevi
*Tirilokyamahadevi
*Panchavanmahadevi
*Abhimanavalli
*Latamahadevi
*Prithivimahadevi
| issue = * [[Rajendra I]]
* Araiyan Rajarajan
* Arulmozhi Chandramalli alias Gangamadevi
* Mathevadigal
| house =
| father = [[Parantaka II]]
| mother = Vanavan Mahadevi
| signature = Raja Raja Chola I.svg
| religion = [[Hinduism]] ''[[#Religious policy|See details]]'' 
| succession2 = King of [[Anuradhapura]]
| reign2 = {{circa|992|January/February 1014}}
| predecessor2 = [[Mahinda V]]
| successor2 = [[Rajendra Chola|Rajendra I]]
| dynasty = [[Chola dynasty|Chola]]
}}

{{Chola history}}
'''Rājarāja I''' ([[Middle Tamil]]: ''Rājarāja Cola''; ''Rājarāja Śōḷa''; 3 November 947 – January/February 1014),{{sfn|Vidya Dehejia|1990|p=51}}{{sfn|K. A. N. Sastri|1992|p=1}} also known as '''Rajaraja the Great''', was a [[Chola Empire|Chola]] emperor who reigned from 985 to 1014. He was known for his conquests of [[South India|southern India]] and the [[Anuradhapura kingdom]] of [[Sri Lanka]], as well as increasing Chola influence across the Indian Ocean. Rajaraja's birth name is variously given as Arul Mozhi Varman and Arulmoli Varman.

Rajaraja's empire encompassed vast territories, including regions of the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya country]], the [[Chera dynasty|Chera country]], and northern Sri Lanka. He also extended his influence over strategic islands such as [[Lakshadweep]], [[Thailand|Thiladhunmadulu]] atoll, and parts of the [[Maldives]] in the Indian Ocean. His conquests were not limited to the south; he also launched successful campaigns against the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Gangas]] and the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]], extending Chola authority as far as the [[Tungabhadra River]]. In the east, Rajaraja faced fierce opposition from the [[Telugu Chodas|Telugu Chola]] king Jata Choda Bhima over control of [[Vengi]]. This region held significant strategic importance due to its access to resources and trade routes. The conflict between the two rulers intensified as they vied for dominance in the region, resulting in significant battles and shifting allegiances.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History|publisher=Primus Books|year=2013|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4|pages=46–49}}</ref><ref name="India's Past p.51">A Journey through India's Past by Chandra Mauli Mani p.51 (Northern Book Centre, 2006)</ref>{{sfn|M. G. S. Narayanan|2013|p=115-117}}

Rajaraja I commissioned the construction of the [[Brihadisvara Temple|Rajarajeshwaram Temple]] in the Chola capital of [[Thanjavur]], revered as one of the most prominent examples of the medieval South Indian architectural style.<ref>''The Hindus: An Alternative History'' by Wendy Doniger, p. 347.</ref> Additionally, during his reign, important Tamil literary works by poets such as Appar, Sambandar, and Sundarar were gathered and compiled into a single collection known as the ''[[Thirumurai]]''. This earned him the title of 'Thirumurai Kanda Cholar' ({{Literal translation|The One Who Found ''Thirumurai''}}).<ref name="India's Past p.51" /><ref>''Indian Thought: A Critical Survey'' by K. Damodaran, p. 246.</ref> He initiated a project of land survey and assessment in 1000 which led to the reorganisation of Tamil country into individual units known as ''valanadus''. Rajaraja died in 1014, and was succeeded by his son Rajendra Chola I.

== Early life ==
[[File:Rajaraja mural-2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mural of Rajaraja]]
[[File:Rajaraja mural.png|thumb|Rajaraja and his brother [[Aditha Chola II|Aditha Karikalan]] meeting their guru|250x250px]]
Rajaraja was the son of the Chola king [[Parantaka II]], also known as Sundara Chola, and his wife Vanavan.{{sfn|Vidya Dehejia|2009|p=42}} As recorded in the [[Thiruvalangadu]] copper-plate inscription, his birth name was Arun Mozhi Varman, meaning "The Word of Sun Clan".{{sfn|Vidya Dehejia|1990|p=51}}{{sfn|A. K. Seshadri|1998|p=31}} He was born around 947 during the Tamil month of , under the Sadhayam star.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tG1AAAAIAAJ&q=rajaraja+947 |title=Tamil Civilization: Quarterly Research Journal of the Tamil University |volume=3 |publisher=Tamil University |year=1985 |pages=40–41}}</ref> The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] recognises his birthdate as 3 November 947.<ref name="outlookindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/why-tamil-nadu-celebrating-king-raja-raja-chola-s-birthday-is-a-masterstroke-in-symbolism-news-234268|title=Why Tamil Nadu Celebrating King Raja Raja Chola's Birthday Is A Masterstroke In Symbolism|date=2 November 2022}}</ref> Rajaraja had an elder brother, [[Aditha Karikalan|Aditha II]],{{sfn|K. A. N. Sastri|1992|p=1}} and an elder sister, [[Kundavai Pirāttiyār|Kundavai]].{{sfn|A. K. Seshadri|1998|p=32}}

Rajaraja's accession marked the end of a period of competing claims to the Chola throne, following the reign of his great-grandfather [[Parantaka I]]. After Parantaka I, his elder son [[Gandaraditya]] became king. However, upon Gandaraditya's death, his son Madhurantakan was still a minor, so the throne passed to Parantaka I's younger son, [[Arinjaya Chola|Arinjaya]]. Arinjaya soon died, and his son Parantaka II (Sundara Chola) succeeded him. It was decided that Sundara Chola would be succeeded by [[Uttama (Chola dynasty)|Madhurantakan]], likely due to Sundara's preference. However, according to the Thiruvalangadu inscription of Rajaraja's son, [[Rajendra I]], the succession plan may have been made by Rajaraja himself.{{sfn|K. A. N. Sastri|1992|p=1}}

Aditha II died under mysterious circumstances, with inscriptions suggesting he may have been assassinated. Shortly afterwards, Sundara Chola also died, enabling Madhurantakan to assume the throne with the title Uttama Chola. Following Uttama Chola's death, Arul Moli Varman ascended the throne in mid-985{{sfn|K. A. N. Sastri|1992|p=1}} and adopted the regnal name Rajaraja, meaning "King among Kings."{{sfn|Vidya Dehejia|1990|p=49}}

== Military conquests ==
[[File:Rajaraja territories.png|center|thumb|363x363px|Chola empire during the reign of Rajaraja I]]
When Rajaraja came to power, he inherited a small kingdom centered around the Thanjavur–Tiruchirappalli region, the heart of traditional Chola territory.{{sfn|Vidya Dehejia|1990|p=51}} He transformed this kingdom from one that was recovering from attacks by the [[Rashtrakuta Empire]] into one that was a well-organised empire with a powerful army and navy. Under his rule, the northern kingdom of [[Vengi]] became closely allied with the Cholas, and their influence expanded along the eastern coast all the way up to [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]] in the north.{{sfn|K. A. N. Sastri|1992|p=1}}

[[Rajaraja Chola]] Thiruvalangadu plates states that, Arulmolivarman :

{{cquote|(performed [[tulabhara]] captured the town Vilinda; conquered the [[Pandya]] Amarabujanga and burnt the lord of [[Sri Lanka|Lanka]]; defeated [[Satyashraya]]; killed Andhra [[Jata Choda Bhima|Bhima]]; conquered the country of Parasurama(i.e.,[[Chera]]) and subdued the kings of [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga]], [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]], [[Vengi]], Magatha, Aratta ,odda,Surashtra and [[Western Chalukya|Chalukya]]).<ref name="Chakravarti 1933">{{Cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=N. p |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69621 |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.22 |date=1933}}</ref>
}}

The Larger Leiden plates States that [[Rajaraja]],

{{cquote|"conquered the [[Pandya]], [[Tulunadu|Tulu]], [[Chera kingdom|Kerala]], [[Sri Lanka|Simhalendra]] and [[Satyashraya]] ; destroyed ships at Kandalur-Salai , captured Vengainadu([[Vengi]]), Gangapadi, Nulambapadi, Tadigaipadi, Kudamalainadu, [[Kollam]], [[Kalinga (region)|Kalingam]], and Ilam([[Sri Lanka]] ) ; and removed the splendour of the Seliyas(i.e.,[[Pandyas]])."<ref name="Chakravarti 1933" />
}}

=== Against Kandalur Salai ===
{{Main|Battle of Kandalur Salai}}
[[File:Suchindram inscription of Rajaraja I.jpg|thumb|Inscription of Rajaraja in [[Suchindram]], near [[Kanyakumari]]]]
Rajaraja's earliest inscriptions commemorate a significant triumph at Kandalur Salai, located in present-day Kerala, around 988. He is acclaimed as 'Kāndalūr śālai Kalam-arutta', which translates to 'the one who destroyed Kandalur Salai'.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1977|p=3}}

Originally, this area was under the control of the [[Ay dynasty|Ay chief]], who served as a vassal to the Pandya king of [[Madurai]]. However, it remains uncertain whether warriors from the Chera or Pandya dynasties were involved in this conflict. The Thiruvalangadu inscription suggests that Rajaraja's general captured [[Vizhinjam]] (Viḷinam), which could have been part of the Kandalur Salai campaign. It appears that this engagement involved the Chola navy, or possibly a joint operation involving both the navy and the army.{{sfn|M. G. S. Narayanan|2013|pp=115–118}}

=== Conquest of Kerala and the Pandyas ===
Rajaraja's inscriptions begin to appear in [[Kanyakumari district]] in the 990s and in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] in the early 1000s. The Chola subjugation of Kerala can be dated to the early years of the 11th century.{{sfn|M. G. S. Narayanan|2013|pp=115–118}} The Senur inscription, dated to 1005 and attributed to Rajaraja, records his military achievements. It mentions the destruction of the Pandya capital, Madurai, as well as the conquest of several regions. These include defeating the formidable rulers of Kollam (Venad), Kolla-desham (Mushika), and Kodungallur (the Chera Perumals of Makotai).{{sfn|M. G. S. Narayanan|2013|pp=115–118}}{{sfn|K. A. N. Sastri|1992|p=2}}<ref name="Chakravarti 1933" /> Some triumphs in the region of Malainadu were possibly achieved by Rajaraja's son, Rajendra Chola.{{sfn|M. G. S. Narayanan|2013|pp=115–117}}

Following his victory over the Pandyas, Rajaraja assumed the title of Pandya Kulashani, which translates to 'Thunderbolt to the Race of the Pandyas'. As a result of his conquest, the territory of the Pandyas became recognised as "Rajaraja Mandalam" or "Rajaraja Pandinadu".{{sfn|K. A. N. Sastri|1992|p=238}} When recounting Rajaraja's military expedition in Trisanku Kastha (the southern region), the Thiruvalangadu Grant of Rajendra I mentions the capture of a certain royal figure named Amarabhujanga.{{sfn|V. Ramamurthy|1986|pp=288–289}} However, the specific identity of this individual—whether he was a prince of the Pandya dynasty, a general serving the Pandya king, or a prince of the Kongu Chera dynasty—remains a matter of debate.{{sfn|M. G. S. Narayanan|2013|pp=115–117}}{{sfn|V. Ramamurthy|1986|pp=288–289}} According to the ''Kongu Desa Rajakkal,'' a historical record of the [[Kongu Nadu]] region, it is suggested that this general eventually changed his loyalty to Rajaraja. He is said to have participated in the ritual of ''kanakabhisheka,'' where gold is poured over the Chola king, symbolising an act of royal anointment or coronation.{{sfn|V. Ramamurthy|1986|pp=288–289}}

Once Rajaraja had consolidated his authority in the southern regions, he took on the title of Mummudi Chola. This title, which means "Three Crowned", symbolised his power over three important Tamil kingdoms: the Cholas, the Pandyas, and the Cheras.{{sfn|Vidya Dehejia|1990|p=51}}

=== Conquest of northern Sri Lanka ===
{{Main|Chola conquest of Anuradhapura}}

[[File:Polonnaruwa 0305.jpg|left|thumb|Remains of a [[Shiva]] temple, erected following Rajaraja's capture of [[Polonnaruwa]] and its renaming to [[Jananathamangalam]], which indicate the Chola emperor's conquest in the region]]

During the reign of King Mahinda V, the Sinhalese kingdom of Anuradhapura experienced a significant military revolt around 982 CE, primarily as a consequence of the monarch's economic policies. The armed forces of the Anuradhapura capital predominantly consisted of Tamil mercenaries recruited from coastal regions. By 982, tensions escalated into a full-fledged uprising led by these mercenaries, resulting in a protracted civil conflict. The ensuing turmoil compelled the vulnerable Sinhala ruler to seek refuge in the Rohana principality, thereby plunging the capital city of Anuradhapura into an extended period of civil unrest lasting approximately eleven years, marked by widespread disorder and lawlessness.
{{sfn|K. A. N. Sastri|1992|p=3}}

The disruption of central governance exacerbated the financial strain on the kingdom, particularly in meeting the obligations to the Tamil mercenaries. Consequently, the mercenaries, feeling aggrieved and disillusioned, turned their allegiance towards the Chola empire. This strategic shift left Anuradhapura vulnerable to the incursions of the Chola forces, who exploited the internal strife to mount invasions in 993. These events, documented in historical sources, underscore the intricate interplay of economic policies, military dynamics, and regional power struggles during this period in the history of Anuradhapura.
{{sfn|Gunawardena|2005|p=71}}{{sfn|K. A. N. Sastri|1992|p=3}}

In 993, Rajaraja achieved the conquest of Anuradhapura, known as Pihiti rata in local context, situated in Sri Lanka. This territory was subsequently designated as Ila-mandalam in Chola historical records.{{sfn|K. A. N. Sastri|1992|p=2}} The military campaign led to the sacking of Anuradhapura by the Chola army, resulting in the acquisition of the northern portion of Sri Lanka by the Chola empire. As part of their administrative efforts, the Cholas established a provincial capital at the strategic military outpost of [[Polonnaruwa]], renaming it Jananathamangalam in honour of Rajaraja's title.{{sfn|K. A. N. Sastri|1992|p=3}}

Under Chola administration, the official Tali Kumaran{{clarify|reason=what is this?|date=June 2025}} oversaw the construction of a significant [[Shiva]] temple known as Rajarajeshwara, meaning "Lord of Rajaraja", within the town of Mahatirtha, now recognised as modern-day Mantota. Consequently, Mahatirtha was renamed Rajarajapura in commemoration of the Chola monarch's conquest and establishment of authority in the region.{{sfn|K. A. N. Sastri|1992|p=3}}

The Thiruvalangadu Plates directly compare Rajaraja's campaign to the invasion of Lanka by the legendary hero Rama:
{{cquote
| quote = "Rama built with the aid of monkeys, a causeway across the sea, and then with great difficulties defeated the king of Lanka using sharp-edged arrows. But Rama was excelled by this king whose powerful army crossed the ocean by ships and burnt up the king of Lanka."
| source = Thiruvalangadu Copper Plates{{sfn|Vidya Dehejia|1990|p=51}}
| align = center
| width = 75%
}}

=== Chalukyan conflict ===
In 998, Rajaraja annexed Gangapadi, Nolambapadi, and Tadigaipadi (present-day Karnataka).<ref name="whatisindia.com">{{Cite web |title=South Indian Inscriptions Volume 2 - Rajarajesvara Temple Inscriptions at Tanjavur @ whatisindia.com |url=https://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_2/introduction.html |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=www.whatisindia.com}}</ref> During this campaign, he subdued the [[Nolamba dynasty]], who were previously vassals of the Ganga dynasty.<ref>Seminar on Social and Cultural History of Dharmapuri district p.46</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WQ9AQAAIAAJ&q=nolambas+rashtrakutas|title=The Noḷambas: a political and cultural study, c750 to 1050 A.D.|author=M. S. Krishna Murthy|publisher=University of Mysore|year=1980|page=98}}</ref> These territories were initially under the suzerainty of the Rashtrakutas, who had been defeated by the Western Chalukyas in 973. Consequently, the Cholas found themselves in direct conflict with the Chalukyas.<ref name="ReferenceA">Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.398</ref>

===Battle of Gangavadi===

By 1004, Rajaraja had conquered the Gangavadi province.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the Early Medieval Period|author=Malini Adiga|publisher=Orient BlackSwan, 2006|page=239}}</ref> He established control over the western part of Gangavadi, ruled by the Changalvas, and over Kodagu, governed by the Kongalvas, who were then made vassals of the Chola Empire.<ref name=manya>{{cite book|title=History of Indian Administration: Medieval period|author=Baij Nath Puri|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1975|page=51}}</ref> In 1004 AD Raja Raja Chola encamped in [[WesternGangadynasty|Gangavadi]] province, and soon [[Westernchalukyadynasty|Chalukya]] army invaded. In the [[Battle of Gangavadi]], Raja Raja Chola defeated the invading Chalukya army and secured [[WesternGanga dynasty|Gangavadi]] Province.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anirudh Kanisetti |url=http://archive.org/details/anirudh-kanisetti-lords-of-earth-and-sea-a-history-of-the-chola-empire-juggernaut-books-2025 |title=Lords Of Earth And Sea A History Of The Chola Empire (2025) |date=2025}}</ref>

===Battle of Annigeri===

[[Raja Raja Chola]] led the campaign in Ratta Padi in 1003–1004 AD and achieved victory in many battles. [[Raja Raja Chola I]] defeated [[Satyashraya]] in the [[Battle of Annigeri]] and successfully conquered Annigeri Province. In this battle Satyashraya was assisted by his brother Dasavarman and General Dandanayaka Kesava. Dandanayaka Kesava was governor of the Belvola-300 and Puligere-300 divisions, which are located in [[Annigeri]] Province. The Tiruvalangadu plates of [[Rajendra Chola]] state that Raja Raja defeated [[Satyashraya]] who "fled to avoid misery from the attack of his (i.e., Arulmolivarman's) ocean-like army; (still) misery found a (permanent) abode in him. In this battle Satyashraya's brother, Prince Dasavarman, was killed, and Chalukya general Dandanayaka Kesava was taken prisoner. After Raja Raja Chola returned to his capital with booty of some gold flowers and treasures, which he dedicated to the temple of [[Thanjavur]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Mysore Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2|author=Benjamin Lewis Rice|publisher=Government Press, 1930 – Karnataka (India)|page=1075}}</ref><ref name="B.R Gopal 1981">{{Cite book |last=B.R Gopal |url=http://archive.org/details/sgw.chalukyasofkalya0000brgo |title=The Chalukyas Of Kalyana And The Kalachuris |date=1981 |publisher=Karnataka University Dharwad |others=Servants of Knowledge |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sivaramamurti |first=C. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.29374 |title=Chola temples Tanjavur |date=1960}}</ref>

===Siege of Unkal===

Raja Raja Chola diverted attention from [[Vengi]] affairs to the [[Satyashraya]] to counteroffensive and sent an army under Crown Prince [[Rajendra Chola]] in Chalukya Country. Rajendra marched with a 900,000-strong army and Captured Santalige, Kadambalige, [[Banavasi]], [[Kogali]] and besieged the fort of Unkallu in the modern Unkal district located in the Dharwad district. In this ensuing battle, the Cholas defeated the Chalukyas, and the Chalukya commander, Lenka Keta, was killed. After Rajendra Chola successfully captured Unkallu Fort and then encamped at Donur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murari |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TeK1AAAAIAAJ |title=The Cāḷukyas of Kalyāṇi, from Circa 973 A.D. to 1200 A.D.: Based Mainly on Epigraphical Sources |date=1977 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=S. Ramakrishnan |first=General Editor |url=http://archive.org/details/struggleforempir05bhar |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 05, The Struggle For Empire |date=2001 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource}}</ref>

===Battle of Donur===
{{Main|Battle of Donur}}

Following the Siege of Unkallu Fort, Rajendra battled against Satyashraya, who was opposing him in Donur. In the Battle of Donur, [[Rajendra chola]] defeated [[Satyashraya]] and successfully raided [[Banavasi]], [[Donur]] (in the Bijapur region), [[Unkal]] (near modern Hubli), [[Kudala Sangama]] and parts of the [[Raichur]] Doab and secured [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangavadi]] and Nolambavadi. But this conquest and all raids in Chalukya country only lasted until [[Satyashraya]] reconquered all territories up to Thungapathra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murari |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TeK1AAAAIAAJ |title=The Cāḷukyas of Kalyāṇi, from Circa 973 A.D. to 1200 A.D.: Based Mainly on Epigraphical Sources |date=1977 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/bmshri.karnatakathrough0000unse |title=Karnataka Through The Ages |date=1968 |publisher=The Government Of Mysore |others=Servants of Knowledge}}</ref>

An inscription attributed to Irivabedanga Satyashraya from Dharwar acknowledges his allegiance to the Western Chalukyas and highlights the Chola incursion. He accuses Rajendra Chola of leading a massive force of 955,000 soldiers and causing havoc in Donuwara([[Donur]] in [[Bijapur]] district), blurring the ethical boundaries of warfare prescribed by the [[Dharmaśāstra|''Dharmaśāstras'']].<ref name="Studying early India: archaeology, texts and historical issues, page 198">''Studying early India: archaeology, texts and historical issues'', p. 198</ref> Historians such as James Heitzman and Wolfgang Schenkluhn interpret this confrontation as indicative of personal animosity between the rulers of the [[Chola]] and [[Western Chalukya]] kingdoms, akin to historical conflicts between the [[Chalukyas of Badami]] and the [[Pallavas of Kanchi]].<ref name="The world in the year 1000, page 311">''The world in the year 1000'', p. 311</ref><ref>''History of India: a new approach'' by Kittu Reddy, p. 146</ref>

=== Vengi kingdom ===
Meanwhile, the Vengi kingdom was under the rule of Jata Choda Bhima, a member of the [[Telugu Chodas|Telugu Cholas]] branch.<ref name=manya /> However, Rajaraja emerged victorious in battle against Bhima, and Saktivarman, an Eastern Chalukya prince, was appointed as a viceroy under the Chola Dynasty.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Despite a brief period of Bhima's recapture of [[Kanchi]] in 1001, Rajaraja swiftly restored Saktivarman to power.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLwKAQAAIAAJ&q=raja+raja+chola+kalinga|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial Kanauj|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|publisher=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|year=1951|page=154}}</ref><ref name="Venkataramanayya 1950">{{Cite book |last=Venkataramanayya |first=N[elaturi |url=http://archive.org/details/venkataramanayya-n.-the-eastern-calukyas-of-vengi |title=The Eastern Calukyas of Vengi |date=1950}}</ref> Notably, Rajaraja cemented an alliance between the Chola Dynasty and the Eastern Chalukya kingdom by arranging the marriage of his daughter, Kundavai, to the next viceroy of Vengi, Vimaladitya. This strategic union ensured the future succession of Rajaraja's descendants to the throne of the [[eastern Chalukya kingdom]].<ref name="Cholas I">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/CholasI |title=Cholas I}}</ref>[[Satyashraya]] retaliated by invading the [[Vengi]] country in 1006 A.D. and placed Saktivaiman on the Vengi Throne. Raja Raja Chola diverted the Chalukyas to send a big army under Prince Rajendra Chola in Chalukya country. So [[Satyashraya]], without having reinforcement to deal with the Chola army, called back his general Bayal Nambi, who advanced up to [[Chebrollu]]. Satyastraya did not permanently recapture Vengi. He made attempts, but the Cholas successfully defended their influence.<ref name="B.R Gopal 1981"/><ref name="Venkataramanayya 1950"/>

=== Victory over Hoysalas ===
[[Narsipura|Narasipur]], dated to 1006, records that Rajaraja's general Aprameya killed Hoysala generals and a minister identified as Naganna.<ref name="Epigraphia Indica, Volume 30, page 248">''Epigraphia Indica, Volume 30, page 248''</ref><ref name="Kitabistam,Allahabad">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/historicalinscri035270mbp |title=Historical Inscriptions Of Southern INida |publisher=Kitabistam,Allahabad |others=BRAOU, Digital Library Of India}}</ref> Additionally, a similar inscription in [[Channapatna]] describes Rajaraja defeating the Hoysalas.General Aprameya defeated Hoysala leaders manjaga, kaliga(or kali – ganga),Nigavarma and others in the [[Battle of Kalavur]] .winning by his valour in the plain of Kalavur a name to endure for ever.<ref name="Cholas I"/>

=== Kalinga conquest ===
The invasion of the kingdom of Kalinga occurred after the conquest of Vengi. This conquest marked the northern boundary of the Chola Empire at that time and established their control over the entirety of south and south-east India.<ref>{{cite web | title=Cholas I | url=https://archive.org/details/CholasI/page/n252/mode/1up }}</ref><ref name="Kitabistam,Allahabad"/><ref name="Chakravarti 1933" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sivaramamurti |first=C. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.29374 |title=Chola temples Tanjavur |date=1960}}</ref>

=== Conquest of Kuda-malai-nadu ===
In multiple historical accounts, there are mentions of Rajaraja's conquest of a place called "Kuda-malai-nadu" around the year 1000.{{sfn|M. G. S. Narayanan|2013|p=115-117}}<ref>{{cite book|title=A Journey through India's Past (Great Hindu Kings after Harshavardhana)|author=Chandra Mauli Mani|publisher=Northern Book Centre, 2009 – India – 132 pages|page=51}}</ref> In certain inscriptions found in Karnataka, the term "Kudagu-malai-nadu" is used instead of "Kuda-malai-nadu". Scholars generally believe that this region corresponds to Coorg (Kudagu).{{sfn|M. G. S. Narayanan|2013|p=115-117}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Epigraphia Indica, Volume 22|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |date=1935 |page=225}}</ref>

The king's conquest of Malainadu is described in the Vikrama Chola Ula, where it is said that he achieved it in just one day, crossing 18 mountain passes. According to the Kulottunga Chola Ula, Rajaraja was depicted as beheading 18 people and burning down Udagai. Additionally, the Kalingathupparani references the establishment of Chadaya Nalvizha in Udiyar Mandalam, the seizure of Udagai, and the plundering of several elephants from the area. The Tiruppalanam inscription from 999 records the king's offering of an idol obtained as spoils from Malainadu.{{sfn|M. G. S. Narayanan|2013|p=115-118}}<ref name="whatisindia.com"/><ref name="Cholas I"/>

=== Naval expedition and Conquest of the Maldives ===
The naval campaigns of Rajaraja formed a reassertion of Chola power in the Indian Ocean.{{sfn|M. G. S. Narayanan|2013|p=115-117}}
{{blockquote
| quote="A naval campaign led to the conquest of the Maldive Islands, the Malabar Coast, and northern Sri Lanka, all of which were essential to the Chola control over trade with Southeast Asia and with Arabia and eastern Africa. These were the transit areas, ports of call for the Arab traders and ships to Southeast Asia and China, which were the source of the valuable spices sold at a high profit to Europe."
| author = Romila Thapar
| source ={{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Rajputs#ref46892 | title=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}
| width = 75%
| align = center
}}

The Cholas controlled the area around [[Bay of Bengal]] with [[Nagapattinam]] as the main port. The [[Chola Navy]] also played a major role in the invasion of Sri Lanka.{{sfn|Milo Kearney|2003|p=70}} The success of Rajaraja allowed his son [[Rajendra Chola]] to lead the [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya]], carrying out naval raids in South-East Asia and briefly occupying [[Kedah|Kadaram]].<ref name="sen2" /><ref>Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.230</ref>

Rajaraja I and Rajendra I are described as the greatest Chola rulers because of these conquests.<ref>[[Satish Chandra (historian)|Chandra, Satish]]. ''Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. 2''. Har-Anand Publications, 1997. ISBN 978-8124105221.</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2025}}

== Personal life ==
Rajaraja married several women, including the following: Vanathi aka Thiripuvāna Mādēviyār, Dantisakti Vitanki aka Lokamadevi, Panchavan Madeviyar, Chola Mahadevi, Trailokya Mahadevi, Lata Mahadevi, Prithvi Mahadevi, Meenavan Mahadevi, Viranarayani and Villavan Mahadevi.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1977|p=6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlnaAAAAMAAJ&q=raja+raja+cholan+kundavai|title=Documentation on Women, Children, and Human Rights|publisher=Sandarbhini, Library and Documentation Centre|year=1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEVuAAAAMAAJ&q=rajendra+chola+mother|title=Studies in Indian place names|publisher=Place Names Society of India|page=58|year=1954}}</ref> He had at least three daughters and two sons. The older son, Rajendra, was born to Thiripuvāna Mādēviyār.<ref name="Early Chola art, page 183">''Early Chola art, page 183''</ref>{{full citation needed|date=June 2025}}<ref name="A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Thanjavur District, page 180">''A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Thanjavur District, page 180''</ref>{{full citation needed|date=June 2025}} The younger son was named Araiyan Rajarajan, and the identity of his mother is unknown.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} He had his first daughter [[Kundavai]] with Lokamadevi who eventually married [[Eastern Chalukyas|Chalukya]] prince Vimaladithan.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} Rajaraja had two other daughters.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} Rajaraja died in 1014 in the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of Maka and was succeeded by Rajendra Chola I.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUghAAAAMAAJ&q=raja+raja+chola+died+month|title=Rāja Rāja, the great|publisher=Ananthacharya Indological Research Institute|year=1987|page=28}}</ref>

== Administration ==
[[File:Chola Kings. Rajaraja I. 985-1014 CE Uncertain Tamilnadu mint. Chola, conqueror of the Gangas in Tamil, seated tiger with two fish.jpg|thumb|Imperial coin of Chola King Rajaraja I (985–1014). Uncertain [[Tamilnadu]] mint. Legend "Chola, conqueror of the Gangas" in Tamil, seated tiger with two fish.]]
[[File:Seal of Rajaraja I.jpg|thumb|Imperial seal of Rajaraja I]]
Before the reign of Rajaraja I, portions of the Chola territory were ruled by hereditary lords and princes who were in a loose alliance with the Chola rulers.<ref name="Practice p.172">Precolonial India in Practice : Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra by Austin Cynthia Talbot Assistant Professor of History and Asian Studies University of Texas p.172</ref> Rajaraja initiated a project of land survey and assessment in 1000 which led to the reorganisation of the empire into units known as ''valanadus''.<ref name="Early Medieval India p.590">''A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century'' by Upinder Singh, p. 590.</ref><ref name="India p.76">''Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947'' by U. B. Singh, p. 76.</ref> From the reign of Rajaraja I until the reign of [[Vikrama Chola]] in 1133, the hereditary lords and local princes were either replaced or turned into dependent officials.<ref name="Practice p.172" /> This led to the king exercising closer control over the different parts of the empire.<ref name="Practice p.172" /> Rajaraja strengthened the local self-governments and installed a system of audit and control by which the village assemblies and other public bodies were held to account while retaining their autonomy.<ref>Life/Death Rhythms of Ancient Empires – Climatic Cycles Influence Rule of Dynasties by Will Slatyer p.236</ref><ref name="The First Spring p.68">The First Spring: The Golden Age of India by Abraham Eraly p.68</ref>{{sfn|Geeta Vasudevan|2003|pp=62–63}} To promote trade, he sent the first Chola mission to [[Northern Song dynasty|China]].<ref>Tamil Nadu, a real history by K. Rajayyan p.112</ref> Furthermore, his elder sister Kundavai assisted him in the administration and management of temples.<ref name="Ancient system of oriental medicine, page 96">''Ancient system of oriental medicine, page 96''</ref>

== Officials ==
[[File:Rajaraja mural-2.jpg|left|thumb|296x296px|Mural depicting Rajaraja and his guru [[Karuvurar|Karuvuruvar]] found in the Brihadisvara temple, Tamil Nadu (11th century)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RTqAAAAMAAJ&q=chola+Karuvurar|title=A History of Fine Arts in India and the West|author=Edith Tömöry|publisher=Orient Longman|year=1982|page=246|isbn=978-0-86131-321-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIlHAQAAIAAJ&q=chola+Karuvurar|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian paintings|author=Rakesh Kumar|publisher=Anmol Publications |year=2007|page=4|isbn=9788126131228}}</ref>]]
Towards the end of his reign, Rajaraja appointed [[Rajendra Chola I]] as co-regent, who served as the supreme commander of the northern and northwestern territories. Under his rule, the administrative system was expanded, resulting in a greater number of offices and officials documented in Chola records compared to previous eras.<ref name="Early Medieval India p.590" /> Villavan Muvendavelan, one of Rajaraja's top officials, figures in many of his inscriptions.<ref>South Indian inscriptions, India. Archaeological Survey, India. Dept. of Archaeology p.477</ref> Other officials named in inscriptions include the [[Bana kingdom|Bana]] prince Narasimhavarman, the general Senapathi [[Krishnan Raman]], the Samanta chief [[Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan]], the revenue official Irayiravan Pallavarayan, and Kuruvan Ulagalandan, who organised the country-wide land surveys.<ref>South India heritage: an introduction by Prema Kasturi, Chithra Madhavan p.96</ref>

== Religious policy ==


Rajaraja was a follower of the [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] denomination of [[Hinduism]], but he also dedicated several temples to [[Vishnu]].{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} Rajaraja called himself ''Shivapada Shekhara'' ([[IAST]]: Śivapāda Śekhara), literally, 'the one who places his crown at the feet of Shiva'.{{sfn|R. S. Sharma|2003|p=270}}

The Buddhist monastery of [[Chudamani Vihara]] was constructed in the 11th century in [[Nagapattinam]] by the Sailendra king of Srivijaya, Sri Mara Vijayattungavarman, with the support of Rajaraja I. It was named Chudamani (or Chulamani) Vihara after King Sri Mara's father.{{sfn|Kulke|Kesavapany|Sakhuja|2009|p=67}}<ref name=srivijaya2>{{cite book|title=Aspects of Indian history and culture|author1=C. E. Ramachandran|author2=K. V. Raman, Indian History and Culture Society|publisher=Books & Books, 1984|page=11}}</ref> According to the small Leyden grant{{clarify|need to explain what it is – another inscription?|date=June 2025}}, this Vihara was known as Rajaraja-perumpalli during the reign of Kulottunga I.<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle Chola Temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I, A.D. 985–1070|author=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam|publisher=Thomson Press (India), 1975|pages=115–116}}</ref>

== Arts and architecture ==
[[File:Raraja detail.png|left|thumb|Bronze portrait of Raraja Cholan, 11th century.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramesh |first1=N. |title=Tamil Nadu: 50 years on, stolen bronze idols worth Rs 150 crore recovered |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/May/31/tamil-nadu-50-years-on-stolen-bronze-idols-worth-rs-150-crore-recovered-1821718.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>]]
After hearing short excerpts of the ''[[Tevaram]]'' in his court, Rajaraja embarked on a mission to recover the hymns.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOG1AAAAIAAJ&q=raja+raja+chola+thevaram|title=Raja Raja Chola, the high point of history|author=S. V. S.|publisher=Authors Guild of India Madras Chapter|year=1985|page=54}}</ref> He sought the help of [[Nambiyandar Nambi]].{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=178}} It is believed that by divine intervention Nambi found the presence of scripts, in the form of [[cadijam]] leaves half-eaten by [[white ant]]s in a chamber inside the second precinct in [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]].{{sfn|Norman Cutler|1987|p=50}}{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=178}} The ''brahmanas'' ([[Dikshitars]]) in the temple opposed the mission, but Rajaraja intervened by consecrating the images of the saint-poets through the streets of Chidambaram.{{sfn|Norman Cutler|1987|p=50}}{{sfn|Geeta Vasudevan|2003|pp=109–110}} Rajaraja thus became known as 'Tirumurai Kanda Cholan', meaning 'One who saved the ''Tirumurai''<nowiki/>'. In his work ''Nambiyandar Nambi Puranam'' (alias ''Tirumurai Kanda Puranam''), Nambi identifies his patron as "Rasarasamannan-Abhayakula-sekharan" ({{Literal translation|King Rajaraja, the best of the race of Abhaya}}).<ref>{{cite book|title=Tillai and Nataraja|author=B. Natarajan|publisher=Mudgala Trust, 1994|page=212}}</ref> At that time, Shiva temples only had images of god forms, but after the advent of Rajaraja, the images of the [[Nayanar saints]] were also placed inside the temple.{{sfn|Geeta Vasudevan|2003|pp=109–110}} Nambi organised the hymns of three saint poets—[[Sambandar]], [[Appar]], and [[Sundarar]]—as the first seven books. He included [[Manickavasagar]]'s "Tirukovayar" and "Tiruvacakam" as the 8th book, and the hymns of nine other saints as the 9th book. The "[[Tirumantiram|Tirumandiram]]" of Tirumular was designated as the 10th book, while 40 hymns by 12 other poets constituted the 11th book. Additionally, Nambi added Tirutotanar Tiruvanthathi, the sacred [[anthathi]] of the labours of the 63 Nayanar saints, along with his own hymns as the 12th book.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=191}}{{Overly detailed inline|date=July 2025}} The initial seven books were later recognised as the ''Tevaram''.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=191}} With the addition of [[Sekkizhar]]'s Periya Puranam (1135) as the twelfth book, the entire Saiva canon became known as ''Tirumurai'', the holy scripture. Consequently, Saiva literature now encompasses approximately 600 years of religious, philosophical, and literary development.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=191}}

There are no existing contemporary portraits or statues of Rajaraja. The bronze figure purportedly depicting him at the Thanjavur temple is spurious and of recent origin.{{sfn|K. A. N. Sastri|1992|p=2}}

=== Brihadisvara Temple ===
[[File:Brihadeeswarar Kovil.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Brihadisvara Temple]] built by Rajaraja I, a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]]]

{{Main|Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur}}

During 1010, Rajaraja built the Peruvudaiyar Temple (also known as Periya Kovil, RajaRajeswara Temple, and Rajarajeswaram) in [[Thanjavur]] and dedicated it to Shiva. The temple and the capital were centres of both religious and economic activity.{{sfn|Geeta Vasudevan|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilnadu.com/travel/tanjavur-periya-kovil.html |title=Tamil Nadu – Thanjavur Periya Kovil – 1000 Years, Six Earthquakes, Still Standing Strong |publisher=Tamilnadu.com |date=27 January 2014 |access-date=4 December 2015 |archive-date=26 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226001353/http://tamilnadu.com/travel/tanjavur-periya-kovil.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The temple is one of the largest temples in India and is an example of [[Dravidian architecture]] of the [[Chola dynasty|Chola period]].{{sfn|John Keay|2000|p=xix}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Endowments to the Temple|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_cholabt_endowments.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> Along with [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] temple and [[Airavatesvara temple]], Peruvudaiyar temple is part of the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] known as the "[[Great Living Chola Temples]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnadu.com/temples/tanjavur-periya-kovil.html|title=Tanjavur Periya Kovil Tamil Nadu|publisher=Tamilnadu.com|date=5 December 2012|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=10 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210124501/http://tamilnadu.com/temples/tanjavur-periya-kovil.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Coins ==
[[File:Gold coin of Raja Raja Chola I.JPG|left|thumb|Copper coin of Rajaraja I]]
Prior to Rajaraja's reign, Chola coins featured the tiger emblem on the obverse, along with the fish and bow emblems representing the Pandya and Chera Dynasties, while the reverse side displayed the name of the King. However, a new type of coin emerged during Rajaraja's rule. These new coins showcased the figure of the standing king on the obverse side, while the reverse side depicted a seated goddess.<ref>Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan by Lionel D. Barnett p.216</ref> The coins spread across much of southern India and were copied by Sri Lankan kings.<ref>Coins of India by C. J. Brown p.63</ref>

== Inscriptions ==
[[File:Vatteluttu.png|thumb|200px|A typical lithic inscription of the Chola period]]

Due to Rajaraja's desire to record his military achievements, he recorded the important events of his life in stone.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} An inscription in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] from [[Mulbagal]] in Karnataka shows his accomplishments as early as the 19th year.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} An excerpt from such a ''[[Meikeerthi]]'', an inscription recording great accomplishments, follows:

{{cquote
| quote = Hail Prosperity! In the 21st year of (the reign of) the illustrious Ko Raja Rajakesari Varma, alias the illustrious Rajaraja Deva, who, while both the goddess of fortune and the great goddess of the earth, who had become his exclusive property, gave him pleasure, was pleased to destroy the kalam at Kandalur and conquered by his army, which was victorious in great battles, Vengai-nadu, Ganga-padi, Nulamba-padi, Tadigai-padi, Kudamalai-nadu, Kollam, Kalingam and Ira-mandalam, which is famed in the eight directions; who, while his beauty was increasing, and while he was resplendent (to such an extent) that he was always worthy to be worshipped, deprived the Seriyas of their splendour, and (in words) in the twenty-first year of Chola Arumoli, who possesses the river Ponni, whose waters are full of waves.{{sfn|B. Lewis Rice|1905|p=107}}
| author =
| source =
| width = 75%
| align = center
}}
{{multiple image
| total_width = 700
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Thirumagalpola.jpg
| caption1 = ஸ்வஸ்திஸ்ரீ் திருமகள் போல பெருநில
| image2 = Perunilachelviyun.jpg
| caption2 = பெருநிலச் செல்வியுந் தனக்கேயுரிமை
| image3 = Keyurimaipundamai.jpg
| caption3 = கேயுரிமை பூண்டமை மனக்கொளக்
| image4 = Kandalursaalai kalamaruttaruli.jpg
| caption4 = காந்தளூர்ச் சாலைக் களமறூத்தருளி வேங்கை
| image5 = Udaiyar Sri Rajaraja.jpg
| caption5 = உடையார் ஸ்ரீராஜராஜ
| footer_align = center
| footer = Excerpts of Rajaraja's inscription from [[Brihadisvara Temple]] in Thanjavur (''first line in every image'')
| direction =
| alt1 =
}}

Rajaraja recorded all the grants made to the Thanjavur temple and his achievements. He also preserved the records of his predecessors. An inscription of his reign found at Tirumalavadi records an order of the king to the effect that the central shrine of the Vaidyanatha temple at the place should be rebuilt and that, before pulling down the walls, the inscriptions engraved on them should be copied in a book. The records were subsequently re-engraved on the walls from the book after the rebuilding was finished.{{sfn|Eugen Hultzsch|1890|p=8}}{{better source needed|date=June 2025}}

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Rajaraja Statue.jpg|thumb|250x250px|20th-century sculpture of Rajaraja in [[Thanjavur]]]]
*''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' – a 2022 film based on [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]]'s 1955 novel ''[[Ponniyin Selvan]]'', which deals with the succession troubles during the reign of Sundara Chola and the death of the elder prince, [[Aditha Karikalan]], portrayed by Tamil actor [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]. The role of the younger prince, Arulmozhi Varman, also known as Ponniyin Selvan and the future Rajaraja I, was played by Tamil actor [[Ravi Mohan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan: All About Jayam Ravi's Character Arun Mozhi Varman |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/31147/ponniyin-selvan-jayam-ravi-character-ps1 |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=moviecrow.com}}</ref> The sequel, ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'', was released in 2023.
*''[[Rajaraja Cholan]]'' – a 1973 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film starring [[Sivaji Ganesan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Cine Quiz|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/09/26/stories/2008092650150400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927045514/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/09/26/stories/2008092650150400.htm|archive-date=27 September 2008|access-date=9 July 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 September 2008}}</ref>
*''[[Ponniyin Selvan]]'' – a novel by [[Kalki Krishnamurthy|Kalki]], which revolves around the early life of Rajaraja, the mysteries surrounding the death of Aditha Karikalan, and the subsequent accession of Uththama Chola to the Chola throne.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mani is likely to drop Ponniyin Selvan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Mani-is-likely-to-drop-Ponniyin-Selvan/articleshow/8141844.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616095442/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-02/news-interviews/29495509_1_mani-ratnam-priyanka-chopra-ponniyin-selvan|archive-date=16 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref>
*''Nandipurathu Nayagi'' {{Clarify|date=April 2024}} by [[Vembu Vikiraman]] revolves around the ascension of Uttama Chola to the throne and Rajaraja's naval expedition.
*''Rajaraja Cholan'' {{Clarify|date=April 2024}} by Kathal Ramanathan.
*''Kandalur Vasantha Kumaran Kathai''{{Clarify|date=April 2024}} by [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]], which deals with the situations leading Rajaraja to invade Kandalur.
*''Rajakesari'' and ''Cherar Kottai'' {{Clarify|date=April 2024}} by Gokul Seshadri deal with the Kandalur invasion and its after-effects.
* ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'' – a 1988 historical drama that depicts Rajaraja Chola (played by [[Om Puri]]) in episodes 22 and 23.<ref>{{cite news|title=What makes Shyam special|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030627193719/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm |archive-date=27 June 2003 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 January 2003|access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref>
*''Kaviri Mainthan'' – a 2007 novel by Anusha Venkatesh.
*''Udayaar'' – a book by Tamil author [[Balakumaran]], which deals with Rajaraja's later years and Rajendra Chola I's ascension.

== See also ==
*[[List of Tamil monarchs]]
*[[Chola Military]]
*[[Chola Navy]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|}}
* {{cite book|author=A. K. Seshadri|title=Sri Brihadisvara: The Great Temple of Thānjavūr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnXXAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Nile}}
* {{cite book|author=B. Lewis Rice|author-link=B. Lewis Rice|title=Epigraphia Carnatica|volume=10, Part I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sscUAAAAYAAJ|year=1905|publisher=Mysore Archaeological Survey}}
* {{cite book|author=Eugen Hultzsch|title=South Indian inscriptions (1983 reprint)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StdtAAAAMAAJ|year=1890|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}
* {{cite book |last=Gunawardena | first= Charles A. |title=Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-48-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Geeta Vasudevan|year=2003|title=Royal Temple of Rajaraja: An Instrument of Imperial Chola Power|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=0-00-638784-5}}
* {{cite book|author=John E. Cort|title=Open boundaries: Jain communities and culture in Indian history|year=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWfnXbVWjKcC&q=tevaram&pg=PA178|isbn=978-0-7914-3786-5}}
* {{cite book|author=John Keay|year=2000|title=India, a History|publisher=Harper Collins Publishers|location=London|isbn=0-00-638784-5}}
* {{cite book|author=K. A. N. Sastri|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|year=1984|title=The Cholas|publisher=University of Madras|location=Madras|orig-date=1935}}
* {{cite book|author=K. A. N. Sastri|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|chapter=The Cōḷas|editor1=R. S. Sharma|editor2=K. M. Shrimali|title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985–1206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=People's Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7007-121-1}}
* {{cite book|author=K. A. N. Sastri|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|year=2000|title=A History of South India|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=0-19-560686-8|orig-date=1955}}
* {{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|author-link=Kamil Zvelebil|title=A History of Indian literature|volume=10 (Tamil Literature)|year=1974|publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&pg=PA130|isbn=3-447-01582-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Milo Kearney|year=2003|title=The Indian Ocean in World History|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-31277-9}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |first2=K. |last2=Kesavapany|first3= Vijay|last3= Sakhuja |title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwip: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia |year=2009 |publisher=Institute of south-east Asian Studies |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-938-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2swhCXJVRzwC&q=kayarohanam&pg=PA119}}
* {{cite book|author=M. G. S. Narayanan|orig-date=1972|title=Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ|year=2013|publisher=CosmoBooks|isbn=978-81-88765-07-2|location=Kerala}}
* {{cite book|author=Norman Cutler|title=Songs of experience: the poetics of Tamil devotion|year=1987|publisher=Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data|location=USA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&pg=PA4|isbn=0-253-35334-3}}
* {{cite book|author=R. Rajalakshmi|title=Tamil Polity, c. A.D. 600-c. A.D. 1300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4wmAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Ennes}}
* {{cite book|author=R. Nagaswamy|author-link=R. Nagaswamy|title=Brhadisvara Temple: Form and Meaning|year=2010|publisher=Aryan Books International|id={{ASIN|817305388X|country=in}} }}
* {{cite book |author=R. S. Sharma |author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma |title=Early Medieval Indian Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&pg=PA270 |year=2003 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2523-8}}
* {{cite book |author=S.R. Balasubrahmanyam |title=Middle Chola Temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I |publisher=Oriental |year=1977 |isbn=9789060236079 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dufVAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite journal |last=Spencer |first = George W. |date=May 1976 | title = The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon | journal = The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=405–419 | doi = 10.2307/2053272 | jstor = 2053272|s2cid = 154741845 }}
* {{cite news|author=T. S. Subramanian|title=Unearthed stone ends debate|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Unearthed-stone-ends-debate/article15940697.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2009-11-27}}
* {{cite book|author=V. Ramamurthy|editor=N. Mahalingam|title=History of Kongu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SP03AQAAIAAJ|year=1986|publisher=International Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilization}}
* {{cite book|author=Vidya Dehejia|title=The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art|url=https://archive.org/details/bodyadorneddisso0000dehe|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/bodyadorneddisso0000dehe/page/42 42]|year=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51266-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Vidya Dehejia|title=Art of the Imperial Cholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23F7vTn3hBMC&pg=PA49|year=1990|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51524-5}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Rajaraja I}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=Rajaraja I|before=[[Uttama Chola]]|after=[[Rajendra Chola I]] |years=985–1014}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajaraja 01}}
[[Category:940s births]]
[[Category:1014 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:10th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:11th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Chola dynasty]]
[[Category:Chola emperors]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Shaivites]]

Biharis

2026-03-20T10:14:58Z

Jaya: minor enhance layout for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Demonym for the inhabitants of Bihar, India}}
{{other uses|Bihari (disambiguation)}}
{{For|[[Bihari Muslims]] who settled in Pakistan|Muhajir (Pakistani)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
'''Bihari''' ({{Audio|Bihari.ogg|listen}}) is a [[demonym]] given to the inhabitants of the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. Bihari people can be separated into three main [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[South Asian ethnic groups|ethnolinguistic groups]]: [[Bhojpuri people|Bhojpuris]], [[Maithils]] and [[Magahi people|Magahis]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brass |first1=Paul R. |year=2005 |title=Language, Religion and Politics in North India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SylBHS8IJAUC&pg=PA69 |page=69 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-34394-2}}</ref> They are also further divided into a variety of hereditary [[caste]] groups.<ref name="Gupta2004">{{cite book|author=Dipankar Gupta|title=Caste in Question: Identity Or Hierarchy?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bgpEIb4tNjgC&pg=PA1|date=8 December 2004|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3324-3|pages=113–114}}</ref>
In Bihar today, the Bihari identity is seen as secondary to caste/clan, linguistic and religious identity but nonetheless is a subset of the larger Indian identity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=Jyoti |title=Bihari Identity: An Uncharted Question |journal=Psychology and Developing Societies |date=2019 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=315–342 |doi=10.1177/0971333619863237 |s2cid=202290212 }}</ref> Biharis can be found throughout India, and in the neighbouring countries of [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]. During the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, many [[Bihari Muslim]]s migrated to [[East Bengal]] (renamed to [[East Pakistan]]; later [[Bangladesh Liberation War|became]] [[Bangladesh]]).<ref name="Refugess International-Bangladesh">{{cite web| url= http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/8245| title= Bangladesh: Stateless Biharis Grasp for a Resolution and Their Rights| publisher= Refugees International| access-date= 2007-02-16| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070321134045/http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/8245| archivedate= 21 March 2007| url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Stateless People in Bangladesh Inc.-Biharis">{{cite web| url= http://www.statelesspeopleinbangladesh.net/home.php| title= Stateless in Bangladesh and Pakistan| publisher= Stateless People in Bangladesh Inc.| access-date= 2007-02-16| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070221171846/http://www.statelesspeopleinbangladesh.net/home.php| archivedate= 21 February 2007| url-status= dead}}</ref> Bihari people are also well represented in the [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir people]] of [[Pakistan]] (formerly [[West Pakistan]]) because of [[Partition of India|Partition]].<ref name="Tribune-Bihari people">{{cite news |title=Pakistan under attack! |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000920/edit.htm#1 |url-status=live |newspaper=The Tribune |type=Editorial |location=Chandigarh |date=2000-09-20 |access-date=2007-02-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209093445/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000920/edit.htm |archivedate=2007-02-09}}</ref><ref name="CIDCM-Bihari people">{{cite web|url=http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=77103 |title=Assessment for Biharis in Bangladesh |publisher=Center for International Development and Conflict Management |access-date=2007-02-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002111502/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=77103 |archivedate=2009-10-02}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Bihar}}
[[File:Chandragupta Maurya and Bhadrabahu.jpg|thumb|[[Chandragupta Maurya]], the founder of Mauryan Empire with Jain monk [[Bhadrabahu]].]]
[[File:Ascetic Bodhisatta Gotama with the Group of Five.jpg|thumb|[[Gautama Buddha]] undertaking extreme ascetic practices before his enlightenment under the Bodhi tree, on the bank of river [[Phalgu]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], Bihar]]

{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| image1 = Udyanacharya Sanskrit Vidyalaya.jpg|caption1=11th-century Hindu philosopher [[Udayana]]
| image2 = Shantipa.jpg|caption2=11th-century [[Vajrayana]] [[Buddhist]] philosopher, [[Ratnākaraśānti]]
| image3 = Shantirakshita - Google Art Project.jpg|caption3= 8th-century Buddhist Abbot of [[Nalanda]], [[Śāntarakṣita]]
| image4 = Mural of Sariputra at Palcho monastery.jpg|caption4=The last head priest of the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]] in the 15th-century, [[Śāriputra (15th-century)|Śāriputra]]
}}

Bihar is one of the longest inhabited places in the world with a history going back to the [[Neolithic]] age.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://yac.bih.nic.in/Da-02.htm#Chirand | title=Directorate of Archaeology - Page 2 | access-date=14 September 2018 | archive-date=25 May 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525025802/http://yac.bih.nic.in/Da-02.htm#Chirand | url-status=dead }}</ref> Since that time, Biharis have long been involved in some of the most important events in [[South Asian history]]. Biharis were the founders of many great empires based out of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadh]] including the [[Nanda Empire]], [[Maurya Empire]] and the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=West |first1=Barbara A. |year=2010 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA117 |page=117 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7}}</ref> All of these empires had their capitals in [[Pataliputra]] (modern-day [[Patna]]).
Two of India's major religions also have their origins in Bihar. [[Gautama Buddha]] who was the founder of [[Buddhism]], achieved [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Bihar]]. [[Mahavira]], the founder of [[Jainism]], was born in [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] in North Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loQkEIf8z5wC&q=jainism+buddhism+bihar&pg=PA202 |title = Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence|isbn = 9788120815346|last1 = Titze|first1 = Kurt|last2 = Bruhn|first2 = Klaus|year = 1998| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. }}</ref>

Bihar is home to two [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Sites]], the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] at Bodh Gaya where the Buddha attained [[nirvana]] and the Buddhist monastic university of [[Nalanda]]. Until at least the 13th century, there was still a significant number of Buddhists in Bihar who mainly followed the [[Mahayana]] and [[Vajrayana]] schools until they were assimilated into Hinduism. However many village temples still retain idols of the Buddha and [[Bodhisattvas]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Birendra Nath |title=Archaeology of Religion in South Asia: Buddhist, Brahmanical and Jaina Religious Centres in Bihar and Bengal, c. AD 600–1200 |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |page=423 |isbn=9781000416756 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TB4gEAAAQBAJ&q=Pīṭhipati}}</ref> Many famous [[Buddhist]] and [[Hindu]] philosophers and scholars have originated or studied in Bihar during the period from the 5th to 13th century at institutions like [[Nalanda]] and [[Vikramashila]] including [[Kamalaśīla]], [[Ratnākaraśānti]], [[Śāntarakṣita]], [[Abhayakaragupta]], [[Udayana]] and [[Gaṅgeśa]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Buswell Jr. |first1=Robert |title=Nālanda |journal=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2013 |page=565 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001/acref-9780190681159-e-2844?rskey=UW22xF&result=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Buswell Jr |first1=Robert |title=Vikramaśīla |journal=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhis |date=2013 |page=970 |isbn=978-0-691-15786-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGmYDwAAQBAJ&q=Vikrama%C5%9B%C4%ABla&pg=PA702}}</ref>

Various native kingdoms also flourished in Bihar during the medieval period including the [[Later Gupta dynasty]],<ref name=Ghosh2021>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Suchandra |title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |chapter=Later Guptas |date=2022 |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00571 |isbn=978-1-119-39991-9 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00571|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=246}} [[Karnats of Mithila]], [[Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya]] and the [[Khayaravala dynasty]].<ref name=Chakrabarty10>{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Dilip |title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=47–48 |isbn=978-0-19-908832-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&dq=the+focus+of+the+history+of+bihar+in+the+eleventh+and+twelfth+century+is+on+Mithila&pg=PT115}}</ref>

The founder of [[Sur Empire]], [[Sher Shah Suri]] was born in [[Sasaram]], a city in the state of [[Bihar]] in present-day India into a [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] family.<ref>Asad Muḥammad K̲h̲ān̲, ''The Harvest of Anger and Other Stories'', Oxford University Press (2002), p. 62</ref><ref>[[Ishwari Prasad]], ''The Mughal Empire'', Chugh Publications (1974), p. 157</ref> During the period of Islamic rule, much of Bihar was under the sway of local [[Zamindars of Bihar|Zamindars]] or chieftains who maintained their own armies and territories. These chieftains retained much of their power until the arrival of the [[British East India Company]].<ref name="Ansari2019">{{cite book|author=Tahir Hussain Ansari|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ|date=20 June 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-065152-2|page=2}}</ref>

==Martial tradition==
[[File:Camel Rider,.jpg|thumb|A Purbiya camel rider in [[Bihar]], [[India]] in 1825.]]
Many academics including [[Dirk H. A. Kolff|Dirk Kolff]] and [[Walter Hauser]] have noted that Bihar has a history of armed activism among its peasantry.<ref name=Hauser2004>{{cite journal | title=From Peasant Soldiering to Peasant Activism: Reflections on the Transition of a Martial Tradition in the Flaming Fields of Bihar | author= Walter Hauser | journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume = 47| issue= 3 | year=2004 | pages= 401–434|jstor = 25165055| doi= 10.1163/1568520041974684 }}</ref> For centuries, [[Purbiya]] soldiers from Western [[Bihar]] have long served as soldiers in the armies of Kings in Western regions of India. [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] sources also record that many peasant soldiers were recruited from Northern parts of Bihar (Tirhut).<ref name="Jha2018">{{cite book|author=Pankaj Jha|title=A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xl9DwAAQBAJ|date=20 November 2018|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0-19-909535-3|page=22}}</ref>

In late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the middle peasant castes like [[Koeri]], [[Kurmi]], [[Paswan]] and [[Yadav]] also got recruited into the [[British Indian Army]] as soldiers. According to William Pinch, after 1898, the social resurgence and claim for higher status in the social hierarchy attracted the peasant communities towards the military service.<ref name="George">{{cite book|title=Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ...
|page=181 |first=George |last=Kunnath |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-138-09955-5|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT181|access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>

The Bihari Soldiers of British army played a major role in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] against the British following the suppression of the uprising, British authorities decided not to recruit troops from Bihar. Then they decided to recruit troops from [[Sikh]] and [[Muslim]] Communities of the [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|title = Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia|isbn = 9781317321286|last1 = Roy|first1 = Kaushik|date = 6 October 2015| publisher=Routledge }}</ref>
This martial heritage continued into the late 20th century with the formation of private armies or ''senas'' that were formed to maintain the interests of specific castes.<ref name=Hauser2004 />

Servan-Schreiber described this martial tradition as follows:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Servan-Schreiber|first1=Catherine |title=Indian Epics of the Terai Conquest: The Story of a Migration |journal=Diogenes|date=1998 |volume=46 |issue=181 |pages=77–93 |doi=10.1177/039219219804618106 |s2cid=144074264 }}</ref>

{{blockquote|For any traveler on the roads of Bihar, an inescapable image comes to mind. That of a peasant who always keeps his wooden club or lathi at hand, under no circumstances letting it out of his reach. The Biharis, who constitute a martial race in India similar to the Sikhs or the Pathans, in keeping with the role conceived by the British colonial administration, were a mother lode for Monghol and English army recruiters. Their independent fighting spirit, which has earned them a reputation for toughness, has been in evidence throughout their history.}}

==Clothing==
[[File:High caste women, Harkua, India, ca. 1915 (IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-37).jpg|thumb|A group of High caste Bihari women in [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]] district (1915)]]
[[File:2019 Feb 04 - Kumbh Mela - Portrait 28 - Man from Bihar.jpg|thumb|A man from Bihar, attending Kumbh Mela.]]
[[File:Gopalganj- Cutting grass and making rope, India, ca. 1915 (IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-61).jpg|thumb|Agriculture workers in Gopalganj, ca. 1915.]]
The traditional dress of Bihari people includes [[Dhoti]] and Chapkan ([[Angarkha]])<ref>Winer, Lise (2009) Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago: On Historical Principles [https://books.google.com/books?id=_n82hsbDJBMC&q=mirjai&pg=PA504] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510200339/https://books.google.com/books?id=_n82hsbDJBMC&pg=PA504&dq=punjabi+kurta+bihar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WjV3VazaGYPsUtWagOgE&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBQ|date=10 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="google4"/> or [[Kurta]] (replacing the older [[Angarkha|chapkan]] which is a robe fastened on the right or on the left)<ref name="google4">{{cite book|title=Bihar And Orissa Gazetteers Shahabad|author=O'Malley, L.S.S.|publisher=Logos Press|isbn=9788172681227|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iftaR6DVxIAC&pg=PA51|page=51|access-date=2017-02-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218063342/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iftaR6DVxIAC&pg=PA51|archive-date=18 February 2017}}</ref> for men and [[Saree]] for women. In rural [[Bihar]], men also wear a sort of plaid called [[Gamchha]], which is often tied around the head as turban or headscarf and sometimes thrown round the body or over the shoulders.<ref name="google4"/> In everyday life women wear [[saree]] or [[Salwar kameez]]. The saree is worn in "Seedha Aanchal" style traditionally.<ref name="Web India 123-Bihari Dress">{{cite web|url = http://www.webindia123.com/bihar/people/language.htm#O|title = Bihari Clothing|publisher = Web India 123|access-date = 2007-02-16|url-status = live|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061121082905/http://www.webindia123.com/bihar/people/language.htm#O|archivedate = 21 November 2006}}</ref> Nevertheless, Western shirts and trousers are becoming popular among both the rural and urban male population.<ref name="Web India 123-Bihari Dress" /> And [[Shalwar kameez|Salwar-Kameez]] for women in urban Bihar. Jewellery such as rings for men and bangles for women are popular. However, there are some traditional Bihari jewelries like "Chhara", "Hansuli", "Kamarbandh","Tika", "Nathiya", "Bichhiya", "Dholna", "Patwasi", "Panjeb", "Matarmala" ," etc.<ref name="Web India 123-Bihari Dress" />

==Language and literature==
{{Main|Languages in Bihar|Literature in Bihar}}
{{See also|Maithili language|Bhojpuri language|Angika|Magahi|Magadhi Prakrit|Hindi in Bihar|Urdu Language in Bihar}}
[[File:The consonants of the Mithilakshar script and the corresponding Devnagari.jpg|left|180px|thumb|Maithili language in Tirhuta and Devanagari scripts]] [[Hindi]] is the official language of the State.<ref name=CSDOffLang1950>{{cite web |title=The Bihar Official Language Act, 1950 |url=http://csd.bih.nic.in/Act&rule/Act1english.pdf |year=1950 |website=Cabinet Secretariat Department, Government of Bihar |access-date=9 April 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413072041/http://csd.bih.nic.in/Act%26rule/Act1english.pdf |archivedate=13 April 2015}}</ref> Maithili (61 million speakers including [[Bajjika dialect]] which has 11 million speakers in India),<ref name=Chitransh2012>{{cite news |last=Chitransh |first=Anugya |title=Bhojpuri is not the only language in Bihar |url=http://hillpost.in/2012/09/bhojpuri-is-not-the-only-language-in-bihar/50489/ |date=1 September 2012 |newspaper=Hill Post |access-date=10 April 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228200009/http://hillpost.in/2012/09/bhojpuri-is-not-the-only-language-in-bihar/50489/ |archivedate=28 December 2014}}</ref> and Urdu<ref name=Benedikter2009>{{cite book |last=Benedikter |first=Thomas |title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89 |date=2009 |page=89 |location=Münster |publisher=[[LIT Verlag]] |isbn=978-3-643-10231-7 |access-date=10 April 2015}}</ref> are other recognised languages of the state. Unrecognised languages of the state are Bhojpuri (60 million), Angika (30 million) and Magahi (20 million).<ref name="Chitransh2012" /><ref name=Cardona2003>{{cite book |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor1-link=George Cardona |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=11 September 2003 |page=500 |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Language Family Series |isbn=978-0-415-77294-5 |quote=...the number of speakers of Bihari languages are difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of lack of awareness. The uneducated and the urban population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language.}}</ref> [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Magahi]] are sociolinguistically a part of the [[Hindi Belt]] languages fold, thus they were not granted official status in the state.The number of speakers of the [[Bihari languages]] is difficult to count because of unreliable sources. In the urban region, most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of unawareness. The uneducated and the rural population of the region regards Hindi as the generic name for their language.<ref name="Dhanesh" >{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Dhanesh |last2=Cardona |first2=George |date=2003 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge |page=500 |quote=The number of speakers of Bihari languages are difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region, most educated speakers of the language name either Hindi or Urdu as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of unawareness. The uneducated and the rural population of the region regards Hindi or Urdu as the generic name for their language.}}</ref>

Despite the large number of speakers of [[Bihari languages]], they have not been constitutionally recognized in [[India]], except [[Maithili language|Maithili]] which is recognised under the [[Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India]]. Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters in Bihar.<ref>[http://www.diehardindian.com/demogrph/moredemo/histlang.htm History of Indian languages] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226234832/http://www.diehardindian.com/demogrph/moredemo/histlang.htm |date=26 February 2012 }}, "Bihari is actually the name of a group of three related languages—Bhojpuri, Maithili, and Magahi—spoken mainly in northeastern India in Bihar."</ref> These languages was legally absorbed under the subordinate label of Hindi in the 1961 Census. Such state and national politics are creating conditions for language endangerment.<ref>{{cite conference
| last = Verma
| first = Mahandra K
| title = Language Endangerment and Indian languages: An exploration and a critique
| year = 2001
| isbn = 9788120817654
|book-title= Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tcfJY7kANo8C&q=awadhi+and+magahi+languages&pg=PA5
}}</ref>
The first success for spreading Hindi occurred in Bihar in 1881, when Hindi displaced Urdu as the sole official language of the province. In this struggle between competing Hindi and Urdu, the potential claims of the three large mother tongues in the region – [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and [[Magahi language|Magahi]] were ignored. After independence Hindi was again given the sole official status through the Bihar Official Language Act, 1950.<ref>Brass Paul R., ''The Politics of India Since Independence'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 183</ref> Urdu became the second official language in the undivided State of Bihar on 16 August 1989. Bihar also produced several eminent Urdu writers including [[Sulaiman Nadvi]], [[Manazir Ahsan Gilani]], [[Abdul Qavi Desnavi]], Paigham Afaqui, [[Jabir Husain]], [[Sohail Azimabadi]], [[Hussain Ul Haque]], [[Shamim Hashimi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://urduliterature.org/shamimhashimi.aspx |title=Dr. Shamim Hashimi |website=Urdu Literature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002040811/http://urduliterature.org/shamimhashimi.aspx |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> and [[Wahab Ashrafi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biharanjuman.org/bio/wahab.htm |title=Professor Dr. Syed Abdul Wahab Ashrafi |website=Biharanjuman.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928013618/http://www.biharanjuman.org/bio/wahab.htm |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> among others.

Bihar has produced a number of writers of Hindi, including [[Raja Radhika Raman Sinha|Raja Radhika Raman Singh]], [[Acharya Shivpujan Sahay|Shiva Pujan Sahay]], Divakar Prasad Vidyarthy, [[Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar']], [[Ram Briksh Benipuri]], [[Phanishwar Nath 'Renu']], [[Gopal Singh "Nepali"]] and Baba [[Nagarjun]]. [[Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan]], the great writer and [[Buddhist]] scholar, was born in [[Uttar Pradesh|U.P.]] but spent his life in the land of [[Buddha]], i.e., Bihar. [[Hrishikesh Sulabh]] and Neeraj Singh (from Ara) are the prominent writer of the new generation. They are short story writer, playwright and theatre critic. Arun Kamal and Aalok Dhanwa are the well-known poets. Different regional languages also have produced some prominent poets and authors. [[Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], who is among the greatest writers in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], resided for some time in Bihar. [[Upamanyu Chatterjee]] also hails from Patna in Bihar. [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]], who rose to fame at the beginning of the 20th century on account of his novels such as ''[[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]]'' and ''Chandrakanta Santati'', was born in [[Muzaffarpur]], Bihar. [[Vidyapati|Vidyapati Thakur]] is the most renowned poet of Maithili (c. 14–15th century). [[Satyapal Chandra]]<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/After-11-novels-Bihar-lad-set-for-Bollywood-debut/articleshow/20938614.cms|work=The Times of India|title=After 11 novels, Bihar lad set for Bollywood debut - Times of India|date=6 July 2013 |access-date=2017-02-17|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228122118/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/After-11-novels-Bihar-lad-set-for-Bollywood-debut/articleshow/20938614.cms|archivedate=28 February 2017}}</ref> has written many English bestseller novels and he is one of India's emerging young writer.

==Religion==
{{Main|Religion in Bihar}}
According to the 2011 census, 82.7% of Bihar's population practiced Hinduism, while 16.9% followed Islam.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archivedate=2015-08-25}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Religion !! Population
|-
| [[Hindu]] || 82.7
|-
| [[Muslim]] || 17.70
|-
| Others || 0.4
|}

==Caste and ethnic groups==
{{Main|Bihar caste-based survey 2022}}
Bihari society follows a rigid caste system. The castes of Bihar are divided into [[Forward Castes]], [[Other Backward Class]], Extremely Backward Caste, Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribes. There exists a category among the Schedule Castes called Mahadalit, which was created by the [[Nitish Kumar]] government to identify more socio-economic backward groups among the Schedule Castes. In October 2023, Government of Bihar released the report of [[Bihar caste-based survey 2022]], it conducted in the same year. This was the first caste census to be conducted after Indian independence. The data published provided an insight into demographic detail of various caste groups of the state. It was found in this report that Other Backward Class and Extremely Backward Castes together account for approximately 63% of the population of the state of Bihar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar-caste-survey-obcs-ebcs-comprise-more-than-63-of-population/article67371818.ece|title=Bihar caste census OBC EBC comprise 63 percent of state population|website=The Hindu|date=2 October 2023 |accessdate=2 October 2023 |last1=Tewary |first1=Amarnath }}</ref> The detailed data of the census report titled ''Bihar me jati adharit janganana'' (caste based census in Bihar) reveals that the Other Backward Class (OBC) population in the State is 27.1286% while, the Extremely Backward Class (EBC) comprises 36.0148%. The Scheduled Caste population in Bihar is at 19.6518% while the Scheduled Tribe population is 1.6824%. The General Caste also called Forward Castes are 15.5224% of the total population of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bihar-caste-census-data-8965210/|title=Bihar caste census data|website=Indian express|date=2 October 2023 |accessdate=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-caste-survey-numbers-out-most-backward-classes-population-2443291-2023-10-02|title=Bihar caste census results out, OBCs form 63% of population, General 16%|website=India Today|date=2 October 2023 |accessdate=2 October 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Caste Groups of Bihar<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar-caste-survey-obcs-ebcs-comprise-more-than-63-of-population/article67371818.ece|title=Bihar caste survey OBCs, EBCs comprise more than 63% of State's population|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 October 2023 |last1=Tewary |first1=Amarnath }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-caste-survey-report-how-many-castes-in-bihar-with-more-than-1-percent-population-see-full-list-8791799.html|title=Bihar Caste Survey Report: बिहार में 1 प्रतिशत से अधिक आबादी वाली कितनी हैं जातियां? देखें पूरी लिस्ट |date=2 October 2023 }}</ref>
|-
! Caste Groups || Population (%)
|-
| [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] || 27.12%
|-
| EBC || 36.01%
|-
| [[Dalit]]s(SCs) || 19.65%
|-
| [[Forward caste]] || 15.52%
|-
| [[Adivasi]]s(STs) || 1.68%
|}
The total population of the state was approximately 130 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/bihar-caste-based-census-out-extremely-backward-class-is-36-01-backward-class-2713-11696234333143.html|title=Bihar caste-based census out: Extremely backward class is 36.01%, backward class 27|website=livemint|date=2 October 2023 |accessdate=2 October 2023}}</ref> The largest social category of Extremely Backward Castes in Bihar comprise nearly 130 castes, which historically worked as service providers for other caste groups. In the local political context, they are termed as ''Pachpania''. The prominent castes of this category are Nai (barbers), [[Mallaah]], the fishermen (bearing surnames of Sahani, [[Nishad]] and [[Kewat]]), [[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]] (blacksmiths), [[Teli]] (traditionally worked as oil pressers) and [[Lonia|Nonia]] (traditionally they made salt).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bihar-caste-survey-the-importance-of-being-ebc-in-state-8965283/|title=Bihar caste survey the importance of being EBC in state|website=Indian express|date=2 October 2023 |accessdate=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bihar-caste-census-ebcs-at-top-high-in-party-lists-in-2020-assembly-polls-8965229/|title=Bihar caste survey: EBCs at top, were also high in party lists in 2020 Assembly polls|website=Indian express|date=2 October 2023 |accessdate=2 October 2023}}</ref>

Among the other prominent caste groups of the state, the [[Yadav]]s comprised 14.26% of the surveyed population, while [[Kushwaha]] and [[Kurmi]] formed 4.27% and 2.87% of the population respectively. These three caste were part of Other Backward Class category in the state, which is different from the Extremely Backward Castes, who are considered more socio-economic backward group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-government-releases-caste-based-survey-report-obc-27-general-category-1552-101696232978438.html|title=Bihar caste survey OBC EBC 63 percent population|website=Hindustan Times|date=2 October 2023 |accessdate=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-caste-census-27-13backward-class-15-52-general-category/articleshow/104103634.cms|title=Bihar caste survey released: OBCs, EBCs together account for 63% of total population|website=Times of India|access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Among the General Castes, [[Brahmin]]s were recorded to be 3.66 per cent, while the [[Kayastha]]s were recorded to be 0.60 per cent of the total population.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=2023-11-07 |title=Bihar caste-based survey report {{!}} Poverty highest among Scheduled Castes, lowest among Kayasths |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihars-caste-based-survey-report-shows-yadavs-hold-most-govt-jobs-among-obcs/article67509087.ece |access-date=2024-02-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[Bhumihar]]s constituted 2.86 per cent of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/bihar-caste-census-63-people-from-backward-extremely-backward-classes-123100200680_1.html|title=Bihar caste census 63 percent people EBC OBC|website=business standard|accessdate=2 October 2023}}</ref> The [[Rajput]]s were 3.45% of the surveyed population in this census report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/bihar-caste-based-census-report-released-obcs-63-per-cent-general-category-15-52-per-cent-yadavs-14-27-per-cent-13193682.html|title=Bihar caste based census report released obc ebc 63 percent Yadavs 14 percent|website=Firstpost|date=2 October 2023 |accessdate=2 October 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Caste !! Population !! Percentage
|-
| [[Yadav]] || {{number and percent|18650119|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Kushwaha]] ([[Koeri]]) ||{{number and percent|5506113|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Kurmi]] || {{number and percent|3762969|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Brahmin]] || {{number and percent|4781280|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Teli]] || {{number and percent|3677491|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Mallaah|Mallah]] ([[Nishad]]) || {{number and percent|3410093|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Lonia|Nonia]] || {{number and percent|2498474|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Kanu (caste)|Kanu]] ||{{number and percent|2892761|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] || {{number and percent|3026912|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Bhumihar]] || {{number and percent|3750886|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Rajput]]|| {{number and percent|4510733|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Dusadh|Dushadh]] || {{number and percent|6943000|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Musahar]] || {{number and percent|4035787|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Kayastha]] || {{number and percent|785771|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Chamar|Ravidas]] || {{number and percent|6869664|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|}

== Bihari cuisine ==
{{Main|Bihari cuisine}}
Notable local foods of Bihar include [[Dal Pitha]], [[Litti (dish)|Litti Chokha]], [[Ghugni|Chana Ghugni]], [[Mutton Kabab]], [[Reshmi kabab|Reshmi Kabab]], [[Kadhi bari|Kadhi Bari]], Puri Sabzi, [[Malpua]], Sattu Paratha, Doodh Pitha, Bajka, Kopal/Arikanchan ki Sabzi and many kinds of veggies etc. The famous sweets include [[Imarti]], [[Laung lata|Laung Lata]], Parwal ki Mithai, Khowa Lai, [[Tilkut]], [[Anarsa]], [[Khaja]], Laktho, [[Gulgula (doughnut)|Gulgula]] etc.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Famous food of Bihar |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/famous-foods-of-bihar-swt |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

==Bihari politics==
{{main|Politics of Bihar}}
The politics of Bihar is influenced by [[caste]] and religion based consciousness to a large extent. The upper castes dominated the politics and political parties till 1967. But after 1967, the resurgence of middle castes took place and the castes like [[Koeri]], [[Yadav]] and [[Kurmi]] replaced the upper castes, becoming the new political elites of the state . Some [[Dalit]] caste like [[Paswan]] and [[Chamar]] also performed well in politics, [[Bhola Paswan Shastri]] and [[Ram Sundar Das]] were former Chief Ministers from respective caste and [[Jagjivan Ram]] became Deputy Prime Minister and first Labour Minister of India. Since 1990, the Politics of Bihar is dominated by regional political parties like [[Janata Dal (United)]] and [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], while a number of small parties like [[Rashtriya Jan Jan Party]], [[Plurals Party|Plural party]], [[Rashtriya Lok Janata Dal]] and [[Jan Adhikar Party]] are also active.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kumar|first=Sanjay |title=Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns|publisher=SAGE publication|isbn=978-93-528-0585-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zhODwAAQBAJ|date=2018-06-05}}</ref>

==Bihari sub-nationalism==
In 1923, a special session of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] took place in [[Delhi]]. During this session, an issue of sitting arrangement came up whereby the delegates from Bihar were not given seats in the front row. [[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]] registered his objection to this discriminatory arrangement after which Bihari delegates were also given appropriate seats. His protest was admittedly on the issue of [[self-respect]] of the Biharis.<ref name="twocircles">{{cite web|last1=Sajjad|first1=Mohammad|title=Maghfur Aijazi: A freedom-fighter and a builder of Indian democracy|url=https://twocircles.net/2013jan06/maghfur_aijazi_freedomfighter_and_builder_indian_democracy.html#.VPkHguHN45w|website=TwoCircles.net|date=6 January 2013|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Teesri Jung">{{Cite news|date=4 March 2021|url=https://teesrijungnews.com/2021/03/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C/|title=मग़फ़ुर अहमद अजाज़ी : जंग ए आज़ादी का गुमनाम सिपाही!|newspaper=Teesri Jung|language=hi}}</ref>

According to social scientist Dr. [[Shaibal Gupta]], the beating of students from Bihar in Mumbai in October 2008 has consolidated Bihari sub-nationalism.<ref>Ahmad Faizan, ''"Bihar violence: Raj the gainer"'', The times of India, Pune, 27 October 2008, pp. 6</ref>

==Diaspora==
{{main|Bihari diaspora}}
During the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, many [[Bihari Muslim]]s migrated to [[East Bengal]] (renamed to [[East Pakistan]]; later [[Bangladesh Liberation War|became]] [[Bangladesh]]).<ref name="Refugess International-Bangladesh"/><ref name="Stateless People in Bangladesh Inc.-Biharis"/> Bihari people are also well represented in the [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir people]] of [[Pakistan]] (formerly [[West Pakistan]]) because of [[Partition of India|Partition]].<ref name="Tribune-Bihari people"/><ref name="CIDCM-Bihari people"/>h Ranbir

==See also==
* [[Anti-Bihari sentiment]]
* [[Bihari Mauritians]]
* [[List of people from Bihar]]
* [[Bihari Muslims]]
* [[List of people from Jharkhand]]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Gopal|first=Ram|author-link=Ram Gopal (author)|title=Hindu Culture During and After Muslim Rule: Survival and Subsequent Challenges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVr_f_gXOX4C&pg=PA20|year=1994|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-85880-26-6}}
* {{cite book|last=O'Malley|first=Lewis Sydney Steward|title=History of Magadha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18ULAwAACAAJ|year=1909|publisher=Veena Publications |isbn=978-81-89224-01-1}}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA246 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}
{{Refend}}
{{commons category|People of Bihar}}
{{Bihar}}

{{West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bihari People}}
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar|*]]

Desi Boyz

2026-03-19T05:27:46Z

Jaya:

{{short description|2011 Indian Hindi-language film by Rohit Dhawan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Desi Boyz
| image = 11nov desiboyz-poster01.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rohit Dhawan]]
| producer = [[Krishika Lulla]] Vijay Ahuja [[Jyoti Deshpande]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Rohit Dhawan '''Additional Screenplay:''' [[Milap Zaveri]]
{{Infobox | decat=yes | child=yes | label1=Dialogues by | data1=Renuka Kunzuru}}
| story = Rohit Dhawan
| based_on = 
| starring = {{ubl|[[Akshay Kumar]]|[[John Abraham]]|[[Deepika Padukone]]|[[Chitrangada Singh]]|[[Anupam Kher]]|[[Sanjay Dutt]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Pritam]] '''Score:''' [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
| cinematography = [[Natarajan Subramaniam]]
| editing = Nitin Rokade
| studio = Next Generation Pictures
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|11|25|India}}
| runtime = 121 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}65 crore<ref>{{cite web|title=Desi Boyz collect Rs 9 crs at Box office on first day|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/box-office/2011/desi-boyz-first-day-collection-box-office-report-271111.html|access-date=3 July 2013|date=27 November 2011|archive-date=19 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419003706/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/box-office/2011/desi-boyz-first-day-collection-box-office-report-271111.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}77 crore<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Worldwide Figures: Twenty Films Cross 50 Crore |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3944&nCat= |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215132739/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3944&nCat= |archive-date=15 February 2012 }}</ref>
}}
'''''Desi Boyz''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by debutant [[Rohit Dhawan]], the son of director [[David Dhawan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Alice |date=24 November 2011 |title=Bollywood delivers the Desi Boyz |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/bollywood-delivers-the-desi-boyz-1.431008 |publisher=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Akshay Kumar]], [[John Abraham]], [[Deepika Padukone]], and [[Chitrangada Singh]] with [[Sanjay Dutt]] in a guest appearance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sanjay Dutt to feature in a cameo as Mr. Desi Boyz in Desi Boyz and |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2011-2/|access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sahgal |first=Geety |date=19 November 2010 |title=Desi Boyz takes off in Mumbai |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/desi-boyz-takes-off-in-mumbai/ |access-date=11 December 2010 |work=Indian Express}}</ref>

The film was released on 25 November 2011, and received mixed reviews from critics, emerging as a moderate success at the box-office.

==Plot==
The story follows two friends and roommates, the Gujarati rebel Jignesh 'Jerry' Patel and clean simpleton Nikhil 'Nick' Mathur, who live in London. Jerry does odd jobs for a living as an undergraduate, while Nick has a [[White-collar worker|white-collar job]]. However, both find themselves jobless due to the [[Great Recession|economic downturn]]. Jerry has a school-age nephew named Veer whom he looks after, as the child has lost his parents. Nick intends to marry his girlfriend, Radhika Awasthi, who dreams of a lovely wedding, a great [[honeymoon]], and a wonderful house to live in after marriage.

Out of a job, Jerry finds it difficult even to pay Veer's school fees, which is why the government is on the verge of giving Veer custody to a foster family. Nick fears he won't be able to fulfill the dreams of his to-be wife. It is to tide over the difficult times that Jerry and Nick turn to the oldest profession in the world as they become [[Male prostitution|escorts]] for a company owned by one Mr. Khalnayak, fulfilling the fantasies of girls and ladies. Nonetheless, once their covers are blown, the ill-fated happens: Jerry is unable to prevent Veer from being sent to a foster home, and Nick loses Radhika when she learns of what he has been up to while she is away in India. Frustrated, Nick blames Jerry for forcing him into the profession and asks him to move out of his house and life, thus causing a rift in their friendship.

Nick now tries to win Radhika back, and help comes from the most unlikely source – Radhika's father, Dr. Suresh, a retired gynaecologist, who has come to London with her. Meanwhile, on the advice of Vikrant Mehra, a social service worker in charge of Veer's adoption, Jerry registers in college again to complete his graduation so that he can earn enough money to get Veer's legal custody. While in college, Jerry demands an explanation from his economics professor for ousting him without reason when he realizes that she is none other than his former classmate Tanya Sharma, who is now a professor at the same college. Sparks fly between the two. Meanwhile, to make Nick jealous, Radhika dates a man named Ajay. Nick starts to pick on Ajay, often calling him Vijay intentionally. After some reconsideration, Radhika forgives Nick, but he instead rejects her after she disapproves of Jerry. Meanwhile, Jerry graduates from college and also wins Tanya's heart. Nick arrives with Jerry's mother and apologizes to him. All is forgiven when Nick and Jerry reconcile. Jerry then helps Radhika win back Nick.

Nick then helps Jerry get a high-paying job, and Jerry decides to go to court and get back Veer's custody. Ajay turns out to be the lawyer against Jerry's side. He decides to get revenge on Nick by not letting Jerry win his case. Ajay tells the court about Jerry being a male escort and what a bad role model he would be to Veer, bringing in 3 witnesses to testify against Jerry. He asks each of them if they had paid Jerry for sex, but only one says yes. Ajay is on the verge of winning, but Mr. Khalnayak comes into the courtroom and influences the judge. Jerry then makes an inspiring speech to the judge. He ends up winning the case and gaining full custody of Veer. The economy improves and everyone is happy in the end; in a short-ending scene, a newspaper article is shown stating that the recession will strike back when Mr. Khalnayak gives a call and says that he has obtained the license for a branch in Mumbai.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Jignesh 'Jerry' 'J' Patel a.k.a. Rocco
* [[John Abraham]] as Nikhil 'Nick' Mathur a.k.a. Hunter
* [[Deepika Padukone]] as Radhika "Rads" Awasthi
* [[Chitrangada Singh]] as Tanya Sharma
* Virej Dasani as Veer Patel, Jerry's nephew
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Dr. Suresh Awasthi, a retired gynaecologist and Radhika's father
* [[Omi Vaidya]] as Ajay Bapat
* [[Shraman Jain]] as Rohan Mehta, Jerry's Friend
* [[Bharati Achrekar]] as Jerry's mother
* [[Satish Kaushik]] as Mr. Dhillon
* [[Ashwin Mushran]] as Defence Lawyer
* [[Suparna Marwah]] as judge
* [[Mohnish Bahl]] as Vikrant Mehra, a social worker (special appearance)
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Mr. Khalnayak (special appearance)
* [[Bruna Abdullah]] as Natasha Mehra in song "Subha Hone Na De" (special appearance)
}}

==Inspiration==
''Desi Boyz'' was reported to be inspired by the aftermath of thousands of Indian students being duped by various universities in the West such as [[Tri-Valley University|Tri Valley University]], [[Herguan University]], [[London Metropolitan University]] and [[University of Navarra]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Tuteja|first=Joginder|title="'Desi Boyz' is a 'Dramady' with a lot of 'Soul'" - Akshay|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/74018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116174043/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/74018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 November 2011|access-date=17 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Yount|first=Stacey|title=More on Desi Boyz|url=http://bollyspice.com/31795/more-on-desi-boyz|access-date=17 November 2011|date=6 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Varma|first=Lipika|title=I have got all that I wanted, says Akshay Kumar|url=http://www.emirates247.com/bollywood/take-one/i-have-got-all-that-i-wanted-says-akshay-kumar-2011-11-17-1.428712|access-date=17 November 2011}}</ref>

==Production==
[[File:John Abraham, Deepika Padukone ,Chitrangda Singh and Akshay Kumar.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Chitrangada Singh]] and [[Akshay Kumar]] during the Promotions, 2011]]
''Desi Boyz'' started filming on 7 November 2010,<ref>{{cite web|title=Desi Boyz Starring Deepika Padukone, Akshay Kumar Begins Production|url=http://www.sawfnews.com/Bollywood/65670.aspx|access-date=15 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110123500/http://www.sawfnews.com/Bollywood/65670.aspx|archive-date=10 November 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and completed shooting in May 2011. The film was to feature [[Sonam Kapoor]] as the lead actress,<ref>{{cite news|last=Lalwani|first=Vickey|title=Sonam, Deepika patch up|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Sonam-Deepika-patch-up/articleshow/6797795.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907002041/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-24/news-interviews/28269215_1_ranbir-and-deepika-deepika-padukone-ranbir-kapoor|url-status=live|archive-date=7 September 2011|access-date=15 September 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 October 2010}}</ref> but she declined the film. There were also rumours of the film being offered to [[Anushka Sharma]], but she denied this.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anushka Sharma tempted by DESI BOYZ?|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/10/jul/12-anushka-sharma-tempted-by-desi-boyz-071014.asp|access-date=15 September 2011|archive-date=15 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715064043/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/10/jul/12-anushka-sharma-tempted-by-desi-boyz-071014.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=I'm not starring in 'Desi Boyz': Anushka|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Im-not-starring-in-Desi-Boyz-Anushka/articleshow/7041141.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128222554/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-04/news-interviews/28253496_1_anushka-sharma-directorial-debut-deepika-padukone|url-status=live|archive-date=28 November 2013|access-date=15 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 December 2010}}</ref> Eventually, [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Chitrangada Singh]] were finalised as the female leads. This marks the second collaboration of Kumar and Abraham after ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]''. Padukone was seen opposite [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] for the first time and Singh starred opposite [[Akshay Kumar]] in her first commercial venture.<ref>{{cite web|title='Desi Boyz' to cast together Akshay Kumar and John Abraham|url=https://cool-mediaworld.blogspot.com/2011/03/desi-boyz-to-cast-together-akshay-kumar.html|access-date=15 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Akshay, Deepika, John- Desi Boyz|website=[[IMDb]]|url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni5461710/|access-date=15 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chitrangada Singh Debuts Dancing in Desi Boyz|url=http://bolly.sawfnews.com/Film.aspx?id=671|access-date=15 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915010112/http://bolly.sawfnews.com/Film.aspx?id=671|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

After short on extras for a scene at [[Oxford University]], the film used website StarNow.com to recruit extras for filming.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywood film to be shot in London soon|url=http://www.starnow.co.uk/Casting-Calls/Actors-wanted/Feature-film/bollywood_film_to_be_shot_in_london_soon.htm|access-date=15 September 2011}}</ref> The first theatrical trailer was released on 23 September 2011, alongside ''[[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title='Desi Boyz' to arrive with 'Mausam'|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/71059.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925015030/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/71059.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2011|access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref> whilst the second trailer was released alongside ''[[Ra.One]]'' on 26 October 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=DESI BOYZ's second full theatrical trailer to release with RA.ONE|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/11/oct/24-desi-boyzs-second-theatrical-trailer-to-release-with-raone-101108.asp|access-date=26 October 2011}}</ref>

==Release==
''Desi Boyz'' received an [[A certificate|A (adults only) certificate]] from [[Central Board of Film Certification]], although the makers were expecting a [[U/A certificate]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Dirty-Picture-passed-with-no-cuts-Desi-Boyz-for-adults-only/etarticleshow/10792989.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928032157/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-19/news-interviews/30419412_1_film-industry-adult-certificate-dirty-picture | url-status=live | archive-date=28 September 2013 | title=Dirty Picture passed with no cuts, Desi Boyz for adults only | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=22 November 2011 | date=19 November 2011}}</ref> The movie released in the United States on 23 November 2011 for the Thanksgiving Holiday weekend<ref>{{cite web |title=Desi Boyz - USA release |url=http://boxofficereport.net/desi-boyz-set-for-huge-opening// |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125111022/http://boxofficereport.net/desi-boyz-set-for-huge-opening/ |archive-date=25 November 2011 }}</ref> and released in India two days later on 25 November 2011.

==Reception==

=== Critical reception ===
[[Taran Adarsh]] gave the film 2 stars, owing to the "tedious and least compelling second hour". However, he praised the chemistry of the lead actors, commenting that "the camaraderie between Akshay and John is piping hot".<ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|title=Desi Boyz : Movie Review by Taran Adarsh|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14319/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615020037/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14319/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2010|access-date=25 November 2011}}</ref> Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave 1.5 stars calling it a disaster. Aniruddha Guha gave the film 2 stars, and called it "more than tolerable", despite recalling that "the film did make [him] laugh out loud about twice."<ref>{{cite web|last=Guha|first=Aniruddha|title=Aniruddha Guha reviews Desi Boyz|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_aniruddha-guha-reviews-desi-boyz_1617105|access-date=25 November 2011|date=25 November 2011}}</ref> Subhash K. Jha gave the film 3.5 out of 5 Stars calling "highly entertaining sex comedy movie having Smart, sassy, sexy and sparkling with dark audacious humour".<ref>{{cite web|title='Desi Boyz' Movie Reviews : highly entertaining sex comedy|date=25 November 2011|url=http://news.worldsnap.com/entertainment/movie-review/desi-boyz-movie-reviews-user-reviews-viewer-views-113529.html|access-date=25 November 2011}}</ref> The film mainly received positive reviews from the Times of India gave a verdict of "Good".<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Desi-Boyz-Movie-Review/articleshow/10868342.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424141347/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-25/news-interviews/30440319_1_desi-boyz-rohit-dhawan-akshay-kumar | url-status=live | archive-date=24 April 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Desi Boyz: Movie Review | date=25 November 2011}}</ref> Sify gave it 3 stars as well.<ref>Sonia Chopra, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140809015620/http://www.sify.com/movies/desi-boyz-review-from-getting-laid-off-to-getting-laid-review-bollywood-14984162.html "Desi Boyz review: From getting laid off to getting laid"], Sify Movies.</ref>

===Box office===
''Desi Boyz'' had an above average opening of Rs 275 million domestically in its opening weekend. It showed a 20% increase on Saturday, bringing the two-day total to Rs. 180 million net. The film grossed approximately INR 280 million by the end of the weekend and INR 380 million net by the end of its first week. It raked in INR 342.5 million in its second week taking the total to INR 460 million, it collected a total of INR 540 million in India and INR 770 million worldwide. ''Desi Boyz'' was overall declared "Average". Its box office collections were much lower than expected because it surprisingly got an [[A certificate|'A' certificate]] from [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref name="gross">{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3944&nCat= |title=2011 Worldwide Figures: Twenty Films Cross 50 Crore |publisher=boxofficeindia |date=20 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419150736/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3944&nCat= |archive-date=19 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Desi Boyz
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Pritam Chakraborty]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 19 September 2011
| recorded = 2010–11
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=47|s=40}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] [[Eros Music]]
| producer = [[Pritam Chakraborty]]
| prev_title = [[Tell Me O Kkhuda]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = [[Players (2012 film)|Players]]
| next_year = 2012
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Pritam]] with lyrics written by [[Irshad Kamil]], [[Kumaar]], and [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]].

The [[film score]] is composed by [[Sandeep Shirodkar]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=43|s=02}}
| title1 = Make Some Noise For The Desi Boyz
| extra1 = [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]], Bob
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| length1 = 4:06
| title2 = Subha Hone Na De
| extra2 = [[Mika Singh]], [[Bohemia (musician)|Bohemia]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Shefali Alvares]]
| lyrics2 = Kumaar
| length2 = 4:48
| title3 = Jhak Maar Ke
| extra3 = [[Neeraj Shridhar]], [[Harshdeep Kaur]]
| lyrics3 = [[Irshad Kamil]]
| length3 = 3:53
| title4 = Allah Maaf Kare
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shilpa Rao]], [[B Praak]]
| lyrics4 = Irshad Kamil
| length4 = 3:51
| title5 = Let It Be
| extra5 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| lyrics5 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| length5 = 4:13
| title6 = Tu Mera Hero (Subha Hone Na De)
| extra6 = Mika Singh, [[Raja Kumari]], Bohemia
| lyrics6 = Kumaar
| length6 = 4:52
| title7 = Allah Maaf Kare
| note7 = Remix
| extra7 = Sonu Nigam, Shilpa Rao
| lyrics7 = Irshad Kamil
| length7 = 4:41
| title8 = Jhak Maar Ke
| note8 = Remix
| extra8 = Neeraj Shridhar, Harshdeep Kaur
| lyrics8 = Irshad Kamil
| length8 = 3:03
| title9 = Subha Hone Na De
| note9 = Remix
| extra9 = Mika Singh, Shefali Alvares, Bohemia
| lyrics9 = Kumaar
| length9 = 4:59
| title10 = Make Some Noise For The Desi Boyz
| note10 = Remix
| lyrics10 = Kumaar
| extra10 = KK, Bob
| length10 = 4:32
| all_writing =
}}

===Soundtrack reception ===
The music album of ''Desi Boyz'' received positive reviews. Joginder Tuteja of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the album 4 stars, saying "Music of Desi Boyz exceeds expectations" and described the album as "one of the better 'masala' albums of the year." Furthermore, he chose ''Subha Hone Na De'', ''Allah Maaf Kare'', ''Make Some Noise For The Desi Boyz'' and ''Jhak Maar Ke'' as favorite picks.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tuteja|first=Joginder|title=Desi Boyz: Music Review by Joginder Tuteja|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/14319/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615015947/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/14319/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2010|access-date=25 November 2011}}</ref>

The official video of ''Subha Hone Na De'' has reached over 310 million views on [[YouTube]] as of December 2025.

== Sequel ==
On 22 December 2022, Producers [[Anand Pandit]] and [[Parag Sanghvi]] announced the sequel titled ''Desi Boyz 2''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-12-22 |title=Remake of Omkara and sequel to Desi Boyz announced by Anand Pandit Motion Pictures, Eros International and Parag Sanghvi : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/remake-omkara-sequel-desi-boyz-announced-anand-pandit-motion-pictures-eros-international-parag-sanghvi/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Anand Pandit announces sequel of Desi Boyz and re-make of Omkara |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/yesterday-once-more-463738 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> The film was expected to go on floors in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-22 |title=Remake of Omkara, Desi Boyz sequel in the works. Upset fans ask 'why?' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/remake-of-omkara-desi-boyz-sequel-in-the-works-fans-ask-why-8338088/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Omkara to be remade, Desi Boyz will get a sequel. Internet feels 'Bollywood has completely run out of ideas' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/omkara-to-be-remade-desi-boyz-will-get-a-sequel-internet-feels-bollywood-has-completely-run-out-of-ideas-2312255-2022-12-22 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|desi-boyz}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Mojo movie}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{Metacritic movie}}

{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bohemia (rapper)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2011 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:2011 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]

Districts of British India

2026-03-15T07:36:59Z

Jaya: fix

{{short description|Administrative units of British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Colonial India}}

The '''districts of British India''' were key administrative units of the [[British Raj]], or Indian Empire, serving as subdivisions of the [[Provinces of British India|provinces]] and [[divisions of British India]].<ref>''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]''. Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907-1909.</ref> These districts, often referred to as ''[[zila (country subdivision)|zillas]]'' in vernacular languages, played a crucial role in the governance and administration of British India, managing local affairs such as revenue collection, law enforcement, and public works. Most districts established during the British period became the foundation for modern [[districts of India]] and [[Districts of Pakistan|districts of Pakistan]] after the [[partition of India]] in 1947.

== History ==
The district system in British India evolved from earlier administrative structures under the [[Mughal Empire]], where regions were divided into ''sarkars'' and ''parganas''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=B. B. |title=Peasant History of Late Pre-Colonial and Colonial India |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-8131716885 |pages=45–50}}</ref> The British East India Company, after gaining control over Bengal in the mid-18th century, began formalizing districts as administrative units to streamline governance and revenue collection.<ref>{{cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara D. |title=A Concise History of Modern India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0521682251 |pages=56–60}}</ref> By the early 19th century, districts were firmly established across British India, each headed by a district collector or magistrate responsible for local administration.

Districts were further grouped into [[divisions of British India|divisions]], which were overseen by commissioners, and these divisions were part of larger [[Provinces of British India|provinces]].<ref>''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', vol. V, 1908.</ref> This hierarchical structure allowed the British to maintain control over vast territories with diverse populations. The districts' boundaries and administrative functions evolved over time, reflecting changes in British policies and local needs.

Following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the British Crown assumed direct control over India, and the district system was further standardized.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cohn |first=Bernard S. |title=Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0691000435 |pages=100–105}}</ref> By the early 20th century, districts were the primary units for local governance, with responsibilities including judicial administration, public health, education, and infrastructure development.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bayly |first=C. A. |title=Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0521386500 |pages=120–125}}</ref>

At the time of the [[partition of India]] in 1947, most districts were reorganized into the newly independent nations of India and Pakistan, with some districts split along religious lines.<ref>{{cite book |last= Talbot |first=Ian |title=Divided Cities: Partition and Its Aftermath in Lahore and Amritsar, 1947-1957 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0195472264 |pages=15–20}}</ref> Today, the legacy of these districts continues in the administrative frameworks of both countries.

== List of districts in British Toritary ==
Below is a list of districts in British India as of 1947, organized by province and division. This list includes only those districts that were active at the time of the partition of India.

=== Districts in the [[Assam province]] ===
==== [[Assam Valley division]] ====
* [[Balipara Frontier District]]
* [[Darrang district]]
* [[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council|Garo Hills district]]
* [[Goalpara district]]
* [[Kamrup district]]
* [[Lakhimpur district]]
* [[Nagaon District|Nowgong district]]
* [[Sadiya Frontier District]]
* [[Sibsagar district]]

==== [[Surma Valley and Hills division]] ====
* [[Cachar district]]
* [[Khasi and Jaintia Hills|Khasi and Jaintia Hills district]]
* [[Lushai Hills|Lushai Hills district]]
* [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills district]] (excluding [[Naga tribal areas]])
* [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet district]]

=== Districts in the [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan Province]] ===
* [[Bolan district]]
* [[Chagai district]]
* [[Loralai district]]
* [[Quetta District|Quetta-Pishin district]]
* [[Sibi District ]] (excluding [[Marri-Bugti County]])
* [[Zhob district]]

=== Districts in the [[Bengal Presidency]] ===
The Bengal Presidency had 28 districts across five divisions at the time of partition.

==== [[Burdwan division]] (Chuchura) ====
* [[Bankura district]]
* [[Birbhum district]]
* [[Bardhaman district]]
* [[Howrah district]]
* [[Hooghly district]]
* [[Midnapore district]]

==== [[Chittagong Division]] ====
* [[Chittagong District|Chittagong district]]
* [[Chittagong Hill Tracts|Chittagong Hills district]]
* [[Noakhali district]]
* [[Comilla District|Tipperah district]]

==== [[Dhaka Division|Dacca division]] ====
* [[Barisal District|Bakerganj district]]
* [[Dhaka District|Dacca district]]
* [[Faridpur district]]
* [[Mymensingh district]]

==== [[Presidency division]] (Calcutta) ====
* [[Calcutta district]]
* [[Jessore district]]
* [[Khulna district]]
* [[Murshidabad district]]
* [[Nadia district]] (After partition, 52% of the land remained with [[India]] and 48% with [[East Bengal]] as [[Kushtia District (1947–1984)|Kushtia District]])
* [[24 Parganas|24 Paraganas district]]

==== [[Rajshahi Division]] (Jalpaiguri) ====
* [[Bogra district]]
* [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur district]]
* [[Darjeeling district]]
* [[Jalpaiguri district]]
* [[Malda district]]
* [[Rajshahi district]]
* [[Rangpur district]]
* [[Pabna District|Pabna district]]

=== Districts in the [[Bihar Province]] ===
==== [[Bhagalpur division|Bhagalpur Division]] ====
* [[Bhagalpur Division|Bhagalpur district]]
* [[Munger district]]
* [[Purnia district]]
* [[Santhal Pargana Division|Santhal Pargana district]]

==== [[Chota Nagpur Division|Chota Nagpur division]] (Ranchi) ====
* [[Hazaribagh district]]
* [[Manbhum|Manbhum district]]
* [[Palamu District|Palamau district]]
* [[Ranchi district]]
* [[Singhbhum district]]

==== [[Patna division]] ====
* [[Gaya district]]
* [[Patna district]]
* [[Shahabad district]]

==== [[Tirhut division]] (Muzaffarpur) ====
* [[Champaran| Champaran district]]
* [[Darbhanga district]]
* [[Muzaffarpur district]]
* [[Saran district]]

=== Districts in the [[Bombay Presidency]] ===
* [[Ahmedabad district]]
* [[Ahmednagar district]]
* [[Belagavi District|Belgaum district]]
* [[Bharuch district]]
* [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]]
* [[Mumbai City District|Bombay City district]]
* [[Mumbai Suburban District|Bombay Suburban district]]
* [[Colaba district]]
* [[Dharwar district]]
* [[Jalgaon District|East Khandesh district]]
* [[Kheda District|Kaira district]]
* [[Nashik district|Nasik district]]
* [[Uttara Kannada|North Kanara district]]
* [[Panchmahal district]]
* [[Pune district|Poona district]]
* [[Ratnagiri district]]
* [[Satara district]]
* [[Solapur district|Sholapur district]]
* [[Surat district]]
* [[Thane District|Thana district]]
* [[Dhule District|West Khandesh district]]

=== Districts in the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] ===
==== [[Berar division]] (Amraoti) ====
* [[Akola district]]
* [[Amravati District|Amraoti district]]
* [[Buldhana district|Buldana district]]
* [[Yavatmal District|Yeotmal district]]

==== [[Chhattisgarh division]] (Raipur) ====
* [[Balaghat district]]
* [[Bhandara district]]
* [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur district]]
* [[Durg district]]
* [[Raipur district]]

==== [[Jubbulpore division]] ====
* [[Hoshangabad district]]
* [[Jabalpur District|Jubbulpore district]]
* [[Mandla district]]
* [[Nimar district]]
* [[Sagar District|Saugor district]]

==== [[Nagpur division]] ====
* [[Betul district]]
* [[Chandrapur district|Chanda district]]
* [[Chhindwara district]]
* [[Nagpur district]]
* [[Wardha district]]

=== Districts in the [[Madras Presidency]] ===
* [[Anantapur district]]
* [[Bellary district]]
* [[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingleput district]]
* [[Chittoor district]]
* [[Coimbatore District (Madras Presidency)|Coimbatore district]]
* [[Kadapa district|Cuddapah district]]
* [[East Godavari district]]
* [[Guntur district]]
* [[Krishna district]]
* [[Kurnool district]]
* [[Madura District (Madras Presidency)|Madura district]]
* [[Malabar district]]
* [[Nellore district]]
* [[North Arcot|North Arcot District]]
* [[Ramanathapuram District|Ramnad district]]
* [[Salem district]]
* [[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot district]]
* [[Dakshina Kannada|South Canara district]]
* [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]]
* [[Tinnevely District (Madras Presidency)|Tinnevely district]]
* [[Tiruchirappalli district|Trichinopoly district]]
* [[Vizagapatam District (Madras Presidency)|Vizagapatam district]]
* [[West Godavari district]]

=== Districts of [[North-West Frontier province]] ===
* [[Bannu district]]
* [[Dera Ismail Khan district]]
* [[Hazara district]]
* [[Kohat district]]
* [[Mardan district]]
* [[Peshawar district]]

=== Districts of [[Orissa province]] ===
* [[Balasore district]]
* [[Cuttack district]]
* [[Ganjam district]]
* [[Koraput district]]
* [[Puri district]]
* [[Sambalpur district]]

=== Districts of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]] ===
==== [[Ambala division]] ====
* [[Ambala district]]
* [[Gurgaon district]]
* [[Hisar district|Hissar district]]
* [[Karnal district]]
* [[Rohtak district]]
* [[Shimla district|Simla district]]

==== [[Jalandhar Division|Jullundur division]] ====
* [[Firozpur District|Ferozpore district]]
* [[Hoshiarpur district]]
* [[Jalandhar District|Jullundur district]]
* [[Kangra district]]
* [[Ludhiana district]]

==== [[Lahore division]] ====
* [[Amritsar district]]
* [[Gujranwala district]]
* [[Gurdaspur district]]
* [[Lahore district]]
* [[Shekhupura district]]
* [[Sialkot district]]

==== [[Multan division]] ====
* [[Dera Ghazi Khan district]]
* [[Jhang district]]
* [[Faisalabad district|Lyallpur district]]
* [[Sahiwal district|Montgomery district]]
* [[Multan district]]
* [[Muzaffargarh district]]

==== [[Rawalpindi division]] ====
* [[Attock district]]
* [[Gujrat district]]
* [[Jhelum district]]
* [[Mianwali district]]
* [[Rawalpindi district]]
* [[Sargodha district|Shahpur district]]

=== Districts of [[Sind province]] ===
* [[Dadu district]]
* [[Hyderabad District, Sindh|Hyderabad district]]
* [[Karachi Division|Karachi district]]
* [[Larkana district]]
* [[Nawabshah district]]
* [[Sukkur district]]
* [[Tharparkar District|Thar Parkar district]]
* [[Jacobabad District|Upper Sindh Frontier district]]

=== Districts of [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] ===
==== [[Agra division]] ====
* [[Agra district]]
* [[Aligarh district]]
* [[Etah district]]
* [[Mainpuri district]]
* [[Mathura District|Muttra district]]

==== [[Allahabad division]] ====
* [[Prayagraj District|Allahabad district]]
* [[Kanpur Nagar District|Cawnpore district]]
* [[Etawah district]]
* [[Fatehpur district]]
* [[Farrukhabad district]]

==== [[Benares division]] ====
* [[Ballia district]]
* [[Varanasi district|Benares district]]
* [[Ghazipur district|Gazipur district]]
* [[Jaunpur district]]
* [[Mirzapur district]]

==== [[Faizabad division]] ====
* [[Bahraich district]]
* [[Barabanki district|Bara Banki district]]
* [[Faizabad district]]
* [[Gonda district]]
* [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]]
* [[Sultanpur district]]

==== [[Gorakhpur division]] ====
* [[Azamgarh district]]
* [[Basti district]]
* [[Deoria district]]
* [[Gorakhpur district]]

==== [[Jhansi division]] ====
* [[Banda district, India|Banda district]]
* [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur district]]
* [[Jalaun district]]
* [[Jhansi district]]

==== [[Kumaon division]] (Nainital) ====
* [[Almora district]]
* [[Garhwal district]]
* [[Nainital district]]

==== [[Lucknow division]] ====
* [[Hardoi district]]
* [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Kheri district]]
* [[Lucknow district]]
* [[Raebareli district|Rae Bareli district]]
* [[Sitapur district]]
* [[Unnao District|Unao district]]

==== [[Meerut division]] ====
* [[Bulandshahr district]]
* [[Dehradun district|Dehra Dun district]]
* [[Meerut district]]
* [[Muzaffarnagar district]]
* [[Saharanpur district]]

==== [[Rohilkhand division]] (Bareilly) ====
* [[Bareilly district]]
* [[Bijnor District|Bijnor district]]
* [[Budaun district]]
* [[Moradabad district]]
* [[Pilibhit district]]
* [[Shahjahanpur district]]

=== Other districts ===
* [[Ajmer district]] (the only district of [[Ajmer-Merwara Province]])
* [[Delhi district]](the only district of [[Delhi Province]])
* [[Kodagu district|Coorg district]] (the only district of [[Coorg Province]])

== List of districts in Princely state==
=== Districts in the [[Gwalior State]] ===
==== [[ Gwalior Division]] ====
* [[Vidisha District|Bhilsa District]]
* [[Bhind District]]
* [[Gwalior District|Gwalior Gird District]]
* [[Isagarh District]] (renamed [[Guna District]])
* [[Narwar District]] (renamed [[Shivpuri District]])
* [[Sheopur District]]
* [[Morena District|Tanwarghar District]] (renamed [[Morena District]])

==== [[Malwa Division]] ====
* [[Amjhera District]] (renamed [[Sardarpur District]])
* [[Mandsaur District]]
* [[Shajapur District]]
* [[Ujjain District]]

=== Districts in the [[Hyderabad State]] ===
==== [[Aurangabad division]] ====
* [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]]
* [[Beed District|Bir district]]
* [[Nanded District|Nander district]]
* [[Parbhani District|Parabhani district]]

==== [[Gulbarga division]] ====
* [[Bidar district]]
* [[Gulbarga district]]
* [[Osmanabad district]]
* [[Raichur district]]

==== [[Gulshanabad division]] (Medak) ====
* [[Atraf-i-Baldah|Atraf-i-Baldah district]]
* [[Mahbubnagar district]]
* [[Medak district]]
* [[Nalgonda district]]
* [[Nizamabad district]]

==== [[Warangal division]] ====
* [[Adilabad district]]
* [[Karimnagar district]]
* [[Warangal district]]

=== Districts in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir State]] ===
==== [[Jammu division]] ====
===== Districts =====
* [[Jammu district]]
* [[Kathua district]]
* [[Mirpur district]]
* [[Reasi district]]
* [[Udhampur district]]

Jagirs
* [[Chenani]]
* [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]]

==== [[Kashmir Division]] ====
* [[Anantnag district]]
* [[Baramulla District|Baramula district]]
* [[Muzaffarabad district]]

==== Frontier Division ====
* [[Astore district]]
* [[Gilgit district]] (excluding [[Gilgit Agency]])
* [[Ladakh district]]
=== Districts in the [[Indore State]] ===
==== [[Malwa division]] ====
* [[Indore district]]
* [[Mahidpur district]]
* [[Ramapura-Bhanapura district]]
==== [[Nimar Division]] ====
* [[Nemwar district]]
* [[West Nimar District|Nimar District]]
=== Districts in the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore State]] ===
* [[Bangalore district]]
* [[Chitradurga District|Chitaldrug district]]
* [[Hassan district]]
* [[Chikmagalur District|Kadur district]]
* [[Kolar district]]
* [[Mandya district]]
* [[Mysore district]]
* [[Shimoga district]]
* [[Tumkur district]]

== Former districts of British Toritary ==
The following districts were active at various points during British rule but were dissolved or reorganized before 1947:
* [[Bassein district]]
* [[Chanderi district]]
* [[Ellichpur district]]
* [[Jungle Mahals]]
* [[Jungle Terry]]
* [[Khandesh district]]
* [[Merwara district]]
* [[Muhamdi district]]
* [[Neemuch district]]
* [[North Bareilly district]]
* [[Sironj district]]
* [[Thal-Chotiali]]
* [[Wun district]]

== See also ==
* [[List of districts in India]]
* [[Subdivisions of British India]]
* [[Territorial evolution of the British Empire]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://archive.org/stream/pamphletsissuedb08grea/pamphletsissuedb08grea_djvu.txt Pamphlets issued by the India office and by other British and Indian governmental agencies, relating to the government of India, and to various political, economic, and social questions concerning it and Burma]

{{Historical districts of India}}

[[Category:Districts of British India| ]]

Kesari (Ramayana)

2026-03-15T04:36:49Z

Jaya: enhance section also and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|Father of Hindu god Hanuman}}
{{About|Father of Hanuman|other uses|Kesari (disambiguation){{!}}Kesari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox deity
| name = Kesari
| spouse = [[Añjanā|Anjana]] and Anjali
| parents = [[Brihaspati]] [[Tara (Hindu goddess)|Tara]]
| siblings = [[Bharadvaja]], [[Kacha (sage)|Kacha]]
| children = [[Hanuman]]
*Matiman, Shrutiman, Ketuman, Gatiman, Dhritiman or Dyutiman by Anjali
| type = Hindu
| texts = [[Ramayana]]
| affiliation = [[Vanara]]
| abode = [[Kishkindha]]
| image = Rama and monkey chiefs.jpg
| caption = Kesari and other Vanara chiefs meeting [[Rama]]
}}

'''Kesari''' is a male ''[[vanara]],'' and a figure in [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdomlib.org |date=2021-08-13 |title=The story of Kesari (Monkey characters, part 3) [Chapter 3.9] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/animal-kingdom-tiryak-in-epics/d/doc825662.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> He is the father of [[Hanuman]] and the husband of [[Añjanā|Anjana]].<ref name="KeśavadāsaBahadur1976">{{cite book | author1=Keśavadāsa | author2=Krishna Prakash Bahadur | title=Selections from Rāmacandrikā of Keśavadāsa | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQHpEQ8HkRMC&pg=PA22 | access-date=14 July 2012 | date=1 January 1976 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-2789-9 |page=22}}</ref>

== Legend ==

===Early life===

While mighty Kesari ruled the [[Mount Meru]]/Sumeru, [[Brahma|Brahmā]] cursed an [[apsara]] named Managarva, and turned her into a vanara. She married Kesari, under the name Anjana. For a long time, the couple were childless. Anjana propitiated Vayu for a child.

In [[Shaivism|Shaiva tradition]], [[Shiva]] was requested to beget a son to help Vishnu, who was about to incarnate as [[Rama]] to slay [[Ravana]]. Shiva and [[Parvati]] took the form of vanaras and engaged in intercourse. When Vayu appeared, the couple made their presence known, and Parvati revealed the child inside her. Parvati refused to take the foetus in the form of a vanara to Kailasha. As Shiva had instructed, Parvati offered the child to Vayu, who transferred it to Anjana's womb, who gave birth to [[Hanuman]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdomlib.org |date=2014-08-03 |title=Keshari, Keśarī, Kesarī, Kesari, Keśāri, Kesha-ari: 28 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/keshari#purana |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

===Later life===
Kesari, Anjana and child Hanuman moved to Kishkindha on the request of its king Riksharaja, father of [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] and [[Sugriva]]. Kesari became his Chief Commander alongside ruling the Mount Meru. He was a respected personality and was honoured by all Vanaras and was a friend of Brahma’s son [[Jamvanta]], the king of bears.

Later in his life, he fought alongside the Vanara Army of [[Rama|Lord Rama]] against [[Ravana|Lankesh Ravana]] to rescue [[Sita|Devi Sita]] and slew many powerful demons.

==In popular culture==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Name !! Played by!! Channel !! Country
|-
| 1997 || [[Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series)|Jai Hanuman]] || [[Deepak Jethi]]|| [[DD Metro]] ||India
|-
| 2015 || [[Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanuman]] ||[[Gagan Kang]]||[[Sony Entertainment Television]]|| India
|-
| 2024 || [[Shrimad Ramayan]] ||[[Jameel Chaudhary]]||[[Sony Entertainment Television]]|| India
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jaihanuman.net/English-3-Stories-1-Birth%20of%20Hanuman.html Birth of Hanuman Story]

{{Ramayana}}

[[Category:Vanara in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Hanuman]]

Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush

2026-03-11T16:39:32Z

Jaya: updated details

{{short description|Indian mythological television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = May 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ram Siya Ke Lov Kush.jpg
| alt_name =
| genre =
| creator = [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]]
| developer = Siddharth Kumar Tewary
| writer = Mahesh Pandey
| based_on = [[Ramayana]]
| director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 141
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Siddharth Kumar Tewary Gayatri Gill Tewary
| editor =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Swastik Productions]]
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|8|5}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2020|2|10}}
| related =
}}
'''''Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush''''' ({{Translation|''Ram Siya's Luv Kush''}}) is an Indian [[mythological]] drama television series, which aired on [[Colors TV]] from 5 August 2019 to 10 February 2020. The series focused on the story of [[Rama]] and [[Sita]] as well as their children [[Lava (Ramayana)|Luv]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/node/|title=Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203010609/https://www.pinkvilla.com/node/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It starred [[Shivya Pathania]], [[Himanshu Soni]], Krish Chauhan, and Harshit Kabra in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/i-don-t-look-at-sita-as-victim-of-patriarchy-says-shivya-pathania-1576990-2019-08-04|title=I don't look at Sita as victim of patriarchy, says Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush actress Shivya Pathania|agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=August 4, 2019 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref>

==Plot==
The serial starts with Ram coming back to [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] after the victory over Lanka and after 14 years of [[exile]]. On the day of Sita's pregnancy announcement, a washerwoman comes and tells Ram and Sita how she was harassed by her husband. She describes her condition but later, her husband raises questions upon her character. Ram orders that she be given justice. Soon, rumors started spreading in Ayodhya about Sita's chastity: that she had stayed in the house of Ravan, another man for nearly a year and even though she did the “Agni Pariksha,” people still questioned her purity. Sita decided that she wanted to stop the harassment against women. Consequently, she left Ayodhya and promised not to meet Ram before the completion of her objective. Later, she gives birth to twins named Luv and Kush at Valmiki's hermitage after proving her chastity under the pseudonym of Vandevi. Fourteen years passed, the brothers start listening to the verses of [[Ramayana|Ramayan]] from Sita Valmiki and Shatrughna. During ashvmedha yajna they doubted Ram's love for Sita and stopped the ashva. Then the whole family battled and finally they get their answers. Sita breaks the truth after that they are children of Ayodhya king Rama and she is Sita not vandevi. Brothers leave for Ayodhya to recite Ramayana to change the mindset of their male-dominated society. They started from the case of [[Shurpanakha]]. Finally, they were able to change the men’s mindset and get the women their rights back. Luv and Kush unite Sita and Ram. Sita goes inside Mother Earth as all her life’s motives have been fulfilled. Luv and Kush get their rights. After some time, Ram does Jal Samadhi and leaves the earth for heaven where he meets Sita. The show concludes with Ram and Sita blessing everyone else.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Himanshu Soni]] as [[Rama]]: [[Avatar|7th Avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]; Dasharatha and Kausalya's son; Sumitra and Kaikeyi's step-son; Lakshmana, Shatrughna and Bharata's half-brother; Sita's husband; Lava and Kusha's father. (2019–2020)
* [[Shivya Pathania]] as [[Sita]]: [[Avatar]] of [[Lakshmi]]; Bhumi's daughter; Janaka and Sunayana's adoptive daughter; Urmila's adoptive sister; Shrutakirti and Mandavi's adoptive cousin; Rama's wife; Lava and Kusha's mother. (2019–2020)
* Krish Chauhan as [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]]: Rama and Sita's elder son; Lava's twin-brother. (2019–2020)
* Harshit Kabra as [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]]: Rama and Sita's younger son; Kusha's twin-brother. (2019–2020)

===Recurring===
* [[Ankur Nayyar]] as [[Dasharatha]]: Kausalya, Sumitra and Kaikeyi's husband; Rama, Lakshmana, Shatrughna and Bharata's father; Sita, Urmila, Shrutakirti and Mandavi's father-in-law; Lava, Kusha, Angada, Chandraketu, Subahu, Shatrughati, Taksha and Pushkala's grandfather. (2019–2020)
* Jaswinder Gardener as [[Kaushalya]]: Dasharatha's first wife; Rama's mother; Sita's mother-in-law; Lava and Kusha's grandmother. (2019–2020)
* Preetu Gandwani as [[Sumitra]]: Dasharatha's second wife; Shanta, Lakshamana and Shatrughna's mother; Urmila and Shrutakirti's mother-in-law; Angada, Chandraketu, Subahu and Shatrughati's grandmother. (2019–2020)
* Navi Bhangu as [[Lakshmana]]: [[Avatar]] of [[Shesha]]; Dasharatha and Sumitra's son; Kausalya and Kaikeyi's step-son; Shatrughna's brother; Rama and Bharata's half-brother; Urmila's husband; Angada and Chandraketu's father. (2019–2020)
* [[Nisha Nagpal]] as [[Urmila]]: Janaka and Sunayana's daughter; Sita's adoptive sister; Shrutakirti and Mandavi's cousin; Lakshmana's wife; Angada and Chandraketu's mother. (2019–2020)
* Akhil Kataria as [[Shatrughna]]: [[Avatar]] of [[Sudarshana Chakra]]; Dasharatha and Sumitra's son; Kausalya and Kaikeyi's step-son; Lakshmana's brother; Rama and Bharata's half-brother; Shrutakirti's husband; Subahu and Shatrughati's father. (2019–2020)
* Nikita Tiwari as [[Shrutakirti]]: Kushadhvaja and Chandrabhaga's daughter; Mandavi's sister; Urmila's cousin; Shatrughna's wife; Subahu and Shatrughati's mother. (2019–2020)
* Piyali Munshi as [[Kaikeyi]]: Dasharatha's third wife; Bharata's mother; Mandavi's mother-in-law; Taksha and Pushkala's grandmother. (2019–2020)
* [[Kanan Malhotra]] as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]: [[Avatar]] of [[Panchajanya]]; Dasharatha and Kaikeyi's son; Kausalya and Sumitra's step-son; Rama, Lakshmana and Shatrughna's half-brother; Mandavi's husband; Taksha and Pushkala's father. (2019–2020)
* Richa Dixit as [[Mandavi]]: Kushadhvaja and Chandrabhaga's daughter; Shrutakirti's sister; Urmila's cousin; Bharata's wife; Taksha and Pushkala's mother. (2019–2020)
* Kiran Sharma as [[Manthara]] : Kaikeyi's maid (2019–20)
* [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as [[Janaka]] : Sita and Urmila's Father and King of Mithila (2019–20)
* Sampada Vaze as [[Sunayana (Ramayana)|Sunayana]] : Sita and Urmila's Mother and Queen of Mithila (2019–20)
* Zuber Ali as [[Hanuman]] : Pawandev and Anjani's Son; Rama's Spiritual devotee (2019–20)
* Sanjiv Sharma as [[Valmiki]] : Luv and Kush's Teacher; author of [[Ramayana]] (2019–20)
* Brownie Parashar as [[Vashishtha]] : Raghukul Brothers' teacher (2019–20)
* [[Shaleen Bhanot]] as [[Ravana]] : King of Lanka; Mandodari's husband (2019–20)
* [[Falaq Naaz]] as [[Mandodari]] : Ravana's Wife (2019–20)
* Priya Sindhu as [[Shurpanakha]] : Ravana's Younger Sister. Her nose was cut by Lakshman when she tried to attack Sita to marry Rama (2019–20)
* Ajay Mishra as [[Vibhishana]] : Ravana's younger brother who supported Ram (2019–20)
* [[Vinit Kakar]] as [[Meghanada]] : Mandodari and Ravana's Eldest Son (2019–20)
* Nitant Kaushik as Dheera (2019–20)
* [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] as [[Parashuram]](6th avatar of [[Lord Vishnu]]/ [[Shiva]] (2019–20)
* [[Nimai Bali]] as [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] / [[Sugriva]] (2019–20)
*Priyanka Malviya as [[Tara (Ramayana)|Tara]] (2019–20)
* Vaishali Shrivastava as [[Rumā]] (2019–20)
* Puneet Vashisht as [[Vishwamitra]]: Ram and Lakshman's mentor in Tadka, Subahu's slaying, Sita's swayamvar (2019–20)
* Vijay Badlani as [[Lord Indra]] King Of Gods, Lord Of Lightning, and Vali's father (2019–20)
* Sandeep Rajora as [[Lord Surya]] Lord Sun, and Sugriva's father (2019–20)
* Rohit Sagar as [[Vayu|Lord Vayu]] Lord of Wind, and Hanuman's father
* Kunal Bhatia as [[Lord Agni]] God of fire (2019–20)
* Patrali Chattopadhyay as [[Tataka]] (2019–20)
* Yogesh Mahajan as [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]] (2019–20)
* Manisha Saxena as [[Ahalya]] (2019–20)
* Aleya Ghosh as [[Bhudevi]] (2019–20)
* Vasundhara Kaul as Mrutali (2019–20)
* Ajay Jayram as Nagarseth (2019–20)
* [[Pooja Sharma (Indian actress)|Pooja Sharma]] as [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|River Sarayu]], the Narrator (2019–20)
* Rajshekhar Upadhya as Purohit (2019–20)
* Nitin Parashar as [[Angada]] : Tara and Vali's Son (2019–20)
* Kamal Bohra as Nagarseth Son (2019–20)

==Production and release==
Viacom18 partnered with [[UC Browser]] for promoting the series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/uc-browser-joins-hands-with-colors-to-promote-series-ram-siya-ke-luv-kush20190820140749/|title=UC Browser joins hands with colours to promote Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush|last=|first=|date=|website=ANI News|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> The show was launched in [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] in a grand manner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/saas-bahu-aur-suspense-grand-launching-of-ram-siya-ke-luv-kush-in-ayodhya-will-leave-you-amazed-watch-video-539798|title=Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush's grand launch in Ayodhya will leave you amazed. Watch video|last=|first=|date=August 2019|website=India TV|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

The budget of the series is about ₹650 crore with the sets set at [[Umargam]] in [[Gujarat]], making it the most expensive [[Indian television drama|Indian television series]]. Each episode had a budget of 4 crores.<ref>{{Cite web|title=When Ram visited Ayodhya|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/when-ram-visited-ayodhya-well-sort-of/21527180|last=|first=|date=13 August 2019|website=Mid Day|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's most expensive TV show was bigger than Kalki 2898 AD, Adipurush, RRR; each episode cost Rs 4 cr, was banned in.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-india-s-most-expensive-tv-show-ram-siya-ke-luv-kush-budget-bigger-than-kalki-2898-ad-adipurush-rrr-banned-in-3094668/amp |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref>

The shoot of the series ended on 7 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shalin-bhanot-wraps-up-shoot-of-ram-siya-ke-luv-kush-shares-video-from-last-day-of-shoot/articleshow/74003925.cms|title=Shalin Bhanot wraps up shoot of Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush; shares video from last day of shoot|last=|first=|date=|website=The Times of India|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Protests were started by the Valmiki Community of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to ban the series for representing a disfigured fact on the Sage [[Valmiki]]. A [[bandh]] of markets was called on 9 September 2019 by them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/protest-erupts-over-telecast-of-tv-show-ram-siya-ke-luv-kush-1596627-2019-09-07|title=Protest erupts over telecast of TV show Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush|last=|first=|date=7 September 2019|website=India Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Amidst this issue, a man was shot in [[Jalandhar]], Punjab. After this, the series was banned in Punjab on the orders of the CM [[Amarinder Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/protests-in-punjab-on-tv-serial-man-shot/story-eVYai8YtxL0qpr1NCLwV8O.html|title=Protests in Punjab on TV serial, man shot|last=|first=|date=2019-09-07|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> This bandh also caused discrepancies in train and bus services in [[Ludhiana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/punjab-bandh-against-tv-serial-disrupts-train-bus-services-in-ludhiana/story-ebipoEI1Am085NueGomJAM.html|title=Punjab Bandh against TV serial disrupts train, bus services in Ludhiana|last=|first=|date=2019-09-07|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

The ministry of information and broadcasting council sent a notice on 11 September 2019 to the channel giving 15 days time for responding stating, <blockquote>"The show is harming the image of Maharishi Valmiki and causing hurt to the religious sentiments of a community."</blockquote><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ram-siya-ke-luv-kush-deadlock-continues-resolution-possible-today/articleshow/71136317.cms|title='Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush' deadlock continues, resolution possible today|date=|website=The Times Of India|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi |last2=Nijher |first2=Jaspreet }}</ref>

It further stated, <blockquote>"Lord Ram has been shown to have visited Maharishi Valmiki’s ashram and met Luv and Kush, which is not true. He met Luv and Kush at the time of the Ashwamedh Yagya, when they captured their horse and waged a war."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>On 9 September 2019, the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] refused to stay the ban on the telecast of the series imposed by the state of Punjab.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/punjab-high-court-refuses-to-stay-ban-on-ram-siya-ke-luv-kush-1597482-2019-09-10|title=Punjab High Court refuses to stay ban on Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush|last=|first=|date=10 September 2019|website=India Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> During the hearing, the channel argued on the ban order stating that it was passed without adhering to the principles of natural justice, and without the ingredients of Section 19 of the Cable Operators Regulation Act.<ref name=":1" /> They also offered to delete the scenes causing the controversy which was considered by the court thereby adjourning the case for the next hearing on 12 September.<ref name=":1" /> This resulted an imposement of FIR against the channel, producers and the actors in [[Amritsar]] and [[Jalandhar]]. They got an interim stay on the proceedings against them until 28 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/row-over-tv-serial-producers-actors-get-interim-stay-in-case-against-them-channel-challenges-fir-5984563/|title=Row over TV serial: Producers, actors get interim stay in case against them, channel challenges FIR|last=|first=|date=2019-09-11|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><blockquote>"The show draws from various texts, books and scriptures based on Ramayan and it is never our intention to hurt sentiments of any particular group,"</blockquote>a Viacom18 spokesperson said in a statement issued on 14 September 2019. They further stated, <blockquote>"We are closely working with the group and taking their feedback on board. We stay committed to working together to make this a show that Indians across geographies and generations enjoy uninhibited,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/sep/15/viacom18-issues-statement-on-ram-siya-ke-luv-kush-controversy-2033999.html|title=Viacom18 issues statement on 'Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush' controversy|last=|first=|date=15 September 2019|website=The Indian Express|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref></blockquote>On 17 October 2019, the court set the ban order aside when the producers agreed to take corrective action for it.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/hc-sets-aside-ban-on-tv-show-ram-siya-ke-luv-kush-producers-corrective-steps-6075243/|title=HC sets aside ban on 'Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush' after being told that producers will take 'corrective steps'|last=|first=|date=2019-10-18|website=The Indian Express|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> The hearing stated, "What clearly emerges is that the state government having taken a conscious decision of setting up a committee to look into the entire issue and the committee, post deliberations having suggested certain corrective measures/steps, the same have not only been accepted by the petitioner party but have been implemented in so far as the previous episodes of the serial and now have furnished an undertaking to even adhere to such corrective measures/steps for future telecast as well,". Further, the representatives of the channel agreed to delete that scene in all the digital platforms and also to air a special episode on the greatness of Valmiki in accordance with the information provided by the community.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|10738940}}
* {{TV Guide show|1000653281}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows based on poems]]
[[Category:Television series based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Swastik Productions television series]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies in television]]

Abd al-Samad

2026-03-10T06:23:07Z

Jaya: added info...

{{Short description|16th-century Persian painter}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{other uses|Abdul Samad (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Abd al-Samad
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Khwaja 'Abd-us-Samad
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Shiraz]], [[Iran]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| field =
| training =
| movement =
| works = Illustration of the [[Hamzanama]]; [[Khamsa of Nizami#Quinary .28.22Panj Ganj.22 or .22Khamsa.22.29|Khamseh of Nizami]]
| patrons = [[Humayun]]; [[Akbar]]
| awards = Master of the Mint (1576) Dewan of Multan (1584)
| bgcolour =
}}
[[File:Хосров слушает музыку Барбада.Хамсе, Низами. 1539-43. Брит.библ..jpg|thumb|300px|''Barbad Plays for Khusraw'', ''[[Khamsa of Nizami]]'', British Library, Oriental 2265, 1539–43, inscribed Mirza Ali at bottom left.]]
''''Abd al-Ṣamad''' or '''Khwaja 'Abd-us-Ṣamad Shirazi''' ({{langx|fa|خواجه عبدالصمد شیرازی}}), was a 16th century painter of [[Persian miniature]]s who moved to India and became one of the founding masters of the [[Mughal miniature]] tradition, and later the holder of a number of senior administrative roles. 'Abd's career under the Mughals, from about 1550 to 1595, is relatively well documented, and a number of paintings are authorised to him from this period. From about 1572 he headed the imperial workshop of the Emperor [[Akbar]] and "it was under his guidance that Mughal style came to maturity".<ref name="Grove">Grove</ref> It has recently been contended by a leading specialist, Barbara Brend, that Samad is the same person as [[Mirza Ali]], a Persian artist whose documented career seems to end at the same time as Abd al-Samad appears working for the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s.<ref>Brend, 213</ref>

==Mirza Ali==
Mirza Ali's name first appears in a famous manuscript of the ''[[Khamsa of Nizami]]'', now [[British Library]] Oriental 2265, which is dated March 1543.<ref>Brend, 213–214</ref> According to [[Stuart Cary Welch]], there are only three other mentions of him in contemporary records. These say that he was the son of another leading artist of the court workshop, [[Sultan Mohammed|Sultan Muhammed]], and so grew up in the milieu of the court [[atelier]], and was a distinguished painter. Kamal of Tabriz is recorded as a pupil of his.<ref>Brend, 214</ref> The inscriptions in BL Or. 2265 are among the main sources for attributing Persian miniatures of the period. Six painters are named, and although the inscriptions are additions rather than signatures, they have been generally accepted as correct. Mirza Ali's name is inscribed on two miniatures, both courtyard scenes, and his father's on one, to which Welch adds two more un-inscribed miniatures.<ref>Brend, 214–215; Welch, attributions to Sultan Muhammed: Plates 21 (old woman complaining, his attribution), 25 ("Shirin Bathing", inscribed), and 32/33 ([[Mi'raj]], his attribution). See also Titley, 84–85</ref>

Welch further attributes several earlier miniatures to Mirza Ali, including six from the [[Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp]] of the 1520s; Brend is sympathetic to at least two of these attributions, but finds two unlikely, in terms of agreement with the style of the later works.<ref>Brend, 216</ref> After considering some other isolated works, with mixed verdicts on his attributions, she firmly parts company with Welch over his attributions to Mirza Ali of six miniatures in another famous manuscript, the ''[[Haft Aurang]]'' made for Prince [[Ibrahim Mirza]] in 1555–56 (now [[Freer Gallery of Art]]), after he should, if he were indeed also Samad, have left for [[Afghanistan]] and then India. Welch admits that the style of these paintings is different, but attributes this to a change in the spirit of the times, an explanation Brend finds hard to accept,<ref>Brend, 218</ref> although the attributions are repeated by other scholars writing after Brend's paper; Sheila S. Blair finds they display "the artist's increasing spirituality and mannerism".<ref>Blair, Sheila S. in ''Mirza ‛Ali'', in [[Oxford Art Online]].</ref> After discussing other aspects of the question, and comparing the styles of Mirza Ali and Samad, Brend suggests that they are indeed the same artist, who adopted a [[sobriquet]] on moving to a new country.<ref>Brend, 232 and preceding pages</ref> Stylistic similarities include the layout of courtyard compositions and the arrangements of colour, details like a fondness for the virtuosic depiction of grilles and open-work screens, and similar treatment of figures.<ref>Brend, 225–230</ref>

==Samad==
[[File:Princes of the House of Timur.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The earliest known example of a [[Mughal painting]], ''Princes of the House of, Timur'' (c. 1550–55), is attributed to Abd al-Samad. It was probably executed for [[Humayun]], and added to under later emperors to update the family tree. Painted with gouache and gold on fine cotton fabric. [[British Museum]]]]
One source says that Samad's father was the [[vizier]] of [[Shah Shoja Mozaffari]], a difficulty with her theory that Brend explains by speculating that this was instead his grandfather, in whose house he was brought up while Sultan Muhammed established his career at court.<ref>Brend, 230–232</ref> According to Mughal records, Samad became a master in the court workshop of the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] [[Shah]], [[Tahmasp I]]. He was also a [[calligrapher]],<ref>Titley, 192</ref> something not mentioned in connection with Mirza Ali. No works are generally attributed to him before about 1544–45,<ref>Brend, 214; Beach, Blair & Bloom say "No inscribed works by ‛Abd al-Samad are known from the period when he worked in Safavid Iran, though attributions have been proposed"</ref> although Welch attributes a miniature in the much earlier Shah Tahmasp ''Shahnameh'' to him. Brend finds this painting "unsatisfactory" and the work of an inexperienced painter.<ref>Brend, 222; this is the painting: [[:File:The assassination of Chosroës Parvez.jpg|''The assassination of Chosroës Parvez'']]</ref>

Samad first met the exiled [[Mughal emperor]] [[Humayun]] in [[Tabriz]] in 1544.<ref name="Beach, Blair and Bloom">Beach, Blair and Bloom</ref> In 1546, Humayun asked Tahmasp to release Samad and his fellow Persian [[Mir Sayyid Ali]] from his service so that he could engage them,<ref>Canby, Sheila. ''The Golden Age of Persian Art, 1501–1722''</ref> and in about 1549,<ref>Titley, 103, says 1549; or "around 1549–50" according to Crill and Jariwala, 50; Beach, Blair and Bloom say 1550.</ref><ref name=EB>{{cite encyclopedia|last=|first=|authorlink=|editor-first=|editor-last=|editor-link=|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|title='Abd-us-Samad, Khwaja|edition=15th|year=2010|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|volume=I: A-Ak – Bayes|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=978-1-59339-837-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/18 18]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/18}}</ref><ref>Other sources say as early as 1548.</ref> they arrived at Humayun's temporary capital in [[Kabul]], where Samad was engaged by Humayun to teach his son [[Akbar]], and possibly the emperor himself, how to draw.<ref name=EB/><ref name="Beach, 49">Beach, 49</ref> With Mir Sayyid Ali and [[Dust Muhammad]], another Persian, Samad "introduced a fully imperial Persian style into the Mughal ateliers", which seem previously to have been small and consisting of artists trained in various centres including [[Bukhara]].<ref>Cambridge, 15–21 (quote p. 21); see also Beach, Chapter I</ref> Samad probably worked on the unusually large painting of the ''[[Princes of the House of Timur]]'' ([[British Museum]]), which Humayun commissioned about 1550–55, in particular on the landscape background.<ref>Crill and Jariwala, 50</ref> In 1552, a group of single miniatures including work by the two Persians was included in a [[diplomatic gift]] to the ruler of [[Kashgar]], as Humayun worked to assemble support to regain his throne.<ref name="Beach, 49"/> Some of his works from this period are in a [[muraqqa]] or album in the library of the [[Golestan Palace]] in [[Tehran]] (MSS 1663–4), still showing a thoroughly [[Safavid]] style.<ref name=EB/><ref>Beach, Blair & Bloom</ref> One of these miniatures depicts [[Akbar]] giving a miniature painting to his father [[Humayun]], and includes Samad's name on a portfolio; the figure next to it is probably his portrait. The image both uses a fully Persian style, and includes thematic elements, including the self-portrait, that are "dazzling new departures in Islamic painting"<ref>Brend, 225–226</ref>

Samad and Mir Sayyid Ali [[Emigration of Iranians to India during the 16-18th centuries|followed the emperor]] on his return to India, only seven months before he died in 1556. They were retained by the fourteen-year-old Akbar who within a few years set about greatly expanding his court workshop.<ref>Titley, 188</ref> A drawing with muted colour, inscribed with Samad's name, in the [[Bodleian Library]] in [[Oxford]] depicts the arrest, three days after Akbar's accession, of [[Humayun]]'s troublesome [[favourite]], [[Abdu'l Ma'ali]], who is seized from behind by a burly courtier.<ref>Crill and Jariwala, 52–53</ref> Both artists probably worked on the ''[[Tutinama]]'', the first major commission completed in the new reign, where the disparate styles of the several artists used remain clear. But Mir Sayyid Ali was initially given the supervision of Akbar's huge commission of the 1400 large illustrations for the [[Akbar Hamzanama|Akbar ''Hamzanama'']], which was to be fourteen years in the making.<ref name=EB/><ref>Beach, 60–61</ref>
[[File:Abd as-Samad Shirin Qalam - Jamshid Writing on a Rock - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Jamshid writing on a rock'', by Abd al-Samad in 1588]]
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Arghan Div Brings the Chest of Armor to Hamza.jpg|thumb|''Arghan Div Brings the Chest of Armour to Hamza'', from Volume 7 of the ''[[Hamzanama]]'', supervised by Samad.]]

In about 1572, Samad replaced Mir Sayyid Ali (who returned to Persia) as head of the imperial workshop,<ref>Titley, 191</ref> probably because under Sayyid the progress of the illustrations for the ''[[Hamzanama]]'' was too slow. At this point the commission was seven years old and only four of the volumes were complete. Under Samad's direction the remaining ten volumes were completed in another seven years. It is uncertain whether Samad painted any of them himself,<ref>Beach, 61</ref> but "the direction of Mughal painting increasingly came to follow the aims pursued by ‛Abd al-Samad. It is likely that the increased central control that became evident by the Lahore period [1580s on] can be attributed to this artist".<ref name="Grove"/> Among the mostly [[Hindu]] artists trained by Samad were [[Daswanth]] and [[Basawan]], who went on to become famous Mughal painters.<ref name=EB/>

Despite his role in forging the new Mughal synthesis of Persian and Indian styles, Samad's own works remain conservative, with a great interest in detail, and rather less in the new style of dramatic narrative and realism favoured by the young Akbar. But by the 1590s elements of his style, including a taste for detail, were in favour, though after his death Mughal painting turned in the direction of simpler compositions emphasising human interactions. He did not have the gift for realistic portraiture which Mughal painting introduced to the Islamic miniature, and unlike many Mughal artists, shows few borrowings from the European prints and other art available in Akbar's court.<ref>Beach, Blair and Bloom; see also Soucek, 170–172</ref>

In 1576, [[Akbar]] put Samad in charge of the [[Fatehpur Sikri]] [[mint (coin)|mint]], in 1582 he was made "overseer of commerce" and the next year put in charge of the royal household.<ref name="Beach, Blair and Bloom"/> In 1584, [[Akbar]] made him [[dewan]] (official in charge of finances) of [[Multan]]. He was given a ''mansab'' of 400 and honoured with the title of ''Shirin Qalam'' (sweet pen).<ref name=Ain>[[Heinrich Blochmann|Blochmann, H.]] (tr.) (1927, reprint 1993). ''The Ain-I Akbari by Abu 'l-Fazl Allami'', Vol. I, Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, pp.554–5</ref> The moves may have been in recognition of his talent for administration, but it has been suggested that "Akbar preferred a more robust approach than that of his romanticised Persian style of painting".<ref>Titley, 192–193</ref> But he continued to paint and his last known work is a miniature, of [[Khosrow II]] hunting, in the [[illustration]]s of the 1595 manuscript of the [[Khamsa of Nizami (British Library, Or. 12208)|Khamsa of Nizami]].<ref name=EB/><ref>Titley, 193</ref> Works with his name inscribed include a drawing of ''Akbar with a [[Dervish]]'' ([[Aga Khan Museum]], c. 1586–87).<ref>[http://www.akdn.org/museum/detail.asp?artifactid=1696 ''Akbar with a Dervish''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724231318/http://www.akdn.org/museum/detail.asp?artifactid=1696 |date=24 July 2011 }} [[Aga Khan Museum]], c. 1586–87</ref> Another late work is a version of a famous Persian composition of two camels fighting by [[Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād|Behzād]], which an inscription says was done at the request of his son Sharif when he was infirm.<ref>Soucek, 172</ref> He "must have died in the last years of the century".<ref>Grove, though Soucek, 166 gives his dates as "ca. 1518-ca. 1600".</ref>

He had two painter sons, Muhammad Sharif,<ref>Crill and Jariwala, 68</ref> and one called Bizhad, for the famous Persian artist [[Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād|Behzād]] (c. 1450 – c. 1535).<ref>Titley, 192, Soucek, 170</ref> Muhammad Sharif was a friend of the next emperor [[Jahangir]], and like his father was given important administrative roles, a pattern unique among the many Mughal painter families.<ref name="Beach, Blair and Bloom"/> Not all scholars are convinced these sons were not just one, as while Muhammad Sharif is relatively well documented, Bizhad is apparently only known from inscriptions on miniatures.<ref>Beach, 144, note 8 thinks it possible they are the same, while Soucek, 170–172 is confident they were different.</ref>

==Notes==
{{commons category|Abdul-Samad}}
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*Beach, Milo Cleveland, ''Early Mughal painting'', Harvard University Press, 1987, {{ISBN|0-674-22185-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-674-22185-7}}
*"Beach, Blair and Bloom": Beach, Milo Cleveland, updated by Blair, Sheila S. and Bloom, Jonathan, "Abd al Samad" in [[Oxford Art Online]], restricted access, accessed 21 February 2011, (see for fuller bibliography).
*"Cambridge": Beach, Milo Cleveland, Mughal and Rajput painting, Part 1, Volume 3 of ''[[The New Cambridge History of India]]'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-521-40027-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-40027-5}}
*Brend, Barbara. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ixOAIVWsYT8C&q=another+career "Another Career for Mirza Ali?"] in Newman, Andrew J. (ed), ''Society and culture in the early modern Middle East: studies on Iran in the Safavid period, Volume 1998'', Volume 46 of ''Islamic history and civilisation'', BRILL, 2003, {{ISBN|90-04-12774-7}}, {{ISBN|978-90-04-12774-6}}
*Crill, Rosemary, and Jariwala, Kapil. ''The Indian Portrait, 1560–1860'', [[National Portrait Gallery, London]], 2010, {{ISBN|978-1-85514-409-5}}
*"Grove", [[Oxford Art Online]], Various authors, "Indian sub., §VI, 4(i): Mughal ptg styles, 16th–19th centuries", restricted access, accessed 21 February 2011
*Soucek, Priscilla P., "Persian artists in Mughal India", in ''[[Muqarnas (journal)|Muqarnas]]'', Volume 4, 1988, BRILL, {{ISBN|90-04-08155-0}}, {{ISBN|978-90-04-08155-0}}
*Titley, Norah M., ''Persian Miniature Painting, and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India'', 1983, University of Texas Press, 0292764847

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samad, Khwaja Abdus}}
[[Category:Iranian miniature painters]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Artists from Shiraz]]
[[Category:16th-century Iranian painters]]
[[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]

2016 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election

2026-03-08T18:27:34Z

Jaya:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2016 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2009 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election
| previous_year = 2009
| next_election = 2020 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election
| next_year = 2020
| outgoing_members =
| seats_for_election = All 150 elected seats in the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
| opinion_polls =
| registered =
| majority_seats = 76
| turnout = 45.71% ({{increase}}2.67)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-02 |title=GHMC elections: 46.6% voter turnout; repolling in old Malakpet today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/greater-hyderabad-municipal-corporation-elections-voter-turnout-7076170/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekhar Rao]]
| party1 = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = ''Did not contest''
| seats1 = '''99'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 99
| popular_vote1 = '''1,468,618'''
| percentage1 = '''43.85%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 43.85
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Shri G. Kishan Reddy, in New Delhi on August 09, 2019.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader3 = [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since3 =
| leaders_seat3 =
| last_election3 = 5
| seats3 = 4
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 1
| popular_vote3 = 346,523
| percentage3 = 10.34%
| swing3 = {{increase}} 0.37
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Asaduddin.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader2 = [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
| party2 = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = 43
| seats2 = 44
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 1
| popular_vote2 = 530,812
| percentage2 = 15.85%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 1.41
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=N Uttam kumar Reddy.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader4 = [[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
| party4 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since4 =
| leaders_seat4 =
| last_election4 = 52
| seats4 = 2
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 50
| popular_vote4 = 348,388
| percentage4 = 10.40%
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 18.00
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Chandrababu Naidu 2017.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader5 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| party5 = Telugu Desam Party
| leader_since5 =
| leaders_seat5 =
| last_election5 = 45
| seats5 = 1
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 44
| popular_vote5 = 439,047
| percentage5 = 13.11%
| swing5 = {{decrease}} 14.92
| election_date = 2 February 2016
| map_image = [[File:GHMC NEW ZONES,CIRCLE MAP.jpg|200px]]
| title = [[Mayor of Hyderabad, India|Mayor]]
| before_election = ''Vacant''
| after_election = [[Bonthu Rammohan]]
| after_party = [[Telangana Rashtra Samiti]]
| alliance3 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| alliance5 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| alliance1 = ''None''
| alliance2 = ''None''
| alliance4 = ''None''
| alliance_name = no
}}

The '''2016 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election''' was conducted on 2 February 2016 to elect members to all 150 wards of the [[municipal corporation]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2016-01-08 |title=GHMC polls on February 2 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/GHMC-polls-on-February-2/article13990012.ece |access-date=2022-11-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] won a landslide victory of 99 wards, followed by the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] which received 44 wards. The [[Indian National Congress]], which was the single-largest party in the previous GHMC elections held in 2010, was decimated, winning only 2 wards.

== Election schedule ==
The Telangana State Election Commission announced the schedule for the GHMC election on 7 January 2016.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-09 |title=GHMC Elections schedule released |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-01-09/GHMC-Elections-schedule-released/199092 |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Event'''
!'''Date'''
|-
|Date of notification
|12 January 2016
|-
|Last date for filing nominations
|17 January 2016
|-
|Date for scrutiny of nominations
|18 January 2016
|-
|Last date for withdrawal of candidatures
|21 January 2016
|-
|Date of poll
|2 February 2016
|-
|Date of counting
|5 February 2016
|}

== Results ==
=== Results by alliance and party ===
{| style="width:60%; text-align:center;"
|-
!'''Party'''
|'''TRS'''
|'''AIMIM'''
|'''BJP'''
|'''INC'''
|'''TDP'''
|-
!'''Seats'''
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" style="width:66%;" |'''99'''
| bgcolor="{{Party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" style="width:29.33%;" |'''44'''
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" style="width:2.67%;" | '''4'''
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}" style="width:1.33%;" |'''2'''
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" style="width:0.67%;"| '''1'''
|-
!'''Alliance'''
| colspan="3" |'''TRS'''
| colspan="3" |'''AIMIM'''
| colspan="3" |'''NDA'''
| colspan="3" |'''UPA'''
|-
!'''Seats'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{Party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" style="width:66%;" |'''99'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{Party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" style="width:29.33%;" |'''44'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" style="width:3.33%;" |'''5'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" style="width:1.33%;" |'''2'''

|}
The results were announced on 5 February 2016, the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] won a strong majority of 99 seats in the municipal corporation, riding on the wave of achieving the independent state of [[Telangana]] after [[Telangana movement|years of protests and hunger strikes]]. The [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] retained its [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|old city]] bastion whereas the main parties in the last election, the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Telugu Desam Party]] were decimated, with most of their voters switching to the TRS.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myghmc.com/assets/GHMCResult2016.pdf|title=GHMC Election Results Ward wise - 2016}}</ref> Almost 1,000 of the total 1,333 candidates lost their [[Election deposit|deposit]], failing to garner 1/6th of the total vote.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Roushan Ali|date=30 Nov 2020 |title=GHMC Elections: 1,000 of 1,300 candidates lost deposit in 2016 GHMC polls {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/1000-of-1300-candidates-lost-deposit-in-2016-polls/articleshow/79482149.cms |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Results by party ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="150" |Parties and Coalitions
! colspan="2" |Popular vote
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
! width="70" |Vote
! width="45" | %
!Won
!+/-
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| align="left" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] (TRS)
|1,468,618
|43.85%
|99
|{{Increase}}99
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
| align="left" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
|530,812
|15.85%
|44
|{{Increase}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| align="left" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|346,523
|10.34%
|4
|{{Decrease}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" width="2" |
| align="left" |[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|348,388
|10.40%
|2
|{{Decrease}}50
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
| align="left" |[[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP)
|439,047
|13.11%
|1
|{{Decrease}}44
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| align="left" |Others
|215,991
|6.45%
|0
|{{Decrease}}5
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="2" align="left" |Total
|'''3,349,379'''
|'''100.00'''
|'''150'''
|
|}

=== Results by ward ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Results
! colspan="2" |Ward
! colspan="4" |Winner
! colspan="4" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
!#
!Name
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
|-
|1
|[[Kapra]]
|S. Swarna Raj
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10112
|KVLN Rao
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|5083
|5029
|-
|2
|[[A. S. Rao Nagar]]
|Pajjuri Pavani Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7987
|Tateneni Samrajyam
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6621
|1366
|-
|3
|[[Cherlapally]]
|[[Bonthu Rammohan]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13462
|Ganesh M.
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5593
|7869
|-
|4
|[[Moula-Ali#Sub-regions of Moula Ali|Meerpet HB Colony]]
|Golluri Anjaiah
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12319
|Anumula Dinesh
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6611
|5708
|-
|5
|[[Mallapur]]
|Devender Reddy Pannala
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12929
|B. Lakshmi Naraayana
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|5040
|7889
|-
|6
|[[Nacharam]]
|Shanti Shekar Chitipolu
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|8236
|Jyothi Medala
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8084
|152
|-
|7
|Chilukanagar
|Gopu Saraswathi
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13055
|Chenreddy Latha
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5073
|7982
|-
|8
|[[Habsiguda]]
|Bethi Swapna Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12567
|Bobbala Rama
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|5099
|7468
|-
|9
|[[Ramanthapur]]
|Gandham Jyosthna
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10396
|Sarva Rani
| style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|5239
|5157
|-
|10
|[[Uppal Village|Uppal]]
|Anala Reddy Mekala
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10510
|M. Rajitha
| style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|9364
|1146
|-
|11
|[[Nagole]]
|Cheruku Sangeetha
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12915
|Chinthala Aruna
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|6838
|6077
|-
|12
|Mansoorabad
|Koppula Vittal Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12736
|Koppula Narasimha Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|6787
|5949
|-
|13
|[[Hayathnagar|Hayaathnagar]]
|S. Tirumala Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10598
|Kallem Ravinder Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7825
|2773
|-
|14
|BN Reddy Nagar
|Muddagouni Laxmi Prasanna
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12743
|Katikareddy Aravind Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|6184
|6559
|-
|15
|[[Vanasthalipuram]]
|Jitta Rajasekhar Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13691
|Sama Prabhakar Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|5410
|8281
|-
|16
|[[Hastinapuram]]
|Ramavath Padma
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12220
|N. Pravalika
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3102
|9118
|-
|17
|[[Champapet]]
|S. Ramana Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8938
|Vanga Madhusudhan Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8792
|146
|-
|18
|[[Lingojiguda]]
|Srinivasa Rao Mudraboina
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12341
|Darpally Rajashekhar Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5005
|7336
|-
|19
|[[Saroornagar]]
|P. Anitha Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12493
|Akhila Akula
| bgcolor="FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|6282
|6211
|-
|20
|Ramakrishnapuram
|Radha Veerannagari
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12216
|T. Anitha Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10254
|1962
|-
|21
|[[Kothapet, Hyderabad|Kothapet]]
|GV Sagar Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10583
|Rahul Goud Lingala
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5385
|5198
|-
|22
|Chaitanyapuri
|G. Vittal Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8311
|Y. Venkat Gandhi
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|3806
|4505
|-
|23
|[[Gaddiannaram]]
|Bhavani Praveen Kumar
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12601
|Gandi Krishna Yadav
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|6469
|6132
|-
|24
|[[Saidabad]]
|Swarna Latha Singireddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13042
|S. Shailaja Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4765
|8277
|-
|25
|[[Moosrambagh]]
|T. Sunaritha
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13134
|B. Jamuna
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|7420
|5714
|-
|26
|[[Old Malakpet]]
|Juweria Fatima
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|9001
|Saya Bhuvaneshwari
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|6260
|2741
|-
|27
|Akberbagh
|Syed Minhajuddin
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|6239
|Tella Mahesh Kumar Srinivas
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|5458
|781
|-
|28
|[[Azampura]]
|Ayesha Jahan Naseem
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|8253
|Asma Khatoon
| style="color:inherit;background:#24D330" |
|[[Majlis Bachao Tehreek|MBT]]
|6682
|1571
|-
|29
|Chavni
|Mohammed Murtaza Ali
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|12122
|Mohammed Ajmaluddin Farooqi
| style="color:inherit;background:#24D330" |
|[[Majlis Bachao Tehreek|MBT]]
|2783
|9339
|-
|30
|[[Dabeerpura]]
|Mirza Riyazul Hussain Effendi
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|10815
|Mohammed Abdul Zeeshan
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|4341
|6474
|-
|31
|[[Rein Bazar|Rain Bazar]]
|Mir Wajid Ali Khan
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|9932
|Mohammed Aijaz
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|1833
|8099
|-
|32
|Pathergatti
|Syed Sohail Quadri
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|16458
|Mirza Baqer Ali
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|3307
|13151
|-
|33
|[[Moghalpura]]
|Amtul Aleem
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|8810
|P. Veeramani
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|2647
|6163
|-
|34
|Talabchanchalam
|Nasreen Sultana
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|13337
|Ayesha
| style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|1842
|11495
|-
|35
|Gowlipura
|Ale Lalitha
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10505
|K. Meena
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9076
|1429
|-
|36
|Lalithabagh
|Mohammed Ali Sharif
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|8557
|G. Raghavendra Raju
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|5514
|3043
|-
|37
|Kurmaguda
|Sameena Begum
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|9889
|Lavanya Kusiri
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5679
|4120
|-
|38
|IS Sadan
|Sama Swapna
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|15052
|Sunitha Kontham
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3644
|11408
|-
|39
|[[Santoshnagar]]
|Mohammed Muzaffar Hussain
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|11886
|Mohammed Nawaz Ali
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|2865
|9021
|-
|40
|Riyasath Nagar
|Mirza Mustafa Baig
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|9475
|Mohammed Yousuf
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|5254
|4221
|-
|41
|Kanchanbagh
|Reshma Fatima
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|10528
|Farheen Sultana
| style="color:inherit;background:#24D330" |
|[[Majlis Bachao Tehreek|MBT]]
|4235
|6293
|-
|42
|[[Barkas, Hyderabad|Barkas]]
|Shabana Begum
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|9408
|Chennaiagari Saritha
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|2515
|6893
|-
|43
|[[Chandrayangutta]]
|Abdul Wahab
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|8965
|Jurki Rajendar Kumar
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3202
|5763
|-
|44
|[[Uppuguda]]
|Fahad bin Abdul Samad
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|8777
|Thadem Srinivas Rao
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4341
|4436
|-
|45
|Jangammet
|Mohammed Abdul Rahman
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|7131
|Muppidi Seetha Ram Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|5934
|1197
|-
|46
|Falaknuma
|K. Thara Bhai
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|13956
|Sabavath Srinivas
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|2569
|13387
|-
|47
|[[Nawab Saheb Kunta]]
|Shireen Khatoon
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|13492
|Farhath Sultana
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|1536
|11956
|-
|48
|[[Shah-Ali-Banda|Shali Banda]]
|Mohammed Mustafa Ali
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|11780
|Ponna Venkata Ramanna
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4582
|7198
|-
|49
|Ghansi Bazar
|Renu Soni
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10139
|Sameena Begum
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|9280
|859
|-
|50
|[[Begum Bazaar]]
|G. Shanker Yadav
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|15850
|Ramesh Kumar Bung
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8415
|7435
|-
|51
|[[Goshamahal]]
|G. Mukesh Singh
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8555
|Laxman Singh Jamedhar
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8477
|78
|-
|52
|Puranapool
|Sunnam Raj Mohan
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|8554
|Mohammed Ghouse
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5676
|2878
|-
|53
|Doodbowli
|M. A. Gaffar
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|10267
|M. A. Wahab
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|2671
|7596
|-
|54
|[[Jahanuma]]
|Khaja Mubasheeruddin
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|15278
|Khaja Gayas Uddin
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1560
|13718
|-
|55
|Ramanastpura
|Mohammed Mubeen
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|13964
|Mohammed Jameel Ahamed
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|1414
|12550
|-
|56
|Kishanbagh
|Mohammed Saleem
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|12649
|Mohammed Shakeel Ahmed
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|4361
|8288
|-
|57
|Suleman Nagar
|Abida Sultana
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|15410
|Saritha Airva
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|2430
|12980
|-
|58
|Shastripuram
|Mohammed Misbah Uddin
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|12486
|Banda Rajesh Yadav
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|3137
|9349
|-
|59
|Mylardevpally
|Tokala Srinivas Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|18259
|T. Premdas Goud
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12785
|5474
|-
|60
|[[Rajendranagar mandal|Rajendra Nagar]]
|Korani Srilatha
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10542
|Bathula S. Divya
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|6544
|3998
|-
|61
|[[Attapur]]
|Ravula Vijaya
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13155
|Cheruku Madhavi
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|5376
|7779
|-
|62
|Ziaguda
|A. Krishna
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10941
|Adirala Munedae
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7179
|3762
|-
|63
|Manghalhat
|Parmeshwari Singh
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|14293
|R. Urmila Devi
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|4917
|9376
|-
|64
|Dattathreyanagar
|Mohammed Yousuf
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|10315
|Mohammed Aqeel Ahmed
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|2873
|7442
|-
|65
|[[Karwan]]
|M. Rajender Yadav
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|9131
|Channa Narender Dev
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8558
|573
|-
|66
|[[Langar Houz|Lunger House]]
|Amina Begum
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|7737
|Bhagya Lakshmi
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7435
|302
|-
|67
|Golkonda
|Hafsiya Hanseef
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|14236
|Arshiya Khan
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|4851
|9385
|-
|68
|[[Tolichowki]]
|Dr. Ayesha Humera
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|10866
|Farzana Begum
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1881
|8985
|-
|69
|[[Nanalnagar]]
|Mohammed Naseer Uddin
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|12067
|Shaik Azhar
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|6052
|6015
|-
|70
|[[Mehdipatnam]]
|Mohammed Majid Hussain
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|5356
|C. Ashok Kumar
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|2230
|3126
|-
|71
|[[Gudimalkapur]]
|Bangari Prakash
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12685
|Devara Karunakar
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7117
|5568
|-
|72
|[[Asif Nagar]]
|Fahmina Anjum
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|10501
|Gundoji Laxmama
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|5709
|4792
|-
|73
|Vijayanagar Colony
|Salma Ameen
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|8604
|B. Chandrakala
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|6318
|2286
|-
|74
|Ahmed Nagar
|Ayesha Rubina
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|12378
|Asmath Unnisa
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|5731
|6647
|-
|75
|[[Red Hills, Hyderabad|Red Hills]]
|Ayesha Fatima
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|7652
|Saritha Margam
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|6415
|1237
|-
|76
|[[Mallepally]]
|Tarannum Naaz
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|10601
|Kolluru Usha Sree
| bgcolor="FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6041
|4560
|-
|77
|Jambagh
|D. Mohan
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|8583
|M. Anand Goud
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8578
|5
|-
|78
|Gunfoundry
|M. Mamatha
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10536
|M. Saritha Goud
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6984
|3552
|-
|79
|[[Himayatnagar, Hyderabad|Himayathnagar]]
|Jadala Hemalatha Yadav
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10021
|Mahalakshmi Gnvk
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8329
|1692
|-
|80
|[[Kachiguda]]
|Aekkala Chaitanya Kanna
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10317
|K. Uma Rani
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8506
|1811
|-
|81
|[[Nallakunta]]
|Gariganti Sridevi
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|15656
|Vanam Malathi
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|5181
|10475
|-
|82
|[[Golnaka]]
|Kaleru Padma
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|14314
|Akkala Sharadha
| bgcolor="FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8347
|5967
|-
|83
|[[Amberpet]]
|Jagan Puli
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9782
|Mohammed
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|7316
|2466
|-
|84
|Bagh Amberpet
|Kuchalakanti Padmavathi
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11555
|Banappagari Padma
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6699
|4856
|-
|85
|[[Adikmet]]
|B. Hemalatha
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11266
|K. Prasanna
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4916
|6350
|-
|86
|[[Musheerabad]]
|Edla Bhagya Laxmi
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10434
|Machanpally Supriya
| style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|6313
|4121
|-
|87
|[[Ramnagar, Hyderabad|Ramnagar]]
|V. Srinivas Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|16968
|Prabhakar Reddy M.
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5465
|11503
|-
|88
|Bholakpur
|Mohammed Akeel Ahmed
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|10695
|R. Rama Rao
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7786
|2909
|-
|89
|Gandhinagar
|Muta Padma Naresh
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11776
|T. Sailaja
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6672
|5104
|-
|90
|[[Kavadiguda]]
|G. Lasya Nanditha
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|16148
|R. Rajasri
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|4760
|11388
|-
|91
|[[Khairtabad]]
|P. Vijaya Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|16341
|M. Sangeetha
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|3968
|12373
|-
|92
|Venkateshwara Colony
|Kavitha Reddy Manne
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11837
|Bangaru Sravathi
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3656
|8181
|-
|93
|[[Banjara Hills]]
|[[Gadwal Vijayalakshmi]]
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12704
|Mechineni Srinivas Rao
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5197
|7507
|-
|94
|[[Shaikpet Hyderabad|Shaikhpet]]
|Mohammed Rashed Farazuddin
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|9330
|Cherka Mahesh
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8672
|658
|-
|95
|[[Jubilee Hills]]
|Kaja Suryanarayana
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9131
|Chandra Madhu
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5092
|4039
|-
|96
|[[Yousufguda]]
|Gurram Sanjay Goud
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8623
|Pasham Sainath Yadav
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|8369
|254
|-
|97
|[[Somajiguda]]
|Attaluri Vijayalakshmi
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9853
|B. Charita
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|6338
|3515
|-
|98
|[[Ameerpet]]
|N. Seshu Kumari
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7370
|Dr. Kathyayani Burugula
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4815
|2555
|-
|99
|Vengal Rao Nagar
|Kilari Manohar
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7194
|Vemullapalli Pradeep
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|6012
|1182
|-
|100
|[[Sanathnagar]]
|Kolanu Lakshmi
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12331
|Kanuri Jaya Sree
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|8274
|4057
|-
|101
|[[Erragadda]]
|Shaheen Begum
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|8588
|K. Annapurna
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7637
|951
|-
|102
|Rahmath Nagar
|Mohammed Abdul Shafi
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11301
|[[Naveen Yadav]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|8971
|2330
|-
|103
|[[Borabanda]]
|Baba Fasiuddin Mohammed
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9937
|Narshing Rao V
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|5426
|4511
|-
|104
|[[Kondapur]]
|Shaik Hameed
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|16246
|Neelam Ravinder Mudiraj
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|8912
|7334
|-
|105
|[[Gachibowli]]
|Saibaba K
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10707
|Rama Rao C
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4847
|5860
|-
|106
|[[Serilingampally]]
|R. Nagendar Yadav
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|14914
|M. Ravi
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|6271
|8643
|-
|107
|[[Madhapur]]
|Jagadeeshwar
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11782
|Srinivas Yadav E
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCE223" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|5777
|6005
|-
|108
|[[Miyapur]]
|Meka Ramesh
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9076
|B. Mohan Raj
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|8046
|1030
|-
|109
|[[Hafeezpet]]
|V. Pujitha Jagadeeshwar
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|17094
|Shainaz Begum
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|8475
|8619
|-
|110
|[[Chanda Nagar]]
|Bobba Navatha Reddy
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11411
|V. Vasundhara Devi
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|8580
|2831
|-
|111
|Bharathi Nagar
|V. Sindhu
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8926
|Chinnamile Godavari
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8758
|168
|-
|112
|[[Ramachandrapuram, Telangana|Ramachandrapuram]]
|Tonta Anjaiah
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10833
|Karike Satyanarayana
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|5242
|5591
|-
|113
|[[Patancheru]]
|Mettu Shanker Yadav
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|9316
|Rajaboina Kumar Yadav
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7930
|1386
|-
|114
|KPHB Colony
|Mandadi Srinivasa Rao
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|13953
|Adusumalli Venkateswarlu
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11218
|2735
|-
|115
|Balaji Nagar
|Kavya Reddy Pannala
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|16781
|Gone Roopa Rao
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|11427
|5354
|-
|116
|Allapur
|Sabeeha Begum
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13149
|Qursheed Begum
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|8377
|4772
|-
|117
|[[Moosapet]]
|Thumu Shravan Kumar
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11927
|Babu Rao Pagudala
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|7877
|4050
|-
|118
|[[Fateh Nagar, Hyderabad|Fathe Nagar]]
|Satish Babu Pandala
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12898
|K. Mahendar
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7486
|5412
|-
|119
|[[Old Bowenpally]]
|M. Narsimha Yadav
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13375
|Mohammed Omara
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|5283
|8092
|-
|120
|[[Balanagar, Medchal district|Bala Nagar]]
|Kandoori Narendar
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13238
|Chillukuri Hari Chand
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|4418
|8820
|-
|121
|[[Kukatpally]]
|Jupally Satyanarayana Rao
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|15808
|Arshanapally Surya Rao
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6810
|8998
|-
|122
|V V Nagar Colony
|M. Laxmi Bal
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12207
|Madhavaram Roja Devi
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10715
|1492
|-
|123
|Hyder Nagar
|Rudraraju Venkata Raju
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9424
|Ranga Raya Vakalapudi
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|8986
|438
|-
|124
|[[Allwyn Colony]]
|D. Venkatesh Goud
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12542
|Manchikalapudi Bhanu Prasad
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|8261
|4281
|-
|125
|Gajula Ramaram
|Ravula Seshagari
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|14586
|Mirza Rasheed Baig
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|5106
|9480
|-
|126
|[[Jagadgirigutta]]
|Kolukula Jagan
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11605
|V. Krishna Goud
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|6006
|5599
|-
|127
|Rangareddy Nagar
|B. Vijay Shekhar
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|14046
|M. Srinivas
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|5445
|8601
|-
|128
|Chintal
|Rashida Begum
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10319
|Radhika Kay
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|5556
|4763
|-
|129
|[[Suraram, Hyderabad|Suraram]]
|Manthri Satyanarayana
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10973
|Manne Raju
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|6313
|4660
|-
|130
|Subhash Nagar
|Devagari Shanthisri
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|17060
|Gudimetla Aadilakshmi
| style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|8165
|8895
|-
|131
|[[Quthbullapur]]
|Kuna Gourish Parijatha
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13323
|Boddu Kameshwari
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|11594
|1729
|-
|132
|[[Jeedimetla]]
|K. Padma
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10261
|Gaddam Swathika Reddy
| bgcolor="FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|6647
|3614
|-
|133
|[[Macha Bollaram]]
|Es Raj Jitendar Nath
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13388
|Mugyari Surya Kiran
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4034
|9354
|-
|134
|[[Alwal]]
|Chinthala Vijayshanti
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11537
|Thota Sujatha Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|3804
|7733
|-
|135
|[[Venkatapuram, Hyderabad|Venkatapuram]]
|Sabitha Kishore
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10616
|M. C. Jagadish
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3072
|7544
|-
|136
|[[Neredmet]]
|Katikaneni Sreedevi
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11810
|V. Prasanna
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4675
|7135
|-
|137
|[[Vinayak Nagar]]
|Baddam Pushpalatha
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|14477
|Pittala Renuka
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|5822
|8655
|-
|138
|[[Moula Ali]]
|Mumtaz Fatima
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9754
|Gunnala Sunitha
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7792
|1962
|-
|139
|[[Anandbagh|East Anandbagh]]
|Akula Narsing Rao
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11604
|K. Babu Singh
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4897
|6707
|-
|140
|[[Malkajgiri]]
|N. Jagadeeshwar Goud
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11512
|Mandal Vijay Kumar Yadav
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|7145
|4367
|-
|141
|Gotham Nagar
|R. Shirisha
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13487
|M. Shyamala
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6680
|6807
|-
|142
|Addagutta
|Vijaya Kumari S
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|16635
|T. Swarnalatha
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF1D15" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|1921
|14714
|-
|143
|[[Tarnaka]]
|A. Saraswathi
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|18051
|Banda Karthika Reddy
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5110
|12941
|-
|144
|[[Mettuguda]]
|P. N. Bhargavi
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10673
|Katari Gayathri
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|2641
|8032
|-
|145
|[[Sitaphalmandi]]
|Samala Hena
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|19533
|Keerthi Mekala
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|4353
|15180
|-
|146
|[[Boudha Nagar]]
|Byragoni Dhananjana Bai
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13775
|P. Swaroopa Ravi
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3841
|9934
|-
|147
|Bansilalpet
|Kurma Hemalatha
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|16669
|Sravani Mallari
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|5380
|11289
|-
|148
|Ramgopalpet
|A. Aruna
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11721
|Priyanka Varma
| bgcolor="FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5218
|6503
|-
|149
|[[Begumpet]]
|Uppala Tharuni
| bgcolor="FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12296
|Kuna Sathyakala
| style="color:inherit;background:#FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|6545
|5751
|-
|150
|[[Monda Market]]
|Akula Rupha
| style="color:inherit;background:#FE0175" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13354
|Anitha Yadav Chirraboina
| bgcolor="FCEE23" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|7092
|6262
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://tsec.gov.in/AbstractResultReportGhmc.se TSEC elections results]
* [https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2016-02-07/TRS-secures-43-pc-votes-in-GHMC-elections/205364]

{{Telangana elections}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
[[Category:2016 elections in India]]
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India|Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Local elections in Telangana]]

Ziziphus spina-christi

2026-03-08T05:08:35Z

Jaya:

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{Distinguish|Ziziphus jujuba|Paliurus spina-christi|Ziziphus nummularia}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Ziziphus-areva-israel.jpg
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=Diop |first1=F.N. |year=2020 |title=''Ziziphus spina-christi'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T19180920A136676175 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T19180920A136676175.en |access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>
|genus = Ziziphus
|species = spina-christi
|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[René Louiche Desfontaines|Desf.]]
|synonyms =*''Rhamnus spina-christi'' L.
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{citation
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-27501041
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ziziphus spina-christi''''', known as the '''Christ's thorn jujube''', is a thorny<ref>[[American University of Beirut]]. [https://landscapeplants.aub.edu.lb/Plants/GetPDF/ca295a0a-a2a7-48f9-b7be-1f9dae986bd4 Zizyphus spina christi (Christ's Thorn Jujube)]. Retrieved on 27 May, 2025</ref> and [[evergreen]] tree or plant.

== Distribution and habitat ==
It is native to the [[Levant]], [[East Africa]], and [[Mesopotamia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=''Zizyphus spina-Christi''|work=5Agroforestry Database 4.0|last=Orwa|display-authors=etal|date=2009|url= http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Zizyphus_spina-christi.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212174420/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Zizyphus_spina-christi.PDF|archive-date=2015-02-12}}</ref>

==Ecology==
In the Levant, it grows in valleys up to an elevation of {{Convert|500|m}},<ref>{{cite book|author=Zohary M.|title=Flora Palaestina. II.|location=Jerusalem|publisher=The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities|year=1972|pages=307–308}} Cited in {{cite journal|title=The ethnobotany of Christ's Thorn Jujube (''Ziziphus spina-christi'') in Israel|author1=Amots Dafni|author2=Shay Levy|author3=Efraim Lev|author3-link=Efraim Lev|name-list-style=amp|pmc=1277088|pmid=16270941|doi=10.1186/1746-4269-1-8|volume=1|year=2005|journal=J Ethnobiol Ethnomed|article-number=8 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and is drought tolerant and heat-resistant.<ref>[[World Agroforestry Centre]]. [https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Zizyphus_spina-christi.PDF Zizyphus spina-christi]. Retrieved on 31 May, 2023</ref> The seed, contained within a small, oblong woody pit, is opened and eaten by local fauna, including the [[rock hyrax]].

==Uses==
The ripe fruits are edible.<ref>{{cite web |author=Reinhard Fichtl |title=Christ's Thorn - Ziziphus spina-Christi |url=http://www.beesfordevelopment.org/info/info/flora/christs-thorn-ziziphus-sp.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424201940/http://www.beesfordevelopment.org/info/info/flora/christs-thorn-ziziphus-sp.shtml |archive-date=April 24, 2010 |website=Bees for Development}}</ref>

Historically, it was utilized in ancient Egyptian medicine for its supposed anti-inflammatory properties, specifically in treating pain, swelling, and heat. An ''[[in vitro]]'' study has suggested that the plant might have anti-inflammatory properties, identifying active compounds such as epigallocatechin and gallocatechin that inhibit inflammatory pathways like NF-κB.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kadioglu |first1=Onat |last2=Jacob |first2=Stefan |last3=Bohnert |first3=Stefan |last4=Naß |first4=Janine |last5=Saeed |first5=Mohamed E M |last6=Khalid |first6=Hassan |last7=Merfort |first7=Irmgard |last8=Thines |first8=Eckhard |last9=Pommerening |first9=Tanja |last10=Efferth |first10=Thomas |title=Evaluating ancient Egyptian prescriptions today: Anti-inflammatory activity of Ziziphus spina-christi |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=361–369 |date=April 2016 |doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2016.01.004 |pmid=26969383}}</ref>

== In culture ==
In the Levant and wider [[Middle East]], it is called ''[[Sidrat al-Muntaha|sidr]]'' (associated with the lote tree of the [[Quran]]),{{fact|date=July 2025}} and is common in the [[Jordan Valley]] and around [[Jerusalem]],{{sfnp|Easton|1893|p=688|ps=, "It overruns a great part of the Jordan valley."}} as well as in the [[Hajar Mountains]] of the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lancaster |first=William |title=Honour is in contentment: life before oil in Ras al-Khaimah (UAE) and some neighbouring regions |date=2011 |publisher=De Gruyter |others=Lancaster, Fidelity. |isbn=978-3-11-022340-8 |location=Berlin |page=137 |oclc=763160662}}</ref> By some traditions, it was the tree from which the [[crown of thorns]] of [[Jesus]] was made.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Ziziphus spina-christi'' |url=http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Ziziphusspina-christi_page.htm |access-date=2015-03-09 |publisher=Flowersinisrael.com}}</ref> [[Matthew George Easton]] argues that ''Z. spina-christi'' is too brittle to be bent into a crown, and suggests another local plant, ''[[Ziziphus lotus]]''.{{sfnp|Easton|1893|p=174}}

The oldest known ''Z. spina-christi'' is located in [[Ir Ovot]] southern [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bar-am |first1=Aviva |last2=Bar-am |first2=Shmuel |date=15 November 2014 |title=Rooted in Israel's history, five remarkable trees |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/rooted-in-israels-history-five-remarkable-trees/ |work=[[Times of Israel]]}}</ref> It is estimated to be between 1500 and 2000 years old.<ref>{{cite web |title=The "old man" of Hatzeva – the jujube tree at Hatzeva Spring |url=https://www.moag.gov.il/en/Subjects/hugging_a_tree/Hiking_routes_and_tales_of_trees/Ancient_Trees/old_man/Pages/default.aspx |website=www.moag.gov.il |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Grossman |first1=Michelle Malka |date=24 January 2016 |title=Israeli trees get IDs with interactive heritage project |url=https://www.jpost.com/Business-and-Innovation/Environment/Israeli-trees-get-IDs-with-interactive-heritage-project-442639 |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref> It is believed locally to be the very tree from which Jesus' crown of thorns was made.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sutton |first1=Candace |date=20 April 2019 |title=The real story of Jesus Christ's crown of thorns |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/news-life/the-real-story-of-jesus-christs-crown-of-thorns/news-story/ec56fd4a5016c533aabcc08e8bcdd72d |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=[[news.com.au]]}}</ref> It is the national tree of [[Qatar]] and the symbol of [[Arabah]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}

In the Philippines, the [[Blaan people]] called it ''dadiangas''. This was the former name of the city of [[General Santos]].{{cn|date=June 2025}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode=packed heights="160px">
File:درخت کنار خودرو، بهبهان.jpg|alt=Wild Ziziphus Tree, Behbahan|Wild tree in Iran
File:Ziziphus spina-christi - Jujubier de Palestine.jpg|Thorns, [[Jardin des plantes]], France
File:شکوفه درخت کنار، بهبهان.jpg|alt=Ziziphus Spina-Christi Blossom|Blossom, [[Behbahan]], Iran
File:Zizyphus spina-christi.jpg|Fruit, in Israel
File:میوه درخت کنار، بهبهان.jpg|alt=Behbahan|Fruit, Behbahan, Iran
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Illustrated Bible Dictionary and Treasury of Biblical History, Biography, Geography, Doctrine, and Literature: With Numerous Illustrations and Important Chronological Tables and Maps|last=Easton|first=M.G.|author-link=Matthew George Easton|year=1893|location=London, Edinburgh and New York|publisher=T. Nelson and Sons}}
{{WestAfricanPlants|Ziziphus spina-christi}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.desertoverde.ch/album/ziziphus-spina-christi/ziziphus-spina-christi-spine-jpg/ Thorns of Ziziphus spina-christi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314151803/http://www.desertoverde.ch/album/ziziphus-spina-christi/ziziphus-spina-christi-spine-jpg/ |date=2016-03-14 }}
* [http://www.flowersinisrael.com/ziziphusspina-christi_page.htm Flowers in Israel - Ziziphus spina-christi]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2920458}}

[[Category:Fruits originating in Africa]]
[[Category:Trees of Africa]]
[[Category:Trees of Asia]]
[[Category:Desert fruits]]
[[Category:Flora of North Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Northeast Tropical Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Western Asia]]
[[Category:Trees in religion]]
[[Category:Ziziphus|spina-christi]]
[[Category:Crown of thorns]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants with thorns]]

Kalimi Lemulu

2026-03-06T03:33:14Z

Jaya: creating some bio from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalimi Lemulu
| image = Kalimilemulu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Tripuraneni Gopichand {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = G. D. Madgulkar
| screenplay = Gutha Ramineedu
| producer = P. Gangadhar Rao
| director = [[Gutta Ramineedu]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]]
| music = Aswattama
| cinematography = M. K. Raju
| editing = M. S. Mani
| studio = Nava Sakthi Films<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0369614/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_166 |title=Kalimilemulu (Overview) |work=IMDb}}</ref>
| distributor = Vani Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1962|6|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kalimi Lemulu''''' ({{translation|Wealth and Poverty}}) is a 1962 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Gutta Ramineedu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Kalimilemulu/13196 |title=Kalimilemulu (Direction) |work=Know Your Films}}</ref> It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]], with music composed by Aswattama.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalimilemulu (Cast & Crew) |url=http://www.gomolo.com/kalimi-lemulu-movie/15926 |work=Gomolo.com |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-date=7 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207032326/http://www.gomolo.com/kalimi-lemulu-movie/15926 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was produced by P. Gangadhar Rao.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalimilemulu (Producer) |url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/kalimi-lemulu-1962-telugu-movie |work=Filmiclub}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins in a village where Ramaiah, a potter, resides with his wife Manikyamba, & sibling Raju, who adores his elder & sister-in-law as parentage and falls for his maternal uncle Subbaiah's daughter Vimala. A cordial relationship flourishes between the two families, and they engage the twosome. Following this, Raju walks to the town for higher education. Meanwhile, Subbaiah plans for a factory and debts from stingy loan shark Shavukar Narsaiah, which Ramaiah guarantees. Soon, he earns well when Narsaiah also allies. During that quandary, Raju returns and establishes a cottage industry at his brother's aid. Narsaiah occupies it, too, instead of his dues, which leads to Ramaiah's death. After a while, Subbaiah moved with the bridal connection of Raju & Vimala, stipulating that the bridegroom must be matrilocality. Though Manikyamba agrees, Raju denies it. Besides, Narsaiah appoints his son Raja Shekaram as their factory manager, who maltreats the laborers, and they quit being fed-up workers. Ergo, Raju starts up a new industry by accumulating them. Now Subbaiah declares Vimala's knit with Raja Shekaram. Parallelly, Narsaiah ploys to destroy Raju's factory. Overhearing it, Vimala rushes to Manikyamba, and they all approach the factory. At last, Raju shields it, ceases the baddies, and Subbaiah reforms. Finally, the movie ends happily with the marriage of Raju & Vimala.

==Cast==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Raju
*[[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as Vimala
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Ramayya
*[[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu|C.S.R]] as Subbayya
*[[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry|Dhulipala]] as Narasayya
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]]
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Devayya
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Raja Sekharam
*[[B. Padmanabham|Padmanabham]]
*[[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]]
*[[G. Varalakshmi]] as Manikyamba
*Surabhi Balasaraswathi

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kalimi Lemulu
| type = film
| artist = Aswadhama
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1962
| recorded = 21:38
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label =
| producer = Aswattama
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music was composed by Aswattama. Lyrics were written by Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry. Music was released on Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Ayyare Chuda Chakkani"
|[[Jikki]]
|3:24
|-
|2
|"Chilipi Chilukamma"
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Susheela]]
|3:18
|-
|3
|"Galilo Tele Poolalo"
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|3:14
|-
|4
|"Kommala Meeda"
|P. Susheela
|3:19
|-
|5
|"Nosata Vrasina"
|P. Susheela
|2:55
|-
|6
|"Kalaloni Galimeda"
|P. Susheela
|2:54
|-
|7
|"Cheyyaku Dubara"
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], Vasantha
|2:34
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1962 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1962 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

{{1960s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Scream of the Ants

2026-03-05T10:43:17Z

Jaya: new...

{{Infobox film
| name = Scream of the Ants
| image = Scream of the Ants.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Mohsen Makhmalbaf]]
| writer = Mohsen Makhmalbaf
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Mohsen Makhmalbaf
| starring = Mamhoud Chokrollahi Mahnour Shadzi
| narrator =
| cinematography = Bakhshor
| editing = Mohsen Makhmalbaf
| music = Craig Pruess
| studio = Makhmalbaf Film House
| distributor = Wild Bunch
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|9|2|[[Montreal World Film Festival]]}}
| runtime = 89 minutes
| country = Iran India France
| language = Persian
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Scream of the Ants''''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: ''Faryad-e-Morchegan'') is a 2006 Iranian film directed by [[Mohsen Makhmalbaf]] and starring Mamhoud Chokrollahi and Mahnour Shadzi. The film was released to negative reviews.

==Plot==
A newly wed Iranian couple (Mamhoud and Mahnour) go on a honeymoon on the river [[Ganges]], in India and find a deeper meaning to their lives.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dabashi |first=Hamid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeeKDwAAQBAJ&dq=Scream+of+the+Ants&pg=PA215 |title=Makhmalbaf at Large: The Making of a Rebel Filmmaker |date=2007-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85771-455-8 |language=en |access-date=2024-05-24 |archive-date=2024-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524205951/https://books.google.pt/books?id=NeeKDwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA215&dq=Scream%20of%20the%20Ants&hl=en&source=gb_mobile_entity&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Scream%20of%20the%20Ants&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
*Mamhoud Chokrollahi as an atheist and communist husband<ref name="V">{{Cite web |last=Scheib |first=Ronnie |date=2006-09-19 |title=Scream of the Ants |url=https://variety.com/2006/film/reviews/scream-of-the-ants-1200513220/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Mahnour Shadzi as a believer wife who is searching for ''Ensan-e-Kamal'' ({{Translation|the perfect human being}}) a.k.a. the Complete Man<ref name="V"/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba |first1=Saer Maty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHDlGtCGPXcC&q=Scream+of+the+Ants |title=De-Westernizing Film Studies |last2=Higbee |first2=Will |date=2012-09-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-50251-4 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Yugi Sethu]] as the taxi driver
*[[Tenzin Choegyal]] as the Complete Man

==Production==
[[Mohsen Makhmalbaf]] had wanted to make a film in India for fifteen years but was delayed by the country's "corruption and bureaucracy", according to the director. Shooting was finished in 2005.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW9DAAAAYAAJ&q=Scream+of+the+Ants+Mohsen+Makhmalbaf |title=India Today |date=2005 |publisher=Thomson Living Media India Limited |language=en |access-date=2024-05-24 |archive-date=2024-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526082530/https://books.google.pt/books?id=LW9DAAAAYAAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Scream+of+the+Ants+Mohsen+Makhmalbaf&q=Scream+of+the+Ants+Mohsen+Makhmalbaf&hl=en&source=gb_mobile_entity&redir_esc=y |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
The film received "its North American premiere at the 2006 [[Montreal World Film Festival]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scream of the Ants |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/scream-of-the-ants/2000341823/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522093840/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/scream-of-the-ants/2000341823/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote that "If irony there be, it remains inscrutably hidden among the idiocies. Even hardcore Makhmalbaf buffs may run screaming".<ref name="V"/> Tim Brayton of ''Alternate Ending'' reviewing the film at the 43rd [[Chicago International Film Festival]] wrote that "Watching people realise that they have been making a series of grave mistakes can be interesting, and even watching people listening can be exciting in rare circumstances. But watching people listen to esoteric conversations about Indian religion and Indian poverty, and then watching them look at ironic juxtapositions of Indian religion and Indian poverty, that isn't really all that exciting".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brayton |first=Tim |date=2007-10-07 |title=Scream of the Ants - Movie Review |url=https://www.alternateending.com/2007/10/ciff-tourists-to-india-are-idiots.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Alternate Ending}}</ref> Assistant Professor Nick Davis of [[Northwestern University]] gave the film a C+ rating and wrote that "I wanted to scream several times during Scream of the Ants, sometimes for no better reason than the film's laziness and hectoring tone, but just as often for the same reasons that have pushed Makhmalbaf to this edge of his own outrage".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scream of the Ants |url=https://www.nicksflickpicks.com/scrmants.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=nicksflickpicks.com |archive-date=2024-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521001937/https://www.nicksflickpicks.com/scrmants.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Young film critic Mozhdeh Ghazanfari wrote that "Makhmalbaf is incapable of telling his story through a cinematic language. Instead, he sticks together a series of unrelated scenes in which different characters make political statements with no logical connections or cinematic arguments".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shahibzadeh |first=Yadullah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejHeCgAAQBAJ&dq=Scream+of+the+Ants+Mohsen+Makhmalbaf&pg=PT127 |title=The Iranian Political Language: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present |date=2015-10-14 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-53683-9 |language=en |access-date=2024-05-24 |archive-date=2024-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524210528/https://books.google.pt/books?id=ejHeCgAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT127&dq=Scream+of+the+Ants+Mohsen+Makhmalbaf&hl=en&source=gb_mobile_entity&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Scream%20of%20the%20Ants%20Mohsen%20Makhmalbaf&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the book ''Makhmalbaf at Large'', Hamid Dibashi wrote that this film and ''[[Sex & Philosophy]]'' (2005) "are further indicies of his [Makhmalbaf's] tireless mind, his restless, creative soul, always at work in creating newer, visual experminatations".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeeKDwAAQBAJ&dq=Faryad-e-Morchegan)&pg=PA4|title=Makhmalbaf at Large|page=4|author=Haimd Dibashi|date= 2007|publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-0-85771-455-8 }}</ref> In the book ''Banal Transnationalism: On Mohsen Makhmalbaf's 'borderless' filmmaking'', Shahab Esfandiary wrote that "Makhmalbaf's attitude towards India and its inhabitants in this film resembles the view of eighteenth century European anthropologist who is baffled by the (apparent) ignorance, barbarism and superstitious beliefs of the people of the Orient [...] reminiscent of the project of colonialism."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stafford |first=Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtzFBQAAQBAJ&dq=Scream+of+the+Ants+%28France%2C+2006%29+deals+with+a+visit+to+India+by+an+Iranian+couple+and+Shahab+Esfandiary+%282012%3A+106%29+finds&pg=PT249 |title=The Global Film Book |date=2014-01-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-47458-3 |language=en |access-date=2024-05-24 |archive-date=2024-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524210527/https://books.google.pt/books?id=FtzFBQAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT249&dq=Scream%20of%20the%20Ants%20%28France%2C%202006%29%20deals%20with%20a%20visit%20to%20India%20by%20an%20Iranian%20couple%20and%20Shahab%20Esfandiary%20%282012%3A%20106%29%20finds&hl=en&source=gb_mobile_entity&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Scream%20of%20the%20Ants%20(France,%202006)%20deals%20with%20a%20visit%20to%20India%20by%20an%20Iranian%20couple%20and%20Shahab%20Esfandiary%20(2012:%20106)%20finds&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0949524}}

{{Mohsen Makhmalbaf}}

[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Iranian drama films]]
[[Category:2006 Persian-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:2006 Iranian films]]

Amar (2019 film)

2026-03-04T04:42:03Z

Jaya: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{short description|2019 film by Nagashekar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Amar
| image = Amar_(2019_film).jpg
| caption = Thearetical Poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Nagashekar]]
| producer = Sandesh Nagaraj
| screenplay = Nagashekar
| story = Nagashekar
| starring = [[Abhishek Ambareesh]] [[Tanya Hope]] [[Devaraj]] [[Sudharani]]
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cinematography = [[Satya Hegde]]
| editing = [[Srikanth Gowda]]
| studio = Sandesh Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|05|31}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| runtime =
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Amar''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada]] [[romantic action film]] directed by [[Nagashekar]] and produced by Sandesh Nagaraj under Sandesh Productions banner.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/mar/20/abhisheks-debut-to-be-helmed-by-nagashekar-1790038.html |title=Abhishek's debut to be helmed by Nagashekar? |publisher=The New Indian Express.com |date=20 March 2018}}</ref> The film stars [[Abhishek Ambareesh]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shooting-starts-abhishek-s-debut-film-amar-82019 |title=Shooting starts for Abhishek's debut film 'Amar' |publisher=The News Minute |date=28 May 2018}}</ref> making his acting debut and [[Tanya Hope]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/abhishek-ambareesh-and-tanya-hope-play-bikers-amar-83696 |title=Abhishek Ambareesh and Tanya Hope play bikers in Amar |publisher=The News Minute |date=26 June 2018}}</ref> The supporting cast includes [[Devaraj]], [[Sudharani]], [[Chikkanna]] and [[Sadhu Kokila]]. Actor [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] features in a guest role besides [[Anup Bhandari]] and [[Rachita Ram]] in special appearances.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jan/08/darshan-to-feature-in-abhisheks-debut-film-amar-9552.html |title=Darshan to feature in Abhishek's debut film, Amar |publisher=Cinema Express |date=8 January 2019}}</ref>

The principal photography began on 28 May 2018 and the filming is set to be held in and around [[Bengaluru]] and [[Switzerland]].<ref name=am>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/nov/11/abhishek-and-tanya-hope-battle-cold-in-switzerland-for-amar-1896907.html |title=Abhishek and Tanya Hope battle cold in Switzerland for Amar |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=11 November 2018}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Amarnath (Abhishek), a happy-go-lucky youth, lives with his father (Deepak Shetty) and mother. Amar befriends Bobby then joins her and her team on the Saving Nature mission and eventually falls in love with her.

Bobby's father (Devaraj) decides to marry her to a businessman, Darshan's brother (Anup Bhandari). Amar breaks up with her, she leaves him heartbroken. After some years, he finds her and tries to convince her. In the climax, they reunite with the help of Darshan.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Abhishek Ambareesh]] as Amar
* [[Tanya Hope]] as Bobby
* [[Devaraj]] as Bobby's father
* [[Sudharani]] as Amar's mother
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Amar's uncle
* [[Chikkanna]] as Amar's friend
* [[Raj Deepak Shetty]] as Amar's father
* [[Arun Sagar]] as Devaraj's aide
* Baby Sameksha as Paapu
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Arun Subbiah in a special appearance
* [[Nirup Bhandari]] as Varun Subbiah in a special appearance in "Joru Paattu"
* [[Arjun Janya]] in a special appearance in "Joru Paattu"
* [[Rachita Ram]] in a guest appearance in the song "Joru Paattu"
}}

== Production ==
The film marked the acting debut of Abhishek, son of Ambareesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ambarishs-son-abhishek-gowda-foray-into-sandalwood-amar-770424|title = Ambarish's son Abhishek Gowda to foray into Sandalwood with Amar| website=[[International Business Times]] |date = 29 May 2018}}</ref> The filming was held in Bengaluru and Switzerland.<ref name=am />

==Soundtrack==
[[Arjun Janya]] is set to compose the [[Film score|score]] and [[soundtrack]] for the film. Reportedly, the title song of Abhishek's father [[Ambareesh]] starrer ''[[Olavina Udugore]]'' (1987) has been recreated in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ambareeshs-1987-movie-title-song-to-be-re-created-for-son-abhisheks-upcoming-film-amar/articleshow/66864321.cms |title=Ambareesh's 1987 movie title song to be re-created for son Abhishek's upcoming film 'Amar' |work=The Times of India |date=29 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/first-video-song-of-amar-to-be-out-on-ugadi/articleshow/68703270.cms |title=First video song of Amar to be out on Ugadi |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The song "Marethuhoyithe" shot in Switzerland was a huge hit and was choreographed by [[B. Dhananjay]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/nov/11/abhishek-and-tanya-hope-battle-cold-in-switzerland-for-amar-1896907.html |title=Abhishek and Tanya Hope battle cold in Switzerland for Amar |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Marethuhoyithe
| extra1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| lyrics1 =
| length1 =
| title2 = Summane Heege Ninnane
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sonu Nigam]]
| title3 = Onde Aetige
| extra3 = Shreya Ghoshal, [[Armaan Malik]]
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| title4 = Joru Paattu
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Jassie Gift]]
| title5 = Kambani
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Shreya Ghoshal, Sonu Nigam
| length5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 =
| title7 =
| extra7 =
| length7 =
| lyrics7 =
| title8 =
| lyrics8 =
| length8 =
| extra8 =
}}

== Release ==
The film was released in 300 theatres across Karnataka. The film received negative reviews from critics and audiences alike and performed average.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/amar/movie-review/69595548.cms|title=Amar Movie Review {3.0/5}: Critic Review of Amar by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amar-review-abhishek-gowdas-big-debut-pleasant-love-story-102763|title='Amar' review: Abhishek Gowda's big debut is a pleasant love story|date=31 May 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{IMDb title|9626774}}
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/abhishek-ambareesh-amar.html Amar Movie (2019)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amar}}
[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:2019 masala films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]

Samshaya Phala

2026-03-03T22:23:53Z

Jaya: improved content after review per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Samshaya Phala
| image =
| caption =
| director = A. M. Sameullah
| producer = A. M. Sameullah
| writer = A. M. Sameullah
| screenplay = A. M. Sameullah
| story = A. M. Sameullah
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Udaya Kumar (actor)|Udaya Kumar]] [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
| music = [[Salil Chowdhary]]
| cinematography = K. Janakiram
| editing = P. Bhaktavatsalam
| studio = Bawa Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1971}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Samshaya Phala''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಸಂಶಯ ಫಲ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Kannada language]] romantic drama film written, produced and directed by A. M. Sameullah under the banner of Bawa Movies. It stars[[Udaya Kumar (actor)|Udaya Kumar]] along with [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] and [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], in the lead roles.<ref>[http://www.shreegandha.com/samshaya-phala-video_89ba2eb91.html Samshaya Phala cast & crew]</ref> The film featured a successful soundtrack composed by the renowned Hindi music composer [[Salil Chowdhary]].

The film won an award at the 1970-71 [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] for Best Music Direction.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Udaya Kumar (actor)|Udaykumar]]
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
* [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
* [[Pandari Bai]]
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]
* [[Sampath (Kannada actor)|Sampath]]
* Jayaram
* Shivaram
* Jayashree
* Bheema Rao
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film was composed by [[Salil Chowdhary]], marking his debut in Kannada cinema. The lyrics for the soundtrack were written by [[Ku. Ra. Seetharama Sastry]], popularly known as 'Kurasi.' The cabaret dance song "Dooradinda Bandantha" featuring the vocals by [[L. R. Eswari]] was exceptionally well received and is considered one of the best dance songs in Kannada cinema.<ref>[http://salilda.com/filmsongs/other/kannada/samsayaphala.asp World of Salil Chowdhary]</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] – 1970–71
# [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director]] – [[Salil Chowdhary]]

==See also==
* [[Kannada films of 1971]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/samshaya-phala-k0001115 Songs at Raaga]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samshaya Phala}}
[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Salil Chowdhury]]

{{1970s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Avtar Narain Gujral

2026-02-28T12:01:39Z

Jaya: added new post...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
'''Lala Avtar Narain Gujral''' (also, '''Lala Avatar Narayan Gujral'''; died 1976) was an Indian politician from [[Punjab]] and the father of [[Inder Kumar Gujral|I. K. Gujral]], the 12th prime minister of India (hence also the father-in-law of noted Hindi poet [[Sheila Gujral]]), and artist [[Satish Gujral]]. He represented the non-Muslim population of [[West Punjab]] in the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] for a few months.

His grandson [[Naresh Gujral]] is also a politician in India.

== Personal life ==
Gujral was born in Pari Darwaza, a hamlet about twenty five miles away from [[Jhelum]]; he lost his father Duni Chand at an age of sixteen to bubonic plague.<ref name=":0" /> Gujral was an alumnus of D.A.V. Lahore, and finished his higher secondary schooling from Jammu; he was a lawyer, by profession.<ref name=":0" /> He was married to Pushpa.<ref name=":0" />

Gujral's son described him as a Hindu reformist who drew inspiration from the [[Arya Samaj|Arya Samaj movement]] and especially, [[Lala Lajpat Rai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gujral |first=I. K. |title=Matters of Discretion: an autobiography |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-938048080-0 |pages=17–18, 23, 28–30 |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== British India ===
Gujral served as the district-president for the Jhelum unit of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0" /> He was jailed multiple times by the British Government for engaging in subversive activities.<ref name=":0" />

=== Pakistan ===
As the [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India]] decided on partitioning India, Gujral chose to stay in Pakistan; he was ensured of a harmonious environment by [[Ghazanfar Ali Khan]], a lawyer from Jhelum and a leading League politician.<ref name=":Nair">{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=Neeti |title=Changing Homelands: Hindu Politics and the Partition of India |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780674057791 |pages=220–224 |language=en |chapter=Memory and the Search for Meaning in Post-Partition Delhi}}</ref> On 4 July 1947, Gujral was elected by the non-Muslim members of the (yet-undivided) [[Punjab Legislative Assembly (British India)|Punjab Assembly]] to the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]];<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 1947 |title=Punjab Speaker Defeated: Pakistan Assembly |pages=8 |work=Times of India |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/347195954|id={{ProQuest|347195954}} }}</ref>{{Efn|He was nominated by the Congress; his fellow victors were [[Bhim Sen Sachar]] (Congress) and [[Ganga Saran]] (Ind.)}} he attended the inaugural session on 10 August.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Constituent Assembly of Pakistan Debates: Sunday, 10th August, 1947 |publisher=Government of Pakistan |year=1947 |volume=I (1) |location=Lahore |pages=3–4 |language=en}}</ref>

Three days later, the non-Muslim members of the Constituent Assembly met in Gujral's home at Karachi, and formed the "Pakistan Congress"; he was elected as the Chief Whip.<ref name=":0" /> Soon, [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], the first prime minister of Pakistan, sent him to Delhi to ensure the safety of Muslims who wished to migrate to Pakistan; while in Delhi, Gujral arranged for the migration of his extended family and esp. the women.<ref name=":0" /> He stayed with his son in Karachi for a while, before following suit.<ref name=":0" />{{efn|I. K. Gujral claims that they had no plans of leaving Pakistan until the [[1948 Karachi riots]] motivated their decision;<ref name=":0" /> his younger brother Satish Gujral claims likewise and cites a tribal invasion of Jhelum district for triggering their migration.<ref name=":Nair" /> In October 1947, the local branch of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] attacked Gujral for commending the protection afforded to the minority community in Jhelum; it was sarcatically noted that Gujral himself had "removed all [of his] relatives and capital to the Indian Union".<ref name=":Nair" />}} A year later, in January 1949, the "Committee on Addition and/or Redistribution of Seats" recommended the dissolution of his seat in the Constituent Assembly.{{efn|The post-migration population of Hindus in the province, as of May 1948, was deemed insufficient by the Committee to secure any representation.}}

=== India ===
Gujral settled in [[Jalandhar]]; at Nehru's behest, he was appointed as a Judge in the Punjab Industrial Tribunal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shukla |first=Rajeev |title=Scars Of 1947: Real Partition Stories |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |year=2022 |isbn=9789354924101 |language=en}}</ref> He died on 30 May 1976 of [[cardiac arrest]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former ambassador to Moscow K.P.S. Menon awarded the Lenin Prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/19790531-former-ambassador-to-moscow-kps-menon-awarded-the-lenin-prize-822087-2014-03-13 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=India Today |date=13 March 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujral, Avtar Narain}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Gujral administration]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Politicians from Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:People from Jhelum District]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistani emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]

Toro (Khamba Thoibi)

2026-02-26T22:42:45Z

Jaya: done

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Toro''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯣꯔꯣ}}) is a woman from the [[Angom]] clan, living in the [[ancient Moirang]] kingdom. She appears in the [[Khamba Thoibi]] classical epic, which belongs to the [[Moirang Kangleirol]] genre of [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]].
She is the younger sister of [[Angom Nongban Kongyamba]], a well-known national wrestling champion of the [[Moirang kingdom]].<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khamba Thoibi Ahanba Saruk|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467162|date=1963-02-25|first=Kabrambam|last=Gouramani|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khamba Thoibi|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.464230|first=Loitongbam Kalachand|last=Singh|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1963|location=India|language=hi, mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal}}</ref><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khuman Khamba|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466825|last=Pramodini|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1992|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Moirang Shaion|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465120|first=Sarangthem|last=Bormani|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=2003|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref>

== Literary appearance ==

Toro is often described in contrast to Princess [[Thoibi]], who is shown as extremely beautiful and admired by many men.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

=== Description and character ===

Toro is described as not very beautiful. She has no suitors and no admirers, which makes her feel sad because she is not loved by any man.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

She is described as having curly hair. In the traditional interpretation found in the story, curly hair (sham khoi) is linked to personality traits and is seen as a sign of feelings that are not straightforward (pukchel khoi).<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

== Relationship with Soura ==

Because she had no other option, Toro often flirted with Soura, a servant of her elder brother [[Nongban]]. Soura comforted her by saying that her brother was very powerful, and that men of [[Moirang]] were afraid to approach her because of him. This statement was meant to calm her sadness.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

== Scholarly interpretation ==

The scholar N. Tombi Singh described Toro in his 1976 work "Khamba and Thoibi: The Unscaled Height of Love". He wrote that Toro was a symbol of the untamed energy of youth, though her behavior stayed within accepted social limits. According to him, Toro may not have been extremely beautiful, but she represented a girl of her generation with normal abilities and qualities.<ref>Tombi Singh, N.. Khamba and Thoibi: The Unscaled Height of Love. India: Chitrebirentombichand Khorjeirup, 1976. p. 2, 353</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Senu]]
* [[Khamnu]]
* [[Women in Meitei civilisation]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Keke Moirang]]
[[Category:Women in Meitei culture]]

Bhajan Lal

2026-02-19T16:01:40Z

Jaya:

{{other uses|Bhajan Lal (disambiguation) }}
{{Short description|6th Chief Minister of Haryana}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhajan Lal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| image = Bhajan Lal Bishnoi.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|10|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bahawalpur district|Kotwali]], [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur State]], [[British India]] (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|06|03|1930|10|6|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hisar, Haryana]], [[India]]
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (1968-77 & 1979–96) [[Janata Party]] (1977–79
) | party=[[Haryana Janhit Congress]]
| spouse = Jasmadevi Bishnoi
| children = [[Chander Mohan Bishnoi]] [[Kuldeep Bishnoi]] Roshni Bishnoi
| office = 6th [[List of chief ministers of Haryana|Chief Minister of Haryana]]
| term_start = 23 June 1991
| term_end = 11 May 1996
| predecessor = [[Om Prakash Chautala]]
| successor = [[Bansi Lal]]
| term_start1 = 29 June 1979
| term_end1 = 5 July 1986
| predecessor1 = [[Chaudhary Devi Lal]]
| successor1 = [[Bansi Lal]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 2 aug 1986
| term_end3 = 27 nov 1989
| constituency3 = [[Haryana]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 16 May 2009
| term_end4 = 3 June 2011
| predecessor4 = [[Jai Parkash]]
| successor4 = [[Kuldeep Bishnoi]]
| constituency4 = [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar]]
| term_start5 = 10 March 1998
| term_end5 = 26 April 1999
| predecessor5 = [[Ishwar Dayal Swami]]
| successor5 = [[Ishwar Dayal Swami]]
| constituency5 = [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]]
| term_start6 = 2 December 1989
| term_end6 = 13 March 1991
| predecessor6 = [[Chaudhary Khurshid Ahmed|Khurshid Ahmed]]
| successor6 = [[Avtar Singh Bhadana]]
| constituency6 = [[Faridabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faridabad]]
| office7 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the ]][[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| term7 = 1968-1987 and 1991-1998 and 2000-2009
| constituency7 = [[Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency|Adampur]]
| predecessor7 = H. Singh
| successor7 = [[Kuldeep Bishnoi]]
| caption = Bhajan Lal in 1989
}}

'''Bhajan Lal''' (6 October 1930 – 3 June 2011) was a politician and three-time [[chief minister]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Haryana]]. He became the Chief Minister for the first time in 1979, was re-elected in 1982, and became the chief minister for the third time by winning the [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|elections in 1991]]. He also served as the [[Minister of Agriculture (India)|Minister of Agriculture]] and the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment and Forests]] in the [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv Gandhi government]].

==Early life==
Bhajan Lal was born in a [[Bishnoi]] family<ref>{{cite news|title=Will Caste Politics Overturn BJP's Anti-incumbency in Haryana? |date=19 September 2024 |website=The Wire |url=https://m.thewire.in/author/Aamir-Shakil}}</ref> on 6 October 1930 in the Koranwali village of [[British Raj|British India]]'s [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]] princely state in modern-day Pakistan. He received his formal education in [[Bahawalnagar]]. Lal lived under difficult circumstances and had to sell his wares on a cycle to make a living.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=Former Haryana chief minister Bhajan Lal dies of heart attack |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-haryana-chief-minister-bhajan-lal-dies-of-heart-attack-457534 |access-date=18 April 2016 |work=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418101911/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-haryana-chief-minister-bhajan-lal-dies-of-heart-attack-457534 |archive-date=18 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryana Vidhan Sabha: Who's who: 2000 |url=http://www.hryvidhansabhahistory.com/who/2000.pdf |publisher=[[Government of Haryana]] |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418094042/http://www.hryvidhansabhahistory.com/who/2000.pdf|archive-date=18 April 2016 |page=40 |url-status=usurped |format=PDF }}</ref> He married Jasma Devi, with whom he had two sons - [[Chander Mohan Bishnoi]] and [[Kuldeep Bishnoi|Kuldip Bishnoi]] and a daughter, Roshni.

Bhajan Lal moved to [[Adampur, Hisar|Adampur]] after [[Partition of India|the Partition]]. At the age of 17 he began buying and selling goods at his village market, he soon started a shop in partnership with Pokhar Mal who was a local trader. Both of them worked as commission agents (intermediaries between the fanner and the wholesaler), this work got him into trouble with the local police. He initially joined politics to protect himself from the police. The police had 12 criminal cases and charges against him, all of which were dropped once he became a MLA.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-29 |title=Bhajan Lal: The artful manipulator - Special Report News - Issue Date: Jun 30, 1982 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19820630-the-amazing-survival-saga-of-haryana-chief-minister-bhajan-lal-771934-2013-10-09 |access-date=2022-08-29 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829114626/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19820630-the-amazing-survival-saga-of-haryana-chief-minister-bhajan-lal-771934-2013-10-09 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Political career==
Lal started his political career by becoming a village ''[[sarpanch]]'' and later the chairman of the [[panchayat samiti]] of Hisar. He joined the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]], and became the president of the Congress Mandal in the region. He was elected to the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana Assembly]] for the first time in 1968 after winning the mid-term polls in [[Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency|Adampur]]. He retained this seat for the remainder of his political career except in 1987 when his wife won the seat.<ref name="NDTV"/>

=== Janata Party ===
In 1977 elections he contested under a [[Janata Party]] ticket and won the elections. Under the new Janata Party government of [[Devi Lal]], Bhajan Lal was given a number of ministries including the ministry of dairy development and animal husbandry, the ministry of labour and employment, and the forests ministry. However in 1979 he defected to the Congress along with a group of [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLAs]] thereby toppling the Janata Party government.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Ratnadeep |date=2019-06-03 |title=Bhajan Lal, the village sarpanch who rose to become Haryana's powerful CM |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/bhajan-lal-the-village-sarpanch-who-rose-to-become-haryanas-powerful-cm/245053/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== First and Second Terms as Chief Minister ===
Following his defection to the Congress he became the [[Chief Minister of Haryana]] with a razor thin majority. In 1980 following the victory of [[Indira Gandhi]] led Congress (I) in [[1980 Indian general election|the general elections]], many Janata Party leaders began to defect, by then he was able to get as many as 40 Janata Party MLAs into the Congress and secured a strong majority of 50 MLAs in an assembly of 90 MLAs. He had achieved this despite his rival Devi Lal resorting to guarding his 42 [[Janata Party]] MLAs in a farmhouse with guards armed with submachine guns. He offered the defecting MLAs land, money, positions in state corporations and boards, and cabinet positions to this end he had expanded the number of cabinet ministries to 26 which made every second congress MLA a minister. He also held control over the state's [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Criminal Investigation Department]], which he used to his advantage by filing cases against he rivals to pressure them into withdrawing or joining him.<ref name=":0" /> This horse trading during his first term had led to the [[Hindustan Times]] calling him the "master of horse-trading".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-11-15 |title=When the horsetraders got traded |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/when-the-horsetraders-got-traded/story-ERhsM2hxlmzLFjyFWiK1nL.html |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Bhajan Lal's record on governance and the economy however was seen as poor at the time with state corporations and boards seeing sharp declines in their surpluses and no addition of new electricity generation capacity in the state during his initial years of rule between 1979-1982.<ref name=":0" /> He was [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|re-elected]] on 23 May 1982 and served until July 1986.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

==== 1987 Elections ====
Although he did not lead the party into the [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987 elections]], the electoral rout of the Congress in that elections resulted in him being slowly sidelined in the party in favour of newer leaders like [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda|Bhupinder Hooda]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahuja |first=Rajesh |date=2011-06-03 |title=Bhajan Lal passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/bhajan-lal-passes-away/article2074044.ece |access-date=2022-08-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Union Minister and National Politics ===
In 1986 following the end of his tenure as Chief Minister, he was made a [[Rajya Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]], and was appointed as the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Union Minister of Environment and Forests]] under the [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv Gandhi government]]. In 1988 he was made the [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Union Minister of Agriculture]]. In 1989 he was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] after winning in the constituency of [[Faridabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faridabad]] by defeating [[Chaudhary Khurshid Ahmed|Khurshid Ahmed]] from the [[Janata Party]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-29 |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/members/ArchiveMemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3247&lastls=15 |access-date=2022-08-29 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829120213/http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/members/ArchiveMemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3247&lastls=15 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Third Term as Chief Minister ===
He resigned from the Lok Sabha and contested the [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Haryana Assembly elections held in 1991]] from Adampur, Congress won the elections and he was made the chief minister for the third time. However, in the [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996 elections]] the Congress suffered a major defeat, and Bhajan Lal never became a chief minister following that.<ref name=":1" />

=== Leaving the Congress ===
The victory of the [[Indian National Congress]] in Haryana's 2005 elections caused a major rift in its state unit, as it opted to make [[Bhupinder Hooda]], a Jat, the Chief Minister instead of Lal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhajan Lal makes a turnaround|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/03/06/stories/2005030603290800.htm|access-date=3 November 2010|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 March 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819025821/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/03/06/stories/2005030603290800.htm|archive-date=19 August 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref> In 2007, Lal officially announced he would form a new party, called the [[Haryana Janhit Congress]]. The key event that brought this about was the suspension of his son [[Kuldeep Bishnoi]] from the Indian National Congress, for criticizing the party's central leaders.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhajan Plans New Party|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Bhajan_plans_new_party/articleshow/1759573.cms|access-date=3 November 2010|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 March 2007}}</ref>

===2009 Lok Sabha Elections===

He fought the 2009 Lok Sabha election despite being 79 years old at the time, stating that he was still "young enough to win elections".<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2009 |title=I am young enough to win polls: Bhajan Lal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/i-am-young-enough-to-win-polls-bhajan-lal/articleshow/4478133.cms |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He fought from [[Hissar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hissar]] and defeated [[Sampat Singh]], [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]] leader by 6983 votes, [[Jai Parkash|Jai parkash]] of Congress came at third position in a high-profile battle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/sampat-singh-quits-inld/662703|title=Sampat Singh Quits INLD|website=Outlook (India)|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>

==Death==
Bhajan Lal died on 3 June 2011 in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] following a [[heart attack]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhajan Lal passes away |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article2074044.ece|access-date=4 June 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bhajan Lal, 80, dies of heart attack |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bhajan-Lal-80-dies-of-heart-attack/articleshow/8720275.cms|access-date=4 June 2011|newspaper=The Times of India|date=3 June 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Aaya Ram Gaya Ram]]
* [[Political families of Haryana|Dynastic politics of Haryana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Chief Minister of Haryana]] | before=[[Chaudhary Devi Lal]]| after=[[Bansi Lal|Chaudhary Bansi Lal]] | years=1979–1985}}
{{succession box |title=Chief Minister of Haryana | before=[[Om Prakash Chautala]]| after=[[Bansi Lal|Chaudhary Bansi Lal]] | years=1991–1996}}
{{s-end}}

{{15th LS members from Haryana}}
{{Chief Ministers of Haryana}}
{{Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (India)}}
{{Haryana}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Bhajan}}
[[Category:People from Panchkula]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Haryana]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:People from Bahawalpur District]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Haryana]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Janata Party]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1996–2000]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Haryana Janhit Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Politicians from Faridabad]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2005–2009]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1968–1972]]
[[Category:Presidents of Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee]]

Shanti Devi (social worker)

2026-02-18T13:58:54Z

Jaya: new

{{Short description|Indian social worker (1934–2022)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shanti Devi
| image = Shanti Devi (cropped).jpg
| caption = Devi in November 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|04|18|df=y}}<ref name=":2" />
| birth_place = [[Balasore district]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|1|16|1934|4|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Rayagada]], Odisha
| occupation = Social worker
| known_for = Social activism
| spouse = Ratan Das
| awards =
* [[Padma Shri]]
* Radhanath Rath Peace Award
* Jamnalal Bajaj Award
}}

'''Shanti Devi''' (18 April 1934 – 16 January 2022) was an Indian social worker born in 1934 in [[Balasore district]] of Indian state of [[Odisha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2022 |title=Noted social activist Shanti Devi passes away at 88 in Odisha; President Ram Nath Kovind, PM Modi extend condolences |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/noted-social-activist-shanti-devi-dies-at-88-in-odisha-president-ram-nath-kovind-pm-modi-extend-condolences-10292881.html |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613174745/https://www.firstpost.com/india/noted-social-activist-shanti-devi-dies-at-88-in-odisha-president-ram-nath-kovind-pm-modi-extend-condolences-10292881.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She was awarded the [[Padma Shri Award|Padma Shri award]] on 9 November 2021 by the President, [[Ram Nath Kovind]] at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-IV, at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] for her social works and efforts to bring peace in the Maoist-affected [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]] region of Odisha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri awardee and social activist Shanti Devi passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/padma-shri-awardee-social-activist-shanti-devi-dies-7727255/ |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=The Indian Express |date=17 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614174713/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/padma-shri-awardee-social-activist-shanti-devi-dies-7727255/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri awardee Shanti Devi passes away in Odisha – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/padma-shri-awardee-shanti-devi-passes-away-in-odisha/articleshow/88946751.cms |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613174744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/padma-shri-awardee-shanti-devi-passes-away-in-odisha/articleshow/88946751.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Devi received the Radhanath Rath Peace Award and was awarded the [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]] in 1994.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shanti Devi – Jamnalal Bajaj Award 1994 Recipient – Development & Welfare of Women and Children |url=https://www.jamnalalbajajawards.org/awards/archives/1994/women-and-child-welfare/shanti-devi |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514110822/https://www.jamnalalbajajawards.org/awards/archives/1994/women-and-child-welfare/shanti-devi |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Devi was born in a landlord family in Balasore district on 18 April 1934. She attended the college for two years and at the age of 17, she was married to Ratan Das, a doctor and follower of Gandhian ideology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha's noted Gandhian Padma Shri Shanti Devi passes away |url=https://argusnews.in/article/odisha/odisha%E2%80%99s-noted-gandhian-padma-shri-shanti-devi-passes-away |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=Argus News |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805105818/https://argusnews.in/article/odisha/odisha%E2%80%99s-noted-gandhian-padma-shri-shanti-devi-passes-away |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Social work ==
[[File:Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shanti Devi.jpg|thumb|[[Ram Nath Kovind|President Ram Nath Kovind]] presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shanti Devi.]]
Devi was inspired by the ideology of the pacifist [[Vinobha Bhave]]. She took part in Bhave's [[Bhoodan Movement]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Meet Shanti Devi, who is saving lives in Maoist-hit Rayagada |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/shanti-devi-odissa-tribal-rayagada/ |access-date=14 June 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614061620/https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/shanti-devi-odissa-tribal-rayagada/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She began social work at the early age. Devi worked for the education and the betterment of tribal girls and destitute women.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2022 |first=Mohammad |last=Suffian |title=Padma Shri awardee Shanti Devi passes away; PM Modi, Odisha CM mourn demise |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/padma-shri-awardee-social-activist-shanti-devi-passes-away-pm-modi-odisha-cm-mourn-demise-1901014-2022-01-17 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614062906/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/padma-shri-awardee-social-activist-shanti-devi-passes-away-pm-modi-odisha-cm-mourn-demise-1901014-2022-01-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> She established an [[ashram]] at Gobarapalli in Rayagada district<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha: Shanti Devi Dies at 88, Worked to Uplift Tribal Girls, Known for Peace Efforts in Maoist-hit Areas |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/odisha-shanti-devi-dies-at-88-worked-to-uplift-tribal-girls-known-for-peace-efforts-in-maoist-hit-areas-4667054.html |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=News18 |date=17 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614071743/https://www.news18.com/news/india/odisha-shanti-devi-dies-at-88-worked-to-uplift-tribal-girls-known-for-peace-efforts-in-maoist-hit-areas-4667054.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and Seva Samaj at [[Gunupur]] in Odisha in 1964.<ref name="auto"/><ref name=":2" /> She also set up an ashram for leprosy patients in Jabarguda in the Rayagada district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2022 |title=Noted social activist Shanti Devi passes away at 88 in Odisha; President Ram Nath Kovind, PM Modi extend condolences |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/noted-social-activist-shanti-devi-dies-at-88-in-odisha-president-ram-nath-kovind-pm-modi-extend-condolences-10292881.html |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613174745/https://www.firstpost.com/india/noted-social-activist-shanti-devi-dies-at-88-in-odisha-president-ram-nath-kovind-pm-modi-extend-condolences-10292881.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She is known for her efforts to establish peace in the Maoist-affected districts of Odisha<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2022 |title=Eminent social worker Padma Shri Shanti Devi breathes her last |url=https://www.orissapost.com/eminent-social-worker-padma-shri-shanti-devi-breathes-her-last/ |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily – OrissaPOST |language=en-US |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117065017/https://www.orissapost.com/eminent-social-worker-padma-shri-shanti-devi-breathes-her-last/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and for her work in Sankhalapadar village where the [[Yaws|disease of Yaws]] was endemic. Devi was able to treat over 4,000 people who had the disease,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandhian Shanti Devi passes away at 88 in Odisha – The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Jan/17/gandhian-shanti-devi-passes-away-at-88-in-odisha-2407757.html |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=www.newindianexpress.com |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706051150/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jan/17/gandhian-shanti-devi-passes-away-at-88-in-odisha-2407757.amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> possibly with the help of nine other people, which can lead to disfigurement and disability.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |date=August 2014 |title=The Sarvoday Movement in Odisha after Independence |page=19 |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2014/August/engpdf/august-or-2014.pdf |magazine=Odisha Review |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706045535/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2014/August/engpdf/august-or-2014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yaws |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yaws |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=www.who.int |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017233837/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yaws |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to her efforts, the disease was eradicated from the village.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=President Kovind presents Padma Shri to Smt. Shanti Devi for Social Work...She eradicated yaws disease... |url=https://twitter.com/rashtrapatibhvn/status/1458073212701401093 |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=Twitter |language=en |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617213515/https://twitter.com/rashtrapatibhvn/status/1458073212701401093 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Devi was born on 18 April 1934 in the [[Balasore district]] of Odisha. At the age of 17, she was married to Ratan Das who was a doctor. After the marriage, they moved to [[Koraput district]].<ref name=":2" /> She died on 16 January 2022 at Rayagada district hospital.<ref name=":0" /> She was 87. She is survived by her son Sidharth Das.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Shanti}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Balasore district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Social workers from Odisha]]

Ohel David Synagogue

2026-02-09T02:21:55Z

Jaya: Article enhanced with better details

{{Short description|Synagogue in Pune, India}}
{{About|the synagogue in Pune, India|the synagogue in London, England|Ohel David Eastern Synagogue}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Ohel David Synagogue
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Ohel David Synagogue.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the synagogue in [[Maharashtra]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.519276730731324|73.87466004400383|region:IN_type:landmark|format=dms|display=it}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| religious_affiliation = [[Judaism]]
| locale =
| location = Moledina Grant Road, [[Camp, Pune|Camp]], [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| rite =
| sect =
| tradition =
| festival = 
| cercle =
| country = [[India]]
| administration =
| consecration_year = 1867
| organisational_status = [[Synagogue]]
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| ownership =
| governing_body =
| leadership =
| bhattaraka =
| patron =
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| architect = [[Henry Saint Clair Wilkins]]
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Synagogue architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[English Gothic architecture|English Gothic]]
| founded_by =
| creator =
| funded_by = [[David Sassoon (treasurer)|David Sassoon]]
| general_contractor =
| established =
| groundbreaking = 1863
| year_completed = 1867
| construction_cost =
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| spire_height = {{cvt|90|ft|m|order=flip}}
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}}
'''Ohel David (Tabernacle of David) Synagogue''', also called '''Laal Deval''' or '''Laal Deul''' is a [[synagogue]] in [[Pune]], India.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Robbins |first1=Kenneth X. |title=Jewish heritage of the Deccan: Mumbai, the Northern Konkan, Pune |last2=Sohoni |first2=Pushkar |last3=Surendra Kumar |date=2017 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-93-86348-66-1 |edition=First Jaico impression |series=Deccan Heritage Foundation/Jaico guidebook series |location=Ahmedabad}}</ref>

==History==
The construction of the synagogue started in 1863 by [[philanthropist]] [[David Sassoon (treasurer)|David Sassoon]] and was then completed by his successors in 1867.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jacobsassoon.com/synagogues/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004182920/http://www.jacobsassoon.com/synagogues|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 October 2014|title=Synagogues - Sir Jacob Sassoon Synagogues & AlliedTrusts|website=www.jacobsassoon.com|accessdate=13 November 2018}}</ref> The synagogue was designed by [[Henry Saint Clair Wilkins]] and was an example of [[English Gothic architecture|English Gothic]] architecture.<ref>Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 61 Wilkins, Henry St. Clair by [[Robert Hamilton Vetch]]</ref> The churchlike building was constructed with red brick and trap rock and has a 90-foot tall [[obelisk]] with a clock brought especially from London.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/138/20110317201103170147223569bfd6f38/Lal-Deul.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213193151/http://www.punemirror.in/article/138/20110317201103170147223569bfd6f38/Lal-Deul.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
One of the largest synagogues built in India, Ohel David (Hebrew for Tent of David), constructed from 1863 to 1867, is located on a prominent site on Moledina Road near M. G. and Ambedkar Roads. This area came to be known as Pune Camp (or [[Cantonment]]), a military district established in 1817<ref>{{Cite web |title='Battle of Kirkee fought on the 5th Novr 1816 on which memorable occasion 4785 [sic] British troops defeated the Mahratta Army' {{!}} Online Collection {{!}} National Army Museum, London |url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1971-02-33-219-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108160151/http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1971-02-33-219-1 |archive-date=2015-01-08 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=www.nam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> to accommodate troops of the [[British Indian Army]]. For years the landmark synagogue, which has ably served the city's [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi-Jewish]] community for about a century-and-a-half, has been known locally as Laal Deul (Red Temple). "Laal" is the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] word for "Red" as a reference to the brilliant color of the building's exterior brick. "Deul" is the Marathi word for "Temple". The construction of the synagogue and its endowment were made possible by David Sassoon, patriarch of the great [[Sassoon family|Sassoon dynasty]] that made its mark in trading, commerce, and shipping in [[India]] and the East during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The Sassoons funded the construction of many other religious, civic, and institutional buildings in the city and elsewhere in India, including Pune's [[Sassoon Hospital]] and Mumbai's Baghdadi synagogues [[Knesset Eliyahoo]] and [[Magen David Synagogue (Byculla)]].

David Sassoon was born in [[Baghdad]] and immigrated to India during the early years of the nineteenth century. The first Baghdadi Jews to come to India did so seasonally or temporarily in the late eighteenth century, arriving first in the western port city of [[Surat]]. In time, a permanent enclave was formed in Pune with others in [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Yangon]] (Rangoon) in [[Myanmar]] (Burma). Jewish people mostly from [[Iraq]], but also from [[Iran]] and various other countries under the control of the [[Ottoman Empire]], left their homelands in search of religious tolerance, economic opportunity, and quality of life. The community as a whole became comparatively well-educated and economically comfortable in their adopted Indian and Burmese cities. Pune came to offer the Baghdadis affiliated with this synagogue the chance to become fully practicing Jews and productive citizens of the broader local community.

==Description==
A building distinctly of the [[Gothic Revival architecture|English Gothic-revival style]],<ref name="ICGR"/> Ohel David was designed by the British colonial architect Henry Stain Clair Wilkins. Wilkins was a British army officer, served in the [[East India Company]], and was employed in the fields of architecture and engineering in the public works departments of British India. Working with Wilkins, the Ohel David congregation, like other Baghdadi communities, chose an architectural style developed in England or other parts of Europe and revived in the nineteenth century as a precedent for their houses of prayer. When seeing these synagogues for the first time, foreigners and nationals alike may be surprised by what they can regard as buildings appearing un-Indian and Christian. Yet in the British colonial landscape, these imposing Baghdadi structures were in keeping with the tastes of the British and their allegiances at the time, which included much of the Baghdadi Jewish community.

[[Magen David Synagogue (Byculla)|Magen David]] sits on a relatively large open site that is now surrounded by a high protective wall. Today this site offers a peaceful respite from congested and noisy areas of the city. Abutting the main brick and Deccan trap stone massing of the building is the synagogue's most prominent feature: a ninety-foot tall square tower featuring a clock with faces on each of the tower's sides. This clock was manufactured in London specifically for Ohel David. The tower, detailed with Gothic-style pointed-arched openings and capped by a steeply pitched slate roof, closely matches the design of the one at Sassoon Hospital, also designed by Henry Wilkins.

The synagogue sanctuary is a large and impressive space able to accommodate a membership that, at its height, numbered over one hundred families. In plan, the generous central nave with its tebah (bimah/raised platform containing a table for reading the [[Torah]]) is separated from the side aisles by a colonnade. Positioned above the side aisles is a gallery where, in the Orthodox Jewish tradition of separating the genders, the women sat. Tall windows with transoms filled with a geometric pattern of stained glass, a gray marble tiled floor, the raised tebah with wooden newel posts/handrail and brass balusters, plaster medallions and trim work, and the wooden guardrail at the gallery are prominent design features in the sanctuary. The wooden ceiling of the sanctuary is flat, and hanging from it are period lighting fixtures. Filling the sanctuary, as in Baghdadi and other Indian synagogue design traditions, are freestanding long wooden benches and chairs.

Ohel David follows the pattern of other Baghdadi synagogues in India and Myanmar with a particularly impressive architectural feature: a sizeable heckal (ark) that is raised a few feet above the level of the sanctuary floor. The heckal, positioned on the wall nearest to Jerusalem as per synagogue convention, is set within a double-height niche that is elaborately embellished with plaster decoration. Framing the heckal at the sanctuary side is a pointed arch flanked by engaged pilasters, and they are also highly decorated with plaster reliefs. From within the sanctuary, the heckal curtain and doors appear to front a conventional, cabinet-like space. Yet once they are opened, a walk-in apsidal-shaped room as deep as ten feet (three meters) and considerably wider is revealed. Here one hundred or more Torah scrolls placed within decorated silver cases were once proudly displayed.

The Ohel David Synagogue compound also contains a now-closed [[Mikveh|mikvah]] (a place of ritual baths), caretaker and community apartments, and the Gothic-revival mausoleum of David Sassoon (also designed by Wilkins), who died in Pune in 1864 before Ohel David was consecrated on 29 September 1867. As a consequence of social and political change during the second half of the twentieth century, Ohel David's congregation today is considerably smaller and less active than it once was. In recent years, the synagogue is guarded, and access to the building is controlled. Despite these changes, the synagogue continues to remain open and vital. Regular prayer and holiday services are held here, conducted by congregational laymen, a [[Hazzan|hazan]] (reader/cantor), or visiting [[rabbi]]. Tourists and other visitors can also arrange to be invited, and for these reasons, the synagogue is more than ever an integral part of Pune's Jewish identity as well as a testament to the city's tradition of religious and social diversity and tolerance.

Lal Deval is Asia's largest [[synagogue]] (outside [[Israel]]).<ref name="ICGR">{{Cite web|author=Sifra Lentin|url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/punes-ohel-david-turns-150/|title=Pune's Ohel David turns 150|publisher=Indian Council on Global Relations}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Ohel David Synagogue, Pune 02.jpg|Rear of the building
Ohel David Synagogue, Pune 01.jpg|At night
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Judaism|India}}}}
* [[History of the Jews in India]]
* [[List of synagogues in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

{{Synagogues in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1867 establishments in India]]
[[Category:19th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:19th-century synagogues in Asia]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pune]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in India]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival synagogues]]
[[Category:Synagogues completed in 1867]]
[[Category:Synagogues in Maharashtra]]

List of 2022 box office number-one films in India

2026-02-08T15:38:28Z

Jaya: Starting post

{{short description|None}}

This is a list of films which ranked number one at the weekend [[box office]] for the year [[2022 in film|2022]] in India.

== Number-one films ==
{| class="wikitable"
|style="background-color:#FFFF99"align="center"|†
|This implies the highest-grossing movie of the year.<ref name=":0" />
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Box office number-one films by weekend in India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Box Office Weekends For 2022 |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/by-year/2022/?area=IN |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref>
!{{abbr|#|Week number}}
!Weekend end date
!Film
!Weekend domestic gross
!Primary language
|-
|1
|9 January 2022
|''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home]]''
|$1,020,000
|[[English language|English]]
|-
|2
|16 January 2022
|''[[Bangarraju]]''
|$1,122,411
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|3
|23 January 2022
||''[[The King's Man]]''
|$19,278
| rowspan="2" |English
|-
|4
|30 January 2022
|[[Scream (2022 film)|''Scream'']]
|$85,235
|-
|5
|6 February 2022
|''[[Veeramae Vaagai Soodum]]''
|$1,056,978
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|6
|13 February 2022
|''[[Badhaai Do]]''
|$3,336,745
|[[Hindi]]
|-
|7
|20 February 2022
|[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|''Aaraattu'']]
|$3,282,023
|[[Malayalam]]
|-
|8
|27 February 2022
|''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''
|$18,787,720
|Telugu
|-
|9
|6 March 2022
|[[The Batman (film)|''The Batman'']]
|$6,871,377
|English
|-
|10
|13 March 2022
|''[[Radhe Shyam]]''
|$18,216,290
|Telugu{{Br}}Hindi
|-
|11
|20 March 2022
|''[[The Kashmir Files]]''
|$14,169,020
|Hindi
|-
|12
|27 March 2022
| rowspan="2" |[[RRR (film)|''RRR'']]
|$42,674,401
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|-
|13
|3 April 2022
|$18,538,384
|-
|14
|10 April 2022
|''[[Hurdang]]''
|$2,081,549
|Hindi
|-
|15
|17 April 2022
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]'' †
|$40,021,684
| rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]]
|-
|16
|24 April 2022
|$15,680,985
|-
|17
|1 May 2022
|[[Acharya (2022 film)|''Acharya'']]
|$5,804,799
|Telugu
|-
|18
|8 May 2022
|''[[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness]]''
|$12,676,832
|English
|-
|19
|15 May 2022
|''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]''
|$11,336,013
|Telugu
|-
|20
|22 May 2022
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]''
|$11,028,752
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|-
|21
|29 May 2022
|$6,146,535
|-
|22
|5 June 2022
|[[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']]
|$20,920,610
|Tamil
|-
|23
|12 June 2022
|''[[Jurassic World Dominion]]''
|$15,353,634
|English
|-
|24
|19 June 2022
|''[[777 Charlie]]''
|$5,072,479
|Kannada
|-
|25
|26 June 2022
| rowspan="2" |''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]''
|$4,425,891
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|-
|26
|3 July 2022
|$2,666,966
|-
|27
|10 July 2022
|''[[Thor: Love and Thunder]]''
|$10,800,413
|English
|-
|28
|17 July 2022
|''[[The Warriorr]]''
|$6,554,578
|Telugu
|-
|29
|24 July 2022
|''[[Malayankunju]]''
|$2,390,498
|Malayalam
|-
|30
|31 July 2022
|''[[Ek Villain Returns]]''
|$4,059,789
|Hindi
|-
|31
|7 August 2022
|''[[Bimbisara (film)|Bimbisara]]''
|$4,857,056
|Telugu
|-
|32
|14 August 2022
|''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]''
|$11,878,910
|Hindi
|-
|33
|21 August 2022
|''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]''
|$5,691,528
|Tamil
|-
|34
|28 August 2022
|[[Liger (film)|''Liger'']]
|$4,499,645
|Telugu{{Br}}Hindi
|-
|35
|4 September 2022
|[[Cobra (2022 film)|''Cobra'']]
|$4,610,141
|Tamil
|-
|36
|11 September 2022
| rowspan="3" |''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
|$17,866,222
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|-
|37
|18 September 2022
|$6,291,081
|-
|38
|25 September 2022
|$5,747,453
|-
|39
|2 October 2022
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|$20,457,950
|Tamil
|-
|40
|9 October 2022
|[[Godfather (2022 film)|''Godfather'']]
|$21,331,008
|Telugu
|-
|41
|16 October 2022
|''[[Doctor G]]''
|$1,924,376
|Hindi
|-
|42
|23 October 2022
|''[[Black Adam (film)|Black Adam]]''
|$7,882,119
|English
|-
|43
|30 October 2022
|[[Gandhada Gudi (2022 film)|''Gandhada Gudi'']]
|$2,182,521
|Kannada
|-
|44
|6 November 2022
|''[[Mrs. Harris Goes to Paris]]''
|$23,530
| rowspan="9" |English
|-
|45
|13 November 2022
| rowspan="5" |''[[Black Panther: Wakanda Forever]]''
|$6,432,078
|-
|46
|20 November 2022
|$2,018,003
|-
|47
|27 November 2022
|$395,939
|-
|48
|4 December 2022
|$212,563
|-
|49
|11 December 2022
|$93,259
|-
|50
|18 December 2022
| rowspan="3" |''[[Avatar: The Way of Water]]''
|$19,158,636
|-
|51
|25 December 2022
|$8,946,538
|-
|52
|1 January 2023
|$6,078,573
|}

== Highest-grossing films ==
{{see also|2022 in film#Highest-grossing films}}

=== In-Year Release ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest-grossing films of 2022 by In-year (Only domestic gross collection) release<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Highest grossing indian movies 2022। 2022 मे सबसे ज्यादा कमाई करनेवाली फ़िल्मे |url=https://filmipk.com/highest-grossing-indian-movies-2022/ |url-status=dead |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=Filmipk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215080853/https://filmipk.com/highest-grossing-indian-movies-2022/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 }}</ref>
!Rank
!Title
!Domestic gross
!Primary Language
!{{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
|1
| ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]''
| {{INR|1008 crore}}
|[[Kannada]]
|<ref name=":1008">{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/indian-box-office-crosses-rs-4002-crore-between-jan-april-report/2546184/ | title=Indian box office crosses Rs 4,002 crore between Jan-April: Report }}</ref>
|-
|2
| ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''
||{{INR}}{{sum|1150|-206}} crore
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref name="RRR">{{cite web |last1=Thanjavur |first1=Kiran Kumar |title=RRR Closing Collections : ముగిసిన ఆర్ఆర్ఆర్ థియేట్రికల్ రన్.. టోటల్ కలెక్షన్స్ ఇవే |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/rrr-jr-ntr-ram-chara-rajamoulis-rrr-movie-theatrical-run-closed-and-total-box-office-collections-ta-1315178.html |date=28 May 2022|website=[[News18 Telugu]]|language=te}}</ref>
|-
|3
|''[[Avatar: The Way of Water]]''
|{{INR|484.36}} crore
|[[English language|English]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Avatar: The Way of Water completes 50 glorious days at the box-office, mints Rs. 484.36 crore so far|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/avatar-the-way-of-water-completes-50-glorious-days-at-the-box-office-mints-rs-484-36-crore-so-far-12099332.html/amp|website=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
|4
|''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]''
|{{INR|361 crore}}
|Kannada
|<ref name="bo">{{cite web |title=Top highest grossing films at the Indian box office in 2022 - KGF Chapter 2 tops followed by RRR and Avatar 2 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/top-highest-grossing-films-at-the-indian-box-office-in-2022-kgf-chapter-2-tops-followed-by-rrr-and-avatar-2-1205238 |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|{{INR}}327.45 crore {{nbsp}}
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan worldwide closing box office collections; Biggest Tamil film of all time|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/ponniyin-selvan-worldwide-closing-box-office-collections-biggest-tamil-film-of-all-time-1200676|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|6
|''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
|{{INR|310}} crore
|[[Hindi]]
|<ref name="bo"/>
|-
|7
|''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
|{{INR}}302.5{{nbsp}}crore
|Tamil
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Vikram box office: Kamal Haasan's film has become one of the few films to climb past the ₹300-crore mark at the Indian box office in the post-pandemic era.|publisher=Hindustan Times Entertainment Desk.|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/vikram-box-office-kamal-haasan-film-crosses-300-crore-in-india-101656932938653.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=4 July 2022|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|8
|''[[The Kashmir Files]]''
|{{INR|297.53 crore}}
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kashmir Files Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-kashmir-files/box-office/ |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
|9
|''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|Drishyam 2]]''
|{{INR|286.36}} crore
|<ref name="boxoffww"/>
|-
|10
|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]''
|{{INR|220}} crore
|<ref name="boxoffww">{{cite web |title=Kollywood Top Grossers Worldwide 2022 {{!}} Tamil
|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2022/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618133816/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest-grossing films by Central Board of Film Certification|Highest-grossing films by [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] rating of 2022
|U
|F3 (film)|[[F3 (film)|''F3'']]
|-
|U/A
|''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]''
|-
|A
|''[[The Kashmir Files]]''
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian films of 2022]]
* [[List of 2023 box office number-one films in India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

{{Lists of box office number-one films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Box office number-one films in the United States}}
[[Category:Lists of 2022 box office number-one films|United States]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian cinema]]

Saravana Stores

2026-02-07T08:34:56Z

Jaya: added info

{{Short description|Indian textile and jewellery store chain}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Full citations needed|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Saravana Stores
| logo = SaravanaStoresLogo.png
| image =
| image_caption =
| type =
| genre = Textile and jewellery stores
| foundation = 1969
| founder = *S. Selvarathinam Nadar Son of Shanmuga Sundaram Nadar
*Later his brothers S. Yogarathinam Nadar &
*S. Rajarathinam Nadar joined to expand the business

| location_city = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]
| key_people = Ashwin Therazhandur (CEO)
| location_country = India
| industry = [[Retail]]
| products = {{Hlist|Textiles| Readymades| Silk Sarees|Jewellery|Electronics| Groceries|Stationary| Gadgets|Cutlery|Footwear|Food}}
| revenue = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/saravana-stores-allegedly-rigged-accounting-software-show-less-income-it-source-96340|title=Saravana Stores allegedly rigged accounting software to show less income|date=7 February 2019|access-date=19 February 2023|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219105543/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/saravana-stores-allegedly-rigged-accounting-software-show-less-income-it-source-96340|url-status=live}}</ref>
| num_locations = 61 (2011) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-we-will-all-be-slaves-to-mncs-says-saravana-stores-founder/20111129.htm|title='We will all be slaves to MNCs,' says Saravana Stores founder|access-date=19 February 2023|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219104620/https://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-we-will-all-be-slaves-to-mncs-says-saravana-stores-founder/20111129.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| net_income =
| parent = Saravana Stores Enterprise
| divisions =
| subsid = {{Hlist|Super Saravana Stores| Legend New Saravana Stores| Saravana Stores Crown Mall|Saravana Selvarathinam etc.}}
| homepage =
Saravana Selvarathnam
{{URL|https://saravanaonline.com//}}
Super Store
{{URL|https://supersaravanastores.com/}}
Super Store Elite
{{URL|https://www.saravanastores.in/}}
The Legend New Saravana Store
{{URL|http://saravanastoreslegend.co.in/}}

| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Saravana Stores''', founded in 1969, is a chain of [[retail]] stores in [[India]]. It is the largest family owned business retail chain in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-we-will-all-be-slaves-to-mncs-says-saravana-stores-founder/20111129.htm|title='We will all be slaves to MNCs,' says Saravana Stores founder|website=Rediff|access-date=19 February 2023|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219104620/https://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-we-will-all-be-slaves-to-mncs-says-saravana-stores-founder/20111129.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ob5Md3ZmQMsC&dq=saravana+stores+turnover&pg=PA2014|title=India's Store Wars: Retail Revolution and the Battle for the Next 500 Million Shoppers|first=Geoff|last=Hiscock|date=30 November 2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-58037-0 |via=Google Books|access-date=16 March 2023|archive-date=15 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915090444/https://books.google.com/books?id=ob5Md3ZmQMsC&dq=saravana+stores+turnover&pg=PA2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the first store to introduce [[Aadi Thallupadi]] sale concept.

== Locations ==
Saravana Stores operates seven stores in [[Chennai]], at [[T. Nagar]], [[Purasawalkam]], [[Porur]], [[Padi, Chennai|Padi]], [[Sholinganallur]], [[Chromepet]] and Usman Road. The company has mega stores in [[Madurai]], [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Coimbatore]]. The company is growing rapidly and has plans to open stores in [[Mumbai]], [[New Delhi]], and [[Bengaluru]]. The company also operates the Saravana Selvarathinam Stores in [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Madurai]].

== Revenue ==
In 2023, the company reported an annual turnover of about ₹ 2495 crore (300 million US dollars).<ref name="into ice cream">{{cite news|title=Saravana Stores steps into the ice-cream parlour where|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/08/27/stories/2004082702171900.htm|work=The Hindu Businessline|date=17 August 2004|access-date=31 March 2009|archive-date=25 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425133257/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/08/27/stories/2004082702171900.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dharenchadha.com/articles9.htm|title=Momentum Strategy Consultants: A Low Price for Success, Unsung Heroes of Indian Retailing|website=www.dharenchadha.com|access-date=24 May 2013|archive-date=21 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021040331/http://www.dharenchadha.com/articles9.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/income-tax-raids-on-saravana-stores-111081900121_1.html|title="Total Turnover"|access-date=24 May 2013|archive-date=25 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025051704/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/income-tax-raids-on-saravana-stores-111081900121_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Foray into 100% milk based ice cream ==
In 2004, Saravana Groups launched a new ice cream brand named [http://jamaaiicecream.com Jamaai], a 100% milk based ice-cream brand. The factory is located at [[Padappai]], a suburb of Chennai en route [[Sriperumbudur]] and sold across Tamil Nadu. It has a capacity of 10,000-litres per day ice cream production and expected to expand to 30,000 litres per day.<ref name="into ice cream"/>

[[File: Saravana Super Stores Automated Car Park.JPG|thumb|upright|Super Saravana Store automated car parking]]

== Fire incident ==
On 2 September 2008, a fire inside the building led to the death of two of its employees and damages worth [[crore]]s of [[rupee]]s. Unauthorized construction and ignoring safety measures are believed to be the reason.<ref>{{cite news|title=Blaze exposes fire hazards in T Nagar|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Chennai/Blaze_exposes_fire_hazards_in_T_Nagar/articleshow/3434321.cms|work=Times of India|date=2 September 2008|access-date=31 March 2009|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220134255/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Chennai/Blaze_exposes_fire_hazards_in_T_Nagar/articleshow/3434321.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title =Demolition of unsafe Saravana Stores floors begins it was also sealed
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/20/stories/2008112050280100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728143549/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/20/stories/2008112050280100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 July 2009|work =[[The Hindu]]
|date=20 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Saravana fire and the Tamil apathy|url=http://www.chennaitvnews.com/2008/09/saravana-fire-and-tamil-apathy.html|work=Chennai Television|date=5 September 2008|access-date=31 March 2009|archive-date=22 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222144004/http://www.chennaitvnews.com/2008/09/saravana-fire-and-tamil-apathy.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Super Saravana Stores: On March 1,2023 around 4.30 p.m. the flames were noticed in the Food Court on 9floor. The staff and the customers from all the floors were evacuated. No one was injured in the accident. Property worth 37 crore has been damaged in the major fire that broke out on Melur Main Road in Madurai city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tnfrs.tn.gov.in/fire-breaks-out-at-super-saravana-stores-madurai/|title=Fire breaks out at Super Saravana Stores, Madurai – Tamil Nadu Fire & Rescue Services|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223142338/https://www.tnfrs.tn.gov.in/fire-breaks-out-at-super-saravana-stores-madurai/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.saravanastores.in/index.php/ Saravana Stores Elite]

*[https://supersaravanastores.com/ Super Saravana Stores]
*[https://www.facebook.com/supersaravanastores Facebook Page of SARAVANA STORES]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Super Saravana Stores}}
[[Category:Superstores]]
[[Category:Retail companies of India]]
[[Category:Retailing in Chennai]]
[[Category:Jewellery retailers of India]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Rajinder Kumar Sharma

2026-01-26T19:26:51Z

Jaya:

{{Short description|Recipient of Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra}}
{{Tone|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
| allegiance = {{Flag|India}}
| awards = [[File:Kirti Chakra ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Kirti Chakra]] [[File:Shaurya Chakra ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Shaurya Chakra]] [[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Sena Medal]] (Gallantry)
| battles_label =
| battles = [[Op-Vijay (Kargil War)]] [[Op-Rakshak]] [[Op-Prakram]] [[Op-Hifazat]] [[Op-Bajrang]]
| commands = [[National Cadet Corps (India)|2 Jammu and Kashmir Girls Battalion (NCC Jammu)]]
| unit = [[Brigade of the Guards|2 Brigade of the Guards]] [[The Grenadiers]] [[Assam Rifles|32 Assam]] (on deputation)
| servicenumber = SC-00137
| rank = [[File:Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
| serviceyears = 1985-2022
| branch = {{Army|India}}
| birth_name =
| name = Rajinder Kumar Sharma
| nickname =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial =
| death_place =
| birth_place = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |1965|09|10|df=y}}
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Portrait of Col RK Sharma
| honorific_suffix = [[Kirti Chakra|KC]], [[Shaurya Chakra|SC]], [[Sena Medal|SM]]
| image = File:Rajinder Kumar Sharma.jpg
| laterwork =
}}
[[Colonel]] '''Rajinder Kumar Sharma''', [[Kirti Chakra|KC]], [[Shaurya Chakra|SC]], [[Sena Medal|SM]] (born, 10 September 1965, also known as '''RK Sharma''') is a retired decorated [[Indian Army]] officer of [[the Grenadiers]]. He is one of the few recipients of both Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra for his exemplary bravery.

== Early life ==

Rajinder Kumar Sharma was born in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. His family were refugee who came from POK after partition of India. His father was a policeman in Jammu and Kashmir Police and his uncle was in the army with [[Regiment of Artillery (India)]]. He was motivated by his uncle since childhood so he was keen to join the army. After completing matriculation in 1983, he started preparation for army. He joined [[Indian Army]] as [[Sepoy]] in 1986 in [[Brigade of the Guards|2 Brigade of the Guards]]. He later received a Short Service Commission through Special Service Commission entry and was commissioned into [[The Grenadiers]] in 1999 as a [[Lieutenant]].

== Military career ==
[[File:Major RK Sharma receiving gallantry award from the then Honorable President of India.png|thumb|[[Major (rank)|Major]] RK Sharma receiving gallantry award from the then Honorable [[President of India]] Srimati [[Pratibha Patil|Pratibha Devisingh Patil]]|center]].

RK Sharma is one of the most decorated officers of the Indian Army. He is known for his courageous actions, bravery and exceptional leadership. He has been part of more than 300 operations in his 37 years of military service.

'''[[Sena Medal|COAS Commendation]]'''

In 1993 during an encounter with terrorists, [[Lance Naik]] Sharma was struck by terrorist gunfire. In spite of his wounds, he and his team member eliminated 3 hardcore terrorists. For his bravery during the mission, he was awarded the [[Chief of the Army Staff|COAS Commendation]]

'''''[[Kargil War|Bar to COAS Commendation]]'''''

During [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]] in 1999, he and his team had captured Point 5465, located at 17,000 ft in the Batalik Sector. Later that post was renamed as 'Rajinder Post' in his name.

[[Sena Medal]]

On Republic Day, 2010, Major Sharma was awarded Sena Medal for successfully eliminating two terrorists.

'''[[Kirti Chakra]]'''

On Republic Day, 2008, Major Sharma was awarded the Kirti Chakra, India's second highest peacetime gallantry award, for his heroic action on 6 October 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3562|title=Major Rajinder Kumar Sharma, SC|website=Gallantry Awards}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2009/apr01-09/P-11.htm|title=Republic Day Gallantry|website=Sainik Samachar}}</ref>

'''[[Shaurya Chakra]]'''

On Independence Day, 2009 Major Sharma was awarded the Shaurya Chakra, India's third highest peacetime gallantry award, for his bravery in Manipur on 7 June 2008. He was posted with 32 Assam Rifles at the time of the operation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2009/feb15-09/h09.html|title=Republic Day Gallantry and other Defence Decorations|website=Sainik Samachar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/717|title=Major Rajinder Kumar Sharma|website=Gallantry Awards}}</ref>

== Awards and decorations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|
|[[File:Kirti_Chakra_ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:Shaurya_Chakra_ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px}}
|
[[File:Wound_Medal-India.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_star.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|
{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|105x105px}}
|[[File:IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|
[[File:UN MONUC Medal ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|
|[[Kirti Chakra]]
|[[Shaurya Chakra]]
|
|-
|[[Sena Medal]]
|[[Wound Medal (India)|Wound Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Star]]
|-
|[[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[High Altitude Medal]]
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
|[[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea|UNMEE Medal]]
|}

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kirti Chakra]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

Department of Business Economics (University of Delhi)

2026-01-23T19:03:09Z

Jaya: made a article - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Department of Business Economics, University of Delhi
|native_name =
|image_name =
|image_size = 170px
|motto = निष्ठा धति: सत्यम्
|mottoeng =
|established = 1973
|closed =
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
|endowment =
|officer_in_charge =
|chairman =
|chancellor = [[Vice-President of India]]
|president =
|vice-president =
|superintendent =
|provost =
|vice_chancellor =
|rector =
|peon =
|dean =
|director =
|head_label =
|head = Prof. SC Aggarwal
|city = [[Delhi]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
|website = {{url|http://mbe-du.org}}
|logo =
|footnotes =
}}

Founded in 1973, the [[University of Delhi]]'s '''Department of Business Economics''' pioneered the Masters Program in Business Economics, '''MBA (Business Economics''', patterned on a similar program conducted by [[Harvard Business School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mbe-du.org/school%20Profile3.html|title=Founded}}</ref>

==Courses==
The flagship business program at this niche business school is its two-year full-time MBA in Business Economics. This niche business school further offers [[Marketing]], [[Finance]] and [[Econometrics]] majors or specializations. New papers on Global Finance, Business Policy, Environment Economics and Resource Management and Economics of Services have been included as the syllabus was further revised in 2010 to include various other domains of business.

The department offers M Phil and Ph.D. programs to which admissions are made in accordance with the rules of the University of Delhi.
The department introduced, with effect from 1995–96, an undergraduate Honors Course in Business Economics in selected colleges of the University of Delhi. An updated syllabus was implemented from the academic year 2003. Workshops are organized to strengthen the teaching.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.south.du.ac.in/cms//index.php?page=content_types |title=courses |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816141028/http://www.south.du.ac.in/cms/ |archivedate=2009-08-16 }}</ref>

== MBA (Business Economics)* ==
The MBA in Business Economics (erstwhile MBE) is a two-year, full-time course offering a dual major or specialization to students. Students are given a grounding in fundamentals of micro and macro economics and quantitative techniques - business statistics. These are coupled with specializations in the fields of quantitative techniques/finance/marketing/human resources systems and operations/regional and transport economics/ and applied [[environmental economics]].

Offerings by the department are industrial economics - teaching students to basics of [[structure-conduct-performance paradigm]]; basics of transfer pricing; M&As etc., Economics of services - study of growing importance of the service sector in modern economies across the world; detailed study of four major global services, Economics of environment and natural resources management - schooling students in contemporary practices such as carbon credits).

Since this is a niche business school batch intake is a very selective ~40 students which allows for a well-knit cohort, yet access to the huge infrastructure of the University of Delhi especially its South Campus where the Department is located. The program has tie-ups with various international universities and exchange programs in the past.

Notable alumni across organizations in Finance, Marketing, Consulting & Economics. Recent years have however seen a distinctive trend for students to opt for careers in Analytics & Consulting, BFSI & Financial markets, Marketing Strategy & Market research and Economic Research.

Assignments require the analysis of data from sources such as the World Bank and IMF, case studies, and presentations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mbe-du.org/Placements.aspx#mbe|title=Why mbe}}</ref>

==References==

<references/>

{{University of Delhi}}
{{coord missing|Delhi}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Delhi University]]
[[Category:Economics schools in India]]
[[Category:University departments in India]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in India]]

Karimganj cemetery

2026-01-20T22:10:01Z

Jaya: creating first article basic info

{{Short description|Public cemetery to Gaya, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Cemetery
|name=Karimganj Cemetery
|native_name= {{native name|hi|करीमगंज कब्रिस्तान}} {{native name|ur|{{Nastaliq|کریم گنج قبرستان}}}}|image=Karimganj cemetery, Dec 2021.jpg
|imagesize=
|caption=
|established=
|country=[[India]]
|location=[[Old Karimganj]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bihar]], India
|coordinates={{coord|24|47|47|N|84|59|22|E|type:landmark_scale:50000_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|type=Public
|owner=[[Gaya Municipal Corporation|Gaya Nagar Nigam]]
|size=|graves=
|findagraveid=
|website=}}
'''Karimganj Kabristan''' ({{Langx|hi|करीमगंज कब्रिस्तान}}; {{Langx|ur|کریم گنج قبرستان}}), or '''Karimganj Cemetery''' is a Muslim burial ground in [[Old Karimganj]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=हदहदवा झरना में स्नान करने गये 12 वर्षीय बच्चे की हुयी मौत|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/gaya/story-12-year-old-boy-who-went-to-bathe-in-hadhadwa-waterfall-dies-4165715.html|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Hindustan|language=hindi}}</ref> Administered by [[Gaya Municipal Corporation|Gaya Nagar Nigam]] and managed by the Karimganj Kabristan Committee, it shares proximity with [[New Karimganj]] and Aliganj neighborhoods and is bordered by the [[Gaya–Kiul line|Gaya–Kiul railway line]] to the north.<ref>{{Cite web|title=इमामगंज से खबर:पुलिस पर रोड़ेबाजी करने पर 22 नामजद प्राथमिकी,मामले में पुलिस ने 72 अज्ञात पर दर्ज किया केस|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/gaya/news/22-named-firs-for-barricading-the-police-in-this-case-the-police-registered-a-case-against-72-unknown-128805719.html|access-date=2021-12-26|website=bhaskar.com}}</ref> It made headlines in October 2021 for hosting the [[COVID-19]] vaccination camps during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|second wave of the pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ये हुई न बात! जहां जाने से डरते थे लोग, वहां अब उमड़ रही भीड़... करीमगंज कब्रिस्तान कमेटी की अनोखी पहल|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/city/gaya/covid-vaccine-at-the-cemetery-in-gaya-bihar/bh20211023173851264|access-date=2021-12-25|website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=گیا: ویکسینیشن مہم میں کریم گنج قبرستان کا اہم کردار|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/bharat/vaccination-camp-organized-kareem-ganj-cemetery-in-gaya/na20211021140952361|access-date=2021-12-25|website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=शमशान में लोगों को मिल रही है 'जिंदगी की डोज', कब्रिस्तान समिति ने उठाया ये बड़ा कदम|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bihar/cemetery-committee-set-up-vaccination-center-in-karimganj-gaya/1012734|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Zee News|language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Muslim cemeteries]]

{{Gaya-geo-stub}}
{{cemetery-stub}}

Jensy Gregory

2026-01-08T00:17:41Z

Jaya: updated page

{{short description|South Indian film playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{multiple issues|
{{notability|Music|date=December 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2019}}
}}
{{Infobox musical artist

| name = Jensy Gregory
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| birth_date = October 23 1961
| years_active = 1977–1989
| occupations = [[Playback singer]]
|spouse = {{marriage|Gregory Thomas|1983}}

}}

'''Jensy Gregory''' (née '''Anthony'''), also known mononymously as '''Jensy''' (also spelt '''Jency'''), is an Indian [[playback singer]] who has worked with composers like [[Ilayaraaja|Ilaiyaraaja]] in Tamil films.

==Career==
Jensy Gregory hails from a family of musicians and music came into her life at a very young age. Her debut song was for Malayalam film ''Vezhambal''.<ref name="mal">{{Cite magazine |date=18 November 1979 |title=புதிய குரல்கள்; இளம் குருத்துகள் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-11-18/page/n7/mode/2up |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |pages=6–9 |access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> She was introduced to the Tamil movie industry in the song "Vaanathu Poonkili" in the movie ''Thiripurasundari'' scored by [[Ilayaraja|Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/jency-anthony-ilaiyaraaja-s-hit-singer-to-a-school-teacher-news-tamil-tevmakffchach.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424095509/http://www.sify.com/movies/jency-anthony-ilaiyaraaja-s-hit-singer-to-a-school-teacher-news-tamil-tevmakffchach.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2019|title=Jensy Anthony: Ilaiyaraaja's hit singer to a school teacher|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref> Her songs that followed were in many blockbuster movies like ''[[Mullum Malarum]]'' and ''[[Priya (1978 film)|Priya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The hit singer who went mute for no reason |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/2018/04/29/the-hit-singer-who-went-mute-for-a-quarter-of-a-century.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010085549/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/2018/04/29/the-hit-singer-who-went-mute-for-a-quarter-of-a-century.html |archive-date=2019-10-10 |access-date=2019-10-10 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

In September 2010, [[Srikanth Deva]] read one of the Jensy interviews and decided to give the talented singer a break in one of the movies that he was composing for. After the song recording was over, both director, [[John Mahendran]] and music director were heard saying that even after all these years Jensy's voice had not aged.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/jency-anthony-hit-singer-to-school-teacher-where-are-they-now-119042100147_1.html|title=Jensy Anthony: Hit singer to school teacher (Where are they now)|last=IANS|date=2019-04-21|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>

==Discography==

===Tamil songs===
Most of her Tamil film songs are scored by [[Ilayaraja|Ilaiyaraaja]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Song !! Music director !! Co-singers
|-
|rowspan="5"| 1978
|''[[Tripura Sundari (film)]]''
| Vaanathu Poonkili
| rowspan="19" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|''[[Mullum Malarum]]''
|Adi Penney
|
|-
|''[[Vattathukkul Sathuram]]''
|Aada Sonnare
|
|-
|''[[Sonnadhu Nee Thanaa]]''
|Alankaara Pon Oonjale
|
|-
|''[[Priya (1978 film)|Priya]]''
|Ennuyir Neethaane
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|rowspan="10"| 1979
|rowspan="2"|''[[Puthiya Vaarpugal]]''
|Thamthana Namthana
|[[B. Vasantha]]
|-
|Idhayam Poguthey
|
|-
|''[[Niram Maaratha Pookkal]]''
|Aayiram Malargaley
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|-
|Iru Paravaigal
|
|-
|''Anbe Sangeetha''
|Geetha Sangeetha
|[[P. Jayachandran|Jayachandran]]
|-
|''[[Kadavul Amaitha Medai]]''
|Mayile Mayile
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''[[Pagalil Oru Iravu]]''
|Thottam Konda Rasave
|[[Ilayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Azhage Unnai Aarathikkiren]]''
|Hey Masthana
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Vani Jayaram]]
|-
|''Mugathil Mugam Paarkkalaam''
|Akka Oru Rajaathi
|
|-
|''[[Poonthalir]]''
|Gnan Gnan Paadanum
|
|-
|rowspan="6"| 1980
|''[[Ellam Un Kairasi]]''
|Naan Unnai Thirumba Thirumba
|
|-
|''[[Johnny (1980 film)|Johnny]]''
|En Vaanile
|
|-
|''Karumbu Vil''
|Meenkodi Theril
|
|-
|''[[Ullasa Paravaigal]]''
|Deiveega Raagam
|
|-
|''Thai Pongal''
|Theertha Karai Thanile
|
|-
|''Karadi''
|Kaathaaduthu Aasai Koothaaduthu
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
| M. C. Balu
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1981
|''Panimalar''
|Paniyum Naane Malarum Neeye
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''[[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)|Tick! Tick! Tick!]]''
|Poo Malarndhida Nadamidum
|rowspan="8"|[[Ilayaraaja]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]''
|Kaathal Ooviyam
|[[Ilayaraja]]
|-
|Vaadi En Kapakilange
|Bhaskar, [[Gangai Amaran]], [[Ilayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="5"| 1982
|''[[Eera Vizhi Kaaviyangal]]''
|En Gaanam Engu Arangerum
|[[Ilayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Enkeyo Ketta Kural]]''
|Aathora Kaathada
|
|-
|''[[Metti (film)|Metti]]''
|Kalyanam Ennai Mudddikka
|Radhika, Rajesh
|-
|''[[Echchil Iravugal]]''
|Poothu Nikkuthu Kaadu
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
|}

===Malayalam songs===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Film!! Song !! Music director !! Co-singer!! Note
|-
| 1974 || ''Kunjikkaikal'' || Kunnimanikkunje || K. K. Antony || ||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Aval Oru Devaalayam]]'' || Dukhathin Mezhuthiri || [[M. K. Arjunan]] || L. R. Anjali ||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Aval Oru Devaalayam]]'' || Naarayanakkili || [[M. K. Arjunan]] || [[P. Susheela]] ||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Harshabaashpam]]'' || Ekaadashi Dinamunarnnu || [[M. K. Arjunan]] || ||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Aasheervaadam]]'' || Vayaru Vishakkunnu || [[M. K. Arjunan]] || ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Vezhambal (Ahalyamoksham)'' || Thiruvaakacharthinu || [[M. K. Arjunan]] || ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Oru Jaathi Oru Matham'' || Maangalyam Chaarthiya || [[Kannur Rajan]] || [[K. J. Yesudas]] ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Veenapoovu'' || Swapnamkondu Thulaabhaaram || [[Vidyadharan]] || ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Veenapoovu'' || Kannimaasathil || [[Vidyadharan]] || [[K. J. Yesudas]] ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Eettillam]]'' || Raaraatti Raaraatti || [[A. T. Ummer]] || ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Visa (film)|Visa]]'' || Thaleeppeelikkaattinulliloru || Jithin Shyam || [[K. J. Yesudas]] ||
|-
| 1984 || ''Mounam Sammatham'' || Shyaamam Sundaram || || [[K. G. Markose]] ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Enikkum Enikkum idaykku'' || Thumbappoo || [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] || ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Mizhiyezhuthiya kaavyam'' || Oru Pallavi Paadaamo || Prasad EP || Gopan ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Mizhiyezhuthiya kaavyam'' || Raajakkuyile Neeyarinjo || Prasad EP || ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Mizhiyezhuthiya kaavyam'' || Thenoorum Mohavum || Prasad EP || ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Kothi Theerumvare'' || Aakaasha Gangayil || Kodakara Madhavan || [[K. J. Yesudas]] ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Pappan Priyappetta Pappan]]'' || Puthan Manavaatti || Alleppey Ranganath || Sindhu Devi ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Aankiliyude Tharattu]]'' || Go Back || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] || ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Maharshi (1987 film)|Maharshi]]'' || Naadodi Sheelum || [[Berny Ignatius]] || [[Unni Menon]] ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Maharshi (1987 film)|Maharshi]]'' || Urangu Urangu || [[Berny Ignatius]] || ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Kambam]]'' ||
|
|
|
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Aval (1989 film)|Aval]]'' ||
|
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.vanijairam.com/Pages/Vani1978.html Jensy], list of songs
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20100716165224/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/04/29/stories/2006042900430100.htm The Hindu]}} Coming out of recluse
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120315193848/http://www.tcln.in/2008/09/singer-jency-back-with-bang.html Tamizh Cinema], Back with a Bang

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gregory, Jensy}}
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala|Jensy]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers|Jensy]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-singer-stub}}

Rajendra Pal Gautam

2026-01-03T14:35:18Z

Jaya: fix references after review

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Rajendra Pal Gautam
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Rajendra Pal Gautam.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|4|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| office = [[All India Congress Committee|Chairman of SC Department All India Congress Committee]]
| term_start = 4 June 2025
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] President
| 1namedata = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| office2 = [[Third Kejriwal ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Delhi]]
| lieutenant_governor2 = [[Najeeb Jung]] [[Anil Baijal]] [[Vinai Kumar Saxena]]
| term_start2 = 14 February 2015
| term_end2 = 19 October 2022
| subterm2 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice2 = [[Second Kejriwal ministry|Kejriwal ministry - II]] [[Third Kejriwal ministry|Kejriwal ministry - III]]
| 2blankname2 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata2 = {{Collapsible list|
* Social Welfare
* SC & ST
* Cooperative
* Gurudwara Elections
* Women & Child Development
}}
| predecessor2 = ''[[President's rule]]''
| successor2 = [[Raaj Kumar Anand]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
| office3 = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Seemapuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seemapuri]]
| assembly3 =
| term_start3 = 10 February 2015
| term_end3 = 26 September 2024
| predecessor3 = [[Dharmender Singh]]
| successor3 = [[Veer Singh Dhingan]]
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname =
| parents = Dalip Singh (father)
| nationality = {{flag|India}}n
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2024–present)
| otherparty = [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (2014–2024)
| spouse = Sushila Devi
| children = 2
| partner = 
| relations = |
| residence = [[New Delhi]]
| alma_mater = [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]]
| occupation = [[politician]] and social activis
| profession = [[Advocate]]
| cabinet = [[Second Kejriwal ministry|Kejriwal ministry - II]], [[Third Kejriwal ministry|Kejriwal ministry - III]]
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
}}

'''Rajendra Pal Gautam ''' is an Indian politician, Dalit activist, social worker and a former Minister for Water, Tourist, Culture, Arts & Languages and Gurudwara Elections in the [[Government of Delhi]]. He is a former member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] and represented the [[Seemapuri Assembly constituency]] in the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=" Election result ">{{cite news|title=Election result|publisher=Election commission of India|accessdate=10 February 2015|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/StatewiseU05.htm|archive-date=27 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227005206/http://eciresults.nic.in/StatewiseU05.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Government Portal">{{cite web|title=Cabinet Ministers|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT/delhi+govt/delhi+home/departments/executives/ministers|website=delhi.gov.in|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Gautam was born in [[Delhi]]. He holds an [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]] degree from [[Delhi University]] and is an [[Advocate#India|advocate]] by profession.<ref name=" Brief profile ">{{cite news|title=Brief profile|publisher=myneta.info|accessdate=12 February 2015|url=http://myneta.info/delhi2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=65}}</ref> He is an [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkarite]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] activist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/misinformation-being-spread-not-pulling-down-ambedkar-statue-aap/1561201|title = Misinformation being spread, not pulling down Ambedkar statue: AAP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-time-to-remember-ambedkar-women-legal-rights-indian-constitution-6152797/|title = B R Ambedkar was instrumental in shaping legal rights of women in India|date = 6 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/in-the-name-of-god-martyrs-of-freedom-struggle-kejriwals-ministers-take-oath-in-different-ways-2503273.html|title=In the Name of God & Martyrs of Freedom Struggle: Kejriwal's Ministers Take Oath in different Ways|date=16 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/committed-to-values-of-ambedkar-will-not-pull-down-his-statue-aap-minister20190624181828|title=Committed to values of Ambedkar, will not pull down his statue: AAP minister|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502110420/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/committed-to-values-of-ambedkar-will-not-pull-down-his-statue-aap-minister20190624181828/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/six-ministers-take-oath-along-with-kejriwal/articleshow/74159818.cms|title = Kejriwal's ministers go by their choice, take oath in different ways|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Political career==
In 2014, he became a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="Who is" /> Gautam's term as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]] was his first. He defeated Karamvir of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 48,821 votes in the [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015 elections]].<ref name=" Comprehensive Election results ">{{cite news|title=Comprehensive Election results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=12 February 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/ElectionStatistics.aspx}}</ref> He was re-elected in the [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]].

=== Cabinet Minister, Delhi===
He was a cabinet minister in the [[Third Kejriwal ministry]] since 14 February 2015 till 8 October 2022 and held the charge of below listed departments of the Delhi Government.
* Social welfare
* SC & ST
* Cooperative
* Gurudwara Elections
* Women & Child

==== Jai Bheem Mukhyamantri Pratiba Vikas Yojana ====
As minister, Gautam held the charge of social welfare department in the [[Second Kejriwal ministry]]. Under his charge Jai Bheem Mukhyamantri Pratiba Vikas Yojana was started. ''[[Indian Express]]'' noted it as one of Arvind Kejriwal government's most ambitious programmes. In this program, free coaching is provided to children from the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to prepare them for IIT JEE, NEET and other competitive exams. When the program started about 4,900 students enrolled for the free coaching classes. in 2022, around 15,000 are enrolled in various courses under this scheme.<ref name="Who is" />

===Controversy===
In May 2020, he was criticised by the Indian Army for sharing a video curated and circulated by enemy agents.<ref name="aninews tweet">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/army-strongly-condemns-tweeting-of-curated-video20200511222856/|title = Army 'strongly condemns' tweeting of 'curated' video}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AdvRajendraPal/status/1258698366201937920?s=19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200511090315/https://twitter.com/AdvRajendraPal/status/1258698366201937920?s=19|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-05-11|title=Rajendra Pal Gautam on Twitter: "एक तरफ राष्ट्रवाद और सैनिक सम्मान दू…}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://indiandefencenews.info/delhi-minister-shares-pakistani-propaganda-video-against-indian-army/|title = Delhi Minister Shares Pakistani Propaganda Video Against Indian Army|date = 11 May 2020|access-date = 11 May 2020|archive-date = 2 December 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211202003648/https://indiandefencenews.info/delhi-minister-shares-pakistani-propaganda-video-against-indian-army/|url-status = dead}}</ref> He later took the video down.<ref name="aninews tweet"/><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1259827838317817866|user=AdvRajendraPal|title=इस ट्वीट को डिलीट किया जा चुका है, इसी निवेदन के साथ की ऐसी किसी भी घटना के सामने आने पर सरकार और संबंधित लोग तुरंत… |date=11 May 2020}}</ref>

==Social activism ==
He taught about 450 children from poor families and worked on reducing addiction among the youth. He worked for upliftment and rights of Dalits. He was awarded the Samata Sainik Dal's Dr Ambedkar Award in 2017.<ref name="Who is" />

He operated a [[Non-governmental organization]] (NGO) called Partivartan and as of 2022 he runs the organisation, 'Mission Jai Bhim'.<ref name="Who is" /> Gautam is the founder of the organisation, Mission Jai Bhim.<ref name="Pioneer" />

Rajendra Pal Gautam quit the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP) and stepped down as the legislator of Seemapuri on 6 September 2024 and joined [[Indian National Congress]] in the presence of Congress General Secretary [[K. C. Venugopal|K.C Venugopal]] at AICC HQ in New Delhi.<ref name="Prominent Dalit leader Rajendra Pal Gautam joins Congress">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Prominent Dalit leader Rajendra Pal Gautam joins Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/former-delhi-aap-minister-rajendra-pal-gautam-joins-congress/article68612850.ece |access-date=28 February 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228163128/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/former-delhi-aap-minister-rajendra-pal-gautam-joins-congress/article68612850.ece |archive-date=28 February 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="AAP MLA Rajendra Pal Gautam resigns, joins Congress: ‘Will intensify struggle for social justice of Bahujan Samaj’">{{cite news |title=AAP MLA Rajendra Pal Gautam resigns, joins Congress: 'Will intensify struggle for social justice of Bahujan Samaj' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/aap-mla-rajendra-pal-gautam-joins-congress-9553565/ |access-date=28 February 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228163643/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/aap-mla-rajendra-pal-gautam-joins-congress-9553565/ |archive-date=28 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Resigned from the post of cabinet minister ==

On 5 October 2022, [[Buddhist Society of India]] and Mission Jai Bhim jointly organized an event<ref name="Interview- Aaj Tak">{{cite news |title=विवादित बयान के बाद राजेंद्र पाल गौतम का इस्तीफा, आजतक को बताई वजह |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/delhi/video/delhi-politics-rajendra-pal-gautam-resigns-after-controversial-statement-exclusive-1552765-2022-10-09 |access-date=9 October 2022 |work=आज तक |date=9 October 2022 |language=hi}}</ref> at Dr. Ambedkar Bhawan Rani Jhansi Road. Gautam attended the event and later said that in the event "more than 10,000 people pledged to join Buddhism and work for making India free from casteism and untouchability."<ref name="Pioneer">{{cite news |title=Gautam lands in conversion controversy |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/gautam-lands-in-conversion-controversy.html |access-date=8 October 2022 |work=The Pioneer |date=8 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> During the event, while Gautam was on stage, the attendees repeated [[Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar|Twenty-two vows that B. R. Ambedkar]] had administered to his followers. Among other vows it included a vow that they would not pray to Hindu gods and goddesses.<ref name="Who is">{{cite news |title=Who is Rajendra Pal Gautam, AAP minister in eye of storm? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/who-is-rajendra-pal-gautam-aap-minister-in-eye-of-storm-8196389/ |access-date=9 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=7 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The 22-point pledge was first made in 1956 by Dr [[B. R. Ambedkar]] when he renounced Hinduism and converted to Buddhism. Since then such events have been organised regularly, where people who are mainly from the oppressed castes, recite the 22 vows and embrace Buddhism.<ref name="Ambedkar's 22 vows">{{cite news |title=Ambedkar's 22 vows: Why Babasaheb made the pledge at the centre of BJP-AAP row |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/ambedkars-22-vows-why-centre-of-bjp-aap-row-8197971/ |access-date=9 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi News Live Updates: Rajendra Pal Gautam resigns as Delhi Cabinet Minister |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-news-live-updates-rain-weather-8198259/ |access-date=9 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=9 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Indian Express]]'' reported that 66 years after the twenty-two vows of Ambedkar were first made, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) leaders chose to suddenly take offence to the vows. It was reported that there were no derogatory words for Hindu gods and goddesses in the pledge, but it simply asserts that the speaker shall not worship them. The BJP leaders criticised Gautam for his speech and made legal complaints against him.<ref name="Ambedkar's 22 vows" /> BJP attacked AAP, AAP president [[Arvind Kejriwal]] and Gautam during the campaign for [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="failing to protect" />

Gautam responded saying that BJP was spreading rumours about him and said, "If I believe in Buddhism, what is wrong with that? If the BJP has to complain, they can. The Constitution of India gives us the freedom to follow any religion. The BJP is losing ground and it is afraid of the Aam Aadmi Party. They can only lodge fake cases against us". He said, "I am a very religious person. I personally respect all the gods and goddesses and can never even dream of insulting the deities by my actions or words. I did not say any word towards anyone's faith, I respect everyone's faith. In my speech, I spoke on education, health, employment, inflation and social equality. But then BJP people are spreading false rumors about me. I am deeply hurt by this act of BJP people and I apologize with folded hands to all those people who have been hurt in any way due to this propaganda of BJP".<ref>{{cite news |title=I respect all gods, goddesses: Gautam |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/i-respect-all-gods--goddesses--gautam.html |access-date=8 October 2022 |work=The Pioneer |language=en|date=8 October 2022}}</ref>

On 9 October 2022, he resigned from the post of cabinet minister.<ref name="Resign">{{cite news |title=Delhi minister Rajendra Pal Gautam resigns after row over oath at Buddhism event |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-minister-rajendra-pal-gautam-resigns-after-row-over-oath-at-buddhism-event-101665316258624.html |access-date=9 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> AAP has not officially responded to the event. He said in his resignation letter that he had noticed that the BJP had been targeting Arvind Kejriwal and the AAP for Gautam's participation in the event. He said that those attacks had saddened him. He said, "I will continue to work for the party to strengthen India and will follow the teachings of Babasaheb Ambedkar all my life. The BJP has a problem with me following the teaching of Babasaheb Ambedkar and is using this to play dirty politics… I do not wish that due to me my leader Mr. Kejriwal and my party are harmed in anyway."<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Minister Rajendra Pal Gautam resigns after controversy over religious conversion event |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-minister-rajendra-pal-gautam-resigns-after-controversy-over-religious-conversion-event/article65988860.ece |access-date=9 October 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=9 October 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Resigns NDTV">{{cite news |title=Delhi AAP Minister Resigns After Row Over Presence At Conversion Event |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-aap-minister-resigns-after-protests-by-bjp-over-his-presence-at-conversion-event-3415885 |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=10 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rajendra Pal Gautam interview: 'Spoke to Deputy CM, told him — don't want allegations levelled against CM Kejriwal' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/rajendra-pal-gautam-interview-spoke-to-deputy-cm-told-him-dont-want-allegations-levelled-against-cm-kejriwal-8203369/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

On 10 October 2022, Gautam, shared a video that reportedly showed some Upper caste men beating a Dalit man. Gautam called Narendra Modi "a weak PM" and demanded his resignation and resignation of Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath over the incidents. He said, "Stop these casteist shoddy acts Narendra Modi ji. Otherwise you resign. Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh is a complete failure in handling law and order. I know that you are such a weak Prime Minister that you can't even take resignation from him! You don't worry, my Bahujan Samaj will answer".<ref name="failing to protect">{{cite news |title=AAP leader Rajendra Pal Gautam demands resignations of Modi, Adiyanath; accuse them of failing to protect Dalits |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/aam-aadmi-party-leader-rajendra-pal-gautam-demands-resignations-of-modi-adiyanath-accuse-them-of-failing-to-protect-dalits/cid/1891184 |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=telegraphindia.com |date=10 October 2022}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Seemapuri Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Seemapuri Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2015}}
{{#section:Seemapuri Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2020}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
* [[Government of India]]
* [[Politics of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Delhi
| constituency= Seemapuri
| before= [[Dharmender Singh Koli]]
| after=
| years= [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]– }}
{{s-ppo-aap}}
{{s-bef|before= - }}
{{s-ttl|title= Member of [[Aam Aadmi Party#National Executive Committee|National Executive Committee]] [[Aam Aadmi Party]] |years= – present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam, Rajendra Pal}}
[[Category:Politicians from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party MLAs from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Buddhists]]
[[Category:Buddhist activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Delhi]]

Jalahalli

2025-12-26T14:31:35Z

Jaya: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jalahalli
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline = NBTPL-Jalahalli-Cross.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = A view of the NBTPL project from Jalahalli cross on Bengaluru-Tumakuru Road [9]
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0519|N|77.5416|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Corporation
| governing_body = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 50000
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_metro = 300000
| population_density_km2 = 6771
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]],
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN code]]
| postal_code = 560013,560014,560015
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Jalahalli''' a suburb in northern part of [[Bengaluru]] is one of the greenest areas of Bengaluru. It is mainly divided into Jalahalli East and Jalahalli West. [[Gangamma Circle]] is the junction between the roads connecting Jalahalli East, Jalahalli West, Jalahalli Village, and Jalahalli Cross. The National Academy of Customs and Narcotics in Bengaluru is located here.

Jalahalli East has land on Jakarbandi State Forest. It houses major industrial companies like [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] (BEL), [[Hindustan Machine Tools]] (HMT), CMTI and other [[Public Sector Undertaking|PSUs]]. This area also houses various private industries, including the packaging unit of [[Tata Tea]] Ltd, and other small-scale industries. The Air Force Station, Jalahalli East is located between Gangamma circle and MS Palya. MS Palya is also connected to [[Vidyaranyapura]] while Jalahalli West Airforce station is near Jalahalli Cross and the [[Jalahalli metro station]].

Jalahalli West, Kuvempu Nagar, has coconut grove and eucalyptus plantations. It includes the Indian Air Force Training Command, Ayyappan Temple and surrounding areas like [[Shettihalli]], etc. This place is connected to the [[NH48]] (Tumakuru highway) at Jalahalli Cross, and Jalahalli East at [[Gangamma Circle]]. The other landmarks in Jalahalli include BEL Market, Gangamma Circle, Jalahalli Village and Jalahalli Cross.

The neighbouring areas of Jalahalli include [[Gangamma Circle]], Kuvempu Nagar, Kamagondanahalli, Siddhartha Nagar, [[Peenya]], Abbigere [[Ramachandrapura]], [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]], [[Vidyaranyapura]], Dasarahalli, [[Mathikere]], and [[Yeswanthpur]].

==Current settlements==
Jalahalli Village is surrounded by large government organizations that started shortly after independence.

==Developments==

Jalahalli area is dotted with small scale industries all over. Its proximity to Peenya industrial area has influenced the kind of work force availability.

The [[Bangalore International Airport]] [BIAL], located at Devanahalli, has added to the floating population.

The opening of Ring road has led to some more developments. There are hotels like Movenpick Hotel, ATMs, schools, and other basic amenities.
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.princetown.in/princetown/ |title=Apartments - Flats - Luxury Flats - Jalahalli Bangalore}}</ref>

==Educational institutions==
===Colleges===
* BEL College
* M.N.Degree College
*St Paul college, Nagasandra
* [[St. Claret College]]

====Schools====
* Ashoka School and Polytechnic, KG Halli
*AES high school, KG Halli.
* BEL Primary School
* BEL CBSE School
* Cluny Convent School
* Jalahalli Public School
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 1, Jalahalli, Bangalore|Kendriya Vidyalaya No.1 Jalahalli]]
* Kendriya Vidyalaya No.2 Jalahalli
* St. Claret School
* St. Stephen School, KG Halli
* SDA English School, KG Halli
* Sharon English School
*Sri Vidya Public School, KG Halli.

=====Other=====
* [[Air Force Technical College, Bengaluru]]
* MN Poly Technic, KG Halli

== People ==

[[R. Ashok]] BJP Leader and former Dy. Chief Minister of Karnataka

[[Pratheek C]] R&D Engineer, Tejas Networks Private Limited.

S. Ramesh, Congress leader, former Karnataka Minister and past president of the Karnataka Film Chamber <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/s-ramesh-passes-away/article3101934.ece |title=S. Ramesh passes away |date=8 July 2006 |via=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sramesh.org/Biography.html |title=S.Ramesh}}</ref>

==Places of Worship==
* Sri Mathamma Temple (Siddhartha Nagar)
* Muthayalamma Temple
* Sharadamba Temple
*Shani Mahatma temple.
* Ebenezer Marthoma Church
* BEL Ganesha Temple
* Jalahalli Sree Ayyappan Temple
* Sarva Murthy Temple
* St. Thomas Church
* St. Stephen's Church
* Our Lady of Fatima Church
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church (Now [[St. Mary's Orthodox Valiyapally]])
* Raghavendra Mutt
* Anjaneya Temple
* CSI Krupalya Church, KG Halli
* Sharon Baptist Church, KG HAlli
* SDA Church, KG Halli
* St. Marys Cross Station, KG Halli
* St. Antony Chapel, Siddhartnagar
* Sri Rama Temple, KG Halli.
* Holy Bible Church, Kuvempu Nagar.
* Sri Muthumariyamma Temple, (KG Halli).
* Sri Radha Gopinath Bhavan, Peenya

==Transport==
The area is connected by [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]. Following are the buses connecting the area with major areas/bus terminus of the city.

'''BMTC Bus with number:'''

*271D, 271J connects Jalahalli with [[Kempegowda Bus Station]]/Majestic.
*271J connects Jalahalli with K R Market.
*270C connects Jalahalli with [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]].
*273C connects Majestic with Jalahalli Cross.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bangalorecitybus.in/bmtc-273-bus-route-timings-07201708/ |title=BMTC '273' Bus Route & Timings - Bangalore City Bus, Map, First & Last Bus |date=8 July 2017 |website=Bangalore City Bus |language=en-GB |access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref>
*258 series buses connect Majestic and Nelamangala town in Bangalore Rural district. This route has a stop at Jallahali.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bangalorecitybus.in/bmtc-258-bus-route-timings-07201710/ |title=BMTC '258' Bus Route & Timings - Bangalore City Bus, Map, First & Last Bus |date=9 July 2017 |website=Bangalore City Bus |language=en-GB |access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref>

== In Movies and Books ==

The 1979 Kannada film "Arivu" (Awareness) directed by Katte Ramachandra was shot in Jalahalli (BEL Colony and BEL School) in the late 70s.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

The Killer of Jalahalli (a leopard) is one of the stories in the book called [[Nine Maneaters And One Rogue|Nine Maneaters and One Rogue]] by written by [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]].
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/NineMan-eatersAndOneRogue1954/NineMan-eatersAndOneRogue1954_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "Nine Man-eaters and One Rogue (1954)"}}</ref>

==Location==
{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Bangalore'''
|Northwest = [[Abbigere]]
|North = [[Vidyaranyapura]]
|Northeast = [[Vidyaranyapura]]
|West = [[Chikkabanavara]]
|Centre = Jalahalli
|East = Gokula
|Southwest = [[Dasarahalli]]
|South = [[Peenya]]
|Southeast = [[Yeswanthpur]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.thecityguide.in/Bangalore/Locality/GUJG/Jalahalli Jalahalli Guide]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100219213448/http://www.mybengaluru.com/resources/2775-Jalahalli-East-Bangalore.aspx Jalahalli East]
* [http://www.mybengaluru.com/resources/2776-Jalahalli-West-Bangalore.aspx Jalahalli West] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219212844/http://www.mybengaluru.com/resources/2776-Jalahalli-West-Bangalore.aspx |date=19 February 2010 }}
* [http://www.bengaluruairport.com Bengaluru International Airport]

{{Neighbourhoods of Bangalore}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in North Bengaluru]]

2017 Hockey India League

2025-12-03T23:27:59Z

Jaya: General cleanup and improvements

{{Short description|Hockey league}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox field hockey league season
|name = Coal India Hockey India League 2017
|fromdate = 21 January
|todate = 26 February
|administrator = [[Hockey India]]
|tformat = [[Round-robin tournament|Double round-robin]] [[Single-elimination tournament|Knock-out]]
|host = India
|venues = 6
|teams = [[#Teams|6]]
|champion = [[Kalinga Lancers]] (1st title)
|second = [[Dabang Mumbai]]
|third = [[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|matches = 34
|goals = 206
|potourn = [[Florian Fuchs]] from [[Dabang Mumbai]]
|topscorer = [[Glenn Turner (field hockey)|Glenn Turner]] [[Moritz Fürste]] (12 goals)
|attendance =
|prevseason = [[2016 Hockey India League|2016]]
|nextseason = [[2024–25 Hockey India League|2024–25]]
}}
The '''2017 Hockey India League''', known as '''Coal India Hockey India League''' for sponsorship reasons, was the fifth season of the [[Hockey India League]]. It was held between 21 January and 26 February 2017. [[Kalinga Lancers]] beat [[Dabang Mumbai]] 4–1 in the final to win their first title. Six teams played 34 matches in six venues with final played in [[Sector 42 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]. The prize money was announced to be 3 crores INR.

[[Punjab Warriors]] were the defending champions and were eliminated in the round-robin stage. [[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]] finished third, beating [[Delhi Waveriders]] in the third place playoff. Kalinga Lancers' [[Glenn Turner (field hockey)|Glenn Turner]] and [[Moritz Fürste]] finished as the tournament's joint top-scorers with 12 goals each. Dabang Mumbai's [[Florian Fuchs]] was named the Player of the Tournament.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kalinga Lancers has the last laugh in HIL final|url=https://www.sportstarlive.com/hockey/kalinga-lancers-has-the-last-laugh-in-hil-final/article17372220.ece|work=Sportstar|publisher=sportstarlive.com|accessdate=26 February 2017|date=26 February 2017}}</ref>

==Teams==
{{Location map+|India3|width=375|float=right|caption=Locations of HIL teams|places=
{{Location map~|India|lat=18.97500|long=72.82583|label='''[[Mumbai]]'''|position=left}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=28.3636|long=77.1348|label='''[[Delhi]]'''|position=right}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=30.78|long=76.69|label='''[[Mohali]]'''|position=left}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=23.35|long=85.33|label='''[[Ranchi]]'''|position=left}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=26.847|long=80.947|label='''[[Lucknow]]'''|position=right}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=20.27|long=85.84|label='''[[Bhubaneswar]]'''|position=right}}
}}

Six teams competed in the season, the same from last season.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Team
!City
!Stadium
!Capacity
|-
|[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|[[Delhi]]
|[[Shivaji Stadium]]
|style="text-align:center;"|7,000
|-
|[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|Kalinga Hockey Stadium
|style="text-align:center;"|16,000
|-
|[[Dabang Mumbai]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]]
|style="text-align:center;"|8,250
|-
|[[Punjab Warriors]]
|[[Chandigarh]]
|[[Sector 42 Stadium]]
|style="text-align:center;"|30,000
|-
|[[Ranchi Rays]]
|[[Ranchi]]
|[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]]
|style="text-align:center;"|5,000
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|[[Lucknow]]
|[[Major Dhyan Chand Stadium, Lucknow|Major Dhyan Chand Stadium]]
|style="text-align:center;"|10,000
|}

==Format==
Six teams were placed in a group to play home-away round robin matches. The top four teams qualified for the knockout stage. This season again featured some rules regarding scoring goals as every field goal was double compared to goals scored from penalty corners, meaning a field goal counted as two while successfully converted short corners were considered one goal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coal India HIL format is very exciting: Gonzalo Peillat|url=http://league.hockeyindia.org/news/coal-india-hil-format-is-very-exciting-gonzalo-peillat/|accessdate=24 April 2017|work=Hockey India League|publisher=League.hockeyindia.org|date=17 January 2017}}</ref> Playing eleven, teams had to have a minimum of two and a maximum of five foreign players.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Debayan|title=Hockey India League 2017: Everything you need to know|url=https://www.espn.in/field-hockey/story/_/id/18516528/hockey-india-league-2017-team-team-guide-preview|accessdate=24 April 2017|work=ESPN|publisher=Espn.in|date=21 January 2017}}</ref>

==Standings==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|winpoints=5|drawpoints=2
|team1=DMU|name_DMU=[[Dabang Mumbai]]
|team2=KLA|name_KLA=[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|team3=UPW|name_UPW=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|team4=DWA|name_DWA=[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|team5=RAN|name_RAN=[[Ranchi Rays]]
|team6=PUN|name_PUN=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|win_DMU=6|draw_DMU=2|loss_DMU=2|gf_DMU=40|ga_DMU=32|adjust_points_DMU=1|status_DMU=Q
|win_KLA=5|draw_KLA=1|loss_KLA=4|gf_KLA=32|ga_KLA=40|adjust_points_KLA=1|status_KLA=Q
|win_UPW=3|draw_UPW=4|loss_UPW=3|gf_UPW=31|ga_UPW=22|adjust_points_UPW=2|status_UPW=Q
|win_DWA=3|draw_DWA=2|loss_DWA=5|gf_DWA=29|ga_DWA=23|adjust_points_DWA=4|status_DWA=Q
|win_RAN=3|draw_RAN=3|loss_RAN=4|gf_RAN=25|ga_RAN=26|adjust_points_RAN=2|status_RAN=E
|win_PUN=4|draw_PUN=0|loss_PUN=6|gf_PUN=25|ga_PUN=39|adjust_points_PUN=2|status_PUN=E
|status_text_Q = Qualified for semi-finals
|col_ADV=#BBF3BB|text_ADV=Advanced to [[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|result1=ADV|result2=ADV|result3=ADV|result4=ADV
|col_ELM=#FBB|text_ELM=
|result5=ELM|result6=ELM
|class_rules=1) Points (Win (5) Draw (2) Lost by 3 goals (1) or (0) 2) matches won 3) goal difference 4) goals scored 5) head-to-head points, goal difference & goals scored 6) shoot‐out competition
|update=complete|source=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/competitions/13#pools Official website]
}}</onlyinclude>

===Results table===
{{#invoke:Sports results|main
|update=complete
|source=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/]
|team1=DM |team2=DWR |team3=KL |team4=JPW |team5=RR |team6=UPW

|name_DM=[[Dabang Mumbai]] |short_DM=[[Dabang Mumbai|DM]]
|name_DWR=[[Delhi Waveriders]] |short_DWR=[[Delhi Waveriders|DWR]]
|name_KL=[[Kalinga Lancers]] |short_KL=[[Kalinga Lancers|KL]]
|name_JPW=[[Punjab Warriors]] |short_JPW=[[Punjab Warriors|JPW]]
|name_RR=[[Ranchi Rays]] |short_RR=[[Ranchi Rays|RR]]
|name_UPW=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]] |short_UPW=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards|UPW]]

|match_DM_DWR=[[#match9|3-2]]
|match_DM_KL=[[#match10|3-4]]
|match_DM_RR=[[#match1|3–3]]
|match_DM_JPW=[[#match6|10-4]]
|match_DM_UPW=[[#match4|4-3]]

|match_DWR_UPW=[[#match17|8-1]]
|match_DWR_JPW=[[#match16|2-3]]
|match_DWR_DM=[[#match23|2-3]]
|match_DWR_RR=[[#match29|2-6]]
|match_DWR_KL=[[#match21|6-4]]

|match_KL_UPW=[[#match8|0-10]]
|match_KL_DM=[[#match15|2-5]]
|match_KL_DWR=[[#match2|1-0]]
|match_KL_JPW=[[#match13|6-5]]
|match_KL_RR=[[#match3|4-2]]

|match_JPW_RR=[[#match18|1-0]]
|match_JPW_DWR=[[#match25|1-6]]
|match_JPW_DM=[[#match20|1-2]]
|match_JPW_UPW=[[#match22|2-6]]
|match_JPW_KL=[[#match26|0-7]]

|match_RR_DWR=[[#match7|0-0]]
|match_RR_KL=[[#match5|7-2]]
|match_RR_JPW=[[#match11|0-7]]
|match_RR_UPW=[[#match14|0-0]]
|match_RR_DM=[[#match12|7-3]]

|match_UPW_RR=[[#match24|4-0]]
|match_UPW_DWR=[[#match27|1-1]]
|match_UPW_KL=[[#match19|2-2]]
|match_UPW_DM=[[#match30|4-4]]
|match_UPW_JPW=[[#match28|0-1]]
}}

{{Anchor|match1}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=21 January 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Dabang Mumbai]]
|score=3–3
|team2=[[Ranchi Rays]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/609/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Harmanpreet Singh|H. Singh]] {{fhgoal|PC|37}} [[Nikkin Thimmaiah|Thimmaiah]] {{fhgoal|FG|60}}
|goals2=[[Simranjeet Singh|Si. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|32}} [[Christopher Ruhr|Ruhr]] {{fhgoal|PS|39}}
|stadium=[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|umpires=Marcin Grochal (POL) Javed Shaikh (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match2}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=22 January 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|score=1–0
|team2=[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/610/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Gurjinder Singh (field hockey)|G. Singh]] {{fhgoal|PC|47}}
|goals2=
|stadium=Kalinga Hockey Stadium, [[Bhubaneswar]]
|umpires=German Montes de Oca (ARG) RV Raghuprasad (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match3}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=23 January 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|score=4–2
|team2=[[Ranchi Rays]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/611/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Glenn Turner (field hockey)|Turner]] {{fhgoal|PS|43|FG|49}}
|goals2=[[Sarvanjit Singh|S. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|53}}
|stadium=Kalinga Hockey Stadium. [[Bhubaneswar]]
|umpires=Ben Gontgen (GER) Ripudaman Sharma (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match4}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=24 January 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Dabang Mumbai]]
|score=4–3
|team2=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/612/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Harmanpreet Singh|H. Singh]] {{fhgoal|PC|24|PC|32}} [[Robbert Kemperman|Kemperman]] {{fhgoal|FG|60}}
|goals2=[[Agustín Mazzilli|Mazzilli]] {{fhgoal|FG|12}} [[Ramandeep Singh (field hockey, born 1993)|R. Singh]] {{fhgoal|PC|59}}
|stadium=[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|umpires=Peter Wright (RSA) Pankaj Tyagi (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match5}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=26 January 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Ranchi Rays]]
|score=7–2
|team2=[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/613/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Ashley Jackson (field hockey)|Jackson]] {{fhgoal|PC|24}} [[Mohammad Amir Khan (field hockey)|Khan]] {{fhgoal|FG|30}} [[Christopher Ruhr|Ruhr]] {{fhgoal|FG|31}} [[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|M. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|44}}
|goals2=[[Lalit Upadhyay|Upadhyay]] {{fhgoal|FG|49}}
|stadium=[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
|umpires=Marcelo Servetto (ESP) Javed Shaikh (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match6}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=27 January 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Dabang Mumbai]]
|score=10–4
|team2=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/614/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Nikkin Thimmaiah|Thimmaiah]] {{fhgoal|FG|6}} [[Florian Fuchs|Fuchs]] {{fhgoal|FG|30|FG|43}} [[Affan Yousuf|Yousuf]] {{fhgoal|FG|49|FG|50}}
|goals2=[[Matthew Gohdes|Gohdes]] {{fhgoal|FG|13}} [[Armaan Qureshi|Qureshi]] {{fhgoal|FG|44}}
|stadium=[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|umpires=Marcin Grochal (POL) Pankaj Tyagi (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match7}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=28 January 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Ranchi Rays]]
|score=0–0
|team2=[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/615/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
|umpires=Jakub Mejzlik (CZE) Deepak Joshi (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match8}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=29 January 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|score=0–10
|team2=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/616/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Agustín Mazzilli|Mazzilli]] {{fhgoal|FG|1}} [[Ramandeep Singh (field hockey, born 1993)|R. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|4|FG|23}} [[Akashdeep Singh|A. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|27|FG|48}}
|stadium=Kalinga Hockey Stadium, [[Bhubaneswar]]
|umpires=Ben Gontgen (GER) RV Raghuprasad (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match9}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=30 January 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Dabang Mumbai]]
|score=3–2
|team2=[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/617/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Affan Yousuf|Yousuf]] {{fhgoal|FG|29|PC|30}}
|goals2=[[Justin Reid-Ross|Reid-Ross]] {{fhgoal|PC|43}} [[Rupinder Pal Singh|RP Singh]] {{fhgoal|PC|55}}
|stadium=[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|umpires=German Montes de Oca (ARG) Javed Shaikh (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match10}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=31 January 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Dabang Mumbai]]
|score=3–4
|team2=[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/618/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Harmanpreet Singh|H. Singh]] {{fhgoal|PS|27|PC|43}}
|goals2=[[Moritz Fürste|Fürste]] {{fhgoal|PC|32|PC|33}} [[Glenn Turner (field hockey)|Turner]] {{fhgoal|FG|40}}
|stadium=[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|umpires=Marcelo Servetto (ESP) Deepak Joshi (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match11}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=1 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Ranchi Rays]]
|score=0–7
|team2=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/619/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Mink van der Weerden|Van der Weerden]] {{fhgoal|PC|25}} [[S. V. Sunil|Sunil]] {{fhgoal|FG|26|FG|34}} [[Jacob Whetton|Whetton]] {{fhgoal|FG|43}}
|stadium=[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
|umpires=Marcin Grochal (POL) Pankaj Tyagi (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match12}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=2 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Ranchi Rays]]
|score=7–3
|team2=[[Dabang Mumbai]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/620/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Ashley Jackson (field hockey)|Jackson]] {{fhgoal|FG|5|PS|49}} [[Mohammad Amir Khan (field hockey)|Khan]] {{fhgoal|FG|16}} [[Imran Khan (field hockey)|I. Khan]] {{fhgoal|FG|57}}
|goals2=[[Florian Fuchs|Fuchs]] {{fhgoal|FG|2}} [[Affan Yousuf|Yousuf]] {{fhgoal|PC|51}}
|stadium=[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
|umpires=Ripudaman Sharma (IND) Ben Gontgen (GER)}}
----
{{Anchor|match13}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=3 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|score=6–5
|team2=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/621/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Glenn Turner (field hockey)|Turner]] {{fhgoal|FG|11}} [[Moritz Fürste|Fürste]] {{fhgoal|PC|18|PC|28}} [[S. K. Uthappa|Uthappa]] {{fhgoal|FG|32}}
|goals2=[[Mark Gleghorne|Gleghorne]] {{fhgoal|FG|34}} [[Satbir Singh (field hockey)|Sat. Singh]] {{fhgoal|PC|35}} [[Mink van der Weerden|Weerden]] {{fhgoal|PC|52}} [[Armaan Qureshi|Qureshi]] {{fhgoal|PC|57}}
|stadium=Kalinga Hockey Stadium, [[Bhubaneswar]]
|umpires=Peter Wright (RSA) Javed Shaikh (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match14}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=4 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Ranchi Rays]]
|score=0–0
|team2=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/622/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
|umpires=Marcin Grochal (POL) RV Raghuprasad (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match15}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=5 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|score=2–5
|team2=[[Dabang Mumbai]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/623/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Glenn Turner (field hockey)|Turner]] {{fhgoal|FG|57}}
|goals2=[[Harmanpreet Singh|H. Singh]] {{fhgoal|PC|23}} [[Florian Fuchs|Fuchs]] {{fhgoal|FG|31}} [[Gurjant Singh|Gurj. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|53}}
|stadium=Kalinga Hockey Stadium, [[Bhubaneswar]]
|umpires=Jakub Mejzlik (CZE) Deepak Joshi (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match16}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=7 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|score=2–3
|team2=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/624/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Tristan White|White]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}}
|goals2=[[Robert van der Horst|Van der Horst]] {{fhgoal|FG|15}} [[Mink van der Weerden|Van der Weerden]] {{fhgoal|PC|53}}
|stadium=[[Shivaji Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
|umpires=Marcelo Servetto (ESP) Ripudaman Sharma (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match17}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=8 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|score=8–1
|team2=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/625/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|M. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|4|FG|30}} [[Parvinder Singh (field hockey)|P. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|57}} [[Austin Smith (field hockey)|Smith]] {{fhgoal|FG|58}}
|goals2=[[V. R. Raghunath|Raghunath]] {{fhgoal|PC|14}}
|stadium=[[Shivaji Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
|umpires=Peter Wright (RSA) Javed Shaikh (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match18}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=9 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|score=1–0
|team2=[[Ranchi Rays]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/626/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Mink van der Weerden|Van der Weerden]] {{fhgoal|PC|25}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Sector 42 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]
|umpires=German Montes de Oca (ARG) RV Raghuprasad (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match19}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=10 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|score=2–2
|team2=[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/627/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[V. R. Raghunath|Raghunath]] {{fhgoal|PC|15}} [[Gonzalo Peillat|Peillat]] {{fhgoal|PC|60+}}
|goals2=[[Moritz Fürste|Fürste]] {{fhgoal|PC|15|PC|51}}
|stadium=[[Major Dhyan Chand Stadium, Lucknow|Major Dhyan Chand Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
|umpires=Marcin Grochal (POL) Deepak Joshi (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match20}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=11 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|score=1–2
|team2=[[Dabang Mumbai]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/628/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Mink van der Weerden|Van der Weerden]] {{fhgoal|PC|37}}
|goals2=[[Robbert Kemperman|Kemperman]] {{fhgoal|FG|60}}
|stadium=[[Sector 42 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]
|umpires=Jakub Mejzlik (CZE) Marcelo Servetto (ESP)}}
----
{{Anchor|match21}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=12 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|score=6–4
|team2=[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/629/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Talwinder Singh|T. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|9}} [[Justin Reid-Ross|Reid-Ross]] {{fhgoal|PC|29}} [[Rupinder Pal Singh|RP Singh]] {{fhgoal|PC|57}} [[Simon Child|Child]] {{fhgoal|FG|59}}
|goals2=[[Dharamvir Singh|D. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|40}} [[Moritz Fürste|Fürste]] {{fhgoal|FG|54}}
|stadium=[[Shivaji Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
|umpires=Peter Wright (RSA) RV Raghuprasad (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match22}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=13 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|score=2–6
|team2=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/630/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Mirco Pruyser|Pruyser]] {{fhgoal|FG|31}}
|goals2=[[Shamsher Singh (field hockey)|S. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|5}} [[Ajay Yadav (field hockey)|Yadav]] {{fhgoal|FG|40}} [[Akashdeep Singh|A. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|58}}
|stadium=[[Sector 42 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]
|umpires=Jakub Mejzlik (CZE) Ripudaman Sharma (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match23}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=15 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|score=2–3
|team2=[[Dabang Mumbai]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/631/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|M. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|44}}
|goals2=[[Kieran Govers|Govers]] {{fhgoal|PC|24}} [[Florian Fuchs|Fuchs]] {{fhgoal|FG|60}}
|stadium=[[Shivaji Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
|umpires=German Montes de Oca (ARG) Deepak Joshi (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match24}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=16 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|score=4–0
|team2=[[Ranchi Rays]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/632/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Seve van Ass|Van Ass]] {{fhgoal|FG|37}} [[Akashdeep Singh|A. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|60}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Major Dhyan Chand Stadium, Lucknow|Major Dhyan Chand Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
|umpires=Marcin Grochal (POL) Javed Shaikh (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match25}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=17 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|score=1–6
|team2=[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/633/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Mark Gleghorne|Gleghorne]] {{fhgoal|PC|30}}
|goals2=[[Justin Reid-Ross|Reid-Ross]] {{fhgoal|PC|4}} [[Rupinder Pal Singh|RP Singh]] {{fhgoal|PC|17}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|M. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|38}} [[Iain Lewers|Lewers]] {{fhgoal|PS|44}}
|stadium=[[Sector 42 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]
|umpires=Ben Gontgen (GER) RV Raghuprasad (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match26}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=18 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|score=0–7
|team2=[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/634/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Adam Dixon (field hockey)|Dixon]] {{fhgoal|FG|9}} [[Moritz Fürste|Fürste]] {{fhgoal|PC|24}} [[Lalit Upadhyay|Upadhyay]] {{fhgoal|FG|34}} [[Dharamvir Singh|D. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}}
|stadium=[[Sector 42 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]
|umpires=Jakub Mejzlik (CZE) Ben Gontgen (GER)}}
----
{{Anchor|match27}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=19 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|score=1–1
|team2=[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/635/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Gonzalo Peillat|Peillat]] {{fhgoal|PS|22}}
|goals2=[[Rupinder Pal Singh|RP Singh]] {{fhgoal|PC|22}}
|stadium=[[Major Dhyan Chand Stadium, Lucknow|Major Dhyan Chand Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
|umpires=Marcelo Servetto (ESP) Javed Shaikh (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match28}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=20 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|score=0–1
|team2=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/636/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Mink van der Weerden|Van der Weerden]] {{fhgoal|PC|35}}
|stadium=[[Major Dhyan Chand Stadium, Lucknow|Major Dhyan Chand Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
|umpires=Marcelo Servetto (ESP) German Montes de Oca (ARG)}}
----
{{Anchor|match29}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=21 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|score=2–6
|team2=[[Ranchi Rays]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/637/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Justin Reid-Ross|Reid-Ross]] {{fhgoal|FG|45}}
|goals2=[[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|M. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|9|FG|32}} [[Imran Khan (field hockey)|Khan]] {{fhgoal|FG|37}}
|stadium=[[Shivaji Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
|umpires=Marcin Grochal (POL) Jakub Mejzlik (CZE)}}
----
{{Anchor|match30}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=22 February 2017
|time=19:20
|team1=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|score=4–4
|team2=[[Dabang Mumbai]]
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/638/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Ajay Yadav (field hockey)|Yadav]] {{fhgoal|FG|12}} [[Ramandeep Singh (field hockey, born 1993)|R. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|17}}
|goals2=[[Gurjant Singh|Gurj. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|13}} [[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|M. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|19}}
|stadium=[[Major Dhyan Chand Stadium, Lucknow|Major Dhyan Chand Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
|umpires=German Montes de Oca (ARG) Marcelo Servetto (ESP)}}

===First to fourth place classification===
{{Round4-with third


|25 February–[[Sector 42 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]|[[Dabang Mumbai]]|'''2'''|[[Delhi Waveriders]]|0
|25 February–[[Sector 42 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]|[[Kalinga Lancers]]|'''4 (4)'''|[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]|4 (3)

|26 February–[[Sector 42 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]|[[Dabang Mumbai]]|1|[[Kalinga Lancers]]|'''4'''

|26 February–[[Sector 42 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]|[[Delhi Waveriders]]|4|[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]|'''5'''
}}

====Semi-finals====
{{Anchor|match31}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=25 February 2017
|time=16:50 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|score=4–4
|team2=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|goals1=[[Devindar Walmiki|Walmiki]] {{fhgoal|PC|9}} [[Moritz Fürste|Fürste]] {{fhgoal|PC|35}} [[Billy Bakker|Bakker]] {{fhgoal|FG|46}}
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/639/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals2=[[Florent van Aubel|Van Aubel]] {{fhgoal|FG|4}} [[Akashdeep Singh|A. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|58}}
|penaltyscore=4–3
|penalties1=[[Moritz Fürste|Fürste]] {{fhps|m}} [[Adam Dixon (field hockey)|Dixon]] {{fhps|m}} [[Lalit Upadhyay|Upadhyay]] {{fhps|g}} [[Aran Zalewski|Zalewski]] {{fhps|g}} [[Dharamvir Singh|D. Singh]] {{fhps|m}} [[Moritz Fürste|Fürste]] {{fhps|m}} [[Lalit Upadhyay|Upadhyay]] {{fhps|g}} [[Aran Zalewski|Zalewski]] {{fhps|g}}
|penalties2={{fhps|g}} [[Gonzalo Peillat|Peillat]] {{fhps|g}} [[Florent van Aubel|Van Aubel]] {{fhps|m}} [[Ramandeep Singh (field hockey, born 1993)|R. Singh]] {{fhps|m}} [[Akashdeep Singh|A. Singh]] {{fhps|m}} [[Sander Baart|Baart]] {{fhps|m}} [[Agustín Mazzilli|Mazzilli]] {{fhps|g}} [[Florent van Aubel|Van Aubel]] {{fhps|m}} [[Akashdeep Singh|A. Singh]]
|stadium=[[Sector 42 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]
|umpires=German Montes de Oca (ARG) Ben Gontgen (GER)}}
----
{{Anchor|match32}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=25 February 2017
|time=19:20 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Dabang Mumbai]]
|score=2–0
|team2=[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|goals1=[[Robbert Kemperman|Kemperman]] {{fhgoal|FG|26}}
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/640/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Sector 42 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]
|umpires=Marcin Grochal (POL) Jakub Mejzlik (CZE)}}

====Third and fourth place====
{{Anchor|match33}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=26 February 2017
|time=16:50 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|score=4–5
|team2=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|goals1=[[Justin Reid-Ross|Reid-Ross]] {{fhgoal|FG|15}} [[Rupinder Pal Singh|RP Singh]] {{fhgoal|PC|24|PC|36}}
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/641/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals2=[[Shamsher Singh (field hockey)|S. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|18}} [[Gonzalo Peillat|Peillat]] {{fhgoal|PC|38}} [[Agustín Mazzilli|Mazzilli]] {{fhgoal|FG|57}}
|stadium=[[Sector 42 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]
|umpires=Ben Gontgen (GER) Javed Shaikh (IND)}}

====Final====
{{Anchor|match34}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=26 February 2017
|time=19:20 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Dabang Mumbai]]
|score=1–4
|team2=[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|goals1=[[Affan Yousuf|Yousuf]] {{fhgoal|PC|33}}
|report=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/642/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals2=[[Glenn Turner (field hockey)|Turner]] {{fhgoal|FG|18}} [[Moritz Fürste|Fürste]] {{fhgoal|PC|30|PC|59}}
|stadium=[[Sector 42 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]
|umpires=Marcelo Servetto (ESP) R. V. Raghuprasad (IND)}}

==Statistics==
===Leading goalscorers===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals
!FG/PC/PS1/PS2^
|-
|rowspan="2"|1
|style="text-align:left"|[[Moritz Fürste]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|12
|1/10/0/0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Glenn Turner (field hockey)|Glenn Turner]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|12
|5/0/0/1
|-
|rowspan="2"|3
|style="text-align:left"|[[Florian Fuchs]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[Dabang Mumbai]]
|10
|5/0/0/0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Akashdeep Singh]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|10
|5/0/0/0
|-
|5
|style="text-align:left"|[[Affan Yousuf]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[Dabang Mumbai]]
|9
|3/3/0/0
|-
|6
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep Singh]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|8
|4/0/0/0
|-
|colspan="3"|Total 51 scorers
|206
|76/45/3/3
|}

==Awards==
{| class=wikitable style="margin:auto; text-align:center"
!Player of the Tournament
!Highest goalscorer
!Most saves
!Upcoming Player of the Tournament
!Achiever of the Tournament
!Fairplay Trophy
|-
|[[Florian Fuchs]] ([[Dabang Mumbai]])
|[[Glenn Turner (field hockey)|Glenn Turner]] [[Moritz Fürste]] ([[Kalinga Lancers]]) (12 goals)
|[[P. R. Sreejesh]] ([[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]])
|[[Harmanpreet Singh]] ([[Dabang Mumbai]])
|[[Florian Fuchs]] ([[Dabang Mumbai]])
|[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|}

==Attendances==

{{row counter|{| class{{=}}"wikitable sortable"
!#!!HIL club!!Average attendance
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[Kalinga Lancers]] || 6,342
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[Punjab Warriors]] || 5,201
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]] || 4,502
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[Delhi Waveriders]] || 4,128
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[Dabang Mumbai]] || 3,723
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[Ranchi Rays]] || 3,658
|-
|} }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://league.hockeyindia.org/}}

{{Hockey India League}}

[[Category:2017 Hockey India League| ]]
[[Category:Hockey India League seasons]]
[[Category:2017 in field hockey|India]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian sport|Hockey]]

Denkanikottai

2025-11-15T02:40:52Z

Jaya: minor edit

{{One source|date=December 2007}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Denkanikottai
| other_name = Thenkanikottai
| nickname = The Little England
| settlement_type = Town
| Town President =
| image_skyline = Denkanikottai Temple .png
| image_alt = View of Betrayswamy Temple
| image_caption = Betrayswamy Temple, Denkanikottai
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|31|36|N|77|47|34|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = Tamil Nadu
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Town Panchayat
| governing_body = Denkanikottai Town Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 14
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 879
| population_total = 31,868
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 1,702
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 635107
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04347
| registration_plate = TN-70
| website = [http://www.townpanchayat.in/denkanikottai townpanchayat.in/denkanikottai]
| footnotes =
| official_name = Thenkanikottai
}}
'''Denkanikottai''' also known as '''Thenkanikottai''' is a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat Town]] in [[Krishnagiri district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is the headquarters of [[Denkanikottai taluk|Denkanikottai Taluk]]. Its altitude 879 m (2,884 ft) elevation above the sea level. It is a multicultural town with a mix of linguistic groups. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the official and spoken language. There are a significant number of [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Urdu]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and speakers in the town as it is very near to [[Karnataka]] State bordering it. The place is named after the legend of [[Betrayaswamy Temple]] located in the centre of the town.

==History==
Until 1654 A.D., Denkanikottai was ruled by Kantheerava Narasaraja Wodeyar of [[Srirangapatna|Srirangapattana]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]] The territory later moved into the hands of [[Hyder Ali]]. Later it was part of the struggle between the [[British Raj|British]] and Hyder.

==Geography==
Denkanikottai is located at [[Google Maps pin|12°31'11"N 77°46'48"E]]. It is situated on the south-western extreme of the [[Deccan Plateau]], East of the [[Western Ghats]]. The forest area of Denkanikottai forms the prime elephant habitat in the district. It is part of the [[Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary|Cauvery Elephant Reserve]] a part of the [[Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary]] (450 km2). It has dry but pleasant weather conditions throughout the year. Its elevation is 3,000 feet (879 m) above the sea level. Here the Hill allowance is allowed for the [[Government of India|Central Government]] employees.

== Climate ==
The climate in denkanikottai is tropical. In winter, there is much less rainfall in Denkanikotta than in summer. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Aw. The temperature here averages 24.0 °C. Precipitation here averages 877 mm. The driest month is January, with 4 mm of rain. With an average of 202 mm, the most precipitation falls in October. April is the warmest month of the year where the temperature in April averages 27.3 °C to 33.7 °C. December has the lowest average temperature of the year where it is 15 °C to 20.9 °C.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="14" |Climate data for Denkanikottai
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!Year
|-
!Average max °C
|27.4
|30.2
|32.8
|33.7
|33.1
|30.1
|28.4
|28.5
|28.8
|28.1
|26.9
|26.3
|29.52
|-
!Average low °C
|15
|16.2
|18.5
|21
|21.3
|20.3
|19.6
|19.6
|19.3
|19.1
|17.3
|15.5
|18.55
|-
!Average rainfall mm (inches)
|4
|4
|9
|48
|119
|60
|88
|109
|142
|202
|69
|23
|N/A
|-
| colspan="14" |Source: [https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/tamil-nadu/denkanikotta-655261/ en.climate]-data.org,
<references group="https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/tamil-nadu-759/" />
|}

== Demographics ==
As of 2015 India [[census]], Denkanikottai had a population of 31,868. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Denkanikottai city is divided into 18 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Denkanikottai Town Panchayat has population of 31868 of which 16,325 are males while 15,543 are females as per report released by Census India 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803957-denkanikottai-tamil-nadu.html|title=Denkanikottai Population Census 2011|publisher=Census Commission of India|url-status=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref> The population of children aged 0-6 is 2986 which is 12.31% of total population of Denkanikottai (TP). In Denkanikottai Town Panchayat, the female sex ratio is 968 against state average of 996. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Denkanikottai is around 912 compared to Tamil Nadu state average of 943. The literacy rate of Denkanikottai city is 79.83% lower than state average of 80.09%. In Denkanikottai, male literacy is around 83.05% while the female literacy rate is 73.47%.Denkanikottai Town Panchayat has total administration over 5,393 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Town Panchayat limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction. It was once primarily inhabited by the [[Irula tribe]]s. The size of this taluk is bigger than [[Kanyakumari district]].

== Economy ==
The economy of Denkanikottai is primarily dependent on business. It is also an agrarian economy depending on the agricultural output of surrounding villages in its taluk. Crops consist of tomatoes, cabbages, onions, mangoes, capsicum, carrot, cucumber, beans, coriander leaves, turnip and radish. In July 2019, the government announced the construction of an international flower auction centre with quality control laboratory, cold storage facility, administrative building and an electronic auction hall at a cost of ₹ 202 million. It will deal with flowers cultivated on 3,702 hectares in the district, which are also exported to [[Australia]], [[Singapore]], and [[Malaysia]].

== Tourism ==
The climatic condition in this area resembles the [[Climate of the United Kingdom|UK Climate]], hence nearby place [[Thally]] called as "Little England". Due to its climate and the presence of religious places [[Tourism in India by state|tourism]] is also a source of revenue. Tourist sites include the Betrayswamy Temple, along with Yaarab Baba Dargah whose minarets resemble the [[Haji Ali Dargah]] of [[Mumbai]], and the Little Flower Church. People from across the state and the neighboring states visit here for pilgrimage.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

== Places of Interest ==
* [[Betrayaswamy temple|BeterayaSwamyTemple]]
* Gavi Narashima Swamy Temple
*[[Panchapalli Dam]]
* Shivan kovil
* [[Yarab Dargah]]
* Bettamugilalam Elephant Forest
* Aiyur Reserve Forest
*[[Hogenakkal Falls|Hogenakkal]] Water Falls(60 km)
*[[Melagiri|Melagiri Hills]]
*Little Flower Church
*Cauvery Elephant Reserve
*Bavanathham mountain

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* https://www.tamilkuruvi.in/data/post/id/5e27d43998547e627a26b9de{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/tamil-nadu/denkanikotta-655261/
* [http://krishnagiri.nic.in/districprofile.htm]
* http://wikimapia.org/country/India/Tamil_Nadu/Denkanikottai/

{{Krishnagiri district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Krishnagiri district]]

Pradyumna Narahalli

2025-10-23T18:13:39Z

Jaya: put up a entry

{{Short description|Indian actor and screenwriter}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Pradyumna Narahalli
| image = Pradyumna at nammradio.jpg
| caption = Pradyumna recording a show at Nammradio
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|4|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hassan, Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| years_active = 2012–present
| spouse =
| parents =
}}

'''Pradyumna Narahalli''' (born 10 April 1988), is an Indian actor, lyricist, writer, RJ, director and producer, known primarily for his work in Kannada television and cinema.

He is known for his lyrics in the Kannada films [[Sundaranga Jaana]] (2016), [[Srikanta (film)|Srikanta]] (2017), Manasu Malligey (2017), [[Bruhaspathi]] (2017). He also made his acting debut with Sundaranga Jaana, alongside Golden Star [[Ganesh]], directed by veteran director [[Ramesh Aravind]].

He started his career in television and has been a writer for superhit shows in [[Star Suvarna]] and [[Zee Kannada]]. He is known for designing content, [[Talkback (TV Shows/ Events)|talkback]] and scripting for superhit shows like Bigg Boss Season 2, [[Weekend with Ramesh]] Season 2 & 3, [[Drama Juniors]] Season 1 & 2 and [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]] Season 12 & 13.

Since 2016, he has been active both in Kannada cinema & television working in various departments. His latest project was [[Pailwaan]], starring [[Sudeep|Kiccha Sudeep]], directed by acclaimed director [[S. Krishna]] which is a blockbuster hit of 2019. He worked as an associate director and actor in the movie.

==Early life and education==
Pradyumna Narahalli was born to Somesh Narahalli and Vidya Somesh in Hassan district, Karnataka. His surname Narahalli, is the name of his native village in [[Mandya]] district, Pandavapura Taluk.

He did his schooling in Sri Vidya Mandir Education Society, Malleswaram. He was introduced to theatre at an early age of 6 in this very school. He was a regular in annual day celebrations which used to be held in Chowdaiah memorial hall. He was known for his confidence and improvisation skills on stage in front of thousands of live audience.

His pre-university college was MES Kishore Kendra. He started doing mimicry in this college and was known for imitating professors in MESKK. He was equally popular amongst students and faculty alike.

He obtained a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from M.S.Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore. He was active in cultural activities and was known for his mimicry and theatrical skills. He led the cultural team of MSRIT and won the VTU Cultural festival 2009 held in SBMJCE. He was awarded the Best outgoing student (Best Achiever) from the mechanical department in 2009.

After a brief stint in Accenture as a software engineer, he decided to pursue his passion in the entertainment industry. He did his master's degree in Media & Communication from Symbiosis School of Media & Communication. He topped the college in final semester in 2012.

==Career==

===Actor===
Narahalli made his silver screen debut as actor and lyricist in [[Sundaranga Jaana]] (2016).<ref>*[http://www.bindugopalrao.com/interview-actor-ramesh-aravind/ Director Ramesh Arvind talking about debutant Pradyumna]</ref><ref>*[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/599510/jack-all-trades.html Pradyumna and 3 others debut in Sundaraanga Jaana]</ref><ref>*[http://www.prajavani.net/news/article/2016/11/18/452869.html Actor & Lyricist pradyumna debuts in SJ]</ref> He essayed the role of Gungru, friend of the protagonist Lucky, played by Golden star Ganesh. The movie was directed by veteran actor & director Ramesh Aravind. The movie was produced by well known producers from south Indian cinema, Rockline Venkatesh and Allu Aravind under their respective banners. The movie was a laugh riot and was declared a hit. The satellite rights of the movie was sold to Udaya TV.

He is also part of a theatre group called Rangasiri which is active from 2002. His role as 'Ujju' in a play called "Matryoshka" has garnered wide appreciation from the audience.<ref>*[http://vidimic.com/smokey-the-ghost-gombai-featuring-bijju-6wWxdYGw3kc Pradyumna as Ujju in Rangasiri's Matryoshka]</ref>

===Lyricist===
He made his debut as a lyricist for Kannada Cinema in [[Sundaranga Jaana]] in which he penned two songs Kalkondbitte & Fly Fly. [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] was the music composer for the album. The song 'Kalkondbitte' became a superhit romantic melody song and is included in various playlists of music sites like Saavn, Gaana & Raaga.<ref>* [https://gaana.com/playlist/gaana-dj-romance-1 Kalkondbitte features in Romantic hits playlist]</ref>

His song "Kannane" from the movie Srikanta was sung by century star [[Shiva Rajkumar|Dr. Shivarajkumar]]. He wrote lyrics for Manasu Malligey (2017) the official remake of the Marathi blockbuster movie [[Sairat]]. Sairat's music was retained in the Kannada version. Sairat Zala Ji was recreated as Thangaliya Roopa which was widely appreciated by the Kannada audience.

His latest songs "Dandamdashagunam" and "Amma Nannamma" are from the movie [[Bruhaspathi]] (2018) directed by [[Nanda Kishore]] and music composed by [[V. Harikrishna]]. Songs were widely appreciated by media and audience.<ref>* [https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2018/bruhaspati-movie-review-rating-plot/articlecontent-pf235270-270773.html Bruhaspathi title song written by Pradyumna gets appreciation]</ref>

He has also penned lyrics for small screen non-fiction shows like Suvarna Super Jodi (2013), Suvarna Parivaar Awards (2013) and Khiladi Kutumba (2017).

===RJ===
Narahalli an RJ in Nammradio, Kannada's first international online radio. Nammradio reaches out to listeners across 196 countries. He is known for his shows like ‘Punyaatmaru’, a show based on satire and ‘Bisi Bhale Bath’, a cookery show.<ref>*[http://www.nammradio.com/site/members/pradyumna-narahalli/ RJ Profile of Pradyumna in Nammradio website]</ref>

===Television===
He started his TV career in Star Suvarna as an executive producer but his role in the extended from script & [[Talkback (television production)|talkback]] to content direction, voice-overs & commentary to anchoring, designing marketing strategies to executing them on the ground.<ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-l_q6D34eQ Suvarna Plus promotional song by Pradyumna Narahalli]</ref> He made full use of the free hand given to him and grew as a technician.

His first major project was a weekend game show called Suvarna Super Jodi (2013).<ref>* [https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/rs-5-lakh-cash-prize-for-suvarna-super-jodi-076369.html Suvarna Super Jodi Grand Finale directed by Pradyumna Narahalli]</ref> This show along with Kannadada Kotyadhipathi 2 and fiction shows propelled Star Suvarna to become the No.1 channel in Karnataka beating the 19-year old leadership of Udaya TV.

He started scripting and directing on-ground events like Suvarna Sambhrama, Suvarna Samagama and Suvarna Parivaar awards.

He made his small screen debut as an anchor in Suvarna Comedy Awards, 2013 and co-hosted the show with the famous anchor Anushree and RJ Nikhil Swamy.
His major break came in 2014, when he did the script and talkback for Kiccha Sudeep in Bigg Boss Season 2 which was shot in Lonavala, Pune. The show was a bigger success than its previous season in terms of TV Ratings.

After Bigg Boss, he started writing screenplay and dialogues for Khushi, a fiction show which was the remake of the Hindi superhit serial 'Iss pyaar ko kya naam doon Ek baar Phir'.

Later in his career, Narahalli shifted to Zee Kannada where he was made a name for himself as a creative writer. He has been designing content and scripting for all the reality shows and events telecasted in Zee Kannada. Weekend with Ramesh, SaReGaMaPa, Drama Juniors and Comedy Khiladigalu are the famous non-fiction brands which he has been an integral part of. Mega-events like Zee Kutumba Awards, Zee Dashakada Sambhrama, Zee Jaathre and other major events in Zee Kannada have had his script and direction.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Pradyumna Narahalli|date=2 July 2017|title=Zee Kutumba Awards 2017, Part 2 Full Event|language=Kannada|url=https://www.zee5.com/videos/details/zee-kutumba-awards-2017-part-2-full-event/0-0-4619/watch|time=1:35:46|publisher=zee5.com}}</ref>

Jodi Hakki Maduve Receptionnu shot in Pandavapura, Mandya was produced and directed by Narahalli, through his partner company Blitz Creatives. The show was aired on 30 July 2017 and got a TVR of 5.4.

He was one of the expert panelists in the discussion held by Suddi TV program called Akhaada, wherein the topic of discussion was – "Do TV shows promote casteism in society?".<ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4L8sXlpzkTY Pradyumna in Suddi TV expert panel]</ref> He was lauded for his sensible presentation of his viewpoints.

Amongst the various roles he has played in television, Pradyumna is mainly known for his skills in [[Talkback (television production)|talkback]] and script for events and reality shows.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Pradyumna Narahalli|date=2 July 2017|title=Zee Kutumba Awards 2017, Part 2 Full Event|language=Kannada|url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-season-13/0-6-309/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-season-13-episode-11-april-8-2017-full-episode/0-1-83371/watch|time=1:05:36|publisher=zee5.com}}</ref>
He has done script and talkback for [[Sudeep|Kiccha Sudeep]] (in Bigg Boss Season 2), [[Ramesh Aravind]] (Weekend with Ramesh Season 2 & Season 3),<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Pradyumna Narahalli|date=2 July 2017|title=Weekend with Ramesh Season 3 - Episode 28 - July 02, 2017 - Full Episode|language=Kannada|url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/weekend-with-ramesh-season-3/0-6-333/weekend-with-ramesh-season-3-episode-28-july-2-2017-full-episode/0-1-84362/watch|time=1:35:50|publisher=zee5.com}}</ref> [[Anushree (Kannada actress)|Anushree]] (SaReGaMaPa Season 12 & Season 13, Zee Jathre & Zee Kutumba Awards), [[Master Anand]] (Drama Juniors Season 1 & Season 2),<ref>[http://www.prajavani.net/news/article/2016/07/26/426249.html Pradyumna on talkback for Master Anand in Drama Juniors]</ref> [[Vijay Raghavendra]] (Zee Kutumba Awards), [[Srujan Lokesh]] (Kannada Chalanachitra Cup - Launch Event), Shalini & Arun Sagar (Zee Kutumba Awards).

==Personal life==
Pradyumna lost his father Mr Somesh Narahalli during Covid and has ever since taken over his father's business V R Traders, a wholesale food store in the business hub of Bengaluru, K R Market.

He is also the creative head and partner of Blitz Creatives, a creative agency based in Bengaluru. He also works as a freelancer in Kannada films and television.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/579925/tinsel-town-tweets-condolences-calls.html Filmmaker Pradyumna reacts to Mastigudi tragedy]</ref>

==Lyrics Chart==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Film / Album !! Music director !! Singers !! Source
|-
| 2016 || "Kalkondbitte" || [[Sundaranga Jaana]] || [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] || [[Haricharan]] || <ref>* [https://lyricskart.com/kalkond-bitte-nannan-naane-lyrics-sundaranga-jaana/ Pradyumna's debut song as Lyricist]</ref>
|-
| 2016 || "Fly Fly" || [[Sundaranga Jaana]] || [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] || Lavanya & Shashank || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xlu3XWTW_Sg Climax song of Sundaranga Jaana]</ref>
|-
| 2016 || "Hello Future Ganda" || [[Sundaranga Jaana]] || [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] || Lavanya & Shashank || <ref>* [https://lyricskart.com/hello-future-ganda-lyrics-sundaranga-jaana/ Audio CD song only by Pradyumna]</ref>
|-
| 2017 || "Kannane" || [[Srikanta (film)|Srikanta]] || [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] || [[Shiva Rajkumar]] & Bobby || <ref>* [http://kannadasonglyrics.com/kannane-kannane-lyrics-srikanta-2632/ Shivanna sings Kannane written by Pradyumna Narahalli]</ref>
|-
| 2017 || "Thangaliya Roopa" || [[Manasu Malligey]] || [[Ajay–Atul]] || Chinmayee & [[Ajay–Atul|Ajay]] || <ref>* [http://kannadasonglyrics.com/thangaliya-roopa-lyrics-manasu-mallige-2904/ Sairat Zala Jhi's Kannada version by Pradyumna]</ref>
|-
| 2018 || "Dhandam Dashagunam" || [[Bruhaspathi]] || [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]] & Team || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74h9B3yc7_U Mass song by Pradyumna]</ref>
|-
| 2018 || "Amma Nannamma" || [[Bruhaspathi]] || [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[K. S. Chithra]] & Pankaj || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3JqSPqF4Ek Emotional song about mother by Pradyumna]</ref>
|-
| 2018 || "Ee Sala Cup Namdhe" || RCB Fan Anthem || [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqNGTFHtbRc Ee Sala Cup Namdhe written by Pradyumna Narahalli ]</ref>
|-
| 2018 || "All these Feelings" || BMS || BMS || Deepak Doddera & Sire || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3KDo7T8XeA All these feelings: Kannadigas international collaboration ]</ref>
|-
| 2018 || "Nan e life" || Zindagi || [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zkoWduZVaY Nan e Life: Zindagi, Featuring Sangeetha Rajeev & Baby Doll Aadya ]</ref>
|-
| 2019 || "Lakshmi Baramma" || Gini Helida Kathe || Hithan Hassan || Damodar Naik, Pragathi, Prabhu, Hithan Hassan || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NC87VdjyCE8 Fun duet song with Mass appeal]</ref>
|-
| 2020 || "You're My Love" || YML || [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8tT62kQM-0 You're My Love: YML, Featuring Sangeetha Rajeev]</ref>
|-
| 2020 || "Thank U Ma" || Thank U Ma|| [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTdur8BQ2Co Thank U Ma: Featuring Sangeetha Rajeev and others]</ref>
|-
| 2020 || "Badalagu Neenu" || Badalagu Neenu Badalayisu Neenu || [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Rajesh Krishnan]] & Santosh Venky || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=baqSYeQ-k5k Badalagu Neenu: BNBN, Featuring All Stars of Sandalwood Superstars]</ref>
|-
| 2020 || "WedLock Down" || Wedlock Down || [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || [[Sangeetha Rajeev]], [[Vasu Dixit]] || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxDD2HgkVQM Wedlock Down: Featuring Sangeetha Rajeev and Rohith]</ref>
|-
| 2020 || "Ena Madali" || Ena Madali || [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PRJzCX5H7o Ena Madali: Featuring Sangeetha Rajeev]</ref>
|-
| 2020 || "Sugar Sugar" || Butterfly || [[Amit Trivedi]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbvIt7AyMTA Sugar from Butterfly: Featuring Parul Yadav directed by Ramesh Aravind]</ref>
|-
| 2021 || "Appa" || Appa|| [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jlf-6fWW_cM Appa by Sangeetha Rajeev: An emotional tribute to all fathers]</ref>
|-
| 2021 || "Noda Noda" || Noda Noda || [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjAkqk7dBlE Noda Noda: A coastal Karnataka special]</ref>
|-
| 2022 || "Lovvu Lovvu" || Lovvu Lovvu || [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || [[Sangeetha Rajeev]] || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHMRLdJeKdU Lovvu Lovvu: Kannda Folk Special]</ref>
|-
| 2022 || "Raymo Faymo" || Raymo || [[Arjun Janya]] || [[Sanjith Hegde]] || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiNNI2YcIZg Raymo Faymo: Title of Raymo]</ref>
|-
| 2022 || "Mayanagari" || Dollu || [[Ananth Kamath M]] || [[Sagar Puranik]] || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3uP4XuXaaM Mayanagri: Song from National Award winning movie Dollu]</ref>
|-
| 2024 || "Kuvari Jawari" || Kuvari Jawari || [[Ultra Beats]] || [[Rakesh Chatra]] || <ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDUK39du84Y Kuvari Jawari is a Folk Fusion of North karnataka Special]</ref>
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Character !! Director !! Producer !! Source
|-
| 2016 || [[Sundaranga Jaana]] || Gungru || Ramesh Aravind || Rockline Venkatesh & Allu Arvind || <ref>* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7915634/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Cast & Crew of Sundaranga Jaana]</ref>
|-
| 2019 || [[Pailwaan]] || Doctor || Krishna || Swapna Krishna || <ref>* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7317482/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Cast & Crew of Pailwaan]</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9463186/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t6 Pradyumna IMDB]
*[https://twitter.com/napradyumna Pradyumna Twitter]
*[https://www.facebook.com/napradyumna/ Pradyumna Facebook]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narahalli, Pradyumna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian television writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Indian male television writers]]

Pathankot Cantonment railway station

2025-10-06T02:34:36Z

Jaya: put up article!

{{short description|Railway station in Pathankot, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Pathankot Cantonment
| type = [[Indian Railways]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Pathankot Cantt pubjab.jpg
| image_caption = Pathankot Cantonment Railway Station
| address = National Highway 44, [[Pathankot, Punjab]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|32.2592|N|75.6362|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| elevation = {{convert|328|m|ft}}
| line = [[Jalandhar–Jammu line]] [[Kangra Valley Railway]] [[Amritsar–Pathankot line]]
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| opened = 1952
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PTKC
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Jammu}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Punjab
| map_dot_label = Pathankot Cantonment railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Punjab
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=Northern Railway zone|left=Kandrori|right=Pathankot Junction|type=[[Jalandhar–Jammu line]]
|line2=Northern Railway zone|left2=Bharoli|right2=|type2=[[Amritsar–Pathankot line]]}}
}}
{{Railways around Pathankot|collapse=y}}

'''Pathankot Cantonment railway station''' (station code: '''PTKC''') is located in [[Pathankot district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and serves [[Pathankot]] .

==Name change==
Chakki Bank railway station was renamed Pathankot Cantonment railway station in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/renamed-pathankot-cantt-railway-station-dedicated-113081800536_1.html |title= Renamed Pathankot Cantonment Station Dedicated |work=Business Standard|date=18 August 2013| access-date=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==The railway station==
Pathankot Cantonment railway station is at an elevation of {{convert|328|m|ft}} and was assigned the code – PTKC.

==History==
The {{convert|107|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] Amritsar–Pathankot line was opened in 1884.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_gdr16.htm | title= Chapter VII | access-date= 10 February 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090410022057/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_gdr16.htm | archive-date= 10 April 2009 | url-status= dead }}</ref>

The {{convert|164|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}-long {{track gauge|762mm}}-wide [[narrow-gauge]] [[Kangra Valley Railway]] from [[Pathankot]] to Joginder Nagar was commissioned in 1929.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5401| title = The Kangra Valley Railway | publisher = UNESCO| access-date = 13 February 2014 }}</ref>

The line from {{stnlnk|Jalandhar City}} to {{stnlnk|Mukerian}} was constructed in 1915.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_hsp10.htm#ch7c | title= Hoshiarpur – Punjab District Gazetteers | work= Chapter VII Communications – Railways | access-date= 9 February 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105330/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_hsp10.htm#ch7c | archive-date= 4 March 2016 | url-status= dead }}</ref> The Mukerian–Pathankot line was built in 1952.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020420/windows/main2.htm |title= Train tales from bygone era|work= The Tribune|date= 20 April 2002 | access-date=13 February 2014}}</ref> The construction of the Pathankot–Jammu Tawi line was initiated in 1965, after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], and opened in 1971.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html | title=IR History: Part V (1970-1995) |publisher= IRFCA | access-date = 13 February 2014 }}</ref>

==Electrification==
Electrification work of the [[Jalandhar–Jammu line]] is completed in 2015.

==Loco shed==
Pathankot Cantonment had a steam loco shed which has now been decommissioned.<ref name=sheds>{{cite web |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title= Sheds and workshops|publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 21 February 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/chakki-bank-chkb/93 Trains at Chakki Bank]
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Pathankot}}

{{Railway stations in the Punjab, India}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1952]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Pathankot district]]
[[Category:Firozpur railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Pathankot]]

Punjabis in Afghanistan

2025-10-05T11:10:54Z

Jaya: Made the details basic info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Punjabis in Afghanistan
| population = '''3,000'''<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/solidarity-sikhs-afghanistan-massacre-200326174448712.html|title=Solidarity for Sikhs after Afghanistan massacre|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/803548/Sikhs_and_Hindus_EXTERNAL.pdf|title=Country Policy and Information Note Afghanistan: Sikhs and Hindus/|access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref>
This number excludes those who now identify as Pashtuns and members of other ethnic groups.
| popplace = [[Kabul]] and other regions
| langs = [[Pashto]]{{·}} [[Dari]]{{·}} [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| rels = [[Sikhism]]{{·}} [[Hinduism]]{{·}}[[Islam]]
| related = [[Punjabi diaspora]]
| native_name = {{lang|pa|Afġānistān vic Panjābī}} 
| native_name_lang =
}}

'''Punjabis in Afghanistan''' were residents of [[Afghanistan]] who were of [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] ancestry. There was historically a small Punjabi community in the country, mainly consisting of Afghan [[Sikhs]] and [[Punjabi Hindus|Hindus]].<ref name="BS"/>
{{Punjabis}}

==History==
[[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] lies to the east of the [[Pashtunistan|Pashtun region]] and has shared borders with Afghanistan at various points in history.<ref>{{cite book|title=Punjab Cavalry: Evolution, Role, Organisation and Tactical Doctrine 11 Cavalry, Frontier Force, 1849-1971|page=30|first=M.Y.|last=Effendi|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2007|isbn=9780195472035|quote=Before 1894, the Afghan border ran along the boundary of the trans-Indus frontier districts, formerly occupied by the Sikhs, and was virtually defined by the extreme limits of the Indus plain's westward extension.}}</ref> For several centuries, dynasties centered in modern Afghanistan expanded towards Punjab, such as the [[Kushan Empire|Kushans]], [[Kidarites]], [[Hephthalite Empire|Hephthalites]], [[Ghaznavids]], [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]], [[Khalji dynasty|Khaljis]] and [[Durrani Empire|Durranis]]. Other kingdoms common to both regions include the [[Indo-Scythians]], [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom|Indo-Parthians]] and [[Kabul Shahi (disambiguation)|Kabul Shahi]]s. In his 1857 review of [[John William Kaye|J.W. Kaye]]'s ''The Afghan War'', [[Friedrich Engels]] describes Afghanistan as "an extensive country of Asia" which "formerly included... a considerable part of the Punjab."<ref name="Engels">{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/afghanistan/index.htm |title=Afghanistan |access-date=25 August 2010 |author=Friedrich Engels |author-link=Friedrich Engels |work=[[Andy Blunden]] |quote=The principal cities of Afghanistan are Kabul, the capital, [[Ghazni|Ghuznee]], [[Peshwar|Peshawer]], and Kandahar.|publisher=The New American Cyclopaedia, Vol. I |year=1857}}</ref> In the 19th century, the [[Sikh Empire]] originating in Punjab made a [[Afghan–Sikh Wars|series of incursions]] towards the Afghan frontiers, capturing large swathes of territory to the [[Khyber Pass]].

Afghan Sikh history is considered to stretch back 200 to 500 years.<ref name="AJ"/><ref name="Convo"/> Not all Sikhs are of Punjabi origin however; a small minority include locals whose ancestors adopted Sikhism during [[Guru Nanak]]'s 15th century expeditions to Kabul.<ref name="Convo"/> In the 18th century, Hindu [[Khatri]] merchants from Punjab settled in Afghanistan and dominated regional trade.<ref>{{cite book|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|first=John R.|last=McLane|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2002|isbn=9780521526548|page=131}}</ref><ref name="WSJ"/> The Sikh and Hindu population in Afghanistan may have numbered as much as 250,000 in the 1940s.<ref name="Convo"/> Both communities were particularly well-represented in business and government positions. The reign of [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|Zahir Shah]] was considered prosperous.<ref name="Convo"/> Some of them were wealthy landowners.<ref name="Hindu"/> In 1947, some Sikhs from [[Potohar Plateau|Potohar]] in northern Punjab arrived in Afghanistan while fleeing violence during the [[partition of India]].<ref name="Convo"/>

==Demographics==
The population of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus in Afghanistan stood up to 100,000 prior to the 1990s.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/afghanistans-sikhs-feel-alienated-pressured-to-leave/article7301714.ece|title=Feeling alienated, Sikhs choose to leave Afghanistan|work=The Hindu|date=10 June 2015|access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> The [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion]] in 1979 and the ensuing Afghan civil wars sparked a mass exodus and the community declined drastically. Most migrated to [[Pakistan]] or [[India]], while others resettled in North America and Europe.<ref>{{cite book|title=States in Conflict with Their Minorities: Challenges to Minority Rights in South Asia|first=Rita|last=Manchanda|publisher=SAGE Publications India|date=2010|isbn=9788132105985|page=182}}</ref> The population in 2014 was around 3,000.<ref name="AJ"/><ref name="BS">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/population-of-sikhs-hindus-declined-drastically-in-afghan-mp-113073001010_1.html|title=Population of Sikhs, Hindus declined drastically in Afghan: MP|work=Business Standard|date=30 July 2013|access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> The majority lived in [[Kabul]].<ref name="WSJ">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/facing-intolerance-many-sikhs-and-hindus-leave-afghanistan-1421124144|title=Facing Intolerance, Many Sikhs and Hindus Leave Afghanistan|work=Wall Street Journal|first1=Margherita|last1=Stancati|first2=Ehsanullah|last2=Amiri|date=12 January 2015|access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> During the [[Taliban]] regime, Sikhs and Hindus were forced to wear yellow armbands for identification as well as hang yellow flags over their homes.<ref name="AJ">{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/afghanistan-sikhs-face-an-uncertain-future-201422312395677867.html|title=Afghanistan's Sikhs face an uncertain future|work=Al Jazeera|date=24 February 2014|access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> Some discrimination still persists as they are often barred from government jobs, viewed as immigrants or threatened for ransom because they are considered rich.<ref name="Convo"/>

==Culture==
[[File:Kabul Gurdwara Karte Parwan IMG 0623.JPG|thumb|Interior of [[Gurdwara Karte Parwan]] in Kabul]]
Most of the Afghan Sikhs and Hindus [[Pashtunization|adopted Afghan customs]] and assimilated into the local culture, speaking [[Pashto language|Pashto]] or [[Dari language|Dari]].<ref name="Convo">{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/explainer-who-are-the-afghan-sikhs-30699|title=Explainer: who are the Afghan Sikhs?|work=The Conversation|date=21 August 2014|access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> However, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is still spoken by some at home.<ref name="Hindu"/> There have been efforts to teach Punjabi to the younger generation, as it is also the language of Sikh religious texts.<ref name="WSJ"/> The [[Politics of Afghanistan|Afghan government]] opened two Punjabi schools in Kabul and [[Jalalabad]], facilitating the Sikh community.<ref name="BS"/>

==Notable people==
* [[Anarkali Kaur Honaryar]], Afghan politician and women right's activist<ref name="BS"/>
* [[Awtar Singh]], Afghan politician<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/unveiling-afghanistan/awtar-singh-khalsa-they-g_b_5042997.html?ir=Australia|title=Awtar Singh Khalsa: 'They Gave the Hindus and Sikhs a place for rubbish disposal as a Place to Live'|work=Huffington Post|date=27 March 2014|access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Afghanistan|Punjab}}
* [[Punjabi diaspora]]
* [[Sikhism in Afghanistan]]
* [[Hinduism in Afghanistan]]
* [[Indians in Afghanistan]]
* [[Pakistanis in Afghanistan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.casas.org.uk/papers/pdfpapers/afghansikhs.pdf|title=The history and current position of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh population|first=Roger|last=Ballard|work=Centre for Applied South Asian Studies|date=2011|access-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814100434/http://www.casas.org.uk/papers/pdfpapers/afghansikhs.pdf|archive-date=14 August 2018|url-status=dead}}

{{Punjabi diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups in Afghanistan}}
{{Overseas Pakistani}}
{{Indian diaspora}}

[[Category:Afghan people of Punjabi descent| ]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani diaspora in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Punjabi diaspora by country|Afghanistan]]

Government Sivagangai Medical College and Hospital

2025-08-17T01:11:30Z

Jaya: minor added layout per standard format and added references

{{Short description|Medical Institution}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=June 2015}}{{one source|date=June 2015}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Government Sivagangai Medical College and Hospital
|native_name =
| image = Government medical college, Sivaganga.jpg
|motto = Learn To Serve Poor
|established = 2012
|type = Government Medical College and Hospital
|head_label = Management
|head = Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Tamil Nadu
|administrative_staff = 600 (approx.)
|faculty = 200 (approx.)
|dean = Dr. Sathyabama
|undergrad = 100 per year (MBBS)
|postgrad = 26 per year (MD/MS)
|city = [[Sivagangai]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor ={{Coord|9|50|15.62|N|78|28|44.64|E|display=inline,title}}
|campus = Rural (30 acres)
|nickname = GSMCH
|affiliations = [[Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University]]
|website = http://sgmcsg.ac.in/
}}

'''Government Sivagangai Medical College and Hospital''' was started in 2012-13 in the [[Sivaganga district]] with an annual intake of 100 students for MBBS Course. The college was approved by [[Medical Council of India]] and it is affiliated to [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]], Guindy, [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Welcome to Sivagangai Medical College|url = http://sgmcsg.ac.in/|website = sgmcsg.ac.in|accessdate = 2015-05-24}}</ref>

== History ==
Government [[Sivaganga]]i Medical College & Hospital (GSMCH), Sivagangai was started on 1 March 2012, where students are selected by merit by the Government. The College is recognized by the [[Medical Council Of India]] and it is affiliated to the [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]], Guindy, Chennai. This institution is located at Vaniyangudi village, [[Manamadurai]] Main road, about 4 km from the main town of Sivaganga and 13 km from town of [[Manamadurai]] on the by-pass of [[Manamadurai]] - [[Thanjavur]] State Highway. This is situated in a land of 30 acres and was built at a cost of 114 crores.

First Batch of 100 MBBS students were admitted in August 2012. The Hospital houses a 500 bedded ward to treat in-patients.

Government Sivagangai Medical College Hospital accommodates all the Broad speciality departments, Pre and para Clinical departments as per MCI norms.

This Hospital also has facilities such as advanced Operation Theatre facility, Emergency 24 hour Casualty, Trauma ward, Triage ward, in surgical field, Intensive Care Unit and Coronary Care Unit. Special facilities such as NICU, PICU wards have been established in Pediatrics Speciality to bring down the paediatric Mortality rate.

Chief Minister's Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme, 108 Ambulance facility are some of the special services rendered by this medical College Hospital.

Students are provided with hostel facilities and the staffs are provided with staff quarters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government Sivagangai Medical College and Hospital |publisher=Health and Family Welfare Department, Government of Tamil Nadu |url=http://sgmcsg.ac.in:8080/sgmcsg/content_page.jsp?sq1=insthist&sqf=1 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721172931/http://sgmcsg.ac.in:8080/sgmcsg/content_page.jsp?sq1=insthist&sqf=1 |archivedate=2015-07-21 }}</ref>

Sivaganga district is identified as one of the difficult areas for doctors to serve in [[Tamil Nadu]] by P. Umanath Committee and categorised this institution as Category A in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-26 |title=Committee identifies 16 districts as difficult areas for doctors to serve |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/committee-identifies-16-districts-as-difficult-areas-for-doctors-to-serve/article22861005.ece |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Emblem ==
[[File:Govt Sivagangai Medical College Logo.png|thumb|The official logo of Govt. Sivagangai Medical College]]

The Official Emblem of the college has the [[Caduceus]] and the words '''Learn To Serve Poor'''.

== Campus ==
This institution is located in outskirts of [[Sivagangai]] Municipality near Vaniyangudi Village on the Manamadurai Highway. This is situated in a land of 30 acres and was built at a cost of 114 crores.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Welcome to Sivagangai Medical College|url = http://sgmcsg.ac.in/|website = sgmcsg.ac.in|accessdate = 2015-05-24}}</ref>

The college premises includes OP block, Casualty block, CEmONC block, Trauma & Emergency block, Administrative block, Faculty block, Auditorium, Central Library, Lecture Halls (3x120), Examination Hall (1x250), Blood Bank, Mortuary, Quarters for Dean, RMO, ARMO, Professors, Asst. Professors, Residents, Nurses and Staffs, Separate Hostels for Boys, Girls & CRRI, Gymnasium, Cooperative Store, Cafeteria, Bank and Gas plant.

== Academics==
===Undergraduate Medical Course===
*[[MBBS]] (100 Seats / Year)

===Postgraduate Medical Course===
* MD General Medicine (6 Seats / Year)
* MD Pediatrics (3 Seats / Year)
* MD Anesthesia (4 Seats / Year)
* MD Emergency Medicine (5 Seats / Year)
* MS General Surgery (2 Seats / Year)
* MS Obstetrics & Gynaecology (6 Seats / Year)

===Paramedical Courses===
*[[DMLT]] - Diploma in Medical Lab Technology - 100 Seats (2 Years)
*Operation theatre technician (1 Years) 100 Seats
*Anesthesia technician (1 Years) 100 Seats

==External links==
* [http://www.sgmcsg.ac.in/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313073448/http://sgmcsg.ac.in/ |date=13 March 2016 }}
* [https://www.instagram.com/sivagangaimedicalcollege Instagram]
* [http://www.facebook.com/SivagangaiMedicalCollege Facebook]
* [https://m.youtube.com/c/SivagangaiMedicalCollege YouTube]
* [http://www.tnmgrmu.ac.in/ The Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University]

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Education in Sivaganga district]]

Babina Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T04:10:33Z

Jaya: added new post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Babina
| map_image = 222-Babina.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Rajeev Singh Parichha]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| electors = 3,22,721
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 222
}}
'''Babina''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Babina in the [[Jhansi district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Babina is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Jhansi Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency has numbered 222 amongst 403 constituencies.

Currently, this seat belongs to [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Rajeev Singh Parichha]] who won in the last Assembly election of [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Yashpal Singh Yadav by a margin of 44,529 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/babina.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=www.elections.in |access-date=2022-03-10}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Babina Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/babina.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Sudama Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Bhagwat Dayal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Beni Bai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="3" |Ratan Lal Ahirwar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Satish Jatariya
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" |Ratan Lal Ahirwar
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Krishna Pal Singh Rajpoot]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajeev Singh Parichha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Babina<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajeev Singh Parichha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:118343}}
|percentage = 50.44
|change = +8.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Yashpal Singh Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:73814}}
|percentage = 31.46
|change = -3.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dasharath Singh Rajpoot
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:30540}}
|percentage = 13.02
|change = -5.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rani Devi
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2655}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandra Shekher Tiwari
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:2332}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1835}}
|percentage = 0.78
|change = -0.09
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:44529}}
|percentage = 18.98
|change = +11.66
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:234631}}
|percentage = 70.73
|change = -0.43
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Babina<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajeev Singh Parichha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:96713}}
|percentage = 42.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Yashpal Singh Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:79876}}
|percentage = 34.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Krishna Pal Singh Rajpoot
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:42614}}
|percentage = 18.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kalicharan Kushwaha
|party = Jan Adhikar Manch
|votes = {{formatnum:3282}}
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1982}}
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16837}}
|percentage = 7.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:230162}}
|percentage = 71.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jhansi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
{{coord|25.25|78.46|display=title}}